xV<^ 



■C '■'o. x*" .0^~ 



-.-' ..V 



s^ '^^^ 



.-O' 



fj. „x 



K ; 






.x^''%. 





,^ 


=^ N^-';^ V-. 




^>^* 


► ■• ' 


■.;%■- ./.^-^v 








- •. »,. »»■ .\/«i?^- 








•'^ i^" 


^../ 






'Z'^- --./% 


\ 

y 


"b 








nO 


-^ ^V ,-;^, 








... -.- _v 



,0^ 



■'a V 






0> s - ' ° ' 



*:- ' ^ - » ^ >^ 



.-*■ .\,.#f^%.' 






.x^-^% 






5, '', 






.'N^ .'-''■< /--T-. 



■^' .^ 



.j,X~ ^ ,f''' 



TTTTh'' -c "^..^ 



.0' ^ " ^ '■ 



,^^ .0^ 



■>\6^ 



'.-K^ 



-<> .^'(^ 









,^^ ••- 



r- 



I t -^ ^v *\ 












x° -U \ 



A' 















%.^' 



' -s'> S ' *■ / 












x^^'%. 



'%'- 



.-O' 






"-0^ 



x^' 






\' ,. 



-'c. 



'^. .v>>' 



o-^ °^ 



'/• 






* ■%///.* 












N^-c.. 



4 O 



■\" ■'-,c 



'i?- 'Ill" -<." 
c- ,0' V ^ ' " ' 



^^ - 



■ o- 



^^V^^ ^^^^^\ %,^- 



C- J.0' ^ - ' " ' -V 



■3 ' / , , V ^ .A 








•V- 


o'^ 




x^-^ 

■' v^'-'^' . 


^.. 


O- s'' '/, > 


\. v- ^ 


'■' i> 


x^' ^^ -"' ' -. .. 










A^'%. 



AV 



,-> 






.x^-^ 



^-0^ 



^^,^^ 












,0 ^_ 









.0^^ 






-^J- ,.\ 



.-J> v^ - 1-2-!... ' -p 



--=r . 



■' ••*•. 



^•N s * fl ^ .*. 



V*'^ 












^ .-C^- 



N » \V 






. ' .,o- 






-c-.<\^ 



.v-^ 









-\^^^ '^c^ ^^^^354^.* 



.x'^' 









<^ ^^^r'^:'. -^^ 



n"-... 






,0' ^ O ''/ „. s'- .A 









'^■'■J.' ' »«-\.\\' 






», 0-. 



.••^^ 






V../'/^^l^\ ■>^,^. 






>.>v\ , I 1 « 



.0 "'K '- : 






^0> s^"'„ 



0^ 



x°-n.. 



1 .C^■ 






.\.,-*e5*^' 









x\^- 



■^-0^ 






.■^ 



\ ■; 



^o>'" 









<^.<v 



.^'^^■• 



•x'^ 






" o. 



\.<^^ 



- a\ 



s*'" 



•^^^ O'^ 



^\,o> 



'->.. '.^v 

•^,_ '. 



v^-'-d. 



*^ '. 



^^./' 






%^^'' 



- ' aV 

i - ,0 ^ 



■'.!■ ^ 
^^'% 






.^*' 



^^ -'V.. 



- fl. 



vV 






,0- 



.^^' 



\.<^' 



''■>.,. J' ^.. 



<^' 



.'^ ■\. 



%■ 



\^\.''"^ -< 



V- 




















>- 

_] 

o 
o 

(T. 
CD 



o 

>- 



AND ^H£, 







OF 





^ '"^ili. -"^..iljjiaa ^^ti■■-eel. ^^•i'r^ 



-■y ^' 



GAZETTEER 



STATE OF NEW YORK: 



EMBHACINQ 



A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW 

OF THE 

GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATE, 

AND 

A COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 

OP 

(tm\^ itmwUj, City, (tou'u, ?illit0f, mtX '§m\\ity, 

WITH FULL TABLES OF STATISTICS. 



BY 



J. H. FRENCH, 



ME5IBER OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANOEMENT OF SCIENCE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK 
HISTORICAL SOCIETY. OF THE ALBANY INSTITUTE, ETC. 



Illustrated by Original Steel Engravings, 

A:^D ACCOMPAJ^IED by a new map of the state prom accurate SURVEia 

SEVENTH EDITION. 



SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION. 
1860. 



FliY 

LIST OF PERSONS EMPLOYED UPON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE i«AP 
AND THE PREPARATION OF THE GAZETTEER. 



This list includes the names of those only who have been employed for considerable lengths oi time. 

GENEHAL SDPEHINTENDENT. 

J. H. FREScn. 

robeman of dhaftinq depahtment. 
Fkaxcis JIaiiler. 

fohemen op statistical depahtment. 
Franklin B. Hough, M.D., James Johonnot. 



DKAFTSMEN. 



G. R. Beohler, 
S. Beeman, 
Silas N. Beers, 
H. P. Benton, 

LORIN BlODfiET, 

P. J. Browne, 
L. H. Chenet, 
GtTRDON Evans, 
Lawhence r.lGAN, 
Frank Frbnch, 
Cteus Gates, 
John F. Geil, 
Samuel Gefl, 
Franklin Gifford, 
Wm. T. Gibson, 



George Worley, 

Wm. BR.iCHER, 

J. Sartain, 



Francis Mahler, 
Frank French, 



Wji. E. Wood, 
B. W. O'Gbadt. 



George N. Barnard, 



buhveyohs ind statisticians. 
Jay Gould, 
H. W. Hardy, 
Franklin B. Hough, 
Chester Hull, 
Wm. Jay Hunt, 
J. W. Huelbut, 
James Johonnot, 
Geo. p. Johonnot, 
D. J. Lake, 
A. D. Lajipkins, 
Morris Levy, 

A. LiGOWSKY, 

Wm. Lorey, 
Hoe.^ce C. Manning, 
David E. E. Mix, 

enokavehs. 

On Stone. 

Gustavus R. Beohler, 

Benj. Matthias, 

On steel. 

J. W. Steele, 

On Wood. 

H. Sebald. 

artists. 
B. W. 0' Grady, 



Ebenezer Mix, 
J. B. Moore, 
Samuel M. Rea, 
Thomas W. Rhodes, 
A. E. Rogerson, 
Alphoxse Schoppe, 
J. C. Sidney, 
Stephen 0. SLustoN, 
Homer D. L. Sweet, 
A. V. Trimble, 
A. Van Nosteand, 
R. B. Van Petten, 
Ch.irles M. Wilbur, 
Wm. E. Wood. 
S. K. Godshalk. 



Ch.\rle3 Reen. 



D. L. Glover. 



Wm. T. Richaeds. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by 

R. PEARSALL SMITH, 

in tie Clerk's Offlco of the District Court of the Dnited States for the Northern District of New York. 



BTEaEOrypED by L. JOHNSON k CO. 

COLLINS, PRINTEK. 

PERRY, BINDER. 



By Transftr 

Dept. of Agricultura 

FEB 5 194t 



v^ 



&u 



PREFACE. 



The map of Westchester County which was commenced about ten years since, and soon 
after published by Robert Pearsall Smitli, was probably the first map of any county in the 
State of New York published from actual survey of roads and boundaries. This was followed 
by maps of other counties on a similar plan ; and, about eight years since, Mr. Smith conceived 
the idea of publishing a series of maps from actual survey, embi'acing all the counties in the 
State, and, from these, of producing a State Map that should be more full, complete, and 
reliable than any ever before published. But, about four yeai-s since, upon careful trial, in 
reducing a large number of these county maps to a uniform scale, so many omissions and 
discrepancies were found in them, that a new survey of the State was deemed necessary to the 
construction of an accurate map of the State, An arrangement was accordingly made with 
the author to take the general superintendence of the new survey ; the general plan for the 
works to be prepared was fixed upon ; and the re-survey of the State and the collection of 
statistics were begun. 

At the commencement of the re-survey, maps of fifty-one counties had been completed 
and published ; six counties had been surveyed, but the maps Wei-e not yet published ; and 
three counties were still unsurveyed. Of the fifty-one published maps, twelve were found to 
be so deficient in matters essential to the completion of the State Map according to the plan 
fixed upon, as to render entire new surveys of these counties necessary. Surveyors were 
sent into the remaining counties, with copies of the published or manuscript maps in hand, 
with instructions to visit every town, to correct every error that should be found upon the 
maps, to make additions of new roads, note changes in boundaries, and, in sliort, to return 
the maps properly revised and corrected for use in the i^reparation of the State Maji. In 
many instances new surveys of parts of towns, town lines, roads, and streams were found 
necessary, and also countless changes in the location of boundary lines, roads, streams and 
bodies of water, and in the representation of the topogi-aphical features of the country. The 
surveyors were instructed to obtain copies of manuscript and other local maps, as far as 
practicable, as these were generally found to contain metes and bounds, and, being plotted to 
large scales, were of value in laying down boundary lines. Draftsmen were also sent to the 
several private Land Offices in the State, and to Albany, and all maps of any value in the offices 
of the State Engineer and Surveyor and the Secretary of State were copied, to be laid under 
contribution in the preparation of the State Map. The Superintendent of the United States 
Coast Survey and the Secretary of the Interior also furnished copies of all the maps in their 
Departments pertaining to the State. The number and variety of maps and plots, printed and 
manuscript, that have thus been collected is very great, and probably embraces more valuable 
matter than any similar collection in the State. 

Not the least diificult part of the labor of constructing a map of a large extent of country 
is "making the projection." In surveys of small areas this difficulty does not occur, as the 
proportion of the curvature of the earth's surface to that part of its area contained in a rect- 
angle of thirty to fifty miles, is so small that, when reduced to the scale of even an inch to 
the mile, it is scarcely perceptible. But in projecting a map of territory of as great extent 
as the State of New York, the curvature of the surface from a plana is so great as to make 
the departure of the lines of latitude and longitude from right lines plainly visible upon a 
map even when plotted to a scale of less than one-fourth of an inch to a mile. 

The Flamstead Improved Projection, being the one best adapted to the correct representa- 
tion of a large extent of country, was adopted for the State Map. 

The maps of the State heretofore published embrace a large part of the New Englana 
States, Pennsylvania, and Canada. The space thus usually occupied is appropriated to plans 
of the cities, and to smaller maps illustrating particular features of the State. These marginal 
maps, it is believed, add to the value of the work. By placing a map of Long Island by itself, — 
at the same time showing its relative position to the rest of the State, by retaining a map of 
nearly one-third of the island in its proper place, — the map of the entire State is constructed 



4 PREFACE. 

on a scale about twenty per cent, (linear scale) larger than can be done on a sheet of the same 
size with all of Long Island projecting eastward of New York City. This increased scale will 
be found to fully compensate for the change of place of the eastern portion of Long Island. 
The map of the State is plotted to the scale of sjtj'.sj^, which is f || or a small fraction more 
than 4.7 miles to an inch ; and the city plans to the scale of 35,^55, which is §|| or a small 
fraction more than .78 of a mile to an inch. 

The longitude of several points in the eastern and western portions of the State having 
been accurately determined by the Coast Survey and the Department of the Interior, and 
the latitude of many points on the north and south borders and within the State from nume- 
rous and repeated observations, the projection of the parallels and meridians was first made 
with accurately constructed scales, using the most recent tables of latitude and longitude mea- 
surements as adojitefl by the Coast Survey and the U. S. Military Academy at West Point. 
The boundaries of the State were next projected, after which the lines of the counties were 
located on the map. The town lines were next laid out; and finally the roads, bodies of 
water, streams, topography, and all other details were filled in. This course could not fail to 
secure accuracy in all parts of the work ; and, while the map does not agree, in many points, 
with previous maps of the State, the author feels confident that it will bear the closest 
scrutiny and ci-iticism. 

A prominent and distinctive feature of the State Map is the representation of all the roads, 
railroads, canals, and routes of travel, every mile of each of which has been run and every 
angle measured. 

The city plans are all drawn to the same scale, thus presenting, at a glance, the comparative 
extent of the built-up portions of each. Albany, Brooklyn, and Buflalo have so great an 
extent of unoccupied or farm lands that it was not jiracticable to show the entire corporate 
limits of either on the city plans ; but no built-up i:>art of either city has been omitted. Tlie 
plans of the other cities embrace their entire area. 

In the construction of the Geological and Land Patent Map, the geology of the State 
according to the New York System has been followed ; but the ditferent strata or formations 
are represented by a system of shading in the engraving, — instead of by color, as is usually 
done in geological maps. This plan was adopted, as it was desirable to present two distinct 
features in the one map ; and the engraved shading for the geology permits the use of colors 
for the land patents. The size of the map would not admit of the representation of tracts of 
land smaller than a township ; but a complete list of all the grants will be found in this work. 

In tlie year 1825 the Regents of the University established meteorological stations in various 
parts of the State, and reports were required to be made from these stations annually to the 
Board of Regents. At the expiration of twenty-five years the Regents caused these reports 
to be digested ; and the mean averages of the summaries thus deduced — so far as relates to 
temperature, fall of rain, and direction of wind — are embraced in the Meteorological Map. 
On this map the several stations (including three established at military posts, and not subject 
to the direction of the Board of Regents) are at the centers of the small circles. In each of 
these circles are either two or three numbers : wlien two, the upper number is the mean 
annual temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, and the lower number is the mean annual fall of 
rain in inches ; and when three, the upper and lower numbers indicate, respectively, tem- 
perature and rain, and the middle one the elevation of the station above tide, in feet. The 
diagram at the right represents the mean annual direction of wind at the several stations, 
the index in any case denoting the point of compass, and its length the number of days, — 
one inch in length of radius representing five days. Thus, taking the index for Canandaigua, 
the direction is S. 63° 37' W., and the length of the radius is 3.4 inches. This indicates that 
the mean annual direction of the wind at this station was from the w. s. w. for 17 days in the 
year more than from all other directions. For the isothermal lines, or lines of equal tempe- 
rature, and the shading representing the difl'erent depths of rain, we are indebted to LoRitf 
Blodget, author of American Climatology. 

The Time Indicator has been prepared from minute calculations, and will be found correct 
in every case. 

The diagram showing the capacity of the church edifices is constructed to a scale, and 
correctly represents the proportion of each to the whole. 

An examination of the various Gazetteers heretofore published cannot fail to satisfy any 
one that a great part of the material from which they were compiled was furnished by corre- 



PREFACE. 5 

Bpondents. This plan seemed to be the one most likely to secure accuracy, and with some 
modifications it was at first adopted in collecting materials for this work. Agents were sent 
into some portions of the State, furnished with printed instructions, questions, and blanks, to 
obtain the desired information, either by personal research, or through the assistance of such 
competent persons in the various localities visited as would undertake to fill the blanks and 
return them to the general office. While a few persons promptly responded to the request 
thus made of them, others delayed giving it immediate attention, and still others neglected it 
altogether. A large proportion of the matter received from correspondents was found to be 
irrelevant, devoted to specialties, or unreliable, and therefore of little value. Much matter 
was received which possesses a greater or less amount of local interest, but which could not 
be admitted without giving undue prominence to some subjects or localities at the expense 
of others. After a fair trial of the i^lan first adopted, it was found subject to so many objec- 
tions that it was abandoned. The surveyors and agents were then instructed to visit every 
city, town, and village, to search records, examine documents, consult the best living, printed, 
and manuscript authorities, and to make returns to the general office of all the reliable 
matter and information obtained. They were instructed to take no statement on a single 
authority, and in cases where authorities were found to differ, to examine diligently and 
impartially, and report all the facts, so that in digesting and arranging them for the press, 
all the evidence might be at hand. They were particularly cautioned against taking mere 
hearsay or traditionary tales for truth, and not to seek wonders and marvels. A competent 
person was employed to examine records and documents in the State Library and State and 
other public offices at Albany and in New York City, for information that might be avail- 
able in the preparation of this work. The Documentary History and the State Geology of 
New York, general and local histories, biographies, sketches, essays, reports, newspapers, 
manuscripts, and all other available authorities that were likely to contain any information 
of value, were collected, and in turn consulted, and their accuracy and value tested as the 
work progressed. 

The plan for the work finally fixed upon, while it embraces a wider range than is usually 
taken by similar works, seems to be one that cannot fail to meet the wants and tastes of the 
peoi)le, as it presents the wealth, resources, present condition, and past history of the State 
in a form and style at once convenient, perspicuous, and concise. 

The details of description of each county, city, town, and village, have been arranged, as 
far as practicable, according to a uniform plan or outline ; as has been also the General 
Article embraced in the first 154 pages. The subjects embraced in this article seemed to 
cover all the ground that properly belongs to the work ; and they are treated at as great 
length as their proportional importance to the limits of the volume would permit. A 
Gazetteer of a State should not be expected to contain, in a connected form, a complete 
compendium of knowledge upon whatever pertains to a State. But present condition, brief 
and comprehensive statements, short historical sketches of general interest, tables, facts and 
figures as connected with the wealth, prosperity, and resources of a State, should be con- 
sidered to an extent sufficient for a work of reference, such as a Gazetteer is intended 
to be. 

The general outline of the county descriptions is as follows : 1st. Date of formation of the 
county, from what taken, subsequent changes in boundaries, location in the State, and air-line 
distance of geographical center from the Capitol at Albany. 2d. Geology, topography, and 
drainage ; embracing the general geological formations, general contour of the surface, lakes, 
rivers, and other watercourses. 3d. Soil, leading articles of production, and occupation of the 
people. 4th. Works of internal improvement. 5th. County seat, names of first county officers, 
and description of county buildings and institutions. 6th. History of the newspaper press. 
7th. Brief historical sketch of the county from the date of first settlement to the present time. 
The descriptions of the towns are according to nearly the same general plan, and embrace, 
1st. Date of formation, from what taken, subsequent changes in boundaries, and location in 
the county. 2d. Peculiarities in geological formations not mentioned in county description. 
3d. Topography and drainage. 4th. Names and description of villages, hamlets, and local 
ities, with their location in town, date of incorporation, institutions, leading branches ot 
business, and population according to the most recent reliable enumeration. 5th. A brief 
historical sketch, embracing incidents of general and local interest, names of first settlers, 
first birth, marriage, and death, first church, school, mill, and factory, and number of churches 



6 PREFACE. 

in 1855. After the towns in each county is a table compiled from the last State census, 
except the valuation and statistics of schools, which are from the returns for the year 1858. 
In many cases, the population of villages and the number of churches given are from enu- 
merations taken since 1855 ; but the last State census has invariably been taken as authority 
on these two points, except in cases where later reliable enumerations have been taken. The 
acres of land as given in the tables fall short of the area of the county as given at the com- 
mencement of each county description. The reason of this is obvious : the acres of land as 
shown by the tables are from the returns of assessors, which seldom embrace marsh, swamp, 
and unproductive lands, and lands under water ; while the area in square miles, as given in 
the county descriptions, has in every case been ascertained from actual measurements. 

The steel plate illustrations are principally from original views made expressly for this work. 
The map has been engraved on stone, at great expense, by the best artists, and the mechani- 
cal execution of both works is highly creditable to the publisher. 

The Index of Subjects at the commencement of the work, and the Index of Geographical 
Names at the close, cannot fail of being justly valued for their convenience. The uniform 
use of a bold-face letter for names of towns, villages, and hamlets will also be found to 
greatly facilitate rapid search for this class of geographical names. 

To many of the officers in the several State Departments, and to numerous county, town, 
and city officers, local surveyors, civil engineers, land agents, members of the press, and 
others, the author is indebted for furnishing valuable materials for these works. To them, 
and to all who have in any way rendered him assistance in the preparation of either Map or 
Gazetteer, he desires to acknowledge his obligations. Many persons may feel disappoint- 
ment at finding that information furnished by them has not been used. An examination 
of the work, however, must convince them that nothing has been omitted which was essential 
to the general plan of the work, and that whatever did not come within this plan could not 
be introduced. 

The author would not be doing justice to himself nor to the public did he fail to acknow- 
ledge his obligations to those who have been associated with him in the preparation of these 
works. He desires to make particular mention of the valuable services of Lieut. Francis 
Mahler, Franklin B. Hough, M. D., and Ja«es Johonnot. Lieut. Mahler was educated in a 
European Military Academy for a Topographical Engineer. Ten years of subsequent practice 
rendered him eminently qualified for the position he has occupied on the Survey. Dr. Hough 
is well known to the people of the State as the Superintendent of the last State census and as 
the author of several historical and statistical works. His services in searching records and 
documents at Albany, in New York City, and elsewhere, have been invaluable, and to his 
practical knowledge of the geology of the State the author is mainly indebted for whatever 
pertains to that subject in this work. Mr. .Johonnot has devoted many years to the subject 
of Physical Geography. The topography of the State, its counties and towns, has been 
mainly written by him. 

The intelligent citizens of the State of New York cannot fail to appreciate the liberality 
of the publisher in the great expenditures he has made in bringing out these works. The 
'cost of the original surveys for the county maps was about $48,000, and the expenditures on 
the works from the commencement of the re-survey to the date of publication have reached 
about S46,000 more, making a total investment of $94,000. The whole time spent in surveys, 
collection of materials, writing, engraving, proof-reading, &c., has been equal to the time of 
one person 125 years. It is believed that no similar enterprise of equal extent, and involving 
the outlay of so large a capital, has ever been undertaken at private expense in this or any 
other country. Time, talents, and money have alike been devoted to the production of a 
Map and Gazetteer that it is hoped will be found every way worthy of the Empire State. 



INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 



Abcel. John. Indian trader, 414. 

Abercrombie, Gen. James, 29S. 

Academies, general article on, 125. 
list of incoi-porated, 130. 
notices of. 48. 140, 160, 161,169, 171, 172, 
173, 175, 176, ISO, 184, 193,197, 200, 
201,202, 203, 205, 211, 212, 214, 216, 
220, 228, 229, 230, 236, 237, 239, 243, 
2U, ZK, a47, 248, 261, 262, 263, 259, 
260. 261, 263, 265, 270, 272, 275, 277, 
278, 282, 283, 286, 289, 300, 303, 306, 
Sll, 312, 317, 324, 326,327, 330, 331, 
332, 3.33, 343, 346, 349, 355. 356, 357, 
860, 361, 362, 303, 369, 372, 378, 383, 
384, 3S5, 390. 391, 392, 303, 398, 399, 
400, 401, 403, 405, 412, 414, 429,430, 
463, 456. 463. 464, 465, 466, 467, 46S, 

469, 471. 482, 4.S4, 48,5, 486, 489, 495, 
498, 605, 500, 608, 609, 610, 514, 615, 

616. 622. 627, 628, 632, 636, 638, 646, 
647, 548, 664, 566, 667, 668, 669, 560, 

661, 675, 677, 580, 682, 587, 6S8, 690, 
691, 592, 697, 598, 604, 606, 607, 616, 

617, 625, 627, 628, 634, 637, 638, 640, 
645, 647, 660, 652,657, 668, 663, 665, 
666, 674, 675, 679, 680, 682, 683, 684, 

686, 686, 692, 094, 695, 698, 699, 700, 
701, 704, 705,707, 708, 713, 714, 715, 
716. 

statistical summary of, 128. 

Academy of Music, 436. 

Accidents, steamboat, statistics, 115. 

Acid springs. 320, 324, 326, 466, 693. 

Acres of land, bv cos.. &c., 108. 

by towns, 167, 177, 186, 106, 207, 217; 
222, 23i, 240, 249, 266, 266, 278, 294, 
306, 313, 319, 328, 335, 339, 350, 364, 
373, 380, 387, 394, 406, 417, 457, 472, 
491, 600, 511, 516, 629, 639, 64:!, 651, 

662, 667, 671, 683, 694, 699, 608, 612, 
818, 630, 640, 648, 653, 669, 669, 676, 

687, 695, 709, 716, 721. 
Adgate's Patent, 48, 341, 349. 
At^utant General, 43. 

African Slethodist Episcopal Church, 139. 
.Agrarian movement. See Anti Sent. 
Agricultural College, 616. 
fairs, 101. 
Hall, 27, 160. 
Agricultural Implement manufactory,160, 
166, 199, 200, 216, 244, 248, 260, 274. 
2S6, 312, 362, 368, 3S4. 387, 400, 401, 
405, 406, 407, 411, 416, 464, 466. 4S4, 
488, 496, 509. 610. 536, 666, 669, 661, 
671, 575, 598, 611, 617, 666, 681, 691, 
693, 695, 699, 716. 
products, counties excelting in, 103. 
societies, town and county, 83, 102, 

103, 6:5. 
Society. 27. 101, 495. 
Agriculture, appropriations for, 106. 
statistics of, by cos., 104 to 107. 
Albany Institute. 101, 161. 
Aldermanic Districts. New York, 420. 
Aliens, statistics of. by counties. 150. 
Allen, Ebenezer. 3S4. 3;iS. 402, 404, 406, 711. 
Capt. Ebenezer. 300. 301. 
Ethan, at Ticonderoga, 299, 305. 
family murdered, 679. 
Nathaniel, 498. 
Almshouses. 161, 365, 393, 398, 422, 426, 

426. 609. 563. 
Ambuscade. 345. 411, 461, 604. 671. 672. 
American Anti Slavery Society. 146. 
and Foreipn Christian Union, 146. 
Bethel Society. 146. 
Bible Society. 144. 

Board Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
sions. 145. 
Colonization Society, 146. 
Home Missionary Society, 146. 
lastitute. 435. 

Seamen's Friend Society. 146. 
Sunday .School Union, 146. 
Tract Society, 145. 
Amherst. Sir Jeffrey, 49, 298, 337, 674, 

673, 674. 
.Analyses of .Mineral Waters, 248, 383, 394, 

470. 480, 497, 637, 692, 607. 
.^nai^uassacook Patent, 684. 

Anchor manufactory, 297. 608. 610, 681. 
Andi6. Ma,jor J., 604, 541, 670, 603, 699, 

700, 701, 703. 
Andrustown plundered, 342, 349. 



Angler. Sieur, surveys liy, 298. 

Anne, t^ueen, Germans settle under, 242, 

245. 
Anniversary Week, N. Y., 144. 
Anti masonic movement, 147, 323. 
Mission Baptists, 139. 
rent troubles, 157, 210, 242, 268, 269, 

209, 322, 360, 683. 602, 621, 643. 
Anti Slavery Society, 146. 
Antwerp Company, 353, 355, 375. 
Appel Patent. 685. 

Apples, statistics of, by counties, 106. 
Appling, Major D., 355, 358, 626. 
Appointing power, 31. 
Aqueducts, 60, 166, 276, 397, 418, 424, 

689. 697. 689. 714. 
Ararat, or resting place for Jews, 291. 
Arcade, 403. 
Architecture, 436, 437. 
Arsvle Patent, 679. 
Armories. 44, 369, 437, 489, 580. 
Armstrong. Gen. ,Iobn, 276. 
Arnold. Benedict, 299, 333. 335, 338, S42, 

410. 504. HI. 642. 670. 687. 699, 700. 
Arsenals. 44. 46, 165, 286, 312, 326, 362, 369, 

423. 437, 466, 495, 582, 602, 606. 
Artesian wells. 25, 362, 392, 4Si. 
Artillery Patent, 681. 
Asia, man-of-war, 438. 
Aspai'ngus culture. 644. 
Assav Office. 122, 437. 
Assembly. 28. 

districts, 28. 
As.sessments, power of Supervisors in, .30. 
Associate Presbyterians and Associate Re- 
formed Presbyterians, 139. 
Astor claim, Putnam co., 541. 

Library. 436. 
Astronomical Instrument manufactory, 

392. 
Observatories, 161, 423. 
Asylums. 42, 149. 193. 276. 276, 365, 370, 

396, 398, 403, 412, 419, 426, 432, 433, 

434, 468. 483. 488, 618, 524, 666. 
Atheneum, 368, 403. 
Attainder. See JFhrfeiture, 
Attorney General. 32. 
Auditor of Canal Department, 54. 
Auger manufactory, .^93. 
Avenues, New York City, plan of, 422. 
Awl manufactory, 286. 
Ax fectories. 166. 220, 236, 286. 368, 402, 

483, 484, 658, 593, 616, 068. 
Axle manufactory, 235, 277, 668, 699. 

Bakeries, statistics by counties, 109. 
Bank note engraving, 90. 
Banks, agencies of, 90. 

commissioners, 90. 

existing, list of, 90 to 95. 

general article on, 89. 

individual, 89. 

obsolete and closing, 95 to 99. 

savings. 99. 

suspension of, 90. 

United States, 90. 
Baptists, 139. 140. 

Free Will, 140. 

Old School, 139. 

Seventh Day. 143. 
Barley, counties where most raised, 101. 

statistics by counties, 104. 

trade, 159. 
Barracks, 45. 239, 354, 368, 542, 556, 680. 
Barrel manufactory, 220, 402, 488, 509, 

518. 520, 522. 
Barytes. sulphate of; 352, 356, 677, 600, 

004, 698. 
Basket manufactory, 286. 
Batteries. 423. 437, "566. 
Batting manufactory, 464. 
Battles. 219, 233, 234, 297, 305, 316, 342, 
343, 345, 355, 368, 371, 410, 411,4.?8, 
461. 478. 621, 525, 654, 556, 669, 574, 
676, 680, 686, 602, 604, 607, 633, 543, 
645, 661. 667, 671. 681, 698, 701, 707. 
Baum. Col., defeated, 686. 
Bayard's Patent, 601. 
Bay of New York, 437. 
Beaches. 644, 647, 660, 631, 634, 635, 635, 

6iJ8, 639. 
Beacons. See LigMhimses. 
Beacraft, a tory, 602. 
Beans, statistics by counties, 106, 



Beardslev. Purchase. 210. 

Beck. Dr. T. Itomeyn, 166, 160. 

Becker's Patent, 603, 

Bedini, Cardinal. *i87. 

Bedstead manufactory. 166. 291. 

Beef, supply to New York Cit,y. 427. 42S. 

Beekman's Patent, 269, 270, 276, 277. 

Bell, attempt to steal, 343. 

founderies, 166, 661. 
Belletre, expedition of, 348. 
Bellevue Hospital. 425. 
Bellows manutactory. 286. 
Belting manufactory. 199, 549. 
Bemis Heights, 580,' 670. 
Benevolent Societies, 81, 144, 370, 371, 

403. 432. 
■Bennington, battle of, 654, 866, 886, 680. 
Bfthel Society. 146. 

Bible Societies, 144. 145, 370, 403, 434, 489. 
nig 'free Council, 322. 
Billiard Table manufactory, 286. 
Billop House. 565. 

Manor, 664. 
Bird. Col., 699. 

Bituminous springs. 168, 173 
Blackberry culture, 703. 
Blackins manufactory, 716. 
Black Lead. 302, 303, 304. 
manulactory, 297, 304. 
Black River Navigation Co., 60. 

Tract .375 
Black Rock Plat, 288. 
Blacksmith shops by counties, 109. 
Blacksmiths, number by counties, 152. 
Blackwells Island, 419, 425. 
Blanchard, Col., 672. 
Blank Book manulactory. 286. 
Blenheim Patent, 602, 61)3. 
Blind. Institution for the. 432, 433. 

statistics by counties, 150. 
Blockhouses. 232, 297, 301, 310. 342. 343, 
346. 356, 359, 467. 469, 470, 511. 649, 
877, 682, 591, 696, 604, 640, 681, 682, 
687, 691. 
Block manufactory, 368. 
BInomer costume, origin of. 617. 
Board of Agriculture, 102, 106. 
Education. New York, 430. 
Health. 116. 428. 
Boatbuilding. 367, 402, 419, 616, 618, 657, 

662, 686. 
Bog iron ore, 25. 

Boiler manufactory, 160, 2S6, 652. 
Bolt manufactory, 166. 
Bonaparte, Joseph. 363, 376. 
Bonded warehouses. 111, 113, 
Bone boiling, 372. 
manure. 368. 
pits. 361. 453, 522. 
Bony fish, 1'24, 631. 
Bookbinderies. 160, 246, 286. 
Book manufactory. 199. 
Boon, Gel-rit, 462, 468. 
Boot and Shoe Makers, number by coun- 
ties. 162. 
Boot and Shoe manufac..286, 402, 48S, 596. 

statistics by counties, 109. 
.Boroughs, 696, 698, 693, 706. 
Boston Corner, 18. 

Ten Towns. 18. 180, 199. 479, 6bU. 
Botanical gardens, 370, 423, 430. 
Bouck's P.atent, 605. 
Bouck. William C, 59. 
Boundaries. 17, 268. 290, 308. 418, 686. 
Boundary commissions, 18, 677. 

controver.sies, 603, 645, 651, 700, 706. 
Bourbon, reputed, 309. 
Box manufactory, 286. 
Boyd, Lieut. Wm., 384. 
Bo'ylston Tract, 375. 
Itraddock's defeat, 671. 
Bradford, William, 431. 
Bradstreet, Col.. 519. 
Brautingham Tract, 376. 
Brant, Joseph, 219, 264, 265, 283, 315, 34i, 
34,3, 349, 409, 410, 412, 414, 454, 478, 
503, 531, 633, 686, 604. 
Brags founderv, 166. 286. 
Breakwater, 280, 284. 
Breathing well, so called, 190. 
Breweries. 109. 100. 214, 237,241.275. 286, 
367, 368, 383, 385, 399, 402, 406. 419, 
468. 483. 483, .509, 556, 561, 563, 698, 
617, 667, 662, 691. 

J 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



Brick manufactory, by counties, 109. 
manufactory of, 110, 160, al6, 286, 330, 
331, 332, 398, 505, 542, 550, 563, 566, 
668, 669, 698, 632, 639, 662, 666, 691, 

696. 6U8, 699. 

Brino springs, 26, 178, 181, 186, 197, 203, 
257. 3i5, 327, 392, 395, 400, 449, 456, 
473. 474, 47«, 479. 4S2, 483, 612, 514, 
515. 517, 622, 532, 619, 688. 

Britannia Ware manufactory, 163, 286. 

Brocltville captured, 674. 

Hrooklyn Institute, 369. 

Uroom Corn, statistics by counties, 107. 
culture of, 101, 220, 381, 407, 413, 595, 

697, 600, 606. 

Broom Handle manufactory, 590, 597. 

mauufitctoiy, 243, 2S2, 413, 695, 697. 
Erothertown Indians, 465. 
Brown, Col., 410, 416. 

John, settlement of, 349. , 

Brown's Tract. 341, 349. 375, 379. 
Brush manutactory, 286, 556. 

plains, 631, 636. 
Bucliskin manufactory, 311, 317. 
Buckwheat, quantity raised, 101, 104. 
Building associations, SI, 366, 700. 
Building stone, 26. 

Buildings, public. New York City, 436, 437. 
Bull, William, surveys by, 621. 
Burgoync, Gen.. 164. 166, 233, 299, 461, 
504, 554, 559, 586, 673, 679, 682, 686, 
687. 
Burial Case manufactory, 549. 
Burial Places, New York City, 428. 

See Rural Cemet^^ries. 
Burnetsfield Patent. 341, 344, 345, 346. 
Burning of jail, Delaware county, 258. 

of steamer Sir Robert Peel, 360. 

springs, 208, 213, 214, 267, 491, 499, 
691. 
Bun% Aaron, 404. 
Busti. Paul. 322. 
Butler. Col. .lohn. 409, 410, 411, 415. 

Waller N., 347. 409. 410, 411,416, 631. 
Butler's Patent, 317, 605. 
Butt and Hinge manufactory, 166 
Buttermilk Channel, 419. 

Falls. 505. 
Butter, product by counties, 106. 
Byrne's Patent, 006, 6S2. 



Cabinet Making shops, by counties, 109. 
Cabinet Ware manulactory, 203, 286, 368, 
390. 402. 614, 615. 622, 623, 598, 618. 
Cabinet of Natural History, 125, 126. 
Calcareous tufa. 391. 717. 
Calculating machine, 161. 
Calico Printing, 293. 
Cambridge Patent, 680. 
Camden Tract. 6S5. 
Campbell's Patent, 679, 683. 
Camphene manufactory, 3G8. 
Canada, expeditions against, 246, 311, 358. 

408. 49.3, 081. 6S2. 
Canada, fortifications in, 45. 
Canadian canals. 119. 

railway's. 119. 

trade, 117, 118. 
Canal Api)raiscrs. 54. 

Black Hivur, hi.story of, 60, 61. 

Board. 54. 

bo.ats, 5S. 

Cayuga & Seneca, history of, 6*2. 

Celebration, 58, 59. 

Champlain, history of, 60. 

Chemung, history of, 62. 

Chenango, history of, 60, 61. 

Clearances, 56. 

Commissioners. 54, 59. 

Companies. U. 356, 632, 642. 661. 

Crooked Lake, history of. 62. 

Delaware i Hudson, 63, 602, 506. 

Department. Auditor of, 54. 

distances, 59. 

enlargement, 59, 60. 

Erie, history of, 58. 

feeders, 201, 218. 321, 389, 482, 484, 
613, 620, 624, 645, 671. 

Fund. 64. 

general notice of, 54. 

Uenesee Valley, history of. 62, 63. 

hydraulic, 359, 454, 455, 484. 524. 593, 
637. 657. 

Manhattan Island, 418. 

natural, 575. 

Oneida Lake, history of, 61. 



Canal Oswego, history of, 61, 62. 

reservoirs, 60, 61, 173, 389, 390, 393. 
statistics, 66, 56, 67, 68. 
structures, 58. 
tolls, 66, 57. 

Canals, notices of, 156, 169, 171, 173, 179, 
186, 187, 193, 198, 201, '.203, 218,2-20, 
221, 224, 226, 2'28, 230, 279, 280, '288, 
293, 330, 341, 346, 376, 331, 384, 3S5, 
387,388, 395, 397, 398, 401, 402, 403, 
404, 407, 413, 420. 449, 451, 452, 455, 
459, 406, 468, 409, 475, 482, 484, 488, 
489, 492. 602, 491, 512, 513, 514, 516, 
518, 5'20, 628, 6'i4, 626, 674, 581, 686, 
687, 593, 598, 609, 610, 611. 614, 617, 
642, 624, 654, 689, 690, 691, 693, 714, 
718. 

Canastota Tract, 47, 389. 

Capital, State, 26, 27. 

Car manufactory, 286. 395, 609, 671. 

Wheel niauufactory, ICO, 273,286,509. 
Mills. 462, 616, 608. 694, 695. 

Carding Machines introduced, 683. 

Card manufactoi-y, 199. 

Carillon Fort, 298. 

Carleton, Major, 300. 

Caroline steamer destroyed, 453. 

Carpeuters, by counties, 109. 152. 

Carpet Bag manufactory, 510. 

Carpet man utiictory, 199. 244, 275, 402, 407, 
411, 40S, 849, 686, 695, 707. 

Carriage manufactory, 109, 160, 166. 228, 
229, 2;J7, 2.i5, 275, 280, S46, 308, 399, 
401. 403, 405, 411. 419, 403,454, 487, 
494. 496, 522, 548, 561, 575, 59S, 667, 
658, 6S3. 716. 

Cartridge manufactory, 549. 

Cary, Trumbull, and others, purchase by, 
210. 

Cascades, 20, 21, 22, 165, 203, 210, 227, 
235, 239, 263, 255, 271, 300, 305, 310, 
31'2, 320. 324, 326, 3'28, 333, 346, 362, 
855. 360, 361, 374, 376, 377, 379, 383, 
380. 390, 395, 401, 402, 419, 467, 474, 
484, 486, 487, 505, 508, 614, 515, 517, 
621, 623, 624, 526, 627, 632, 568, 560, 
672, 579, 593, 697, 604, 605, 609, Oil, 
613, 616, 617, 618, 646, 664, 656, 667, 
658, 664, 670, 074, 675, 715. 

Cases before Court of Sessions, N.Y., 421. 

Cassiltown Manor, 564. 

Castle Garden, 117, 427. 

Castles of the Mohawks, 40S. 

Catholic Schools, New York, 431. See 
Raman Catholics, 

Catskill Mountain House, 333. 
Patent, 332. 

Cattle market. 4'27. 

statistics by counties, 106. 
trade, 428. 

Caughnawaga Indians 408. 

Caves, 26, 165, 162, 163, 164, 302, 328, 351, 
356, 360, 361, 362, 393. 416, 482, 670, 
600. 604, 606, 607, 666, 674, 675, 684. 

Cayuga Bridge, 199. 200. 
Marshes, 63, 474. 

Cazenove. Tlieophilus, 322. 

Cement manufactury. — See Waterlimf!. 

Central American Educational Society, 
146, 
Asylum for Deaf and Dumb. 412. 
Park, New York, 44, 4-ii, 424. 

Chain across the Hudson, 504, 505, 508, 
609, 642. 
Lake Champl.ain, at Ticonderoga, 299. 

Chain Cable manufactory, 681. 

Chair manufactorv, 276, 282, 286, 343, 402, 
462, 487, 527, 610. 

Chamber of Commerce, 116, 436. 

Chambers. Thomas, 661, 662, 664. 

Chambly Canal, 119. 

Champlain Lake, 297. 
grants on. 298. 

Champlain. Samuel. 233, 297. 477, 519. 

Chandleries, 109, 286, 3CS, 419, 663, 567. 

Channels of New York Harbor, 418. 

Chapel, Queen Anne's. 413. 

Charitable societies, 144, 247, 287, 403, 433, 
434, 661. 

Charity schools, 370, 4.31. 

Charles III of Spiiin, grant to a New York 
church, 435. 

Charters, New York City, 418, 438. 
to academics, 127. 

Chase, Kev. Philander, 266. 

Chasm, remarkable, in Cliuton CO., 238. 
in Lewis CO., 378. 



Chassanis, Peter, Purchase, 363, 375, 377. 
Cheesebox manufactory, 343, .347, 348. 
Cheesecocks Patent, 603, 608, 668. 
Cheese manufactory, 176, 416, 537. 

product of; by counties, 107. 
Chemical works. See Laboratories. 
Chenango Tract, 47. 

Triangle, 224. 

Twenty Towns, 52, 224, 389. 
Cherry Valley massacre, 410, 531. 

Patent, 532. 
Chevaux de frise, 542. 
Children's Aid Society, 370, 403, 431. 

Hospital, 432. 
Chinese, early trade with, 162. 
Cholera, 308. 
Christian Association, 146. 

Connexion, 140. 

Unions. 146. 147. 
Cryslers Field. 311. 
Churches, general article on, 139 to 144. 

New York. 434. 435. 
Church, John B.. and Philip. 169. 

propei-ty controversy, 287. 

Tract, 321. 
Cider, product by counties, 105 
Cigar manufectoiies. See Tahacco. 
Cincinnati, Society o£ 434. 
Ciscoes, fishery oi; 359 
Cities, officers of, 31. 
City Courts, 34. 

Halls, 166, 160, 246, 275, 366, 369,403, 
423, 436. 468, 488, 624. 

Inspector's Department, N. Y., 427. 

Park, Brooklyn, 369. 

Railroads, 307, 368, 429. 

Schools, 160. 199, 246, 275, 286, 369, 403, 
429, 430, 468, 4SS. 624. 660, 598. 
aark. Rev. Thomas, 686, 686. 

Willis and Lewis G., 480. 
Clarke, Miss Sara J.. 487. 
Clans, Colonel Daniel, 315, 409, 412. 
Clearances on Northern lakes, 118. 
Clearing-Uouse Association, N. Y., 436. 
Clendening Valley Aqueduct, 4*24. 
Clergymen, number by counties, 151. 

property of. exempt from taxes, 48. 
Clerks' offices. See Cmnty Buildings. 
Clermont, steamboat, 162. 521. 
Clifton Park Patent, 565, 587. 

Mine, 572. 
Clinton, Charles. 510. 

College. r.airtield. 343. 
Clinton, De Witt, 68, 59, 102, 481, 606, 649. 

George, 274. 276. 

Sir Henry. 604, 654, 699. 

General .Tames, 410, 412, 531, 536. 

Prison, 41, 238 

Purchase, 2'24. 

Township, 47. 
Clock manufactory, 638. 
Clover mill, 360. 
Cloves of the Catskills, 329, 334. 
Coachmakers. number by counties, 151. 
Coal formations, 329, 619. 

mining for, 178, 407. 

Oil manufactory, 367. 

trade. 220. 488, 618, 624, 656, 667, 661, 
662, 663, 664. 
Coasting trade, statistics of, 115, 116. 
Coast Survey, 23, 121. 
Coffee and Spice manufactory. 368. 
Colden, Cadwallader. 608, 646. 

Tract. 341, 343, 344. 345, 348. 
Collar and Bosom manufactory, 657. 
Collection districts, coasting trade by, 115. 

general article on, 111. 

Northern frontier, 117, 118. 

ship building by, 115 

tonnage by, 112. 
Collectors on canals, 54. 
Collect Pond, N. Y., 418. 
Colleges, generjU article upon. 125. 

notices of, 48, 125, 126. 160. 161, 188, 
220. 25-2, 343, 3S4, 391,403, 419, 430, 
431, 455, 464, 498, 646, 660,564, 675, 
698. 610. 616, 667, 707. 

tabular list and statistics of, 126, 127 
Colonial history, 126. 
Colonization Society, 146. 
Colored Home, 426, 4'26. 

schools, 136. 

statistics of, by counties, 150. 
Color manuiilctory, 272, 373. 
Comb manufactory, 272, 286. 
Commerce, foreign, 111, 112, 113, 114. 115, 
102, 247, 367, 418, 436, 438, 639. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



Commerce, lake. 118, 119, 208, 214, 237, 239, 
280, 285, 352, 395, 399, 402, 403. 452, 
517, 518, 520, 524, 525, 680, 5S2, 657. 
rivor, 166, 246, 268, 274, 276, 285, 3S0, 
332. 502, 509, 561, 680, 581, 620, 652, 
661, 662, 663. 664, 666, 699. 
Commercial collegt-a. 287, 431, 489. 
Ci-miuissionera of Canal Fund, 64. 

for taking acknowledgment of aeeda, 

35. 
of Emigration, 117, 419, 420, 427, 649- 
of Kxcise. 36. 
of Health, 116. 
of Highways, 39. 
of Land Office, 46, 53. 
Common Councils of cities, 31, 420. 
Communities, 293, 405. 
Comptroller, 32. 
Confectioneriea, 286. 
Congregational Churches, 140. 

Methodist Church, 140. 
Congress, Contiuental, 565. 

first meeting in New York, 438. 
first Colonial, 162. 
Connecticut Tract, 321, 613. 
Constable's Towns, 375. 
Contracting Board, 54. 
Contributions tu aid Schenectady, 599. 
Controveray in Hutch Church, 275. 
Convention for adopting U. S. Const., 276. 
Hartford, 48, 62. 
Hempstead. 544, 545. 
Bkingston. 664. 
Provincial, 260, 272, 276. 
Conventions at Syracuse. 488. 
Convents, 419, 431, 4a4, 701. 
Convictions, statistics of, 36, 421, 
Cooper Institute, 435. 
Cooper, .7. Fenimore, 536. 
Cooperages. 286, 514, 691. 
Coopers, number by countiea, 161. 
Copperas, 305. 

manufactory, 575. 
Copper coinage. 509. 

ores, 25, 267, 340, 575. 577, 579. 660, 704. 
Corn, statistics of, 101, 104. 
Coruplanter, an Indian chief^ 410,414. 
Cornwall county, 18. 
Coroners, 35, 427. 
Cortland Manor, 705, 706, 708. 
Corporations, general article on, 80. 
Cosby's Manor and Patent, 341, 344, 348, 

4G9. 
Cotringer Tract, 321. 

Cotton m.inu factory, 110, 166, 216, 228, 
241, 247, 248, 253, 271, 274, 276, 293, 
3U, 346, 347. 348, 352, 356, 360, 362, 
368, 402, 464, 465, 466, 468, 471, 604, 
509, 510, 525, 527, 532, 633, 534, 535, 
636, 538, 554, 656, 558, 569, 660, 561, 
669. 571, 684, 590, 591, 59S, 605, 634, 
638. 662, 666, 682. 
Councils, Indian. 322, 344, 414. 
Council of Appointment, 31. 
of Kevision, 31. 
of Safety, 6i.ll. 
Country Roads, Suffolk co,, 632. 
Country seats, 272, 275, 276, 664, 696, 703, 

794, 707. 708. 
County Imildings, 156, 160, 168, 179, 186, 
198, 208. 218, 223, 232, 241, 251, 258, 
268, 280, 297, 307, 314, 320, 330, 337, 
341, 352, 365, 375, 381, 388, 396, 407, 
451, 458, 476, 492, 502, 512, 518, 530, 
640, 544, 553, 563, 568, 673, 584. 695. 
600, 609, 614, 620, 632, 642, 649. 654, 
661, 671, 678, 689, 697, 710, 717. 
Clerk, 35. 
courts. 34. 
Superintendent, 137. 
Tre;i9urer, 36. 
Courts of admiralty, 117. 
of Appeals. 33. 

for Tri;d of Impeachments, 33. 
New York City, 428. 
of oyer and terminer, 35. 
of sessions, 35. 
State, 33. 
United States, 33. 
of Wiltwyck, ancient, 663. 
Comtenay. E. H., 368. 
C^jverlet manufact-ory, 695. 
O-twbell manufactory, 283. 
Cowboys, 333, 698. 
Cowen, Eseck., 592. 
Cows, number by countiea, 106. 
Craigie Tract, 321. 
Cranberry swamp, 528, 618. 



Cratean lakes, Onoo. co., 26, 474, 482, 484. 
Cricket grounds. 423. 
Crime of New York City, 421. 
Criminal convictions, 35, 36. 

courts, 35. 

statistics, 425. 
Crosby, Enoch, 541. 

Croton Aqueduct, 418, 422, 424, 697, 706, 
707, 708. 

Valley surveyed, 424. 
Crown Point, fort at, 297, 293. 299, 673. 
Crumhorn Mountain Tract, 125. 
Crystal palace, 423. 424. 
Cuck, George, a tory, 414. 
Cumberland I3ay, naval victory in, 234. 
Currents of rivers reversed, 304, 579. 
Customhouses, 119, 120, 2.39, 247, 286, 355, 

356, 4o6. 524, 580. 638. 
Cutlery manufactory, 246, 508. 

Dairying, product of. See Acres^ t£c. 

Dakin Ore Bed, 273. 

D'Alaiiiville. seigniory of, 293 

Dam. State, 678. 

Deaf and dumb, statisticsby conntiea,150. 

Asylum, 419, 432. 433. 
Deane's Patent, 48, 235, 471. 
Deaths, New York, totals, 428. 

of Holland Co. proprietors, 322. 
De Bruyn, John Hendrick, Patent of, 247. 
Debt of N. Y. to U. S., Revolutionary, 45. 
Debtors, imprisoned, 42. 
De Courcelles, expedition of, 408. 
Deep Spring, so called, 484. 
Deeds, acknowledgment of, 35. 
Degrees conferred by Regents, 125. 
De Lancey's corps, 551. 
De Lancey, James, 701, 705. 

Patent of, 413. 
De la Barre's expedition, 358. 
Delaware & Hudson Canal, 63, 642, 661, 

662. 664, 666, 668. 
Delliu's Patent, 6S2. 
De Nonville, expedition of, 493, 499. 
Dentists* Gold manufactory, 368. 
Denton, Rev. Richard, 547. 
Depots, 403, 561. 
Deserters executed, 412, 536. 
De Tracy's expedition, 408. 
De Yeaux, Samuel, 455. 
Devendorf. Jacob, scalped, 416. 
Devil's Hole, event at, 452, 453. 
De Vries. D. P., 564. 
Dewitt, Simeon, 58, 657.' 
Die manufactory. 593. 
Dioskau, Baron, 298, 671, 672. 
Dikes, 677. 
Diluvial valleys, 361. 
Dioceses of New York. 142. 143. 
Dionondahowa Falls, 680, 683. 
Disciples of Christ, 140. 
Dise's Manor, 604. 
Dispensaries, 2S7, 370, 432. 
Distances by canals, 59 to 64. 

by railroads, 66 to 73. 
DistUleries. 160. 198, 199. 201, 213, 214, 
286, 344, 367, 368, 384, 385, 391, 398, 
401, 406, 454, 462, 467, 483, 484, 487, 
497, 515, 535, 561, 593, 617, 618, 691. 
693, 699. 
Distributing post offices, 123, 662. 
District attorneys, 35. 

libraries, 135. 

school meetings, 135. 
Districts, aldermanic, 420. 

Assembly, 28. 

collection. See Customhouses. 

judicial. 33, 34. 

military, 43. 

Senatorial. 23. 

of Tryon co., early, 409. 
Divisions. Colonial, Dutchess co., 269. 
Docks, 307. 

Dolomite, 41, 267, 699. 
Domestic manufactures by counties. See 

Acres, rfc. 
Dongan, Governor. 564. 
Dover Stone Church, so called, 271. 
Door factory, 188. 
Dorfs of Palatinates, 601. 
Downie, Commodore, 234. 
Downing, A. J., 7i-'8. 
Doxtader, Tory, 411, 4^6, 602, 607. 
Dressmakers, number by counties, 151. 
Drouth, 352. 

Drowned Lands. 501. 506. 507, 510. 611. 
Drug manufactory, 275. 
Dry docks, 45, 368, 618. 



Dry goods, scatistics of, 113. 

Duane, Colonel. 410. 

Dubois, Bishop, school founded by, 360. 

Colonel, 410. 
Dudley Observatory, 161. 
Duel. 358. 

Duerville Patent, 235. 
Duke of Gloucester, 674. 
Dukes county, 18. 
DutL'h. policy of, toward Indians, 408. 

settlements by, 366, 408, 437, 503, 601, 
663, 667. 
Duties on salt, 54. 
Duties, receipts from, 111, 113, 114. 
Dwellings, number and kind of, 108. 
Dwight. Francis, 137- 
Dyed Stuffs manufacvry, 373, 563. 

works, 293, 4ti5, 5C5, 706. 

Earl of Moira, 574. 

Earthen Ware manufactory, 198, 286, 499, 

668. 
Easton's Patent, 466. 
Eaton, Amos, 24. 
Ebcnezer Society, 293 
Edge Tool manufactory, 166, 235, 286, 300, 

347, 393, 395, 402, 480, 590. 
Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, 269, 564. 
Edmeston, Col., 533. 
Elections, New York, 420. 

canvass of, 30. 

Inspectors of, 40. 

military, 44. 
Electors, cen.'ius of, 31. 
Elephant, fossil remains of. 163. 
Elevations above tide, 19 to 22. 

Delaware CO., 257. 

Steuben co., 619. 

Washington co., 677. 
Elevators, 293, 356, 399. 525. 
Eleven Towns on Black River, so called, 

353, 355, 357, 358, 361. 362, 375. 
Elias. officers of the ship, 564. 
Elk. domestication of, 192. 
Ellicott. Joseph, 322. 
Embargo, 233. ^7, 356, 357, 643. 
Emery manufactory, 546. 
Emigration. See Commissioners of Em-^ 

gra.lUm. 
Emigrant homes, 427. 
Emmons. E., analysis by. 324. 

geologist of Second District, 24. 
Encroachment upon N. Y. Harbor, 46. 
Endowment of Union College, 598. 
Engineers, Canal, 54. 
English conquest, 438. 
Engraving, 286. 

Entries of vessels at New York, 112. 
Epidemic, 361, 579. ^ 

Erie Canal. See Canals. 

Basin, 284. 
Escheats, 48. 

EsopuB, enemy advance to, 504. 
Evacuation Day. 437. 438. 
Evangelical Lutheran Church, 140. 
Evans, David E.. 322. 
Evan's Patent, 603. 
Evans, William, bequest of, 393. 
Evening schools, 430. 
Exchange building, 160. 
Excise, Commissioners of. 3''>. 
Executive Department, N. Y. City, 420. 

State, 19. 
Expeditions against Canada. See (Xinado. 
Exports, Canadian, 118. 

total New York, since 1701. 112, 114. 
Eye and Ear Infirmaries, 370, 432. 

Fairs, Colonial, 101. 

State, and other, 102. 269, 706. 
Fall Hill Patent, 341, 34-3, 346. 
Families, number of, by counties. See 

Acres, (£c. 
Fancy Goods manufactory, 455. 
Fanning Mill manufactory. 61S, 691, 692. 
Farms, number of, by counties, 108, 151, 
Farrett, James, agent of Earl of Stirling, 

633, 635, (537, 639. 
Federalist (the) newspaper articles, 276. 
Feldspar, 267, 671, 674. 
FemiUes. Asylum for, 433, 488. 
Female Guardian Society, 433. 

Seminaries. See Acafkniies. 
Ferries, general act, and list of. 82. 

notices of. 200. 245, 249. 271, 272, 275, 

276. 277, 356, 367. 420, 428, 450, 609, 

546, 655, 563. 570, 580, 636, 664, 666 

699, 700, 704. 



10 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



Pertilizers, 631. 
Feudal privileges, 242. 
I'over. 425. 

Tiold notes of Holland Land Co., 332. 
File manufactory, 271, 275, 510, 571. 
l-'illinore, Millard, 203, 206. 283. 
Finance Department New York City, 420. 
Fire arms first known to Indians in New 

York, 297. 
Eire Brick manufactory, 26, 468, 503, 567, 
699. 
Departments, 275, 369, 422. 42?, 424. 
de^tructive, 83, 162, 302, 438, 46S, 661, 

675. 593, 062, 682. 
Engine manufactory, 402, 593, 617. 
Insurance. 83, 436. 
Wardens, 423. 
in the woods, 631. 
Fish Manures, 6.31, 632, 638, 639. 

preservation of, 124. 
Fisher. Col. Frederick, 415. 
Fisheries, 18, 46, 124, 232, 247, 357. 359, 
437, 530. 644, 560, 632, 634, 636, 637, 
641, 701. 
Fitch. Dr. Asa, 27. 
John, 83, 418. 
Five Dutch Towns of Kings co., 366. 
Flags, Azariiih C, 137. 
Flagging Stone, 20, 197, 204, 20.5, 223, 267, 
3:9, 333, 381, 385, 449, 464, 491, 512, 
615, 581, 600, 063. 064, 666, 717. 
Flax culture, 655, 658. 680, 686. 

statistics of lint and seed, by cos., 106. 
mills, 308. 658. 569. 
Floating' battery, 46. 

Flour manufactorv. 160, 169, 170, 172, 173, 
176, 193, 194, 199,302, 203, 2(16, 211, 
212. 213, 214, 216, 320, 231. 222, 226, 
238, 246, 248, 259, 271, 272, 273, 274, 
276, 286, 324, 325, 328, 346, 352, .357, 
362, 385, 390, 392, 395, 400, 401, 402, 
406, 400, 413, 464, 466, 468, 481, 4S2, 
484, 497, 614, 616, 518, 620, 621, 622, 
624, 625, 627, 528, 634, 636, 537, 63S, 
661, 622, 675, 59.3, 610, 611, 612, 617, 
618, 623. 626, 626, 627, 629, 6.34, 651, 
652, 655. 657, 658, 676, 682, 683, 686, 
600, 691, 694, 695, 712, 713, 715. 
Flower culture. 64-8, 649. 
Floyd, Col. Richard, 634. 

Gen, William, 463, 471, 634. 
Fonda, Douw, 415, 
Foote, Stillman, 271. 
Forrest, Edwin. 708. 
Forfeitures, 48, 314, 316, .342, 347, 348, 540, 

641, 602, 698, 700, 702, 704, 708. 
Forges, 26, 236, 238, 239, 240. 297, 349, 360, 
465, 482, 504, 608, 682, 681, 686, 
694, 
Fork manufactory, 229, 390, 416, 487, 635, 

.536, 676, 61T. 
Formau, Joshua, 68. 
Fortifications, general notice of, 45. 

tabular list of, 46. 
Fort Brewerton. 481, 522. 
Clinton, 603, 504. 
Columbus. 419. 
Dayton, 342, 345. 
Diamond, .373. 
Edward, 298, 682. 
Frederick, 297. 
Gibson, 419. 
Hamilton, 373. 
Herkimer, 342, 345. 
House, 417, 
Hunter, 408, 413. 
Independence, 699. 
Jav, 419. 

Johnson, 315, 412. 
La Fayette, 373, 699. 
Leyi. 574. 

L-.inan, 298, 671, 672. 
Miller, 591. 

Montgomery, 18,45, 237, 503, 604, 506. 
Niagara. 452. 
Plain, 410, 414. 
Porter, 236. 
Putnam, 604, 505. 
Orange, 166. 
Richmond, 665. 
Schuyler, 346, 410, 461, 467, 469, 586, 

706. 
Slongo, 638. 
Stanwix, 166, 461, 467. 
Sullivan, 219. 
Tompkins, 565. 
Wooti. 419. 
VVUliam Uenry, 298, 672. 



Forts, Canadian, 45. 

notices of, 45,156,167, 162, 163, 166, 206, 
219, 220, 221, 237, 204, 274, 275, 277, 
286, 297, 298. 299, 301, 304, 305, 327, 
S42, 344, 353, 356, 358, 373, 393, 4o8, 
409, HO, 412, 413, 414,416, 410, 417, 
419, 4.37, 462. 453, 460, 461, 467, 469, 
478, 499, 603, 604, 605, 619, 625, 642, 

646, 661, 669, 561, 665, 669, 674, 696, 
698, 599, 601, 602, 604, 606, 634, 664, 
673, 679, 681, 682, 700, 707. 

Forty Thousand Acre Tract, 321. 

Founderies, 160, 189, 193,201, 206, 227, 237, 
2:39, 240, 244, 246, 248,272, 277. 286, 
344, 356, 367, 301, 400, 401, 406,464, 
466, 466. 470, 484, 487, 488,606, 509, 
610, 616, 621, 625, 633,634,538, 536, 
542, 649, 660, 657, 668, 669, 570, 691, 

693, 604, 605, 606, 607, 610, 611, 616, 
617, 618, 622, 625, 627, 647,656, 667, 

694, 702, 708, 707, 708, 715. 
Fountains, 362, 433. 

Fowling, 644, 634. 
Fox, George, 546. 

Hall JVIanor, 49, 662, 663. 
Franciscan College, 188. 
Franklin Institute, Syracuse, 4S9. 
Frauds. 308, 311, 362. 
Free Academy, New York, 429, 430. 
Freeholders, number of. See Acres> (£c. 
Free Masons, 147. 
Free Schools, 137, 138, 701, 708. 
Freestone, 568, 670. 

French cede Canada to Great Britain, 299. 
colonization, 353. 
colonies, 224. 
defeat of. 409. 
fortifications, 297, 619. 
grants on Lake Charoplain, 233, 298. 
missions, 477, 580. 
posts, 298. 

Protestants, 371, 546. 
settlements, 264, 301, 363, 376, 376, 

377, 378, 454, 477, 478, 646. 
surrender. 674. 
traces of. 467, 477, 482. 
Tract, 224. 

War. ^e War, French, 
Freshets, 167. 162, 166, 302, 329, 658, 613, 

644, 683, 683, 
Friends, 142, 360. 
cemetery, 371. 

mission estal'lished by, 187, 195. 
Frigates on Lake Ontario, 358. 
FrisneU's Patent, 50. 
Frontiers, 297. 
Frontenac, expedition of, 408, 478. 

Fort. 519. 
Fruit culture. 198, 205, 327, 39.5, 402, 456, 
404, 481, 497, 612, 540, 609, 670, 609, 
601. 062, 088, 6S9, 690, 703, 706. 
Fur Company, North Westxjrn, 525. 
dressing. 368, 
trade, 232. 
Fulton, Robert, 83. 
Funds, lands belonging to, 46. 47. 
Furnaces, 109, 195, 198, 202, 211, 212. 214, 
226, 228. 235, 238, 244, 246. 247, 270, 
273, 282, 289, 291, 293, 325, 366, 300, 
368, 382, 383. 385, 386. 390, 393, 398, 
399, 400, 402, 406, 408, 462, 466, 471, 
484. 508, 614, 516, 822, 538, 677, 667, 
682, 690, 691, 692, 693, 695, 
Furniture, 109, 286, 291,362,368, 402, 488, 
614, 615, 623. 623, 618. 
makers, by counties, 152. 

Gage's Patent, 50. 

Game, protection of, 30. 

Gananoqui, expedition against, 354. 

Gansevoort, Col. Peter, 461, 478, 614. 

C-irdean Tract, 711. 

Gardening, 101, 365, 398, 399, 501, 544, 546, 

647, 64S, 849. 868, 571, 696, 706. 
Garden Seeds, 214, 243. 686. 
Gardner, Lyon, 6.35. 638. 

Garlock, John Christian, 409. 

Garnets, 407. 

Gaslight m,inufactory, 80, 317, 368, 424, 

663, 693. 

springs, 26, 186, 203, 208, 213, 214, 236, 

267, 310. 335, 386, 386, 466, 462, 491, 

499, 665, 6ii9, 592. 607, 615, 691.720. 

Gate rights, so called. 550. 

Gauntlet, running of the, 462. 

OavlorJ, Willis, 486. 

Geddes, James, 68, 69, 479, 483. 
George, 63, 474, 4S2. 



General Assembly, 698. 

Court. 636, 640. 
Genesee Falls Portage, 386, 710. 

Tariff. 322. 
Genet, Kdmund C., 655. 
Geographical and Statistical Society, 436, 
Geological survey, 24. 

Hall, 27, 160. 
George III. statue of. 423. 438. 
German Flats, 342. 344, 410. 

Methodists, 141. 
Ghent, treaty of, 18. 
Gibbs, the pirate, 419. 
Gilliland, William, 299, 800, 301, 305. 
Ginseng trade, 416, 469. 
Glass manufactory, 164, 240, 291, 366, 368, 
462, 470, 617, 621, 649, 558, 689, 641, 
644, 668. 691. 
Glebes. 344, 666, 571, 607, 699. 
Glen's Purchase, 341, a43, 345, 346, 685. 
Glove and Mitten manufactory, 286, 311, 

314, 317, 318. 
Glue manufactory, 286, 368, 398. 
Goat Island, 456. 
Gold Beating, 286. 
Gold Pen manufactory, 368. 
Gold and Silver Refining. 368. 
Gore Tract)!. 224. 263. 690. 
Gospel and School Lands, 47, 136, 260, 874. 
Governor, powers, qualiticationB, &c., 31. 
Governors Island, forts on, 419. 

Purchase. See Chenango, 
Grain, amount by towns. See AcreSj &c, 

cradle manufactory, 484, 510. 

destroyed, 264. 

excellence of the several countieB in, 
101. 

trade, Buffalo, 285. 
Grand Island Tract, 290. 
Granger, Gideon. 495. 
Grape culture, 101, 497, 628, 699. 
Graphite, 26, 267, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 
304, 337, 338, 340, 640, 670, 671, 685. 
Grass Seed, Sullivan CO., 641. 
Great Nine Partners' Tract, 269, 277. 
Green, Col., 708. 

Gritfin. first vessel on upper lakes, 462,465. 
Grindstone manufactory. 168, 233, 471. 
Gristmills, number b,v counties, 109. 

See Fl'iur manufactoi^. 
Grocers, number by counties, 162. 
Guano mimufactory, 637, 639. 
Gun manufactory, 246, 286. 699. 

barrel manufactory. 656. 
Gunpowder explosion. 489. 
Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, 359, 
Gutta Percha Belting m.inufactory, 649. 
Guy Park, 412. 

Gypsum, 26, 110, 197, 203, 320, 326,340,388, 
392, 393, 394, 395. 398, 406. 468, 469, 
473, 480, 481, 482, 484, 485, 491, 497, 
613, 614, 617, 688, 690. 

Haile, Gen., 677. 
Ilaldi-man, Gen., 300. 
llalf-.Moon Patent, 586. 

Point, 593. 

Orphan Asylum, N. Y., 433. 
Hall, James, Paleontologist and Geologist 

of the Fourth District, 24. 
Hall, N. K., 283. 
Hall of Records N. Y., 423, 437. 
Halls of Justice N. Y.. 426, 437. 
Hame manufactory. 229. 
Hamilton, Alexander. 125, 276. 

College Telescope, .392. 
Hammer manufactory, 228. 
Hammond, Jjibez D., 137. 
Hampton, Gen. Wade, 234, 310. 
Harbor at Black Rock, 288. 

BuB'alo, 284. 

encroachment N. Y., 46, 418. 

Hill, Roslyn, 550. 

masters, 116, 

New York, 418. 
Harbors on the lakes, 22, 
Hardenburgh Patent, '258, 331, 600, 663. 
Hardware manufactory, 216, 286, 471, 488, 
Harlem Canal, 418. 

Harness manufactorv. by counties, 109. 
Harper Patent, 60, •2"34. 
Harper. Col., 316, 410, 624. 

Robert. 235. 
Harpersfield burned. 410. 
Harrisofi", Charles, 349. 
Harrison's Patent. 50. 
Hartford Convention. 18, ISO. 
Hartman, John A., 346. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



11 



HMtwIck Patent, 633. 
Uasenclevei-'s Patsnt, 341, 345, S4S. 
Uat manufactory, lUO, 19S, 447, 286, 368, 
610, 707. 

by counties, 109. 
Hawley. Gideon, 137, 605. 

Jesse, 68. 
Hay, 101, 163, 241, 331, 332, 547, 654, 665. 

product by counties, 104. 
He)iiltiu;irter8 of Washington, Newburgh, 

509. 
Health Commissioner, 428. 

OIHcer, 116, 42S. 

Public, 116, 427, 428. 
Heathcoto, Caleb, 701, 702, 703. 
Height of mountains, table of, 19. 

lakes and rivers, 20, 22. 
Hellgate, 648, 649. 
Henderson's Patent, 341, S48. 
Hendrick, King, 298. 343, 671. 
Hennepin, Father, 462, 456. 
Henry Clay steamer burned, 708. 
Herkimer, Gen. N., 264, 343, 345, 409, 410, 

461, 638. 
High Bridge, 424, 707. 
High Falls on Black River, 379. 
Highlanders, Scotch, 316. 
Highlands of the Hudson, 501, 542. 
High Itock Spring, Saratoga, 592. 
Highways, 39. 
Historical Society N. Y., 435. 
Hoe manufactory, 200, 229, 390, 537, 667, 

671,675,690. 
Hoffman, aged 118, 269. 
Holland Land Co., 62, 169, 187, 210, 2S0, 
288, 321. 322, 462, 468, 516, 516. 

agent of, 322, 390. 

CO. buildings erected by, 320. 

names of members, 321. 

Patent, 467. 

Purchase, 280, 468, 513. 
Holley, Myron, 59. 
4onie AsBuciatiou, 488. 
Home MissioDS, 14G. 
Homeopathic Medical Societies, 149. 
Homestead exemption, 48. 
Honey, product by counties, 106. 
Hoosick Patent, 556. 

Hop culture, lol, 223. 230, 340, 388, 412, 
414, 468, 630, 537, 600, 603, 606, 607 
Hops, product by counties, 105. 
Horse mill, 373. 

races, colonial. 546. 

Kiike manufactory, 716. 

Shoe manufactory. 236, 300. 
Horses, association for improving breed of, 
S3. 

killed by Sullivan, 221. 

statistics of, by counties, 107. 
Horticultural Society, Brooklyn, 370. 
Hosiery nuinufactory, 166, 661, 617. 
UospiUils, 120, 161, 287, 366, 365. 368, 370, 

4U4, 419, 420, 425, 426, 427, 432, 606, 

624, 555, 661, 666, 702. 
House of Industry, 433, 434. 

of Kcfuge, 42, 404, 420, 425. 

Lord, death of, 298. 
Huddlestone e.\ecuted as a spy, 276. 
Hudson, Hendrick, 166, 437, 659, 664. 
Huguenot settlements, 269, 603, 5I>4, 661, 

663, 666, 703. 
Hunter Lodges, 354. 

Hoad, 642. 

grounds, 232, 636. 
Hunlerslic-ld Patent, 607. 
Hurley Patent. 6G3. 
Hutchinson, Mrs. -\nne, 704, 705. 
Hypersthene rock, 296, 346. 

Ice, 162, ISO. 365, 419, 484, 569, 663, 703. 

Idiotic, statistics of, by counties, 150. 
Asylum for tlie, 483, 488. 

Illiterate, statistics of. by counties, 160. 

Immigration, general statistics of, 122. 

Impeachment, 33. 

Imports, Canadian, 118. 

total, since 1700, 112, 114. 

Inclined planes on rail roads, 67. 

Indi'p.-ndcnce, Uechiration of, 244, 697. 

Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 149. 

India Kubber manufactory, 419, 546, 708. 

Indian antiquities, 180, 181, 188, 194, 200. 
202, 203, 206. 220, 253, 260, 264, 283, 
293, 327, 355, 368, 369, 360, 361, 393, 
412, 414, 463, 468, 482, 493, 494, 498, 
499, 513, 516, 634, 661, 659, 688, 693, 
6U5. 616, 643, 644, 679, 704, 706. 



Indian disguise worn by anti-renters, 268. 
hung for murder, 198. 
invasions. 166, ISO, 210. 260, 262, 264, 
297, 331. 334, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 
347, 349, 372, 408, 410, 411, 412, 414, 
415, 416, 417, 461, 407, 477, 493, 603, 
631, 633, 536, 564, 696, 697, 602, 604, 
607, 60S, 642, 661, 662,, 664 66S, 679, 
706, 70S. 
Indian Purchases, 46, 48, 180, 187, 224, 
2:i3, 242, Mi, 268, 261, 270, 322, 332, 
389, 394. 39S, 437, 478, 499, 646, 661, 
690, 634, 636, 638, 639, 698, 700, 70l, 
703, 706, 707, 708. 
reservations, 48, 63, 187, 280, 308, 309, 
311, 322, 324, 327, 363, 382, 384, 385, 
389, 393, 462, 462, 469, 478, 483, 486, 
680. 
Pass 303 

settlemeiits, 180, 187. 210, 274, 2S7, 
30S, 322, 382, 389, 393, 408,415, 462, 
458, 465, 473, 476, -183, 493, 496, 498, 
499, 557, 559, 574, 680, 601, 632, 633, 
637, 038, 655, 678. 
Btatistics, 151. 

trade. 157. 162, 415. 452, 4S5, 682. 
tradition of, 458. 477, 482, 493. 
tribes on Loog Island, 632, 634 
Indians at Moutauk, 635. ** 
Industrial schools, 161, 370, 404. 
Inebriate Asylum, 180. 
Infirmaries. 370. 
Ink manufactory, 593. 
Inland Steam A.iv. Companies, list of, 82. 
Inman's Triangle, 375. 
Inn Keepers, by counties, 152. 
Insane, statistics of, by counties, 150. 
statistics of, 409. 
See Lunatic Asi/lum. 
Insects in grain, 320. 
Inspection of steamboats, 115. 

of vessels, 42S. 
Inspector, City, 427. 
Insurance companies, 81, 83, 436. 
obsolete, list, 85 to 89. 
rates lowered by Croton, 424. 
Intermitting spring, 310. 
Invasions, hostile, 180, 209, 232, 234, 236, 
260, 262, 264, 280, 28S, 290, 297, 299, 
308, 310. 311, 312, 316, 331, 334, 342, 
344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 354, 355, 356, 
358, 359, 365, 372, 404. 408, 410, 411, 
412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 452, 400, 
461, 467, 477, 476, 503, 504. 513, 519, 
625, 531, 554, 556, 564, 569, 574, 578, 
579, 580, 5S7, 596, 597, 599, 602, 604. 
607, 60S, 61^4, 633. 634, 639, 642, 643, 

661, 662, 671, 679, 6Sl, 6S2, 694. 
Iron bridge, 407. 

manufactory, 41, 110, 166, 220, 232, 235, 
236, 238, 241. 243, 245, *i46, 261, 270, 
:i7l, 273, 275, 276, 286, 296, 297, 300, 
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 310, 349, 352, 
360, 361, 362, 363, 395, 419, 462, 464, 
471, 501, 508, 610, 521, 533, 535, 549, 
561, 573, 575, 577, 579, 680, 582, 617, 

662, 666. 668, 681, 699. 

ores, 19, 2i, 25, 165, 165, 186, 218, 232, 
235, 236, 237, 241, 243, 245, 267, 270, 
271. 273, 277, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 
303, 304, 306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 337, 
348, 349, 352, 355, 360, 361, 374, 376, 
.•?77,378, 388, 392, 395, 458, 464. 470, 
471, 601. 517, 621, 528, 540, 642, 543, 

663, 572, 575, 677, 581, 582, 589, 600, 
670, 674, 675, 680, 692, 693, 695, 717. 

Iron Band, 297, 340, 349, 374. 

Ives, L. S., .380. 

Ivory Black manufactory, 363, 563. 

Jail limits, Jefferson co., 352. 
Jails. See County Buildings. 
Japanned Cloth manufactory, 368. 

Ware manufactory, 286. 
Jay Ore Bed. 5S1. 

Treaty. 519. 
Jemison, Mary, the white woman. 711, 712. 
Jersey City, relations with New York, 429. 
Jersoylield Patent. 341, 347, 348. 
Jervig, John B., 423. 
Jesuit missiona. 468, 415, 477, 619. 
Jews, attempt to collect, 290. 
Jogues, Fatlu-'r. 4^i5, 477. 
Johnson WAX. 316, 318, 409. 

Guy. 315, 341, 346, 409, 412. 

Sir John. 30U, 315, 316, 409, 410, 413, 
416, 602, 605. 



Johnson, Sir William, 298, 315, 317, 318, 
343, 348, 409, 412, 452, 612. 592, 671, 
672. 

Indian children of, 315, 348. 
Johnston, Bill, 360. 

Joucaire, , Frencli adventurer, 452. 

Jones. i:famuel, cliaiity fund, 049, 550. 
Judicial Department, 33, 428. 

districts, 34. 
Julia, encounter of the echonner, 574. 
Junction Canal Cumpauy, 218. 
Jurisdiction, IS, 33, 34, 418. 
Justices' courts, 34. 
Juvenile delinquents, 42, 420. 

Asylum, 433. 

Kakiate Patent. 568. 

Kane brothers, 412. 409. 

Kaolin, 301, 675, 567. 

Kast's Patent. 341, .".4S. 

Kayuderosseras Patent, 585. 587. 

Kidd, William, the pirate, 570. 

Kinderhook Patent. 247. 

Kingsborough Patent. 317, 318. 

Kingsbury Patent, t)85. 

King's College, i^ee Vvlumbia VoUegt. 

King's District. 241, 243. 

Kiui-'s Ferry, 569, 699. 

King's Garden. 356. 

Kirkland. Bev. Samuel. 461, 464, 485» 499, 

Kirkwood, James P., 369. 

Klocks Field, battle of, 410, 417. 

Knapp, Uzal, 509. 

Knitting mills, 166. 558, 590. 

Korlright Patent. 262. 

Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 504, 586. 

Laboratories. 24S, 368, 419, 464, 506, 549. 

Laborers, number by counties, 152. 

La Cole surprised, 234. 

La Fayette, Marquis de, 27, 410, 467. 

La Hontan, Baron, 288, 404. 

Lakes, general sketch of, 20. 

Lake George Steamboat Companies, 82. 

Lake ridges, 351. 355, 361, 395, 449, 4.53, 

512, 514, 524, 688, 693. 
Lallemant, Father, 477, 479. 
Lamp and Lantern manufactory. 368. 
Lampblack manufactory, 593. 
Lancasteriau schools, 125, 160, *i46, 600, 

599, 057. 
Land Office, 322. 323. 

Commissioners of, 46. 494. 

attacked by a mob, 210, 322. 
Land patents, list of, 49. 
Landslides, 303, 413, 560. 
Land, State, how sold, 46. 

tenure and title of, 46 

under water, 46, 418. 419. 
Lansing's Patent, ail, 343, 348. 
Lantern manufactory, 286. 
La Salle, visits Niagara Falls, 452, 455. 
Last manufactory, 286, 705. 
Lath manufactory, 289. 
Law, George, 424, 684. 
Law Department, New York. 427. 

Library & Institute, 435. 

libraries, 287, 369. 

schools, 161, 275. 
Laws, 29, 30. 

Lawyers, number by counties, l.'J3. 
Lay, Amos. 580. 

Lead ore, 26, atl. 243, 267, 340, 355. 37*, 
378. 407, 506, 528, 573, 579, 581. 646, 
660, 6S6, 704. 

Pipe manufactory, 362. 657 
Leake & Watts Asylum, 433. 
Lease, law respectini: lands under, 46. 

tenure of. 273. 471. 

lands under, Delaware co., 258. 

Indian, 462. 
Ledyard C.inal, 484. 
Legislature. 28. 

at Kingston. 662. 

at Poughkeepsio, 276. 

dispersed, 26. 

New York City. 420. 
Leisler, Jacob, 700, 703. 
Le Moyno, Father, 479. 
Lery, .M. de, 460, 467. 
Lo Koy's Patent, 1)63. 
Le Boy, Bayard A McKvors. 321, 468. 
Lewis, Governor Moigan, 272. 
L*Uommedieu, Ezra, 125. 

Patent. 341, 343, 348. 
Liancourt. Duke de. 498. 
Liberty poles cut down, 344, 438, 



12 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



Libraries, 27, 4S, 102. 125, 126. 127, 1?,9, 
144, 146, 24fi, 2R-, 3B9, 383, 391. 403, 
433, 434, 464, 478, 4S8, 4S9, 605, 624. 
school district. 135, 137. 

License question, 147. 

Lieutenaut Governor, powers and duties 
of, 32. 

Lifeboat manufactorv, 367. 

stations, 121, 122, 365, 644, 650, 631. 

Life leases, 242. 

and Iiealth insurance, 83. 

Lighthouses. 120. 216. 271. 280, 284, 297, 
355, 356, 358, 360, 399, 403, 419, 624, 
627, 580, 667, 669, 677, C34, 635, 636, 
638, 639, 662, 694, 706. 

Lime manufactorv. 109, 110, 186, 197, 260, 
282, 279, 301, 305, 331, 346, 381, 383, 
391, 394, 395, 462. 474, 484, 485. 612, 
668, 669, 570, 690. 613, 616, 649, 684, 
662, 666, 670, 683. 690, 693, 700. 

Limestone terrace, 288, 292. 

Lincklaen Purchase, 389. 

Lincoln, General, 299. 

Lindsey's Patent, 341, 343, 631. 

Liuen manufactory, 237,559. 

Line of Property, 257, 462. 

Liquorice manufactory, 368. 

Lispenard's Patent, 341. 

Literary associations and societies, 144, 
369, 385. 434, 489. 

Literature Fund, 46, 125, 126. 
lauds, 47. 

Lithography, 2S6. 

Little Beard, 384. 

Little Nine Partners' Tract, 269, 272, 273. 

Liviusstou Manor, 242, 247. 
P'atent, 242, 244, 348, 603. 
KoLert R., 82, 83, 147. 

Lloyd's Neck Manor, 561. 

Loans, State, statistics of, 38. 

when lands are sold under, 46, 48. 

Lock manufactory, 286. 

navigation, 556, 579, 596. 

Locks, canal, 451, 454. 

Locomotive factory, 598. 

Logan, an Indian chief. 200. 

ijOg navigation, 297, 873. 

Longee. a French partisan, 672. 

Long Island farms, (New York city poor,) 
649. 

Lotbiniere. grants to, 298. 

Lotteries, 125, 428. 566. 

Louis Philippe, travels in N. Y., 219, 404, 



Lovelace, Governor. 564. 

Lumber, 110, 160, 165, 166, 168, 170, 
173, 176, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 
194, 195, 211, 214, 216, 218. 220. 
232, 235, 236, 238, 248, 267, 280, 
263, 264, 205, 286, 290, 293, 296. 
302, 303, 304, 305, 307. 309, 311, 
314, 316, 317, 337, 338, 347, 349. 
367, 360, 363, 367, 375, 377, 390, 
399, 402, 464, 468, 470, 602, 609, 
521, 622, 623, 625. 526, 527, 629, 
876, 678, 680, 681. 684. 588, 589, 
691, 593, 018, 620, 623, 624, 626, 
629, 641, 643. 644, 646. 647, 648, 
662, 661, 663, 665, 667, 668, 671, 
680, 686, 686, 692, 693. 

Lunatic Asylums, 31. 42, 200, 247, 365, 
398, 419, 425, 426, 432, 468, 495. 

Lush's Patent, 347. 

Lyceums, 276, 369. 436. 

Lyine: in Asylum. 432. 

Lyuds, Elara, 41, 704. 



McCrea, Jane, 6S2. 

McDonald, D., 346. 

McDonough, Commodore, 234, 2.39. 

Machine shops. 109, 160. 166, 196, 199, 
206, 214. 227, 'iSo, 237, 238, 240, 
246, 247. 24-?. 271, 272, 286, 289, 
293. 317, 366, 367, 368, 383, 3S5, 
390, 391 . 400, 401, 402. 406, 462. 
■ 487, 488, 506, 609, 610, 616, 522, 
636, 537, 648, 566, 657, 660, 669. 
691, 593, 606, 616, 617, 618, 626, 
687, 658, 682, 683, 685, 686, 691, 
693, 699. 

Machinery manufactory. 109, 300, 362, 
411, 464, 465, 468, 488, 636, 656, 
652, 681, 686. 

Machinists, number by counties, 153. 

Machin's Patent, 48, 341, 347, 413, 
603. 

McNeil's Patent, 342. 348. 

Macomb, Alexander, 362, 579. 



171, 
193, 
221, 
262, 
301. 
312, 
356, 
392, 
618, 
573, 
590, 
626, 
649, 
678, 

396, 
518. 



202, 
•244, 
292, 
387, 
484, 
625, 
570, 
656, 
692, 

396, 
617, 



Macomb. General. 234. 

Macomb's Purchase, 48, 308, 376, 458, 672, 

674, 681. 
Magazines, military. 44. 
Magdalen Female Benevolent Society, 433. 
Mat^netic machine. 297. 
Mail routes by railroad and steamboat, 123. 

early, 469. 

ocean, 124. 
Mail seiTice, general statistics, 122, 123. 
Malignaut fever, 4'28. 
Malleable iron, 471. 

Malt manufactorv. 160, 166, 368, 618, 691. 
Manganese, 26, 241, 267, 600, 704. 
Manhattan Company, 89, 424. 
Manor of Fox Hall, 662. 

Wm. Gilleland attempts to found, 306. 

Staten Island, 664. 

Westchester co., 698, 703, 706, 707. 

Fordham, 707. 

Rensselaerwyck. See Epnsselaerwyclc. 

Livingston. See Livingston. 

Cortland. See CurtUmd. 
Manors, list of Colonial. 49. 
Manual Labor Schools. 283. 
Manufactures, statistics of, 109, 286, 4.36. 
Maple sugar, 101. 

Marble, 26, 41, 109, 267, 271, 273, 274. 286. 
300, 301, 368, 376, 418, 677. 681, 890, 
670, 671, 696.699, 700, 702, 704, 70S. 

cemeteries, 428. 
Marine barracks. 368. 

day. 672, 573, 580. 

court. 35, 117. 428. 

Family Asylum, 566. 

Fund, 117. 

Hospital, 117, 120, 368. 

railways, 286, 368, 625, 581. 

Society, 434. 
Markets. 286. 427, 706. 
Marl, 186, 218. 241, 2.50, 262, 267, 273. 274, 
279, 292, 318, 3'20, 3S8, 391, 394, 395, 
468, 474, 640, 614, 619, 688, 690, 691, 
693, 710. 
Marthas Vineyard, 18, 49. 
^lartial law, Delaware CO., 410. 
Marvin's Patent, 347. 
Masons, number by counties, 153. 
Massachusetts, attempt to settle on the 
Hudson, 242. 

claims, 242, 494. 

lands, 62, 

pre-emption, 18, 48. 

Ten Towns. 48, 180. 
Massacre. Indian, 661, 664, 672, 685, 700. 
Mastodon, skeleton of. 501, 648. 
Matchbox manufactory, 377. 
M,iyors. 39. 420. 

Mayville land office sacked, 322. 
Mechanics' Association, 403. 

Institute, 435. 
Mechanical trjides, total number of per- 
sons engaged in, 163. 
Medical Colleges. 126, 287, 343. 430, 498. 

Societies. 126, 149, 160, 287, 431. 
Medicinal extracts, 241, 248. 
Meigs, Colonel, 639. 
Melodeon manufactory, 286. 
Menageries, 706. 

Mennonites. 141, [431, 489. 

Mercantile Coll. 139, 161, 180, 287, 403, 

Library, 435. 
Merchants, number by counties, 153. 
Merchants' Exchange. 436. 
Meteorological observations, 126. 
Methodist African Church, 139. 

Congregation.al Church, 140. 

Kpiscopal Church. 141. 

German Church. 141. 

Primitive Church, 142. 

Protestant Church, 141. 

Reformed, 143. 

Weslevan, 144. 
Metropolitan Police, 366. 420, 564. 
Midge, ravages by, 381, 383, 398, 612, 618, 

717. 
Millinery, by counties, 110. 
Mile Strip, Niagara, 48. 
Military .\cadeniy, 45, 505. 

districts, 43. 

organization, 43. 

Road, 45. 354. 

stations, 419. 

Tract. 47, 180, 199, 224, 473, 478, 610, 
616, 655, 690. 691. 
Militia called out, '^69, 269, 437. 

laws, 43, 44. 

ofiBcers, 43. 



Militia, services of, 565. 
.Milk market, 101, 268, 273, 277, 501, 602, 
606, 810, 811. 640. 643, 644, 660. 564, 
667, 508, 670. 696. 
Miller. David C, 323. 

Rev. IVm., 683. 
Millers, number of, by counties, 153. 
Milliners, number of, by counties, 153. 
Mill Iron manufactory, 297. 
Millstone manufactory, 286, 368, 468, 641, 

660. 
Millyard Tract. 398. 

Mineral localities, 26. 267, 296, 362, .361, 
362. 374, 078, 407, 540, 663, 672, 673, 
676, 677, 679, 682, 684, 600, 604, 606, 
676, 698. 
springs, 26, 165, 169, 163, 164, 166, 168, 
170, 173, 175, 178, 186, 188, 195, 213, 
221, 229, ail. 244, 248, 25", 267, '279, 
282, 301, 302, 305, 312, 320, 3-24, 326, 
332, 343, 346, 347, 349, 355, 356, 357, 
369, 360. 361, 363, 376,377, 378, 379, 
382, 386, 39'2, 393, 394, 402, 413, 465, 
456, 458, 462, 469, 470, 481, 482,484, 
488, 491,497, 603, 616, 632, 834, 637, 
646, 652, 564, 687, 658, 679, 590, 691, 
692, 693, 607, 620, 650, 666, 664, 679, 
683, 688, 692, 696, 702, 704. 
Mines, 26, 570, 660. 
Road, 603, 642. 
Mining, Mechanical, & Chemical Cos., 80. 
Mimsink, battle of, 603. 
m!i.ssacre. 603. 
Patent. 603. 
Mint, 122, 609. 
Minuet, Peter. 437. 
Mirage. 382, 708. 

Missions. 139. 142. 146, 187, 195, 273, 274, 
308, 370, 393, 404, 431, 434, 477, 619. 
Mitchell's Cave, 416. 
Mobs, 210. 269, 322, 438, 649, 665, 601. 
Moliegans. 697. 704. 
Mohawk Indians, 408. 
River rifts, on, 23. 

settlements. See Herkimer and Mont- 
yomtry cos. 
Molang, a French Partisan, 686. 
Molding mill, 707. 
Montauk, 632, 633, 635, 638. 
Montcalm, Marquis of, 298, 619, 672. 
Montgomery, Richard, 276, 299. 
Montour, Captain, 624. 
Montour, Catharine, 610. 
Montreal, expedition against, 408. 
Monument to Herkimer voted, 343. 

to martyrs of prison ships, talked of, 

373. 
to Paulding, 699. 

to Pike and others, disgraceful, 359. 
to sliipwTecked persons, 547. 
to Van Wart, 700. 
to Washington, (^corner atone,) 423. 
to Williams, 298. 
to Gen, Worth, 423. 
Moody. Lady Deborah, .372. 
Moose River Tract, 342, 349. 
Moravian mission, 273, 274. 
Morgan, William, 323. 462, 496. 
Mormonism, 494, 497, 690, 693. 
Morris. Chief Justice, 705. 
Gouverneur, 68, 375. 
Honorary Creditor Tract, 321. 
Lewis, 702. 

Reserve, 169, 321, 3S2, 494. 
Robert, 321, 621. 
Roger. ,540, 541. 
title of, 494. 
Morse, James 0.. 210. 
Morse, S. F. li.. 274. 
Mosaic code. 640. 

Mounds, Indian, 200. See Indian Anti- 
quities. 
Mount, murder of, 347. 
Mountain Ridge, 396. 512. 

systems of the State, 19. 
Mowers and Reapers, 405. 
Muck, ISO. 198, 279, 292, 320, 388, 394, 474, 
618. 5S)0, 614, 617, 618, 628, 688, 692, 
683. 
Mnles. mmiber by counties, 107. 
Muller, Lewis A., 391. 
Munro, Major, attack by, 687. 

Colonel, 672. 
Mu.seum, '27, 432. 
Musical Association, 287, 489. 
Mutual iud societies, 434. 
Mutual Insurance companies, 83. 
Myers Mine, '236. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



13 



NaU manufnctory, 198, 235, 297. 300, 301, 

302, 601. 
Nantucket formerly in New York, 18. 
Narrows, 3155, 373, 563. 
Niition:il eocietifis, 434. 

C<imp. Emancipation Society, 146. 
Natural Bridge, 074, 704. 
Nautical societv, 434. 
Naval Depot, 368. 
Hospital, 45, 308. 
Lyceum, 369. 
storea, 245. 
Navigation, 22, 156, 272, 279, 296, 297, 418. 

companies, 64, 82. 
Navy Yard. 308. 
Neaiider, Dr., library of, 403. 
Necks of land, 644, 649, 660, 551, 631, 638, 

703, 706. 
Needle manufactory, 570. 
Newbnrgh, diacoateat of troops at, 504. 

Patent, 609. 
New Dorlach Patent, 603. 
New England Alliance, L. I., 633. 
Newgale Prison, so called, 41. 
New Petersburgh Tract, 3S9. 
Newspapers, 157, 169,178.187, 198,209.218, 
224, 233, 241, 251, 268, 268, 280, 297, 
307,315, 321, 330. 337, 841, 362, 366, 
376, 381, 3S9, 396, 407, 439, 451. 459, 
475, 492, 502, 613, 618, 530, 540, 646, 
653, 664, 568, 573, 886, 696, 602, 610, 
fil4, 620, 632, 642, 660. 655, 661, 671, 
678, 689, 697, 711, 718. 
discontinued, New Y'ork City, 442. 
New York, before Revolution, 431. 
New York State Agricultural College, 126. 
Harbor encroachment, 46, 418. 
Library Society, 436. 
Society, 101. 
system, geological, 24. 
Niagara River and falls, 449, 460, 452, 455. 
Nickel, 26. 
Nicoll's Patent, 637. 
Nitschman, Bishop David, 274. 
Noah, Mordecai M., 290. 
Noble, Arthur, 337, 339, 349. 
Nobleboio' Patent, 342, 349. 
Noble's Patent, 48. 

Normal School, 125, 136, 137, 369, 429. 
Northern Inland Lock N'av. Co., 60. 
Notaries public. 35. 
Nott, Rev. Eliphalet, 532, 698. 
Noxious animals, 30. 

Nurseries, 398, 402, 498, 544. 546. 694. 703. 
for children, 420, 425, 426, 433, 649. 

Oakum m.anufactory, 286. 
Oats, statistics of, 101, 104. 
Oblong Tract, 18, 269, 640, 703. 
Observatories, 423, 464, 505. 
Ocean steamers, 82. 

mails, 124. 
Ocher, 176, 377. 
Odeltown. affair at, 234. 
Officers, State, county, and town, 40. 
Ogdeu Samnel, purchase by, 321. 

Tract. 321. 
Ogdensburgh taken, 574. 
Ohio Basin. 2S4. 
Oil cask manufactory, 638. 

cloth manufactory, 368, 468, 656. 590, 
667, 658. 

manufactory. 198, 286, 293, 357, 368, 
390, 402, 616, 632, 649, 556, 667, 618, 
632, 637, 639, 667, 691. 
Old Fort, so called, 327. 

Military Tract. 235, 237, 240. 

Prenimption Line, 494. 

School Baptist Church, 139. 
Omnibus routes. New York City, 429. 
Oneida Coaimunity. 392. 

Indians, friendly, 410, 696. 

Reservation, 3S9. 

River Improvement, 62. 

stone, 458. 
Oothoudt's Patent, 48, 468. 
(>phthalmic Hospital. 432. 
Optical Instrument manufactory, 392. 
Ordnance, summary of 45. 
Organ manufactory, 286, 468. 
Oriskany, battle of, 3.42,410, 412, 414, 461, 
Orphan Asylums, 161, 200. 247. 275, 370, 
403, 419, 425, 426, 433, 488, 618, 524, 
661. 
Oewegatchie District. 575. 
Overseers of Highways, 39. 
Owasco Lake Improvement, 63. 
Oxen, statistics by counties, 106. 



Oysters. 46, 644, 549, 650, 663, 667, 632, 
636, 638, 704. 

Page, David P., 137. 

PaU manufactory, 286, 297, 301, 386, 482, 

6315, 870, 057. 
Paine, John, 242, 
Thomas, 703. 
P.aint man'y., 312, 368, 402, 419, 549, 555. 
Painted Post, 024. 
Painters, by counties, 153. 
Palatinates, 242, 245, 408, 409. 412, 415, 416, 

509, 601, 603, 606, 6U6, 667, 
Palisades, 21, 25. 

Palisades, (military,) 372, 373, 437. 
Palmer, Edmund, tory spy, 099. 
Erastus D., 4S7 
Mine, 236. 
Purchase, 585. 
Paper Box manufactory. 317. 

manulactory, 110, 166. 199, 200, 215, 
228, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248, 274, 277, 
286, 297, 317, 330, 3:U, 345, 346, 352, 
362. 375, 377, 384, 3S6, 390, 402, 407, 
406; 4S4, 4-85, 487, 504, 610, 516, 627, 
638, 560, 6.i6, 667, 558, 661, 570, 684, 
689, 590, 593, 605, 606, 610, 634, 657, 
666, 704. 
Pardoning power, 31. 
Pardons, statistics of, 36, 
Parish, David, 530. 
Parker, Col.. 266. 
Parks, 369, 422, 423, 
Parsonage, Queens, 413, 
Passengers, statistics of, 117, 122. 
Patchin, Gen., 603. 

Patent Leather mjinufactory, 286, 368. 
Patents, Land, 40, 48, 49, 63, 258, 341, 408. 
Pathological Society, New York, 431, 
Patriot •' War," 235, 354, 367, 360, 452, 674, 

675. 
Patroon, title of, 159. 
Paulding, John, 699. 
Pauw, Michael, 5tJ4. 
Peaches, quantity by counties, 107. 
Pearling Mill. 593. 
Pearl barley, 482, 484. 
Pears^ quantity by counties, 107. 
Peas, statistics by counties, 105. 
Peat, 232, 237, 241, 267, 337, 394, 458, 474, 

605. 540. 670. 629, 671. 
Peg manufactory, 317. 
Pelham Manor, 703, 704. 
Pell, Thomas. 700, 703, 704. 
Pemaquoit. 18. 
Pendergrast sentenced. 269. 
Penet Square, 48. 353, 367, 360, 
Penitentiaries, 156, 280, 366, 425, 475. 
Peppermint, 689. 

Oil manufactury, 691. 
PerachS'e Tract, 48. 
Percentage of population. 151. 
Perry, Commodore, gifts to, 423. 
Personal liabilities of stockholders, 80. 
Pestilence, 428, 601. 
Petrie's Purcliase, 342. 
Petroleum springs, 168, 173, 186. 
Pharmacy, College of, 431, 
Phelps atid Gorham Purchase, 321, 382, 398, 

494. 
Philippe, Louis, 404, 498. 
Philipsburgh Manor, 700, 702, 704, 708. 
Philipse Patent, 640. 641. 
Philosophical Instrument man'y., 286. 
Physicians, bv counties, 153. 
Piano m.anulaotory, 160, 228, 286, 468, 609, 

686. 
Pickle manufactory, 707. 
Picq uet, Francis, 574, 
Pictured Rnclis, 380. 
Pierrepont Estate, 376, 378. 
Piers, 166, 280, 284, 356, 367, 419, 422, 624. 
Pike. Z. M.. monument to, 359. 
Pilots, 116, 116. 
Pine plains, 156, 312. 351, 638. 
Ptn manufactory, 275. 
Pipe clay. 26. 
Pistol manufactory. 699. 
Pitcher, Lieutenant Governor, 685. 
Pitt, statue of, 438. 
Plains, Hempstead, 644, 647, 648. 
Plane man ufactory, 286. 
Plan of union proposed, 162. 
Planing mills, 160. 20.5, 220. 228, 235. 2.37. 
239, 280, 289, 292, 293, 317, 347, 307. 
308, 393, 399, 401., 402, 405, 406, 454. 
466, 600, 614, 646, 690, 698, 604, 010, 
617, 025. 



Plank roads. 39, 80, 159, 179, 235, 236, 358, 
284, 311, 321, 354, 459, 616, 618, .596, 
601, 542, 
Plaster mills, 110, 206, 221, 228, 229, 2.iR, 
■iU, 247. 271, 274, 367, 385, 393, K'S, 
400, 401, 406, 4:54, 408, 484, 569, (.16, 
662, 667, 6S2, 6,V3, 
Plate of Johnson family, 316, 400, 410, 
Plattsburgh attacked, 234. 
Plow manulactory, 244, 454, 406, 616, 099, 
Plums, by counties, 107. 
Pocket Book raanufiujtory, 286. 
Point au Fer. 233. 237. 
Police Department, 420. 
Political societies, 434. 
Poor, associations for relief of, 287, 370. 
county and town, 161, 168, 179, IJ-6, 
198. 208, 211, 218, 223, 233. 241, 261, 
258, 268, 280, 297, 307, 314, 320, :B0, 
341, 352, 376, 381, 388, 390, 407, 426, 
427, 434, 461, 459, 475, 492. 602. 513, 
618. 630, 646, 550, 563, 695, 60O, 614, 
634 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 542, 1>49, 
654, 661, 671, 678, 689, 696, 711, 718. 
statistics of. 37, 38. 
Superintendents of, 30, 36. 
Popham, Major Wm., 705. 
Population, total, by counties, 160. 
by towns. See Acres, <£c. 
comparative, 151. 

of cities, 371, 404, 436, 436, 469, 699. 
Porcelain manufactory. 367, 308, 
Portages, 22, 23, 460, 466, 619, 628. 
Portage Falls. 3S6, 711, 713. 
Porter Road, 612. 
Port of New Y'ork, 438. 
Portrait gallery. 495. 
Portraits in Capitol, 27. 
Ports of entry. 111, 216, 399, 438, 638, 694. 
Port Wardens, 116. 
Postal arrangements, 122, 123. 
Post office, 123, 437. 
Potash, 415, 618. 

Potato culture, 101, 105, 639, 682, 
Potsdam sandstone quarries, 312. 
Potter, Rev. .tlonzo, 137, 270. 
Potteries. 286, 468, 691. 
Potters' Field. 420. 423, 425. 426, 428. 
Pouchot, M.. surrender ol, 674. 
Powder mills. 604, 669. 
Premiums for domestic manufacture, 102. 
Presbyterian Church, 141, 142. 

United, 139. 
Prevost Patent, 333. 
Prideaux, Gen.. 452. 
Primitive Methodists, 142. 
Printers' Library. 435. 

number by counties, 163. 
Printing cloths. .509. 

offices by counties, 110. 
Print manufactory, 272, 663, 505, 57(. 
Prison Association of New York, 42, 426, 

433. 
Prisoners sold as slaves, 661. 
Prisons. 41, 200, 238, 426, 420, 42T. 
Prison ships, 371. 372. 
Privateering on St. Lawrence, 365, 
Prize fighting, Boston Corners, 243. 
Protestant Episcopal Church. 142. 
Provident and Mutual Aid Societies, 434. 
Provincial Congress, 662. 

Patent, 684. 
Provost, Sir George, 234. 
Public health. 427. 
Schools, 135, 

School Society of New Y'orli 130. 
Pulteney. Sir WUliam, 321, 384, 404, 621, 

622. 
Pump manufactory, 286, 368, 400, 405. 463, 

698, 617, 
Putnam, Gen. Israel, 298. 371. 460, 504, 

840, 641, 67-2, 682, 685, 686. 
Puts Rock, 686, 

Pyroligneous Acid manufactory, 182. 
Pyrotechny, 286. 

Quackenboss, John. 685. 

Quaker settlement, 366. 
Springs. .591. 

Quarantine. 18. 31, 116, 117, 419, 427, 428, 
663, 666. 506. 

Quarries, 26, 41, 165,165,167,168,170,172, 
173, 175, 190, 191, 102, 197, '201, 204, 
206, 208, 213, 214, 215, 218, 2'2:i, 243, 
246, 267, 270, 271, 279. 282, 284, 301, 
305, 312, 314, 318, 320, 331, ,332, 340, 
341, 343. 346, 347, 349, 359. 381, 383, 
386, 393, 396, 400, 407, 411, 449, 454, 



14 

Quarries, continued. 

468, 463, 41)4, 467, 470, 471, 473, 432, 
483, 4S4, 486, 401, 497. 612, 516, 617, 
628, 630, 632, 640, 642. 666, 672, 677, 
681, 687, 690, 613. 616, 017, 660, 062, 
663, 664, 666, 68s, 692. 093, 696, 699, 
700, 702, 704, 706, 708, 713, 714, 718. 

Quarter Sales. 167. 

Quartz crystals, 340, 343. 649. 

Queensborough Patent, 585. 

Quitman, General, 277. 

Quitrents. 46, 242, 268, 699, 701, 704. 

Quogue Purchase, 638. 

Kace courses, 548, 549, 550. 
Eafting, 266, 382. 
Kail Koads. Canadian. 119. 
Commissioners. 09. 
employees, by counties, 153. 
gauge, 74. 

general article on. 66. 
notices of. 71.112. 156. 1S9. 169.170. 
172, 173, 174, 179, isii, Isj. 1S4. ISil, 
187, 189, 191, 192, Ua. 194. 2ol. 203, 
204, 205, 208, 209, 214, ^Is. 219. 2.>u. 
224, 232, 236, 237, 238. 241, 214, 248, 
246, 247, 248, 268, 206. 268, 270, 271, 
276, 280, 2S2, 292, 293. 307, 310, 312, 
321, 324, 326, 337, 341, 345, 346, 354, 
356, 357, 366, 367, 381, 382. 383, 384, 
386. .388, 392. 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 
401, 402, 403, 405, 407, 416, 4.il, 464, 
468, 459, 462, 466, 407, 408. 470. 471, 
478, 4S0, 482, +83, 484, iss, 4!..^, 496, 
498, 600, 602. 5114, 505, 606, 607, 608, 
610, 613, 614, 615, 618, 520, 521, 630, 
640, 642, 644, 646, 546, 548, 649. 650, 
662, 666, 667, 661, 663, 568, 669, 670, 
671, 673, 676, 676, 677, 678, 679, 580, 
681, 682, 885, 687, 690, 593, 696, 698, 
600, 609, 610, 612, 614, 617, 618, 620, 
622, 623, 024, 626, 626, 627, 028, 6.32, 
636, 637, 639, C40, 641, 642, 650, 661, 
652, 663. 654, 666. 667, 678, 089, 690, 
691, 692, 693, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 
701, 702, 703, 704, 706, 706,707, 708, 
711. 
projects, Ac, 76 to 79. 
statistics of, 74, 76. 

Rake manufactory, 2t)0, 667. 

Bandall. liobert Kichard, 666. 

Kandalls Island. 42, 420, 425. 

Rangers, 242, 298, 305. 

Kanit of military ofiicera, 43. 

Eapelje, Sarah, 371,437. 

Raspberry culture. 49S. 

RaUin manufactory. 646. 

Keaches on the Hudson, 542. 

Real, Count, 356. 

Reciprocity Treaty, 117, 524. 

Record Commissioners, 365. 

Recorder, 420, 428. 

Records. State, 26. 

Red Jacket, 615. 

Reformed Methodists. 143. 
Presbyterians, 143. 
Protestant Dutch. 143. 

Refugees, Canadian and Nova Scotian, 235, 
237. 

Refugee for Juvenile Delinquents, 432, 433. 

Regalia manufactory, 280. 

Regents of the University. 126, 126. 635. 

Registers of Deeds, 35, 365, 697. 

Registration of births, marriages, and 
deaths, 427. 

Religious societies, 100, 144. 

Itemsenburgh Patent, 48, 342, 347, 349, 466. 

Rensselaerwyck Manor, 166, 156, 167, 165, 
563. 

Reservations, gold and silver mines, 26, 46. 
Salt Springs. 478, 479, 480. 
See hidian Jieservationa. 

Reservoirs. See Canal Reservoirs. 

Resident Physician. 116. 

Revenues, United States, 111. 

Revolution. See War of Jievolution. 

Revolutionary claims, 419. 

Rheimensnyders Bush, attack upon, 346. 

Richmond College, 664. 

Riileau C.^nal, 119. 

Ridge Road. 612, 693. 

Rifle manufactory, 344, 402. 

Riots. See Mobs. 

Rivers, general sketch, 20. 

Roads, opening of, 39. 

■Robberies, M2. 

linbert, Louis J., grant to, 298, 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 

Robinson, Beverly, 640. 642. 699. 
Rock City, so called, 173, 192. 
Rocking stones, 701, 706. 
Rogers, Piatt, 300. 

Robert, 298. 674. 685. 701. 
Rolling mills, 199, 236, 297, 669, 671, 666, 

699, 708. 
Roman Catholic Cliurch. 143. 
Roofing slates, 26, 243, 267, 566, 677, 682, 

084. 
Rope manufactoiT, 228. 286, 368, 376, 464, 

666, 658. 634, 693. 
Rosin Oil manufactory, 368. 
Ross and Butler, 410. 
Ross, Major, 316. 
Rotunda. N. Y.. 423. 437. 
Royal Grant. 315. 342, 343. 346, 347,348. 
Rubber Toy manufactory. 272. 
Rumbout's Patent, 209, 272. 
Rural cemeteries. 100. 166. 200. 276, 371, 

372. 373, 398, 404, 428, 649, 577, 699, 

703, 704. 
Rye, where most raised, 101. 
statistics of, 104. 



Sable Iron Co., 236. 
Sackets Harbor. 525. 
Snckett, Richard, 270. 
Sacondaga Patent, 317. 
Saddle & Harness manufactory, by cos., 
153. 
Tree manufactory, 691. 
Safe manufactory, 100, 308, 402, 561. 
Safety fund. 89. 
Sail manufactory. 286. 
Sailors' Snug Harbor. 566. 
St. Hilary, Count. 621. 
St. Lawrence Canal, 119. 
.St. Leger, Gen., 166. 342, 410, 461, 467, 686. 
St. Regis Indians. 233. 308. 
Saleratus manufactory, 401. 
Salisbury, Aaron, 290. 
Salmon fisheries, 124, 520. 
Salometer, 480. 
Salt holes, so called, 488. 

manufactory. 110, 198. 203. 399, 405, 
479, 483, 487,488. 489, 612, 614, 616, 
622, 632. 032, 692. 693. 
marshes and meadows. 365, 372. 373. 
418. 544. 540, 547, 64S. 660, 563. 666, 
631. 633, 635, 636, 638, 696, 706. 
Springs Lands. 47. 
springs. See Brine Springs. 
wells, 479, 480, 483. 
Salvage. 117. 

Sandpaper manufactory, 546. 
Sand plain. 584. 
Sandstone terrace. 677. 
Sandy Creek battle. 625. 
Sandy Hook fort, 665. 

light. 419. 
Sanger, W. P. S.. 368. 
Saratoga Patent. 585. 
Sargent, Henry G., 69. 
Sash k Blind manufactory, 110, 188, 228, 
229, 244, 248, 265, 270, 286, 297, 301, 
302. 368, 3S6. 3S6, 393, 407. 413, 464, 
4()3. 484, 510, 615, 564, 676, 6S2, 690, 
696. 603. 662. 686. 716. 
Satinet manufactory, 261, 508. 
Savings banks. 99, 100. 166, 436, 640. 
Saw manufactery. 280, 506. 
Sawmills, by counties, 110. 
S,aw Set manufactory. 348. 
Scale manufactory. 402, 693. 
Scarcity of provisions, 204. 
Schagbticoke Indiana. 669. 
Schoharie invaded, 316. 
School Commissioners. 38, 135, 137, 139. 
Districts, 31. 136, 138. 
Fund. 46. 47. 135. 
General Article on. 135. 
houses. 138. 
Indian. 412. 478. 
Lands. 47, 389. 

statistics, 138. See Acres, dc. 
Schools. Common. 38, 135. 

Sec Citij Si-hmls. 
Schuvler. Han Yost, 342. 
Patent. 269, 342. 
Peter. 403. 

Philip, 316. 410. 691, 592. 
Scott's Patent, 413, 6ir2. 603. 
Screw mMunfactory. 468. 
Scriba, George, 519. 620. 628. 
Scriba's Patent, 48, 619, 521. 



Scythe mannfactory, 274, 312, 466, 483, 690, 

617. 
Sealer of Weights and Measures, 30, 38, 
Seal of Broome Co. presented, 178. 

Delaware Co. adopted. 257. 
Seamen's Friend Society, 146. 
employed, 113. 
Hospital. 120, 434. 
Retreat, 506. 
tax upon. 117, 120, 666. 
Seamless Bag manulactory, 590, 683. 

clothing, 271. 
Seat of Government. 26, 438. 
Secretary of State, 32, 126. 
Secret Societies, 147. 
Seigniories. French. 233, 298. 
Select schools under Regents. 125. 
Seminaries, 200, 463. 484. 498, 633, 602, 713. 

See also Academies. 
Senate, 28. 

Districts. 28. 
Seneca Indians, 397, 462. 493. 

Lock Navigation Company, 62. 
River Improvement, 61, 62. 
Turnpike. 469. 
Serpentine, 670. 675. 
Serpent, tradition of, 493. 
Servis's Patent. 466, 468. 
Seventh Day Baptists. 143. 
Seward, Tl'iiliam H., 200, 610. 
Sewers, New York, 426. 
Shad fisheries. 124. 
Shakers. 143. 166, 243, 248, 384. 
Shannandhoi Patent. 685,687. 
Shattuck, Artemas, 714. 
Shawl manufactory, 608, 698, 618. 
Shav, Daniel. 166. 603. 
Sheep husbandry, 107. 637, 686 
Sliell. John Christian, 345. 
Sheriff murdered, 242. 

county, 36. 
Shingle manufactory, 110, 286. 290. 291, 
292, 293, 801, 338, 454, 470, 623, 626, 
527, 676, 580, 690, 611, 626, 667, 694. 
Shinnecock Indians, 638. 
Ship building, 115, 213, 286. 297, 362, 366, 
367, 358, 369, 367, 368. 399, 520. 625, 
549, 569, 570, 632, 633, 634, 636, 639, 
662, 686. 
can.al, 284, 690. 
Timber Co.. 291. 
Shipments, Buffalo, 285. 
Shoe manufactory, S46, 373, 402, 548, 668, 

670, 706. 
Shovel manufactory, 705. 
Showmen. 706. 
Sicknes.s. 681. 

Silk manufactory, 276. 286. 391. 666,670,657. 
Silliman, Prof., analysis by, 324. 
Silurian rocks, 156. 
Silver Lake Tract. 711. 

mines, so called, 257, 337, 374. 
Plating, 2S6. 
traces of. 528. 

Ware manufactory, 110. 163, 368, 488, 
662. 
Simcoes Queen's Rangers, 561. 
Skanandoa. Indian chief, 469. 
Skene, Philip, 299, 686. 
Skinners. 698. 

Slack Water Navigation Co., 614. 
Slate, 26. 

Slate Cos., 267, 270, 273. 
Slave rescue, 489. 
Slaves, Indians sold as. 661. 
Small Pox Hospital. 426. 
Smallwood, Col., 701. 
Smith. Col., 452. 
Gerrit. 393. 624. 
Joe, 494, 467. 
Peter, lease of. 462. 
purchase of, 389, 393. 
William, H., 634. 
Smuggling. 233, 357. 
Snell and Zimmerman's Tract. 342. 
Soap manufactory, 109, 286, 368, 402, 509, 

693. 
Socialists, 392. 
Societies, Agricultural, 102. See New 

York Stab: AijricuUttral Socitlij. 
Society for Promoting Agricultural Arts 
and Manufactures, 101, 161. 
Promoting Useful Arts, 101. 
Soda mannfactory, 286. 
Solar works. 479. 480. 
Solitary confinement, 41. 
Sons of Liberty, 423, 438. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



15 



Eons of Malta, 148. 
Spanish Brown, 25. 
relic. 477. 
invasion, 478. 
SpauIdinK, Solomon, 532. 
Specie, 113. 122. 

payment suspended, 90. 
Speculations. 3G6. 
Spencer, John C, 137, 323. 
Spies, 412. 

Spiritual rappings. 690. 
Spoke niauuractory, 277, 590, 667. 
Springs, copious, 205, 277, 522, 670, 616. 
Spuytenduyvil Creek. 418. 
Sauatters, 242, 243, 269, 290, 291, 368, 360, 

389, 304. 
Stage boat, 469. 
licensed. .553. 
rights, 469. 
routes, early, 496. 
Stair buildinu. 110. 

Stalactites, 164, 416, 600, 604, 606, 607. 
Staley's Patent, 342, 344. 
Stamp Act. 438. 

Starch manufactory, 232, 237, 238, 240, 
2S6, 297, 307, 346, 468, 618, 621, 625, 
650,'681. 
Stark. Gen, John, 298, 656. 
State Engineer and SurTeyor, 33, 6i,[SS, 69. 
Government, 28, 
Hall, 27. 
House, 26. 

Library, 27, 126. 128. 
Prisons, 36, 41, 42, 63, 200, 238, 704. 
officers. 41. 

reservations for villages, 288, 704. 
Boads, 322, 615, 666. 
Statue of George III. and Pitt, 423, 438. 

Washington. 423. 
Stave manufactory. 238, 262, 286, 290. 292, 

363, 487, 614, 622, 626, 618. 
Steamboat Companies, 82. 
mail routes. 123. 
statistics oij 116. 
tax, 64. 
Steamboats. 115, 162, 200, 214, 247, 276, 286, 
2SS, 307, 354, 358, 360, 368, 375, 399, 
418, 429. 462, 489, 495, 626, 650, 651, 
561, 673, 679, 584, 611, 615, 616, 620, 
627, 628, 655, 667, 664, 673, 687, 696, 
697, 699, 700, 703, 705, 708, 
Steam Engine manufactory, 286, 625, 652, 

686. 
Stedman, William, 462. 455. 
Steele, O. N.. miu-der of, 269. 
Steel manufactory, 270, 311, 608, 610, 640, 

666. 671, 701. 
Sterritt Tract, 321. 
Steuben, Baron, 48, 467, 484. 
Stevens, Ebenezer, 549. 

John C, 418. 
Stewart, Alran, 210. 
Stilwellitos, 140. 

Stirling, Earl of, 18, 550, 633, 635, 639. 
Stirling, Lord, 610, 564, 637. 
Stock, breeding of, 277. 

amount of. See ^crcs, (£c. 
Stockade, 469. See Forts. 
Stone and Marble dressing, 153, 368, 663, 

666. 
Stone Arabia battle, 316. 
Patent, 317. 408. 416. 
Stone Heap Patent. 413, 603, 605. 
Stone heaps, 242, 005. 
Stone Ware manufactory, 286, 408. 
Stove manufactory, 160, 286, 561, 099. 
Strang. Daniel, execution of, 699. 
Straw, paper factory, 166. 
Streets, arrangement. New York, 422. 
Department. 422. 
inspection, 427. 
Stuart. Charles B., 368. 
Sturgeon fisheries. 124. 
Stuvvesant pear tree, 437. 

"Peter Q., 423. 
Suburban population, 429. 
Sugar Loaf Hill fortified, 299. 
Sugar refineries. 419. 
Sullivan. General, 219, 221, 371, 3S2, 410, 
478, 493, 531, 636, 664, 602, 609, 614, 
617. 
Sunday schools, 146. 
Superintendent Poor, 36. 
Superintendent Public Instraction, 125, 

135. 
Supervisors. 30, 39, 420. 
Tryon County, 410. 
Supretne Court, 34. 



Surrogate, 34. 

Survey Fifty, so called, 479. 

Surveyor General. 33. 

Surveys of Holland Laud Co.. 322. 

Surveys of Lake Champlain, 29S. 

Suspension bridges, 235, 362, 412, 463, 455, 

663. 
Susquehanna Navigation, 619. 
Swallow, steamer, wrecked, 331. 
Swedenborgian Church. 139. 
Swift, General John, 690. 
Swine, statistics by counties, 107. 

Taconic system. 24, 25. 

TaiLu-8, by counties, 163. 
shops, bv counties, 110. 

Tallmadge, M;yor, 634, 638, 701. 

Tammany Society, 434. 

Tanneries, 110, 1S3. 181, 183, 188, 193, 194, 
195, 198, 202, 206, 213, 219, 225, 228, 
2.30, 238, 239, 244, 248, 267, 259, 260, 
262, 263, 265, 282, 283, 286, 289, 290, 
291, 292, 203, 297, 302, 304, 306, 311, 
314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 330, 331, 332, 
3.33, 334, 338, 339, 342, 343, 346, 347, 
348, 350, 353, 360, 362, 363, 376, 377, 
386. 3S6, 390, 391, 392, 394, 400, 402, 
454. 462. 463, 405, 466, 468, 469, 470, 
483, 484. 505, 514, 515, 616, 520, 521, 
622, 523, 626, 626, 627, 629, 632, 633, 
634, 63.5, 536, 637. 538, 641, 554, 576, 
676, 6S4, 689, 690, 591, 698, 603, 604, 
605, 606, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 623, 
625, 627, 628, 641, 643, 644, 646, 647, 
649, 651, 652, 655, 6.57, 661, 663, 666, 
667, 668, 671, 676, 690, 691, 693, 695, 
699. 

Tape manufactory, 706. 

Tariffs. 111. 

Tarleton, Gen., 700. 

Tavern sign in verse, 222. 

Taxation. 48, 422. 

Tax sales, 48. 

Teachers' classes, 126, 138. 
institutes, 137. 
statistics of, by counties, 153. 

Tea destroyed in New York Harbor, 438. 

Teamsters, number, by counties, 153. 

Telegraph companies, list of, 81. 
Instrument manufactory. 

Temperance Society, New York State, 147. 

Ten Governors, 425. 

Ten Towns on St. Lawrence, 47, 572, 574, 
675, 576, 677, 578, 579, 680, 681, 682. 

Tennre of lands. 46. 

Tertiary cKays. 237. 296. 

Theater at Bath, 622. 

Theller, E. A., 405. 

Theological seminaries. 127, 200, 391,403, 
430, 431, 533, 676, 707. 

Thermal springs, 26, 241, 247. 

Thermometer manufactory, 248. 

Thimble manufactory, 636. 

Thorburn, Grant, 649. 

Thousand Islands, 577. 

Thread manufactory. 693, 697. 

Threshing machine, 667. 

Ticonderoga, 29S, 299, 306, 671, 672, 673. 

Tidal estuaries, 365, 367, 372, 544, 546, 647, 
663, 696, 706. 

Tide mills, 371, 844, 546, 640, 696, 701, 706. 

Tides, 23, 156, 419. 

Tile manufactory, 160, 398, 499, 691, 

Tillier, Rodolpli, 375, 377, 378. 

Timber stealing, 309, 311, 360, 580. 

Tin manufactory. 368, 646, 618. 

Tinsmiths, by counties, 163. 

Tinware manufactory, by counties, 110. 

Titanium. 26. 

Title, controversy about, 299, 367. 

Tobacco and cigar manufactory, 110, 166, 
276. 286, 308, 468, 488, 693. 699. 

Tobacco culture, 101, 106, 219, 220, 221, 372, 
487, 689. 
Indian tradition, 482. 

Tompkins, Governor, 564, 705. 

Tonawanda Swamp, 450. 

Tonnage. American, compared with fo- 
reign, 112. 
Buffalo. 285. 

at different periods, 116, 116. 
by counties, 113. 
by districts, 112. 
coasting. 115. 
general article on, 115. 
on great lakes, 118. 
Oswego, 524. 
registered and enrolled, 111, 112, 115. 



Tool manuf y. 300, J91, 393, 527, 590, 698. 

Topographical outli-ie of State, 19. 

Topping Purchase. 038. 

Tories, 163, 180, 345, 346, 398, 602, 607, 636. 

Tornado, 310. 

Totten & Crossfleld's Purchase, 47, 337, 

342, 349. 
Town Clock manufactory, 390. 

halls. 239. 700, 707. 

meeting days, 30. 

powers of people at, 31. 

officers, 30, 40. 

Purchase, 638. 
Townsend Pund, Jamaica, 548. 
Townships patented, Delaware county, 

258. 
Tract societies, 145, 404, 489. 
Trading posts. 452, 519, 661. 
Transit Line, 321, 322. 

storehouse, 822, 328. 
Trap rock. 601. 668. 
Treasure buried, 316, 
Treasurer, State, 32. 
Treaties, 18, 180, 224, 257, 290, 299, 344, 

382, 461, 478, 479, 661. 
Treaty, Reciprocity, 624. 
Trial of Zenger, 431. 
Triangular Tract, 321, 326, 398. 
Tribunals of Conciliation, 34. 
Trinity Cemetery, 428. 

Church, 4.34. 
Triphammer manufactory, 347, 391, 393. 
Trombois Mine, 236. 
Trumbull. Col. John, 385. 
Trustees of Academies. 126. 

school districts. 39 
Tryon, Governor, 26. 

county, ravages in, 411. 
Tub manufactory, 297, 466, 670, 590. 
Tufa, 26, 186, 396, 692. 
Tunnels, 68. 

Turkish present to Com. Perry, 423. 
Turner's Purchase, 705. 
Turning, by counties. 110. 
Turnpikes. 39. 182, 2S4, 601. 
Tuscaror.a Indians. 410. 452. 596. 
Twenty Towns on Clienango. 224. 
Twine manufactory. 571. 693, 597, «o4. 
Type manufactory, 160, 286. 

Union College, 126, 649, 598. 

schools. 136, 138, 201. 21:4. 324, ,346, 
359. 401, 405, 464, 4S3, 4S4, 487, 498, 
648, 630, 617, 618, 036, 691, 692, 712. 

Unitarians, 143. 

United Presbyterians, 139. 

United States Courts. 33. 
Deposit Fund, 125. 

Universal Friend, so called, 713, 719, 720, 
721. 

Universalists, 143. 

Universities. See ColUgcs. 

Upholstery, 286. 

Upton, Paul, letter from, 269. 

"V^accination, 432. 

Valu.ation by towns. See Acres, <t«. 

Tan Alstyue. Eva, 411. 

Van Buren, Ex-President, 247. 

Tan Cortlandt, Jacob, 698. 

Stephen, 699. 
Tander Donk, 708. 
Tander Kemp, John J., 322. 
Van Driessen's Patent, 342. 
Tan Home's Patent. 342, 343. 
Tan Kleek House. '275. 276. 
Tan Rensselaer, Eillian, 156. 

Patent, 603. 

Robert, 316, 410, 417. 

Stephen, 69, 157, 553. 
Tan Schaick, Col., 478. 

Mvndert, 424. 
Tan Wart. Is.aac, 700. 
Varnish manufactory, 549. 
Vaughan. Gen., 664. 
Vaughan's Patent. 342, 343, 346, 348. 
Verd Antique, 303. 
Vermont controversy. 18. 

militia at Platts'burgh. 234. 

negotiations with the enemy, SOO. 

Sufferers' Tract, 224, 225. 
Verplancks Point. 604, 669. 
Veto power. 30, 31. 
Vice manufactory, 286, 598. 
Villages, officers of, 39. 
Vineyards. 205, 628. 699. 
Tlaie. Sacondaga, .314. 316, 318, 337. 
Voters, by counties, 160. 



16 



INDEX or SUBJECTS. 



Vrooman's Land, 605. 

Patent, 48, 342, 343, 348, 349, 601. 

Wadaworth, James, 137, 382. 

Wiilk-iD-the-Water, etoamer, 288. 

Walloomsac Patent, 666, 686. 

•Talloons, settlement of, 371, 437. 

»l"alton"s Patent, 62, 265, 342, 348. 
Tract, 4S9. 

^^■a^wo^th, Reuben H., 592. 

"Wampum, 635. 

Wards, date of formation. New York, 420. 

Wards Island. 117, 419, 420, 427. 

War of 1812-16 noticed, 45, 233, 363, 3S4, 
855. 356, 368, 366, 372, 373, 398, 399, 
404, 437, 513, 620, 525, 666, 674, 679, 
681, 683, 633, 639, 687, 690, 694. 

Warren, Sir Peter, 315, 409, 419. 

Wars, French, 301, 306, 460, 461, 467. 503, 
519, 533, 654, 656, 558, 686, 672, 685, 
6S6. 
Indian, 408, 416, 416, 478, 493, 655, 566, 

659, 588, 697, 609, 661, 700. 
Kevolutionary, 164, 180, 233, 242, 244, 
299, 331, 3.34, 366, 371. 415, 416, 631, 
437, 438. 461, 467, 603, 604, 608, 619, 
633, 635, 537, 638, 645, 548, 540, 660, 
651, 554, 686, 5.S7, 601, 604, 624. 633, 
6.36, 636, 637, 638, 639, 642, 643, 640, 
662, 663, 664, 668, 698, 699, 701, 702, 
707, 70S. 

Washington College, 564. 

Washington, General George, 273, 371, 467, 
503, 504, 609, 636, 670, 699, 700. 
inaugurated, 438. 

Washington monument proposed, 423. 

Water Cures, 18ll, 204, 220, 344, 386, 470, 
497, 498, 658. 

WaterUme, 24, 26, 155, 197, 199, 204, 207, 
279, 282, 292, 305,320, 340, 357, 374, 
388, 390, 303, 394, 396, 464, 458, 469, 
473, 482, 484, 4S5, 491, 497, 612, 614, 
600, 613, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 666, 
717. 

Waterman's Society, 434. 

Waterspouts, 3.52. 

Waterworks, 160, 284, 312, 362, 363, 369, 
424, 48S. 509, 648, 661, 697, 706. 

Watkins & Flint, 219, 610, 655. 

Watson's Tract, 342, 349, 375. 



Wawayanda Patent, 503, 606, 568. 

Wax, product by counties, 107. 

Wayne, Anthony, 569. 

Weavers, number bv counties, 153. 

Webb, General, the "coward, 461, 467, 672. 

Webster, Ephraim, 479, 485, 489. 

Weeds, noxious, 39. 

Weights and measures. 38. 39, 427. 

Welland Canal, 119, 520, 625. 

Well, remarkable, 271. 

Wells family murdered, 531. 

Wells in N. Y., 418, 424. 

Welsh settlement, 460. 

Wesleyan Methodists. 144. 

Western House of Refuge, 42, 404. 

Inland Lock Navigation Co., 58, 346, 

461, 466, 696. 
West India Co., 437. 
West Patent, 702, 703. 
West Point, 604. 
Whalebone manufactory, 546. 
Whale fisheries. 124, 247, 632, 636, 638, 639. 
Whales, drift, 124, 635. 
Wliarves, New York, 422. 
Wheat, statistics of, 101, 104. 
Wheelbarrow manufactory, 4S2, 484, 665. 
Wheeler, Silas, 629. 
Whetstones, 223. 
Whip manufactory, 286. 
Whitehouse, Rev. Dr., 137. 
White Lead manufactory, 286, 368, 663, 

566, 666. 
Whiting manufactorv, 368. 
WiUnir. Hcrvey B., 4"sS. 
Wilkinson. General, expedition of, 310, 354, 

356, 367, 674. 
Jemima, 718, 719, 720, 721. 
Wilkins Point, 45. 
Willet's Patent, 345. 
Willett, Colonel, 316, 411, 461, 607. 
Williams College founded, 29S. 
Williimis, David, 603, 700. 

Ephraim, 298, 671. 
Williamson, Charles, 384, 621, 622, 690, 

692, 694. 
Willis, N. P., 662. 
Will of Sir Wm. Johnson, 315. 
Windmill, battle of, 676. 
Windmills, 635, 636, 637, 640. 
Window Shade manufactory, 368, 



Wire manufactory, 099, 708. 

Wolf, 680, 681. 

bounty frauds, 308. 

Woman's Hospital, 432. 

Wooden Ware manufac. 573, 680, 581, 591. 

Woodhull, General N., 371, 634. 

Woodworth, Lieutenant Solomon. 345. 

Woolen manufactory, 110, 166, 175, 194, 
199, 200, 203, 206, 212, 216, 2-20. 221, 
229, 244, 248, 265, 260 261, 263, 265, 
270, 272, 283, 289, 291, 292, 293, 301, 
332, 343, 344, 346, 366, 362, 379, 3S6, 
390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 400, 401, 402, 
406, 407, 411,412, 413, 416, 454, 403, 
466, 468, 471, 485, 486, 487, 506, 510, 
614, 522, 535, 664, 661, 669, 5S4, 593, 
697, 610, 611, 617, 618, 636, 651, 655. 
658, 662, 663, 668, 681, 68-2, 683, 685, 
695, 703, 704, 713, 715. 

Wool growing, 168, 178, 186, 198, 208, 218, 
2-23, 280, 320, 395,492, 498, 609, 620, 
628, 688, 710. 

Woolsey, Lieutenant .625. 

Wooster, Ebenezer, 258, 

Workhouses, 280, 398, 425, 426, 476. 

Worth, General, monument to,^42-3. 

Wreckmiisters, 117, 644, 631. 

Wright, Benjamin, 69, 70, 619. 
Silas, 676, 686. 

Wyandauce, Montauk sachem, 633, 634, 
638. 

Wyoming massacre, 265, 410. 

Yam manufactory, 276, 346, 605, 669. 
Yellow fever. 428. 
Yeo, Sir James. 399, 525, 694. 
Yorkshire, on Long Island, 365, 544, 545. 
Young, Brigham, 496. 

John. 326. 

Samuel, 59, 137, 481. 
Young Men's Association, 147, 161, 275, 
287, 369. 

Christian Association, 146. 

Christian Union, 147, 287. 
Young's Patent, 342. 

Zenger, Peter, trial of, 431, 
Zinc ores. -IQ. 704. 
Zinzendorf, Count, 274. 
Zoological .Garden, 423. 



GAZETTEER 



STATE OF I^EW YORK. 



STATE BOUNDARIES. 




The State of New York is situated between 40° 29' 40" and 
45° 0' 42" N. latitude, and between 71° 51' and 79° 47' 25" 
longitude w. of Greenwich. It is bounded on the n. by 
Canada, e. by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, s. by 
the ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and w. by Pennsyl- 
vania and Canada. 

The Northern Boundary, commencing in the middle of Lake 
Ontario, N. of the mouth of Niagara River, extends eastward 
through the lake, midway between the opposite shores, to its 
E. extremity, thence north-easterly through the St. Lawrence 
River to the 45th parallel of N. latitude, and thence easterly 
in a gradually diverging line from the parallel, and terminating 
upon Lake Champlain 4,200 feet N. of it. 
The Eastern Boundary extends s. through Lake Champlain to its s. extremity, thence a short 
distance s. e. along Poultney River, and thence in an irregular line, but in a generally southerly 
direction, to Lyons Point, at the mouth of Byram River, on Long Island Sound. From this 
point the line extends eastward through the Sound, very near the Connecticut shore, to the e. 
extremity of Long Island, including within the limits of the State nearly all the islands in the 
Sound. 

The Southern Boundary extends from the e. extremity of Long Island along the ocean to the 
s. w. extremity of Staten Island, thence northward through the channel between Staten Island 
and New Jersey and through New York Bay and the Hudson to the 41st parallel of n. latitude, 
thence north-westerly to a point upon the Delaware at latitude 41° 20' n., thence north-westerly 
along Delaware River to latitude 42° n., and thence w. along the 42d parallel to a meridian passing 
through the w. extremity of Lake Ontario. 

The Western Boundary, commencing upon the 42d parallel, extends n. to the middle of Lake 
Erie, thence eastward to the E. extremity of the lake, and thence n. through Niagara River and 
to the middle of Lake Ontario.' 



1 Th"* boundary throngh Lake Ontario isl75mi.; throuKhthe 
St. Lawrence, 108 mi.; along the Canada frontier, E. of the St. 
Ln\frence. 62.75 mi.; through Lake Champlain, 105 mi. ; along 
Poultney River. 17.25 mi. ; the Vt. line, H. of that river, 54.06 
mi. ; the Mass, line, 50.52 mi. ; the Conn, line, to Lyons Point, 
on Long Island Sound, 81.20 mi.; through the Sound, 96 mi.: 
along the ocean to the N. J. shore, 150 mi. ; through the Bay and 



Hndson River, to latitude 41° N., 44 mi. ; along the N. J. line, 
w. of the Hudson, 4S.50 mi. ; thrnu(;h Delaware River, 78 mi. ; 
along the Penn. lino, on latitude 42°, 225.50 mi. ; on the me- 
ridian to Lake Erie, 1S.75 mi., and npon the meridian in Lake 
Erie, 22 mi. ; through Uike Eri-j to llutfalo. 50 mi. ; and through 
Niagara River, 34 mi. 

! II 



18 



XEW YORK GAZETTEER. 



The boundaries of the State have been settled from time to time by commissioners appointed 
by the several governments "whot^e territories are contiguous. In several instances long and 
angry controversies have occurred, which have extended through many years and almost led to 
civil war. The boundaries are all now definitely fixed, except that of Conn., respecting which a 
controversy is now pending.^ 



1 Canada Boundary. — By royal proclamation, issued in Oct. 
1763, the line of 45° n. was fixed as the boundary between the 
provinces of Quebec and New York, and this was confirmed in 
council, August 12, 176S. The line was surveyed by Valentine 
and Collina, October 20, 1774. By the treaty of 17S3 the 45th 
parallel was recognized aa the N. boundary of the State from 
Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. By the treaty of Ghent 
the same line was recognized aa the boundary, and provisions 
were made fur a re-survey. In 1818-19, Gov. Van Ness and Peter 
B. Porter on the part of the U. S., and John Ogilvie on the part 
of Great Britain, ran the line with great care; and it was found 
that the old line coincided with the parallel only at St. Regis, 
and that from that point E. it diverged, until at Lake Cham- 
plain it was 4,200 feet too far N. The deepest channel of the 
St. Lawrence was not always adopted, as a mutual exchange of 
islands was made satisfactory to both parties. Before the n. 
line was re-surveyed, in 1818, the U. S. Government had com- 
menced the erection of a fortress at Rouses Point, on Lake 
Champlain ; and this was found to be within the British terri- 
tory. By the treaty of August 9, 1S42, the old line of Valentine 
and Collins was restored, and the strip of territory before talten 
off again came under the jurisdiction of the U. S. The com- 
missioners to run the line under tbo treaty of 1842 were Albert 
Smith on the part of the United States, and J. B. B. Estcourt 
on the part of Great Britain. 

Vermont Boundary. — The territory of Vermont was originally 
claimed by both New York and New Hampshire, and conflicting 
grants were made by the two governments. Most of the actual 
settlers holding title under N. IL resisted the claims of N. Y,, 
and many actual collisions occurred. Jan. 15, 1777, the settlers 
declared themselves independent, and laid claim to the territory 
w. to the Hudson, N. of Lansingburgh, and along the w. shore 
of Lake Champlain. By an act of Congress passed Aug. 20,1781, 
they were required to recede from this claim. A final agree- 
ment was entered into between Vt. and N. Y., Oct. 7, 1790, by 
which N. Y. surrendered all her claim to jurisdiction to the 
present territory of Vt., and Vt. paid $30,000 to certain persons 
who had been deprived of lands granted by N.Y. The boundary 
line was run by Robert Yates, Robert R, Livingston. John Lan- 
siiE, jr., Guliau C. Vei-planck. Simeon De Witt, Egbert Benson, 
Richard Sill, and Melancthon Smith on the part of N. Y., and 
Isaac Tichenor, Stephen R. Bradley, Nathanit^l Chipman, Elijah 
Paine, Ira Allen, Stephen, Jacob, and Israel Smith on the part 
of Vt. The final line was established June 8, 1812. 

Jlassachuaetts Boundary. — The charter of Mat^sachusetts em- 
braced all the territory between 44° and 48° n. latitude '• throu2:h- 
out the Maine lands from sea to sea." Grants made under this 
authority conflicted with those of N. Y., and angry controversies 
ensued, which in colonial times often resulted in violence and 
bloodshed. On the ISth of May, 1773, an agreement was en- 
tered into between John Watts, Wm. Smith, Robert R. Livings- 
ton, and Wm. Nicoll, commissioners ou the part of N. Y., and 
Wm. Brattle, Joseph Ilawk-y, and John Hancock, on that of 
Maes.; but the Revolution .soon followed, and the line was never 
nin. Commissioners aj'pointed by both States in 1783 failed 
to agree; and December 2. 17S5, Congress appointed Thomas 
Hutchins. John Ewing. and David Kittenhouse commissioners 
to run the line and finally end the controversy. The claims of 
Mass. to the hinds westward were finally settled at Hartford, 
Conn., Dec. IC, 1786, by James Duane, RoV>ert R. Livingston, 
Robert Yates, John Uaring. Melancthon Smith, and Eglx^rt 
Benson, commissioners on the part of N. Y., and John Lowell, 
James Sullivan, Iheophil us Parsons, and Rufus King, on the 
part of Mass. By this agreement Mass. surrendered the sove- 
reignty of the whole disputed territory to N. Y., and received in 
return the right of soil and pre-emptive right of Indian pur- 
chase w. of a meridian passing through the S2d milestone of the 
Penn. line, excepting certain reservations upon Niagara River. 
The title to a tract known as " The Boston Tl-u Towns," lying E. 
of this meridian, previously granted by Mass., was also con- 
firmed. Nantucket, Marthas Vineyard, and the adjacent islands, 
were purchased from the Earl of Sterling by the Duke of York, 
and civil jurisdiction was exercised over them, under the name 
of '■• DvJkes County,^* by the govt^rnors of N. Y., until it was an- 
nexed to Mass. by the provincial chart-er of 1692. "Pemaquid 
and its dependencies," comprising a considerable part of the 
coa.'Jt of Maine, was also bought from the Earl of Sterling, and 
governed by N. Y., as " (\frnwaU Gnuityy until 168*3. when it 
vaa transferred to Mass. Boston Corner, a small arable tract in 



the town of Mount Washington, separated by a rugged mountain 
from the convenient jurisdiction of Mass. was surrendered by 
that State May 14, 1853, accepted by N. Y. July 21, 1653, and 
the transfer was confirmed by Congress, Jan. 3, 1855. Russell 
Dorr was appointed on the part of N. Y., and John Z. Goodrich 
by Massachusetts, to run and mark the line. 

Connecticut Boundary. — By the charter of 1662 the territory 
of Conn, extended to the " South Sea;" and by patent granted 
in 1664 the territory of the Duke of York was bounded E. by 
Connecticut River. Commissioners sent over in 16&4 settled 
upon a line 20 mi. E. of the Hudson as the boundary, fixing the 
starting point on Mamaroneck River. The decision proving 
grossly erroneous, the controversy was renewed, and in 16S;i 
another commissioner waa appointed to settle the matter. It 
was fiually agreed to allow Conn, to extend her boundaries w. 
along the Sound, and N. Y. to receive a compensation in the N. ; 
and the line was definitely established May, 1731. By this agree- 
ment a tract called the " Oblong," containing 61,44u acres, along 
the N. part of the w. border of Conn., was surrendered to N. Y. 
The exact line of Conn, has to the present day been a subject of 
controversy, and in 1S56 commissioners were appointed by each 
State to effect a settlement, but without success. N. Y. owns all 
the islands in the Sound to within a few rods of the Conn, shore. 

I^€w Jersey Boundary. — The original patent of New Jersey 
was bounded n. by a line running directly from a point on the 
Delaware, latitude 41° 40', to a point on the Hudson, latitude 
41°, and E. by Hudson River. The N. line was run and marked in 
1774, and the e. was claimed by N. Y. as extending only to low- 
water mark on tlie adjacent waters. N. J. claimed "full right 
and lawful authority to exercise jurisdiction in and over the said 
Hudson River and the said main sea," including Staten Island, 
and, by an act of Nov. 2, 1806, appointed Aaron Ogden, Wm. S. 
Pennington, James Parker, Lewis Condict, and Alexander C. 
McWhorter commissioners to settle her claims. The New York 
Legislature, on the 3d of April, appointed Ezra L'Hommedieu, 
Samuel Jones, Egbert Benson, Simeon De ^Vitt, and Joseph C. 
Yates to meet the commissioners of N. J. ; but their interviews 
led to no result. The question of jurisdiction was finally settled 
in 1833, by an agreement between Benj. F.Butler, Peter A. Gay, 
and Henry Seymour on the part of N. Y., and Theodore Fieling- 
huysen, James Parker, and Lucius Q. C. Elmer on the part of 
N. J. ; confirmed by N. Y. Feb. 5, by N. J. Feb. 26, and by Con- 
gress June 28, 1834. The right of each SUite to land under water 
and to fisheries extends to the center of the channel. The State 
of N. Y. has sole jurisdiction over all the waters of the bay and 
of the river w. of New York City to low-water mark on the 
Jersey shore, except to wharves and vessels attached thereto. 
This jurisdiction covers the waters of Kil Tan Kull and of 
Staten Island Sound to Woodbridge Creek, as for quarantine 
purposes. South of this, N. J. has exclusive jurisdiction over 
the waters of the Sound and of Raritan Bay westward of a line 
from Princes Bay Light to Manhattan Creek, subject to right 
of property in lands under water, of wharves, docks, and ves- 
sels aground or fastened to any wharf or dock, and the right of 
fishing to the center of the channel. 

Civil process in each State may be executed upon the waters 
of the river and bay, except on board of vessels aground or at- 
tached to wharves in the other State, or unless the person or 
property be under arrest or seizure by virtue of authority of 
the other State. By the late survey of N. J. the point of de- 
parture of the boundary from the Delaware is 41° 20'. 

Pennsylvania Boundaries. — The original boundary line be- 
tween New York and Pennsylvania extended from the N. w. 
corner of New Jersey along the center of Delaware River to 
42° N. latitude, and thence due w. to Lake Erie. Samuel Hol- 
land on the part of N. Y., and David Rittenhouse on the part 
of Penn., were appointed commissioners, Nov. 8, 1774, to run 
this boundary ; but the Revolution soon after commenced, and 
nothing was done. In 1785-86 the line was run w. to the 90th 
milestone, and the survey was certified Oct. 12, 1786, by James 
Clinton and Simeon De M'itt, of N. Y., and Andrew EUiott, of 
Penn. By authority of the State Legislature, the N. Y. delegates 
in Congress, March 1, 1781, released to the General Government 
all the lands to which they had claim w. of a meridian extend- 
ing through the w. extremity of Lake Ontario. The trian- 
gular tract so surrendered was sold to Penn. for $151,640, and 
secured to that State 30 mi. of lake coast and an excellent 
harbor. The line was run by the U. S. Surveyor General io 
1788-8». 



TOPOGEAPHY. 



Surface. — This State lies upon that portion of the Appalachian Mountain system where the 
mountains generally assume the character of hills and finally sink to a level of the lowlands that 
surround the great depression filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Three distinct 
mountain masses or ranges enter the State from the s. and extend across it in a general n. e. direc- 
tion. The first or most easterly of these ranges — a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Va.^-enters 
the State from N. J. and extends n. e. through Rockland and Orange cos. to the Hudson, appears 
on the E. side of that river, and forms the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess cos. A northerly 
extension of the same range passes into the Green Mts. of Western Mass. and Vt. This range 
culminates in the Highlands upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above 
tide. The rocks which compose these mountains are principally primitive or igneous, and the 
mountains themselves are rough, rocky, and precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. The deep 
gorge formed by the Hudson in passing through this range presents some of the finest scenery in 
America, and has often been compared to the celebrated valley of the Rhine. 

The second series of mountains enters the State from Penn. and extends n. e. through Sullivan, 
Ulster, and Greene cos., terminating and culminating in the Catskill Mts. upon the Hudson. 
The highest peaks are 3,000 to 3,800 feet above tide. The Shawangunk Mts., a high and con- 
tinuous ridge extending between Sullivan and Orange cos. and into the s. part of Ulster, is the 
extreme E. range of this series. The Helderbergh and Hellibark Mts. are spurs extending n. 
from the main range into Albany and Schoharie cos. This whole mountain system is principally 
composed of the rocks of the New York system above the Medina sandstone. The summits are 
generally crowned with old red sandstone and with the conglomerate of the coal measures. The 
declivities are steep and rooky ; and a large share of the surface is too rough for cultivation. The 
highest peaks overlook the Hudson, and from their summits are obtained some of the finest views 
in Eastern New York. 

The third series of mountains enters the State from Perm, and extends n. e. through Broome, 
Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery, and Herkimer cos. to the Mohawk, appears upon the 
N. side of that river, and extends n. e., forming the whole series of highlands that occupy the n. e. 
part of the State and generally known as the Adirondack Mountain region. South of the Mohawk 
this mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular hiUs, occupying a wide space of country. 
It is broken by the deep ravines of the streams, and in many places the' hills are steep and nearly 
precipitous. The valley of the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connec- 
tion is easily traced at Little Falls, The Noses, and other places. North of the Mohawk the high- 
lands extend n. e. in several distinct ranges, all terminating upon Lake Champlain. The cul- 
minating point of the whole system, and the highest mountain in the State, is Mt. Marcy, 5,467 
feet above tide. The rocks of all this region are principally of igneous origin, and the mountains 
are usually wild, rugged, and rocky. A large share of the surface is entirely unfit for cultiva- 
tion ; but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an excellent variety of iron ore. West 
of these ranges, series of hills forming spurs of the Alleganies enter the State from Penn. and 
occupy the entire s. half of the w. part of the State. An irregular line extending through the 
southerly counties forms the watershed that separates the northern and southern drainage ; and 
from it the surface gradually declines northward until it finally terminates in the level of Lake 
Ontario.' The portion of the State lying s. of this watershed and occupying the greater part of 

1 TABLE 
Of Heights of the Principal Summits in the State, 



NAME or XOUST. 


LOCATIOir. 


FEET. 


NAME OF MOUNT. 


LOOATION. 


FEET. 






6,467 
6,200 
6,1R3 
6,000 
6,000 
4,900 
4,900 
4,600 
4,600 
6,100 
4,0110 
3,000 
3,804 
3,718 


Pine Orchard _ 

Mount Piat^ah 


Greene co 


3.000 
3.400 
2,400 
1,983 
l.OSO 
1,7 no 
1,743 
1,6S5 
1,471 
1,6S6 
1,228 
l.f)2'J 
1,418 
1,360 


I)ix Peak 




Delaware '* 


Mount Mclntyre. 

" McMartin 

" Sandanoni 

" NinnleToD 


(C (( 






u u 


KlplcvIIill 


Onondaga •' 


» tl 




U (( 




Cortland *' 




(C u 






" Pharaoh 

" Taylor 


u u 


Beacon lIiU 

Old Bcjicon 

Bull Hill 


Dutchess " — 

Putnam " 


Hamilton " 


" Seward 




(t It 






(( u 






Butti^r Hill 

Crows Nest 

Bear Mount 










High Peak 


tl K 


" " 



20 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



the two southerly tiers of counties is entirely occupied by these hills. Along the Penn. line they 
are usually abrupt and are separated by narrow ravines, but toward the N. their summits become 
broader and less broken. A considerable portion of the highland region is too steep for profitable 
cultivation and is best adapted to grazing. The highest summits in Allegany and Cattaraugus 
COS. are 2,000 to 3,000 feet above tide. 

From the summits of the watershed the highlands usually descend toward Lake Ontario in 
series of terraces, the edges of which are the outcrops of the different rocks which underlie the 
surface. These terraces are usually smooth, and, although inclined toward the n., the inclination 
is generally so slight that they appear to be level. Between the hills of the s. and the level land 
of the N. is a beautiful rolling region, the ridges gradually declining toward the N. In that part 
of the State s. of the most eastern mountain range the surface is generally level or broken by low 
hills. In New York and Westchester cos. these hills are principally composed of primitive rocks. 
The surface of Long Island is generally level or gently undulating. A ridge 150 to 200 feet high, 
composed of sand, gravel, and clay, extends E. and w. across the island N. of the center. 

KlTers and Liakes. — The river system of the State has two general divisions, — the first 
comprising the streams tributary to the great lakes and the St. Lawrence, and the second those 
which flow in a general southerly direction. The watershed which separates these two systems 
extends in an irregular line eastward from Lake Erie through the southern tier of counties to near 
the N.E. corner of Chemung; thence it turns N. E. to the Adirondack Mts. in Essex co., thence 
s. E. to the E. extremity of Lake George, and thence nearly due E. to the E. line of the State.' 

The northerly division has 5 general subdivisions. The most westerly of these comprises all 
the streams flowing into Lake Erie and Niagara River and those flowing into Lake Ontario w. of 
Genesee River. In Chautauqua co. the streams are short and rapid, as the watershed approaches 
within a few mi. of Lake Erie. Cattaraugus, Buffalo, Tonawanda, and Oak Orchard Creeks are 
the most important streams in this division. Bufialo Creek is chiefly noted for forming Buffalo 
Harbor at its mouth; and the Tonawanda for 12 miles from its mouth is used for canal navi- 
gation. Oak Orchard and other creeks flowing into Lake Ontario descend from the interior in a 
series of rapids, affording a large amount of water-power. 

The second subdivision comprises the Genesee River and its tributaries. The Genesee rises 
in the n. part of Penn. and flows in a generally northerly direction to Lake Ontario. Its upper 
course is through a narrow valley bordered by steep, rocky hills. Upon the line of Wyoming and 
Livingston cos. it breaks through a mountain barrier in a deep gorge and forms the Portage Falls, 
— one of the finest waterfalls in the State. Below this point the course of the river is through a 
beautiful valley 1 to 2 mi. wide and bordered by banks 50 to 150 ft. high. At Rochester it flows 
over the precipitous edges of the Niagara limestone, forming the Upper Genesee Falls ; and 3 mi. 
below it flows over the edge of the Medina sandstone, forming the Lower Genesee Falls. The 
principal tributaries of this stream are Canaseraga, Iloneoye, and Conesus Creeks from the e., and 
Oatka and Black Creeks from the w. Honeoye, Canadice, Hemlock, and Conesus Lakes lie within 
the Genesee Basin. 

The third subdivision includes the Oswego River and its tributaries and the small streams flow- 
ing into Lake Ontario between Genesee and Oswego Rivers. The basin of the Oswego includes 
most of the inland lakes which form a peculiar feature of the landscape in the interior of the State. 
The principal of these lakes are Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Skaneateles, Crooked, and Owasco, — 
all occupying long, narrow valleys, and extending from the level land in the center far into the 
highland region of the s. The valleys which they occupy appear like immense ravines formed by 
some tremendous force, which has torn the solid rocks from their original beds, from the general 
level of the surrounding summits, down to the present bottoms of the lakes.^ Oneida and Onondaga 

1 TABLE 
Showing Vte het'ght above tide of the passed hrlwecn the principal river ImsiTis of the State. 



BETWEEN 


AT 


FEET. 


BETWEEN 


AT 


FEET. 

960 
884 
1,780 
1.699 
1,C14 
636 
1,120 
1,060 


Hudson River and Raraapo River 

" " " Delaware River 

" " « Neversink River.... 




657 
900 

427 

557 

1.373 

1,127 

1.247 


Snsquehanna River and Cayuga Lake 
" " " Seneca Lake. 
« " " Genesee Riv.. 

Geneseo River and Allegany River.... 


Ithaca Summit... 

Hor.'jebeads 

Alfred Summit... 




Wawarsing 


« " ** Lake Erie 




Little Tal. Sum... 


Delavraro River and Susquehanna Riv. 
Susquehanna River and Mohawk Riv. 


Deposit Summit. 


Mohawk River and Lake Ontario 

« " " Black River 

Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence... 




Tully 


Chateaugay Sum. 







The most remarkable passes through the mountains are, first, I ~ The ravines of these lakes, and the streams which flow down 
that of the Hudson, through the eastern mountains; second, parallel to them, are usually bordered by steep hillsides, the 
that of Wood Creek, from the Hudson to Lake Champlain ; and, strata of which lie in parallel layers nearly level e. and w., and 
Uiird, that of tha Mohawk, through the central mountains. [ Bligbtly inclined toward the s. Upon the opposite banks tbd 



TOPOGRAPHY. 2J 

Lakes occupy basins upon the level land in the n. e. part of the Oswego Basin. Mud Creek, the 
most westerly branch of Oswego River, takes its rise in Ontario oo., flows n.e. into Wayne, where 
it unites with Canandaigua Outlet and takes the name of Clyde River ; thence it flows E. to the 
w. line of Cayuga co., where it empties into Seneca River. This latter stream, made up of the 
outlets of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, from this point flows in a n. e. course, and receives success- 
ively the outlets of Owasco, Skaneateles, Onondaga, and Oneida Lakes. From the mouth of the 
last-named stream it takes the name Oswego River, and its course is nearly due n. to Lake Ontario. 

The fourth subdivision includes the streams flowing into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence e. of 
the mouth of the Oswego. The principal of these are Salmon, Black, Oswegatchie, Grasse, and 
Racket Rivera. These streams mostly take their rise upon the plateau of the great Northern 
wilderness, and in their course to the lowlands are frequently interrupted by falls, furnishing an 
abundance of water-power. The water is usually very dark, being colored with iron and the 
vegetation of swamps. 

The fifth subdivision includes all the streams flowing into Lakes George and Champlain. They 
are mostly mountain torrents, frequently interrupted by cascades. The principal streams are the 
Chazy, Saranao, and Au Sable Rivers, and Wood Creek. Deep strata of tertiary clay extend along 
the shores of Lake Champlain and Wood Creek. The water of most of the streams in this region 
is colored by the iron over which it flows. 

The second general division of the river-system of the State includes the basins of the Allegany, 
Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson. The Allegany Basin embraces the southerly half of Chau- 
tauqua and Cattaraugus cos. and the s. w. corner of Allegany. The Allegany River enters the 
State from the s. in the s. E. corner of Cattaraugus co., flows in nearly a semicircle, with its out- 
ward curve toward the n., and flows out of the State in the s. w. part of the same co. It receives 
several tributaries from the n. and E. These streams mostly flow in deep ravines bordered by 
steep, rocky hillsides. The watershed between this basin and Lake Erie approaches within a few 
miles of the lake, and is elevated 800 to 1,000 feet above it. 

The Susquehanna Basin occupies about one-third of the s. border of the State. The river takes 
its rise in Otsego Lake, and, flowing s. w. to the Penn. line, receives Charlotte River from the s. 
and the Unadilla from the n. After a course of a few miles in Penn. it again enters the State, and 
flows in a general westerly direction to near the w. border of Tioga co., whence it turns s. and 
again enters Penn. Its principal tributary from the N. is Chenango River. Tioga River enters 
the State from Penn. near the E. border of Steuben co., flows n., receives the Canisteo from the w. 
and the Conhocton from the n. From the mouth of the latter the stream takes the name Chemung 
River, and flows in a s. E. direction, into the Susquehanna in Penn., a few miles s. of the State 
line. The upper course of these streams is generally through deep ravines bordered by steep 
hillsides ; but below they are bordered by wide and beautiful intervales. 

The Delaware Basin occupies Delaware and Sullivan and portions of several of the adjacent cos. 
The N. or principal branch of the river rises in the n. e. part of Delaware co. and flows s. w. to 
near the Penn. line; thence it turns s. E. and forms the boundary of the State to the line of N. J. 
Its principal branches are the Pepacton and Nevcrsink Rivers. These streams all flow in deep, 
narrow ravines bordered by steep, rocky hills. 

The Basin of the Hudson occupies about two-thirds of the E. border of the State, and a large 
territory extending into the interior. The remote sources of the Hudson are among the highest 
peaks of the Adirondacks, more than 4,000 feet above tide. Several of the little lakes which form 
reservoirs of the Upper Hudson are 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The stream rapidly descends 
through the narrow defiles into Warren co., where it receives from the e. the outlet of Schroon 
Lake, and Sacondaga River from the w. Below the mouth of the latter the river turns eastward, 
and breaks through the barrier of the Luzerne Mts. in a series of rapids and falls. At Fort Ed- 
ward it again turns s. and flows with a rapid current, frequently interrupted by falls, to Troy, 
160 miles from the ocean. At this place the river falls into an estuary, where its current is 
affected by the tide; and from this place to its mouth it is a broad, deep, sluggish stream. About 
60 miles from its mouth the Hudson breaks through the rocky barrier of The Highlands, form- 
ing the most easterly of the Appalachian Mt. Ranges ; and along its lower course it is bordered on 
the w. by a nearly perpendicular wall of basaltic rock 300 to 500 feet high, known as " The Pal 
isades." Above Troy the Hudson receives Hoosick River from the E. and the Mohawk from the 
w. The former stream rises in Western Mass. and Vt., and the latter near the center of the State. 

dieeeTered edges of the strata exactly correspond, showing that I water from the N., — the direction being deterrainod by the cha- 
the intermediate portions have been torn away. The force that racter of the boulders upon the hills, and by the peculiar nature 
effected these immense changes was probably great currents of I of the drift deposits. 



22 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



At Little Falls and " The Noses" the Mohawk breaks through mountain barriers in a deep, rocky 
ravine; and at Cohoes, about 1 mile from its mouth, it flows down a perpendicular precipice of 70 
feet, forming an excellent water-power. Below Troy the tributaries of the Hudson are all com- 
paratively small streams. South of the Highlands the river spreads out into a wide expanse known 
as "Tappan Bay." A few small streams upon the extreme e. border of the State flow eastward 
into the Housatonic ; and several small branches of Passaic River rise iu the s. part of Rockland co. 

Lake Erie forms a portion of the w. boundary of the State. It is 240 miles long, with an average 
width of 38 miles, and it lies mostly w. of the bounds of the State. It is 334 feet above Lake On- 
tario, 565 feet above tide, and has an average depth of 120 feet. The greatest depth ever obtained 
by soundings is 270 feet. The harbors upon the lake are Buifalo, Silver Creek, Dunkirk, and 
Barcelona. 

Niagara River, forming the outlet of Lake Erie, is 34 miles long, and, on an average, more 
than a mile wide.' About 20 miles below Lake Erie the rapids commence; and 2 miles further 
below are Niagara Falls.^ For 7 miles below the falls the river has a rapid course between 
perpendicular, rocky banks, 200 to 300 feet high ; but below it emerges from the Highlands and 
flows 7 miles to Lake Ontario in a broad, deep, and majestic current. 

Lake Ontario foi-ms a part of the n. boundary to the w. half of the State. Its greatest length is 
130 miles and its greatest width 55 miles. It is 232 feet, above tide, and its greatest depth is 600 
feet. Its principal harbors on the American shore are Lewiston, Youngston, Port Genesee, Sodus 
and Little Sodus Bays, Oswego, Sackets Harbor, and Cape Vincent. St. Lawrence River forms 
the outlet of the lake and the n. boundary of the State to the e. line of St. Lawrence co. It is a 
broad, deep river, flowing with a strong yet sluggish current until it passes the limits of this 
State. In the upper part of its course it incloses a great number of small islands, known as 
"The Thousand Islands."' 

The surfaces of the great lakes are subject to variations of level, — probably due to prevailing 
winds, unequal amounts of rain, and evaporation. The greatest difference known iu Lake Erie is 
7 feet, and in Lake Ontario 4J feet. The time of these variations is irregular; and the interval 
between the extremes often extends thi'ough several years. A sudden rise and fall, of several 
feet, has been noticed upon Lake Ontario at rare intervals, produced by some unknown cause. 

IVavig'able Waters. — The natural internal navigation of the State is very extensive. 
Before the commencement of internal improvements, the rivers and lakes formed the most easy 
means of communication between distant portions of the State ; and along these natural channels 
of commerce the early settlements were principally made.* The most important lines of early 



1 TABLE 
of the heights above tide of the principal lakes in the State. 



NAME OP LAKE. 


LOCATIOPT. 


PEET. 






•2,900 

2,S51 

1,936 

1,826 

1.791 

1,776 

1,745 

1,704 

1,698 

1,665 

1,645 

1,575 

1.570 

1,567 

1,545 

1,545 

1,527 

1,500 

1.291 

1,200 

1.200 

1,193 

900 

860 

718 

670 

668 

447 

387 

369 

361 

232 
93 








tt it 


« Sandford 


it a 


« Eckford 




Fulton Lakes, (6, 7, and 8).. 




ft tt 


Forked " 


it ti 




Essex " 






Fulton Lakes, (3, 4, and 5).. 
















K ti 


Rich " 
















Tully " 












Ciizenovia " 




Skaneatelea " 




Crooked '* 


Yates " 


















Oneida " 




Onondaga " 










" Ontario 













2 For a more fall dcacription of Niagara Pallg, see page 450. 

3 The river scenery upon the St. Lawrence is unsurpasBed. The 
water is perfectly pure and nearly transparent. In consequence 
of it3 being fed by the great lake reservoirs, it is never subject 
to sudden rises, but steadily pursues its majestic way to the 
ocean, unaffected by the changes of the seasons or other causes. 

4 The navigable waters N. of the great watershed, before the 
completion of the Erie Canal were as follows: — 
Cattaraugus Creek, about 1 mi. from its mouth. 

Buffalo CrcL-Jc. boatable S mi. from Lake Erie. 

Tonmvanda Creek, boatable 30 mi. from its mouth. 

Niagara River, navigable for vessels of any size from Buffalo to 
Schlosser, at the head of the Rapids, — a distance of 22 mi.; 
also from Lewiston to Lake Ontario, a distance of 7 mi. 

Oak Orchard Creek, boatable 4 mi. from its mouth. 

Gcmse". River, to Carthage Landing, a distance of 5 mi.; and 
from Rochester to Mt. Morris for boats. 

Oswego River was navigated with great difficulty by bateaux, 
with a portage at Oswego Falls, now Fulton. 

Oneida Outlet and Lake were naWgable for bateaux, and for 
many years constituted a portion of the great thoroughfare 
between the e. and w. 

Seneca River was boatable to Cayuga Lake, and to Seneca Lake 
with one portage at Seneca Falls; Clyde River was boatable 
to Lyons. * 

The Interior Lalces, including Seneca, Cayuga, Canandaigua, 
Onondaga, Owasco, Skaneateles, Crooked, Chautauqua, and 
Otsego, are all navigable. Steamers have plied upon each 
of;thfm. 

Fish Creek was navigable to Rome with canoes. A portage of 
less than 1 mi. intervened between this stream and the Mo- 
hawk River. 

SaJmnn Rh^er was navigable to Port Ontario. 

Salmon Creek was navigable on each branch, for small vessels, 
about 1 mi. from the lake. 

Black River was navigable for large vessels from the lake to 
Dexter, a distance of 6 mi., and for boats and small steamers 
from Carthage to Lyons Falls, a distance of 43 mi. 

Lake Ontario, with all its bays and inlets, is navigable for ves- 
sels of all sizes. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 



23 



inland navigation -were, first, x. from Albany, through the Hudson to Fort Edward, thence a 
portage to Fort Ann, and thence by Wood Creek to Lake Champlain ; and, second, w. from Albany, 
by way of the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River, to Lake Ontario. Upon the 
latter route were portages at several of the rifts of the Mohawk, from the Mohawk to Wood Creek, 
and at Oswego Falls. 

Tides. — The tides at New York Harbor and along the coast have been carefully observed, 
under the direction of the Coast Survey. The tidal wave from the Sound, as it moves forward 
in a wedge-shaped channel, becomes augmented, whilst that from Sandy Hook is slightly dimin- 
ished. These two waves meet in East River, at points between Hell Gate and Throggs Neck,^ 



Cranberry and French Creeks were boatablo about 2 mi. from 
their mouths. 

Indian Rix^er and Black Lake were navigable from Rossie to the 
foot of the lake. 

Oswegatchie River is navigable in high water for rafts from Ox 
Bow to Ogdeusburgh. 

Racket River was formerly boatable about 18 mi. from its mouth, 
but the navigation is now destroyed by dnms. Ju the wil- 
derness near the headwaters of this river ai'e several miles 
of Black water navigation. 

St. R^^is Rii'cr is navi|:;alile for steamboats 2 mi. from itg mouth. 

Sainton River, navigable to Fort Covington. 

*S'(. Lawrence River is na\igablo for vessels of any ?ize from the 
lake to Ogdenahurgh. Below that point rafts, arks, and 
boats could descend, but could a-^^cend only by towing with 
horses and cattle up the principj^l rifts. Locks and canals 
have been constructed around the Rapids by the Canadian 
Government, so that the navigation for steamboats, slonps. 
and schooners is now uninterrupted from Lake Ontario to 
the ocean. 

Wood Creek was boatable from Fort Ann to Lake Champlain. 

Lake George is navigable for boats and steamers. 

Lake Oiamplain is navigable for all kinds of vesisels. Rafts were 
formerly sent down to the St. Lawrence ; but vessels could 
not ascend the Richlieu until after the construction of a 
canal and locks around the Rapi<ls. 

Chazy River is navigable to Champlain Landing, 
The navigable waterse. of the great watert^h-d were as follows: 

Allegany River, in high water, is navigable for small steamers 
up to Clean. 

€hnneioa7tgo Creek and several of its tributaries are navigable for 
rafts in high water. 

SusqiieJtanna River was navigable for boats, in high water, to 
Otsego Lake. 

ITFDE 
The following table, prepared by A. D. Bache, Superintendent 

Hudson. The time is that after the last preceding tiunsit of the 

is mean low tide. 



VnadiUa River was also boatable for a considerable distance. 

Chenango River and several of its tributaries were boatable in 
high water. 

Chemung River was boatable and navigable for rafts in high 
water. 

Conhoclon River was boatable to Bath. 

Tioga River and the Gmistea were also boatable a considerable 
distance. 

Delaware River is navigable for rafts in high water. Immense 
quantities of lumber have been floated down the Delaware 
and Susquehanna to the markets of Philadelphia and Balti- 
more. 

Jludson River is navigable for ships to Hudson, and by sloops 
and steamers to Troy. Boats formerly ascended to Fort Ed- 
ward, with portages around the Falls. 

RonAoul and Wappinger Creeks are navigable each about 2 mi. 
from their mouths. 

Mofiaivk Rii'cr \^i\B boatable from Schenectady to " Fort Stan- 
wr." now Rome, with several interruptions. Tlie principal 
obstructions were the *• Six Flats Rift," 6 mi. above Sche- 
nectady; "Fort Hunter Rift;" "Canghnawaga Rift," at 
Cauiijoharie; "Ehlcs Rift." near Fort Plain; "Kneishems 
Rift," near the Upper Indian Ca.=5tle ; and the " Little Falls," 
which was a complete bar to upward navigation and re- 
quired a portage around it. 

Sacondaga River is navigable for small steamers from Hadley 
to Northimipton, — a distance of 20 mi. In and around New 
York and Long Island the bays, creeks, and inlets are nearly 
all navigable in high tide. 

Peconic River is navigable to Riverhwid. 

Ryram River is navigable to Port Cht'^iter. 

Bronx River is navigable to West Farms, a distance of 3 mi. 

Harlem River can be navigated by small craft from East River 
to High Bridge. 
TABLES. 

of the Coast Survey, shows the progress of the tidal wave up the 
moon across the meridian at Sandy Hook. The plane of reference 



Time after last preceding transit at S. H. 
Riseofhighest tide above planeof reference. 
Fall of lowest tide below " " " 
Fall of mean low water of spring tides below 

plane of reference 

Height of mean low water of neap tides 

above plane of reference , 

Mean rise and fall of tides 

" " " " " spring tides... 

« « « « "neap tides 

Mean duration, reckoning from Tofrige... 
the middle of one stand ■< of fall... 
to the middle of the next. I of stand. 







^ 






.d 










1 


1 






'I 


1 




e 


g 


1 


t 




1 


5j 


1 




-.5 
S 


I" 
63 


1 


a 


H. M. 


H. M. 


B.N. 


H. M. 


H. M. 


H. M, 


H. a. 


B. «. 


B. M. 


H. M. 


7.20 


8.14 


9.24 


10.10 


11.5 


13.0 


13.60 


15.41 


16.54 


17.45 


V.lft. 


6.1 ft. 


6.0 ft. 


4.7 ft. 


4.9 ft. 


5.6 ft. 


6.4 ft. 


6.0 ft. 


4.911. 


6.4 ft. 


1.4 


2.2 


0.9 


O.S 


0.8 


1.1 


1.5 


1.6 


0.8 


1.7 


0.5 


0.5 


0.3 


0.2 


0.4 


0.4 


0.5 


0.2 


0.3 


0.4 


0.5 


0.4 


0.5 


0.3 


0.3 


0.4 


0.4 


0.3 


0.3 


0.4 


4.8 


4.3 


3.59 


8.12 


2.71 


3.24 


3.95 


3.67 


2.66 


2.46 


6.6 


5.1 


4.6 


3.8 


3.4 


4.0 


4.8 


4.3 


3.3 


3.2 


4.0 


3.4 


2.7 


2.6 


2.0 


2.4 


3.0 


2.8 


1.8 


1.1 


H. AI. 


B. U. 


B. N. 


H. M. 


B. M. 


B. H. 


H. M. 


H. M. 


B. M. 


B. M. 


6.10 


6.0 


6.5 


6.26 


6.28 


5.41 


6.40 


5.18 


6.1 


4.26 


G.15 


6.23 


6.18 


7.12 


7.10 


6.44 


6.54 


7.02 


7.23 


8.4 


0.21 


0.2S 



















Tide tabu for the shores of Long Island and adjacent places in X^ew Tork. Timeafter moon^stranstt andplaneof references above. 



Interval between time of moon's /Mean interval 

transit and time of high water. | Diff. between greatest and least interval 

rSpring tides 

Rise and fall. -; Xeap tides 

(_Mean , 



{Flood tide.. 
Ebb tide.... 
Stand. 



^ 












■% 

s 

1 


It 


1 
1 


^ 

e 


1 


J. 


B. U. 


H. M. 


B. M. 


B. H. 


B. M. 


n. M. 


8.20 


9.38 


11.7 


11.13 


11.22 


U.20 


1.11 


1.7 


0.51 


0.31 


0.32 


0.39 


2.4 ft. 


2.3 fl. 


9.2 ft. 


8.9 ft. 


8.6 ft. 


9.2 ft. 


1.8 


2.9 


5.4 


6.4 


6.6 


6.1 


1.9 


2.6 


7.3 


7.7 


7.6 


7.3 


H. M. 


n. u. 


B. U. 


B. M. 


n. M. 


B. M. 


6.7 


6.1 


6.8 


6.65 


6.61 


6.80 


6.7 


6.21 


6.24 


6.30 


6.36 


6.33 


0.31 


0.37 




0.14 


0.12 


0.43 



S^Mrt <jf Oxut Suney, 1856, p. 122. 



GEOLOGY. 



Odr knowledge of the geology of the State is derived from the survey made under State authority 
from 1836 to 1843, and from the investigations of several eminent geologists who have examined 
particular localities.^ 

Rocks. — The geological formations of the State include the igneous or primary rocks, and all 
the strata lying between them and the coal measures of Penn. The classification adopted by the 
State geologists, embracing all the rocks above the primary, is known as the " New York system," 
the rocks being analogous to the Silurian and Devonian system of the European geologists. The 
igneous or primary rocks, including granite, gneiss, and other varieties destitute of organic 
remains, occupy the greater part of the mountainous region in the n. e. part of the State, the 
Highlands upon the Hudson, and a considerable portion of the country below, including Man- 
hattan Island. Portions of these rocks are imperfectly stratified, and are generally found in 
broken and disrupted masses with the strata highly inclined. The remaining portions of the State 
are occupied by series of stratified rocks, generally extending e. and w. and varying in thickness 
from a few inches to several hundred feet. The strata overlie each other, and have a slight dip 
toward the s., so that a person in traveling from the n, border of the State to the Penn. line would 
successively pass over the exposed edges of the whole series. Toward the e. these strata all are 
bent, and appear to be arranged around the primitive region in the same order in which they lie 
elsewhere. The highest of the series of rocks found in the State forms the floor of the coal 
measures ; so that it is perfectly futile to search for coal within the limits of the State. The rocks 
are distinguished by their color, quality, and situation, and by the fossils which they contain. 
In many instances a stratum disappears entirely, and in others strata of several hundred feet in 
thickness in one place are but a few feet thick in another. In places where many strata are 
wanting and two rocks usually widely separated are found in contact, the geologist is obliged to 
depend entirely upon the fossils which they contain to determine their classification.^ 



1 In 1799, Dr. Samuel L. MitchUl, under the auspices of the 
" Society for Promoting Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures," 
published an essay upon the rocks in the State. While the Erie 
Caual was in process of construction. Stephen Van Rensselaer 
employed Prof. Amos Eaton to prepare an account of the rocks 
along the canal route. This was puhlished in 1824. Prof Eaton's 
work was one of great merit ; and to him we are indebted for the 
first accurate knowledge ever obtained of the general system of 
rocks in the State. 

On the 15th of April, 1R36, an act was passed authorizing a 
geological survey of the State. The State was divided into four 
districts, to each of which were appointed a geologist and an 
assistant. A zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, and paleontologist 
were appointed for the whole State. 

The First District included the counties of Albany, Columbia, 
Delaware, Dutchess, Greene, Kings, New York, Orange, Putnam, 
Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland. Saratoga. Schenectady, 
Schoharie, Suffolk, Sullivan, Ulster, Washington, and West- 
chester. Wm. W. Mather was appointed Principal Geologist, 

and Caleb Briggs, J. Lang Cassels, and SejTiiour, Assistants. 

The Report, in 1vol. 4to, was published in 1843. 

Tfie Second District-, coufiisting of the counties of Clinton, Es- 
sex, Franklin, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, and Warren, was phiced 
under the charge of Dr. Ebenezer Emmons. Principal, and Jas. 
Hall and E. Emmons, jr., Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., was 
published in 1842. 

The Third District, consisting of the counties of Broome, 
Cayuga. Chenango, Cortland, Pulton, Herkimer, Lewis. Madison. 
Montgomery, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, Otsego, Tioga, and the 
E. half of Tompkins, was placed under charge of Lardner Van 
Uxcm, Principal, and Jas. Eights and E. S. Can, Assistants. The 
Report, in 1 vol., was published in 1842. 

The FrjuTth District, consisting of the counties of Allegany, 
Cattaraugiis, ChauUiuqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, 
Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, Steuben, the w. half 
of Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates, was assigned to Jas. 
ITall, Principal, and J. W. Boyd and E. N. Ilorsford, Assistants. 
The Report was published in 1 vol. in 1843. 

The Mineralogical DcjHirtmaitwas assigned to Dr. Lewis C. 
Beck, Principal, and Wm. Horton and L. D. Gale, Assistants. 
The Report, in 1 vol., wiis published in 1S42. 

The Zoological Department was assigned to Dr. Jas. E. De Kay, 
Principal, and John W, Hill, Draftsman. The Report, in 5 vols., 
ivas published in 1842-43 : — Vol. I, Mammalia, with Genenal In- 
troduction by Gov. Seward; Vol. II, Ornithology; Vols. Ill and 
IV. Reptiles and Fishes; Vol. V. Mollusca and Crustacea. 

The Botanicnl Department was assigned to Dr. John Torry. 
Tlie Report, in 2 vols., wjis published in 1S43. 

The Agricidturtd Department was assigned to Dr. Ebenezer 
tUnmons. The Report, in 5 vols., waa published from 1846 to 

'2fi 



1854, — Vol. I, Soils and Climate; Vol. IT, Analysis and Results 
of Experiments; Vols. Ill and IV, Fruits ; Vol. V. Insects. 

The F^Uontohgical Department was assig^ned to T. A. Coni'ad, 
in 1837. He resigned in 1843. and was succeeded by Prof. Jas. 
Hall. The Report, to consist of 5 vols., is in process of publica- 
tion. Two vols, are already issued ; and the third is in press. 
A geological map, accompanying the Reports, is issued with 
this work. 

2 The following is the classification of the New York system, 
with the position which the different strata occupy in the classi- 
fication of English geologists. The order of the arrangement 
is from below upward : — ■ 

Primitive or Igneous Rocks. 

Tacouic System. 

Potsdam Sandstone. 

Calciferous Sandstone. 

Chazy Limestone. 

Birdseye Limestone. 

Black Kiver Limestone. 

Trenton Limestone. 

lltica Shite. 

Hudson River Group, Lorraine Shales. 

Oneida Conglomerate, Sbawangunk Grit. 

Medina Sandstone. 

Clinton Group. 

Niagara Group, Coraline Limestone in the east. 
rUedSh.'des. 

Onondaga Salt Group.-; Green Shales, 
(_ Gypsum. 

Waterlime Group. 

Pentamerus Limestone. 

Delthyris Shaly Limestone. 

Upper Pentamerus Limestone. 

Oriskany Sandstone. 

Cauda GuUi Grit. 

Schoharie Grit. 

Onondaga Limestone. 

Corniferous Limestone. 

Marcellus Shales. 

r Ludlowvillo Shales. 

Hamilton Group.-: Encrinal Limestone. 
(Moscow Shales. 

TuUy Limestone. 

Genesee Slate. 

rCoshaqua Shales. 

Portage Group. < Gardeau Flag Stones. 
(Portage Sandstone 

Chemung Group. 

Old Red Sandstone. 

Conglomerate of the Coal Measures. 







< 




































fs 








^ 


\ 


'^. 








rr 


^ 




















<Xi 


P^ 


\< J 


u 


c: 




o 




'>* 




fc- 








Es] 




'i^ 


T. 
















O 








P 





GEOLOGY. 



25 



The Catskill Mts. are composed principally of Old Red Sandstone ; and the tops of some of the 
higher peaks are covered with the conglomerate of the coal measures. New Red Sandstone is 
found in a few localities along the Hudson, below the Highlands. Trap, a rock of volcanic origiD, 
forms the Palisades upon the Hudson ; and trap dikes are common in the primitive region of 
the N. Tertiary clay, in deep strata, extends aloug the valleys of Lake Champlain and St. Law- 
rence River. Drift, including loose deposits of boulders, gravel, sand, and clay, is found in most 
parts of the State, in some places covering the rocks beneath to the depth of several hundred 
feet. The character of this drift, the peculiar forms which it has assumed, and the position which 
it occupies, all give evidence of some great general moving power which existed after the stratified 
rocks were lifted from their original beds, and ages before the present order of things was 
instituted. 

"Within more recent periods, considerable changes have been wrought by the action of present 
streams of water and the wasting agencies of the atmosphere and frost. From these are derived 
marl, alluvium, and the greater part of the soils. The thickness of the rock strata is generally 
determined by its outcrop along the ravines of the streams, and by Artesian wells, which have 
been sunk to a great depth in different parts of the State.^ 

metallic ]>Iinerals. — The principal metals in the State are iron and lead, the former 
only of which is found in sufficient quantity and purity to render its manufacture profitable. Iron 
ore is found in three distinct varieties, viz., magnetic oxide or magnetite, specular oxide or red 
hematite, and hydrous peroxide or limonite. Magnetic ore is widely diffused throughout the 
primitive region. It is usually found in beds between the rock strata, parallel to the mountain 
ranges ; and sometimes it is blended with the rock. The beds in many places are immense in 
extent, and the ore is 75 to 95 per cent, pure iron.^ Specular iron ore is found in narrow beds 
between tlie igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is principally found in St. Lawrence and Jeffer- 
son cos.' A variety of this ore, known as argillaceous iron ore or clay ironstone, is associated 
with the lower strata of the Clinton group, extending from Herkimer to Monroe co. It is 
found in beds 2J feet thick and about 20 feet apart, and its general form is that of flattened grains. 
Limonite is found also associated with the igneous rocks and in various other localities. It is 
usually in the form of shot or bog ore, or yellow ocher. It is wrought to a considerable extent 
in Richmond, Orange, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Washington, Franklin, St. Lawrence, 
Jefferson, and Lewis cos. Bog ore is probably found, to a greater or less extent, in every co. in 
the State. The iron made from it is usually tough and soft.* 

Lead ore is found in St. Lawrence, Ulster, Dutchess, "Westchester, Orange, Columbia, Lewie, 
Jefferson, and Sullivan cos. ; and in several of them the mines have been worked to some extent. 
The Rossie Mines, of St. Lavrrence, are the only ones now wrought.^ Copper ore in the form of 



New Red Sandetone. 

Tertiary. 

Diluvial or Drift. 

Quaternary. 
The Taconic Bystem is claimed by fiomo as corresponding to 
the Cambrian ByBtem #f Mr. Sedgwick, and by others to be 
newer formations changed by heat. 

I TABLE 
Showing the depths of the principal Artesian wells in the State. 



County. 



Albany- 



Cayuga 

Columbia.... 
Delaware.... 

Jefferson 

Livingston. 
New York- 



Oneida 

Onondaga. . 



Orleans.. 
Wayne ... 



Locality. 



aty 

Ferry St 

Montezuma. 

Hudson 

Elk Brook 

Watertown 

York 

U.S. Hotel 

Bleeker St 

By Manhattan co. 

Utica 

Syracuse 



Oak Orchard 

Savannah 

Little Sodua and 
Clyde 



Depth. 



123 
617 
200 
223 
394 
127 
50 
626 
448 
280 
314 
600 
400 
to 390 
140 
250 

400 



Product. 



Fresh water. 
Mineral water. 
Brine. 

Freeh water. 
Weak brine. 
Fresh water. 
Weak brine and gas. 
Fresh water. 



Brine. 
Weak brine. 



and gas. 



The deepest Artesian well in the U. S. is at St. Lonis, Mo., 
and is 2199 feet deep. A well at Louisville, Ky., is 2086 feet 
deep; and another at Columbus, Ohio, 1900 feet deep. 



2 The principal mines which have been worked in the northern 
primitive region are in Warren, Essex, Clinton, St. Lawrence, 
and Franklin cos. So common are particles of iron in the rocks 
of this region that the iron sand upon the banks of the streams 
is sufficiently pure to repay the labor of collecting for the forge. 
Magnetic ores are also abundant in Grange co., and mines have 
there been worked since the earliest periods. This ore has also 
been found among the igneous rocks of Rockland, Westchester, 
Putnam, Washington, Saratoga, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, 
and Lewis cos. 

8 The principal mines in St. Lawrence and Jefferson cos. yield 
this variety of ore. It is most abundant in the towns of Gonver- 
neur, Rossie, and Antwerp, and is there usually associated with 
crystaline sulphuret of iron, spathic iron, and quartz. The ar- 
gillaceous ore supplies the furnaces in Oneida, Oswego, and Wayne 
cos. It is red, and imparts a dull red color to whatever it comen 
in contact with. In the region of mines and furnaces the clothing 
of the laborers, the trees, fences, and vehicles employed, are all 
colored by it. It is used as a paint, under the name of " Spanieb 
Brown." 

* Bog ore is deposited in swamps, the bottoms of which are 
clay, hardpan, or some other strata impervious to water. It is 
continually accumulating, so that it may be removed two or 
three times in a century. It has various shades of color, from 
yellow to a dark brown. In the primitive region it sometimes 
assumes a stalactital or botryoidal form, with a fibrous textnris 
and a glossy black surface. A loamy variety, whcu used in high 
furnaces, is liable to blow up. Tins is caused by the mass molt- 
ing away below, leaving a crust above, and, as the support at la«t 
gives away, the moisture contained in the mass is suddenly con- 
verted into steam by the intense heat, and the liquid iron below 
is thrown out with gi'Cat force, sometimes destroying the fur- 
nace. 

6 A vein has recently been opened in Orange co. that promined 
great richness. Lead ore is usually found in the form of sul- 
phurets, or galena. It is often associated with crystalized mine- 
rala of great beauty. 



26 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 

a, Bulphuret has been found in Washington, Jefferson, and St. La-wrence cos., but not in sufficient 
quantities to render mining profitable. Zinc ore in the form of a sulphurct, or blende, is found, 
associated with lead, in St. Lawrence co. Manganese, titanium, nickel, and several other metals, 
have been found in small quantities, though they have never been reduced except in the labora- 
tories of the chemist.' ' 

Kon-Metallic minerals. — The most valuable non-metallic minerals in the State are 
limestone, gypsum, waterlime, pipeclay, clay and sand suitable for common and fire brick and 
pottery, graphite, talc, and slate. Nearly every part of the State is well supplied with building 
stone ; and in most of the counties extensive quarries have been worked. Lime, waterlime, and 
gypsum are also extensively quarried.* 

Mineral Springs are numerous, and are found in nearly every co. in the State^ The 
most celebrated of these are the salt springs of Onondaga, the medicinal springs of Saratoga, 
and the thermal springs of Columbia co. Sulphur and chalybeate springs are common, and many 
of them have considerable notoriety for medicinal properties.' In the w. part of the State 
springs emitting nitrogen and carburetted hydrogen gas are numerous. In the limestone regions 
of the State the water is generally more or less impregnated with carbonate and sulphate of 
lime ; and in many places tufa is deposited in large quantities by the water. The slow dissolving 
of the limestone rocks has given a cavernous structure to several localities, and in others it has 
formed deep holes in the ground. The caves of Albany, Schoharie, and Jefferson cos. are doubtless 
formed in this manner ; and the peculiar sink-holes and cratean lakes of Onondaga are probably 
formed by the breaking of the superincumbent mass into the caverns beneath. 



SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 



The Seat of Goternment was originally fixed at New York City, and remained there until the 
Revolution, with occasional adjournments of the General Assembly and Executive Department on 
account of prevailing sickness. Such of the public records as related to the immediate interests 
of the crown were removed, by order of Gov. Tryon, in Dec. 1775, to the armed ship Duchess of 
Gordon^ and remained on board till Nov. 1781, when most of them were returned to the city.* In 
June, 177G, the other public records were removed to Kingston, and, on the approach of the enemy 
in Oct. 1777, they were hastily taken to Rochester, Ulster county.^ They were soon afterward taken to 
Poughkecpsie, and in 1784 to New York. In 1797, commissioners were appointed to erect a build- 
ing for the records in Albany, and an order dated July 31, 1798, authorized their removal thither* 
and the permanent location of the seat of Government at that place. 

The State House was begun in 1803 and finished in 1807, at the joint expense of the city and 
county of Albany and the State of New York. The original cost exceeded $120,000, of which 



1 In many of the original patents of tbe mountainoua regions 
upon the HudMon. re.'^ervationa wore made of all the gold and 
silver that might bo fuvind. To this day, however, these metala 
have not been found ; though it is said that traces of silver have 
been discovered in eevoral places. 

2 The following is a list of the most important qnarries in the 
State :— 

Oypswm \a fonnd in Cayuga. Madison, Onondaga, Wayne, Op- 
leanB, and (ienpspe. 

LinusU-ne is quarried in most of tbe counties of the State ex- 
cept those along the Penn. line. 

Water- Limestone is quarried in Erie, Jefferson. Lewis, Madiaon, 
Montgomery, Niagara. Onondaga, and Ulster. 

Flagging is found in most of the southern counties, and in 
various other localities. The thin bedded sandstone of the 
Portage gi'oup furnishes the beat varii-ties. 

Building stovf of excellent quality is found in nearly every 
section of the State. Granite and gneiss are extensively 
quarried in Now York and Westchester and in the n. e. cos. 
of the State. The Potsdam sandstone, Black Kiver lime- 
Btone, the gray and Medina sandstone, and the Onondaga 
limestone all furnish excellent building stone. Most of tlie 
locks upon the Erie Canal are built of tlie last named stone. 
The shales of the Portage and Chemung group are sepa- 
rated into strata by hard, compact sandstone, excellent for 
building or flagging. 

Marble is found and quarried in Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, 
and Grange cos. 



Roofing slate is quarried in Washington, Kensselaer, Columbia, 
and Dutchess cos. 

8 The principal of these springs are those of Jlassena, St. 
Lawrence co. ; Kichfield, Otsego co.; Avon, Livingston co.; 
Sharon, Schoharie co. : New Lebanon and Stockport, Columbia 
CO. ; Chittenango, Madison co. : and Alabama, Genesee co. 

* Six years' close confinement on shipboard damaged some 
of these records almost beyond remedy. The most valuable 
were transcribed in 1798, under the direction of commissioners 
apjiointed by law. 

tt The first State Legislature, then in session, hastily adjourned 
and met in Jan. at Poughkeepsie. The citizens of Goshen 
tendered the hospitalities of their village and the use of rooms, 
if tlie Legislature chose to remove tliither. In March, 1778. a 
concurrent resolntiou directed the Secretary of State and the 
clerks of counties to put their records into strong and light 
inclosures, to be ready for instant removal in case of danger. 
The Legislature held its session^ at Poughkeepsie, Kingston, or 
Albany, aa suited convenience, until 17S4, when it removed to 
New York. Two sessions were afterward held at Poughkeepsie, 
and three at Albany, before tlie final removal to the latter place 
in 1797. 

B Philip Schuyler, Abraham Ten Broeck, Jeremiah Van Kens- 
selaer. Daniel Ilale. and Tenuis T. Van Vechten were appointed 
commissioners. The edifice stood on the site of the present 
Geological and Agricultural Hall, and was torn down in 1856. 



SKAT OF GOVERNMENT. 



27 



$34,200 was paid by the city and $3,000 by the county of Albany. It continued to be used for 
city, county, and State offices and courts until about 1832, when the State became the exclusive 
owner and the Capitol was fitted up for legislative and other public purposes. It stands at the 
head of State Street, 130 feet above the Hudson, and has in front a park of three acres inclosed by 
an iron fence. It is substantially built of stone faced with Nyack red freestone.* 

The State liibrary is a fireproof building in the rear of the State House and connected 
with it by a long corridor. It is built of brick and iron and faced on its two fronts with brown 
freestone. It is ah-eady nearly filled with books, manuscripts, and maps, which the State has been 
collecting for many years,^ 

Tlie State Hall^ situated upon Eagle Street, fronting the Academy Park, was finished in 1842. 
It is built of cut stone, with a colonnade in front, supported by six Ionic columns, and is surmounted 
by a dome.^ It contains the offices of the Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Auditor of Canal 
Department, Canal Appraisers, Canal Commissioners, State Engineer and Surveyor, Division En- 
gineers, Clerk of Court of Appeals, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Superintendent of Bank 
Department, Attorney General, and State Sealer of Weights and Measures. 

Tlie State Oeological and Agricultural Hall, corner of State and Lodge Sts., 
is the depository of the specimens collected during the geological survey, and also contains the 
cabinet of the State Agricultural Society.* 



1 It is 90 feet broad, 50 liigh, and was originally 115 feet long. 
In 1-S54, 15 feet wex-e added to the w. end. The eastern front 
has an Ionic portico with four columns of Berkahii'e marble 
each 3 feet 8 inches in diameter and SS feet high. The north 
and south fronts have each a pedunent of 85 feet base; and the 
doorways are decorated with columns and angular pediments 
of freestone. The entrance hall is 40 by 50 feet and 16 feet 
high, the ceiling of which is supported by a double row of 
reeded columns, and the floor is vaulted and laid with squares 
of Italian marble. Upon the north side of the hall are the 
oflSce of Adjutant General and the Assembly Library, and on 
the south side the Executive Chambers. The remainder of the 
first story is devoted to the Assembly Chamber with its lobbies 
and postoflBce. This chamber is now 56 by 65 feet and 28 feet 
high. The Speaker's desk is on the w. side, and the desks of the 
clerks are upon each side and in front of it. Desks of members 
are arranged in semi-circles in front. Upon the e. side is a 
gallery supported by iron pillars. The ceiling is riclily orna- 
mented in stucco. Over the Speaker's seat is a copy by Ames 
of a full length portrait of Stewart's Washington. In the 
second story, over the entrance hall, is the Senate chamber, 40 
Ly 50 feet and 22 feet high. The President's desk is upon the 
8. side, and the desks of the Senators are arranged in a circle in 
front. On the n. side are the library and cloak room of the 
Senate, and on the s. the postoffice and room of the Sergeant at 
Ai'ms. Over the President's seat is a crimson canop,^, and oppo- 
site are the portraits of Gov. Geo. Clinton and Columbus. I'he 
latter was presented to the Senate in 17S4 by Mrs. Farmer, a 
grand-daughter of Gov. Leislcr, and had been in her family 
150 years. Over the Assembly lobbies is the room of the 
Court of Appeals, and in the third story are the consultation 
rooms of tliis court, committee rooms of both houses, and part 
of the Senate Library. The courtroom of the Court of Appeals 
contains portraits of Chancellors Lansing, Sandford, Jones, and 
Walworth, Chief Justice Spencer, Abraham Van Vechten. and 
Daniel Cady. The inner Executive Chamber has a full size 
portrait of Gen. La Fayette, painted when he was in the city in 
1825. 

The roof of the State house is pyramidal, and from the center 
rises a circular cupola 20 feet in diameter, supporting a hemi- 
spherical dome upon 8 insulated Ionic columns. Upon the 
dome stands a wooden statue of Themis, 11 feet high, holding 
in her right hand a sword and in her left a balance. 

2 The Stiite Library was founded April 21, 1818, and for nearly 
forty years was kept in the upper rooms of the CapitoL Its growth 
was comparatively slow until 1844, when its supervision was 
transferred from the State officers who had been ex-offlcio trus- 
tees to the Regents of the University. Their Secretary, the late 
Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, was eminently fitted for the task of building 
up an institution of this character. The library at the time of 
the transfer contained about 10,000 volumes. The number 
has increased during the subsequent 15 years to about 53,000. 
The present building, erected in 185:j-54. is 114 feet long by 45 
broad, was built at a cost of 891,900, and opened to the public 
Jan. 2, 1855. The first floor is supported by stone pillars and 
groined arches, and the second floor and galleries by arched 
spans of iron filled with concrete. The roof, rafters, trusses, 
pillars, shelves, and principal doors are of iron, and the floors 
are paved with colored tile. The first story is devoted to the 
law department, and the second story to the general library, in- 
cluding a large number of costly presents from other Govern- 
ments, a valuable series of MSS. and parclmients relating to 
our colonial and early State history, and an exteuriivo collec- 
tion of medals and coins. The office of the Regents of the L'ui- 
versity is in the library building. 

Ih*» library, formerly known as the "ChariccUors' Library,'" \ 



was divided in 1849, and, with additions since made, now forms 
two public libraries, called the " Libraries of the Court of Ap- 
peals," one of which is located at Syracuse and the other at 
Kochester. They consist chiefly of law books, and are in charge 
of librarians appointed by the Regents and paid by the State. 
There is also a small library, for reference, in the consultation 
room of the Court of Appeals. Each of the judges of the Su- 
preme Court and the Vice Chancellor of the Second District, 
under the late Constitution^ held libraries owned by the State, 
which are for the use of the four judges of the Court of Appeals 
elected by the people of the State at large, and their successors 
in office. There is also a small library for the use of the At- 
torney General ; and means are annually provided for the in- 
crease of each of these collections, chiefly from the income of 
moneys known as the *' Chancellors' Library Fund" and "In- 
terest Fund," which are kept invested b}' the Clerk of the Court 
of Appeals for this purpose. 

8 This building is 13S by SS feet and 65 feet high. The ceilings of 
the basement and of the two principal stories are groined arches, 
and all the rooms, excepting in the attic story, are fireproof. 
The basement and attic are each 19 feet, and the two principal 
stories each 22 feet, high. The building cost about $350,000. 

* In 1842 the old State Hall was converted into a geological 
hall, and rooms were assigned in the same building to the State 
Agricultural Society. The old building was torn down, and the 
present Geological and Agricultural Hall erected in its place, in 
the summer of 1855. The Agricultural Rooms were dedicated 
Feb. 12. 1857, and the Cabinet was opened to the public Feb. 22, 
185S. The present building is of brick, and is 4 stories high, 
besidesthe basement. In the rear is a spacious wing, of the same 
height as the main building. It contains a lecture room, the 
spacious geological cabinet, and the rooms of the State Geological 
CoUectioa The basement is occupied by a taxidermist and a jani- 
tor. The building itself is subject to the order of the Commis- 
sioners of the Land Office. The Cabinet originated in the Geo- 
logical Survey, and in extent and value it ranks among the first 
in America. Within the past year a series of English fossils has 
been given to the State by the British Government ; and a valu- 
able collection of shells, embracing several thousand species, has 
been recently presented and arranged by Philip P. Cai'penter, 
an English naturalist. The Museum is designed to embrace a 
complete representation of the geological formations of the State, 
with their accompanying minerals and fossils, and of its entire 
native flora and fauna. The birds and quadrupeds are preserved 
by a skilful taxidermist, with the attitudes and appearance of 
life; and the reptiles and fishes are principally preserved in al- 
cohol. Connected with this cabinet is a historical and anti- 
quarian department, embracing numerous aboriginal antiquities 
and specimens of modern Indian art, relics of battle fields, and 
other objects of historical interest. The whole is under the 
charge of a curator appointed by the Regents. The museum of 
the State Agricultural Society, in a separate department of the 
building, contains a large collection of obsolete and modern im- 
plements of husbandry, spechnens of agricultural and mechanical 
products, models of fruits, samples of grains and soils, di-awings 
illustrating subjects connected with the useful arts; and it i8 
designed to include an extensive collection of insects, made with 
especial reft-rence to showing their influence upon the fruit and 
gi'ain crops of the State. The entomological department is in 
charge of Dr. Asa Fitch, who has been for several years employed 
by the society in studying the habits of destructive insectH, with 
the view to ascertaining the means of prcvcntiBg their ravages. 
The whole of these collections are open to the publii- on every 
weekday except hoUdays. The meetings of the Executive Com- 
mittee of the State Agiicultural Society, and the winter fhirs, 
are held in their rooms in this building. 



STATE GOVERNMENT. 

The State Government consists of the Legislative, Executive, Judicial, and Administrative 
Departments ; the powers and duties of the several officers being defined by the Constitution and 
regulated by law. 

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Tlie State I^e^islature is composed of a Senate and Assembly. 

The Senate consists of 32 members, chosen by single districts 
every two years, the whole number being chosen at once. The 
Lieut. Governor is ex officio President of the Senate, and has a cast- 
ing vote in case of a tie. The Senate appoints a President p7'0 tern., 
who presides in the absence of the Lieut. Governor, and becomes 
j ex officio Lieut. Governor in case of a vacancy in that office. The 
' Senate with the Judges of the Court of Appeals forma a court 
for the trial of impeachments, and it ratifies or rejects the nomi- 
nations of the Governor to a great number of offices. 

The Senate elects the following officers : a clerk, sergeantrat- 
arms, assistant sergeant^at-arms, doorkeeper and assistants, libra- 
rian, and such other officers as may be deemed necessary.^ 

The Assembly consists of 128 members, elected annually by 
single districts. The districts are re-apportioned once in ten 
years, after the State census is taken. The Speaker, or Pre- 
siding Officer of the Assembly, is elected by the members from 
their number, and usually appoints all committees. All bills 
upon financial matters must originate in the Assembly. 

The Assembly elects the following officers : a Speaker, clerk, 
sergeant-afc-arms, doorkeeper and two assistants. The Speaker 
appoints an assistant sergeant-at-arms, a postmaster and assist- 
ant, a janitor, keeper of the Assembly chamber, and several 
doorkeepers and pages.^ 




1 The eergeant-at-arms is alao librarian. The clerk appoints 
his deputies and assistants, and the President appoints a janitor, 
superintendent of the Senate chamber, and pages. Committees 
are usually appointed by the Lieut.Gov. The appointments are 
made for two years. About half a dozen reporters are admitted 
to seats within the Senate chamber. Standing committees in 
the Senate consist of 3 members. 

SENATE DISTRICTS. 

1. Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk Counties. 

2. Ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, and 19th Wards of 

Brooklyn. 

3. 6th, Sth. 9th. 10th, l'2th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th. and 18th 

Wards of Brooklyn, and the towns of Kinjjs County. 

4. 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, Sth, 6th, 7th, Sth, and 14th Wards of New 

York. 

5. 10th, 11th. 13th, and 17th Wards of New York. 

6. 9th, 15th, 16th, and 18th Wards of New York. 

7. 12th, 19th. 20th, 21st, and 22d Wards of New York. 

8. Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties. 

9. Orange and Sullivan Counties. 

10. Greene and Ulster Counties. 

11. Columbia and Dutchess Counties. 

12. Rensselaer and Washington Counties. 

13. Albany County. 

14. Delaware, Schenectady, and Schoharie Counties. 

15. Tulton, liamilton, Montgomery, and Saratoga Counties. 

16. Clinton, Essex, and Warren Counties. 

17. Franklin and St. Lawrence Counties. 

18. Jefferson and Lewis Counties. 

19. Oneida County. 

20. Herkimer and Otsego Counties. 

21. Oswego County. 

22. Onondaca County. 

23. Chenango, Cortland, and Madison Counties. 

24. Broome, Tioga, and Torapkina Counties. 

25. Cayuga and Wayne Counties. 

26. Ontario. Seneca, and Yates Counties. 

27. Chemung, Schuyler, and Steuben Counties. 
''S. Monroe County. 

28 



29. Genes?e, Niagara, and Orleans Counties. 

30. Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming Counties. 

31. Erie County. 

32. Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Counties. 

2 The clerk appoints his assistants and deputies, a librarian 
and assistant, a bank clerk, and a clerk's messenger. These 
ofticors are appointed for the session, except pages, who are 
changed in the middle of each session. Standing committees of 
the Assembly consist of 5 members, except those upon Ways 
and Meaus, the .Judiciary, and Canals, each of which has 7 
members. About 20 reporters are admitted and provided with 
seats within the bar. They usually share with members in 
extra appropriations for books, and in the privilege of mailing 
documents at the public expense. 

ASSE5IBLY DISTRICTS. 

[Those Counties not enumerated in this list form bnt one 
District. Fulton and Hamilton form one District.] 

ALBANY COUNTY.— Four Districts. 

1. let Ward of Albany, Bethlehem, Coeymans, New Scotland, 

Rensselaerville, and Westerlo. 

2. 9fh and 10th Wards of Albany. Bern, Guilderland, and Knox. 

3. 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, and Sth Wards of Albany. 

4. 7th Ward of Albany and Watervliet, 

ALLEGANY COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Allen, Almond, Angelica. Belfast, Birdsall. Burns, Caneadea, 

Centerville. Granger, Grove, Hume, New Hudson, Rushford, 
and West Almond. 

2. Alfred, Alma, Amity, Andover, Bolivar, Clarksville, Cuba, 

Friendship, Genesee, Independence, Scio, Ward, Wellsville, 
Willing, and Wirt. 

CATTARAUGUS COUNTY.— Two Districts. 
1. Allegany, Ashford, Carrolton, Elgin, FarmersviUe, Franklin- 
ville, Freedom, Hinsdale, Humphrey, Ischua, Machias, 
Glean, Portville, and Yorkshire. 



STATE GOVERNMENT. 



29 



The sessions of the Legislature commence on the first Tuesday in January, and members can 
only receive pay for 100 days. The business of each year begins de novo; but if an extra session 
is called by the Governor, bills are taken up where they were left at the last previous adjourn- 
ment. Each house decides upon the qualifications of its own members; and both houses must 
concur in the election of U. S, Senators, Regents of the University, and Superintendent of Public 
Instruction. Bills, except measures of finance, may originate in either house, and must be 



'Z. Bncktooth, Coldspring, Connowango, Dayton, Ellicottville, 
East Otto, Great Valley, Leon, Little A'alley, Mansfield, 
Napoli, New AHiion, Otto, Perrysburgh, Persia, Randolph, 
and South Valley. 

CAYUGA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Brutus. Cato. Conquest, Ira, Mentz, Monteznma, Sennett, 

Sterling, Throop, Victory, and the Ist and 4th Wards of 
Auburn. 

2. Aurelius, Fleming", Genoa, Ledyard, Locke, Moravia, Nile?!, 

Owasco, Scipio, Sempronius, Springport, Summer Ilill, 
Venice, and the 2d and 3d Wards of Auburn. 

CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. -Two Districts. 

1. Busti, Chautauqua, Clymer, EUery, French Creek, Harmony, 

Mina, Portland. Ripley, Sherman, Stockton, and Westfield. 

2. Arkwright, Carroll, Charlotte, Cherry Creek, Ellicott, Elling- 

ton, Gerry, Hanover, Kiantone, Poland, Pomfret, Sheridan, 
and Villenova. 

CHENANGO COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Columbus, Lincklaen, New Berlin, North Norwich, Norwich, 

Otselic, Pharsalia, Pitcher, Plymouth, Sherburne, and 
Smyrna. 

2. Afton. Bainbridge, Coventry, German. Guilford, Greene, Mc- 

Donough, Oxford, Preston, and Smithville. 

COLUMBIA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Ancram, Claverack, Clermont. Copake, Gallatin, German- 

town. Greenport, Hudson City, Livingston, and Tagh- 
kanick. 

2. Austerlitz, Canaan, Chatham, Ghent. Hillsdale, Kinder- 

hook, New Lebanon, Stockport, and Stuyveeant. 

DELAWARE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Colchester. Delhi, Franklin, Hamden, Hancock, Masonville, 

Sidney, Tompkins, and Walton. 

2. Andes. Bovina, Davenport, Harpersfield, Kortright, Mere- 

dith, Middletown, Roxbury, and Stamford, 

DUTCHESS COUNTY.- Two Districts. 

1. Amenia, Beekraan, Dover, East Fisbkill, La Grange, North- 

east, Pawling, Pine Plains, Stanford, Union Vale, and 
Washington. 

2. Clinton, flyde Park, Milan, Pleasant Valley. Poughkeepsic, 

City of Poughkeepsie, Red Hook, and Rhinebeck. 

ERIE COUNTY,— Four Districts. 

1. 1st, 2d. 3d. 4th, 5th, and 13th Wards of Buffalo. 

2. 0th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Wards of Buffalo. 

3. Alden, Amherst, Chicktawauga, Clarence, Elma, Grand 

Island, Uambuvgh, Lancaster, Jlarilla, Newstcad, Tona- 
wanda, and Weit Seneca, 

4. Aurora, Boston, Brandt, Golden, Collins, Concord, East 

Hamburgh, Eden, Evans, Holland, North Oollins, Sardinia, 
and Wales. 

HERKIMER COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Fairfield, Herkimer, Little Falls, Jlanheim, Newport, Nor- 

way, Ohio, Russia, Salisbury, and Wilmurt. 

2. Columbia, Danube, Frankfort. German Flats, Litch&eld, 

Schuyler, Stark, Warren, and Winfleld. 

JEFFERSON COUNTY.— Three Districts. 

1. Adams, Brownville, EUisburgh, Henderson, Hounsfield, Lor- 

raine, Rodman, and Worth. 

2. Antwerp, Champion, Le Ray, Philadelphia, Rutland, Water- 

town, and Wilna. 

3. Alexandria, Capo Vincent, Clayton, Lyme, Orleans, Pamelia, 

aud Thereea. 

KINGS COUNTY.— Seven Districts. 

1. Flathnsh, Flatlands. Gravesend, New Lots, New Utrecht, and 

the Sth, 17th. and ISth Wards of Brooklyn. 

2. Ist. 6th, and 12Ih Wards of Brooklyn. 

3. 4th and 10th Wards of Bnwklvn. 

4. 2d, 3d. and .'>th Wards of Brooklyn. 

5. 9th and 11th Wards of Brooklvn. 

6. 13th. Uth, and part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn. 

7". 7th, 15th, 16th, aud part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn. 

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Avon, Caledonia, Conesns, Geneeeo, Groveland, Leicester, 

Lima, Livonia, and York. 

2. Mount Morris, North Dansville, Nunda, Ossian, Portage, 

Sparta, Springwator, and West Si)arta. 



MADISON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Brookfield, De Ruyter, Eaton, Georgetown, Hamilton, Leba- 

non, Madison, and Nelson. 

2. Cazenovia, Feuner, Lenox, Smithfield, Stockbridge, and 

Sullivan. 

MONROE COUNTY.— Three Districts. 

1. Brighton, Henrietta, Irondequoit, Mendon, Penfield, Perin- 

ton, Pittsford, Rush, and Webster. 

2. The City of Rochester. 

3. Chili, Clarkson, Gates, Greece, Ogden, Parma, Riga, Sweden, 

Union, and Wheatland. 

NEW YORK CITY AND COUNTY.— Seventeen Districts. 
17 districts, corresponding to Aldermanic districts. 
NIAGARA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Lockport, Pendleton, Royalton, and Wheatfield. 

2. Cambria, Hartland, Lewiaton, Newfane, Niagara, Porter, 

Somerset, and Wilson. 

ONEIDA COUNTY.— Four Districts. 

1. Deerfiold, City of Utica, and Wbitestown. 

2. Augusta, Bridgewater, Kirkland, Marshall, New Hartford, 

Paris, Sangerfield, Vernon, and Westmoreland. 

3. Camden, Florence, Rome, Verona, and Vienna. 

4. AmesviUe, Ava, Brownville, Floyd, Lee, Marcy, Remsen, 

Steuben, Trenton, and Western. 

ONONDAGA COUNTY.— Three Districts. 

1. CamiUus, Clay, Elbridge, Lysander, Marcellus, Skaneateles, 

Spafford. and Van Bureu. 

2. Cicero, Salina, and Syracuse. 

3. De Witt, Pabius, Geddes, La Fayette, Manlius, Onondaga, 

Otisco, Pompey, and Tully. 

ONTARIO COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Farmington, Gorham, Hopewell, Manchester, Phelps, and 

Seneca. 

2. Bristol, Canadice, Canandaigna, East Bloomfield, Naples, 

Richmond, South Bristol, Victor, and West Bloomfield. 

ORANGE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Blooming Grove, Cliester, Cornwall, Monroe, Montgomery, 

Newburgh, and New Windsor. 

2. Cra'ni'nrd, Deerpark, Goshen, Greenville, Hamptonbnrgh. 

Hinisink, Mount Hope, Walkill, Warwick, and Waway- 
anda. 

OSWEGO COUNTY.— TffREE Diotricts. 

1. City of Oswego, Hannibal, Oswego, and Scriba. 

2. Conatantia, Granby, Hastings, Palermo, Schroeppel, Volney, 

and West Monroe. 

3. Albion, Amboy, Boyleston. Mexico, Orwell, Parish, Redfield. 

Richland, Sandy Creek, New Haven, and Williamstown. 

OTSEGO COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Cherry Valley, Decatur, Exeter. Maryland, Middlefield, 

Otsego, Plainfiold, Richfield, Roseboomj Springfield, West- 
ford, and Worcester. 

2. Unadilla, Burlington, Butternuts. Edmeston, Hartwick. 

Laurens, Milford, Morris, New Lisbon, Otego, Oneonta, and 
Pittsfield. 

QUEENS COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Flushing. North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. 

2. Hempstead, Jamaica, and Newtown. 

RENSSELAER COUNTY.— Three Districts. 

1. City of Troy. 

2. Berlin, Grafton, Hoosick, Lansingbnrgh, Petersburgh, Pitta- 

town, and Schaghticoke. 

3. Brunswick, Clinton, Greenbnsh, Nassau. North Greenbush, 

Poestenkill, Sand Lake, Schodack, and Stephentown. 
ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.— Three Districts. 

1. De Kalb, De Peyster, Fine. Fowler, Gouvemeur, Macomb, 

Morristown, Oswegatchie, Pitc-airn, and Rossie, 

2. Canton. Colt^n, Edwards, Hermon, Lisbon, Madrid, Norfolk, 

Pierrepnnt, and Russell. 

3. Brasher. Hopkinton. Lawrence, Louisville^ Massena, Pariah- 

Tille, Potsdam, and Stockholm. 

SARATOGA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Ballston, Charlton, Clifton Park. Galway, Halfmoon, Malta, 

Milton, Stillwater, and Waterford. 

2. Corinth. D.iy, Edinburgh, Greenfield, Hadley, Moreau, Noith- 

umberland. Providence, Saratoga, Saratoga Springs, and 
WUtou. 



30 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



passed by both, and receive the signature of the Governor, — or, if vetoed by him, the votes of two- 
thirds of both houses, — to lieeome laws. The original laws of the Legislature, bearing the signa- 
tures of the presiding officer of each house and of the Governor and Secretary of State, are bound, 
and preserved in the Secretary's office. All general laws are published in such newspapers in each 
county as may be designated by the Board of Supervisors. 

Besides the State Legislature, a limited power of enacting laws is possessed by the boards of 
supervisors in the several counties, by the common councils of cities, and by citizens generally 
assembled in town and school district meetings. 

The Board of Supervisors meets annually at the county seat, on the week following the 
general election, to canvass the votes for State and county officers ; it may hold special meetings at 
any time. It has power to appoint a clerk of the board, a county sealer of weights and measures, 
special commissioners for laying out roads, printers for publishing the general laws, inspectors of turn- 
pike and plank roads, and, in some counties, the Superintendent of the Poor, and other officers, and to 
fix the salaries of the county Judge and Surrogate, and of School Commissioners, (above |500, allowed 
by law, ) and, in some counties, the salary of the District Attorney ; to establish the bounds of assembly 
and school commissioner districts, to fix upon town meeting days,' to make orders concerning property 
owned by the county, and to repair or rebuild the county buildings ; to audit and settle charges against 
the county, and the accounts of town officers ; to equalize assessments and levy taxes to meet county 
expenses, and for such special purposes as may be directed by law. It also has power to alter the 
bounds of towns, and to erect new towns ; to change the location of the county seat and purchase sites 
for the erection of new buildings ; and to examine annually the securities held by loan commis- 
sioners. It may pass laws for the preservation of game or fish, and for the destruction of noxious 
animals, and perform such other duties as may be from time to time authorized by law. 



STEUBEN COUNTY.— Three Distkicts. 

1. Avoca, Bath, Bradford, Conliocton, Prattsburgh, Pulteney, 

Urbana, Wayne, and Wheeler. 

2. Addison, Cameron, Campbell. Caton. Corning. Erwin, Hornby, 

Lindley, Rathlione, Thurston, and Woodhull. 

3. Canisteo, Dansville, Fremont, Greenwood. Ilomellsville, 

Howard, UartsYille, Jasper, Troupsburgh, West Union, and 
Wayland. 

SUFFOLK COUNTT.— Two Distkicts. 
]. East Hampton, Riverhead, Shelter Island, Southampton, 

and Southold. 
2 Brookhaven, Huntington, Islip, and Smithtown. 

ULSTER COUNTY.— Three Districts. 

1. Hurley, Kingston, and Saugerties. 

2. Esopus, Gardiner, Lloyd. Marbletown. Marlborough, New 

Palfz, Plattekill. Rosendale, and Shawangunk. 

3. Denning, ILirdenburgh. Olive, Rochester, Sbandaken, Wa- 

warsing, and Woodstock. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Argyle. Cambridge. Easton, Fort Edward, Greenwich, Jack- 

son. Salem, and White Creek. 

2. Dresden, Fort Ann, Granville, Hampton, Hartford, H-sbron, 

Kingsbury, Putnam, and Whitehall. 

WAYNE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 

1. Butler, Galen, Huron, Lyons, Rose, SaTannah, Sodus, and 

Wolcott. 

2. Arcadia, Macedon, Marion,- Ontario, Palmyra, Walworth, 

and Williamson. 

WESTCHESTER COUNTY.- Three Distkicts. 

1. East Chester, Morrisania, Westchester, West Farms, and 

Yonkers. 

2. Greenburgh, Harrison, Mamaroneck, Mount Pleasant, New 

Rochellc. North Castle, Pelham, ]*oundridge. Rye, Scars- 
dale, and White Plains. 

3. Bedford, Cortlandt, Lewisboro, New Castle, North Salem, 

Ossining, Somers, and Yorktown. 



1 TOWN MEETINGS. 
Town meetings are held on the same day throughout the county ; and the time may be changed once in 3 years. The town 
meetings must come between the 1st day of Feb. and the 1st of May. They are at present all held on Tuesdays, as follows : — 



Counties. 


Tuesdays upon ichicfi Tuum 
Meetings are held. 


CODOTIES. 


Ihtesday 8 upon which Town 
Meetings are held. 


Counties. 


Tuesdays upon which Town 
Meetings are held. 


Albany 

Allegany. ... 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua 
Chemung.... 
Chenango... 

Clinron 

Columbia.... 

Cortland 

Delaware. ... 

Dutchess 

Erie 


2d in April. 

2d in March. 

2d in Feb. 

Last in Feb. 

Ist after 1st Mon. in Mar. 

3d in Feb. 

2d after Ist Mon. in Feb. 

Ist in March. 

1st in March. 

1st in March. 

3d in Feb. 

2d in Feb. 

2d in March. 

Ist in March. 

1st in March. 

1st in Feb. 

2d in Feb. 

Ist in March. 

Ist in Feb. 

1st in Feb. 


Herkimer.... 
Jefferson 


1st in March. 

3d in Feb. 

l6t in AprU. 

3d in Feb. 

let in April. 

1st in March. 

lat after let Mon. in Mar. 

2d in Feb. 

2d in April. 

1st in March. 

3d in Feb. 

Ist after let Mon. in April. 

1st in March. 

1st in April. 

let in March. 

let in March. 

Istafterlst Mob. in April. 

Ist in April. 

Ist in March. 


Richmond ... 

Rockland 

St. LawTence 

Saratoga 

Schenectady 
Schoharie ... 

Schuyler 

Senec-a 

Steuben 

Suffolk. 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins ... 

Ulster 

"Warren 

"Washington 

AVavno 

"Westchester 
Wyoming.... 


2d in Feb. 

2d in April. 

2(1 in Feb. 

1st in March. 

Ist in April. 

3d in Feb. 

2d in Feb. 

2d in March. 

2d in Feb. 

Ist in April. 

1st after Ist Mon. in Mjit. 

Ist in Feb. 

Ist in April. 

1st in March. 

1st in April. 

let in March. 

Ist in March. 

Last in March. 

Last in Feb. 

Last in Feb. 


Lewis 

Li\ing8ton._ 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery 
New York... 
Niagara 


Onondaga. ... 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 


Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton... 


Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer... 





At these meetings are elected, by ballot, a supervisor, torwn 
clerk, 4 justices, (with exceptions named on pi^e 34, 3 assess- 
ors, (for 3 years, 1 annually,) a collector. 1 or 2 overseers of poor, 
(at the option of the town, excepting Montgomery and Kings 
cos- that are not inclnded in the general law.) 1 or 3 com- 
missioners of highways, (if 3, one elected annually for S years.) 
not more than 5 ronstables and 2 inspectors of election for 



each election district, a third being appointed by the pre- 
siding officer of the town meetings from the two having 
the next highest vote. The town of Manlius elects 7 con- 
stables. Each town at its annual meeting also elects by ayes 
and noes, or otherwise, as many overseera of highways as there 
are road districts, and as many pound masters as the electors 
may determine. 



STATE GOVERNMKNT. 



31 



The Common Council in each of the cities has jurisdiction over municipal affairs within 
limits fixed by law, and observes the usual formalities of legislative bodies in its proceedings. Two 
aldermen are generally elected from each ward, who, with the mayor, constitute the Common 
Council ; but the organization of no two cities is in this respect exactly alike.' The enactments 
of the Common Council are usually termed " ordinances," and have the force of law. The council 
usually has the appointment of a large class of minor city officers, including the keepers of parks 
and public buildings, inspectors of various kinds, and in some instances the officers and membora 
of the police and fire departments. These appointments are usually held at the pleasure of the 
appointing power. 

To'wn Meetings may pass laws regulating roads and bridges, the height offences, the support 
of the poor, the range of animals, the destruction of noxious weeds, the preservation of town pro- 
perty, and for such other purposes as may be directed by special acts. Every town is a corporate 
body, may sue and be sued, may hold and convoy lands within its limits for purposes specified 
by law, and may appropriate moneys for public objects within the tovm. 

ScbOOl Districts, at regular meetings, may pass rules concerning the support of schools, 
employment of teachers, repairs, supplies, and similar affairs, which have the force of law. 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The Governor is elected once in two years.^ lie is commander- 
in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State, and possesses 
the sole power of granting pardons and commutations of sentence 
after conviction.^ lie issues requisitions for the return of crimi- 
nals in other States, and he is authorized to offer rewards for the 
arrest of criminals within this State. He annually communicates 
to tlie Legislature, at the commencement of each session, a state- 
ment of the condition of the public departments, and such other 
matters as he may deem necessai-y. On extraordinary occasions 
he may convene the Senate or Legislature.* Within ten days after 
its passage by the Legislature, he may veto any act, by returning it 
to the house in which it originated, with his objections; and such act 

can become a law only by the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses.^ 

The Governor nominates, for appointment by the Senate, a large class of State and county and a 

few military officers,* and may fill vacancies occurring in these ofl[ices during the recess of the Senate. 

Some other classes of officers are appointed by the Governor alone, — generally for specific terms, 

but in some cases during pleasure. He may also fill vacancies occurring in elective offices, and 




1 In New York, theCommon Council consists of two branches, — 
the Board of Aldermen, consisting of 17 members, chosen for 2 
years; dud the Board of Conncilmen, consisting of 24 members, 
chosen annually, 6 from each senatorial district. Each of these 
branches elects one of its own number president; and the mayor 
pttssesses a veto power upon their laws analogous to that of the 
Governor upon those of the Stjite Legislature. 

3 To bo eligible to the office of Governor a person must be a 
citizen of the V. S., a resident of the State for the last 5 j'ears 
previous to election, and must have attained the age of 30 years. 
The colonial governors of N. Y. were appointed by the crown. 
Under the Constitution of 1777 they were elected for 3 years and 
were required to be freeholders. Under the Constitution of 1822, 
the governor was elected for 2 years, and, in addition to the pre- 
sent qualifications, was required to lie a native of the U.S. and a 
freeholder. 

Under the first State Constitution electors were classified, and 
only those owning freehold property worth $250 and upward 
were allowed to vote for Senators and Governor. The aggregate 
of the several classes at different periods has been as follows : — 





■8 


o 


6oA . 








1 


o 


11^ 


g 
















Years. 


«l 


.« 


I'll 


1 


Total. 




11 


11 




s 




1T90 


19.369 


23.426 


14.674 


138 


67.606 


1795 


36.3.'?8 


4.S38 


22,698 


243 


64.017 


1801 


62.068 


6.204 


28.522 


63 


S,i.907 


1807 


71.1iJ9 


5,800 


44..3.30 


88 


121.2,89 


1814 


87.491 


e.S.'il 


69.104 


20 


l.')1.846 


1821 


100,490 


8,985 


93,036 


20 


202.510 



3 In cases of treason and impeachment the Governor can only 
suspend ecntence until the next session of the Legislature, that 
body alone poesessiug the pardoniug power in such cases. Under 
the Constitution of 1777, the same restriction was applied in cases 
of murder. 

* He also possessed nnder the Constitution of 1777 the power 
to prorogue the Legislature for a period not exceeding 60 days 
in one year. This was once done by Gov. Tompkins, to defeat 
the passage of a bank charter, but without sucLcea. 

5 The first court created a council of revision, consisting of 
the Governor, Chancellor, and judges of the Supreme Court, 
who sat with closed doors and observed the usual formalities 
of legislative proceedings. During the continuance of this 
council it rejected 144 bills, several of which became laws not- 
withstanding. 

6 The fLillowing officers are appointed by the Governor 
and Senate : — 1 Superintoudent of Bank Department, 1 Au- 
ditor of Canal Department, 3 Canal Appraisers, 1 Superin- 
tendent of Onondaga Salt Springs, 6 Commissioners of Emi- 
gration, 5 Commissioners of Metropolitan Police, 11 Harbor 
Maators, 9 Wardens of the Port of New York, 2 Special 
Mardeus to reside at Quarantine, 1 Harbor Master at Al- 
bany, 1 Health Officer at Quarantine, 1 Physician of Mariue 
Hospital, 1 Agent for the Onondaga Nation, 1 Attorney to 
Seneca Nation, directors in certain banks of which tlie State 
holds stock according to the amount held, as many Ilellgate 
pilots as the Board of Wardens may recommend. 5 trustees of 
the Idiot Aaj'ium, trustees of State Lunatic Asylum. 2 com 
missioners in each co. for loaning moneys of the United States, 
as many notaries public as the law may allow or the Governor 
determine, and such other officers and special commissioners as 
are required from time to time by law. He appoints field 
officers of regiments and generals of brigades, when such regi- 
ments and brigades are not fully organized. Under the firet 
constitution, almost every civil and military office was filled by 
the Council of Appointment, consisting of the Governor and 4 
Senators, chosen annually by the Assembly. In 1821, 8^7 



32 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 




may remove, under limitations prescribed by statute, most State and county officers.^ He has a 
private secretary, with a salary of §2000, a clerk and a doorkeeper. 

Tbe liteutenant Governor is elected at the same time as the Governor, and must possess 
the same qualifications. He discharges the duties of Governor when a vacancy occurs in that office. 
He is President of the Senate, having the casting vote in that body, a Commissioner of the Canal 
Fund and of the Land Office, a member of the Canal Board, a trustee of the Idiot Asylum and of 
Unitm College, a Regent of the University, and a trustee of the Capitol and State Hall. 

^-^ =^^^ ^ The Secretary of State^ is keeper of the State archives ; 

is a Regent of the University, a Commissioner of the Land Office 
and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the 
Board of State Canvassers, a trustee of the State Idiot Asylum, 
of Union College, of the Capitol, and of the State Hall. He has 
specific duties in relation to the publication and distribution of 
the laws ; the issuing of patents for land, of commissions, par- 
dons, and peddlers' licenses ; the filing of the declarations of 
aliens, and the articles of association of companies under gene- 
ral laws; issuing notices of elections, receiving and reporting 
statistics of pauperism and crime from sheriffs and county 
clerks, and furnishing certified copies of laws and other docu- 
ments in his office. He administers the oath of office to members of the Assembly, and other 
State officers. His deputy is ex officio Clerk of the Commissioners of the Land Office. 

The Comptroller^ is the auditor of the public accounts, 
excepting those payable from the Canal and Bank Funds ; a Com- 
missioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund ; a member of 
the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a 
trustee of the Idiot Asylum, of Union College, of the Capitol, and 
State Hall. He has responsible duties in relation to the payment 
of appropriations made l^y the Legislature, the collection of 
taxes, and sale of lands sold for taxes, the management of funds, 
supervision of fire and life insurance companies, loaning of 
moneys, and other duties connected with the finances of the State. 
He reports annually to the Legislature the condition of the public 
funds, the receipts and expenses of the State, the condition of 
insurance companies, and upon such other matters as he may from time to time be called upon by 
the Legislature for information. He has a deputy, an accountant, and about a dozen clerks. 

TTie Treasurer* receives all moneys paid into the treasury, and pays all warrants of the Comp- 
troller, Auditor of the Canal Department, Superintendent of the Bank Department, and Superintendent 
of Public Instruction. He is a Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member 
of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College. He has 
a deputy, and two or three clerks. 
Tlie Attorney General^ is the legal prosecutor and adviser in behalf of the State. He is a 




military and 6,663 civil officers held nnder this appointment, 
and most of them at will. From 1822 to lS46,the Governor and 
i^enate appointed, in addition to moat of those it now appointa, 
all judicial officers, except justices. Masters and Examiners in 
Chancery, Supreme Court Commissioners, inspectors for com- 
mercial purposes, Commissioners of Deeds, several city officers, 
and State Prison inspectors. 

1 Representatives in Congress and members of the State Legis- 
lature can be elected only. Th(> Goveroor a]>points. on his own 
authority. Commissioners for taking acknowledgments of Deeds 
in other States and countries, wreck masters, and certain com- 
missioners directed to be appointed for special purposes. 

3 The Secretary of State waa formerly Clerk of the Council of 
Appointment and of the Council of Revision, and from 1S23 to 
1^4 was Superintendent of Schools. In colonial times he was 
appointed by the crown; from 1777 to 1822, by the Council of 
Appointment; and from 1822 to 1846, by the Legislature. 

s This office was created in 1797, in place of that of Auditor 
Oeneral, formed by the Provincial Convention; but it was not 
permanently organized until 1812. The Comptroller was ap- 
pointed by the Council of Appointment until 1822. when the 
appointing power was chnnged to the Legislature and the tenure 
3f the office fixed at 3 years. 

* The office of Treasurer, nnder the colonial government and 
early years of State government, was a very important one ; and 
for many years after 1777, the Treasurer was appointed by spe- 
cial act from year to year. About the beginning of the present 



century, the defalcation of a Treasurer occasioned a revision of 
the law creating the department; and. from his being the prin- 
cipal financial officer of the government, the Treasurer became 
the most unimportant, and his powers were narrowed down to 
the pa>Tnent of the drafts of other officers. For many years 
previous to 1822 he was appointed by the Council of Revision : 
and from 1S22 to 1846. by the Legislature. The accounts of the 
Treasurer are annually comimred with those of tlie Comptroller, 
Superintendent of Dank Department, and Auditor of the Canal 
Department, by a commissioner ajipointed for the purpose; and 
these officers thus become a check upon each other. The Trea- 
surer may be suspended for cause, by the Governor, in the receea 
of the Legislature. 

6 This office has existed almost from the beginning of tlie 
Colonial Government. It was filled by the Council of Appoint- 
ment from 1777 to 1822. and by the Legislature, with a term of 
3 years, from 1S22 to 1846. The Attorney General originally 
attended the circtiits of Oyer and Terminer, as prosecutor in 
criminal suits, until 1706, when the State was divided into 8 
districts, to each of which an assistant Attorney General was 
appointed, except in New York, where the head officer 
officiated personally. In 1818 each co. was made a separate 
district, and a District Attorney was appointed in each. Th« 
Attorney General still occasion;illy attends upon important 
criminal trials ; but his time is chiefly occupied in civil suits in 
which the State is a party. 



STATE GOVERNMENT. 



33 



Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the 
Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College, of the Capitol, and State Hall. He baa 
a deputy and a clerk. 

The State Engineer and Surveyor' has charge of the engineering department of the 
canals and such land surveys as involve the interests of the State. He reports annually the statistics 
of these departments and of railroads. He is a Commissioner of the Land Office, a member of the 
Canal Board and Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College and the State Hall. 
He must be a practical engineer. He is assisted by a deputy and 3 clerks. 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

United States Courts.— The second of the U. S. Courts comprises New York, Vermont, 
and Connecticut. A court is held twice a year in each State by a Justice of the Supreme Court 
and the District Judge of the district in which the court sits. 

The State of New York is divided into two Judicial Districts, in each of which is held a District 
Court.'' The officers of this court in each district are a District Judge, Attorney, Marshal, and 
Clerk. In the Southern District a term is held in each month, at New York ; and in the Northern 
District one term is held each year at Albany, Utica, Auburn, and Buffalo, and one term annually 
in St. Lawrence, Clinton, or Franklin co., as the Judge may direct.' These courts have nearly 
concurrent original jurisdiction in all matters in which tlie United States is a party ; and they take 
cognizance of offenses against the laws of the U. S. An appeal lies from the District to the Circuit 
Coui-t, and thence to the Supreme Court. 

State Courts. — The State Courts consist of a Court for the 
Trial of Impeachments, tjie Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court 
and Court of Oyer and Terminer, the County Court and Court of 
Sessions, Justices' Courts, and City Courts. 

Tlie Court for tlie Trial of Impeacbnients consists 
of the Senate and the Judges of the Court of Appeals. Its judg- 
ments extend only to removal of officials and to disqualification for 
holding office.* Parties impeached are liable to all the penalties 
of the civil and criminal laws. This court is a court of record ; its 
meetings are held at Albany. 




county, 
Union. 



The Court of Appeals,' instituted in 1847, is wmposed of 8 
judges, 4 of whom are elected, (one every 2 years.) and 4 of whom are 
the Judges of the Supreme Court having the shortest term to serve. 
The judge elected having the shortest term to serve is Chief Judge; 

(and 6 judges constitute a quorum. This court has power to correct 
and reverse all proceedings of the Supreme Court, or of the former 
Supreme Court, and Court of Chancery. It holds 4 terms a year 
at the Capital; and every 2 years one term must be held in 
each Judicial District. Its clerk has an office in the State Hall, 
where the records of this and former State and Colonial Courts are 
preserved. The State Reporter prepares for the press and pub- 
lishes the decisions of the court, copies of which are sent to each 
and franked, under the Governor's hand, to each of the other States and Territories of the 




1 ThiB office takes the place of that of " Surveyor General" 
which existed under the colony. In the earlif-r years of the 
State Government, numerous and responsible duties were im- 
posed upon this officer, under acts for the sale and settlenieut 
ol" lands, the adjustment of disputed titles, boundaries, and In- 
dian claims, laying out roads, and business relating to the salt 
Bprinf^s. reserved village plats, and other State property. These 
duties were discharged from 1784 to 1834 by Simeon De Witt, 
witli great integrity and success. 

The' Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney 
General, and State Engineer are elected biennially at the .=ame 
time, — their eItK:tion occurring on alternate years from those 
of the election of the Governor and Lieut. Governor. 

^ Unittd States District Courts, — There are two Districts within 
thia State. The Southern District embraces Columbia, Greene, 



Ulster, Sullivan, and the counties South. Tlie Northern Dis- 
trict embraces the remainder of the State. 

8 The United States has caused or ordered buildings to bo 
erected in part for the occonimodation of these courts at New 
York, Utica. Butfalo, Ogdensburgh, Canandaigua, and Platts- 
burgh. These edifices are of the most substantial kind, and 
gener.ally fireproof. 

* This court has assembled but once. In 1853 it was con- 
vened for the trial of impeachment of John C. Mather, Canal 
Commissioner. He was acquitted, 

6 t^m^tituii'jn. Art. VT, Stic. 2. Tliis court takes the placo 
of the ferinr^r '' Cnurt for the Cnrreetion of Errors'' and in scvno 
respects fills that of the old Supreme Court and Court of Chan- 
cery. 



34 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Tbe Supreme Court. — The State is divided into 8 Judicial DistrictSjMn each of which, ex- 
cept the first, 4 justices are elected. The clerks of counties are clerks of this court. It has general 
jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review the judgments of the County Courts and of 
the former Court of Common Pleas. This court has three distinct branches, — General TermB, 
Special Terms, and Circuits. The General Term held by three or more of the Supreme Judges, 
including the presiding judge, is an appellate court for the review of cases from the courts below, 
and for deciding solely upon questions of law. Special Terms are held by one Supreme Judge, 
without a jury, for the decision of equity cases; and Circuit Courts are held by one Supreme 
Judge, with a jury, for the trial of issues of fact. At least four general terms of this court are 
held in each district every year. Every county (except Hamilton) has at least one special and two 
circuit courts annually. A general term of the Supreme Court is held at the Capital in January of 
each alternate year, for the purpose of arranging the terms of all the Circuit Courts and Couns of 
Oyer and Terminer, of assigning the business and duties of the justices, and revising the rules of 
the court. 

County Courts are held by the County Judge," assisted by two justices of the peace elected 
annually for the purpose. The judge performs the duty of surrogate, except in counties where the 
population exceeds 40,000, in which the Legislature may provide for the election of a separate 
officer as surrogate.* The Legislature may direct the election of local officers, not exceeding two in 
any county, to discharge the duties of judge and surrogate in case of inability or vacancy in that office, 
and to exercise such other powers as may be provided by law.* Judges and surrogates receive a 
salary fixed by the Supervisors, and which cannot be increased during their term of office. 

County Courts have jurisdiction in civil cases when the real estate, or all the defendants, or all 
the parties interested are within the co., and where the action of debt,assumpsit,or covenant claimed 
is not above $2,000, or in actions for injury to the person, or trespass upon property, where the 
damage claimed does not exceed $500; or in replevin suits where the value claimed is not above 
$1,000. These courts have equity jurisdiction for the foreclosure of mortgages, the sale of the real 
estate of infants, tlie partition of lands, admeasurement of dower, the satisfaction of judgment« 
over $75, and the care and custody of lunatics and habitual drunkards. Surrogate's Courts are 
held by the County Judge or Surrogate, (in counties where the latter is elected,) and have the ordi- 
nary jurisdiction of Courts of Probate. 

Justices' Courts are held by justices of the peace, who have jurisdiction in civil suits where 
the sum claimed does not exceed $100 in value.* They have jurisdiction in criminal cases for im- 
posing fines to the amount of $50, and of inflicting imprisonment in the county jail for a term not 
exceeding 6 months.® 

Tribunals of Conciliation may be established, and their powers and duties prescribed 
by law ; but their judgments ai'e not obligatory unless the parties previously agree to abide by 
Buch decision.' 

City Courtfii. In each of the cities and in several of the larger villages are courts of local 
jurisdiction organized under special laws.* 



* New York State Judicial Districts under the Ad of May 8, 
1847:— 

1. City and County of New York. 

2. Dutcbeps, Kina;s, Orange, Pntnam. Queens, Richmond, Rock- 

land, Suffolk, and Westcbester Counties. 

3. Albany. Columbia, Greene, Renseelaer, Schoharie, Sullivan, 

and Ulster Counties. 

4. Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton. Mnntiiomery, 

St. Lawience, Saratoga, Schenectady, Warren, and Waaii- 
ington Counties. 
6. Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Oneida, Onondaga, and Oswego 
Counties. 

6. Broome, Chemung, Chenango. Cortland, Delaware, Madiflon, 

Otsego, Schuyler. Tioga, and Tompkins Counties. 

7. Caynga, Liviu'-rston, Monroe, Ontario, Seneca, Steuben,Wayue, 

and Yates Counties. 

8. Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, 

Orleans, and Wyoming Counties. 

* From 1777 to 1822 Judges were appointed by the Council of 
Appointment; and from 1822 to 1846, by the Governor and 
Senate. One in each co. was styled " First Judge ;" and a fixed 
anmber (subsequently 4) of others were called Judges. 

* Surrogates are elected in Albany, Cayuga. Chautauqua, 
Oolnrabia. Dutch'-ss, F.rie. Jefferson, Kings, Monroe. New York, 
Oneida. Onondaga. Ontario, Orange, Otsego, Rensselaer, St. Law- 
rence, Saratoga, rister, Wa.-^hington, "Wyoming, and Yates cos. 

* Omstit^itinji, Art. VI, Sec. 15, Special acts have been passed 
for this purpose, as follows : — Special Judge and Special SJirro- 
gaU in Cayu;^a. Chautauqua, Jefferson, and Oswego, 1849; 
WaBfaingtoQ, 1856. Special Judffe in Oneida, Orange, St. Law- 



rence, and Tioga. 1849; Ulster, 1850; Chenango, 1851 ; SulIiTan, 
1854; Essex. 1857; and Tompkins, 1858. The term for which 
these officers are elected is 3 years, except in Chenango, Tomp- 
kins, and Ulster, in which it is 4 years. 

6 There are 4 justices elected iu each town except Champlain, 
Ellisburgh, Fort Ann, Hanover, Harmony, Hector. Lenox, Niag- 
ara. Pomfret. and Potsdam, which have each 5. and Brook- 
haven, which has 8. Justices were appointed by the Council of 
Appointment from 1777 to 1822. and by the Supervisors and 
JndgHfl from 1S24 to 1827. since which they have been electee! 

a Jin'isfid Statutes, Art. I, Title. 4, Chop. 2, Part 3. 

7 OmstituCirm. Art. VI, Sec. 23. 

8 The principal City Courts are as follows: — 

In Alhaiiy. — A Mayor''s Cburt. held by the Mayor, Recorder, 
and Aldermen, or the Mayor and Recorder jointly, or either 
of them singly. It is practically held by the Recorder only ; 
a Onirt of Special 5f'.';sio»5, held by the Recorder or County 
Judge, with on© or more Justices; a Justices' Cburt, held 
by 3 Justices elected for the purpose. Two Police Justices 
elected. 

In Auburn.— Jufitice^ and Police Courts. Three Justicea of tbe 
Peace elected. 

In Brooklyn.— The Ciiy Court., held by the City Judge; Pfy 
lice Oiwtft and Jiisiicrs' Punrts, for whose convenience 
the city is divided into 5 districts; ft Cburt of iSJ.vc*'a/ Ses- 
sions, held by a Justice or Police Justice. 

In Buffalo.— A Superior Court, held by 3 Justices ; Justices' 
and Police Oyui-ts. Eight Justices of the Peace and on« 
Police Justice elected. 



STATE GOVERNMENT. 



^ 



The ofiBcers in each county, auxiliary to the judiciary, are as follows :—' 

Tlie District Attorney,^ who is the official prusecutor in all criminal cases coming before 
the county courts, and has general duties in relation to suits in which the county has an interest. 

Tbe Slierifly who is charged with the preservation of the public peace and the execution of 
the orders of the courts. He has charge of the jail and prisoners, and appoints as many deputies as 
he may deem necessary. He can hold no other office, and is ineligible to the same office for the 
next 3 years after his term expires. He is required to give bonds, in default of which the office 
becomes vacant. 

Tlie County Clerli, who is made the keeper of the county records. He attends the courts and 
records their proceedings, records deeds and mortgages, liles papers and documents required by 
law to be preserved in his office, and is the medium of communication between, State and town 
officers. He is the clerk of the Supreme Court for his county. He appoints a deputy, who, when 
duly sworn, may discharge all his duties. 

Foiir Coroners, who are charged with the duty of inquiring into the cause of sudden deaths. 
Upon being notified, it is their duty to attend at the place where a dead body is found, summon a 
jury and witnesses, examine into the causes, and make a written report to the county clerk. They 
also have the sole power of issuing writs against sherifis. 

A Kegister, performing that part ;;f the duties of county clerks I'elating to the recording of 
conveyances and mortgages, is elected in New York, Kings, and Westchester counties ; and each 
of these appoints a deputy. 

Commissioners of Deeds, to take acknowledgments of deeds and legal documents, are ap- 
pointed by the Common Councils of cities in such numbers as they may decide, except in New York, 
where the number is limited to 300, and in Syracuse to 12.* 

JVotaries Public are appointed by the Governor and Senate for a term of 2 years, and have 
authority to demand and accept payment of foreign bills of exchange, and to protest the same for 
nonpayment, and to exercise the duties of Commissioners of Deeds. Their number is limited to 400 
in New York, 25 in Troy, and in other cities and towns as many as the Governor may deem proper. 

Criminal Courts. Courts for the trial of criminal cases consist of the Court of Oyer and 
Terminer connected with the circuit of the Supreme Court, the Court of Sessions connected with 
the County Court, City Criminal Courts, and Justices* Courts.* 

Courts of Oyer and Terminer consist of a Justice of the Supreme Court associated with 
the County Judge and two Justices of the Sessions, (except in New Y'ork City,) the Supreme Judge 
and two of the others constituting a quorum for trials. This court has original and general 
jurisdiction. ^ 

Courts of Sessions are held by the County Judge and two Justices of Sessions. They have 
jurisdiction over cases in which the imprisonment in case of conviction is less than ten years. 
The inferior City Courts and Justices' Courts have jurisdiction over petty criminal cases. 



Jn Hudson. — A Mayor'x Crnirt. held by the Mayor, Recorder, 
and Aldermen, or tlie Mayor and Rrcorder jointly or singly ; 
a Justices' Omrtj held by 2 Justices. Ouo I'olice Justice 
elect'-d. 

In NfW Torlc. — The Superior CouH, consiHting of a Chief 
Justice and 6 Justices; the Qmrt of Oomincni Pleas, com- 
posed of a Justices ; the Marine Onirt, comiiosed of 3 
Justices; the Oitirt of Oyn- and Terminer^ held by a 
Justice of the Sui'reme Court; the Court of General .Sf-H- 
Fians, held by the Recorder or City Judge; the Coui't of 
Special Sessums, held by the Kecorder or City Judge with- 
out a jury; Police (hu7-ts, held by Special Justices in 4 
separate districts : and Justices' or l>istrict Courts, held 
in (i separate districts. 

In Ostvrgn. — A Itfcordrr's Court, held by the Recorder, or. In 
his absence, by the Mayor or any two Aldermen : a Court 
of Special Sessions, held by the Kecorder. Two Justices 
elected. 

In Pouglikcepsie. — Justices' and Police Courts. 

In Ifochester. — Juxtices' and Police Courts. Three Justices of 
the Peace and 1 Police Justice elected. 

In Sclienectady. — Justices' and Police Courts. Four Justices 
elected. 

In Syracuse. — JusOceji^ and Pulice Orurts. Tliroo Justices of 
the Peace and 1 Police Justice elected. 

In Troy. — A Mayor's Cum-t, held by the Mayor, Recorder, and 
Aldermen, or the Mayor and Kecorder jointly, or either 
singly. Practiailly it is held by the Recorder: a Justicei' 
Court, held by 3 Justices elected for the pui-pose. 

In Utica. — A Pecordtr's Court, held by the liecordi-r; a Court 
of Special Sessions, held by the Kecorder and 2 Aldermen. 
Four Justices and 1 Police Justice elected. 
1 By an act parsed April 14, 18.^2. the supervisors may detor- 

miue whether this shall be a salaried office, and may Hx the com- 



pensation. In the absence of such action, the District Attorney 
is paid by fees. 

2 Constitution, Art. X, Sec. 1. From 1777 to 1822 sheriffs wer© 
appointed annually by the Oovernor and Council, and could not 
hold the office more than 4 snccessive years. They have be«D 
elected since 1S22. 

* In towns the duties of the office are performed by justices of 
the peace. Special commissionerf. for this service were appointed 
in the several cos. by the Council of Appointment under the first 
Constitution, and by the Oovernor and Senate under the Cooetitn- 
tion of 1821. The Governor may appoint, for a term of 4 years, 
any number of persons not exceeding 5, in any city or co. of other 
States and of Canada, to take ackuowledgmcnta of instruments 
or conveyances to be recoided in this State. The consuls, vice- 
consuls, and ministers of the U. S. in foreign countries, the 
mayors of London. Liverpool, and Dublin, the provost of Ediu 
burgh, and pL-rsons appointed by the Governor, not exceeding 
3 in each of the cirles of London, Liverpool. Glasgow, J'aris. and 
Marseilles, may also perform this duty, and administer oaths or 
affirmations substantiating proofs to documents requiring to bo 
recorded or to be produced in evidence within this State. 

* In 1829. CO. clerks were requireil to report to the Secretary 
of State a transcript of all convictinns and the acutenccs thercou. 
The intention of this act was to establish evidence in casn of the 
trial of the same jicrson for a second offense, in which the punish- 
ment for the same crimes is enhanced in severity. In l.s;i7.the 
Secretary of State was re<iuired to report a statement of all con- 
victions reported under this act. and annually alterward to lay 
before the Legislature a like summary. In 18:;9. sheriffs were 
also required to report the name, occupation, age. sex. and native 
country of every person convicted, and such other iiiliuniatioo 
a» niiglit indicate degree of education, the vUvcV of hinnr influ- 
ences, and such other details us might be rO(]uired. Under the 
ftdministratioD of K. W. Leavenworth, the statintics of crime 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Under the head of the Administrative Department are classed the officers charged with the 
general administration of the affairs of canals, of State prisons, of the salt springs, of academic and 
common school education, and other public interests, each of which is particularly noticed elsewhere. 
It also includes a variety of other offices, the principal of which are as follows: — 

Tlie County Treasurer is charged with the duty of receiving all moneys collected by tax, or 
otherwise payable into the county treasury, of paying all orders issued by the Supervisors, and of 
accounting to the Comptroller of the State for such moneys as are due to the State treasury. He 
is required to give bonds ; and in case of vacancy the office is filled by appointment of the Super- 
visors until the January following the next general election. 

Superintendents of tUe Poor have charge of the county poor and of the poorhouses, 
unless otherwise provided by law. The Supervisors may elect to have 1 or 3 superintendents. In 
several of the counties, special laws exist with regard to this ofiice.' 

Commissioners of Excise are appointed by the County Judge and the two Associate 
Justices, except in New York, where the Chief Justice of the Superior Court, the presiding Judge of 
the Court of Common Pleas, and the Recorder, have the appointing power. They meet annually on 
the third Tuesday of May, to grant licenses for selling liquors and keeping inns under restrictions 
fixed by law. This office was created April 16, 1857. Twenty freeholders must unite in a peti- 
tion for a license ; and the same person can sign but one petition. Licenses cost $30 to $250 
each. 



from the first reports to, and including, 1854 were published, 
which gave the followlDg results : — 

iV(!«j york State Prisrtn received from 1798 to 1827 inclusive, 
3,879 prisoners : died. 765; escaped, 25; sentence expiated, 1,262; 
pardoned. 3,160 ; removed, 348 : natives of N. H., 99 ; Vt., 114 ; 
Mass., 392; R.I.. 110; Ct., 391; N.Y.. 2,426; N.J., 314; Penn., 
234; Del.,21; Md., 76 ; Va., 69; other States, 43; B.A.,87; W.I., 
141; S.A.,12; Eng,,247; Ire., 685; Scot., 79; Oer.,58; Hoi., 22; 



Fr„49; Spain, 6; Italy, 13; Portugal, 6; Sweden, 10; Norway, 
2; other Kuropean countries, 18 ; Africa, 26; E.I.,8; unknown, 
152 : crimes against the person, 280 ; against property, with vio- 
lence. 291; without violence, 4,016; forgery, and against the cur- 
rency, 728. Sentence varied from 7 mo. to life, the most being 
as follows: 1 year, 242; 2 years. 259; 3 years, 581; 3 years 1 day, 
278; 4 years. 604; 6 years, 764; 7 years, 820; 10 years, 294; 14 
years, 239; life, 603. 



Convictions in Courts of Record from 1830 to 1856. 



Years. 




i 

III 


1 


1 

It? 

■<i<;iS 


i 

1 
1 


1 


Years. 


•si 
II 


.Pi 


ii 

Hi 


-3 

. e 

•ill 
III 


si 
1 
s 


1 
1.689 


18.30... 


237 


101 


602 


74 


144 


1,068 


1846... 


471 


177 


467 


64 


620 


18,31... 


243 


93 


464 


63 


94 


957 


1846... 


S84 


138 


471 


38 


440 


1,471 


1832... 


289 


79 


440 


60 


98 


966 


1847... 


386 


132 


396 


24 


408 


1,296 


1833... 


362 


75 


462 


61 


163 


1,113 


1848... 


437 


120 


612 


33 


425 


1,527 


18.34... 


217 


99 


355 


53 


148 


872 


1,S49... 


397 


160 


645 


44 


404 


1,.540 


1835... 


287 


92 


428 


34 


237 


1,076 


1850... 


397 


199 


621 


36 


410 


1.603 


1836... 


316 


86 


379 


32 


160 


063 


1851... 


409 


148 


475 


49 


401 


1,482 


1837... 


393 


124 


477 


52 


145 


1,191 


18.52... 


412 


228 


480 


48 


434 


1.602 


1838... 


298 


112 


472 


42 


164 


1.086 


1R53... 


483 


186 


673 


62 


563 


1..S46 


1839... 


2S7 


115 


479 


61 


ISO 


1,118 


1854... 


432 


189 


691 


75 


836 


2.122 


1840... 


463 


120 


437 


49 


274 


1,.343 


1855... 


397 


278 


686 


37 


644 


1.842 


1841... 


468 


121 


460 


49 


427 


1,615 


1866... 


432 


248 


673 


49 


212 


1.614 


1842... 


4.84 


176 


604 


63 


376 


1,602 


1867... 


475 


350 


607 


64 


158 


1,654 


1843... 


408 


244 


504 


78 


3.36 


1.670 


1868... 


436 


332 


617 


90 


237 


1,712 


1844... 


394 


172 


489 


60 


312 


1,427 

















Of the 1712 convicted in 185S, 1582 were malea and 130 females. 
Theniimbcrof convictions reported by sheriffs falls short of that 
by clerkfl for the obvious reason that many who are fined pay 
down their penalties and never come into the sheriff's hands. 
Theexcees reported by clerks from 1S39 to 1S5-4 varied from 172 
to 1.000 annually. Males form about 94 per cent, of all con- 
Tictions reported by clerks, 93^ per cent, of those reported by 
eheriffs. and 85 per cent, of those convicted in courts of special 
Beesions. The results of trial compared with total indictments 
have varied In different years within the following limits: — 
Ratio of convictions to indictments 693 to 689. 

" acquittals '* 219 to 380. 

" disagreement of juries " 013 to .025. 

" convict'ns on confess'n " .182 to .390. 

The least number of convictions reported from 1829 to 1855. in 
proportion to population, was In 1834. when it was 1 to 2,444. 
The greatest number was in 1845, when it waa 1 to 1,542. 

Pardons. — The number of pardons granted from 1778 to 1854 
inchisive, was 8,793; of which 160 were from fines, 160 from fines 
and imprisonment. 1,285 from jails and local prisons. 6,747 from 
State prison Ibr term of years, and 559 from State prison for life. 
Of th<^ whole number, 1,64J) were conditioned mostly to leaving 
the State or U. S.. 807 were restored to rights of citizens, 59 wore 
respited from capital offenses. The pardoning power has been 
■xeicised as tbllows : — 



George Clinton 308 

John Jay 160 

Morgan Lewis 213 

Daniel D. Tompkins 1,693 

John Taylor 223 

De Witt Chnton. 2,289 

Joseph C.Yates 291 

Nathaniel Pitcher 228 

Martin Van Buren 34 

Enoa T. Throop 415 



Wm. L. Marcy 834 

Wm. H. Seward 377 

Wm. C. Bonck 279 

Silas "Wright 282 

John Young 268 

Hamilton Fi?h 97 

Washington Hunt 346 

Horatio Seymo\ir 456 

Myron H.Clark 530 

John A. King. 426 



1 The salary of these ofBcers, where there is but one in a 
county, is fixed by the Supervisors ; but in those counties where 
there are 3 they are usually paid for the time employed. 
Albany has none. Chemung. Clinton, Dutchess, Essex, Frank- 
lin. FiiU'on, Genesee, HcrK-imer, Jefferson. Montgomery, Orange, 
Orleans. Otsego, Putnam, Sclienectady, Schuyler, Sullivan, and 
UlsU'r, have each one; and those in italic are appointed by 
Supervisors. In early times each town supported its own poor, 
and where persona who had not acquired residence became 
chargeable, they were sent from torni to town back to the place 
where they had formerly resided. A very able report was pre- 
sented to the Senate by J. V. N. Yates, Secretary of State, Feb. 
9. 1824, upon the subject of the "laws for the relief and settle- 
ment of the poor," in which he advised the erection of one or 
more bouses of employment in each co., in which paupers might 



STATE GOVERNMENT. 



37 



State Assessors. — The object of the offir^e is to collect the necessary statistics among the 
several counties to enable the Board of Equalization to equalize the State tax among the several 
counties, and fis the amount of real and personal estate upon which the State tax shall be levied. 
The Assessors are appointed by the Government and Senate, and hold office for three years. 

The Board of Equalization consists of the Commissioners of the Land OiEce, and the 
State Assessors. It meets at Albany on the first Tuesday of September of each year, for the pur- 
pose of equalizing the taxes, &c. 



be maintained and employed at the county charge, and that 
children at suitable ages should bo put out to Bome useful trade. 
An act was accordingly passed Nov. 27, 1S24, authorizing the 
establishment of county poorhouses. In most of the counties 
Buch institutions were established within a few years. They 
were located upon farms, ■which were designed to be worked, aa 
far as practicable, by the inmates. The towns in Queens and 
Suffolk counties have mostly town poorhouses, and in these there 
are no county establishments of this kind. The county of 
Albany supports its poor at the city almshouse. 



In most counties a distinction is made between town and 
county poor, the former including those who have gained a resi- 
dence ; and this distinction may bo made or not, at the option of 
the Board of Supervisors. Temporary relief may be extended 
in cases where the pauper cannot be removed, or for other 
causes satisfactory to the Superintendents. Towns may vote at 
town meetings the sum estimated to be necessary lor the support 
of their own poor. 

The following tables and summaries are from the laat annual 
Report of the Secretary of State : — 



Statistics of Poorhouses and of the Support of the Poor ^ for the year ending Dec. 1, 1858. 



Counties. 



Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus „ 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua- 
Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Esses _... 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Ilamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston. ... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery., 

New York 

Niagara 

Oneida.. 

Ononda^ 

Ontario , 

Orange , 

Orleans 

Oswego I 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer .... 

Richmond 

Rockland , 

St. Lawrence 

Saratoga 

Schenectady . 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca. , 

Steuben , 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westchester . 

Wyoming 

Yates , 



I! 
Ill 



183 
130 
200 

96 
171.8 
175 
172 

90 
204i 
118 
200 
106 
164 
100 
162 

89 
134 
130 



65 

107 

"m 

118 

172 
134 
150 

'i20' 
150 

36i 
212 
267 
107 

60 
170 
196 



144 

125 
47 
130 
200 
113 
110 



128i 
200 



100 
60 
100 
140 
200 
174 
193 
165 
111 
123 



i^va 



$10,000 00 

8,000 00 

6,500 00 

20,000 00 

12,000 00 

13.000 00 

6,000 00 

3,000 00 

35,000 00 

6,800 00 

6,000 00 

15.000 00 

49,091 00 

4,500 00 

4,639 75 

8,000 00 

8,000 00 

10,000 00 

10,000 00 

14,000 00 

400,000 00 

3,600 00 
18,000 00 
16,500 00 
40,376 16 

7,600 00 

12,000 00 
8,100 00 
16,000 00 
21,200 00 
25,000 00 
10,113 75 
4,350 00 
15,360 00 
10,000 00 

29.000 00 

21,000 00 

11,000 00 

7,200 00 

6,000 00 

8,000 00 

6,000 00 



16J)00 00 
10,000 00 



1,500 00 
6,000 00 
6,000 00 
9,000 00 
2,600 00 

12,000 00 
7.620 00 

35.600 00 
5,000 00 
5,600 00 



Total 7,208.8 Jl,059,.339 66 $29,484 66 



$250 00 
200 00 
200 00 
800 00 

2,524 00 



449 76 
250 00 
1,000 00 
180 00 
250 00 



3,500 00 
200 00 
200 00 



600 00 
600 00 



742 90 
600 00 
1,600 00 
200 00 
700 00 



360 00 
400 00 



1,000 00 



1,380 00 
700 00 

1,500 00 
375 00 
600 00 



300 00 



600 00 
800 OO 
700 00 
600 00 
300 00 
128 00 
100 00 



300 00 
276 00 



200 00 
750 00 
600 00 
600 00 
100 00 
766 00 
325 00 
1,150 00 
160 00 
200 00 



: 






$1 02 
69 

1 12 
83 
787 
894 
72 
89 

1 09 
72 
90 

1 00 
70 

1 00 
42 



686 

I'io" 

76 
2 22 

93 

74 
1 035 

70 
1 637 

""si" 

1 00 
915 
68 
985 
1 07 
1 14 
42 
68 

'I'is' 

1 45 
805 
737 
94 
94 
77 

855 

1 00 

1 00 

83 

84 

72 

70 

49 

60 

1 275 

1 018 

801 

96 



$ 90.5 






243 

1,335 

100 

2,778 

4,106 

245 

109 

2,738 

565 

250 

136 

1,771 

1,292 

44 

84 

112 

176 

97 

21 

4,908 

1,404 

37,730 

128 

286 



2,858 
1,063 

3,986 

8,102 

2,460 

2,753 

1,679 

865 

747 

63 



665 

966 

1,881 

384 

2,931 

605 

403 

57 

144 

1,536 

1.175 

66 

350 

240 

99 

1,280 

82 

2,629 

1.335 

1,312 

170 

66 



103,499 



223 
"219 



6,915 
223 



66 
117 



1,733 



2,830 
492 



381 

8,678 



206 
359 
113 



417 

49 

1,191 



666 
61 
70 
66 






223 

1.178 

271 



3,726 



103 
2,685 



172 
386 

'6,915 
136 
66 



66 
17 

4,666 

1,016 

29,881 

70 



4,614 



110,822 
3,687 
7,062 
3,638 
2,402 
1,330 

610 
3,330 

342 



1,M2 

636 

2,499 



868 
297 
160 

1,164 
870 
225 
296 
657 
14S 

2,047 



2,332 
1,163 



23,205 207.207 



4 s» 
8 « S 



$5,879 63 
3,727 01 
2,726 44 
9,393 21 
6,094 65 
2,850 48 
3,997 33 
3,076 02 

12.168 15 
2,950 62 
3,096 93 

16,905 09 

36,023 73 

2,696 47 

1,316 79 

3.701 44 
3.079 68 
3,178 46 

400 00 

7.399 10 
6,440 96 

146.499 66 
8,564 41 
4,630 62 
6,954 37 
18,432 62 
9,680 76 
861,162 10 
6,322 80 
13,271 67 

10.169 82 
6,795 93 
9,288 86 
3,781 97 
5,126 74 

4.702 40 
1,388 84 

22,303 15 
16,172 00 
9,457 82 
3,099 07 
6,990 24 

7.400 42 
7,174 72 
2.471 70 
3,647 87 
3,918 89 
4,420 89 

12,008 79 
3,3.57 03 
3,046 81 
3,271 16 
6.721 72 
1.241 75 
4.051 40 
8.887 78 

16,981 09 
3,416 02 
8,162 80 



tiSa, 



$2,676 41 
8,250 01 
6,136 14 

16,968 47 
6,846 68 
6,613 53 
1,078 19 
6,362 84 



2.422 61 

2.948 62 

300 00 

20.474 90 

2.273 45 

1,489 11 

922 00 

2,192 46 

250 00 

100 00 

16,219 04 

11.960 67 

82,110 47 

561 26 

4,094 01 

11,781 23 

28,816 88 

13,330 00 

139,731 54 

7,552 98 

31.293 65 

40,384 84 

7,065 80 

10,765 09 

4,140 10 

43,199 99 

3,974 70 

2,690 63 

2.287 75 

80,764 00 

8,496 42 

2,417 21 

13,944 38 

"ZIMM 

4,610 44 

1.400 00 

4,019 73 

6,729 07 

4,260 00 

4,132 93 

6,462 06 

647 6.1 

9,791 36 

2.368 92 

6..391 49 

8.2,80 36 

149 98 

620 22 

112 69 



«, s: a VI -Ci 
S g 5,5- 



$8,665 09 

11,977 02 

8,861 58 

26,361 68 

10,941 23 

9,364 01 

6,075 62 

9,438 86 

12,168 16 

6,373 13 

6,045 66 

16,266 09 

66,603 63 

4,968 92 

2,804 90 

4,623 44 

6,272 14 

3,428 46 

600 00 

22,618 14 

18.401 62 

178,610 13 

4,126 67 

8,724 63 

18,735 60 

47,248 60 

23,010 76 

490,883 64 

12.875 78 

44,570 32 

o0,644 66 

13,861 73 

20,043 44 

7,922 07 

48,326 73 

8,677 10 

3,979 37 

24,690 90 

46.920 00 

12.054 24 

6..516 28 

20,943 62 

7,460 42 

9,331 21 

6,982 14 

4.947 87 

7,938 62 

10,149 96 

16,268 79 

7,489 96 

9,498 87 I 

3,918 66 

16,613 OS 

3,610 67 

10,412 89 

17.168 14 

10,131 07 

4,036 24 

8,275 49 



$SS4.119 78 $607,271 60 $1,491. .391 28 



During the year 1858, 38.682 were admitted, 38,400 wore dis- [ Supportfd m /*oor/(f>it.s*:.—MaieH. 6,219; Feaiiil.-H.7.'.iu3; total, 
chaj-ged, 1,007 absconded, 849 were born, 2,684 died, aud 646 were 13,422. Koreiguers, 6,6u;j; LunaticH, 1,838; Idiuts, 4;i7; Muteo, 
booudout. 36. Tcmpiirarilii RdKKd. — foreignera, 58,700 ; Lunatics, 2,408; 

I Idiots, 696 ; Mutes, 62. 



38 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



XiOa.li Comiuissioners' are appointed in eacli county by the Governor and Senate, except in 
Onondaga, where they are elected. They are paid J to J of one per cent, on all moneys loaned, 
and are obliged to give bonds and report annually to the Comptroller. 

ScIlOOl Comoiissioners are elected one in each Assembly District, and under certain 
circumstances another may be added. They are required to examine and grant certificates to 
teachers, visit schools, apportion the public moneys, and report to the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction. The Board of Supervisors in the counties have the power of arranging the several 
commissioner districts and of increasing the salary of the commissioners above $500. All cities, 
and many villages, are under special laws with regard to schools, and are more or less exempt 
from the jurisdiction of County School Commissioners.' 

Sealers of fVeiglits and Measures are appointed for the State and for each county and 
town. The State Superintendent has an office at Albany, and he furnishes to the several counties 
and towns standard sets of weights and measures.' The County Sealer keeps the Standards 



Children under 16.— Males, 2.776; Females, 3,04.5. Total, 5,821. 
Number of children instnicted, 3,219. Average 8 months in 
the year. 



Nativities of Peraonarelieved in 185S. 

United States 

Ireland - 

Germany 

England 

Canada 

France 

Scotland 

Total 



Causes of Pauperism, as far as 
ascertained. 



Intemperance direct 

Children of intemperjite parents.. 
Wives with intemperate hus- 
bands 



Total intemperance 

Debauchery 

Debauchery of parents... 

Idleness 

Vagrancy 

Idiocy - 

Lunacy 

Blindness 

Lameness 

Sickness 

Decrepitude 

Old age 



Total from all causes reported.. 



Males. 



46,174 
42.212 
12,601 
4.183 
1,995 
1,094 
1,268 



108,627 



Females. 



69,570 
50,504 
16,173 
3,371 
2,013 
1.995 
1,068 



134,694 



16,669 
5,133 



21,802 
543 
392 

6.582 

1,417 
431 

1,206 
353 

1,329 

12,607 

608 

1,948 



48,338 



9,164 
3,140 

3,140 



16,444 
622 
376 

4,080 
904 
441 

1,833 

165 

662 

10,167 

447 

2,077 



36,917 



Total. 



104,744 
92,716 
28,774 
7,554 
4,008 
3,089 
2,336 



243,221 



25,833 
8,273 



3,140 



37,246 
1,165 

767 
9.662 
2,321 

872 
2,739 

618 
1,991 
22,834 
1,115 
4,025 



86,255 



1 The first State loan was made by an act passed April 18, 
1786, creating bills of credit to the amount of $500,000, the 
most of which was apportioned among the counties iu propor- 
tion to their supposed wants, and loaned by officers nptwinted 
for the purpose. These bills were of convenient denominations 
aud circulated as money. They were receivable in pa,yinent of 
tuxes, and for some purposes were legal tender. This' loan was 
distributed among the counties then existing, as follows : — 

Albiiny $55,000 New York.. $80,000 .Suffolk $25,000 

Dutchess 42,600 Orange 25,000 Ulster 31,000 

Kings 11,260 Queens 28,750 Washington 7,500 

Montgomery 30,000 Kichmond.. 11,250 Westchester 23,750 
The sum of $79,447.63 remained due on the loan of 1786 at the 
beginning of 1810, and the whole was finall,v called in in 1830, 

By an act of March 14, 1792, anntlier loan of $500,000 was 
made and distributed among the counties, as follows ; — 

Albany 441,000 New York.. $48,260 Saratoga.... $26,000 

Clinton S.500 Ontario 3,000 Suffolk 24,000 

Columbia 40,760 Orange 27,260 Tioga 6,600 

Dutchess 68,000 Otsego 7,600 Ulster 40.500 

Herkimer.... 7,000 Orleans 21,500 Washington 33,600 

Kings 4.760 Rensselaer. 33.600 Westchester 35,250 

Montgomery, .23,500 Richmond.. 4,750 

A third lojin of $400,000 was authorized to the several counties, 
excepting New York, Kings. Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, and 
Westchester, in proportion to the number of their electors. In 
case the Supervisors of these counties applied for a share, a 
fiirther sum of $60,000 was authorized to be issued. In 1819 
the above loan was transferred to the Common School Fund. 
In 1860 the office of Loan Commissioner for the loans of 1792 
«nd 1808 was abolished, and the loans remaining in their hands 
were transferred to the custody of the commissioners for loaning 
tho U S. Deposit Fund. 



The U.S.Deposit Fund originated as follows ; An Act of 
Congress, piissed June 23, 1836, directed the surplus in the trea- 
sury on the 1st day of Jan. 1837, excepting $5,000,000, to be 
deposited with the several States in proportion to their repre- 
sentation. The amount thus deposited was $37,408,869.97, of 
which N. Y. received $5,352,694.28. This was apportioned to 
the several counties according to population, as follows ; — 



Albany 


$147,107.48 
86,081.22 
49,698.81 
61,604.43 

121,113.45 

110.417.63 
42,991.07 

100,337,93 
51,087.58 

100,298,64 
59.491.87 
84.165.61 

124,.810,71 

141,770.83 
60.961.74 
30.771.91 

144,217.61 
74.272.61 
89.110.77 
18,921,82 
23,867,24 

103,601,02 
93,568.65 
39,961.06 
70.174.02 
66.697.62 

101,994.55 
69,698.02 




$33,888.70 

40,699.36 

93,558.80 

98,313.76 

29.622.36 

90,803,13 

93,017.26 

96,483,74 

48,728.95 

130.079.06 

78,910.08 

39,613.81 

76,634.68 

102,747.79 

142,979.45 

119,038.36 

664,839.06 

65,206.61 

190.814.86 

149,928.42 

100,603.77 

111,000,31 

56,352.39 

94.142.19 

124.131.32 

28,433.43 

61,868.89 

136,053.25 


Allegany 


Onondaga 

Ontario 


Cattaraugus..-. 




Chautauqua 

Chemung 

Chenango 










Columbia 


Rensselaer 

Richmond 

Rockland ,. 

St. Lawrence... 

Saratoga 

Schenectady... 
Schoharie ...... 

Seneca 

■Steuben 

Snfl'olk 


Delaware 




Essex 










Sullivan 


Kings 


Tioga 


Lewis _... 

Livingston 


Tompkins 

Ulster 


Warren 

Washington ... 




Montgomery..-. 
New York 


Westchester.... 







2 In Utica and Schenectady the care of schools Is intrusted 
to "Commissioners of Common Schools;' in Buffalo and Hudson 
the Comnion Councils are ex officio Commissioners of LScbools; 
and in Albany. Astoria, Auburn, Brooklyn, Castleton. and 
Southfield, (Clifton,) College Point, East Chester, Flushing, 
Jamaica, Lockport, Medina, Newburgh, New York, Oswego, 
Port Byron, Pougbkeepsie. Pulaski, Fochcster. Salem. Syracuse, 
Troy. Waterford. "Westfarms. and "N^' bites town, schools are 
under a Board of Education, usually elected, but in some of the 
cities appointed by the Common Council. In most cities a 
Superintendent, who is clerk of the Board, is appointed by the 
Board of Education for the more immediate supervision of 
schools and iuspection of teachers. In Buffalo the Superin- 
tendent is elected. 

8 A Omnty Standard consists of — 

1. A large balance, comprising a brass beam and scales, with 
stand and lever. 

2. A small balance, with a drawer stand for ?mall weights. 

3. A set of large brass weights, namely. 501b., 201b.. lolb., 51b. 

4. A set of small brass weights, avoiidupois, namely, 41b., 
21b., lib.. 8oz., 4oz., 2oz.. loz., ioz.. ^oz. 

5. A brass yard measure, graduated to feet and inches, and 
the first graduated to eighths of an inch, and also decimally ; with 
a graduation to cloth measure on the other side; in a case. 

6. A set of liquid measures made of copper, namely, 1 gallon, 
5 gallon, 1 quart, 1 pint. ^ pint. 1 gill; in a case. 

7. A set of dry measures of copper, namely, 5 bushel, 1 peck, 
^ peck. 2 quarts, 1 quart; in a case. 

There are also cases to contain the large brass weights and 
the necessary packing boxes included, etc. The cost of the set 
is$;iOO. 

A Tenon Standard differs in some particulars, as consisting 
of but one medium sized balance, the large weights being of 
iron in place of brass; the yard measure being a cast metullic 
square rod, without decimal graduation, etc.; and likewise with- 
out cases, in general. The cost of the set is $125. 



STATE GOVERNMENT. 



39 



furnished by the State, and is required to have them compared with the State Standard once in 3 
years. The Town Sealer is required to examine all weights and measures in use once a year.* 

Tlie mayors of cities are administrative officers of State laws and executive officers of city 
ordinances. They are elected annually, except in Albany and New York, where they hold their 
oflSces for two years. 

Tbe .Supervisors of towns are administrators of the general laws relating to towns. 

Tlie President and Trusteesof villages havecharge of every thing pertaining to the 
welfare of their respective localities within the limits of the charter of incorporation. 

Trustees of Scbool Districts are the officers recognized by law to whom is intrusted 
the administration of the school laws within their districts. 

TurnpiKe Inspectors are appointed in every county in which there are turnpikes, the 
acts of incorporation of which do not require the appointment of special inspectors. They are 3 
to 5 in number, and must have no interest in any turnpike in the State. 

Planb. Road Inspectors are appointed in every county having plank roads. Their duties 
are analogous to those of the inspectors of turnpikes ; and they are chiefly intended to protect 
the public against the collection of tolls when plank roads are unsafe or difficult to travel from 
neglect or other cause. 

Commissioners of HigBivi'ays have the power of directing repairs, laying out and 
altering roads, discontinuing old roads, and of ordering new bridges to be built and kept in renair.^ 
They must annually divide the towns into road districts, and assign such inhabitants to ^v-ork 
upon them as they may deem proper ; and they must deposit an accurate description of all new 
roads in the Town Clerk's office for record. 

Overseers of IIig"livvays, or " Pathmasters," have charge of road districts.' 



1 The statute defines tbe State Standard of Weights and Mea- 
sures to be the same as that approved by Congress June 14. 1836, 
and furnished by the U. S. to tbe States in 1842. The set fur- 
nished consisted of a yai'd, sets of Troy and avoirdupois weights, 
the wino gallon and tbe half bushel and their subdivisions. 
Tbe unit of length and surface, from 'which all other measures 
of extension are derived, whether linear, superficial, or solid, Is 
tbe yard, which is divided into 3 feet of 1*2 inches each, except 
for cloths or other articles sold by the 3-ard, when it may be 
divided into halves, eighths, and sixteenths. Tbo rod contains 
5t yards, and the mile 1.760 yards: tbe acre is 160 square rods: 
the chain for land surveying is 22 yards long and subdivided 
into 100 linlis; tbe Troy pound is to the avoirdupois as 5,760 to 
7,000, the one containing 12 and the other 16 ounces; lOOlbs. 
avoirdupois form a hundredweight, and 2.00011)8. a ton. All 
measures of capacity not liquid are derived from tbe half bushel, 
the subdivisions of which are obtained by dividing repeatedly 
by 2. Coal, ashes, marl, manure, corn in the ear, fruit, and 
roots, are sold by heap measure. 

Tbe Standards now in use do not Tary essentially from those 
ostablished by tbe State Government belbre stauihirds were fur- 
nished by the U. S. As formerly defined, the uuit of linear mea- 
Bure was the yard, which bore tlie ratio of 1.000.000 to 1.086,140, 
to a pendulum beating seconds in a vacuum at the tempera- 
ture of melting ice at Columbia College. A cubic foot of water 
at its maximum density in vacuo was declared equal to 1000 
ounces avoirdupois. The liquid gallon to contain ^Ibs., and the 
dry gallon lOlbs.. of distilled water at its greatest density and 
mean pressure at sea level. 

Weights qf articles per bushel as fixed hy Standard. 



ARTICLES. 


LBS. 


ARTICLES. 


LBS. 


ARTICLES. 


LBS. 




62 
60 
58 
48 
>18 


Flaxseed 

Oats 


55 
32 
60 
60 




56 
56 
44 
60 


Cloverseed. 


Salt 


Peas 


Timothy 

Wheat 


Buckwheat 


Potatoes 















3 Roads extending through several towns may be laid out by 
commissioners appointed by the Supervisors; and those extend- 
ing through several counties are usually laid out by special com- 
missioners appointed by law, Tbe commi^^sioners of highways 
are required to report annually, at town meeting, their receipts 
and expenditures, and a statement of what improvements arc 
necessary, and the cost of obtaining them. These estimates are 
referred to the Hoard of Supervisors, and assessed as other town 
charges. They may summon jurors and witnesses in opening 
and closing road^. I{o.ids through improved lands must beccr- 
tifled ap necessary by the oath of twelve respectable freeholders : 
and a like certiticate to tbe contrary is required in closing roads. 
Every owner may obtain a road to his land. 

New roads cannot be laid through orchards or gardens of 
more than four years' growth or use. or tbrouRli buildings or 
yards, and inclosures of mills and factorips. witlmut the owner's 
consent. The law rcquin-s the cnmmisflioiier^ of liighways to 
erect mileboards along tlie line.and guiiVboards at the crossing 
of post and such other important roads as they may deem 



proper; and the defacing of these is punishable as a misde- 
meanor. Every ouNTier or occupant of lands in any tovra, and 
every male inhabitant above the age of 21, must be assessed for 
highway labor. The whole number of days' labor annually ex- 
pended in the town must be at least three times the number of 
taxable inhabitants; and every male inhabitant over 21, except 
ministers, paupers, idiots, and lunatics, must be assessed at 
least one day. The residue is assessed upon the property of in- 
dividuals and corporations. Labor may be commuted at the 
rate of 62J^ cts. per day; and the moneys bo paid must be ex- 
pended in the district. 

3 Overseers of lligbways are required by law to warn out to 
work all persons assessed lor highway labor in their respective 
districts ; keep their roads in order; superiutend work; receive 
and apply commutation moneys ; cause the noxious weeds upon 
the wayside to be cut down or destroyed once before July and 
once before Sept. of each year; remove obstructions; and collect 
all fines, whether for neglect of work, idleness, or putting up 
of gates contrary to law. They may require additional labor, to 
the amount of one-third of the first tax. All roads must be 
fenced by the owners of adjacent lands, unless liable to be over- 
flowed by streams, when the overseers of highways must erect, 
and keep in repair, good swinging gates at the expense of the 
lands benefitted ; and persons leaving such gates open are liable 
to triple damages. All rivers where tbe tide ebbs and flows are 
public highways, without special law. Many other streams have 
bet'U so declared by acts, and obstructions in such streams and 
in highways are punished by fine, notwithstanding a plea of 
title. Such obstructions may be abated as nuisances; and the 
persons causing them are liable to actions for damage. Persons 
owning lands upon roads 3 rods wide, or more, may plant trees 
on tbe roadside adjacent to their line, and may prosecute for 
damages to such trees. They may also construct a sidewalk, 
with a railing. Trees falling into tbe road from inclosed lands 
must be remove'! by the occupant within 2 days, ntter notice by 
any person, under a fine of 50 cts. a day. Assessors and con>- 
mifisioners of highways are ex officio fence viewers in their sev- 
eral towns. In case of fires in the woods of any town, it is the 
duty of tbe supervisor, justices, and cummissioners of highways 
to order such and so many inhabitants, liable to work upon the 
roads, as may be deemed necessary, and reside near, to assist in 
checking the fires, under penalty of $50. and hability to proee- 
cntion fur misdemeanor, and fiirtlier fine not over $100 or im- 
prisonment not more than 60 days. 

Persons aggrieved at the decision of commissioners may ap 
peal to referees appointed by tbe county judge or justices of 
sessions. Kings. Queens, and Suffolk cos, have from an early 
colonial period had a road law peculiar to themselves. It differs 
by fixing tbo number of days at twice the number of persons 
assessed, in granting private roads for limited periods, in allow 
ing roads through gardens and orchards of less than ie^ j'ears* 
use or growth, by allowing appeals to the crnnty Judge, and in 
a few other minor details. Richmond co. baa also a sptcial law, 
which requires assessments in vKmcy only, to be cnllntL-d wilh 
the general tax, and the repairs of roads to be let out ut publi« 
auction by districts from year to year and to the lowest bidder. 
There are many other special laws, chiefly aiqjlicable to citiei 
and villages, but too numerous to mention hero. 



40 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER, 



SUMMARY OP THE SEVERAL STATE, COUNTY, AND TOWN OFFICERS. 



United States Senators 

Representatives in Congress.... 

STATE OFFICERS. 

Legislative — 

State Senators.. 

Members of Asaembly 

ESECDTIVE — 

Governor 

Lieutenant Governor 

Secretary of State 

Comptroller 

Treasurer 

Attorney Gener^ 

State Engineer and Sui'veyor... 

Judicial — 
Judges of the Court of Appeals** 

Jiisticeg of the Supreme Court 
Clerk of the Court of Appeals.. 

State Reporter 

Administrative — 
fSupt. of Public Instruction... 
t^ Regents of the University^ ... 
bupt. of Banking Department. 

Inspectors of State Prisons 

Canal Commissioners 

Auditor of Canal Department.. 
Canal Appraisers 

Supt. of Weights and Meaaures 

State Assessors 

COUNTY OFFICERS. 

County Judge 

Surrogate (in certain counties) 
Special Judges and Sm'rogates" 

Justices of Sessions 

Di.strict Attorney 

Sheriff 

Coroners 

Treasurer 

County Clork 

Commissioners for loaning 

moneys of the U. S 

School Commissioners'^ 

Superintendents of the Poor.... 

Commissioners of Excise 

I County Sealer of Weights 
Measures. 

I Notaries Public 



and 



Turnpike Inspectors*.... 
Plank Road Inspectors . 



TOWN OFFICERS. 



Supervisor... 
Town Clerk.. 



Inspectors of Election/ 

Justices of the Peace 

Constables') 

Assessors* 

Collector 

Orerseers of the Poob 

Commissioners of Highways... 

Overseers of Highways ■! 

Pound Masters 

Town Sealer of Weights and 
Measures 

SCHOOL DIST. OFFICERS. 

Trustees* 

District Clerk 

Collector 

Libi'arian 



Jbtol Tears Commerue- 
No. in in ment of term 
State. Office. 



2 
33 



82 
128 



33 
1 



1 
19 
1 
3 
3 
1 
3 



No. in 
each Co. 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 



1 or 3 
3 

1 

Fixed by 

Gov. 

3 

3 

No. in 

ea. tou^n. 

1 

1 

3 to 18 

4ff 

1 to5 

3 

1 

lor 2 

lor 3 

1 to each 

road dis. 

Iiidef. 



each dint. 

lor 3 

1 

1 

1 



Indef. 
3 



Indef. 

2 



4 
1 
3 
1 

"3 
1 

1 



January 1. 



ffow filled. 



Legislature. 
Election. 



Date of appt, 



January 1. 
Date of appt. 



January 1. 



let Tnes.Aug 
January 1. 

Date of Appt 
January 1. 



Date of Appt. 



j Gov.. Lt. Gov.. 
\ & Atty. Gen. 



Legislature. 

Gov. & Senate. 
Election. 

Gov. & Senate. 

/Gov., Lt.Gov., 
t& Sec. of State. 
Gov. & Senate. 



January 1. 
Date of Elec. 



Gov. & Senate. 
Election. 

f Judges and 
\ Just, of Sess. 

Supervisors. 
Gov. & Senate. 
Supervisors. 



Superv. & j. p. 
Election. 



Vacancies 
how Jilled. 



Governor. 
Special election. 



Lieut. Gov. 
Pres. j).i, of Sen 
Governor. 



Gov., Lt.Gov.,1 
& Atty. Gen. j 

Governor. 

Legislature. 

Governor. 



Gov., Lt. Gov., 1 
& Sec. of State. * 



Governor. 



Supervisors. 
Governor. 



County Judge. 
Supervisors. 

Judge £ Justices 



SupervisorB. 

Governor. 

Supervisors. 



Sped, town meet. 

f Superv. town 1 
I clerk, & jus. J 
Governor. 

Sped, town meet. 
Superv. &. 2 jus. 
Sped, town meet. 

Com. highways. 
Justices. 

Superv. k j. p. 



Supt-rvisor. 
Trustees. 



Compensation, 



$3,000 and mileage. 



J per day and mileage. 



$4,000 and house rent. 
|6 per day and mileage. 
$2,500. 



$2,000. 
$2,500. 

$2,500 before 1857 ; $3,500 

since. 
Ditto. 
$2,000. 



$2,500. 

None. 

$5,000. 

$1,600. 

$2,000. 

?'2.500. 

$2,000. 

$500. 



Sal. fixed by Supervisors. 



Per diem. 

Fees or salary. 

Fees. 

Per diem. 

Percentage. 

Fees. 

Percentage. 

Not less than $500. 

Per diem or salary. 

Per diem. 

Fees. 
Fees. 
Per diem. 



Per diem. 

Fees and per diem. 

Per diem. 

Fees. 
Fees. 
Per diem. 
Percentage. 
Per diem. 



Fees. 
Fees. 



• 4 elected for 8 yrs., and 4 senior Justices of Supreme Court. 

* 4 others are ex officio Regents. e Regulated by spocial acts. 
J One in each Assembly district. ' In certain counties. 

/2 inspectors are elected and 1 appointed from the m-xt high- 
est ticket, to each election dist. by the chairman of town mtet- 
' ings. In cities there is 1 such dist. if under 500 inhabitants ; 
2, if from 500 to 800; and there may be more if above SOO. In 
to\vns of over 500. the supervisor, assessors, and clerk meet 
annually to designate or change these districts. If vacancies of 
supervisors, assessors, commissioners of liighways, or nvfrtjcers 
of the poor are not filled witliin 15 days, the justices may ap- 
©oi?it ; and, if from any cause there be less than 3, they may asso- 1 



elate justices of neighboring towns in making appointments. 
s Towns in Sullivan co. may have 1 or 3: and if l,he is chosen 
annually. Oyster Bay, Oswegatchie, and Watervliet have 5, and 
Southold 6. 

* Towns may decide upon the number. Manlius has 7. 

* In Seneca co. 1 in each town. J See exceptions on p. 36. 

* Annual school meetings determine whether to elect 1 or 3. 
Among the officers of local jurisdiction, not included in the 

foregoing lists, are harbor masters, wardens, health officers, and 
others connected with sanitary supt-rvision. pilots, wreck mas- 
cers. superintendent of Onondaga salt springs, and officers 
charged with duties relating to Indian affairs. 



PRISONS. 

For a great number of offenses criminals are sentenced to be confined at labor for different 
periods of time, and the State has provided prisons at several places for the security of these 
offenders against law,^ The principal of these are the three State Prisons, an Asylum fur Insane 
Convicts, two Houses of Refuge, and several penitentiaries and jails. 

Ttie Auburn State Prison is located upon a lot of 10 acres near the center of the city of 
Auburn, It consists of the prison proper, containing 800 cells and a large number of workshops, 
all surrounded by a high and strong wall. The Sing" Singr State Prison is located upon 
a lot of 130 acres upon the Hudson, in the village of Sing Sing. It contains a prison for males and 
another for females, the latter the only one in the State. It has au aggregate of 1,000 cells and a 
great variety of workshops.^ The Clinton State Prison is situated upon a lot of 250 
acres in the town of Dannemora. About 25 acres are inclosed within the walls of the prison. It 
contains workshops, forges, and furnaces, and has an aggregate of 39G folla.' 

The general supervision of the State Prisons is intrusted to a Board of 3 Inspectors, one of 
whom is elected each year for a term of three years.* They appoint all the officers of the several 
prisons and renew them at pleasure.^ The discipline of the several prisons is rigid and uniform, 
and all convicts are treated alike, irrespective of their former standing in society or of the crimes 
of which they are convicted. The rules for the general conduct of prisoners are rigidly enforced. 
In the administration of discipline a leading object is to secure the reform of the criminal and his 
return to society with regular and industrious habits and correct moral principles.^ All convicts 
in health are required to labor in shops by day, under rigid supervision, and without exchanging 
words or looks with each other or with those who may visit the prison. They observe strict 
silence upon all occasions when not addressed by some person allowed the privilege. In passing 
to and from the cells, shops, and dining rooms, they march in close single columns, with their 



1 By an act of March 26, 1796, John Watts, Matthew Clarkson, 
Isaac Sloatenburgh, Thomas Eddy, and John Murray, jr. were 
appointed commisai oners to build a State prison in New York 
City. Ttiis prison, styled ''•Newgate" was located on a lot of 9 
acres on the Hudson, at the foot of Amos St. with its principal 
front on Greenwich St. It waa 204 feet long, and from each 
end a wing extended to the river. It had 54 rooms, each for 8 
persons, and cost $208,846. It was opened Nov. 25, 1797, and 
continued in use until May, 1828, when it was sold. Convicts 
were employed in shoe and nail making and other work in 
leather and iron, and as carpenters, tailors, weavers, spinners, 
and gardeners. A second prison was ordered, in 1796. to be 
built at Albany, but the act was repealed in 1797. The limited 
accommodations and wretched moral influences of the New 
York prison led to the ordering of another prison, in 1816, which 
was located at Auburn. The Bonth wing was completed in 
1818, and in 1819 the north wing was ordered to be fitted up 
with single cells. The prison was enlarged in 1824. 

2 An act passed March 7, 1824, ordered a prison to he erected 
at Sing Sing. Work was begun May 14, 1825, and the prison 
waa finished in 1829, with 800 cells, to which 200 were added in 
1830. It was finally completed in 1831. The grounds here 
occupy 130 acres, and include marble quarries, upon which it 
was designed to employ the convicts. The State Ilall at Albany 
is built of magnesian marble or dolomite quarried and dressed 
at this prison. The prison for females is built of rough marble 
in the Ionic style of architecture. It stands on elevated ground 
and is entirely distinct from the male prison in its ofiBces and 
management. Previous to its erection, in 1835-40, female con- 
victs were kept by the city of New York at their prison at 
Bellevue, at an annual cost to the State of $100 each. 

* Clinton Prison was built, in 1844-45. under the direction of 
Ransom Cook, with the design of employing convicts in iron 
mining and manufacture. 

< These Inspectors must visit all the State prisons four times 
a year, in company, inspect their management, discipline, and 
financial affairs, keep minutes of their proceedings, and report 
annually to the Legislature. They establish rules for the ob- 
servance of the officers of the prisons, and may examine 
witnesses. One prison is assigned to each Inspector for three 
months, and he is required to spend at least one week in each 
month at the prison in special charge, and to inform himself 
minutely concerning its details. The 1 nspectors are successively 
changed to other prisons. Inspectors can make no appoint- 
ments of relations within the 3d degree, and they can have no 
interest in contracts. Their salary is $1600. — Ctmstitution, Art. 
V, &/-. 4. 

6 The officers of each prfison consist of the following : — 

1. An Agentj or Warden, who is the principal flscai officer of 



the prison. He receives a salary of $1,250 to $1,500, and is re- 
quired to give a bond of $25,000. 

2. A Principal Keeper^ who has charge of police regulations 
and discipline of the prison, and must live upon the premises. 
lie keeps a journal of every infraction of rules, records, punish- 
ments, complaints, &c., and reports monthly to the Inspectors. 
Salary, $ . 

3. Keepers under the direction of the Principal are appointed, 
not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners. Salary, $ . 

4. A Clerk, who records all commitments and discharges, 
keeps the accounts, and reports annually to the Secretary of 
State. Salary. $1,000 at Sing Sing and $900 at the other prisons. 

5. I7ie Cliaplain visits prisoners in their cells, devotes a stated 
time e,^ch Sabbath to religious services, keeps the prison library, 
and allows the use of books, under proper regulations, and is 
expected to counsel and assist convicts in the formation of 
settled resolutions for reform upon leaving the prison. Through 
him they may obtain whatever is allowed of correspondence 
with friends. Salary, $900. 

6. A Physician and Surgeon, who has charge of the Hospital 
and attends at all times when his services are required. Salary, 
$700 at Sing Sing and $600 at the other prisons. 

7. I-nstructors, of which there are 2 each at Auburn and Sing 
Sing, 1 at Clinton, and 1 at the Female Prison, who give all ne- 
cessary instruction to the prisoners in their several occupations. 

8. A Store Keeper, who has general charge of the provisions 
and clothing and other property belonging to the prison. 

9. A Guardy under the command of a sergeant, who are 
stationed in the prison and upon the walls to prevent escapes. 
The number of privates is 20 at Auburn. 25 at Clinton, and 30 
at Sing Sing. They are armed and equipped from the State 
arsenals, and are held legally justified if they shoot down 
prisoners attempting to escape. 

10. -4 i/(7/roH. who has charge of the Female Prison. Assistant 
matrons are appointed, not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners. 

fl Solitary confinement without labor was tried at Auburn in 
1821, but with the most unhappy results, and in 1S23 the 
present system was adopted upon the suggestion of Capt. Elam 
Lynds and John D. Cray. Capt. Lynds deserves particular 
notice from the energy and firmness with which he brouglit 
his favorite system into successful operation and to a degree of 
perfection scarcely conceivable to one who had not witnessed it. 
This plan has been adopted in many prisons and has received 
the name of the -'Auburn System.'' The labor nut rt-qiiired in 
the domestic affairs of these prisons is hired upon cuntract to 
manufacturers, who put up the reqiiisite machinery and iinploy 
agents and foremen to superintend the work. Wijllul viDlutiou 
of the rules is punished by the laah. ball and cliaiii, yoke, 
strait jacket, shower bath, dark cell, and similar means. 

41 



42 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



faces turned to the side on which their keeper walks. Their shops have narrow openings in 
tJie walls, through which they may be seen without the possibility of knowing it. They are con- 
fined at night in solitary cells ; and guards with woolen socks tread silently around their cells at 
all hours of the night. The fare is abundant, but coarse ; and all convicts are required to wear a 
costume peculiar to the prison.' 

All Asylum for Insane Convicts is located at Auburn, in the rear of the prison. It is 
under the general charge of a medical superiutendent.'' 

Tlie Me-w York House of Refuge, situated upon Randalls Island, near New York 
City, is an establishment for the reformation of juvenile offenders. It is partly a State and 
partly a city institution.' TUe Western House of Refug'e, located upon a farm of 42J 
acres in Rochester, is another juvenile establishment of a similar kind. It is entirely under State 
patronage. These institutions are under rigid discipline ; and the inmates receive instruction in 
the elementary branches of education during certain hours of the day, and are required to labor 
during certain other hours. The New York iustitutiou was established in 1821, and receives both 
Bexes. The Rochester institution was started in 1849, and receives boys only.' 

Tlie Prison Association of :Sfe w York, was formed Dec. 6, 1844, and incorporated May 9, 
1846. It has for its objects the amelioration of the condition of prisoners, whether detained for 
trial or finally convicted, or as witnesses ; the improvement of prison discipline and of the govern- 
ment of prisons, whether for cities, counties, or States ; and the support and encouragement of 
reformed convicts after their discharge, by affording them the means of obtaining an honest liveli- 
hood and sustaining them in their efforts at reform.^ The association is supported entirely by 
private contribution. The members pay $10 annually. The payment of $25 constitutes a member 



STATISTICS OP STATE PRISONS. 















1 




CONVlnTS. 






lapENSES mdoiirao mpRovEMims. i 


)^ 


SingSit)^. 


^ 


.J 


^ 


£3 


s 


».£ 


E 


Ol 

■S 


- 






^ 


s 


.o 




g 


R 




■3 


§■ 


c 


.g 


1 


? 


K 


5 


p 


N 


^ 


a; 


O 


S 


■^ 


is 


s 


S 


^ 


is 


e 


e 


1848 


497 


6S4 


so 


146 


1.387 


$53,456.71 


$51,662.77 


$6,549.46 


$110,668.94 


$66,960,41 


$97,221.41 


$39,900,98 


$204,082,80 


1849 


51 a 


6.'',7 


76 


157 


1,382 


63.021.64 


63,062,83 


13,210.97 


139.285.34 


66,777,99 


81,8.50.28 


60,126.47 


188,764.74 


1850 


GOl 


fifil 


84 


119 


1.625 


68,737.31 


71,178.99 


18,451,95 


158,368.25 


71,164.07 


96,828,64 


37,698.97 


204,686,68 


1851 


761i 


723 


73 


114 


1,663 


73,494,91 


88,385,27 


17,664,10 


179,544.23 


88,546.25 


79,606.82 


37,968.13 


206,011,20 


1862 


769 


7S8 


81 


126 


1,763 


64,986.29 


99,380.12 


29,736,20 


194,102.61 


86,291.73 


85,414.42 


39,825,20 


211,6.31,35 


1863 


753 


865 


96 


1H6 


1,900 


81,150.24 


99,082.89 


37,207,77 


217.440.90 


80,516.37 


120,818.73 


49,483.14 


250.818.24 


1854 


747 


933 


110 


199 


1.9S9 


81.994.74 


95.345,34 


41,674,04 


219,014.12 


72,417.82 


136,142.24 


61,088.75 


269.648.81 


1855 


7S0 


915 


111 


iH9 


2.005 


74,948.53 


90,904,71 


32,372.19 


198,225,43 


67,783.16 


116.774.37 


48,832.42 


233,389.94 


1856 


fiS6 


862 


101 


304 


1,963 


72,763.48 


86,440.89 


38,100.76 


197,305.13 


69,915.46 


100,623,39 


66,032.74 


226,471,57 


1867 


678 


976 


84 


278 


2,016 


69,954,08 


94,946.97 


26,882.58 


191,783.63 


74,180,36 


109,586.53 


47.947,29 


231,714,17 



The Burplus expenses of the State prisons are paid from the gooeral fund. For a fuller account of those institutions, Bee 
I?itrodiictioii to Natural History of New York, Vol. 1, pp. 181-18S. 



2 Until 1859. persona charf;ed with crime and provt^d insane 
were sent to tlie State Luuiitic Asylum at Utica. An act for 
the erection of the present asylum was passed April 13, 1855, and 
the building was completed in 1858. 

8 The New York Asylum is conducted by a close corporation, 
lonsisting of 30 manager8,who serve without pay and report annu- 
ally to the Common Council of New York and to the State Legis- 
lature. It is supported by the labor of its inmates, an annual 
appropriation from the Marine Hospital fund, theater and circus 
licenses, school moneys from the Board of Education, and grants 
from the City and State of New York. It can accommodate 
1,000 inmates. In 1858 there were received 378 ; of which num- 
ber 304 were boys and 74 were girls. The former are engaged 
in making shoes, chair-seats, wire cloth, weaving. &c.; and the 
latter in needlework. Each day 7 hours are devoted to labor, 
4^ to school, Is to meals, 94 to sleep, and H to recreation. 
* Statistics of Houses of Refuge fm- 1S57. 



Coat per capita 

Officers employed 

Aggregate salaries 

Revenue from labor 

Per cent, reformed 

Average period of detention 

Deaths since opening 

'* in last 12 months 

Escapes since opening 

'* in last 12 months 

Average age of inmates,. 

Cost of location and buildings.. 
Annual cxpeuses 



New Torl\ Rochester. 



$86 


$96 


,31 




$9,119 


$8,346 


$13,414 


$12,000 


76 


76 


16 mo. 


24 mo. 


59 


14 


3 


1 


97 


9 


4 





13t 


13i 


$330,441 


$110,000 


$42,005 


30,000 



The Western House of Refuge is supported by the labor of 
its inmates, tbe product of its larm. and an annual State appro- 
priation. Its managers are appointed for a term of 3 years by 
the Governor and Senate, and are so classified that 5 are ap- 
pointed annually. Its rules require half an hour more at labor 
and an hour less at school than is required at the New York 
Asylum ; and 10 hours are allowed for sleep. In 1859. 508 boys 
were received at this institution. Of these. 128 were employed 
in making chains. 171 in making shoes, 37 in making brushes, 
7 upon the farm. 20 in the serving rooms, and 23 aa domestics. 

& The condition of prisoners has from a remote period enlisted 
the sympathies of the benevolent and led to assoOiated efforts 
for their relief. A society was formed in New York, soon after 
the Revolution, for the relief of imprisoned debtors. " The 
Philadelphia Society for alleviating the miseries of Public 
Prisons" was formed over 80 years since by the Friends; and 
the Prison Discipline SociL'ty of Boston is nearly 20 years older 
than that of similar objects in New York. The Prison Associa- 
tion of New York for some time issued a bulletin called the 
'■ Monthly Record." The female department for some years 
maintained a Home for tbe temporary residence of discharged 
female prisoners until other means of support could be fourd. 
This Association haw for several years appointed committees tbr 
visiting county jails ; and the fiicts reported show abundant 
reason for continuing efforts for reform in their management. 
The aid furnished by this association to dischargfd convicts 
during the last three years reported has been as follows : — 
Number of discharged persons aided with 1854. 1855. 1866. 

money 230 439 282 

Number supplied with clothing 131 147 138 

Number provided with situations 62 155 112 

Total 413 741 632 



MILITARY. 



43 



for life ; of $100, an honorary member of the Executive Committee for life, and $500 a life patron. 
A department, consisting of ladies, has in charge the interests of prisoners of their sex. The 
managers of the association receive no pay for their services. They usually report to the Legisla- 
ture annually; but no reports were made in 185G and 1858. Office, 15 Center Street, New York. 



MILITARY. 

The Governor is Commander-in- 
Chief of the land and naval forces 
of the State. In time of peace the 
supervision of the militia and mili- 
I tary establishments is intrusted to 
the Adjutant General, who has 
an office of record at the capital, ^ 
issues, under his seal, all military 
commissions, keeps a register of 
the names and residences of the 

officers of militia throughout the State, issues all orders on 

behalf of the Commander-in-Chief, prescribes the manner of 

reporting from the several subordinate divisions, and reports th( 

statistics thus obtained — through the Governor — to the Leg!.-- 

lature annually.' lie has the rank of brigadier general; and 

his assistant has the rank of colonel. The militia of the State 

is composed of 8 divisions, 26 brigades, and 62 regiments 

embracing 220 companies of infantry, 126 of artillery, 41 ot 

cavalry, 37 of rifles, and a total of 18,107 officers and privates.' 
All able-bodied white male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45, not exempt by 





law, are 



1 OFFICKRS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MILITIA. 



Major Generals 

Srigadier Generals.. 



s- oj a 



* K M 



<^\ 



O K •< 

2 cd a< 

B z w 

EC «0 

O 



Adjntant fJpneral 

Assistant Adjutant General 

Divisiiin fngpectors (Colonels)... 

Brigade Tnspectora (Miyors) 

Adjutants (Lieutenants) 

Inspector General 



Commissary General- 



Assistant Commissary General... 



En^ineer-in-Chief 

I Division Engineers (Colonels) 

I Bripide Engineers (Majors! 

Regimental Engineers (Cuptains).. 



Judge Advocate General 

Division Judge Advocates (Colonels)... 
1 Brigade Judge Advocates (Majors) 



Snrgpnn Ooneral , 

I Ilnspital Surgeons (Colonels) 

Surgeons (Captains) , 

Surgeon's Mates (Lieutenants).., 






E K w 



: Quartermaster General 

; J Division Quartenniisters (Lieut. Cols.).. 
j 1 Briirade Quartermasters (Captains).. 



Regimental Quartermasters (Lieuton&nte). 

(Paymaster Genpral , 
Pivi'tinn Paymasters (Majors! 
Bri'iadc P»yni;i.ttei-ii (CiiptainsV. 



Regimnntrtl PaymaBters (Lieutenants).. 
Aids -de-Camp 



f Colonels.. 



1 Lieutenant Colonels.. 
Majors 

[Captains 



P" g < First Lieutenants 

'-'O l_ Second Lieutenants 

Non-Commiaaioned Staff 

Company Non -Commissioned Officers, Mu- 
sicians, and Privates 



St.\ff ( Sappers and Miners (attached to Engineer 
Corps. \ Department) 



Total 18,107 



60 

60 

5S 
402 



460 
143 



15,874 



103 



The office of the Adjutant General was- made an ofGce of 
record in 1827, previoua to which commissions were issued by 
the Secretary of State, under the privy seal of the Governor. 

2 In Jan., 1859, the division districts were as follows: — 

1. New York and Richmond cos. 

2. Kings. Orange, Putnam, Queens, Rockland, Suffolk, and 

Westchester cos. 

3. Albany. Columbia. Dutchesa. Greene, Rensselaer, Saratoga, 

Sullivan. Ulster, and Washington cos. 

4. Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence, and 

Warren cos. 

5. Broome, Chenango, Cortland. Delaware, Fulton, Hamilton, 

Herkimer, Madison, Montgomery, Otsego, Schenectady, 
and Sclioharie cos. 

6. Cayugjv. On(i.I;i, Onondaga, Oswego, Schuyler, Seneca, Tioga, 

and Tom])kin8 cos, 

7. Giemung. Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Stoubon, Wayne, and 

Yates COS. 

8. Allegany. Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, 

Orleans, and Wyoming cos. 
The estimated number of enrolled militia, at the beginning 

of 18.i9, was 350,000. Those included in regimt-nts were as 

follows : — 

Infantry 7.400 privates, and 8,094 including officera. 

Artillnry ....5.365 " *' 6,760 « « 

Cavalry 1.590 « « 1.733 « " 

Rifles J,429 « « 1,528 " •* 



44 



NEAV YOKK STATE GAZETTEER. 



liable to military duty. An enrolment is made annually by the assessors.^ Militia officers ar© 
chosen by election ;^ excepting major generals and the Commissary General, who are appointed 
by the Governor and Senate. Staff ofiicers are appointed by the commanding officer of the forces 
to which they are attached.* The Adjutant General, Judge Advocate General, Quartermaster 
General, Paymaster General, Surgeon General, Engineer-in-Chief, and one Instructor of Artillery 
and one of Cavalry to each division, are appointed by the Governor.* 

Arsenals* An arsenal is provided for each division of the Militia, and an armory for each 
regiment. The general custody and supervision of the military property of the State is intrusted 
to the Commissary General, who has his office in New York, and reports annually through the 
Governor to the Lciirislature.* 



1 The laws of the U. S. exempt from military service the Vice 
Preeident, the Judicial and Executive officers of the Oovern- 
ment of tlie U. S., membera aod officers of both Houses of Con- 
gress, customhouse officers and clerlts. post officers and stage 
drivers in charge of mails, ferrymen on post roads, inspectors 
of exports, pilots and mariners in actual sea service. The State 
exempts, besides the above, persons in the army and nary and 
those honorably discharged therefrom, preachers of every sect, 
commissioned ofBcers and privates of uniformed companies who 
have resigned after seven years' service, and certain firemen. 
All otliera may commute by paying 50 cts. annually, except in 
Kings and New York cos. and the cities of Albany and Buffalo, 
where the commutation is fixed at 75 cts. 

These moneys are paid to the collectors of taxes and applied 
to the military fund,— from which the officers and men of regi- 
ments are p;iid, from $1.25 to $4, according to rank, for every 
day's military 8er\ice. Persons going to, remaining at, or re- 
turning from military duty are exempt from arrest upon civil 
process. Previous to the act of 1846, the State contained 33 
divisions, 66 brigades, 272 regiments, and 1836 companies, and 
numbered 141,436 officers and men. The number of enrolled 
militia had been as follows, at different periods : — 





5J» 


i> 






c 


















1 


a 

1 


"f^ 


1 




S 


Total. 


1805 


74.429 


1,700 


1,8.52 






77.982 


ISIO 


86.673 


2,619 


3.385 






92,677 


1815 


90,383 


6,364 


2,158 






98,905 


182U 


112,760 


6,638 


3,132 


123 

ITi/rse 
ArtilVy. 




122,663 


1825 


131,.561 


4.432 


2.505 


646 




146,805 


1830 


166,514 


12.803 


6.814 


1,763 




188,610 


isas 


168,786 


11,698 


7.317 


1,174 




192,083 


18-W 


163.300 


9.082 


7,336 






183,100 


1845] 141,436 


S,369 


3,849 




4,276 


162,427 



* Under the Constitution of 1777, nearly every military as well 
as civil officer in the State received his appointment from the 
Council of Appointment, and mostly held during their pleasure. 
The Constitution of 1S22 introduced the following system, now 
in use: — " Militia officers shall be chosen or appointed, as fol- 
lows : Captains, subalterns, and non-commissioned officers shall 
be chosen by the written votes of the members of their re- 
spective companies; field officers of regiments and separate 
battalions, by the written votes of tho commissioned officers of 
the respective regiments and separate battalions ; brigadier 
generals and brigade inspectors, by the field officers of their re- 
spective brigades ; major generals, brigadier generals, and com- 
manding officers of regiments or separate battalions shall ap- 
point the staff officers to their respective divisions, brigades, 
regiments, or separate battalions." — Cnnstitution, 1822, Art. IV, 
Sec. 1 ; Constitution, Art. XI, Sec. 2. 

The above rule does not apply to regiments and brigades not 
ftilly organized. If the former contam less than 6 companies, 
the field officers are appointed by the Governor ; and if the 
brigades are not within the requirements of the law. the briga^ 
dier generals are also appoint<'d by tiie Governor. Ckmst. 1846. 

3 The staff of the Commander-in-Chief consists of the Adju- 
tantGeneral. InspectorGeneral. CommissaryGeneral, Engineer- 
in-Chief, Judge Advocate General, Surgeon General. Quarter- 
master General, Pajinaa ter General, Aids-de-Camp, and Military 
Secretary, who severally rank in the order here given. The 
precedence and gradation of officers and non-commissioned offi- 
cers in the militia is as f 'Hows: — 



1. The Commander-in-Chief. 


8. First Lieutenant. 


2. Major Gen<^ral. 


9. Second Lieutenant. 


3. Brigadier General. 


10. Sergeant-Major. 


4. Colonel. 


11. Quartermaster Sergeant. 


5. Lieutenant Colonel. 


12. First Seigeant. 


6. Major. 


13. Sergeant. 


'i . Captain. 


14. Corporal. 


In each grade precedence ia g 


iven by priority in date of elec 


tlon, or appointment. 





* The instructors, wiOi the rank of colonel, are attached to 
the headquarters of the division, and hold by the same tenure 
as commissioned officL^rs of the line. Instructors and division 
engineers must pass an examination as to special qualification 
before a board of not les.s than five offict-rs, convened by the 
Commander-in-Chief. Appointments to this office have hitherto 
been made entirely from among the graduates of West Point. 

5 The Constitution of 1777 ordaiued that a proper magazine 
of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitant-e, 
should be established in every county of the State; but this pro- 
vision was never fully carried out. An arsenal was built at 
New York at an early period, and another at Albany soon after, 
the latter on the site purchased for a State prison. Under an 
act of Feb. 12, 1808, entitled "An Act for the defense of the 
northern and western frontiers," and by subsequent acts, arse- 
nals were erected at Canandaigua, Eatavia, Onondaga Hollow, 
Rome, "VVatertown, Eussell, Malone, Plattsburgh, and iClizabeth- 
town. 

The arsenal at Plattsburgh was burned in 1813 or '14, and tho 
one at Rome, which occupied the present site of St. Peter's 
Church, was burned with its contents a few years since. Neither 
hiis been rebuilt. In 1844 the State leased of the city of Buffalo 
a market building on Batavia St. for an arsenal. Magazines 
were also located at New York, at Albany, and on Staten Island. 
In 1850 these arsenals were mostly ordered to be sold, together 
with such arms and other property as had become unserviceable 
for mihtary purposes. An arsenal occupying the site of an old 
powder magazine of the Dutch, between Center, Elm, Franklin, 
and White Streets. New York, was authorized to be sold in 1844, 
and a new one was dbected to be built. The site was purchased 
by the city for $30,000, and a new city armory was built, on the 
corner of White and Elm Streets. In 1808 the city of New 
York conveyed to the State a tract of ground upon Fifth Ave- 
nue, between Sixty-Third and Sixty-Fifth Sts.. upon which a 
magazine was erected. In 1844 the Legislature authorized a 
new arsenal to be erected on these premises with such moneys 
as might be paid by the U. S. for the military works upon Stat*n 
Island. The sale was completed in April, "lS47. for 537.284.87, 
of which $33,284.87 was applicable to the arsenal. The work 
was commenced, but in March, 1848, was suspended by the 
Commissioners of the Land Office, to whose charge and that of 
the Commissary General the work had been intrusted. It was 
alleged that the latter officer had expended moneys most un- 
warrantably; and subsequent observation has proved that the 
structure was unfit for this or, in fact, for any other pm-pose. — 
Assembli/ Doc. 1856, No. 141. Senate Doc. 1S48, No. 54. 

In la\ing out the Central Park, the premises consi.-^ting of 152 
building lots, valued in 1856 at $206,000. were included in the 
proposed improvement, and an act was passed. April 15. 1857. 
under which this property, which the State purchased in 1808 
for $700. was conveyed back to the city for $275,000. Of this 
sum $100,000 was made apphcable to the erection of an ar- 
senal at New York; $45,000 for an arsenal at Buffalo; $40,000 
for an arsenal in Brooklyn; $25,000 for the improvement of the 
arsenal at Albany and the erection of an armory; $17,000 for the 
purchase of the U. S. arsenal at Fvome; $14,000 for an arsenal at 
Corning, and for armories; $5,000 at Rochester. $6,000 at Troy, 
$4,000 at Auburn, $4,000 at Syracuse, $4,000 at Utica, $3,000 at 
Ballston Spa, $3,000 at Dunku-k. $3,000 at Ogdensburgh. 53.000 at 
Oswego, and $3,000 for the purchase of a stone fort in .'^choharie 
for an armory. The arsenal in Albany, by act of April 17, 1858, 
was exchanged vrith the city for a site on Hudson and Eagle 
Streets, and $5,000 toward an arsenal and armory buildings, 
which were erected in 1858-59. During the summer of 1858, 
buildings at Albany. Auburn, Ballston Spa, Brooklyn, Corning, 
Dunkirk. New York. Ogdensburgh, and Syracuse were put under 
contract and finished, or far advanced, the same year. The stone 
fort or church at Schoharie was purchased, but no steps were 
taken for the erections authorized at Troy, Kochester. Oswego, 
and Utica. The new arsenal built at New York in 1858 waa 
located on Seventh Avenue, corner of Thirty-Fifth St.. and was 
nearly completed, when the roof fell, on the morning of Nov. 
13. 1858, gipatly injuring the building. 

Most of the structures erected under this act are of substantial 
workmanship and elegant architectural style. Th<.y were built 
under the direction of commissioners appointed by law. When 
completed, they will be placed in charge of the Commissary 
General, who also attends to the safe keeping of arms and 



MILITARY. 



45 



Tlic fortifications ^vithiu the State are owned and supported by the United States 
although several of them were built by the State of New York under an arrangement for the settle 
nient of the Revolutionary debt.* 



military equipmenta belonging to the State. He keeps his office 
io New York. 

i^mmarij of the ordnance arms in the hands of the troops and 
in the arsenals of the State on the 1st day of January, 1859. 

222 
i.sa; 

1,1S8 
1,344 



8ix poundors 101 

Niue pounders 3 

Twelve pound howitzers 6 
Twenty-four pound how- 
itzers 7 

Mountain howitners 13 

Flint musketa and bayo- 
nets 671 

Percussion muskets and 

bayonets 11,975 

Flint rifles 563 

Percussion rifles 1,365 

Flint pistols 114 

Percussion pistols 2,254 

1 In Feb. 1801, there was due 
the United States, on account 



Musquetoous 

Carbines 

Cavalry sabres 

Artillery sabres- 
Artillery swords.. 
Cartridge boxes and 

plates 

Cartridge box belts and 

plates 

Bayonet scabbard belts 

and plates 

Waist belts and plates. 

Cap pouches 

Pistol holsters 



10,744 

10,813 

9.890 
9,258 
7.155 
1,553 

from the State of New York to 
of Uevolutionary expenses, the 



sum of $2,074,816. An Act of Congress, passed February 15, 
1799, allowed any State to discharge its debt by payment into 
the treasury before April, ISOO, or by expending a like amount 
within five years in the erection of fortifications. New York waa 
tiie only State that chose to extiugiiish its debt by erecting 
defenses upon its own soil ; and acnmmittee of Congress reported 
in February, ISOl, that no other State.'^ had shown any disposi- 
tion to pay the balances reported against them. The amount 
credited to New York was $S91,1'29.31. and the remainder of 
the indebtedness waa subsequently released. — American State 
Papers, Finance^ I, 697. 

The amount of moneys reduced to specie vajue received by, or 
paid to, the State of New York from the beginning of the Kevo 
lution to April, 1790. was as follows, in dollars : — 

Received from State $1,545,889 

Paid to State 822,803 

A descriptive and historical notice is given of the several forti- 
fications in the localities where they occur. The latest official 
summary that has been published, dated in 1851, is given 
below: — 



United States Fortifications, 



t 






■a 




1 = 
P 


11 

1^ 


i 


•§. 




S 


11 


s 8b 


= •5, . 


S! 


s 


1. 


-^ 


■It^ 


^ S' 


1 is 


fe 


1 


s 


s6 


^11 




III 


1833 




1,250 


318 


$873,013 


$848,013 


$25,000 


1831 




) 


105 









1831 




y 800 


78 


269,467 


259,467 


10,000 


1831 


1845 


3 


U 








1841 
1841 


1S44 


80 
350 


15 

77 


5.096 
245,689 


6.096 
213.000 




32,680 


1847 






140 


605,808 


205,606 


300,202 


isJi 


isis 


1,000 




'20,081 


'"20,081 

3.608 

341.941 




1841 
1812 


1846 


370 


9 
7B 


3,508 
348.673 




6,632 


1824 




800 


118 


634,752 


614.752 


20,000 


1841 




500 


1B4 


411,497 


187.356 


224,142 


1839 




300 


30 


83,013 


78.013 


5,000 


1840 




300 


21 


84,027 


59,027 


25,000 


1842 




300 


64 


150,000 


116,500 


33,500 



c-'a'S' 



nil 



Fort Schuyler 

Fort Columbus 

Castle Williams 

South Battery 

Fort Gibson 

Fort Wood 

Fort Richmond 

Fort Tompkins 

Battery. Hudson 

Battery. Morton 

Fort Lafayette 

Fort Hamilton 

Fort Montgomery...^ 

Fort Ontario 

Fort Niagara 

Fort Porter 



Throggs Neck 

Governors Island- 



Ellis Island 

Bedloes Island.. 
Staten Island.... 



Reef, near Long Island.... 

Long Island 

Rouses Point 

Oswego 

Mouth of Niagara River.. 
Black Rock 



$225,040 
103.749 
79,332 
12,184 
18,672 
76,640 
124,302 
59,209 
57.060 
10,665 
75.778 
86.757 
132,384 
1S.610 
12,961 
51,208 



The forts on Staten Island are being rebuilt on an extensive 
pcale. Fort Schuyler, on Throggs Neck, has since been finished, 
a site purchased for a fort at Wilkins Point, directly opposite, 
and an immense fortress has been commenced on Sandy Hook, 
for the more effectual defense of New York Harbor. These 
works will effectually defend the approaches to New York by 
water, but would not prevent an attack by land should an 
enemy effect a landing upon Long Island. To guard against 
this, it baa been proposed to erect a line of redoubts across the 
island from Wilkins Point to Fort Hamilton at such intervals 
as would secure this object. 

The (leneral Government has appropriated large sums of 
money d uring many years to the construction of a floating battery 
fiir the defense of New York Harbor. It is building at Hoboken, 
and is said to bo nearly completed. Itisof iron, of great strength 
and tliickness, with its outer deck oval, and every part proof 
against cannon ball. It is to be mounted with heavy guns and 
propelled by steam. No official account of its construction has 
been published; and, for obvious reasons, the details of its plan 
are kept secret. It is reported that it has a capacity to accom- 
modate 3000 men, with the necessary supplies of fuel and 
military stores; and it is thought that of itself it might oppose 
an effectual barri'ir against the approach of a hostile fleet in any 
passage which it might be brought to defend. This mighty 
engine of war was planned by the late John C. Stevens. 

The other military establishments of the National Government 
in New York are, — 

The Military Academy at West Point. 



The Navy Yard, Dry Dock, Naval Hospital, and Labo- 
ratory at Brooklyn. 
The Arsenal at Watervliet for the manufacture of gun car- 
riages and other heavy furniture of artillery for the field 
and fort. 
The Arsenal of Deposit, at Rome. 
Plattsburgh Barracks. 
Madison Barracks, at Sackets Harbor. 
Buffalo Barracks. 
A few years after the last war with Great Britain, a military 
road waa surveyed and partly opened by the United States from 
Plattsburgh to Snokets Harbor ; but this work from the first has 
been kept in repair by the towns as a common highway. 

Fort fliontgomery is the only work now under construction 
on the northern frontier. The Canadians have the following 
fortifications adjacent to New York :— 

Fori Wdlington, at Prescott, erected in 1812-15. 
Fyrt Henry, at Kingston, with several Martcllo towers and 
batteries, for the protection of the harbor and town and defense 
of the north channel of the St. La\vrence. Tiiey were partly 
built in the War of 1812-15. and partly in l.?.37-iO. Fort Carl- 
ton, now witliin the United States, commanded the south chan- 
nel, and portions of the work, executed a century ago. (and since 
the Revolution entirely neglected,) might still be made available 
upon short notice. 

Fort Massasau{ja, at Niagara, directly opposite the AmcricaQ 
fort, is of modern origin. 



Note.— By the Militia Regulations of thifl State, the device at the head of this article is borne upon buttons and other insignia 
worn by military officei'S. 



LANDS. 



The absolute property of all the lands in the State is vested in the respective owners, liable only 
to (j-scheat and to the reservation of gold and silver mines in such as derive title from Colonial 
patents.* 

The laAv prohibits tlie leasing of agricultural lands for a longer period than twelve years.^ The care 
and sale of lands belonging to the State are intrusted to the Commissioners of the Land Office. 
These commissioners have also the sole right of dealing with the Indians for the sale and surrender 
of reservations, excepting within the territory whereof the pre-emptive right of purchase was ceded 
to Massachusetts and is now held by the Ogden Company. 

The Commissioners of tlie L.and Office were created by an act of May 11, 1784, 
to carry into execution the promises of bounty lands for Revolutionary services which had been 
made by the Legislature in 1780. As now formed, this Board consists of the Lieutenant Governor of 
the State, Speaker of Assembly, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney General, and 
State Engineer and Surveyor. The Deputy Secretary of State is ex officio Clerk of the Board, and 
the meetings are held in the Secretary's office, upon the call of the Secretary of State. 

When State lands are to be sold, they are first surveyed, appraised, and advertised for sale at 
auction, and their minimum bid affixed. The lots that remain without a bid are liable to be taken 
by the first applicant upon payment of one-fourth of the price and giving bonds for the residue. 
If they remain unsold any considerable time, they are re-appraised and offered at a lower rate.* 

The lands under water in the bays around Long Island are in most cases the property of the 
townships, by virtue of original patents; and the privilege of fishing and taking oysters and clams 
is by some towns held as exclusively belonging to their inhabitants.* 



1 Tlie Dutch Government Bometimea grant'-d lands in tlio 
Colony without the formalities of Indian purchase; but it Wiis 
the rule of the Knglish to first extinguish the iiboriginiil title. 
It was customary to apply to the (iov-'mor and Council for 
leave to purchase. If granted, a treaty was held and an Indian 
deed obtained, a warnint was issued to the Surveyor General 
for a survey, and the map and fi'ld notes were reported. The 
Attorney Gi^neral waa then directed to prepare a draft of a- 
patent, which was submitted to the Governor and Council, and, 
if approved, was engrossed upon parchment, recorded, sealed, 
and iflsued. The fees incident to procuring a patent were im- 
portant sources of revenue to the officers concerned. Only 1,000 
acres could be granted to one person; but this rule was evaded 
by associating great numbers of merely nominal parties ; and 
the officers through whose hands the papers parsed were often 
largely interested in the grants. The Colonial Government in 
this respect became exceedingly coirupt. and stood greatly in 
need of a r^'form like that ^\Tought by the Revolution. In a 
few isolated cases grants of land were made directly by the 
crown, and no records appear in our offices. Of this cla.ss was 
the Koyal Grant to Sir Wm. Johnson, n. of the Mohawk. 
Patents for laud were generally very formal, and abounded in 
repetiti'ius. Tlie grants were "iu fee and common socage." as 
in the manor of East Greenwich, in the co. of Kent, and in- 
cluded with the land all "houses, messuages, tenements, erec- 
tions, and buildings, mills, milldams. fences, inclosurea. g-.irdens, 
orchards, fields. pa.stuvea, common of pastures, meadows, marshes, 
Hwamps. plains, woods, underwoods, timber, trees, rivers, rivu- 
lets, runs, streams, water, lakes, piinds. pools, pits, brachen, 
quarries, mines, minerals, (gold and silver [wholly or in part] 
cxcept.d.) creeks, harbors, highways, easements, fishing, hunt- 
ing, and fowling, and all other franchises, profits, commodities, 
and appurteuanccs whatsoever.'' This enumeration of rights. 
more or less varied, wius embraced in all land p.atents. Colunial 
grants were usuiUly conditioned to the annnaj pa\-ment of a 
quitrent, at a stated time and place named in the patent. This 
payment was sometimes due in money, and often in wheat or 
other commodity. Others were conditioned to the payment of 
the skins of anim.ils or a merely nominal article, as simply an 
Rcknowlodgm-^nt of the sup ^rior rights of the grantors. 'Xhe 
quitri'nti formed an important source of revenue, and, after 
the Revolution, became due to the State. In 173tf it was pro- 
vided that lands subject to these rents might be released npon 
payment of arrears, and 14 shillings to every shilling of the 
annuLiI dues. Large amounts of land npon which arrears of 
qoitrcnta had accumulated were sold from time to time; and 
laws continued to be passed at frequent intervals for the regu- 
lation of these rents until IS'24. when an act was p-assed for tlie 
final sale of all lands whiuh h.ad not been released by commuta- 
tion or remitted by law. Such lands as then remained unre- 
deem -Hi were allowed to be n^le^ased by payment of $:i.50 to each 
flhilling sterling due. The last sale took place in March, ]32(5. 
Th'! arrejirs for quitrents. th^^n amounting to $fi3,:{80. were in 
1819 taken from the general fund and given io eqoiJ portions 
to the Literature and School Funds. 
46 



2 Tliis feature was adopted to prevent the recnrrence of anti- 
rent difficulties. The Legislature, in 1846. enacted a law pro- 
viding that all lands previously rented for a life or lives, or for 
more than 21 years, shuuld be taxed as the personal property 
of the persons receiving the rents, to an extent equal to a sum 
that at legii! interest would produce the annual rent. Such 
tax B were made payable in the cos. where me lands lay; and 
this unpleasant encumbrance has largely contributed to reduce 
the amount of lands thus held. 

3 Unappropriated lands in the counties of Clinton, Essex, 
Franklin. Hamilton, Montgomery, Saratoga, St. Lawrence. 
Wa,sbington. and Warren may be sold by the comniissioucrs in 
quantities of not less than 160 acres, if already surveyed, at such 
price as they may be found worth. If over 1,000 a> res. they 
may be surveyed and sold for their value, and may not bfl 
assessed at a higher rate for five years. Lands sold under fore- 
closure of loan mortgvigcs are bid in by the Loan 0)mmispionerB 
if liable to go for less than the sura due. They are then sold 
by auction, or otherwise, for the best interests of the State, 
under the regulations above stated. Land under water may be 
conveyed by the Commiseioners of the Land Office, under regii- 
lations fixeil by law. jXutice of ai>plication for such grants 
must be advertised for six weeks in the co. newspaper where the 
lands lie, and posted on the courthouse door. These notices 
must describe the adjoining lands and give the names of thej- 
owners. Applicants must make affidavit th.at they intend to 
appropriate the lands applied for to commercial jjurposes. The 
CO. judge, or supervisor and town clerk, or two assessors of the 
town where the lands lie, must make affidavit that the land is 
not more than is necessary tor the purposes of ctmimerce, and 
tliat the persons applying are believed to he hon-i fi'l> applieanta 
for the purposes sUited. Applicants must also produce an accu- 
rate map of the proposed grant and the adjacent lands owned 
by them, certified by the oath of a surveyor; and also a correct 
description in writing, with courses and distances, and the 
soundings for every 50 feet on the exterior line. The map must 
show the general course of the shore for a mile ejxch way. and 
tlie particular course at the point applied for. and include all 
docks, bulkhead-t. or other improvements, the names of ownerii 
of lands adjoining, and the width of the channel or river if less 
than two milcH. The deduction of title and proof that the lands 
belong to the State must also be produced, with claim of owner 
ship by the applicant, or by himself and those under whom he 
claims. The patent is conditioned to occupation in the mod© 

agreed upon within years, and the fees are $5.00. Grants 

under the waters of navigable rivers and lakes can only be made 
to the owners of the land along the shores; and the com- 
missioners are restricted in their powers ao far as relates to 
New York City and the Hudson Kiver R. R. 

* Around Staten Island the owners of the shores possess the 
right of using or leasing the adjacent lands under water for 
planting oysters. The custom of granting lands under water 
without the restrictions here enumerated has led to seriooa 
encroachments upon the harbor of New York, the details o' 
which are stated on pa^es 418, 419. 



LANDS. 



47 



The public lands are greatly reduced in quantity, and belong to the several permanent funds to 
which they have from time to time been granted.' 

Go!«pel and School Lands. — Under an act of 1782, a lot of 400 acres was to be reserved 
in each township of the Military Tract for the support of the gospel, and two lots of 200 acres for 
schools.' 

In each of the Twenty Towns of the Chenango Tract a lot of 250 acres (usually Lot 45) was 
reserved for the gospel, and another (Lot 46) of like extent for schools ; but these lots were sold 
with the lands, and the Canastota Tract, in Sullivan and Lenox, adjoining Oneida Lake, was 
in 1805-08 given in lieu, and apportioned among the Twenty Towns.' 

In each of the Ten Towns on the St. Lawrence a mile square (usually Lot 55) was granted for 
gospel and schools, and in some towns was applied in early years to both these objects.* 

Besides these grants for schools by the State, land proprietors have in some instances conveyed 
certain lots for this purpose, to encourage settlement. In nearly every insta,nce these lands have 
been applied for the benefit of the original townships within which they were granted, and in 
their subdivision the local school fund has been equitably divided. Other lands were subse- 
quently granted, as elsewhere noticed ; and in 1822 the Constitution gave all the public lands 
not specially appropriated to the school fund.' 



1 Tlie quantity now owned forms about 4i per cent, of that 

held in 1823, and compares between the two periods as 
follows ;— 

Jan. 1, 1823. Jan. 1859. 

Lands belongiug to the School Fund 991,669A. 9,463A. 

" " Literature Fund 17,946 " 640 ■' 

" " Canal " 129,769" " 

" " General " " 39,269" 

" " Salt " " 209" 



Total 1,1.39,374 " 49,581 " 

* These lots were designated by the supervisors of Onondaga 
and Seneca cos., under acts passed in 1796 and 1808, as follows: — 

Gospel and School Lands of the Military Tract. 



Oriotnal Town- 

flUIP A.\D ITS 

Ni 



1. Lysander.... 

2. Uannibal.... 

3. Cato. 

4. Bratns 

6. Camillas.... 

6. Cicero 

7. Manlius 

8. Aurelins..... 

9. Marcellns... 

10. Pompey 

IL Romolus.... 

12. Scipio 

13. Serapronius 

14. TuUy 

15. Fabiiis 

16. Ovid 

17. Milton 

IS. Ijocke 

19. Homer 

20. Solon 

21. Ilector 

22. Ulysses 

2.?. Dryrfon 

M. VirRil 

25. Ciucinnatus 

26. Jauius 

27. Qalen 

28. Sterling 



11 


P 


n 


100 


6 


14 


25 


89 


87 


68 


72 


15 


14 


16 


74 


IH 


60 


36 


22 


19 


67 


SO 


60 


55 


1 


82 


52 


25 


76 


69 


3 


36 


30 


23 


24 


56 


1.1 


94 


34 


85 


22 


41 


1 


6 


5 


24 


29 


03 


36 


20 


53 


49 


78 


79 


4.1 


.33 


73« 


88 



Present Towns sharing tn Profits 
of School Lot. 



Lysnnder aod part of Granby. 

Uaunibal. Cicero, parts of Os- 
wego City, and Granby. 

Victory, Ira, and parts of Con- 
quest and Cato. 

Bnitus, and pjirta of Sennett, 
Mentz, Conqaest, and Cato. 

Camiihia, Elbridge, and Van 
Buren. 

Clay and Cirero. 

De Witt and Manlius. 

Owasco, Fleming, Aubnm, and 
parta of Aureliua, SeDnett,aQ(] 
Mentz. 

Marcellufl. Rkaneateles, and parts 
of Spafford and Otisco. 

Pompey, Lafayi;tte, and part of 
Otisco. 

Romulus, Varick, Fayette, and 
parts of Seneca Falle. 

Scipio, Venice, and part of 
Nilea. 

Sempronlas, Moravia, and part 
of Niles. 

Tully, Preble, Scott, and parts of 
Spafford and Otisco. 

Fabius and part of Ti-uxton. 

Ovid. Lodi, and Covert. 

Genoa and part of Landing:. 

Groton, Summer Hill, and Locke. 

Homer and Cortlandvillc. 

Solon and part of Truxton. 

Hector. 

Ulysses, Enfield, Itbaca, and part 
of Lansing. 

Drydea. 

Virgil. 

Cincinnatus, Freetown, Mara- 
thon, and Willet. 

Junius, Tyre. Waterloo, and part 
of Seneca Falls. 

Qalen and Savannah. 

Sterling, Hutler, Wolcott, Huron, 
and Itose. 



• SzchaDged for No. 17 by Chap. 177, Laws of 1812. 



• In each of the following townships a lot of 640 acres was 
reserved for schools, viz. : — Fayette, now Guilford, and part of 
Oxford; Clinton, now Bainbridge. Afton, and part of Coventry; 
Greene, now parts of Greene, Smitliville, and Coventry ; Warren, 
now parts of Colesville, Sanford, and Windsor; Cht:ni'vgn, novr 
parts of Port Crane, Conkliu, Colesville, and Windsor; iSWriey, 
now parts of Binghamton and Vestal ; Rarub-Jph, now parts 
of Sanford, Windsor, and ConldJn; and Hambden, now parta 
of Vestal, Owego, and Nichols. 

* In Plattaburgh 640 acres was reserved for the gospel, and 
460 for schools; and in Totten and Crossfield's Purchase 16 lot« 
of 640 acres each. The latter have been selected under the 
Sackets Harbor and Saratoga R.R.Grant. In Benson Town- 
ship (Hope and Lake Pleasant) 4 lota of 160 acres each were 
given for schools and literature. 

6 The lands of the echool fund were, Jan. 1859, as follows: — 
4,270 acres in Hamilton, 2,861 in Essex, 1,680 in Clinton, 350 in 
Wayne, 105 in Schoharie, 75 in St. Lawrence. 30 in Washing 
ton, 28 in Oneida, 25 in Fulton, 16 in Montgomery, 12 in Her- 
kimer, 6 in Dutchess, and 5 in Onondaga cos. 

Literature Lands have been reserved as follows : — 1 mi. square 
in each of tht? townships of Fayette, Greene, Clinton, Chenango, 
Warren, Sidney, and Hamden. Townships 1, 4, 5. 8, 13, 14, 
17, 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, in Totten and Crossfield's 
Purchase. Lot No. 56 in each of the Ten Town-i of St. Law- 
rence CO. A lot of 550 acres (less 50 for survey) in each of thti 
28 towns of the Military Tract. These lots were appropriated 
as follows : — 

Mmtary 7Vac(.— Townships 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, aiu] 

20, to Union Collage. 
Township 13, to Oxford Academy, Chap. 112, Laws of 1800. 



6, 


" Pompey " 


" 


119, 


1S13. 


3, 


" Cayuga " 


" 


71, 


' 1S14. 


1, 


" Onondaga " 


u 


200, 


' 1814. 


19, 


■' Cortland " 


u 


10, 


' 1822. 


28, 


" Auburn " 


« 


266, 


" 1825. 


22, 


" Ithaca " 


(( 


308, 


' 1825. 



The remainder were sold for the benefit of the Literature Fund. 

Clinton Thwnship, granted to the town of Jericho, Chap. 3, 
Laws of 1822. All other township.s in Broome and Che- 
nango COS. were sold for the benefit of the Literatui-e Fund 

Ten Towns in Sf. Lawrence Co. — In Potsdam, granted to St. 
Lawrence Academy, Chap. 148, 1816. In Canton, granted 
to Lowvillo Academy, Chap. 134, Laws of ISIS. The rty 
mainder was sold, and $1,000 given to Middlebury Aca^ 
demy in 1823; $1,000 to Kedhook Academy in 1824; $2,500 
to St. Lawrence Academy in 1825; and the remainder 
passed to the Literature Fund. 

Totten and Oros!!fiel(rs Purchase. — 10,240 acres absorbed by 
8. H. & S. R. R. In Benson Township, 4 lots of 160 acre* 
each remain unsold. Of the unsold lands of the State in 
Jan. 1859. there were 39,269 acres; of which 19.020 are in 
Clinton, 5,133 in Hamilton, 5,111 in Essex, 4,728 in Frank- 
lin. 1.613 in Warren, 1,147 in Delaware, anj the same in 
Erie, 780 in Herkimer. 212 in Cortland, 175 in Seneca, 116 
in Sullivan, and 57 in Washington coa. 

The Salt iSpHngs Lands are, by Article 7, Sec. 7 of the Consti- 
tution of 1846, declared as belonging inalienably to the 
State, and comprise the grounds upon which salt is nianu- 
ftctured, whether by solar evaporation or artiticial heat. 
The Commissioners of the Land Office may sell, under au- 
thority of law, certain portions for the purpose of pur- 
chasing other lands, so that the amount sliall not bo dimi 
nished. Since 1846, 114.85 acres have been sold, f(k 
$153,039.50, and 543.12 acres porcbosed, for $154,16L79. 



48 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



With certaiiv exceptions* all property, both real and personal, is liable to taxation whether 
owned by individuals or corporations. Real estate is taxed in the town where it lies, unless 
adjacent to lauds of the same owner or occupant in another town where he resides. 

Personal property is taxed where the owner resides, and corporations in the towns where their 
property lies. Stocks of corporations are taxed to the company and not to the holders. Property 
may be sold for the payment of taxes, and lands upon which the taxes remain unpaid are returned 
by the co. treasurers to the comptroller, and so much of each parcel is sold at stated periods, as is 
necessary to pay the taxes, interest, and charges that accrue thereon.'^ 

The pre-emptive title to the lands of the State w. of a meridian passing through the 82d mile- 
stone on the Penn. line, was conveyed to Massachusetts, (except a mile strip along the Niagara,) at 
a convention held at Hartford, Dec. IG, 1786. These lands amounted to about 6,000,000 acres. 
Ten towns of 234,400 acres, in Broome and Tioga cos., called " The Massachusetts Ten Towns" were 
also conveyed at the same time. 

Large tracts of land remained in possession of the government when it became a State. These 
and other portions derived from forfeitures, escheats, tax sales, Indian purchases, and foreclosure 
of loan mortgages, have been sold in small parcels, as parts of large tracts, having a general name 
and system of survey. Sometimes as many patents have been issued for these tracts as they had 
lots, and in others many lots have been conveyed to the same person. 

The largest grant ever made by the State to citizens was that of Macomb*s Purchase, in Frank- 
lin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis, Herkimer, and Oswego cos. It embraced 3,693,755 acres, and 
was patented to Daniel McCormick and Alexander Macomb in 1791-8. The State, in accordance 
with Indian treaties, hag conveyed sundry tracts, the principal of which are Penet Square, (10 mi. 
sq.,) in Jefferson co.. and Perache's, Kirkland, and other minor tracts, in Oneida co. Others, for 
like cause, have been assigned for missions and other specific objects. The Legislature has also by 
acts directed the land commissioners to convey extensive tracts for the promotion of roads, rail- 
roads, and canals, colleges, academies, schools, and other institutions, and to reward military or 
other services to the State. Of the latter class was a grant of 16,000 acres in Oneida co. to Baron 
Steuben, in 1786. 

Of patents to citizens not included in either of the preceding lists, the principal are Scriba's 
500,000 acres in Oswego and Oneida cos. ; Adgate's, Coxe's, Machin's, Oothoudt's, Remsen's, Dean's, 
and other tracts in Oneida; Vrooman*s, Noble's, &c. in Herkimer; and Watkins & Flint's in Che- 
mung and adjoining counties. Numerous grants of land to communities, with privileges of gov- 
ernment, were made upon Long Island, and in the counties bordering upon the Hudson, which will 
be specially noticed in the localities to which they refer. 

Several of the cities have special laws for the sale of real estate for taxes, and such sales 
are made under the direction of the fiscal officer of the corporation. All other tax sales occur at 
Albany once in three years, and are duly advertised by the Comptroller and in each co. by such 
newspapers as are designated by the supervisors. 



1 The real estate not subject to taxation comprises property 
belonging to the Btate and United States; buildings and 
grounds for public uses owned by counties, cities, villapos. 
and towns; colleges, academies, and incorporated eeminaries: 
oliurcbea, school liouses, and the property of corporations for 
reform of offenders; public libraries; bank stock owned by 
State and by literary and charitable societies; Indian reserva- 
tions, and tiie property of Indians living thereon; the property 
of clergj'men to the extent of SI, 500 each, and property not 
liable to sale under eseaition for debt. Tlio la.=t named in- 
cludes (if owned by householders) a spinning wheel, a loom, 
stoves put up or in use. the family Bible, family pictures, and 
school books in use. books not exceeding $50 in value, a seat or 
pew in church, ten sheep with their fleeces, and the yam or 
cloth made therefrom, one cow. two swine, and their neces&ary 
food, all necessary pork, beef, fish, flour, and vegetables pro- 
vided for family use, and fuel for Oi) daya, all necessary wearing 
apparel, beds, bedsteads, and bedding for the fiimily, arms and 
accouterments required by law to be kept for service in the 
militia, necessary cooking utensils, one table, six chairs, table 
fiirniture for six persons, one crane and its appendages, one 
pair of andirons, a shovel and tongs, tools of mechanics to tho 
value of S25. a team worth $150, and land set apart for a private 
burying ground not more than ^ acre. A building and lot 
worth 11.000 occupied as a dwelling by the owner and his family 
•nay be exempt by causing a description of the premises \^ be 



recorded in the co. clerk's office, but such record does not ex- 
empt from sale for taxes, and property generally is liable for 
debts contracted in its purchase. Where a honiestead is ex- 
empted the privilege continues for the benefit of the widow 
and family after the death of the head. Such of the above 
articles as are movable continue exempt while the family to 
whom they belong are removing from one place of residence to 
another. 

2 Each parcel is held up at auction, and those persons com- 
peting at the sale name tho least amount of land in a 
square, usually in the N.w. corner, that they will accept, 
and pay the taxes and charges due. The sale is declared in 
favor of the person naming the least quantity, and the pur- 
chaser receives a certificate naming the time when a deed will 
be due. If not paid, the Comptroller may in 3 months cancel the 
certificate and give to another upon payment of the name 
amount, and any person may redeem within 2 years by paying 
the taxes, charges, and 10 per cent, m addition. Specific or 
undivided parts of tracts of land maybe sold. If not redeemed 
in 2 years the Comptroller issues a full deed to the purchaser. 
The portion sold to pay taxes is designated by the comptroller 
and varies with circumstancee. If a village lot, it is located eo 
as to front upon a street, and in long narrow tracts it is taken 
off from one end. A tax sale takes place in 1859, and triennally 
thereafter. 



LANDS. 



49 



TABLES OF MANORS, COLONIAL PATENTS, PURCHASES, AND LAND GRANTS. 

Manors of the Colonial Period in New Ym-k and its Dependencies. 



NAMES. 


PATENTEES. 


DATES. 


LOCATION AND EEMARK3. 




Capt. Cli'r Billop 


May 6, 1687 
Mar. 20, 1687 
June 17, 1697 
Sept. 6, 1694 
May 21, 1667 
Mar. 10, 1639 
June 23, 166S 
April 20, 1685 
May 9, 1697 
Oct. 25,1687 
April 1, 1680 
AprU 2,1675 
1630-37 

Oct. 5, 1693 
Mar. 21, 1701 
July 25, 1672 

July 8, 1761 


S. W. part of Staten Island, aometimes called '-Billop Manor." 

N. part of Staten Island. 

N. part of Westchester co., had 1 Rep. in Gen. Assembly. 

Canceled. 

Annexed to Kingston, Mar. 12, 1787. 

With full power as an independent town. 

Columbia co., had 1 Rep. in Gen. Assembly. 

Since annexed to Massachusetts. 

S. point of Westchester co. 

S. E. bni-der of Westchester co. 

Putnam co. 

Plum and Gull Islands. 

Fully organized; represented in Gen. Assembly; confirmed 

Oct. 17, 16S5, May 20, 17iJ-i. 
In town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co. 
Westchester co. 
Prudence Island, R. I. Disallowed by R. I., and authority 

resisted. 
Marthas Vineyard, now a part of Maasachuaetta. 






Cortlaudt 


Col. Stophanus Cortlaodt 

Capt. .lohn Evana 

Capt. Tbos. Chambers 

Earl of Stirling 


Fletcher 


Fox Hall 

Gardners Island 




Martha-s VinL'yard.... 




Col. Lewis Morria 

John Pell 


Pelham 






Plummc Island 

Renssclacrwjxk 




Killian Van Rensselaer... 




Caleb Heathcote 













Several of these existed only in name; perhaps a few other patents bore the name of Manors, upon which active settlement 
was not begun under the Colonial Government. 



Table of the more important Patents 

Granted under the English OiloniaZ Chvernment, in the eastern part of New York. 



Name op Patent. 



Adaquataugie Patent.... 

Amherst Tracts 

Anaquasaacotjk Patent. 

Argyle Patent 

Arieskill Patent 

I Artillery Patent , 

Babingt'in's Patent 

Bagloys Patents 



Balfour's Patent.. 
Banyar's Patent .. 
Batavia Patent .... 
Bayard's Patent.. 



Becker's Patent 

Bedlington I'atent 

Beekman's P.itent 

Beekmantown Patent... 

Belvidere Patent 

Bishop's Patent 

Bleecker's Patent 

Blenheim Patent 

Bradshaw's Patent 

Bradt's Patent 



Buffington Patent , 

Burnetsiield Patent.. 

Cambridge I'atent 

Campbell's Patont^«. 



Catskill Patent 

Caughnawaga Patent.... 

Clarke's Patent 

Claus's Patent 

Caterflkill Patent 

Cheesecoek's Patent 

Cherry Valley Patent... 

Clifton Pfirk Patent 

Cobus Kill Patent 

Corry's Patent 

Cosby'a Manor 

Cosby'a Patent 

Coxburgh & Carolina... 
Coxe'fl Patent 



Croghan's Patent 

Dartmouth Patent.... 

Dean's Patent 

De Bcrnier'a Patent.. 
De Lancey's Patent... 

Edmeston's Patent..., 

Franklin Patent 



Hamilton 

Washington . 



Montgomery 

Washington 

Delaware 

Schenectady 

Montgomery 

Ham. & Warren. 
Otsego & Scho.... 

Greene 

Oneida & Herk.. 



Schoharie 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Clinton 

Otsego & Scho... 

Hamilton 

Montgomery ... 

Schohmrie 

Washington ... 
Schenectady ... 



Schoharie 

Herkimer 

Washington ..... 

Essex 

Hamilton 

Greene 

Montgomery .... 

Delaware , 

Fnlton 

Greene 

Orange 

Otsego 

Saratoga 

Schoharie , 

Mont. & Scho.... 
Oneida & Herk. 

Schenectady 

Oneida 



Otsego 

Hamilton 

Clinton 

Delaware 

Montgomery . 



Date. 



Otsego.. 
Otsego.. 



May 
April 

May 

March 

Nov. 

Oct. 

May 

June 

Feb. 

M.arch 

April 

April 

June 

March 

May 

June 

Maich 

July 

AprU 

Sept. 

Nov. 

May 

Feb. 

Dec. 

July 

April 

■luly 

.Tuly 

AprU 

July 

Nov. 

May 

Sept. 

Nov. 

March 

AprU 

Sept. 

Jan. 

Nov. 

June 

Feb. 

May 

May 

Jan. 

Juno 

Oct. 

July 

May 

Nov. 

Aug. 

July 

July 

June 



Extent 
in Acres. 



8, 1770 

6. 1774 
11. 1762 
13, 1764 
12, 1737 
24,1764 

22. 1770 

17. 1737 
9, 1838 

6. 1775 

14. 1753 
a4, 1736 

12. 1771 

19. 1754 
24, 1770 
25, 1703 
27, 1769 

6. 1769 
6. 1774 
22, 1729 

28. 1769 
18, 1762 

14. 1738 
16, 1737 

13. 1770 
30, 1725 
21, 1761 
11, 1764 

5, 1784 
11, 1767 

4, 1714 
22, 1770 
29, 1770 

1, 1695 
25, 1707 
18, 1738 
23, 1708 
15, 1770 
19, 1737 

2,1734 

9, 1738 
30, 1770 
30. 1770 

5, 1775 
29, 1770 

4, 1774 

11. 1769 

22. 1770 
12, 1737 
23,1737 
21, 1770 
20, 1770 
20, 1770 



26,000 

40,000 

10.000 

47,450 

10,000 

24,000 

2,000 

4,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

4,200 

50,000 

6,000 
27,000 



30,000 
100.000 

14.000 
4,300 

40,000 

23,000 
4.000 
3,870 
4,000 
9,400 

31,500 
5,000 
4.000 

35,500 
2.000 
2,000 
3,000 



7,050 



40,000 

25,000 

22,000 

6,000 

47,000 

29.000 

18.000 

18.030 

30,000 

2,000 

10.000 

5,426 

5,000 

6,000 

9,000 



Patentees. 



Sir William Johnson and others. 

Sir Jeffery Amherst, (2 tracts.) 

R. J. P. k W. Schermerhorn and others, 

Duncan Reid and Others. 

James De Lancey. 

Joseph Walton and others. 

Charles Babington. 

Timothy Bagley and others. 

Henry Balfour, (Totten &. Crossfleld's Pur.) 

Goldsbrow Banyar and others. 

Vincent Matthews and others. 

Wm. & Rob. Bayard and others, (Freemasons' 

Patent.) 
Johannes Becker and others. 
John Leake and others. 
Henry Beekman. 
William H. Beekman. 
George Croghan and others, (2 tracts.) 
Wm. Bishop. (T. & C. I»nr.) 
Rutger Bleecker and otliera. 
John Weatherhead and others. 
James Bradshaw. 
Krent Bradt and others. 

David Buffington. 

John Joost Petrie and others, (Gorman Flats.) 

Colden, Smith, Banyar, and others. 

Allen Campbi'U. 

Duncan Campbell, fT. & C. Pur.) 

Martin Garretson V.tn Bergen and others. 

John & Margaret Collins. 

James Clarke. 

Daniel Claus. 

Jacob Lockerman. 

Ann Bridges and others. 

John Lindsley and others. 

N. Hormanse and others, (Shenondehowa Pat.) 

Stephen Skinner and others. 

Wm. Corry and others. 

Joseph Worrell and others. 

Alex., Ph. A Wm. Cosby. 

Daniel Coxe and others, (s. w. of Mohawk.) 
"' " " (E. of Su9i]nehanna.) 

Geo. Croghan and others, (s. of Mohawk.) 

Jeremiah Van Rcns.'^elaer. 

Elkanah Dean. 

John De Bernier. 

James De Lancey and others, (s. of Mohawk.^ 
" " " (n. of Mohawk.) 

Robert Edmesfon. 

William Edmeston. 

Walter Franklin and others. 



50 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



HAHB OP PATENT. 



Franklin Towoeliip 

Frank's Patent 

Frazer'e Patent 

Freeman's Patent 

Friswell's Patent 

Gage's Patent 

Glazier's Patent 

Glen's Purclifiee 

Goldsborongh Township.. 

Grant's Patent 

Greenwich Patent 

Guerln's Patent 

Half Moon Patent 

Ilauson's Patent 

Hardenhnrgh Patent 

Harper's Patent 

Ilarrison's Patent 



Uartwick Patent 

Ilnsenclevor's Patent 

Henderson's Patent 

Herkimer's Patent 

Holland Patent 

Hoosick Patent 

Iluntersfield Patent 

Hurley Patent 

Huyk'Patent 

Hyde To^vnship 

Ingoldsby's Patent 

Jerseyfield Patent 

Jessnp'a Purchase 

Johnson's Patent 

Judd's Patent 

Kakiate Patent 

Kayaderosseras Patent.. 

Kellet'g Patent 

Kempe's Patent. 

Kennedy's Patent 



Kinderhook Patent 

Kingsborough Patent.. 

Kingsbury Patent 

Kiugsfifld Manor" 

Klcck'e Patent 

Kortright Patent 

Lansing's Patent 

Lawyer's Patent 



Leake's Patent 

Legge's Patent 

Lindsley's Patent.. 



Lindsay & LlTingston's Patent., 

Lispen.trd's Patent 

Livingston's Patent 



Lett's Patent 

Ludlow's Patent.. 
Lyne's Patent 



McCullock's Patent . 
Mcintosh's Patent... 
McKee's Patent 



McLeod's Patent... 
McNeile's Patent.. 



Magin's Patent 

Markhara's Patent... 
Matthews's Patent.... 
MaunseU's Patent.... 
IMawighnnk Patent.. 

IMayfield Patent 

Menzies's Patent 



Middlefield Patent.., 
Middletou's Patent.. 

Minieink Patent 

Montresor's Patent... 

Mooney's Patent , 

Morris's Patent , 



Munroe'a Patent .... 
Nestigion" Patent- 
Nettlefield Patent... 



Delaware 

Herkimer 

Greene 

Schenectady... 

Clinton 

Oneida 

Schoharie 

Saratoga 

Delaware 

Essex 

Washington .. 
Montgomery . 
Saratoga 



County. 



Delaware k SuU. 

Delaware 

Montgomery 



Otsego 

Herkimer.. 



Oneida 

Kens. & Wash 

Schoharie 

Ulster 

Columbia 

Warren 

Schenectady 

Herkimer & Fult. 
Warren. 



Herkimer 

Essex 

Rockland 

Saratoga & War. 

Essex 

Washington 

Esses 

Warren 

Columbia 

Fnlton 

Washington 



Montgomery .. 

Delaware 

Herkimer 

Schoharie 



Delaware., 

Essex 

Otsego 



Herkimer 

Otsego 

Herk. & Mont.. 
Fulton & Sara.. 

Fulton 

Orange 

Herkimer 

Montgomery... 
Washington .... 

Essex 

Delaware 



Fulton 

Otsego 

Herkimer 

Fulton 

Hamilton 

Greene 

Waehincton 

Columbia, 

Fulton k Ham- 
Washington 



Otsego.. 



Sull. A Orangt 

Essex 

Washington... 
Montgomery- 



Schoharie 

Montgomery.. 

Otsego „..- 

Washington..., 

Saratoga 

Otsego.- 



Extent 
in Acres. 



26, 1770 
6, ITfio 

17, 1765 
3, 1736 
7. 1765 

6. 1769 
10, 1772 
24, 1770 
15. 1770 
17, 1764 
11, 1763 

29. 1735 
13, 1665 
17, 1713 
20, 1708 

8, 1769 
11, 17.35 
March 18, 1722 
AprU 22,1761 
Feb. 27, 17C9 
1739 
April 13,1752 
March 17, 1769 
June 3, 16S8 
3, 1714 
19, 1708 
6, 1731 
10, 1774 
20,17 
12, 1770 
March 21, 1768 
April 10,1772 
" ■ 27, 1765 
16, 1765 

25, 1696 

2. 1708 
7,1764 

3, 1764 
7,1764 

26, 1774 
March 14. 1686 
June 23. 1753 

15, 1762 
12, 1695 
21, 1754 
24, 1770 
23, 1753 

29. 1768 

6. 1753 

14. 1761 
22, 1770 

26. 1769 
18. 1738 
18, 1738 

7,1741 

24. 1730 

6. 1770 

10. 1762 
8. 1760 

16, 1761 

18. 1731 

2. 1754 

12. 1736 
3, 1765 
7, 1765 

16, 1770 

30. 1770 
29. 1770 

5. 1769 
1.5. 1761 
March 31. 1761 
April 5, 1774 
April 24. 1736 
March 7,1771 
Aug. 4. 1743 
June 25, 1703 
Sept. 11, 1764 



Feb. 
Sept. 
June 
July 
^lay 

July 

Sept. 

Aug. 

June 

Aug. 

Nov. 

Aug. 

Oct. 

July 

April 

Dec. 

Oct. 



Nov. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Jnly 

April 



Sept. 

April 

June 

Nov. 

Aug. 

May 

Aug. 

Aug. 



May 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Feb. 

June 

Dec. 

Feb. 

Aug. 

May 

.Tune 

Aug. 

Aug. 

Oct. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Feb. 

Nov. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Jan. 

Aug. 

May 

Aug. 

Jan. 

April 

Sept. 

April 

Aug. 



April 

Feb. 

Aug. 

June 

Oct. 

Oct. 

June 

May 



Sept. 
April 
March 



18, 1761 
24, 1770 
28. 1704 
6, 1765 
28,1765 

23. 1722 

30. 1723 
24, 1726 

1769 
23. 1764 
22, 1708 
31. 1770 



30,000 
5,000 
2.000 
5,000 
3.000 

18.000 
3,000 

45,000 
6,000 
3,000 

10,000 
4,000 



2,000 



22,000 
4.000 
12,000 
21.500 
18.000 
6,000 
2,324 
20.000 



10,000 



6.000 
40.000 
10,000 
94.000 
11.6.S0 
2.000 
2.000 
2,000 



2.000 

ln.20O 
2.000 
2.000 



20.000 

26,000 

16,000 

22,000 
6.000 

36.600 
2,640 
7.000 
5,000 
5.00fl 
7.050 
1,965 
2.000 
3.000 
9.000 

20.000 
4,000 

20,000 
4,000 

20.000 
2,000 
4,000 
3,000 

40,000 

18,000 
3,000 
5,928 
4,000 
6.000 
5.000 
4.200 
5,000 



2,000 

2.000 

29.000 

5,000 



3.000 
2.000 
6,000 
6.000 
3.500 
2.000 



2,000 



13,000 



Patentees. 



Thomas Wharton and others. 

Coenradt Frank and others. 

Hugh Frazer. 

Thomas Freeman. 

John Friswell. 

Thomas Gage. 

Beamsley Glazier. 

John Glen, jr. 

Edward Tudor and others. 

Robert Grant. 

Donald Campbell. 

Maynard & Elizabeth Guerln. 

Petersen Philip Schujl'T and others. 

Hendrick Hansen and others. 

Johannes Hardenburgh and othere. 

John Harper, jr. 

Edward Harrison and others. 

Francis Harrison and others. 

Christian John Hartwick. 

Peter Hasenclever, 

James Henderson and others. 

Joost Johan Herkimer and others. 

Lord Henry Holland. 

Maria Van Rensselaer and others. 

Myndert Schuyler and others, (Schoharie Pat.) 

Cornelius Cool and others. 

Burgar Hnyk. 

Edward Jessup k C. Hyde. 

Geo. Ingoldsby and others. 

Henry Glen and others. 

Ebenezer Jessup and others, (2 tracts.) 

Guy Johnson. 

James Judd. 

Daniel Honan and others, (Yachtaucke.) 

Nanning Hermanse and others, (Queensboro.) 

Roger Kellet. 

John Tabor Kempe. 

John Kennedy. 

Robert Kennedy. 

John Hendrik be Brnpi and others. 

.4.reut Stevens and others. 

James Bradshaw and others. 

George Klock and others. 
Lawrence Rortright. 
Jacob Lansing and others. 
Johannes Lawyer and others. 



Robert Leake. 
Francis Legge. 
John Lindsay and others. 



John Lindsley & Ph. Livingston. 
Leonard Lispenard and others. 
Philip Livingston and others. 

Abraham Lott, jr., and others. 
Gabriel Ludlow. 
John Lyne and others. 

Nathaniel McCullock, (2 tracts.) 
Alexander Mcintosh. 
Alexander McKee and others. 

Norman McLeod. 
John McNeile. 

Sarah Magin and others. 

William Markham. 

Tiuceut Matthews and others, (3 tracts.) 

John Maunsell. 

Stephen Bayard and others. 

Alexander Menzies. 
Thomas Menzies. 
Godfrey Miller and others. 
Peter Middleton. 
Matthew Ling and others. 
John Montresor and others. 
David Mooney. 
Lewis Morris and others. 

" " Jr. and others. 

U it (( (( 

Staata Long Morris. 
Harry Munroe. 
John RoEie and others. 
Richard Loudon and others. 



« Twenty-four miles above Schenectady. 



LANDS. 



51 



NAME OP PATENT. 



Nine Partners (Great, or Lower)... 

" " (Little, or Upper).. 

Northampton Patent 

Oblong Patent 

Oothoudt'B Patent 

Ord'a Patent 

Orjskany Patent 

Otsego Patent 



Otsqnaga Patent-. 
Palmer's Patent..., 

Panton Tract 

Pinefield Patent..., 

Preston Patent 

Prevost Patent 



County. 



Provincial Patent 

Queenabury Patent 

Rhinebeck Patent 

Ritrhtmeyer's Patent 

Roberts's Patent 

Rochester Patent 

Ross's Patent 

Royal Grant 

Rumbout's Patent 

Sacondaga Patent 

Sadachqueda or Saghquate Patent.. 

Salem Patent 

Saratoga Patent 

Sawyer's Patent 

Schaghticoke- 

Sohermerhorn'8 Patent 

Schneider's Patent 



Schuyler's Patent... 
Schuyler's Patent.. 



Scott's Patent , 

Seaton's Patent 

Servis's Patent 

Sherriff's Patent 

Skoneshnro' Patent 

Skene's Patent 

Skene's Little Patent.. 

Skinner's Patent 

Small's Patent „ 

Spaight'e Patent 

Spornheyer's Patent 

Springfield Patent 

Staley's Patents 

Starnberg'a Patent 

Steward's Patent , 

Stewart's Patent 



Stone Arabia Patent.... 

Stone Heap Patent 

Stmy Hill Tract 

Stony Point Tract 

Stoughton's Patent 

Strasburgh Township .. 

Stringer's Patent 

Sutherland's Patent..-. 



Swallowfield Patent 

Ten Eyck's Patent 

Timberman's Patent 

Totten & Croasfield's Purchaac".... \ 

Tnrloch Patent 

Upton's Patent..-.. 

Van Bergen's Patent 

Van Dam's Patent 

Van Rensselaer Patent _ 

Van Slyck's Patent 

Vaughan's Patent- » 

Wan:ice Patent 

"Walloomsac Patent 

Wiilter's Patent 

Walton's Patent 



Fulton 

W. Chester, Put, 
& Dutch. 



Essex.... 
Oneida.., 
Otsego.., 



Montgomery.. 

Richmond 

Warrea 

Delaware 

Hamilton. 

Greene 



Delaware.. 
Orange...... 



Warren 

Dutchess , 

Scho. & Greene.. 

Fulton 

Ulster 



Herkimer. 

Dutchess 

Fulton & Ham.. 

Oneida 

Washington 

Wash. & Sara... 
Wash, k Sara... 
Wash & Kens.... 
Washington 



Rensselaer 

Herk. &. Oneida.. 
Wash. &. Kens— 

Otsego. 

Washington 

Rensselaer 

Schoharie 

Greene 

Oneida 

Warren. 

Washington 

Essex 

Washington 

Schoharie 

Essex -— - 



Schoharie.... 

Otsego _., 

Herkimer..- 
Schoharie. _„ 



Clinton 

Hamilton 

Greene -.. 

Mont.& Fult. 
Mont. & Scho. 

Schoharie 

Rockland 

Essex 

Delaware 

Schoharie. , 

Washington... 

Essex 

Westchester... 

Schoharia , 

Herkimer 

Herk. Ham.Ea- 
80X, Warren. 
Schoharie. 

Otsego 

Greene 

Orange -, 

Sara, & Fult 

Montgomery 

Herkimer 

Hamilton 

Washington....— 

Westchester „ 

Herkimer 

Delaware _ 



::} 



May 27, 

.\prU 10, 

Oct. 17; 

I June 8, 

j vut s&t. 

Aug. 18, 

.Ian. 31, 

.\prU 18, 

Feb. 3, 

Nov. 30, 

Sept. 22, 
March 31, 

Oct. 18, 

June 22, 

June 27, 

Aug. 16, 
March 10, 

Jan. 18, 

-May 2, 

May 20, 

.Tune 8, 

May 6, 

Sept. 29, 

June 25, 

AprU 16, 



,1697 
1706 
1741 

1731, 

1741 

1775 
1705 
1770 
1769 
1729 
16S7 
1776 
1775 
1770 
1766 
1768 
1770 
1776 
1764 
1762 
1703 
1754 
1770 
1703 
1766 



Extent 
in acres. 



7,1686 

2. 1741 

25, 1736 

7,1764 

4,1684 

29, 1708 

23, 1761 

11, 1762 

23,1764 

Ma?ch 24, 1762 

1765 

19, 1737 

3, 1755 

18, 1740 

29, 1737 
2, 1770 

18, 1787 
28, 1769 
18, 1776 

March 31, 1766 

July 30, 1771 

6, 1771 

15, 1770 

6, 1774 

6. 1767 

23. 1764 

4,1741 

14, 1756 

30, i: 
March 19, 1769 
May 7, 1765 

27. 1765 
7,1771 

19, 1723 
15, 1770 

March 25, 1' 

July 13, 1743 

25, 1764 

4. 1770 

12, 1769 

6, 1764 

7,1764 

22, 1708 

30, 1739 

30, 1766 



Oct. 

Dec. 

June 

Aug. 

Nov. 

Oct. 

July 

May 

Aug 



May 
•Tune 
July 
July 
Jan. 
July 
Feb. 
Oct. 



July 

Jan. 

April 

Nov. 

Aug. 

Nov. 

June 

.Sept. 



May 

Sept. 

Oct. 

ppt. 



July 

Dec. 

Jan. 

.Sept. 

Aug. 

April 

May 

May 



Feb. 21, 1752 
March 8,1770 
July 11, 1767 
March 23, 1709 



Oct. 

Sept. 

April 

April 

June 

Feb. 

Aug. 



4, 1774 
1, 1716 
M, 1770 
11, 1770 
16, 1739 
14, 1701 
12, 1768 



March 15, 1770 



13,000 
6,000 



69,000 
100,000 
4,300 
6,100 
2,000 
30,000 
14.000 
6,000 
6,000 



6.000 
26,000 
23,000 



8,000 
2,000 



2,000 
93,000 



28,000 

6.000 

26,000 



61.000 

10.000 

2,000 

10,000 

43.000 

11.250 

43.000 

12,000 

2,000 

42,500 

3,000 

25,000 

4,000 

25.000 

3,000 

9,000 

40,000 

5.000 

2.000 

2.000 

17.000 

34.000 

3,000 

3,000 

2,000 

24,000 

2,000 

12.700 

15,500 

18,000 



2,000 
37,000 
2,000 
2.000 
3,000 
7,630 
3,500 
3,000 



18,000 
20,000 
35,600 
3,000 
28,964 
2,000 
8.000 
6.365 
12,000 
6,000 
12,000 
20,000 



Caleb Heatbcote and others. 
Sampson Boughton and others. 
Jacob Maeo and others. 

Thomaa Ilawley and others, 

Volkert Oofhoudt and others. 

Thomas Ord. 

Thomas Wenham and others. 

Charles Read and others. 

Geo. Croghau and 99 others. 

Rutger Bleecker and others. 

Capt. John Palmer. 

Francis I'anton. 

John Rapalje and others. 

Achilles froston and others. 

Augustine Prevost. 



James Prevost. 

William Cockroft and others. 

Daniel Prindle and others. 

Henry Beekman. 

Ury Rightmeyer and others. 

Benjamin Roberts. 

James Ross. 

Sir John Johnson. 

Francis Rumbout. 

Lendert Gansovoort and others. 

Frederick Morris and others. 

Alexander and .Tames Tui'ner and othorB. 

Cornelius Van Dyck and others. 

Isaac Sawyer. 

Cornelius Tan Dyck and others. 

Ryer Schermerhorn. 

George Schneider. 

Hendrick Schneider. 

D,avid Schuyler and others. 

Ahm. David Schuyler and others. 

David Schuyler and others. 

John Schuyler and others. 

John Morin Scott and others. 

Sir Henry Seat«n. 

Peter Sends and others. 

Charles Sherriff. 

Philip Skeene and others. 

Philip Skeene. 

Stephen Skinner and others. 

John Small. 

William Spaight. 

Ernst William Spornheyer and others. 

.Tohn Groesbeck and others. 

Rudolph Staley and others. 

Jacob Starnberg and others. 

Lambert Starnberg and others. 

Peter Stew.ard. 

James Stewart and others. 

Walter Stowiirt. 

John Chr. Oarlock and others. 

John Bowen and othera. 

Michael Byrne and others. 

Richard Bradley and others. 

John Stoughton. 

John Sutler and others. 

Samuel Stringer. 

Erick Sutherland. 

Nicholas Sutherland. 

George Booth. 

Hendrick Jacob Ten Eyck and others. 

Jacob Timberman and others. 



J.acob Borst and others. 

Clotworthy Upton and others. 

Martin G.arretson Van Bergen and others 

Rip Van Dam. 

Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. 

narmnn Van Slyck. 

.Tohn Vauglian and others. 

Hugh Wallace and others. 

Edward Collins and others. 

Robert Walters. 

William Walton and others. 



** This tract, embracing 50 townships, was surveyed just be- 
fore the Revolution, but small portions only were granted until 
after the war. Among those who received patents for large 
portions after that period were Robert G.Livingston, Isaac Nor- 
ton. John <}. Leake, Abij.ah n.ammond, Frederick Kylander, 
Philip Livingston, John Thurman, Jacob Watson, Alexander 



Macomb, Ph. Rockafeller, White Matlack, Enos Mead, Zephaniah 
Piatt, Goldsbrow Banyar, Peter V. B. Livingston. Joshua Mei^ 
sereau, Jon.athan Lawrence, Thomas Franklin, Effingham Law- 
rence, Stephen CroHsfield, and others. Extensive tracts havt 
been repeatedly sold for ta.\es. 



52 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



NiaiE OF Patent. 


(hunty. 


Dale. 


Extent 
in Acres. 


Ftdenteet. 


Watkina'B Patent 


Washington 


Vn-rrh 1. 177."^ 


2,000 

■'4,380 
3,000 
3,000 

38,000 
2,000 
4,000 

14,000 
2,000 
2.000 
3.000 

20,000 

14,000 


John Watllina. 

Dr. John Bridgen. 

William and Stephen Bayard. 

Archibald Weir and others. 

John Wli.arton. 

ITenry White and others. 

Peter Winne. 

Peter Winne and others. 

Charles Williams and others. 

Anne Wilmot. 

Hartman Windecker. 

D.aniel Wriesberg. 

Frederick Young. 

Theobald Yonng and others. 




Orange April 29, 1703 

Columbia Anr. 4. 1743 








Feb. 18, 1776 
AprU 16, 1765 
March 10, 1770 




Essex 








Herliimer 

Montgomery 

Essex .'".".' 

Otsego 4 Scho.— . 
Herliimer. 


Oct. 6, 1741 
Oct. 10, 1741 
Aug. 29, 1735 
Aug. 29, 1735 
Nov. 12, 1731 
Feb. 18, 1775 
Oct. 11, 1762 
Aug. 26, 1762 




"WiUiama Patent 


Wilmot Patent 









SUBDIVISIONS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS PURCHASE 
Of about 6,000,000 acres of Lands ceded to Massachusetts by tlie State of New York at the Hartford Convention, Dec. 16, 1786. 



Tracts. 



Phelps and Gorham'^ 

Morris Reserve 

Triangular Tract 

Connecticut Tract^ 

Cragie Tract 

Ogden Tract 

Cottinger Tract 

Forty tbonaand Acre Tract 

Sterritt Tract 

Church Tract 

Morris Honorary Creditors' Tract, 
Holland Co.'s piarchaso 

Boston Ten Towns 



Massachnsetta to Phelps and Gorham.. 



" to Robert Morris 

Morris to Le Roy, Bayard. & McEvers 

" Watson, Cragie, & Greenleal". 

" Andrew Cragie 

" Samuel Ogden 

*' Gerrit Cottinger 

« "WUhelm and Jan Willink 

« Samuel Sterritt 

« John B. Church 

" Creditors , 

" Agents of Holland Co 



Massachusetts to Settlers Nov. 7, 178T 



Nov. 21, 1788 



May 11,1791 



2,600,000 



500,000 
87,000 

100,000 
50,000 
50.000 
50,000 
40,000 

150.000 

100,000 

58,570 

3,600,000 



230,400 



Cbunties. 



Allegany, Livingston, 
Monroe, Ontario, 
Schuyler, Steuben, 
Waj-ne, and Yatea. 

Allegany. 

Monroe. 

Orleans and Genesee, 

Genesee. 

"Wyoming. 

Wyoming and Allegany. 

Wyoming & Livingston. 

Allegany. 

Allegany. 

Allegany & Livingston. 

Chautauqua, Cattarau- 
gus, Allegany, Wyo- 
ming, Erie. Genesee, 
Orleans, and Niagara. 

Broome and Tioga. 



a Phelps and Gorham originally contracted for the whole tract at Sl.000.000, payable in a kind of scrip called " Consolidated 
Securities," then much below par. A rise to par prevented them from fulfilUug the agreement. 

* In 1801, conveyed in undivided halves to the State of Conn, and Sir Wm.Pulteney, the former using part of her School Fund 
in the purchase. Divided by alternate lots in ISll. 

c Conveyed in four tracts to the agents of the Holland Co.: viz., 1.500,000, Dec. 24, 1792. to Le Roy and Lincklaen; 1,000,000 
Feb. 27, 1793, to Le Roy, Lincklaen, and Boon; 800,000, July 20, 1793, to the same; and 300,000, same date, to Le Roy, Bayard, 
and Clarkson. 

SUBDIVISION OP MACOMB'S GREAT PURCHASE 

In Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego, and SerJcimer Counties. 



TKiCTS. 


Patentees. 


Date 
ofPatmt. 


Acres. 


Pemarks. 


Great Tract No. 1 

" " 2 

" " 3 

" 4...-1 

« " 6... 
" " 6... 




May 17, 179S 
May 17, 1798 
March 3,1796 

Jan. 10, 1792 

Dale of Pur- 
chase. 
AprU 12,1793 

July 15, 1795 

Dec. 18, 1792 
Feb. 20, 1793 


821,879 
663,020 
640,000 
r 460,960 
1 26,250") 
i 74,400 • 
[1,368,400. 

210,000 

290,376 

817,155 
74,400 


Twenty-seven towns, Franklin CO. 
Eighteen towns, St. Lawrence co. 
Fifteen " " " 
Antwerp and Jefferson cos. 

Jefferson, Lewis, Oawego, and Herkimer cos. 
Jefferson and Lewis cos. 

U It 

Jefferson, Oswego, and Lewis, 13 towns. 

Oreig, Lewis co. 

Five towns, Lewis co. 

Lewis CO. 

Leyden and Lewis, Lewia co. 

Lewis CO. 




ti li 




Purchasers. 

Pierre ChaBs.ani3 & Co 

( Harrison, Iloffrnjin, \ 
\ Low. & Henderson.../ 


Chasaanis Tract 

Black River Tract 

Boylston Tract 


BrantiDgham Tract- 
Constable's Towns 

Ellisburgh 

Inman's Triangle 






Marvel Ellis 


March 22, 1797 
Feb. 20, 1793 
April —,1796 


52,834 
25,000 
61,433 















Chenango Twenty Tovmships. 




Tp. 


Acres. 


Date of 
Patent. 


Paienteis. 


Tp. 


Acres. 


Date of 
Palent. 


Patentees. 


1 


27,187 


June 14, 1703 


Alexander Webster. 


n 


26,200 


Jan. 28,1793 


Leonard M. Cutting. 


2 


28,245 


AprU 16, 1794 


WUli,-un S. Smith. 


12 


24,185 


AprU 16. 1794 


Wm. Matlack, ar. 


R 


24.624 




« (( 


13 


24.213 


March 2, 1793 


Thos. Lndlow and J. Shipperly. 


4 


24,400 


(( It 


t( f 


14 


26,030 


June 1,1793 


Leonard M. Cutting. 


5 


20,200 


(( <e 




15 


25,335 


Dec. 29,1792 


" " 


B 


24,384 


March 2, 1793 


Thos. Lndlow, jr. 


16 


18,713 


Feb. 14,1793 


John Taylor. 


7 


24,186 


Jan. ,^l, 1793 


Robert C. Livingston. 


17 


18,063 


.( ti 


u 


S 


26,780 


April 16, 1794 


WUliam S. Smith. 


18 


22,565 


May 3,1793 


John J. Morgan. 


9 


24,205 


(, C( 


,. u 


19 


20.760 


" *' 


" " 


10 


24,200 


Jan. 13, 1793 


Jamea Talmadge. 


20 


24.856 


tt u 





LANDS. 



53 



Table of the Principal Tracts 

Which havt been granted in stnaU parcels by the State, under the Qmimiesioners of the Land Office. 



Name of Tbact. 


County. 


No.qf 
Lots. 


Hemarks. 






7 

77 

883 

13 

233 

254 

62 

4 

7 

91 

205 

IM 
25 
79 
19 
248 
100 
33 

""is 

117 
108 

68 

"62 
234 

160 
93 
33 

421 
38 

173 
....„ 

'l07 

140 

133 

52 

"soi 

"428 
130 

256 

86 
10 mi. 

S(] 

each 

111 

162 
38 

17 
62 
22 

58 
174 


West of Perou Bay. 
Escheat of John G. Leake. 
Named from Egbert BeuBOn. 

Part of Niagara Mile Strip. 

Surveyed by Geo. Webster, 1803. 

1 Unappropriated lauds remaining at close of RoToIa- 

/ tiOQ. 

Part of Hardensburgh Patent. 

Gospel and Schools for Chenango Twenty Towns. 

f Laid out in 1788 by Jas. Clinton, J. Hathorn, and J. 

1 Can tine. 

49,710 acres to A. Hammond and others. 

Patented separately. See table preceding tliia. 

Given to the Vermont suflferers. 

Given to schools and literature. 

Town of Windsor. 

Unappropriated lands remaining after Revolution. 

Mil© Square Reservation. 

Unappropriated lands remaining after Revolution. 

Given to Canal Fund. 

To Walter Livingston, M. West, and W. Morris. 

In quarters. 

Robert Morris and Alexander Macomb. 

House, out, and water lots. 

Small tracts upon Military Class rights. 

f Twenty eight townsbips— 1,680,000 acres to Boldiers of 
!_ the Revolution. 

/Ten townships, 640,000 acres set apart to soldiers, 
\ not conveyed. 

Nine townships, mostly of modem grant. 
Resei-ved in Massachusetts cession. 

!■ Reserved by State in previous grants. 

State, Middle, Rear, and River Lots. 
Named from Paradox Lake. 

131,420 acres to Canada and Nova Scotia refugees. 

West, East, and Residence Ti-acts, Canoga Reservation. 

Fish Creek, Oneida, Castletou, Oneida Creek, Otsequet, 
Pagan Purchase, and Wood Creek Tracts of the pur- 
chases of 1798, 1802, 1815, 1824, 1826, 1829, 1830, 1834, 
1840, 1842. 

See page 478, Bote 4. 

Various, including lands at Fort Covington and Ho* 
gansburgh Village. 

Various purchases, including E. Hill Tract of fifty 
and W. Hill Tract of forty-two lots. 

Including plats of Salina, Geddes, Liverpool, Syra- 
cuse, Ac. 

Sold at auction in 1^ miles and mile squares,, but bid 
in by a small number. Cambray, Be Kalb, and 
Hague, each 92.720 acres: Lisbon, Louisville, and 
Stockholm, each a little less, were conveyed to Alex. 
Macomb, Dec. 17, 17S7. 

61,440 acres to Robert Harper and others. 












Hamilton and Fulton 

Erie 












Bulwagga Bay Tract » 

Butler^ Tract 




















Madison, Chenango, Oneida 






Delaware and Broome 




Cram Horn Mountain Tract 




Broome „ 








Fort Ann Tract 














Erie 










Gore, Old Military, and Refugee 




Goree, others iugroat number. 


Tioga 










Islanda in great number. 


























St. Lawrence 




Military Tract i 

Military Tract (Old) 


Caynga,Cortland, Onondaga, 
Oswego. Schuyler, Seneca, 
Tompkins and' Wayne. 




Hamilton and Herkimer.... 




North River llead Tract 


Essex 


North West Bav Tract 


















Warren and Snratoga 


Paradox Tract 


Peron Bay Tract 


Essex 


Refugee Tract 


Clinton 


Reservations, Indian: 






Oneida and Madison 

Onondaga, ^ 




St. Regis 








Eaiex 

Washington. 






St. Lawrence Ten Towns - 








Sidney Townehip 




Split Rock Tract 






Niagara. 












Warren Township 




Watkins and Flint's Purchase 

Westfield Tract 


Chemung Schuyler & Tioga 








Essex and Clinton. 





Tablea of many small grants, tracts, and purchases will be funnd in the descriptions of the counties in which snch lands are 
located. 




CANALS. 

The Public Ca*nals of the State are made, by the Constitution, 
inalienable. They were first constructed for the purpose of facili- 
tating settlement and of opening an easy means of communication 
between the Atlantic and the great lakes. The canals are under 
the care of several State officers, the powers and duties of whom 
are as follows : — 

Tlie Canal Coiiiuilssioiiers, three in number, are elected 
one each year and hold office for three years. They have the imme- 
diate supervision and management of the construction and repairs 
of canals, and are ex officio members of the Canal and Contracting 
Boards. They have their office in the State Hall, and report annually 
to the Legislature. The canals have three general divisions, each of which is under the special 
charge of a commissioner.^ 

The State Eug^iucer and Surveyor has general charge of the engineering department 
of the canals, and is a member of the Canal and Contracting Boards. He has an office in the State 
Hall, and reports annually to the Legislature.^ 

Tlie Canal Board con^^ists of the Commissioners of the Canal Fund, the State Engineer, 
and the Canal Commissioners. It meets, during the session of the Legislature, at the office of the 
Canal Department, fixes the rates of toll, appoints collectors of tolls, their assistants and weigh- 
masters, directs extraordinary repairs; hears appeals from the Canal Appraisers, remits penalties, 
and regulates the police of the canals.^ 

The Auditor of the Canal Department draws warrants on the Treasurer for all 
canal payments, audits accounts, instructs collecting and disbursing officers, and keeps account of 
canal receipts and expenditures. He is ex officio Secretary of the Commissioners of the Canal 
Fund and of the Canal Board, and a member of the Contracting Board. His office, known as the 
"Canal Department," is in the State Hall at Albany. 

The Canal Appraisers, three in number, are appointed one each year, and hold office for 
three years. They appraise all damages arising from the canals, whether temporary or permanent 
in their natrure. They have an office in the State Hall. 

The Contracting Board consists of the State Engineer, the Auditor of the Canal Depart- 
ment, and the Canal Commissioners. It appoints all division, resident, and first assistant engineers.* 
The Coniiuissiouers of the Canal Fund consist of the Lieutenant Governor, Secre- 
tary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, and Attorney General. The Auditor of the Canal Department 
is ex officio Secretaj-'y of the Board. They have the general management of the funds and debts of 
the cajial.^ 



1 Tlie Eastern Division embraces the Erie Canal as far w. as 
Oneida Lake Canal, 136 miles ; Champlain Canal and Glens Falls 
Feeder, 78 miles; Pond above Troy Dam. 3 miles; Black Eiver 
Canal and Improvement, 9S miles ; makinj^ a total of 315 miles. 

The Middle Division embraces the Erio Canal from the E. 
bank of Oneida Lake Canal to the e. line of Wayne co., includ- 
ing feeders and reservoirs, 76 miles; Cbeuango Canal, 97 miles; 
Oneida Lake Canal, 7 miles; Oswego Caual, 38 miles; Baldwius- 
ville Side Cut, 1 mile; Oneida lUver Improvement, 20 miles; 
Seneca River towing path, 5? miles; CajTiga & Seneca Canal, 
23 miles; Crooked Lake Canal, 8 miles; Chemung Canal and 
Feeder, 39 miles; Oneida Creek Feeder, 2 miles; Seneca Kiver 
Improvement, 12^ miles ; making a total of 331 miles. 

The Weskrn IHvision embraces the remainder of the Erie 
Canal, 155 miles, and the Genesee Valley Canal and Dansville 
Side Cut, 118 miles, making a total of 273 miles. 

2 He prescribes the duties of engineers and assigns to them 
divisions, visits and inspects all the canals at least onco in each 
year, and prepares plans, surveys, maps, and estimates for con- 
etmction or improvement. He has other duties relating to rail- 
roads, lands belonging to the State; and other subjects are 
also assigned to liim from time to tiiue. 

In the Engineering Department are the following subordinate 
officers :— 

Division Engineers, one to each division, are appointed by 
the Contracting Board with the consent of the State Engineer. 
They have special supervision of the sections of canals in their 
respective divisions, and are obliged to frequently pass over the 
canal; and tliey prepare all maps, plans, and specifications for 
work to be put under contract. They make full reports annually 
to the State Engineer. The office of the Resident Engineer of 
the Eastern Division is at Albany, of the Middle Division at 
Syracuse, and of the Western Division at Rochester. 

Eesident Engineers, 12 in number, have immediate charge of 
certain sections under the supervision of resident engineers. 
They are assisted by : 
54 



First Assistant Engineers, appointed by the Contracting 
Board, and 

Second Assistartt Engineers, appointed by Resident Engineers. 
The number of these assistants is regulated by the amount of 
labor in progress. Levelers, surveyors, draftsmen, clerks, &c. 
are employed aa the Department may require, and are ap- 
pointed in the same manner as Second Assistant Engineers. 
No engineer or other public officer appointed upon the canals, 
or a clerk, foreman, or overseer of laborers, is allowed to have 
an interest in the boarding of laborers, or in furnishing teams, 
materials, or any other tlung belonging to himself, for the use 
of the public. 

s There are 20 collectors of tolls on the Erie, 3 on the Cham- 
plain. 3 on the Oswego, 3 on rhe Seneca & Cayuga, 3 on the 
Chemung. 1 on the Crooked Lake, 3 on the Chenango, 5 on the 
Genesee Valley, 1 on the Black River, and 1 on the Oneida Lako 
Canal. There are also 41 assistant collectors. Collectors may 
be removed by the Canal Commissioners or the Auditor. 

4 This Board was created AprU 15, 1854, and its powers were 
enlarged and defined May 14, 1857. Until May 1, 1S59. it appointed 
superintendents of repairs; but since that time all repairs are 
made by contract. Repairs were formerly jjnade by laborers, 
hired by the day or month, under the direction of superin- 
tendents; but in 1857 the Contracting Board was authorized 
to let the ordinary repairs upon contract for a term of yeai-s. 

6 The canal fund was derived from the following sources : — 
1817-35. Auction duties, (in part,) amounting in 

all to $3,592,039.05 

« « Salt duties, amounting in all to 2,055,458.06 

In 1835, these revenues were restored to 
the general fund, by a popular vote of 
68.126 to 8,675. 
1817-23. Steamboat passenger tax, amounting In 

aU to 73.509.99 



CANALS. 



S5 



Reports are annually made to the Legislature by the heads of the various Canal Departments 

concerning every thing pertaining to the Canal interests. These reports, embodying voluminous 
details and summaries, are printed, and are easily accessible to all.^ 



Loans for construction, at sundry times, secured 
by State stocks. The avails for Erie andCham- 
plaiu Canals, up to Sept. 30, 1858, amounted to SS,2T1.831.00 

Loans for enlargement, &c ll.S28.nilil.0O 

Loans for deficiencies 10,203.8-14.10 

Loans for enlargement and completion 10,50i).OOiJ.OO 

Canal revenue certificates 1,512.390.75 

Temporary loans , 1,700,000.00 

ToUs 64,429.475.-ll 

Tax (1844, '45, '46, '47, 1854, '65, '56, '57, '58) 2,936,633,31 

Sale of lands for benefiX of canals, viz.: 102.635 
acres in Cattaraugus co., given by the IloUand 
Land Co.; 3,000 acres, by John Hornby; 1,000 
acres, by Gideon Granger; Grand Island, 
(17,381 1-5 acrea,)and S small ialands, (502i acres.) 
given by the State for benefit of canals; and a 
tract of land on Wood Creek, bought with the 

rights of the Western Inland Lock N. Co 107,430.18 

Interest on iuvestmrut and deposits 3,157.860.60 

Surplus tolls, from lateral canals 1.010.731.43 

Miscellaceous 1.101,12:i.43 

Total receipts Erie and Champlain Canals 123,043.734.84 

Receipts upon all the State canals 143,607,002.91 

Total payments upon the Erie and Champlain 

Canals 

Total payments upon all the State canals 141,627,845.85 



The total premiums ui)on loans amounted to $2,20S,744,12 

The total discount upon loans amounted to 290,508.04 

Special loans were made for most of the lateral canals. A 
tract of laud from the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation was 
sold for the benefit of the Oswego Canal Fund, and amounted to 
$1130,000. Stock in the Western Inland Lock Navigation Co., 
amounting to $92,000. wa.s canceled fur the benefit of the canals, 
and the interesis of individuals in tliat work were canceled by 
purchase. The amount appraised was S15-'718.52. 

Tlie Constitution provides (Art. VII) that, after paying the 
expenses of collection, superintendenne. and repairs, the sum 
of $1,300,000. and after 1855, $l,700,OitO, shall be applied annu- 
ally, from the revenues of the canals, to a sinking fund, to pay 
the canal debt. In 1857, the surplus receipts of tolls failed, for 
the first time since 1846. to meet this, and it became necessary 
to raise by direct tax the money required to pny interest on the 
stock. The clause in the Constitution prohibiting the creation 
of a debt for any public worU, without imposing a direct tax 
for its pa>Tnent and a submission to the popular vote, was sus- 
pended by an amendment adopted Feb. 14. 1854, to allow of the 
raising of $9,000,000, by the issue of State stock, for the more 
speedy enlargement and completion of the canals. A measure 
was introduced in the Legislature of 1859, for the loan of a fur- 
ther sum for this object, and the submission of the question to 
the decision of a popular vote. 



ISUMMAEIES OF THE PRINCIPAL REPORTS. 

Amount and value of property moved, and miles run, on all the State Canals, since 1835. 





Estimated valce op pro- 












Miles run in each year 




perty TO AND FROM OTHER 












BY ALL THE BOATS. 










CUared ai 




Totalnwmr 






. 


Black Rock, Tona- 


Toted value nf 


Cleared at New 


Buffalo, 


Cleared at 


beroftons 






s 




properly Tiioved 


Torh Alhany, 


Black Sock, 


ail other qffi- 


moved on 






tH 






on all the car 
nals. 


and West Troy. 


and Ttma- 
vianda. 


ces. 


aU the ca- 
nals. 


Ihckets. 


Freight 
boats. 


Produds 


M^chandise 




cmningfrom. 


going to. 
















1R3fi 


$6,493,816 
4,813,620 


$9,723,260 


$67,634,343 








1,310,807 
1,171,296 






1837 


6,322,750 


66,809,288 


$25,784.i47 


$3,286,128 


$18,650,604 


405,050 


6,666,950 


1838 


6,369,645 


8,667,260 


65.746,669 


33,062,858 


4.864.927 


19.209,868 


1,333,011 


400,250 


5,126,800 


1839 


7,268.968 


10,259,100 


73,399,764 


40,094,302 


5,222,766 


18,854,427 


1,435,713 


290,900 


5.786,850 


1840 


7,877,358 


7,057.600 


66.403,892 


36,398,039 


6,200,829 


16.204.936 


1,417,046 


268.880 


6,952,300 


1841 


11,839.273 


11.174.400 


92.202,929 


66,798,447 


9,607,924 


16.376,503 


1,621,661 


322.860 


7,103,680 


1842 


9,216,808 


7.218,900 


60,016,608 


32,314,998 


7,641,793 


12,466,736 


1,236,931 


354,300 


6.173,200 


184:i 


11,937,943 


13,067,250 


76,276,909 


42,268,488 


9,732.616 


13,288,470 


1,613,4.39 


381,820 


6,586,700 


1844 


16,876,868 


14.846,250 


90,921,152 


63,142,403 


9,661,146 


16,822,604 


1,816,586 


427,740 


7,841,760 


1845 


14,162,239 


17,360,300 


100.629.869 


65,453.998 


10.361.749 


19.248.224 


2,977,665 


420..540 


7,921,260 


184U 


20,471,939 


20,415,600 


116,612,109 


64,628,474 


16,819,314 


18,816,639 


2,268,662 


414,340 


9,066,460 


1847 


32,666,3^4 


27,298,800 


151,663,428 


77,878.766 


28.503,746 


23.518,927 


2,869,810 


443.080 


11,733,250 


1848 


23,246,363 


30,563.920 


140,080,157 


77.477.781 


19.621,700 


11.544,421 


2,796,230 


642,300 


9.633,850 


1849 


26,713,796 


31,793.400 


144,732,285 


78.481.941 


20.647,662 


22,2.38,010 


2,894,732 


306,760 


10,163.350 


WW 


25,639,605 


41,272.491 


156.397,929 


74.826.999 


20,991,462 


31,335.626 


8.076.617 


343,475 


10.718,100 


1851 


27,007,142 


63,669,440 


159,881,801 


80,739.890 


ai.643,286 


31,784.847 


3,582,733 


206,160 


11,926,960 


1851i 


87,041,380 


79,127.640 


196,603,517 


121.087.312 


25.674,776 


22,219,056 


3,863,441 


71,725 


12,306,960 


1863 


42,367.664 


94,230,720 


207,179.570 


116.185,331 


28,866,951 


27,629,827 


4,247,852 


40,660 


12,327,060 


1854 


39,346,233 


83,470,440 


210,284,312 


116,772,966 


29,745,565 


30.613,260 


4,165.862 


24,675 


11,244,200 


1865 


43,666,a43 


79,879.680 


204,390,147 


113,443,863 


31.403,640 


24,906,992 


4,022,617 


28,875 


9,671,460 


1856 


38,043.813 


66.064,680 


218,327,062 


134.131,707 


22,873,866 


21.749.502 


4,116,032 


21,176 


9,656,700 


1867 


26,406.121 


42.525,360 


136,997.018 


71,016.241 


17,567,181 


16.470.217 


3,344.061 


10,950 


7,374,860 


1858 


36,182,405 


27,680,400 


138,568,844 


67,983.123 


25,039,901 


20.570,677 


3,665,192 


18,725 


7,886,100 


Tot. 


$513,641,202 


$793,670,521 


$2,929,665,482 


$1,669,962,083 


$377,669,607 


$451,619,063 


69,647,996 


5,746,220 


191,789,630j 



Total amount per cent., and averages of different classes. 



CLAS8ES. 










Averages for periods of Seven Years. | 


Years. 


OF EACH. 


From 1836 to 1842. 


From 1843 to 1849. 


From 1860 to 1866. 


Ttms. 


Value. 


Tms. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Products of forest 

Agriculture 

Manufiictures 

Merchandise 

Other articles 

Total 


24,516,913 

17,238.941 

4,086,894 

5.2a3,933 

8,671,266 


$207,472,063 
321.768,110 
167,860,314 

1,.594.93S,S01 
137,726,204 


41.11 

28.89 
6.sr, 
8.7S 

14.37 


7.08 
23.05 

6.73 
64.44 

4.70 


634,922 
306,004 
101.010 
119,108 
184,992 


$7,133,876 
18.400,404 

5.750,494 
34.6S7.3S9 

2,772,007 


947,120 
765,94S 
165,91;; 
189.1TII 
237,139 


$7,200,900 
4,S76,STS 


1,549,378 

1,098,289 

210,790 

330,664 

698,775 


$12,619,691 
61,083,488 

8.720.900 
lll,S62.9f>J 

9,007,96 


69.647,946 $2,929,765,482 


100.00 


100.00 


1,340,636 


$68,744,769 


2.305,289 [$117,117,411 


3,867,836 


$193,291,906 



56 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Tolls collected at eacli office on the New Tork State Canals, from 1825 to 1858, 


both inclusive. 


Offices. 


1825, 


1830. 


1835. 


1840. 


1845, 


1850. 


1855. 


1856. 


1858. 


New York 












$286,595 

312,664 

316,042 

9,312 

10,227 

9,382 

65.614 

46,283 

78,096 


$246,124 

253,234 

301.263 

21,706 

6,222 

6,967 

41,808 

62,427 

48,2.33 

65,470 

37,830' 

10.553 

19,694 

101,087 

6,304 

26,899 

14,308 

23,467 

2.3,685 

97.679 

765.575 

8,856 

9,164 

10,608 

54.307 

21,184 

22,922 

27U59 

14,317 

27,766 


$290,280 

110,973 

349,617 

9,473 

6.015 

6:349 

37,159 

40,900 

35,102 

65,378 

29,740 

10,172 

12..357 

88,130 

18,180 

3,132 

9,656 

14.015 

34,901 

22,145 

783,9116 

3,737 

8,800 

12.030 

65.304 

20,412 

22.241 

400,813 

13,399 

21,669 

13,079 

13,766 

30,272 

44,010 

3,238 

16,827 

5,668 

2,312 

8,033 

4,934 

15,642 

6,231 

li;290 

9,235 

18,664 

605 


$78,921 

07.965 

110,837 

6,173 

4,643 

5,028 

26,720 

31,638 

31,292 

38,454 

18,821 

9,898 

14,994 

86,204 

101,171 

14.378 

10.290 

30.603 

30,291 


Albany 


$126,062 
37,181 
29,819 


$212,045 
124,793 
37,800 


$357,695 
153,402 
64,973 


$296,563 
186,947 
23,670 
10,778 
16,506 
42,006 
36,063 
69,384 


$340,667 
386,916 
9,644 
17,663 
13,389 
63,507 
65,997 
119,229 


Schenectady 

Fulfonvillo 

Little Falls 


6,124 
40,302 
21,060 
36,349 


8,772 
46,142 
28,836 
85,876 


10,840 
60,576 
30,456 
74,756 


Utica 

Rome 

Syracuse 

Jordan 

Montezuma 

Lyons 

Palmyra 

Rochester 

Brockport 

Albion 

Medina 

Lockport 


»66,635 
11,197 
21,466 
88,494 
7,617 
»3,793 


82,611 
24,229 
48,338 
160,129 
12,314 
12,139 


93,809 
23,018 
40,180 
176,140 
24,982 
19,866 


86,681 
21,855 
61,199 
248,210 
7,687 
30,844 


103,826 
17,432 
68,021 

224,629 
10,897 
36,263 


77,837 
19:i97 
63,798 
190,632 
65,932 
26,365 


10,514 


21,553 


62,129 


23,227 

54 

321,154 

,417 

14,820 

2,262 


106,413 


181,973 

65,642 

68,4.56 

703,498 

7,012 

7,379 

8,955 

71,356 

44,666 


Black Rocko 


786 

1,671 

12,295 






60,583 

482.636 

9,085 

15,371 


Buflalo 

Waterford 

Schuylerville 

Glens Falls 


48,959 
10,527 
11,760 


106,213 

8,065 

16,201 


719,683 

223 

37,494 

132,023 

8,923 

17,950 

6,626 

2,308 

16,831 

32,302 


''17.318 
33;i06 


Whitehall 

Salina 

PbtBnix 


41,052 
8,662 


63,924 
61,214 


48,160 
30,063 


65.911 
63,812 






3,673 


46,850 


61,899 


138,704 


310,136 






Geneva 

Ithaca 

Uavana 

Horseheads 

Corning 

Dresden 




30,701 


35,879 


33,360 


44,336 


47,473 








6,266 
15,133 


6,574 
14,696 


16,132 
26,747 
82,400 

6,667 
26,734 

3,012 
10,415 
13:885 
21,147 


11,376 
32,853 
64.060 
9.560 
21,192 
3,177 
6.026 
7.189 
28,647 


14,486 

29,684 

65,860 
3.496 

15,370 
4:735 
2,553 
8..587 
6,985 

14,470 
6,605 

17.120 
■ 12:286 

16,894 
648 


8,366 
















4,096 
8,958 


6,096 
16,787 
2,767 
4;573 
2.721 
4,510 


1,029 
2,482 
4,594 
1,803 
7.703 
6,276 
4,450 












Oxford 

Binghamton 

ScottsTille 


























DanBvllle 

Orjimel..- 

Boonville 

HigfiinsviUe 










18,606 


28,400 










20,383 






















652 


9,124 














Olean 


































$506,279 


$1,000,922 


$1,548,109 


$1,775,967 


$2,646,181 


53,273,899 


$2,806,077 


$2,748,212 


$1,838,836 



« Collected at Port Byron. ' At Newport. ' Office abolished in 1857. '' At Saratoga, Ft. Miller, Ft. Edward, and Ft. Ann. 

Number of Clearances issued from 1833 to 1858, both inclusive, on the Several Canals. 



Teak. 


1 




i 


'2 
S 

Is 


S 

g 


1 


1 


i 
S 




1-8 

Is 


11 


3 


1833 

1834 

1836 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1846 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1864 

1866 

1866 

1867 

1858 


21,841 
29,441 
30.903 
31,8.37 
29,611 
30,282 
33,464 
35,231 
30.333 
3i:529 
32.629 
82,216 
35,142 
93.276 
45,255 
43.829 
37,507 
39,115 
41,663 
39,177 
39,621 
41,462 
40,850 
36,514 
31,307 
28,849 


6,938 
7,169 
7,4,38 
0,7.52 
6.967 
6.582 
5,804 
6,871 
6,067 
4.709 
4.303 
4.911 
6.128 
6,605 
6,937 
6,464 
5996 
0,958 
6.700 
7.714 
9,865 
7,781 
7.421 
7.626 
7,754 
8.807 


3.739 

6,867 

7,763 

6,870 

6,051 

7.864 

8.456 

7,472 

9,126 

6.877 

7:948 

10.204 

10.296 

11,007 

12,838 

12,406 

7,861 

7,761 

8.071 

7,844 

9,129 

13,316 

12,248 

14,827 

10.133 

13,538 


1,080 
1,891 
1,693 
1,730 
1,385 
1,361 
1,213 
1,223 
1,421 
1,397 
1,068 
1,249 
1,449 
1,881 
1,814 
1,932 
969 
886 
1,066 
964 
1.016 
1.S57 
1,971 
2,439 
2,097 
1,740 


263 
1,247 
1,802 
1.951 
1.704 
1.629 
1,624 
1,553 
2.695 
8.301 
2,469 
3,050 
3.696 
3,699 
4,440 
4,609 
3,843 
3,839 
3,828 
3,999 
5.019 
6,630 
6,267 
6,982 
5,909 
6.105 


163 

890 

1,075 

1,179 

998 

958 

930 

814 

890 

731 

964 

976 

1.495 

1.278 

1.300 

1.184 

i:026 

1,042 

916 

827 

916 

706 

760 

752 

261 

634 


""m 

1,009 

880 

763 

1,039 

816 

968 

1.128 

1,189 

1,207 

1,477 

1,645 

989 

1,295 

907 

1,603 

1,762 

1,899 

1,964 

1,923 

1,906 

1.532 


■"478 
1,096 
1,596 
1,809 
2,045 
3,223 
2,366 
2.283 
2.389 
2,102 
2.225 
2,037 
2,014 
2,897 
2.968 
2.434 
a.3.'!3 
2.405 
2.314 


6S0 
609 
074 
817 
933 
834 
900 
808 


""674 
1.101 
1,260 
1,237 
1,260 
1.089 
1,307 
1,677 
2.0.34 
393 
695 
1,187 
1,373 
2,663 
2,393 
3,177 
1.289 
1.339 


'Si' 

470 
494 


48,740 
63,726 
09.078 
67.255 
62.273 
64.796 
08,296 
60,133 
76.990 
67,616 
69,720 
76,409 
81,629 
89,936 
104.478 
98,325 
85,648 
89,124 
92,926 
93,842 
100.148 
104.902 
97,866 
98,214 
80,309 
80,986 



CANALS. 



57 



00Coa>00C0»C»GOC0CO00a0QCCO<»COCOC030C»CO00(»00CCCi0i»COC000Cl0CO<X>Q&C»a0 



■»a>c;ii*-Mt3j-'ptoco-i_o;oi^&5 



'-Zi X-J OiV i 



2 (DGO^ dCJi It 






rll; 



00 M 00 lO Ol « 

CO -J CI -^ ao - ■ 



^Oi+»-Ji(iClO't*i- 



J 4j -J -3 oi ^ JO *• JO 

■JOTOOOj"" 

-• *- OO «1 , . _ 



(OOi-'OOtO>-*>-«03tO>-'tOO<-'l-'05DI-'OI-'0<OI-'P-'>-'Wi-'OCCiODOOO-^-^** 

.- _^^^^-^-^ 



CO OD M ro .-3 o o 0" — ' *~ ■ - - - — — - - - — - 

OjtOtOi&tSCO—'C 



^ *- M to tn <- 

D fci CO -5 -t « 
r5 bi I— i-i to ■- 



J I-" 1-1 c;i *- 
_ J o w io *» 
oco toco O^Oi 



^rie Canal. 



Champlain Canal. 




<^ p^S" i'^ s^ ^ i'' ^ ^ T* S'^y^ 7^ -i^ ^-^ ■p' y' ■?^ ■?^ S'^'S^ -P" -^ •S'^ T*3^ s^ ir^s^ 

"o'bi'ji.'to'cji QD to o-'ih-'oa'oto'bi bi'iiC)'w> c^ Qs to 

lOOiC3l--'Wl^C5COMO>-'lOGl6tOMl|-'v;.C»rfx,f*'OOtOMW--ItDtOOOif--J 
tOa^bOCOOt001l--'<DtO*-.0'tOOOO--IXW'JO— l'-Ji30W^20rfi-C00^63cO 
b'W03bo^U>^wbo^tOtD»-'MhJW>-'wbil*ii^t->ft'*-''J3 



M >-> I-' M to 1- 
j(i 0< J-> (D I- ■ - 
'ci'C'''-''^''*- 

CO C3J ^ 00 to M 00 _a5 ^ f 



^ J rf^jO J^ C> *. Ci jt^ jFi- O" jti- W 
J 'en oi "*^ w "^ -I M o Vi CO "tu o '^ "oa O" 

D— IOiF'OOClOOUi»pCOOJI-'^'» 
--ICO»t-UitOtOOCO-)lE.h-'Oi*.CO*. 



5 to 00 4 



oigiootocoeo*.o-^Qo<Doo*»co<oo^^oo»coGo.^to 

OOWCOOOCHOO— lOOlOit-t-JCniDtOCCI-'batOl— 'tOh-'CO-^O 
Oatnit.OOJI-'COCOdCl[-'05tOt07-»GOp;-»CO '-'05^ t~^P?^ P 

f-'Moobiooooo^oMbicB^bof-'wcocTico C0 1-1 00 ^ i^ bo 
oiciO'o«i»i.oi-iMcn>fi.ooi-'co<oaoi©tocoH'toco3Cio*- 



MI-'tOMhJIOh-tt- 
"cOw'iO^^^Vs'ci^'tD tO~tO C" rfi- O" l-*")- 

oocsSococ- 

o 00^ a>tf 



cotoor!CTotooc»oiCT-»-f*»'i-'gitoto(C(0 

l-'OC0rfi.OC0i-ip-i-^0)t0C*.-5it-'3ot0C0 
C0C01-'n^O-l-JO<-lt0^35C0>-'.-i4---»Ci 



« 



CTt005OQmO0'O00mC10'O0JCJi*"iU 
Oa>l-'l-'^--TOtOGCtO!Xip^CJ>IOOCJCS 

C'jj'Coioof-'o&scoj-'Qojtitacow^toto 
--jb'4iioii-b5^boi7ioo^inb'*»--jbjo 
*OMf5>-'^ .--- - 



100*'tOaJ-^lfi-05COC 



t-'MtOtOlO'-'l-'tOtOtO lf>-CO CO *■ CO to M (» 

OS*--^-^4*>-■(X^^-I--JOl— ^o>-^ooro**^ti■ 
OD&-Jl-^4iW--^pp*^^OtOC»CO^-'C><D>^' 

CO<DO(OJD"-iP-'Mt(ibo~T(DH-'CTMGOO'0' 

-jtotootoioootntototaoiotccoc'H'Qo 



coto^oco^^to^ «> 

^ CO h- to CO j^ w to CD 
oocji'J-'iob' CO OiO *»to tO»-i . 

— DP-OOOCOGOtnioCOii-JM 
MOJCOOOOOpGOCOCOOJClrf^ 
tDCOQOCncO>P'OteM--lboOC7« 
0)~*OCO>-**-'0'>Oi)f^l-'cO-5lO 



^ cs o« O) o' ^_*». CO ta 

g" i-CO OOOOCllsOiCi 
COOOCDOOOtOOKi 

[-ibiOcOO--»C>cOC» 
Cn-Jtc»tO-»»-"->i-»<0 






IOt3t0»OtOC0C0C0eot0CO03tOlOt0MMt0, 
CO 00 tool CO c»oi. 






O) Oi to CI t 

_ l-iCD CO f-i* 

to rfi c o o to )*^ tl 



aO 00 OO 00-TC71 & 

OOitOODtOCTiClC 



Liij?5i_iKtowioi-'cyjtooD--i'ficooD*»co>-'tocoootoMaootocoif-oico--'Oat: 
MS8-^!£^'Spt5opj-i>t^P7^p55pj-iop5:ic5bw*--K7J*.p 



*. CO i-i *. C; t 



Oswego Canal. 



Cayuga d Seneca Canal. 



Chemung Canal. 



Crooked Lake Canal. 



Clienango Canal. 



Genesee VaUey Canal. 



Oneida Lake Canal. 



Simeca River Towing 
Path. 



Oneida River Improve- 
ment. 



Cayuga Inlet, 



Black River Oznal. 



BaldsunnsviUe Canal. 



I 



I ^ 

=■ o 

§ t- 

te CD 



'2^ 






58 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEEE. 



Tlie Erie Canal, connecting the Hudson with Lake Erie, was commenced at Rome, July 4, 
1817, and was completed Oct. 26, 1825. As first constructed, it was 363 mi. long, 28 ft. wide at 
the bottom, 40 ft. wide at the top, and 4 ft. deep. The locks were 90 ft. long between the gates, and 
15 ft. wide. The original cost of the whole was $7,143,789. 86.' 



Tho number of boats upon the canals at different periods has 
been— in 1S«, 2,136; in 1844, 2,126; in 1847, 2,726; in 1853, 
3,401 ; and in 1859, about 3,500. The following numbers of new 
boats have been registered :— 



1844,378 I 1847,1,466 
1845,297 1848, 457 
1846,477 1849, 215 



1850, 162 

1851, 213 

1852, 271 



1853, 690 I 1856, 364 

1854, 760 1867, 329 

1855, 471 1868, 256 



Some opinion may be formed of the class of boats used from 
the numbers built. These were, in 1S57, of scows, 106; decked 
BCOWfl, 23; lake boats, 96; bullheads, 102; and packets, 
3. None of the last named were built in 1858 ; and the day for 
traveliug upon the canals may be considered aa virtually passed, 
unless steam canal boats — now being introduced into use — prove 
successful competitors in speed with steam upon railroads. 



The largest boat registered in 1844 was 90 tons. In 1849, some 
were as high as 136 tons : in 1860, 170 tons ; in 1853, 260 tons ; 
and in 1868, 300 tons. The average tonnage of boats has been 
as follows ; — 

1849 76 

1860 80 

1861 87 

1862 88 

1853 87 

1654 106 

1886 102 

1866 107 

1867 114 

1868 109 

General average 100 



Structures upon the New York State Canals at the close of 1857. 



Lift Locks'* 

Giiard Locks.-... 
Weigh Locks.... 

AqUr(lUr?|3 

Waste Weirs 

Culverts 

Guard Gates 

Road Bridges.... 
Farm Bridges... 

Tow Bridges 

Total Bridges'.. 
Damsc 



6 




1 


.£•53 S 


1 

5~; 


1 

e 


11 


53 § 




1 


fl. 




Total. 


1 






lis, 


■Si 


s 


II 






ee 


Ill 






76 


39 


lie 


110 


7 


18 


2 


1 


12 


27 


63 


113 


674 


4 


6 


1 


1 




6 




1 




1 


1 


3 


23 


5 
























5 


85 


4 


19 


5 














4 


17 


84 


49 


23 


21 


12 




6 






3 


6 


10 


84 


163 


a43 


27 


62 


18 


2 


6 




1 




o 




103 


465 


3 
























3 




63 




86 


2 


11 


1 


3 


13 




27 


103 






75 




40 


1 


1 






1 




16 


102 






13 




1 




11 






27 




16 


9 




609 


140 


212 


77 


3 


23 


1 


3 


41 


14 


69 


214 


1,296 


10 


8 


12 


1 




8 


1 




6 




1 


5 


61 



o Double locks, side by side, are couuted as one. The number 
upon the Erie Canal, when completed, will be two leBS, by dis- 
pensing with those now at Montezuma. 

6 Farm bridges are gradually lessening in number, as the 
clainis of individuala are from time to time commuted, or the 



damages appraised from failure to rebuild them. The principal 
increase of bridges is in cities and villages, from tho opening of 
new streets; and in these localities permanent iron bridges are 
now generally built upon the principal thoroughfares. 
" Of the 10 dams in the first column, S are feeder dams. 



1 Plans for improving the navigation of tho Slohawk were 
proposed in 1720, but nothing was done to this end till March 
30, 1792, when tho " Western Inland Navigation Company" was 
incorporated, with powers to improve the channel and build 
canals and locks to Lake Ontario and Seneca Lake. The cost to 
Oneida Lake was estimated at £39,500. This work consisted 
mainly of the following: — 

Ist. A canal at Little Falls. 4,752 feet long, of which 2,550 feet 
were throuc;h solid rock. Upon it were 5 locks, with a total 
rise of 44^ leot. 2d. A canal \~ miles long, with a lock, at Wolf 
Rift. German Flats. 3d. A canal, IJ miles long, at Kome, con- 
necting the Mohawk with Wood Creek ; and, 4th, four locks upon 
Wood Creek, with a total depth of 25 feet. The work was begun 
at Little Falls, in 1793, but the want of funds delayed the work 
until 1794, when a subscription of 200 shares was obtained fi'om 
the State. Boats first passed the canal and locks at this place 
Nov. 17, 1795, and on that day and the next 8 large and 1U2 
small boats v.'ere passed, at a toll of .£80 10s, esclusive of 9 that 
passed free the first day. The chambers of the locks were 74 
by 12 feet, and allowed boats of 32 tons to pass ; but other im- 
pediments limited boats to a burden of 10 or 11 tons. Light 
boats could go from Schenectady to Fort Stan wis and back in 9 
days ; but the larger boats required 14 days to make the trip. In 
1793, Wood Creek was cleared out, and 13 isthmuses were cut 
across, shortening the channel 7 miles. In 179G, boats passed 
through to Oneida Lake; and the work, in 1797, had cost 
$400,000. of which the State paid S92.000. The great cost re- 
quired high tolls: and in 1812 but 300 boats passed, with 1,500 
tons, at Little Falls. The company gave up its rights west of 
Oneida Lake in 180S, and sold out to the State, in 1820. for 
$152.718.52.— i?ei»'>r( of WesUyn, the Emiticer^ Vl^&; SpaJJbrd's 
Gazetteer, 181.1; Hist. iV. T. Canals^ II, 40. 

It is entirely uncertain who originated the first idea of con- 
Btmctiug a chain of water communication through the State. 
All of the early efforts were directed to effecting a passage 
through the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego 
River to Lake Ontario. Tho Western connection was sought 
by locking around Niagara Falls. In ISOO, Gouverneur Morris 
first suggested tho idea of a direct canal fi'om Lake Erie to tlie 
Iludaon, thi-ough the center of the State. His plan was to tap 
Lako Erie, and have a continuous slope from the lake to tlie 
Jiigh land that borders upon the Hudson, and a series of locks 
thence to the river. In 1803 he stated the outline of his plan to 
the Surveyor-General, Simeon De Witt, who looked upon it as 



chimerical. The nest year Mr. De Witt, in a conversation with 
James Geddes, then a laud surveyor of Onondaga county, stated 
the plan of Mr. Morris aa one of the impracticable schemes 
which had been advanced. Wr. Geddes, however, looked at the 
matter in a different light, and, after some little reflection, be 
concluded that the plan, ^vith some modifications, was by far 
the beet that had yet been suggested. He counseled with Jesse 
Ilawley upon the subject; and the latter, convinced of the feasi- 
bility of the project, wrote a series of papers which were pub- 
lished in tho Genesee Messenger from Oct. 1807, to March, 1803. 
These essays were signed " Hercules," and were the first ever 
printed in favor of the Erie Canal. In 1808, Joshua Forman, 
an intimate associate of Mr. Geddes. then a member of the As- 
sembly, introduced a resolution for the survey of a canal route, 
to the end that Congress might be led to grant moneys for tho 
construction of a canal. Tlie sum of $600 was granted for 
surveys under the direction of the Surveyor-General. Jamea 
Geddes was intnisted with this service, and was directed to level 
down from Oneida Lake to the mouth of Salmon Creek, to ascer- 
tain wliether a can.al could be opened fi-om Oswego Falls to Lake 
Ontario, and to survey the best route for a canal around Niagara 
Falls. He was also directed to survey a route eastward from 
Lake Erie to Genesee River, and thence to the waters flowing 
east into Seneca Lake. He finished this work, and made a 
report showing the practicability of the last named route and 
its great superiority over the others which had been proposed. 
This report at once excited general attention, and secured the 
influence of De Witt Clinton, then a member of the Senate, and 
many other prominent men. In 1810, commissioners, at the 
head of whom was Do Witt Clinton, were appointed to explore 
a canal route through the center of the State. On the 8th of 
April, 1811, an act was passed to provide for the improvement 
of the internal navigation of the State, and efi^orts were made to 
ohtiiin aid from the General Government, but without success. 
The report of the commissioners stated the importance of this 
measure with such force and eloquence that a law was passed 
the next year continuing tho commissioners, and authorizing 
them to borrow and deposit money, and take cessions of land, for 
tlio proposed canal; but the war suspended active operations. 
The jiroject. however, continued to be discussed, and an act was 
passed on the 17thof April, 1816, providing for a definite eiirvoy 
The canal was begun at Rome, July 4, 1817, and on tlie 22d of 
October, 1819. the first boat passed fi:om Utica to Rome. 
The completion of the canal was celebrated by extraordinary 



CANALS. 



59 



The enlargement of tliis canal was ordered May 11, 1835, and has been going on more or less 
rapidly since, except during a few years of suspension commencing under Gov. Wright^s adminis- 
tration. It was estimated by the State Engineer and Surveyor, in Jan., 1859, that $1,565,077.75 
would complete the enlargement upon the present plan, making the total cost of that work 
$23,000,000. The length of the Erie Canal when enlarged will be reduced to 349.74 mi. Its sec- 
tion gives a breadth of 70 ft. at the surface of the water, 52J ft. at the bottom, and a depth of 7 ft. 



civic and military ceremonies tbrougbout the State, and espe- 
ci:Uly in Ne\v York City, ou the -ith of Nov. 1S25. Aa tbo first 
boat, with Governor Clinton on board, entered the canal, at 
Buffalo, at 10 o'clock, (Oct. 26,) a line of cannon, previously ar- 
ranged a few miles apart, passed a signiU along to Albany, and 
down the lludson to Sandy Honk, from whence it was retuiued 
in like manner. The signal waa heard at New York, at 11.20. 
The flotilla with the Governor was everywhere greeted with en- 
thuBiastic rejoicing. Upon reaching New York it passed down 
to Sandy Hook, and the waters of the lake were mingled with 
those of the ocean with imposing ceremonies. 

The Canal Commissioners under whom the Erie and Cham- 
plain Canals were constructed were Stephen Tan llensaelaer, De 
Witt Clinton, Joseph Ellicott, Samuel Young, aud Myrou 



Ilolloy. Henry Seymour was appointed in place of Ellicott iQ 
March, 1819, and W'ilUam C. Bouck was added to tho number in 
March, 1S21. The chief engineers were James Geddes, of Olou- 
diiga CO., and Beojaniin Wright, of Home, neither of whom had 
ever seen a canal, or enjoyed means of acquiring a practical 
knowledge of engineering other than that obtained from survey- 
ing land. Tbe precision with which their canal surveys woro 
executed, under the circumstances, may be regarded as truly 

wonderful. Among the assistant engineers were Peacock, 

David Thomas, Nathan S. Roberts, David S. Bates, Canvass 
White. Davis Hard, Noah Dennis, Charles T. WTiippo, William 
Jerome. Henry G. Sargent. Frederick C. Mills, Isaac J. Thomas, 
Henry Farnam. Alfred Barrett, John Bates, William H. Price, 
John Hopkins, and Seymour Skiff. 



Tbe Canal Board have adopted the following tablo of distances from place to place npon the Erie Canal. The elevations 
above tide are those shown by the lockages, and do not take into account the descent given to canse a flow of water between 
locks, which does not vary much from an inch to a mile. The long level is supposed to be perfectly uniform in elevation above 
tide. 

Stations^ Distances, and Elevations above Tide on the Erie CanaL 



Plages. 



5 

11 

^ a. 



Albany 

West Troy 

JunctioD , 

Cohoes , 

Crescent 

Upper Aqueduct , 

Schenectady , 

Iloffmans Ferry.- , 

Port Jackaou 

Schoharie Creek 

Auricsville 

FultonviUe 

Yatesvilie 

Sprakera 

Cana,ioharic 

Fort Plain 

St. JohnsTillo 

Mindenville 

East Canada Creek 

Little Falls 

Mohawk 

Ilioii 

Frankfort 

Fergusons 

ntica 

York Mills 

AYhitesi^oro 

Orisluiuy 

Home 

New London 

Iligfrin-sville. 

Gunbarton 

Loomis 

Durhamville 

Leno.K 

Canastota 

New Boston Landing... 
Canaseraga Landing... 

Cliittenango 

Bolivar 

Pools Hrook 

KirkTillo 

Maulius 

Limestone Feeder 

Orrillo Feeder. , 

Lodi 

Syracu.se 

Geddes 

Bellislo 

Nine .Mile Creek 

Camlllus 

Canton 

Peru 

Jorda \ 

Cold Spring 



I^^ 




7 
7 

11 
14 
26 
30 
40 
46 
51 
63 
66 
62 
65 
68 
71 
76 
78 
82 
87 
85 
98 
101 
106 
110 
113 
114 
117 
125 
131 
135 
136 
137 
140 
143 
145 
149 
160 
151 
162 
154 
165 
158 
159 
161 
165 
168 









4 


172 


2 


174 


1 


175 


5 


ISO 


2 


1S2 


3 


185 


1 


186 



352 
345 
345 
341 
33S 
326 
322 
312 
306 
301 
299 
296 
290 
287 
2S4 
281 
278 
274 
270 
265 
267 
254 
251 
246 
a42 
239 
233 
235 
227 
221 
217 
216 
215 
212 
209 
207 
203 
202 
201 
200 
198 
197 
194 
193 
191 
187 
1S6 
184 
ISO 
178 
177 
172 
170 
167 
160 



188 
269.5 



301 
309 

360 

403 
424 



400 



Weed.sport 

Ceuterport 

Port BjTon 

Montezuma 

Pitt Ixjck 

Clyde 

Lock Berlin 

Lyons ~..- 

East Arcadia 

LockvUle 

Newark 

Port Gibson 

Palmyra - 

Macedon 

Wayneport 

Knappville 

Fairport - 

Fullam's Basin 

Busbuell's Basin 

Cartersville 

Pittsford... , 

Lock No. 65 

Brighton..., 

Rochester „ 

Greece (6-miIo grocery) 

Brnckways 

Spenccrport 

Adams Basin 

Cooloys Basin 

Brockport - 

HoUey 

Hult)orton 

BrockTille 

Hindsburgh 

Albion 

Gaines Basin 

Eagle Harbor 

Knowlesville 

Medina 

Shelbys Basin... 

Middleport 

Reynales Basin 

Mabees -.. 

Gasport 

Orangeport 

Mill.ard!! 

Lockpiirt 

Sulphur Springs, 0. Lock ., 

Pendleton _ 

Pickardsville 

Martin.<ville — 

Tonawanda 

Lower Black Rock 

Black Rock 

Buffalo 



si 

4 
2 
2 
5 
8 
5 
4 
3 
3 
3 
1 
3 
5 
4 
3 
2 
3 
1 
3 
2 
1 
2 
3 
3 
7 
3 
2 
3 
3 
2 
5 
3 
1 
1 
4 
2 
1 
3 
4 
3 
3 
4 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
6 
2 
5 
3 
4 
B 
1 
3 



190 
192 
194 
199 
205 
210 
214 
217 
220 
223 
224 
227 
2.32 
236 
2.39 
241 
244 
245 
24S 
250 
261 
263 
266 
259 
266 
269 
271 
274 
277 
279 
2S4 
287 
288 
2S9 
293 
296 
298 
299 
303 



813 
314 
315 
316 
318 
321 
328 
328 
333 
336 
340 
348 
849 
362 






162 

160 

158 

163 

147 

142 

13S 

135 

132 

129 

128 

125 

120 

116 

113 

111 

lOS 

107 

104 

102 

101 

9D 

96 

93 

86 

83 

81 

78 

75 

73 

68 

65 

64 

63 

59 

57 

68 

63 

49 

48 

43 

89 

33 

37 

36 

34 

31 

26 

24 

19 

16 

12 

4 

3 








445 



471 

609 



60 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



The number of locks will be 74, or 10 less than the original number.* The banks of the enlarged 
canal are protected from washing by slope walls, consisting of stone firmly packed upon the sloping 
Bides. The canal will allow the passage of boats of 200 to 250 tons burden. Steam has been 
introduced to some extent in propelling boats, and the success of the experiment has been so great 
that probably steam power will ultimately supersede horse power. 

The Clianiplain Canal, extending from the Erie Canal, near Cohoes, to Lake Cham- 
plain, was begun June 10, 1818, finished to VVaterford Nov. 28, 1822, and completed Sep. 10, 1823, 
at an original cost of $875,000, exclusive of the feeder to Glens Falls. It is 64 mi. long and has 
a navigable feeder of 7 mi. to Glens Falls, with a slackwater navigation 5 mi. further upon the 
Hudson.^ 

Tlie Chenango Caual,^ connecting the Erie Canal at Utica with the Susquehanna River 
at Binghamton, was authorized Feb. 23, 1833. It is 97 mi. long, exclusive of 13J mi. of feeders, 
none of which are navigable. 

The Black River Canal and Eric Canal Feeder extends from Rome up the 
valley of the Mohawk and of Lansing Kil to Boonville, and thence it descends the valley of Black 
River to a point below the High Falls. From the latter point is a river navigation 42J mi. to Car- 



iThe chambers of the enlarged locks are 110 by 18 feet, and 
their lift v.iriea from 3 to 15^ feet. The canal leaves Lake Erie 
at Buffalo, follows the river bank to Black Rock, and communi- 
cates with tlie dam at that place. At a point 10 mi. below Buf- 
falo it enters Touawanda Creek, follows its channel 12 mi., and 
crosses theuce, through a rock cutting, to the brow of the 
mountain ridge, at Lockport, where it descends 55.83 feet by 5 
combined locks. It continues thence, eastward, from 1 to 3 mi. 
6. of the ridge road, to Rochester, crosses the Genesee upon a stone 
aqueduct, makes a circuitous sweep across the Irondequoit valley, 
along the top of a natnral range of hills, and finally delivers the 
waters of Lake Erie into Seneca Eiver, after supplying 153 mi. 
of the Erie Cauiil, and affording a lai'ge amount of water-power 
at various points along its course. It then rises by 2 locks, 
descends into the Onondaga valley by 1 lock, and then rises by 
3 locks to the long level which extends from Syracuse to Utica, 
from whence it descends the Mohawk valley, mostly on its 8. 
Bide, to the Iludson. Below Schenectady, it twice crosses the 
Mohawk, upon stone aqueducts. It is continued down the 
bank of the Hndi^ion to Albany, where it terminates in a spa- 
cious basin. At West Troy it also opens into the Hudson. The 
total lockages going w. are 612.9 feet up, and 43.5 feet down, or 
a total of 656.4 feet. The canal is fed by numerous streams 
along its course, and by 9 reservoirs, all of which, with a single 
exception, are upon the middle division. They are as follows : 



Erieville*" 

Hatchs Lake 

Eatons Brook 

Bradley Brook 

Leland Pond 

Woodmans Lake.. 
Madison Brook.... 
Skaneateles Lake 
Cazenovia Lake... 

Total 





^ 












S s 




Acres in 














11^ 


l« 


340 


46 


2U 


134 


15 


10 


254 


60 


60 


134 


30 


25 


173 


13 


8 


14S 


18 


11 


235 


65 


45 


8,320 


6 




1,778 




4i 


11,616 



^1. 



20 
086 



2 

9 

10 



150} 



a Built in 1857, at a cost of $10,884.73. In Nelson, Madison 

CO. 

* Leads to Bradley Brook reservoir. 

• Leads to Eaton Brook feeder. 

Besides these are the reservoirs upon the Black River Canal, 
which is itself but a feeder to the loug level of the Erie Canal. 
Several of the feeders to the middle and western divisions of the 
Erie Canal are navigable for short distances. Connected with 
the canal at Buffalo are Main and Hamburg street canals, the 
Clark and Skinner Canal, the Ohio basin, and several elipi? con- 
nected with the canal, and a ship-lock channel at Black Rock. 
At Tonawanda is a side-cut for a river-lock. 

2 A company styled the "Northern Inland Navigation Co." 
was formed at the same time as the Western Co.; but failed to 
raise funds to accomplish its objects. A natural water commu- 
nication, interrupted by poi-tages, extended along the route of 
this canal, which was used by the natives with their canoes. 
The canal was built of the same dimensions as the Erie. It 
crosses the Mohawk in a pond formed by a dam 1.700 feet in 
length, and follows near the w. bank of the Hudson to Schuylor- 
viile. where it crosses into Washington co. by another dam 700 
feet long, and continues near the east bank to Fort Edward. 



Here it leaves the river and crosses to the valley of Wood Creek, 
and thence, partly in the bed of that stream, to Whitehall. 
When this canal was first opened slackwater navigation upon 
the Hudson was used 8 miles above and 3 miles below Fort 
Miller, with a short canal and 2 locks around the falls at that 
place. It was ft-d from the Hudson by means of a high and 
costly dam near Fort Edward. The use of the channel of the 
Hudson is now entirely superseded by a canal along its bank, 
bnilt in 1826-27 ; and the high dam has given place to a feeder to a 
point above Glens Falls, where there is a dam 770 feet long and 
12 feet high. The feeder enters the canal at the summit level, 
1^ miles N. E. from Fort Edward. The canal communicates 
with the Hudson above the State dam at Waterford by a side- 
cut with 3 locks. It has 7 locks between the lake and the sum- 
mit, with 54 feet total lift, and 14 locks, with a total of 134 feet, 
between the Summit and the Hudson at Waterford. The locks 
on this canal are being enlarged to a capacity of 15? by 100 feet. 

Stations, Distances, and Elevations upon tlie diamplain CanaL 



Places. 



Albany 

West Troy 

.Tunction 

Waterford 

Mechanicsville 

Stillwater Tillage 

Bleeckers Basin 

Wilburs Basin 

Van Deusens Landing.. 

Schuylervillo 

Saratoga Bridge 

Fort Miller 

Moses Kil 

Fort Edward 

Glens Falls Feeder 

Bakers Basin 

Smiths Basin 

Fort Ann 

Comstocks Landing. 

"Whitehall 



>^t 



^^ 




7 
7 
10 
18 
22 
24 
26 
31 
34 
36 
39 
42 
47 
49 
60 
65 
69 
63 
71 



£■3 



ES: 



71 
64 
64 
61 
63 
49 
47 
46 
40 
37 
35 
32 
29 
24 
22 
21 
16 
12 



100 
110 
131 

140 
150 



Glens Ihlis Feeder. 
Places. 



Champlain Canal.... 

Sandy IliU 

Olens Falls 

Head of the Feeder.. 
Head of the Pond.... 

Total.... 



3Iiks from 
place to place. 

2 
3 
2 
5 

12 



s This canal is supplied by Chenango River and 6 reservoirs, 
viz.. — Madison Brook, Woodmans Pond. Lelands Pond. Bradleys 
Brooll, Hatchs Lake, and Eaton Brook Reservoirs, — all of which 
are in the south part of Madison co. The canal extends across 
to and up the TiUley of Oriskany Creek to the summit level, and 
down the valley of Chenango River. It was begun in 1833 and 
finished in 1837. at a cost of $1,737,703. From Utica to the 
Summit it rises 706 feet by 76 locks, and from thence it descends 
303 feet by 38 locks to the Susquehanna. Of its 114 locks, 2 are 
stone and the remainder composite. Upon the feeders are 12 
road and 18 farm bridges. 



CANALS. 



61 



thage, on the liue of Jefferson co. At Boonville the canal receives a navigable feeder 12 mi. long, 
which derives its water from Black River. Length of main canal 36.62 mi., of feeders 12.48 mi., 
and of reservoirs 12.05 mi.* 

Tlie Oneida I^ake Canal- connects the Erie Canal at Higgiusville (3J mi.) with "Wood 
Creek, and by slackwater, 2^ mi. on that stream, with Oneida Lake, a total distance of 6 mi., and 
a descent of 56 ft. 

Tlie Os»veg"o Canal., extending from Syracuse to Oswego, was authorized Nov. 20, 1824. 
A loan of 8100,000 was allowed April 20, 1825 ; it wag begun in 1826, and was completed in 1828, 
at a cost of $525,115.^ It is 38 mi. long,and includes 19 mi. of slackwater navigation in Oswego 
and Seneca Rivers, with a towing path on the e. bank. Connected with this work are the Oneida 
River Improvement, extending the whole length of that stream from Three River Point 
to Fort Brewerton, at the outlet of Oneida Lake; the Seneca River Improvement, ex- 
tending from Mud Lock, on the Oswego Canal, to Baldwinsville, by slackwater navigation; and 



stations^ Distances, and Elevations upon the Chenango Canal. 



Places. 



Utica 

Road leading frrim New Hart- 
ford to Whitesboro 

Clinton 

Deansville : 

Oriskaoy Falls 

Solsville 

Bouckville 

Pecks Basin 

Hamilton 

Lebanon Factory. 

Earlsville 

Sherburne 

North Norwich. 

Plastft'T^ille 

Norwich t 

Oxford 

Haynea Mill 

Greene 

Forks 

Pond Brook 

Port Crane 

Crockers Mills 

Binghamton 









^.^ 


g 


sl 








-^s 


*. . 


*•! 


.1 o 


5.5 


So. 


^■5. 


:?s 


S«g 








97 


3 


3 


94 


6 


9 


88 


5 


14 


83 


5 


19 


78 


3 


22 


75 


2 


24 


73 


2 


26 


71 


i 


30 


67 


2 


32 


65 


4 


38 


61 


5 


41 


66 


4 


45 


52 


2 


47 


60 


4 


61 


46 


9 


60 


37 


10 


70 


27 


4 


74 


23 


8 


S2 


15 


2 


84 


13 


5 


89 


8 


1 


90 


7 


7 


97 






572 

775 

666 

1,109 

1,128 

1,112 

1.078 
1,033 
1,018 

996 
958 

924 

881 



1 This canal was authorized April 19, 1836, and began the next 
summer. The summit level is 693 feet aboTO the canal at Rome, 
to which it descends by 70 locks. Northward the canal descends 
3S6 feet, by 39 locks. The feeder has but one level. The State 
has caused reservoirs to be formed by damming the outlet of 
Woodhnll, Chub, North and South Branch, and other lakes in 
Herkimer co. The Eight Lakes near the source of Moose River 
are available as reservoirs to supply Black River with water, 
withdrawn to feed the canal southward. 

Tabu of the principal Lakes which are used or avaHabU as 
reservcfirs. 



Lakes. 



Chub Lake 

Sand " 

Mud " 

Woodhull Lake. 
South Branch... 
North " ... 

Jocks Lalce 

Moose " 

First " 

Second " 

Third " 

Fourth " 

Jifth « 

Sixth " 

Seventh" 

Eighth " 



Area in 


^d ahfyve 


acres. 


tide. 


630 


1,599 




1.793 




1,799 


1,236 


1,854 


618 


2,019 


423 


1,821 




2,183 




1,772 


403 


1,684 


175 


1,684 


166 


1,684 


1,979 


1,687 


9 


1,091 


53 


1,760 


1,609 


1,762 


309 


1,776 



In September. 1S57. the Canal Board abandoned its plans for 
Improying the channel of Black River by wing-dams and piers, 
and ordered a dam and lock to be built at the month of Ottor 



Creek. The river has no towing path, and boats are towed by 
Bteaniers. The State has built a dam and bridge at Carthage, 
and the piers of two other bridges, of which the auperstmctnre 
is built by the towns. 



Stations, Distances^ and Elevations upon the Black Eiver 
Canal. 



Plaoeb. 



Rome 

Ridge Mills , 

Lock No. 7 

Walworth's Storehouse 

Westernville 

Wells Brook Aqueduct 

Stringers Creek 

Lansing Kil 

Lock No. 31 , 

Lansing Kil Bam or Feeder . 

Lower Falls, Lansing Kil 

Upper Falls, Lansing Kil .... 

Lock No. 70 

Boonville 

Sugar River 

Little Falls, Black River , 

Port Leyden 

Lock No. 97 

Lyons Falls 



427 



595 
643 
683 



1,130 
1,120 



892 
734 



'JBoonvUle Feeder. 

Hawkinsville, on Feeder 3 miles from Boonville. 

A. Lee's, on " 5 " " " 

R. B. Miller's, on " 6 " « « 

State Dam, on " 10 " " " 

Head of Reservoir 12 « « « 











1. 


|§ 


58 


11 


II 








35 


2 


2 


33 


3 


5 


M 


1 


6 


29 


.1 


9 


56 


2 


11 


■u 


2 


13 


22 


1 


14 


21 


2 


16 


19 


1 


17 


18 


2 


19 


16 


2 


21 


14 


2 


23 


13 


2 


25 


10 


3 


28 


7 


1 


29 


a 


3 


.32 


3 


1 


33 


2 


a 


35 






8 This canal was completed in the fall of 1835 by a company 
incorporated March 22, 1832, as the "Oneida Lake Canal Co." 
The company having to nse the waters of the Erie Canal from 
the long level, were required to supply on equivalent amount. 
A feeder was constructed 5 miles west, drawing its waters from 
Oneida Creek. It is 2 miles long, and not navigable. The 
company had authority to extend its improvements 4 miles up 
Wood Creek, but nothing was ever done in that direction. By 
an act of May 11, 1840, the Canal Commissioners were authorized 
to purchase it at a cost not exceeding $50,000, which was done 
April 12; 1841, and State stock bearing 5 per cent, interest, and 
redeemable in 10 years, was isflued in payment. The first cost 
of the canal and feeder was $78,824.85. 

This canal forma an important link in the internal water 
communication of the State, extending navigation from the 
Erie Canal to Oneida Lake, and by the Oneida Outlet to the 
Oswego Canal and River. Before the Erie Canal was built the 
Oneida Lake route was the great thoroughfare for the transporta- 
tion of goods westward. 

s The act did not ori^nally authorize a connection with the 
Erie Canal, but only a communication with Onondaga Lake. 
The connection was recommended by the commissioners in 1827. 
and it was authorized soon after. Tliis canal has a fail of 123 
feet by IS locks. 

The Oneida River Improvement has 2 steamboat locks, one 
of 3 and one of 3^ feet lift, 120 feet long and 30 wido, passing 
boats drawing 4 feet of water. It also has one dam and on» 
draw bridge at Oak Orchard and Browerton. 



62 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



thence by a canal three-fourths of a mile long, with one lift and one guard lock, and by slack- 
water on the Seneca River to Jacks Reef. 

Cayuga and .Seneca Canal connects the Erie Canal at Montezuma with Cayuga Lake at 
East Cayuga and with Seneca Lake at Geneva. About half of the canal is formed by slackwater 
navigation upon Seneca River, and the remainder is a channel parallel to the river. As enlarged, 
this canal admits the passage of large boats from the Erie Canal to the head of Cayuga and Seneca 
Lakes.' 

Crooked liake Canal connects Crooked Lake at Penn Yan with Seneca Lake at Dresden.' 

Chemung Canal and Feeder connects Seneca Lake at Watkins with Chemung River 
at Elmira, with a navigable feeder from Knoxville on Chemung River to Horseheads, on the 
summit level of the Chemung Canal, including slackwater navigation from the dam and guard 
lock at Gibson to Knoxville.' 

The Genesee Talley Canal extends from Rochester up the Genesee Valley to Olean 
upon the Allegany. The summit level is 978 ft. above Rochester and 86 ft. above the Allegany 
River, at Olean, and from it 97 locks descend toward the n. and 9 toward the s.* 



Stations, Distances, and Elevations upon the Oswego Canal. 



Syracuse 

Salina 

LWerpooI 

Mud Lock 

Cold .Spring 

New Bridge 

Tliree River Point. 

Pbcenix 

Sweet's Lock 

Ox Creek 

Fulton 

Braddock'8 Rapid.. 
Tilfany's Landing.. 

High Dam 

Oswego 









it 


s . 


g 


■i.| 


*.a 








^t 


:s<^ 


^« 





n 


.IS 


2 


2 


36 


■A 


.1 


:« 


•I 


7 


31 


1 


S 


30 


h 


i:i 


•& 


2 


V\ 


23 


2 


17 


21 


3 


20 


18 


3 


2S 


15 


4 


27 


11 


4 


31 


7 


4 


3,'> 


3 


1 


36 


2 


2 


3S 






345 



243 



OnHda. River Improvement. 

Places. Miles frmi 
place to place. 

Tliree River Point 

Peter gcott Creek 4 

Oak Orchard 4 

Caughilenoy 7 

llrewerton 5 

Total 20 

Serieca River Improvement. 

Mud Lock • 

HaldwiiiBville 6 

Jacks Reef. 12 

Total 18 

1 Cayuga and Seneca Canal— Stations and Distances. 

Places. Miksfrom 
place to place. 

Monteznma 

PenecaKiver 6 

S. Dermont'8 2 

Seueca Falls 3 

Chamberlain's Mills 2 

Waterloo 2 

Tears 5 

Geneva 2 

Lateral Canal to East 

Cayuga 2 

Total 23 

The Seneca Lock Navigation Co. was incorporated April 6, 
1813, for the purpose of improving the outlet of Seneca and 
Cayuga Lakes: and the Cayuga and Seneca Canal Co. was char- 
tered April 20, 1815. Its capital was increased in 1816 to $60,000, 
and in 1817 a fiirthor call of 25 per cent, upon the original stock 
was anthoiized, including a like extension of payment on stock 
held by the State. The proposition for assuming this work by the 
State was approved in 1S25, and the interest of the company was 
purchased for $33,867.18, exclusive of the amount owned by the 
State. The work waa begun in 1826, and finished in 1828, at a 



cost of $214,000. The inlet to Cayuga Lake is navigable 1^ 
miles to Ithaca. The locks of this canal are all enlarged, ex- 
cepting one at Chamberlain's Dam. which will be dispensed 
with so as to include the distance from Seneca Falls to "Waterloo 
in one level. The descent from Geneva to Montezuma is 74 feet 
by 12 locks. 

2 The survey of this canal was authorized by the Legislature 
in 1828. The canal was ordered to be built by an act of April 
11. 1829. It was begun in 1830 and finished in 1833. It has a 
descent of 269 feet by 27 locks. It extends water communicar 
tiou to the various ports upon Crooked Lake. 

Crooked Ldice Canal — Stations and Distances. 

Places. Miles from 
^■^'-'■^- place toplactK 

Dresden 

Blallory's 3 

Andrews and Ways 2 

Penn Yan 2 

Crooked Lake 1 



Total.. 



3 This canal was authorized April 15, 1S29, and its construc- 
tion was begun in that year and finished in 1S33. The total 
lockages on both the canal and feeder are 516 feet by 53 locks, and 
the original cost was?344,000. From Corning, the Blossburg k 
Corning R. K. ascends into the bituminous coal region of Tioga 
CO., Penn., and this article forms a very important item in the 
business of the canal. It also communicates with the Erie 
R. R. The .Junction Canal, a privato enterprise connecting the 
Chemung Canal at Elmira with the North Branch Canal of 
Penn. at Athens, 19 mi. 8., pi-omises to become an important 
tributary to the trade of this canal by opening access to the 
coal region. The diversion of Chemung River into our canals 
has been made a subject of complaint and remonstrance by the 
State of Penn. Plans have been proposed for using Mud Lake. 
(459 acres) and Little Lake, (708^ acres,) in Tyi-ono, as reser- 
voirs to relieve this canal from the inconvenience felt in di-y 
seasons from low water. 

Chemung Canal and Feeder — Sta(io7is and Distances. 



PLACES. MILES. 

Seneca Lake 

Havana 4 

Millport 6 

ITorseheads 7 

Elmira 6 

Knoxville 22 



Total.. 



47 



Feeder. 

PLACES- MILES. 

Hoi-seheads 

Miller's Basin. 7 

Dam at head of Feeder.. 7 

Knoxville 2 



Total.. 



16 



< This canal was authorized by act of May 6, 1836, and was 
begun the same year. The portion from the Junction to 
Rochester and the Dansville side-cut, in all 52 miles, was 
finished in 1840; to Ornmel, 36 miles further, with the Genesee 
Fender at that place, in ]s51; to Belfast, 2 miles, in 1833; to 
Rockville, 3 miles, in 1S54, and to Clean, 24 miles, in 1856. A 
section of one mile, with 2 lift locks and 2 bridges, still remains 
to be finished. 

The repairs of the first and second sections of this canal were 
put xinder contract for five years in Dec. 1855. the former for 
iS,440 and the latter for $13,900 per annum. In consequence 
of heavy freshets and unexpected damages, the contractor on 
the first section abandoned his contract In June. 1857. 

An act passed, 1857, authorized the extension of this canal 
fi-om Olean eastward across Olean Creek and the bottom lands 
along the n. bank of the Allegany to its entrance into Mill Grove 
Pond, 6.52 miles. 



CANALS. 



63 



Besides the foregoing navigable improvements by the State, the following have been placed 
under the direction of the Canal Commissioner for construction : 

Tlie Owasco Liake Improvement, ordered in 1852, and designed to make this lake a 
reservoir for supplying a vrater power for the machinery in Auburn State Prison.' 

Tlie draining of Cayuga niarslies, for reclaiming a large amount of land, estimated 
at 40,000 acres, at the outlet of Cayuga Lake and along Seneca River. By an act of April 12, 
1853, the channel of the river was ordered to be lowered, and the lands benefitted to be taxed for 
the expense. Surveys have been made and the work partly accomplished under the direction of 
the Canal Commissioners.'' 

Several companies have been incorporated for the purpose of constructing navigable canals, but, 
with two or three exceptions, none of these have at present a corporate existence. 

Ttae Delaware and Hudson Canal, extending from Rondout on the Hudson to Hones- 
dale, Penn., is the most important of these. It is connected with the Lackawanna coal region by a 
R. R. 16 mi. long, and is one of the principal routes by which coal is brought to the market upon 
the Hudson.^ 



StaHonSy DUtances, and Elevations upon Vie Genesee VaUey Canal. 



Kochpster 

Rapids (Lock No. 1) 

Tone's Basin 

Scottsville 

Canawaugus (ATon road) 

Sackett's Basin 

FowleryJlle UoatL — - 

Barclay's Mill , 

PilTardinia - 

Spencer'^ Basin... 

Tracy's Basin ~ 

Cuylerville — - — 

Leicester, Moscow Landing 

Genesee River Dam 

Mount Morris - 

Shaker Settlement 

BrushTille - 

Nunda 

Messenger's Hollow 

Genesee Falls (Tunnel section) 

Portageville. - 

Lock No. 01 

Mixville Landing, Wiscoy Feeder. 

Fillmore 

Burrville 

Caneadea Center. 

Oramel 

Belfast 

Rockville 

Caseville — 

Black Creek Cornera— 

Cuba 

lechua Feeder 

Hinsdale— 

Clean 






"=>s 




2 

8 
12 
20 
22 
24 
26 
29 
30 
32 
33 
34 
36 
37 
41 
46 
61 
53 
67 
59 
64 
65 
69 
75 
76 
78 



84 
88 
93 
99 
100 
107 






107 
105 
99 
95 
87 
85 
83 
81 
78 
77 
75 
74 
73 
71 
70 
66 
61 
56 
64 
60 
48 
43 
42 
38 
32 
31 
29 
27 
24 
23 
19 
14 
8 
7 




11 



507 



689 
600 



796 
947 



1,162 
1,222 

1,315 

1,410 

1,485 



DansvUU Branch. 

Places. 



Shaker Settlement-.. 

Fitzhugh'8 Basin 

Kysorville 

Rock Spring , 

Sherwoods Landing... 

Steam Sawmill 

McNairs Landing 

Woodville 

CommonsviUe 

Dansville 



Miles frcmi 
placeto place. 

2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 



Total. 



11 



1 This work was 2 years in charge of the Agent of the State 
Prison and the Mayor of Auburn, but in 1855 it was placed in 
the hands of the Canal Commissioners. The work, up to 1867, 
was greatly injured by a Spring flood. From 1852 to 1S57 in- 
clusive, $33,485 had been appropriated for this work. 

2 In 1S24, and several times afterward, the drainage of these 
marshes was made the subject of legisLntive enactment, but 
without other results than surveys. A concise history of this 
movement is given in Senate Doc. 35, 1853. The work was 
placed in 1853 under the direction of George Geddes, and up to 
1858, $175,000 had been appropriated and mostly expended. — 
Report Canal Commissioners^ 1858, p. 110. 

3 The Delaware and Hudson Canal Company was incorporated 
April 23, 1823, with a capital of $1,600,000, with the right of 
usingS600,000 in banking until 1844. The credit of the State 
was loaned for $800,000, in stock, bearing Interest of 45 or 5 per 
cent. The canal was begun in July, 1825, and opened for use in 
Oct. 1S28. Its length from Rondout to Port .Tervis, on the Dela- 
ware, is 59 miles ; and from Port Jervis, up the Delaware to the 
mouth of the Lakawasen, 24 miles. It crosses the river at the 
latter place, and extends 26 miles furthf^r to Honesdale. Its 
highest summit between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers is 685 
feet above tide. Its descent to the Delaw.are is 80 feet: its rise 
along the Delaware isl48 feet; and its rise between the Delaware 
and Honesdale 187 feet. The aggregate number of locks is 109. 
and the total rise and fall is 950 feet. The railroad to the coal 
mines is also o^vned by the Canal Company. The original cost 
of the New York section of the canal was $1,424,994, and of tiio 
Penn. section $612,123. The company o^vn most of the lK)at8 
used upon the canal, and conduct the mining operations at Car- 
bondale. Present capital, $7,500,000. The canal was originally 
constructed to afford 4 feet of depth, and to accommodate boats 
of 30 tons. In Sept., 1842, a plan of enlargement was adopted, 
and 5 feetof water was obtained, accommodating boats of 40 tons 
each. In 1851 a further enlargement was completed, obtaining 
6 feet of water, and accommixlating boats of 120 tons. The 
locks are now constructed with a single gate at the upper end, 
which turns down upon hinges like a door. It is found to bo 
very serviceable, and much quicker to operate than the double 
gate. 

Annual Receipts of Tolls on the Delaware aTid Hudson Canal 
since its completion. 



1830.. 
1831.. 
1832.. 
1833.. 
1834.. 
1835.. 
1836.. 
1837.. 
1838.. 
1839... 
1840.. 
1841.. 
1842.. 
1843.. 
1844.. 



$16, 
20, 

28: 
37; 

36, 
41, 
45, 
41, 
40, 
40, 
35, 
39, 
33. 
30, 
33,1 



,422,44 
,664,64 
,717,51 
,004,68 
,946.07 
,154.73 
,164.73 
,832.42 
,323.38 
,095.26 
,460.46 
,388.19 
894.93 
996.53 
,525.61 



1845 

1846 

1847 

1843 

1849 

1860 

1851 

1862 

1853 

1864 

1856 

1860 

1857.—.. 
1868 



$25,880.92 

26,068.66 

38,971.34 

46.548.64 

34,817.96 

97.999.16 

168,441,96 

293.174.67 

378,479.83 

687,349.52 

652,362.94 

583.737.86 

435A98.44 



J 



64 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Distances on the Delaivare and Hudson Canal. 



Names of Places. 



Eddyrille 

Greenkill 

Hombeck's Bridge 

Head of I'onrl 

Hardenburgh's Basin..... 

Le Fever's Falls 

RoBendale 

Lawrence'9 Mills 

JIarble Quarries 

High Fulls 

Hasbrouck's Basin 

Pliilip llasbrouck's 

Clove Church 

Alligerville 

John P. Di:-puy"8 Basin... 

Enoch Freeland's , 

Stony Hill Aqueduct 

Port Jackson 

David Vt-nooy's 

C. P. Hornbeck's 

Mountain Brook 

Middleport 

Bruyn's Basin 

Port Hyxson 

Port Benjamin , 

Heirstard'a Bridge 

Southwick'a Brick Yard 

TeiTvilliger's Feeder 

EUenville 

Cutler's Basin 

Broadhead's Brickhill.... 

Jared Ritche'a 

Penney "s Basin 

Red Bridge 

Phillipsport 

Davis — Summit Level.... 

Beatysburgh 

Log House in Swamp 

South Side of Swamp.... 

Gumare's Brook 

Wurtsboro' 

Sneed's Basin 



"S- • 


li 




.sis 


s* 


& s 


1^4 


«=? 


SiS 


No. 1 





lOS 




1 

2 
3 


107 
106 

100 




2 to 4 


6 


4 


104 


6 


6 


103 


7 


6 


102 


Sand 9 


7 


101 


10 and 11 


8 


100 


12 to 19 


9 


99 


20 and 21 


10 


98 




11 
12 
13 


97 
96 
95 




•T) 


23 


14 


94 




15 
16 


93 
92 


24 




17 
18 
19 
20 
21 


91 

90 
89 

88 
87 








25 




22 
23 


86 
85 


26 


27 


24 


84 




25 
20 


83 
82 


28 


29 and 30 


27 


81 


31 and 32 


2S 


80 


33 


29 


79 


24 


30 


78 


35 and 36 


31 


77 


37 and 38 


32 


76 


39 to 41 


33 


75 


42 to 61 


34 


74 


62 to 54 


36 


73 




36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 


72 
71 
70 
69 
68 
67 















Names op Places. 



Graham's Basin 

Manerza Smith's 

Brown Haven 

Oak Brook Aqueduct 

Indian Spring 

Tunnel Uill , 

Westbrookville 

Samuel Staunten's 

Van Inweigen's Basin 

CuddebackviUe 

Neversink Aqueduct 

Piersonville 

Solomon Van Etten's Bridge. 

Canal Store 

Hornbeck's Culvert 

Bird's Nest Bock 

Stop Gate — Pine Woods 

Benjamin Cuddeback'a 

Port Jervis , 

Stop Gate — Westfall's Basin. 

Sparrow Bush Brook 

Honesville 

Bolton 

Butler's Falls 

Mongaup , 

Dickerson's Eddy 

Stairway Brook , 

Vanaukin"a Bridge 

Fish Cabin Brook , 

Tucker's Aqueduct 

Pond Eddy , 

Van Tuyl's Brook. 

Van Tuyls Basin 

Craigsville 

Buttermilk Falls 

Handsome Eddy 

David Johnston's 

Barrysville 

Panther Brook 

Beaver Brook 

Stop Lock 

Delaware Dam 






55 to 69 
60 



61 
62 and 63 



67 



69 and 70 

71 

72"and'73 



G'nd L'k. 









35 
34 



29 

28 
27 
26 
25 



Table of Companies which have been organized for Constructing Canals and Extending Navigation 

in the State. 



Names of Canals. 



Allegany River Slackwater Na- 
vigation Co. 

Auburn Canal and R.R. Co 

Auburn & Owasco Canal Co 

Binghamton, Owego, & Penn. 
Slackwater Navigation Co. 

Black River Canal Co 

Black River Navigation Co 

;a Navigation Co 



Catatunk Dock Navigation Co.. 



Cayuga & Seneca Canal Co 

Chenango Junction Canal Co.... 
Chittenango Canal Co 



Delaware & Susquehanna Na- 
vigation Co. 

EUicotts Creek Slackwater Na- 
vigation Co. 

Gowanus Bay & East River 

Great Chazy Navigation Co 

Granville Canal Co 

Uarlem Canal Co 

Harlem River Canal Co , 

Hudson River & Channel Co 

Jefferson County Canal Co 

Junction Canal Co 



Dat'' of 
Organization. 



April 7, 1S57 

April 24, 1832 
April 21,1828 

April 9, 1855 

March 20, 1828 
April 5, 1810 
AprU lb, 1827 

March 3, 1S15 



April 20, 1S15 
May 12, 1S46 
March 1,1818 



AprU 20, 

April 23, 

April 24, 

May 11, 

AprU IS, 

April 18, 

April 16, 

AprU 4, 1806 



182! 

1829 

183' 

1836 

1825 

1826 
1S27 



April 15, 
April 21, 



182S 
1828 



Capital. 



$30,000 

150.000 
100,000 

100,000 

400.000 
10,000 
20,000 

70,000 



5,000 



5,000 



550,000 
500,000 



300,000 
100.000 



Aubtirn and Erie Canal 

Auburn and Owasco Lake 

Erie Canal and Black River 

Browuville and Lake Ontario.... 

Montezuma and Seneca Lake.... 

Binghamton to State line 

Chittenango Village and Erie 
Canal. 



Delaware 
River. 



and Susquehanna 



City of Brooklyn may cause to 
be constructed. 

Lake and Lower Bridge at 
Champlain. 

Champlain Canal and Bishops 
Corners. 

East River and Manhattanville. 

Spuyten Dnyvil Creek and Har- 
lem River. 

For raft navigation on upper 
water. 

Carthage and Sackcts Harbor.... 

From Erie Canal near Cham- 
plain Junction to Hudson 
River. 



To improve Allegany River be- 
low Olean. 

Nothing done. 

Charter renewed in 1834; not 
finished. 

Act amended in 1857. 

Nothing done. 
Not constructed, 
Toimpi-oveCiissadagaCreek; not 

completed. 
To improve Cattatunk Creek 

from its mouth to N. w. 

branch. Nothing done. 
Rights purchased by the State. 
Nothing done. 
Assumed by the State, and used 

as a navigable feeder to Erie 

Canal. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Partially improved. 



Nothing done. 

Partly done and abandoned. 
Surveyed but not constructed. 



Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 



CANALS. 



65 



Table of Companies which have been organized for Constructing Canals and Extending Navigation 

in the State^ continued. 



Names op Canals. 



Junction Canal Co 

Long Island Canal Co 

Long Island Canal & Navigar 

tjon Co. 
Maulius Canal Co 

Mohawk & Hudson Lock 

Naviffation Co. 
Nevereink Navigation Co 

New York & Sharon 

Niagara Canal Co 

Northern Inland Lock Naviga- 
tion Co. 

Northern Slackwater & Rail- 
way Co. 

Oneida Lake Canal Co 

Onondaga Canal Co 

Ontario Canal Co 

Orange & Snsscx Canal Co 

Oswegatchie Navigation Co 

Owasco & Erie Canal Co 

Pecouic River Lock Navigation 
Co. 

Rochester Canal & R.R. Co. 

St. Lawrence Lock Co 

Salmon River HarborCanal Co.. 

ScottsviUe Canal Co 

Seneca Lock Navigation Co 

Seneca & Susquehanna Lock 

Navigation Co. 
Sodus Canal Co 

Susquehanna & Chenango 

Wallabout Canal Co 

Wallabout Canal Co 

Weetem Inland Lock Naviga- 
tion Co. 



Date of 
Organization. 



May 11, 1845 

April 15,1828 

April 8, 1S48 

April 15,1828 

April 17,1816 

AprU 16,1816 

Apra 19,1823 

April 5, 179S 
March 30, 1792 

May 13, 1846 

March 22, 1832 

Nov. 25, IS^ 

March 31, 1821 

April 11,1825 

April 25,1831 



Capital. 



$200,000 

300,000 
50,000 

500,000 
50,000 



May 
April 



1, 1829 
8, 1808 



March 26, 1831 
AprU 1, 1808 

May 16, 1837 
AprU 30, 1829 
AprU 6, 1813 

March 31, 1815 
March 19, 1829 

Mav 20, 1836 
Apnl 9, 1828 

April 18,1838 

March 30, 1792 



40,000 



100,000 



150,000 
30,000 



350,000 
15.000 
50,000 



300,000 
200,000 

"20J0OO 
25,000 



Omncction. 



From Chemung Canal at Elmira 
to State Hue to connect with 
North Branch Canal. 

To connect Bays on 8. side and 
to cross Canoe Place to Peco- 
nic Bay. 

The same 



Erie Canal and Manliua Slack- 
water Navigation. 
Coboes Falls and Schenectady... 



From Sharon, Conn., to tide 
water to any point on the 
Hudson or in the City of 
New York. 

Lake Erie and Lake Ontario 

Hudson River and Lake Cham- 
plain. 

Port Kent and Saranac 



Erie Canal and Onondaga 

Hollow. 
Canandaigua Lake and Erie 

Canal. 
From Columbia, on the Dela- 
ware, through Orange co., to 

the Hudson. 
From the St. Lawrence to Black 

Lake and Canton. 

Owasco Lake and Erie Canal 

To construct Locks and Dams 

in Peconic River. 

Rochester and Lake Ontario 

For building Locks at Isle au 

Rapid. 
Lake Ontario and Port Ontario.. 
ScottsviUe and Genesee River. 
For improving navigation 

between Seneca and Cayuga 

Lakes. 
From Seneca Lake to Chemung 

River near Eimira. 
From Seneca River or Canan- 
daigua outlet to Great Sodus 

Bay. 
From river to Chenango Canal. 
Wallsibout Bay and TUlory St. 

Brooklyn. 
Wallabout Bay to Kent Avenue, 

Brooklyn. 
To open navigation on the Mo- 

luiwk, Wood Creek, Oneida, 

ami Oswego Rivers to Lake 

Ontario. 



Remarlcs. 



Completed in 1858. 

Nothing done but survey. 

Nothing done. 
State Canal Feeder. 
Nothing done. 

The project failed. The State 
loaned its cre.Ut for $10,000 
and lost the whole Biun. 

Surveyed nearly on the preseat 
line of the Harlem R. R. 



Nothing done. 

Work commenced bat no part 

completed. 
Nothing done. 

Finished in 1835, and purchased 

by the State in 1841. 
Not constructed. 

Nothing done. 

The right granted in 1828 to 
build a R. B. on the line. 
Nothing done on either. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Railroad only constructed. 
Locks completed but too small 

for general use. 
Never completed. 

Merged in Cayuga & Seneca 
Canal. 

Nothing done. 

Partly coustmcted, but never 
used. 



Not constructed. 



Completed to Oneida Lake in 
1797. The rights were after- 
ward vested in the State, 
and such as were avaUable 
were used for the Erie Canal. 



RAIL ROADS. 

The first rail road in the State, and the second in the U. S., was opened from Albany to 
Schenectady in 1831. Although rudely constructed, at great and much needless expense, the 
advantages of this means of communication became so apparent that within 3 years rail roads, 
duly chartered by law, were projected in every part of the State.^ These early grants were gene- 
rally limited to 50 years, and work was required to be commenced within 3 years, the State being 
allowed to become purchaser at the espiratiou of the charter. The charters contained the neces- 
sary provisions for the taking of property by appraisements, named the commissioners for opening 
subscriptions, and sometimes for locating and surveying the road, which in a few instances was 
done at the expense of the State. 

At an early period the aid of the General Government was solicited, in view of the utility of these 
roads in the transportation of the mails, and, in case of war, of military supplies ; but, with the 
exception of surveys made in two instances, no aid was obtained from this source. The State has 



1 Albany, Vermont, & Canada Rail Road, for- 
merly the Albany Northern R. R. Company organized 
Feb. 12, 1S51. Connects Albany and Eaglo Bridge. Road 
opened through about the 1st of July, 1853. It was sold 
under foreclosure of mortgage Oct. 16, 1856, and assumed 
its present name Nov. 7, following. 

Albany, Vcnnont, and Canada RaU Road, 
Stations and Distances. 



Albany 

Cemetery. — 

West Troy .„ , 

Cohoes 

Waterford 

Saratoga Junction, 

Schaghticoke 

Pittstown , 

Johnsonville 

Buskirks 

Eagle Bridge 



Distances in Miles. 



Between From From 

Staiions. Albany. EagleB'dg. 









i 


4 


2 


6 


3 


9 


2 


11 


1 


12 


10 


22 


1 


23 


3 


20 


5 


31 


2 


33 



33 
29 
27 
24 
22 
21 
11 
10 
7 
2 





Albany & West Stockbrldge Rail Road, for- 
merly Caatlftou & West Stockbridge R. R. Company or- 
ganized April 19, 1830, but nothing ivns done under the first 
name. Present name assumed May 5, 1836. Road opened 
from Qreenbnsh to Chatham Dec. 21, 1841, and to the State 
line Sept. 12, 1842. It was leased to the Western (Mass.) 
R. R. Nov. 18, 1841, for the term of its charter ; and has 
since been operated as a part of that road. inclndin<; tho 
ferry at Albany. Tho city of Albany, at different times, 
issued its bonds for $1,000,000, to aid in building the road, 
the lessees paying tho interest and $10,000 annually toward 
the sinking fund. It connects Albany with Springfield and 
Boston. 

Western RaU Road. 
Stations and Distances. 



Stations. 



Albany 

Qreenbnsh 

Scbodiick 

Kinderhook 

Chathimi Center 

Chatham Four Corners^. 

East Chatham 

Canaan 

State Line.- — 

Pittsfield, Mass. 

Springfield, " — . 

Worcester, " 

Boston, '' 



Distances in Miles. 



Bfjioeen Prom 
Stations. Albani/. 




1 

7 

8 

3 

4 

5 

5 

S 

11 

63 

54 

44 




1 

8 
16 
19 
23 
28 
33 
38 
49 
102 
156 
200 



Proni 
Boston. 



2(10 
199 
192 
184 
181 
177 
172 
167 
162 
151 
98 
44 




Atlantic Si Great AVestern Rail Road Co. was 

formed Dec. 9, 1858. The line extends from the New York 
& Erie R. R. at Little Valley to tho 8. line of ChauUuqua 
county. 
66 



Attica t£ fformUsville RaU Road. Company incorporated May 
14, 1845 ; capital $760,000. Time extended April 11, 1849. 
Other roads allowed to take stock April 9, 1861. Capital in- 
creased and company allowed to purchase the Buffalo & 
Rochester R. R., from Attica to Buflalo, and to change its 
name March 3, 1851. Name changed to Buffalo & New 
York City R. R., April 16, 1861. 

Black River & Utica Rail Road. Company 
f irmed Jan. 29. 1853. Road opened to Trenton .Tan. 1, 1855, 
and to Boonville Dec. 18, 1865. The city of Utica has is- 
sued its bonds for $250,000, to aid in the construction of the 
road. It is designed to connect Utica and Clayton. 

Black River <£- Utica RaU Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Utica. 

Marcy.- 

rioyd'Road 

Stittsrtlle 

Holland Patent. 

Trenton _. 

Trenton Falls... 

Prospect 

Remsen 

Alder Creek 

Boonville 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations, 



4 

li 

1 

2} 

7 

7 



From 
Utica. 





6 

8 
10 
12 
16 
17A 
18i 
21 
28 
35 



Prom, 
Boonville. 



36 

29 

27 

25 

23 

19 

17i 

16i 

14 

7 





Blossljure & Corning Rail Road, formerly the 
Cc)rning & Blossbnrg R.R.. and previously the Tioga Coal, 
Iron Mining, & Manufacturing Co. R. R. Was leased for a 
term of ve.ars to the Tioga (Pa.) R. R. Co. In 1S54 it wa3 
sold for $250,000, subject to a mortgiige of $246,000 and a 
ten years lease to the Tioga Co. It is operated at present 
by the lessees. 

Blossburg and Corning RaUroad. 





Distances in Miles. 


Stations. 


Between 
Stations. 


From 
Coming. 


From 
Zawrencev. 





8J 
12i 
16 




8S 
21 
36 


36 

27S 

16 













Brooklyn City Rail Road* Company formed Dec. 16, 
1S53. Opened as follows : 
flushing Avenue Route. Fulton St. to Throop 

Avenue in July, 1S54 

Tulton Avenue Route. Ferry to Washington 

Avenue in July, 1S54 

Myrtle Avenue Route. Fulton St. to Nortram 

Avenue in July, 1854 

Greenwood Route. Fulton St. to Gowanus Creek 

in Aug. 1854 

'Wftshiugton Avenue to Brooklyn Avenue in Sept. 1864 

Kent Avenue to Bushwick Creek in Oct. 1S54 

Gowanus Creek to 36th St. in Nov. 1864 

Nortram Avenue to Division Avenue in Nov. 1S54 



KAIL ROADS. 



67 



upon several occasions loaned its credit to r. r. companies by issuing stock and retaining a lien 
upon the roads, which in some cases was afterward relinquished, and in others sacrificed by sale 
at nominal prices. 



Throop Aveuue to DivisioujAvenue in. April, 1855 

IlamiltoD Avenue Route. Court St. to Ferry in May, 1865 
This road is used for passengers only, und 
horse power ia exclusively employed. 

36th St. to City Line July, 1855 

iUishwick Creek to Kent St. in Oct. 1855 

Kent St. to Furman St. in Dec. 1865 

City Line to Yellow Hooklandin July, 1856 

Brooklyn &• Jamaica Rail R-oad. Company formed 
April 25, 183:i, In 1836 the road was leased to tho Long 
Island R. R. Co. for the term of its charter. The lessees 
built a tunnel 2,550 feet long under Atlautic St., bought 
access to the river, erected buildings and docks at a cost of 
over $300,000, and have since maint;dned and operated the 
road In connection with the Long Island R. K., of which it 
is virtually a part. 

BnflTalo, Bradford, & Pittsburgli Rail Road 

Co. was formed 1S59, by the consolidation of tho 

Buffalo & Bradford and Buffalo & Pittsburgh K. R's. 

Buffalo i&Ntm York OUy Rail Road, formerly Attica & Homells- 
ville R. R. Articles filed Jan. 22, 1S51. 31 mi. sold to Buf- 
falo, New York, & Erie R. R. Oct. 31, 1857, and name 
changed to 

Buflalo, New York, &■ Erie Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



STAnONS, 


Distances in Milbs. 


Beiwctn 
Stations. 


From 
Buffalo. 


From 
Corning. 


Buffalo scorning. 



1 

9.4S 
4.05 
4.95 
6.47 
6.14 
3.40 
7.20 
5.60 
4.32 
7.31 
6.93 
9.05 
2.56 
3M 
3.71 
6.66 
4.76 
5.91 
4.36 
4.S7 
2.88 
3.64 
3.7T 
6.15 
4.71 
1.67 
2.60 
3.22 
1.60 



1 
10.45 
14.5 
19.45 
24.92 
31.06 
34.46 
41.66 
47.26 
51.58 
58.89 
66.82 
74.87 
77.43 
81.07 
84.78 
91.43 
96.19 
102.1 
106.46 
111.33 
114.21 
117.85 
121.62 
127.77 
132.48 
134.15 
136.75 
139.97 
141.57 


141.67 

140.57 

131.12 

127.07 

122.12 

116.65 

110.51 

107.11 

99.91 

94.31 

89.99 

82.63 

75.75 

66.7 

64.14 

60.5 

66.79 

50.14 

45.38 

39.47 

36.11 








A,ldGa 






























Bloods 




Wallaces 


30.24 




27.36 




23.72 


Bath 


19.95 




13.8 


Camnbell 


9.09 




7.42 




4.82 




1.6 


Corning 





New York 




432.63 


291.06 


Rochester Dimsion. 




8.45 

3.27 

2.27 

4.26 


From 
RocJiestcr. 


\From 
Avon. 






8.46 
11.72 
13.99 
18.25 


18.25 




9.8 


Scottsville 


6.63 




4.20 











BomdlsvW£ Division. 




6.87 
4.33 
B.78 
6.77 
2.76 
3.61 
4.07 
2.07 
7.17 
4.43 
4.10 
8.30 


From 
AUica. 


From 

Hormlls- 

ville. 






6.87 
11.2 
16.98 
23.75 
26.61 
30.12 
34.19 
86.26 
43.43 
47.86 
61.96 
60.26 


60.26 




63.39 


Middloburv 


49.06 




43.28 




36.51 




33.75 


Portage » 


30.14 
20.07 




24 




16.83 




12.4 




8.3 













Buffalo <£ State Line Rail Road. Company formed June 6, 
1849. Road opened from Duokii-k to the State Line Jan. 1, 
1852, and to Buffalo Feb. 22 following. The Company pur- 
chased the North East (Penu.) R. R. under act of April 13, 
1857, and now form oue company from Buffalo to Erie, Poan. 
It is now operated under the name of 

Buffalo aud S^rle Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (OflScial.) 



Buffalo , 

Uamburg , 

18 Mile Creek . 
Evans Center.. 

Saw Mill 

Irving 

Silver Creek.... 

Dunkirk 

Salem 

Portland 

Westfield 

Ripley , 

Quincy 

State Line , 

Erie, Penn 



Distances in Miles. 



Bdwtnl 


From 


From 


Stations. 


Buffalo. 


Erie,Penn. 








83 


10 


10 


78 


6 


15 


73 


6 


21 


67 


5 


26 


62 


3 


29 


69 


2 


31 


57 


7 


40 


43 


8 


48 


40 


2 


50 


33 


7 


67 


31 


6 


62 


26 


3 


65 


23 


3 


68 


20 


20 


83 






Chnandaigtta <£• Coming Rail Road. Company incorporated May 
11, 1845; capital $1,600,000 Time extended April 15, 1847, 
and again Rlarch 24, 1849. Surveys were beguu June, 1845, 
and the construction in Aug. 1850. Road opened from 
Canandaigua to '■'Jefferson" (now Watkins) 46j\^ mi., Sept. 
15, 1851, the New York & Erie R.R. furnishing engines, cars, 
&c., for a specific rate per mile. The road was allowed to con- 
nect with the Chemung R. R. at Jefferson, and to change 
name Sept. 11. 1852, to Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. 

Ca.na.7idaigua i£-EImira Rail Road, changed from Canandaigua 
& Corning R. R. Sept. 11, 1852. Leased the Chemung R. R. 
ITi^Jo ™i' ^^^ ^ ^^- of Erie R.R. Sold to parties in Elmira, 
Penn Yan, and Providence. R. I. April 23, 1S57, and possessioa 
given May 1. Price $35,000, subject to SoOO.OOO due bond- 
holders, and name changed to the Elmira, Canandaigua, & 
Niagara Falls R.R. the nest day. 

Oina ndiiigua <&Niagara Falls Ra il Road. Company incoi-porated 
Dec. 10, 1850; capital $1,000,000. Road opened to Batavia, 
50 mi., Jan. 1, 1853. to Niagara Falls 47 mi. July 1. 1853. and 
to Suspension Bridge 1^ mi. April 1, 1S54. Sold March 22, 
1857, to Jas. M. Brown and others, and name changed to 
Niagai-a Bridge & Canandaigua R. R. Now leased and run 
by New York Central R. R. 

Cayuga &. Swsquelianiia Rail Road, formerly 
the Ithaca & Owego R. R., was chartered Jan. 2S. 1828,— the 
second R.R. charter granted in the State. The road was opened 
in April, 1834. An inclined plane at Ithaca rose 1 foot in 
4i^,**o ft. and stationary horse power was used for drawing 
up the cars. Above this was another inclined plane, that 
rose one foot in 21 ft., on which horso power was used. The 
road was subsequently sold by the Comptroller on stock 
issued by tho State, on which the company had failed to pay 
interest. A new company was organized and the present 
name assumed April 18, 1843; the road was reconstructed, 
the inclined planes were done away with, aud Jan. 1. 1855, it 
was leased to the Delaware, Lackawanna ii Western R R. 
Co., and is operated by them as the Cayuga Division. This 
is an important route from the coal mines of Penn., and coal 
forms the principal item of business. 

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Stations. 



Ithaca Pier... 

Ithaca 

Pugsleys 

"Willseyville . 

Candor 

Catatunk 

Owego 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations. 




2 
13 
6 
4 
6 
4 



From 
ItJiaca 
IHer. 




2 
15 
21 
25 
31 
35 



Prom 

Otvego. 



35 
33 
20 
14 
10 
4 




CUamplaln 4> St. I-arrrence Rail Road. Com- 
pany formed Feb. 26, 1S51. The Road extends from Rouses 
Point to the Canada line 2i miles, and is leased to ii road in 
Canada of tho same name, which extends to St Johns and 
La Pruirio opposite Montreal. 



68 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



By resolution of Assembly of Feb. 2, 1843, r. k. companies were required to report annually to 
the Secretary of State; and by an act of April 11, 1849, to the State Engineer and Surveyor; a 



Cbcmuiig Rail Road. Company formed May 14. 1845. 
The road exteuiis from Watkins, at the head of Seneca 
Lake, to the New York & Erie K. K., 4 mi. N. w. of Elmiiu. 
It wao opened in Dec. 1S49 ; leased to the New York ic Erie 
R. R. Co. for ten years from Jan. 1, 18y0, for $36,000 per an- 
num : and sub-let to the Canandaigua and Elmira K. K. Co., 
for the same. It is now operated by the New York & Erie 
R. K. Co. 

Chemung Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Jefferson (Watkins), 

Havana - 

Groton Corners 

Millport 

Pine Valley , 

Horseheads 

Junction - 

Elmira 



DisT-\NCES IN Miles. 



Betiveen 
Nations. 





3.2 

3.7 



4.4 
1.2 
4.3 



From 
Watkins. 





3.2 
6.9 
8.9 
11.7 
16.1 
17.3 
21.6 



From. 
Elmira. 



21.6 
18.4 
14.7 
12.7 
9.9 
6.5 
4.3 




Elmira^ Canandaiqua d. Niagara Falls Rail Road. Changed 
from Canandaigua & Niagara Falls R. R. April 24, 1857. 
The name w,as chiinged to 

XSlmira, Jeflfei'son &• Canaudalgua Rail 

Road Co. Feb. 18, 1859. The road is now leased and 
run by the New Y'ork & Erie R. R. Co. 

Elmira, Jcjferson t& Canandaigua Rail Road. 

Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Canand.Higua , 

Hopewell 

Gorham 

Halls Comers 

Bellona 

Benton Center 

Penn Y'an 

Wilo Center 

Himrods 

Starkey 

Big Stream 

Rock Stream 

Jefferson (Watkins) 

Elmira _ 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations. 




6.4 

6.3 

2.8 

3.8 

1.9 

4 

4.1 

3.8 

3.9 

2.6 

1.9 

6.6 



21.6 



From 
Canan- 
daigua. 





6.4 
11.7 
14.6 
18..3 
20.2 
24.2 
2S.3 
.31.9 
35.8 
38.4 
40.3 
46.9 



From 
Watkins, 
{Jefferson 
Station.) 



46.9 

40.5 

35.2 

32.4 

2S.6 

20.7 

22.7 

1,8.6 

15 

11.1 

8.5 

6.6 





21.6 



Flushing Rail Road. Company formed Feb. 24, 1S52. 
Opened June 26, 1854. The road e.vtends from Flushing to 
Hunters Creek, and the Co. runs a steamer to Fulton street, 

/ New York. 

Flushing Rail Road. 
Stations .and Distances, (Official,) 



SliTIONS. 


Distances in Miles, 


Between 
Statioms. 


Fi-om 
New Ym-k. 


From 
Flushing. 






4 

1 

2i 

1 

14 

2 




4 

5 

7J 

84 
10 
12 


12 

8 




Penny Bridge 


Winsfield 


44 
84 






National Race Course 

Flushing 





<» By steamboat between New York and Hunters Point, 
Eicksnith i£- Chid Spring Branch Rait Road. Company formed 
June 28, 1851, and organized Nov. 3, 1853. The road was 
to extend from Hicksville to Cold Spring Harbor. It was 
opened to Syosset, July 3, 1854. Nothing ha.? been done 
beyond there. It has been leased to the Long Island K. R. 
Gk, and is operated by them. 



Hudson & Boston Rail Road. Company allowed 
to organize Feb. 22, 1856; the organization took place Dec. 
1, 1855. The company own and operate tlie road from Hud- 
son to Chatham Four Corners, with a leased right to West 
Stockbridge. 

Hudson <£ Boston Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Hudson 

" Upper Station .. 

Claverack „_ 

Mellenville 

Pulvers 

Ghent 

Chatham Fotir Corners 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations. 



From 
Hudson. 




1 
4 
9 
12 
15 
17 



From 
Chatham 
4 Corners. 



17 
16 
13 
8 
5 
2 




Hudson Ri-rer Rail Road. Company formed May 
12. 1S46. Opened from New York to Peekskill Sept. 29, 
1849 ; to Hamburgh, Dec. 6, 1849 ; to Ponghkeepsie, Dec. 31, 
1849 ; from Albany to Hudson, June 16, 1851 ; to Tivoli, 
Aug. 4 ; and through, Oct. 1, 1851. The road extends Irom 
Albany to New York, along the east bank of the river. It 
has tunnels of 226. 60, 70, 358, 600, 618, 836, 124, 145, and 
82 feet; in the whole 6,018 feet. 

Hudson River Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Offici.il.) 



Stations. 



Chambers Street, N.Y, 

31st Street 

62d Street 

Burnhams 

Strykers Bay 

Manhattan 

152d Street 

Fort Washington 

Tubby Hook 

Spuj-ten Duyvil 

Riverdale 

Y'onkers 

Gleuwood 

Hastings 

Dobb's Ferry 

Irvington 

Tarry town 

Scarborough 

Sing Sing 

Croton 

Crugers 

Verplancks 

Peekskill , 

Fort Montgomery 

Garrisons ; 

Cold Spring 

Cornwall 

FisbkUl „ 

Carthage 

New Hamburgh 

Milton Ferry. 

Pougbkeepsie 

Hyde Park 

Staatsburgh 

Rhinebeck 

Bjirrytown 

Tivoli 

Germantown 

Oak IIUI 

Hudson 

Stockport 

Coxsackie,.. 

Stuyvesant 

Schodack 

Castleton 

East Albany 

Troy 



Distances in Miles, 



Between 
Stations. 




24 
1 
1 
li 
U 
1 

14 

14 

i 

24 
i 
34 
14 
2 
24 
44 
14 
34 
34 
1* 
2 
3J 
U 
24 
2i 
34 
34 
24 
44 
4 
6 
4 
H 
64 
4 
4} 
64 
6* 
6 
24 
24 
6* 
3J 
7} 



F^om 
New York. 





24 

34 
44 
6J 
74 
84 
10 

114 

124 

14 

164 

17 

204 

21J 

23J 

264 

304 

32 

354 

38} 

404 

424 

464 

61 

634 

664 

69j 

634 

65* 

704 

744 

804 

844 

90 

964 

994 

1044 

1094 

116J 

1204 

122* 

1254 

132 

135} 

1434 



1494 



From 
Albany. 



1434 

141 

140 

139 

137} 

136 

135 

1334 

132 

1314 

129i 

1274 

1264 

123 

121} 

119} 

1174 

113 

1114 

1084 

104} 

103 

101 



83} 

80J- 

77} 

73i 

694 

634 

694 

634 

48 

44 

394 

34 

2Si 

23i 

20} 

184 

114 

7} 




RAIL ROADS. 



69 



custom that has since been continued, except during the short period in which the office of R. R. 
Commissioners -was in existence. This Board was created April 14, 1855, and abolished April 16, 
1857. The expenses of the State Engineer and Surveyor's office chargeable to rail roads are assessed 
upon the several companies in proportion to their earnings. The general act to authorize the for- 
mation of K. K. companies was passed March 27, 1848. There are at present within the State 2,554 J 
mi. of R. R., besides double tracks and turn outs. The rail roads give employment to about 18,000 



Xiong Islaud Rail Road* Company organized Jud(> 15, 
lh'A5. Opened throngh in July. 1844. The roaii extends 
from Brooklyn to Greenport ; $100,000 in State stocks was 
issued to aid in the construction. The company have leased 
the Brooklyn & Jamaica and the HicksviUo & Cold Spring 
Branch R. Roads, which they operate as a part of tliis road. 
Long Island EaU Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Stations. 



South Ferry 

Bedford 

East New York 

Cypress Avenue 

Union Coarse 

Woodharen 

Jamaica 

Willow Tree 

Queens (Brush ville).. 

Hyde Park 

Hempstead Branch... 

Hempstead 

Westbury 

Hicksville 



Jerusalem 

Farmingdale 

Deer Park , 

Tliompson 

N. Islip (Suffolk).. 

Lakeland 

Waverly 

Medford ^ 

Bcllport 

Yaphank 

Manor 

Riverhead 

Jamesport 

Mattituck.„ < 

Cutcliogue 

Hermitage 

Southold 

Greenport 



Distances in Miles. 



Between From From 

Stations. Brooklr/n. Greenport. 



H 
i 
i 

2} 

1 

2 

3J 

2i 

24 

3 

S 

4 

3 

2 

6 

4 

oi 

II 

i 

2 

2i 

2J 

6 

8 

5 

4 

3 

3 

2 

4 




2i 
6i 
7 

■a 
11 

12 
14 
17i 
20 

2i 
23 
26 

4 
29 
31 
S7 
41 
43i 
49 
63 
65 
674 
60 
66 
74 
79 
S3 
86 
89 
91 
95 



95 

924 

894 

88 

874 

86} 

84 

83 

81 

774 

76 

2i 
72 
69 

4 
66 
64 
6S 
64 
614 
46 
42 
40 
374 
35 
29 
21 
16 
12 

9 

6 

4 





Nemrbureh Branch of New York & Erie 
Rail Road. Branch allowed to Newburgh April 8, 
1845. Opened Jan. 8, 1850. 

Neiv Tork Central Rail Road. Company formed 
by consolidating the several roads in operation, and some 
projected roads between Albany, Troy and Buffalo, and 
Niagara Falls. The act allowing the consolidation was 
passed April 2, 1853, and was carried into effect the 17th 
of May following. The consolidated capital amounted to 
$23,085,600, and debts were assumed to the amount of 
$1,947,815.72. The stock of the several companies was ro- 
ceived at the following rates, viz. : — 



Rochester & Syracuse 130 

Rochester, Lockport & Ni- 
agara Falls 125 

Buffalo & Rochester. .140 

Buffalo & Lockport 125 



Albany & Schenectady .117 

Syracuse & Ctica Direct ....150 

Schenectady & Troy 75 

Ctica 4 Schenectady 115 

Mohawk Valley 155 

Syracuse & Utica. 160 

Each stockbolder received a like amount of stock of the new 
company, at par, (the Troy & Schenectady upon payment of 
$25 per share.) and for the differences, certificates or premium 
bonds bearing Mx per cent, interest, semi-annually, and pay- 
able May 1, 1883. These certificates amounted to $8,892,600. 
The Rochester & Lake Ontario R. R., and the Buffalo & Niagara 
Falls R. R., have since been merged in this road. 
Data of opening V\6 several roads now forming the New Tork 
Central RaU Road. 



Albany 4 Schenectady.....lS31 

Schenectady 4 Troy 1843 

Utica 4 Schenectady 1835 

Syracuse 4 Utica 1839 

Rochester 4 Syracuse 1853 

Auburn 4 Syracuse 1836 

Auburn 4 Rochester .1840 

Tonawanda ...1836 



Batavia 4 Attica 1843 

Attica 4 Buffalo 1845 

Rochester 4 Buffalo 1862 

Rochester, Lockport 4 Nia- 
gara Falls 1862 

Niagara Falls 4 L6wiston...l854 
Lockport 4 Tonawanda.. ...1853 
Rochester 4 Charlotte 1853 



Kew Tork Ckntral Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Stations. 



Albany <£ Buffalo. 

Albany 

West Albany 

Center 

Schenectady 

Hoffmans 

Cranes Village 

Amsterdam 

Tribes Uill 

Fonda 

Yosts 

Sprakers 

Palatine Bridge 

Fort Plain 

Palatine Church 

St. Johnsville 

East Creek 

Little Falls 

Herkimer 

Ilion 

Frankfort 

Utica 

Whitesboro 

Oriskany 

Rome 

Greens Comers 

Verona 

Oneida 

Wampsville 

Canastota 

Canaseraga 

Chittenango 

KirkvUle 

]Manliu8 

Syracuse 

Warners. 

Canton 

Jordan 

Weedsport 

Port BjTon 

Savannah 

Clyde 

Lyons 

Newark 

East Palmyra 

Palm.vra..» 

Macedon 

Fairport 

Rochester 

Coldwater , 

Chili 

Churchville .t; 

Bergen 

West Bergen. 

Byron 

Batavia 

Crofts 

Pembroke 

Alden 

Wendo 

Town Lino 

Lancaster. 

Forks 

Buffalo 



Distances in Miles. 



Between From From 

Stations. Albany. Buffalo. 





34 

6 

8} 

9i 

34 

3i 

64 

5 

64 

34 

3 

3 

2« 

S 

34 

64 

74 

24 

24 

94 

3* 

3 

74 

44 

44 



2 

3} 

24 

4 

24 

7} 

94 

24 

64 

44 

34 

7 

6 

64 
34 
Si 
6 

71 
164 
64 
4 
44 
84 
34 
84 
74 
6 
64 

a 

2» 

u 

6 
2» 

n 



Troy d- Schcneeiady 
Branch. 



Troy 

echoes 

Summit Bridge. 

Niskayuna 

Aqueduct 

Schenectady — 



17 

264 
29» 



434 
48* 
62 
65 
68 
60} 
63} 
67 
734 
80} 
83 
854 
94} 
984 
1014 
109 
1134 
1174 
121} 
125 
127 
130} 
1334 
1374 
1*9} 
1474 
157 
1594 
164} 
1694 
1724 
1794 
1S54 
192} 
1984 
201} 
2064 
2104 
2184 
22S4 
234} 
238} 
243 
2464 
2404 
263 
2604 
2664 
271} 
2764 
279 
280} 
285} 
2884 
2964 



2964 

293 

«SS 

2794 

270 

2664 

2634 

257} 

262} 

2474 

2444 

2414 

2384 

2364 

2334 

2294 

222} 

2154 

2134 

211 

2014 

197} 

194} 

1874 

183 

178} 

1744 

1714 

1694 

1654 

163 

159 

1564 

148} 

1394 

136} 

1314 

127 

123} 

116} 

110} 

1034 

98 

044 

90} 

85} 

78 

67} 

614 

674 

634 

60 

46} 

434 

36} 

29} 

244 

20 

174 

154 

104 

7} 







From 





Troy. 





34 


34 


24 


6 


64 


114 


6 


174 


8} 


214 



From 

Schenec- 
tady. 



214 

17} 
164 
9} 
3} 



70 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



men, and have an aggregate of §74,634,954.76 of stock paid in, and a capital of stocks and debta 
amounting to §149,262,311.81, or more than one-tenth of the total valuation of the property of the 
State. 



Syraaise t£ Rochesta-j 
via Auburn. 



Syracuse 

Camillus 

MarcellHS 

Halfway 

Skaneateles Junctioa 

Sennott 

Auburn 

Cayuga ., 

Seneca Falls 

Waterloo 

Geneva 

Oaks Cornera 

Phelps 

Clifton Springs 

Shortsville 

Canandaigua 

Milk Station 

Victor 

Fishers 

Pittsford 

Rochester 



Between 
Staiiom, 





8i 
2i 
3 
Si 
3i 
64 
10} 
« 
3i 
6i 
4J 
Si 
*i 

a 

6 
6 

Si 
3} 
6J 

H 



From 
Si/racu^e, 





84 
10} 
1-3} 
174 
20} 
26i 
37 
41} 
45 
614 
66i 
594 
63} 
684 
744 
804 
84 
87} 
944 
102} 



Frrnn 
Rocliester. 



102} 
944 
92 
89 
864 
82 
764 
66} 
61 
67} 
614 
464 
434 
39 
344 
284 
224 
18} 
15 



Rochester, LocJcport, t£ Ni- 
agara. FaUs Branch. 



Rochester _ 

Spencerport 

Adams Basin 

Brockport 

HoUey 

Murray 

Albion 

Knowlesville 

Medina 

Middleport 

Gasport 

Lockport 

Lockport Junction. 

Pekin 

Suspension Bridge. 
Niagara Falls 





10 
24 
44 
4} 
34 
54 
64 
44 
44 
6 
6 
34 
6} 
9 
« 



From 
Rochester. 




10 
124 
17 
21} 
254 
30} 
36J 
404 
46 
60 
66 
594 
664 
754 
77 



77 

67' 

Mi 

60 

564 

51} 

464 

40} 

364 

32 

27 

21 

174 

10} 

1} 





Lockport Junction to 
Tonawanda. 



Lockport Junction, 

Halls Station 

Tonawanda 





64 

6 



From 
Loclcport 
Junction. 




64 

114 



From 
Tona- 
wanda. 



IIJ 
6 




Buffalo f£ Lcvmton. 



Buffalo 

Black Rock 

Tonawanda 

La Salle 

Niagara Falls 

Suspension Bridge 
Lewiston 



6 
6 

1} 
44 



Canandaigua, <£ Niagara 
Bridge Branch. 



Canandaigua. 

Gunns Crossing 

East Bloomfield 

Millers Corners 

West Bloomfield 

Honeove Falls 

West Rush 

Genesee Valley R. R. June, 

Canal 

Caledonia 

Le Roy 

Stafford 

Rata via , 

East Pembroke 

Rlchville , 

Akron 

Clarence Center 

Transit 

Getzville 

Vincent 

Tonawanda 





4.2 

3.S 

4.6 

3 

3.1 

6.2 

1.1 

1.2 

6.8 

7.1 

4.1 

6.9 

6.2 

6.6 

3.4 

7 

3.2 

3 

3 

3.1 



From 
Buffalo. 




4 

104 

164 

214 

23 

274 



From 
Levjiston. 



274 
234 
174 
114 
64 
44 




From 
Canan- 
daigua. 





4.2 

8 
12.6 
16.6 
18.7 
24.9 
26 
27.2 
33 
40.1 
44.2 
50.1 
66.3 
62.9 
66.3 
73.3 
76.6 
79.6 
82.5 
85.6 



Front 
Tona- 
wanda. 



85.6 
81.4 
77.6 
73 
70 
66.9 
60.7 
59.6 
68.4 
62.6 
46.5 
41.4 
35.5 
29.3 
22.7 
19.3 
12.3 
9.1 
6.1 
3.1 




Attica Branch. 



Rata via — 
Alexander 
Attica 



Between 
Stations. 



From 
Batavia, 





8 

11 



From 
Attica. 



11 
3 




CItarlotte Branch. 



Rochester ., 
Charlotte .. 





84 



From 
Rochester. 





84 



From 
Cliarlottc 



84 




Neiv Tork and Krle Rail Road. Company organ- 
ized in July, 1S33. The act authorizing the road was passed 
April 24, 1832. The first preliminary survey was made in 
1832, by De Witt Clinton, jr., by order of the government. 
In 1834 the Governor appointed Benj. Wright to survey the 
route ; who, assisted by Jas. Seymnnr and Charles Ellett, 
began the survey May 23d, and finished it the game year. 
In 1835 the Co. was reorganized, and 40 mi. were put under 
contract. In 1836 the Comptroller was directed to issue 
$3,000,000 State stock to aid in constructing the road. In 
1845 the St.ate released its lien on the road, and authorized 
the original stockholders to surrender two shares of old 
stock, and receive one share of new. April 8, 1845, a branch 
was allowed to be built from Chester to Newburgh, 19 mi. 
The road waa opened as follows : from Piermont to Goshen, 
Sept. 22, 1841 ; to Middletown, Juno 7, 1843 ; to Port Jervis, 
Jan. 6, 1848 ; to Binghamton, Dec. 28, 1848 ; to Owego. June 
1, 1849 ; to Elmira, Oct. 1849 ; to Coming, .Tan. 1, 1860 ; and 
to Dunkirk, May 14, 1851. The Newburgh Branch opened 
Jan. 8, 1850. The road is compelled to pay a bonus of 
S10,000 annually to the State of Pennsylvania for the priv- 
ilege of passing a short distance in that State. Ample details 
will be found in The New York & Erie R. R. Guide, the annual 
and special reports of the company, and especially that of 
Nov. 1.S53, and in the following documents of the New York 
Legislature: Senate Doc. No. 12, of 1836; Nos. 37, 38, of 
1S39 ; Nos. 18, 68, of 1842. Assem. Docs. Nos. 27,' 171 of 
1838; No. 47, of 1839; No. 215, of 1840; Nos. 113, 297, of 
1841 ; and No. 60, of 1842. The Patterson & Ramapo (N. 
.t) R. R., 294 mi., and the Union R. R.. ,% ™'-> "i« Che- 
mung R. R., and the Ehnira, Jefferson, & Canandaigua R. R- 
are leased and operated by the this company. 

New York c£ Erie Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



STiTIONS. 



New York 

Pier 

Piermont 

Blauveltville 

Clarkstown 

Spring Valley 

Monsey 

15 Mile Turnout 

Jersey City 

Bergen 

Germantown 

Hackensack Br 

Boiling Spring 

Pass.aic Bridge.- 

Huylers 

Paterson. 

Gravel Switch.- 

Godwinville 

Hohokus 

Allendale 

Ramseya 

Sufferns 

Ramapo 

Sloatsburg. 

Southflelds 

Greenwood 

Turners. 

Monroe 

Oxford 

East Junction, N. B, 
West " " 



Distances is Miles. 



Si: 

ciS5 



24.00 
1.00 
3.48 
4.26 
2.67 
1.30 
2.47 

.00 
2.47 
2.2S 
1.49 
3.05 
1.80 

.83 
4.68 
3.21 
1.91 
1.68 
2.20 
1.94 
4.23 
1.95 
1.70 
6,53 
2.21 
3.19 
2.15 
2.62 
1.68 

.46 



iS;£:s; 



24.00 



1.00 
4.48 
8.73 
11.30 
12.60 
15.07 



17.90 
19.85 
21.55 
28.03 
30.29 
33.48 
35.63 
38.25 
39.83 
40.29 



.Kb? 



.00 
2.47 
4.75 
6.24 
9.29 
11.09 
11.92 
16.50 
19.71 
21.62 
28.30 
25.60 
27.44 
31.67 
33.62 
35.32 
41.S5 
44.06 
47.25 
49.40 
52.02 
63.60 
54.06 



460.72 
445.95 
444.96 
441.47 
437.22 
434.65 
433.35 
430.88 
4.59.72 
457.25 
454.97 
463.48 
450.43 
44«.63 
447.80 
443.22 
440.01 
438.10 
436.42 
434.22 
432.28 
42S.05 
426.10 
424.40 
417.87 
415.66 
412.47 
410.32 
407.70 
406.12 
405.66 



RAIL ROADS. 



71 



JTete Tm-k <t Erie RaS Road, cmtinwd. 



Stations. 



Chester 

Gosheu 

Hampton 

Middletown 

ilowells 

OttsTille 

Sbin Hollow. , 

Port Jervis 

McCIuers Turnout 

Roaa Switch 

Pond Eddy 

Mlddaughs 

Shohola 

Lackawaxon 

Mast Hope 

Narrowsburg 

Nobodys 

Cochecton 

Callicoon 

Hankins 

Basket 

Lordville 

Stockport 

Hancock 

Dickineong 

Hales Eddy 

Deposit 

Gulf Summit 

Cascade Bridge. 

Canewacta Bridge , 

Susquehanna 

Great Bend 

Kirkwood 

Binghamton 

Union 

CampviUe 

Owego 

Tioga 

Smithboro' 

Barton 

Waverly 

Chemung 

Wellsburgh 

Elmira 

Junction Chemung Br.. 

Big Flats 

Noyes Switch 

Coming 

Painted Post 

Addison 

Rathboneville 

Cameron , 

Crosbyville 

Canisteo 

Hornellsville 

Almond 

Alfred 

Tip Top Summit 

Andover 

Elm Valley 

Geneaee 

Scio 

Phillipsville._ 

Belvidere 

Friendship 

Cuba Summit 

Cuba 

Hinsdale 

Olean 

Allegany .• 

Tunnngwant— 

Great Valley.™ 

Bucktooth 

Little V.illey 

Cattaraugus 

Persia Turnout 

Dayton 

Perrysburgh 

Smiths Mills 

Fores tville 

Sheridan 

Dunkirk 



Distances in Mues. 



c 5 
lis 



.97 
4.43 
4.110 
3.37 
3.8S 
4.69 
6.40 
6.31 
3.S3 
n.70 
l.RB 
2.0V 
6.21 
3.98 
5.35 
6.01 
3.74 
4.76 
S.19 
6.92 
3.65 
6.92 
6.76 
4.58 
6.51 
2.53 
4.91 
7.28 
4.03 
2.81 
1.38 
8.28 
6.61 
6.64 
8.55 
6.57 
6.82 
5.43 
4.42 
2.42 
6.91 
4.78 
5.77 
7.00 
4.09 
6.98 
1.84 
6.76 
1.55 
9.21 
5.U 
7.63 
8.19 
4.92 
4.21 
4.94 
4.17 
3.65 
4.S0 
2.68 
6.01 
3.72 
4.14 
3.56 
4.43 
4.04 
4.81 



5.56 
3.41 
7.20 
5.36 
3.81 
6.27 
7.31 
6.11 
3.29 
2.93 
6.92 
3.87 
3.49 
4.68 



&;s;s; 



41.26 
45.69 
49.69 
53.06 
66.94 
61.63 
6S.03 
74.34 
78.17 
83.87 
85.73 
87.80 
93.01 
90.99 
102..34 
108.35 
112.09 
116.85 
122.04 
128.96 
132.61 
139.63 
145.29 
149.87 
165.4S 
15S.01 
162.92 
170.20 
174.23 
177.04 
178.42 
186.70 
192.31 
200.95 
209.50 
216.07 
222.89 
228.32 
232.74 
235.16 
242.07 
246.86 
262.62 
259.02 
263.71 
269.69 
271.53 
277.29 
278.84 
2SS.05 
293.16 
300.79 
308.98 
313.90 
318.11 
323.05 
327.22 
830.77 
335.57 
338.26 
344.26 
347.98 
352.12 
366.67 
360.10 
<S64.14 
368.95 
375.77 
881.32 
384.73 
891.93 
397.29 
401.10 
407.37 
414.68 
420.79 
424.08 
427.01 
433.93 
437.80 
441.29 
445.95 



66.03 
69.46 
63.46 
66.83 
70.71 
76.40 
81.80 
88.11 
91.94 
97.64 
99.50 
101.57 
106.78 
110.76 
116.11 
122.12 
126.86 
130.62 
135.81 
142.73 
140.38 
163..30 
159.06 
163.64 
169.26 
171.78 
176.69 
183.97 
188.00 
190.81 
192.19 
200.47 
206.08 
214.72 
228.27 
229.84 
236.66 
242.09 
246.51 
248.93 
266.84 
260.62 
266.39 
273.39 
277.48 
283.46 
286.30 
291.06 
292.61 
301.82 
306.93 
314.56 
322.75 
327.67 
331.88 
336.82 
340.99 
344.54 
349.34 
352.02 
358.03 
861.75 
365.89 
269.44 
873.87 
377.91 
382.72 
889.54 
395.09 
398.50 
406.70 
411.06 
414.87 
421.14 
428.45 
434.56 
437.85 
440.78 
447.70 
461.57 
455.06 
469.72 



il_ 

404.69 
400.26 
396.26 
392.89 
389.01 
384.32 
377.92 
371.61 
367.78 
362.08 

358.15 
352.94 
3+S.96 
343.61 
337.60 
333.88 
329.10 
323.91 
816.99 
313.34 
306.42 
300.68 
296.08 
290.47 
'!87.94 
283.03 
275.75 
271.72 
268.91 
267.63 
269.26 
253.64 
245.00 
236.45 
229.88 
223.06 
217,63 
213.21 
210.79 
203.88 
199.10 
193.33 
1S6..33 
182.24 
176.26 
174.42 
168.66 
167.11 
157.90 
162.79 
145.16 
136.97 
132.06 
127.84 
122.90 
118.73 
115.18 
110.38 
107.70 
101.69 
97.97 
93.83 
90.28 
85.85 
81.81 
77.00 
70.18 
64.63 
61.22 
64.02 
48.66 
44.85 
38.58 
31.27 
25.16 
31.87 
18.94 
12.02 
8.15 
4.66 



"'Tjl^'^^t ^f?'?*"* ^"U I^»««». Company formed 
April ..1831. V, „rk was commenced Feb. 24, 1S32, and the 
first m.le opened in Oct. following. The company was 
?ir v '",!'^',''"? 'he road north of Harlem River, to meet 
the New lork i Albany R. K. at such point as might 



bo agreed upon, in May, 1840; and to continue to Albany, 
May 14, 1845. The road was opened to Chatham 4 Corners 
Jan. 19, 1852, connecting at that place with the Albany & 
West Stockbridge R, R. ' 

New York d- Harlem Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Stations. 



■White and Center Sts., N.Y, 

26th Street 

Yorkville 

Harlem. 

Mott Haven 

Melrose 

Morrisania 

Tremont 

Fordham 

AViUiams Bridge 

West Mt. Vernon 

Bronxville 

Tuckahoe 

Scarsdale 

Harts Corners 

White Plains 

Washingtons Quarters. 

Kensico.- 

Unionville 

Pleasantville 

Chappaqua 

Mount lusko 

Bedford 

Whitlockville 

Goldens Bridge 

Purdys 

Croton Falls 

Brewsters.- 

Dykomans 

Townors 

Patersou 

Pawlings , 

South Dover , 

Dover Furnace 

Dover Plains 

Wassaic 

Amenia 

Sharon Station 

Millerton 

Mount Riga 

Boston Corners 

Copake 

Hillsdale 

Bains 

Martindale 

Pbilmont 

Ghent 

Chatham Four Corners.. 

East Albany 



Distances in Mhjs. 



Between 
Stations. 





2J 

2* 

i 
1 

i 

li 

lA 

li 

2* 
2 

i 

3 
li 



* 

3 

f 

n 

2J 

2 

2 

2 

H 

2i 

S 

2i 

3i 

6 

21 

*J 

H 
Si 

3i 

4* 

H 

3i 

6i 

4 

2i 

3* 

3i 

6 

2i 



J^rom 
New York. 



23 





2} 
5i 
7* 
H 
9i 
10 

Hi 

12i 
14 
16} 
18* 
19i 
22i 
24 
26 
28 
28} 
31} 
84 
38 
40i 
42J 
46i 
47i 
49i 
61i 
65i 
bil 
61i 
63} 
67i 
73i 
78 
80i 
84} 
88 
91i 
96 
99i 
103 
108i 
112i 
115 
118} 
122i 
128i 
130} 



Prom 
Chatham 
4 Com^rg. 



153} 



130} 

128 

126i 

123 

122i 

121i 

120} 

119i 

118J 

116} 

114 

112 

llli 
108i 
166} 
104} 
102} 
102 
99 
96 
94} 
90i 
88i 
85 i 
834 
81i 
79i 
75i 
72i 
69i 
67 
63J 
67i 
64} 
60i 
46 
42} 
39i 
34} 
31} 
27} 
22} 
18} 
16} 
12 
8} 
2i 







23 



Kew York & New Haven Railroad. This com- 
pany was allowed to extend their road from the State 
line to the Harlem K. R. near Willi.ams Bridge. The com- 
pany run their trains 15 miles on the Harlem track for 
which they pay that company tho net profits. The road 
was opened Dec. 28, 18+8. 

New Yerrk <£ New Haven Railroad. 
Stations and Distances. 



Stations. 



Twenty-seventh St., New 

York 

Thirty-second St 

Harlem 

Williams Bridge 

Mount Vernon 

New Rochelle 

Mamaroneck 

Bye 

Port Chester. 

Greenwich 

Cos Cob 

Stamford (Conn.) 

Norwalk " 

Bridgeport " 

New Haven " 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations. 




3 
4 
6 
4 
3 
3 
4 
2 
2 
2 
3 
8 
14 
18 



Prom Prom Nev 
New York. Haven. 




3 
7 
13 
17 
20 
23 
27 
29 
81 
33 
36 
44 
»8 
76 



76 
73 
69 
63 
69 
66 
63 
49 
47 
4S 
43 
40 
32 
18 




72 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Ogdensburgb Railroad. This company was formed 
hy the second mortgage bondholders of the Northern R. R., 
from wMoh its name was changed. The road extends from 
Oedensburgh to Rouses Point, and includes a branch to 
Champlain Landing. 

OydiMshurfiU (Norifiern) Itaiiroad. 
Stations and Distances. (OfBcial.) 



Stations. 



Ogdenaliurgh. 

Lisbon 

Madrid 

Potsdam 

Enapps 

Brasher Falls k Stockholm., 

Lawrence 

Moira 

Brush's Mills. 

Bangor 

Malone 

Burke 

Chateaugay 

Summit 

Brandy Brook 

EUenburgh 

Chay.y 

CenterTille 

Mooers 

Perrys Mills 

Champlain 

RonswB Point 



Distances in Miles. 



Beitvecn 
Stations. 





S} 

8i 

Vi 

3 

V} 

6* 

H 

2J 

6* 

6 

■a 

Jt 
vl 

1 

8 
&i 



From Og- 
(knsburgh. 




8J 
ITi 
24} 
27} 
Sbi 
41i 
47 
49i 
66i 
6U 
68} 
73i 
80} 
8Si 
89J 
971 
102} 
106J 

1131 

lis 



From 
Houses 
l^int. 



118 
lO'.ii 
100} 
931 

mi 

82i 

76* 

71 

6Si 

62} 

66} 

401 

44} 

37i 

29} 

28} 

20} 

16i 

11} 

4i 




Oswego & Syracuse Railroad. Company formed 
April 29. 1839. Route surveyed during the summer of that 
3'ear. The company was fully organized March 25, 1847, and 
the Road was opened in Oct. 1848. 

Oswego <£ Syracuse Railroad. 
StAtions and Distances. (Official.) 



Oswego 

Minetto 

Fulton 

Pouth Granby, 

Lamsons , 

Baldwiusville , 
Syracuse 



Distances in Miles. 



Between From From 

Stations. Oswego. Sj^racuse. 



4} 



4} 
12S 





a 

18J 
181 
23 
35J 



36i 
31 

241 

m 

171 
121 




I, 

Plattsburgh &. Montreal Railroad. Cnmpnny 
formed Feb. 25, 1850. Rorui commenced in Aur. l^ol, and 
opened July 20, 1852. It connects with the Lake, St. Louis, 
& Province Lino R. R. It crosses the Ogdensburgh R. R. at 
Mooers Junction. 

Plattsburgh and Montreal Sailroad. 
Stations and Distances. 



STATIOIffl. 



Plattsburgh 

Beekmantown 

West Chaay 

Sciota 

Mooers 

Montreal (Canada).. 



Distances in Miles. 



Between From From 

Stations. Plattsburgh. Mimtreal. 




5 
6 
5 

6 

42 




5 
10 
15 
20 
62 



57 
52 
47 
42 




Sackets Harbor & EUlsburgb Rail Road. 

Company formed May 23, 1850. Ro.id opened Juue 1. 1853. 
It connects with W. R. 4 C. V. K. R. at Pierrepont Manor. 
Sackets Harbor <8 FMisburgh Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Stations. 



Sackets Harbor 

Smith ville 

Henderson 

Belleville 

Pierrepont Manor .. 



Distances in Miles. 



Beiwe/m 
Stations. 



From 
Sackets 
Sarbor. 




5 
9 
13 
18 



From 

Pierrepont 

Manor. 



IS 
13 
9 
6 




Potsdam &• Waterto-wn Railroad. Company formeel 
Jan. 8, 1852. Road opened through in Jan., 1857, and ope- 
rated by contractors for construction to April 1 following. 
Potsdam t£ Watertmvn Railroad. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Stations. 



AVatertown Junction. 

Watertown 

Sanfords Comers 

Evans Mills 

Philadelphia 

Antwerp 

Keene 

Gouverneur 

Richville 

De Kalb 

Herman 

Canton 

Potsdam 

Potsdam Junction 



Distances in Miles. 



Between From 

Stations. Waicrtoum. 




1 
5 

4} 
7 

H 

5 

7 

7} 
4 
4l 
7i 
10} 
6i 




1 

6 
10} 
17} 

at 

29 
36 

43} 
47} 
52 
691 



From 
Potsdam. 



76i 
761 
701 
66i 
6Si 
621 
471 
401 
32i 
2Si 
241 
17 

6i 





Rensselaer &■ Saratoga Rail Road. Company 
formed April 14, 1832. Fully organized in May, 1833. and 
surveys commenced the same year. Opened from Waterford 
to Bailston Aug 19, 1835. and to Troy in the spring of 1836. 
The Co. leases and runs the Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. 
Rensselaer & Saratoga Rait Road, 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Troy Union Depot.. 

Green Island 

Waterford 

A. Junction 

Mechanicsville 

Bailston 

Saratoga 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations. 



3.676 
1.402 
6.530 
13.108 
6.707 



From 
Troy. 



4.553 
6.965 
12.485 
25.593 
32.3 



From 
Saratoga. 



32.3 
31.423 
27. m 
26.845 
19.815 

6.707 





Rochester &. Genesee Valley Rail Road. Com- 
pany formed June 7, 1851 ; allowed to extend their road to 
Portage. Work was commenced in 1852, and the road 
opened to Avon in 1854. It connects at Avon with the 
Buffalo, New Tork & Erie R. R. 

Rutland &. "Wasiiington Rail Road extends from 
Kutlaud to Eagle l{ri«lge, 63 mi. We have not been able to 
obtifti statistics of this road, as it has made no report for seve- 
ral years. 

Rutland t£ Washington Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. 





Distances in Miles. 


Stations. 


Between 
Stations. 


From 
Eagle 
Bridge. 


FYam 
Rutland. 





10 
23 
6 
5 
7 
IS 
2 
6 
7 
11 



10 
33 
39 
44 
61 
69 
71 
77 
84 
• 95 


95 
85 
62 
56 
61 
44 
26 
21 
18 
11 













flranville 


Middle Granville 




Ca'JtIetoa " 







Saratoga & Sclieuectady Rail Road. Company 
formed Feb. 16, 1831. Work commenced in Sept. 1S31. Koad 
opened to Bailston July 12, 1832, and to Saratoga Springs 
in 1S33. The road is leased and operated by the Keosselaer 
& Saratoga R. K. Co. 

Saratoga £ Scfienectady Rail Eoad. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 





Distances in Miles. 


Stations. 


Between 
Stations. 


Prom 
Schenec- 
tady. 


From 
Saratoga. 






8 

7i 

6i 




8 
151 
22 


22 
14 

6* 













RAIL ROADS. 



7» 



Saratoga <6 WusM-ngton Hail Hoad. Chartered ftlay 2, 1834. 
Capital, $600,000. Company organized April 20. 1H35. The 
work was begun and over S<iO,000 espeuded, when it waa 
stopped in 1836. The time was extended Aiiril 13. 1S40. May 
4, IS-W, and April -1, 1850, and the stock was increased $250,000 
April 7. 1847. Company allowed to extend the road east to 
Vt., March 7, 18-48. A new route was in part adopted upon 
resuming work. Began laying rails April 10, 184S. Road 
opened to Qansevoort Aug. 15. 1S48, to WHiiteliall Dec. 10, 
1S4S, and to Lake Station April 9, liSl. ?old Feb. 27, 1S55, 
on foreclosure of Hecond mortcitre. and name changed to 

Saratogas W^li itch nil Rn 11 Road. Company formed 

June 8, 1S55. iVipital -. .miki. This company leases and 

runs the Ruthiiul aiul \\ liitcljiill U. R. to Castleton, Vt. 

S-iratoga d> WhiMuiU Rail Road. 

Stations and Distances. 



Stations. 


Distances in Miles. 


Between 
Staiwns. 


Frmn 
Saratoga. 


From 
Whitehall 






10.66 
6.3 
.8 
3.32 
4.6 
3.91 
3.91 
6.6 
1.88 
6.62 
1.85 
1.75 
3.2S 



10.66 
15.96 
16.76 
20.08 
24.58 
28.49 
32.4 
39 

40.SS 
45.62 
47.47 
49.22 
52.5 


39 




28 34 












18 92 




14.43 






Comstocks 


66 


Whitehall Junction 







188 








8 47 






Castleton " 


13.5 



Seeond ATenue Rail Road Company of the City of 
New York was formed Jan. 19, 1S53. Koad to extend from 
Harlem River to I'eck Slip. In 1855 the company were 
allowed to bridge Harlem (ind Bronx Kivers, to discon- 
tinue the road from Chatham St. through Oliver and South 
S^ts., and to lay a new track on Bowery to Pearl St. 

Sixth Avenue Rail Road Company of the City of New 
York wits formed Dec. 7, 1851. The road extends from 
Chambers St. to Central Park and was opened fi'om Broad- 
way to Forty-Fourth St. Aus. 19, 1S62. 

Syracuse, BiugUaniton, ^ New Ifork Rati 
Road. Compatiy originally formed July 2, 1S51, as the 
Syracuse & Binghamton K. R. Road opened through 
Oct. 23, 1854. It was said Oct. 13. 1S56, on foreclosure of 
mortgage, and name changed to the Syracuse & Southern 
R.R. Its ju'esent name was assumed under act of March 
31, 1857. Ill 1S58 the company were authorized to purchase 
the Union II. R. to the canal at Geddes. 

Syracuse^ Bmghamltm, <& New Yrrrk RaU Road. 
Stations and Distances. (Official.) 



Stations. 



Syracuse 

Jamesville 

La Fayette. 

Apulia 

Tully 

Preble 

Little York 

Homer 

Cortland 

Blodgets Mills 

State Bridge 

Marathon 

Killawog 

Lisle 

Whitueys Point... 
Chenango Forks.. 

Chenango 

Binghamton 



Distances in Maes. 



Betwmn 
Stations. 





6.69 

7.07 

6.10 

1.97 

6.33 

2.71 

4.28 

2.67 

ZU 

e.M 

3.90 

2.90 

3.65 

2.14 

9.23 

6.14 

6.13 



From 
Syramse. 





6.69 
14.36 
19.46 
21.43 
26.76 
29.47 
33.73 
36.4 
39.94 
46.19 
60.09 
52.99 
66.64 
88.78 
08.06 
74.2 
79.33 



J?V077» 

Bingham^ 
ton. 



79.33 

72.64 

64.97 

59.87 

57.9 

62.97 

49.86 

45.6 

42.93 

39.39 

33.14 

29.21 

26.34 

22.69 

20.55 

11.27 

6.13 





Tllird A-venne Rail Road Company of the City of 
New York was formed Oct. 6, 1853. The road extends from 
the intersection of Park Row and Broadway through Park 
Row, Chatham St., Bowery, and Third Avenue to Harlem 
River. It was opened from Ann to Sixty-First St. in 18KJ, 
to Eighty-Sixth St. July 4. 1854, and to Harlem in 1859. 

Troy &. Bcnulugton Kail Koad. Comtiany firmed 
May 15, 18.51. ^Vurkcommoncedln June, 1851. Road opened 
Aug. 1, 1852. Connects the Trov & Boston R. R. with the 
Western Vt. R. R. It is leased to the Tloy & Boston R. R. Co. 

Troy 6^ Boston Rail Road. Company formed Nov. 20, 
1^49. Work couiinenced in .Mine. 1850. Itoad opened from 
Troy to Hoosick Falls in Aug. 1853. Most of the remainder 
to the State Line is gi-aded. The company leases the Troy & 
BenoingtOQ R. R. and 7 mL of the Vermont WcBtem R. It. 



Troy (£ Bennington Rail Road. 
Stations and Distances. 



Stations. 



Troy 

Lansingburgh 

Junction 

Schaghticoke 

Pittstown 

Jobnsonville 

Buskirks Bridge 

Eagle Bridge 

Hoosick Falls Junction.. 

Hoosick Falls 

Hoosick Corners 

Petersburgh 

North Adams, Mass 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations. 




3 
6 
4 
2 
2 
5 
2 
2 

3 
2 
16 



From 
Troy. 




3 

8 
12 
14 
16 
21 
23 
25 
27 
30 
32 
47 



Western Vermont Rail Road. 



Stations. 

• 




From 
North 
Soosicic 





2 

4 
64 







2 


North Bennington, Vt 

Rutland " 


6 

60 



Troy & Oreenbush Rail Road. Company organized 
May 14, 1845 under a lease from the New Y'ork & Albany 
R. R. The road had been commenced .about 1842, and operar 
tions suspended. It was opened in June, 1845. It ia 
operated by the Hudson River R. R. Co. under a lease. 

Troy & Rutland Rail Road. Company formed March 
6, 1851. The road extends from Hoosick near Eagle Bridge 
to Salem. It was opened June 28, 1852, and leased to the 
Rutland & Washington ( Vt.) R. R., until March, 1S55. when 
it waa placed in the hands of a receiver, and run by the 
Albany Northern R. R. 

Troy Union Rail Road. Csmpanyformed July21,1861. 
Road commenced in Feb. 1853. and oi>ened Feb. 22. 1854. It 
is owned by parties representing the interests of the Troy 
& Greenbush, Troy & Boston, Rensselaer & Saratoga, and 
New York Centr.al R. Reads, and is used by the above com- 
panies in common. 

Union Rail Road. Company formed Jan. 10, 1851. The 
road extends from Patterson and Ramapo (N. J.) to tlie New 
York &, Erie R. R. at Sufferns. It is operated by the latter 
road under a lease. 

Union Rail Road. Company formed Nov. 13, 1856, The road 
extends from the 6th Ward in Syracuse to the Erie Canal in 
Geddes. By an act of April 16. 1858. the Co. were authorized 
to sell the road to the Syracuse. Binghamton, i N. Y. R. R. Co. 

■Waterto-wn 6l Rome Rail Road. Company formed 
April 17, 1832. Work commenced at Rome in Nov. 184S. 
Road opened to Camden in 1849, to Pierrepont Manor in May, 
1851, to Watertown in Sept. 1851, to Chaumont in Nov. 1S51, 
and to Cape Vincent May 1, 1852. 

Watertown, Rome, d: Cape Vincent Rait Road. 
Stations and Distances. (OfQcial) 



Stations. 



Cape Vincent 

Throe Mile Bay 

Chaumont 

Lknerick 

Brownvillo 

Watertown 

Adkms Center 

Adams 7..,. 

Pierrepont Manor.. 

Mannsville 

Sandy Creek 

Richland..... 

Albion I 

Kasuag 

Williiuustown 

West Camden , 

Camden 

McConnelsvillo 

Taberg 

Rome 



Distances in Miles. 



Between 
Stations. 




8 
3 
6 
4 
4 

10 
3 
6 
2 
5 
6 
6 
G 
3 
5 
6 
9 
2 

11 



From 
Oipe Vin- 
cent. 



11 

17 
21 
25 
35 
38 
43 
45 
60 
6S 
60 
66 
69 
74 
79 
84 
86 
97 



From 
Rome. 



89 
86 
SO 
70 
72 
62 
69 
64 
62 
47 
42 
37 
31 
38 
23 
18 
13 
11 




IViUiamsport &. Elmira Rail Road. Incorporated 
by Penn. April 9, 1850. and allowed to extend the road to the 
New York & l)rie B. R. at Elmira. The village of Elmira waa 
authorized to loan its credit for $100,000 toward the con- 
structioo. Kifibt mUea of the road ore in this State. 



NE"W YOKK STATE GAZETTEER. 

Official Summary of Bail Road Statistics 



Names. 



Albany, Vermont & Canada. 

Albany & West StockbriJge 

Black River & Utica 

Bloaaburg & Corning 

Brooklyn City 

Butfalo, New York & Erie 

Buflfalo & State Line 

Cayuga & Susquehanna 

Chemung 

Eighth Avenue 

Elmira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falla, 

Fluehing 

Hudson & Boston , 

Hudson River 

Long Island 

New York Central 

New York & Erie 

New York & Harlem , 

New Y'ork & New Haven 

Ogdensburgh 

Oswego & Syracuse 

Potsdam & Watertown 

Rensselaer & Saratoga 

Rochester & Genesee Valley. 

S^kets Harbur & ElHsburgli. 

Saratoga & Schenectady 

Saratoga & Whitehall 

Second Avenue 

Sixth Avenue 

Syracuse, Binghamton & New York... 

Third Avenue 

Troy & Bennington 

Troy & Boston 

Troy & Greenbush 

Troy & Rutland 

Troy Union 

Watertown & Rome , 

Total 



o» 


IE 


^1 


1 


c 


i^ 


1:2 
"s-s 












•«-S 


.« s 


£ ^ 


S'S 


~i 


S'S-? 


■5," 


^.a . 


l^'^ 


§8, 




^1 


^11 


ii-i 


II 


^< 


32.95 


3.39 


$ 600.000 


$ 4.39,004.97 


$ 1,576,098.79 


$ 1,625,098.79 


38 


34 


1,000,000 


1,000,000.00 


1,289,933.98 


1,2.89,933.98 


34.94 




1,600,000 
250,000 


804,647.99 






14.81 


1.60 


260,000.00 


220,000.00 


220,000.00 


2(1.15 


19.95 


1,000,000 


1,000,000.00 
680,000.00 






142 


11.33 


1,500,000 


2,409,693.88 


2,574,632.19 


68.34 


18 


1,300,000 


1,913,000.00 


1,049.000.00 


1,221,378.49 


34.61 


3.49 


1,600,000 


687,000.00 


473,000.00 


480.402.28 


17.36 


2.06 


380,000 


380,000.00 


70,000.00 


70,000.00 


6 




800,000 


800,000.00 






46.84 

7.sn 


2.90 
.39 


300,000 
200,000 






131,339.90 


230,600.00 


269,913.32 


17.33 


.60 


175.000 


176,000.00 






144 


106.50 


4,000,000 


3,758,466.59 


8,842,000.00 


9,297,003.04 


95 


10.08 


3,000,000 


1,852,715.79 


639,497.67 


653.203.02 


665.88 


311.80 


24.182.400 


24,182,400.00 


14.402,634.69 


14.402,634.69 


446 


2S2.60 


10,600.000 


11,000.000.00 


26,438.016.65 


27.170.274.41 


130.75 


28.84 


8,000,000 


6,717,100.00 


6,161,287.21 


6,298,927.88 


62.25 


63.82 


3,000,000 


2,980,839.33 


2,163,600.00 


2,194,061.07 


118 


17.75 


4,671,900 
360,000 








35.91 


2.21 


396,340.00 


197,000.00 


213.414.94 


75.36 


2 


2,000,000 


633,077.15 


818,600.00 


998.638.47 


25.22 


2.01 


610,000 


610,000.00 


140,000.00 


140,000.00 


18.45 


1.25 


800,000 


665,4.50.10 


1.50,000.00 


180.417.13 


18 


1 


175.000 


167,485.89 


278,400.00 


30li.S10.47 


21 


1.67 


300.000 


300,000.00 


86,500.00 


86,500.00 


40.86 


3.87 


600.000 


600,000.00 


395,000.00 


400,455.94 


8 


8 


800,000 


627,200.00 


350,000.00 


380,000.00 


4 


4.38 


760 000 


760,000.00 
1,200,130.00 






81 


7.09 


1,201,300 


1,500,000.00 


1,763,486.80 


6 


6.50 


1,170,000 


1,170,000.00 


50,000.60 


90,600.00 


6.38 


.28 


80,000 


75.358.00 


171,200.00 


172.295.37 


27.23 


3.23 


1,000,000 


668,297.22 


797,800.00 


1,028,682.99 


6 


.04 


276,000 
325.000 








17.27 


2.75 


249,939.60 
30,000.00 






2.14 


2.14 


30,000 


680,000.00 


680,000.00 


98.76 


11 


1.500,000 


1,498,400.00 


688,500.00 


769,250.76 


2,520.59 


978.12 


$79,625,600 


567,358,192.43 


$71,925,162.77 


574,692,936.63 






The Plattsburgh & Montreal R. R., 23.17 mi.; Champlain & St. Lawrence R. R., 2.5 mi. to Canada line; and Williamsport & 
Elmira R. R., 8 mi. to Pennsylvania line, are not included in the above table, from default in reports. The gauge of the New 
Tork & Erie R. R. and of the connecting roads ia 6 ft., the same as that of several roads in Penn. The New York Centra! R. R. 



General Summary of Hail Road Statistics for 
the year ending September 30, 1858. 

Length of roads in miles 3,124.71 

Length of roads laid 2,442.91 

Length of roads in operation, excluding city roads 2.397.62 

Length of double track, including sidings 970.4S 

Length of branches owned by company and laid 373.44 

Length of double track on same 6.37 

Length of equivalent single track, exclusive of city 

roads 3,709.08 

Number of engine houses and shops 183 

Number of engines 738 

Number of first-class passenger cars, rated as eight- 
wheeled 1.071 

Number of second-class and emigrant cars 175 

Number of baggage, mail, and express cars 239 

Number of freight cars 9,014 

Excludinff City Roads. Miles. 
Average rate of speed of ordinary passenger trains, inclu- 
ding stops 20.72 

Average rate of same when in motion 25.53 

Average rate of speed of express passenger trains, including 

stops * 25.44 

Average rate of same when in motion, 29.39 

Average rate of speed of freight trains, including stops 10.69 

Average rate of same when in motion .13.95 

Tbns. 
Average weight in tons of passenger trains, exclusive of 

passengers and baggage 73.09 

Average weight in tons of freight trains, exclusive of 

freight 129.27 

MUc3 run by passenger trains 11,578,745 

The same, excluding city roads 6,145,862 

Number of passengers of all classes carried in cars... 43.786,579 

The same, excluding city roads 11,250,073 

Kumber of miles traveled by passengers, or number 
of passengers carried one mile, city roads not in- 
cluded 373,159,179 



Miles run by freight trains 5,417,456 

Number of tons carried on freight trains 3,473,725 

Total movement of freight, or number of tons carried 

one mile 420,604,609 

Classification of Freight. 

Tons. 

Prodncts of the forest 303^6 

Products of animals 734,995 

Vegetable food 914,206 

Other agricultural products 77,174 

Manufactures 325,596 

Merchandise 562,378 

Other articles 556,140 

Total tonnage 3,473,725 

Costs. 

Repairs of road bed $2,282,807.73 

Cost of iron for repair 464.712.95 

Repairs of buildings 207,846.56 

Repairs of fencesand gates 48,660.36 

Tuxes on real estate 290,771.47 

Other road expenses 398,329.66 

Total road expenses $3,693.129.72 

Repairs of engines $ 930.627.16 

Repairs of cars 1,003.906.26 

Repairs of tools 82.975.15 

Oil, waste, Ac 112,518.64 

Other coats 43,759.29 

Total cost of repairs of machinery $2,173,786.69 

OflBce expenses, stationery, Ac $ S6;427.S1 

Agents and clerks 622,981.68 

Labor, loading and unloading freight 449,060.96 

Porters, watchmen, and switchmen attendance.... 420,180.66 

Wood and water stution attendance 96,958.14 



RAIL ROADS. 



75 



for the year ending Sept. 30, 1858. 



§1 



I a 



S 2,010,634.64 
2,--'89,933.93 
1,234,614.64 
496.661.28 
1,038,839.97 
2.975,325.66 
2.772,987.09 
i;iS3.ni2.71 

400,000.00 
833.642,87 
200,000.00 
308,891.,').8 
175,000,00 
11,328,989.96 

2.560.270.07 
30.732.517.54 
34.058,632.63 

7,948,116..35 

6,324,627.09 

-4,788,791.26 

761,380.11 

1,587,028.08 
900,550.58 
663,539.64 
389,170.84 
480,684.15 
903,890.92 

1,005,403.71 
855,957.22 

2.837,607.66 

1,378,090.74 
263,931.19 

1,422,188.86 
294,731,43 
338.688.87 
732,114.72 

2.159,295.04 



lis 



$ 84,119.86 

'"60,624.33 
23.554.24 
395,026.80 
420,763.89 
840,116.71 
97,151.68 

Ji38.410.16 

17,989.46 

40,072.62 

68.207.21 

1,636.412.28 

320.588.93 

6,528,412.70 

6,151,616.43 

975.853.86 

836,612.14 

— 410,806.66 

115.996.68 

94.385.03 

208.222.S6 

S7.280.67 

48;358.60 

30.160.00 

139,383.67 

227,457.70 

280,617.86 

177,027.85 

403,065.03 

3,164.88 

125,042.65 



391,973.40 



!l 

II 



$ 72,904.83 

28,091.92 

""288,'7'7i'.22 
301,632.09 
480,507.05 
77,285.40 

177,753.91 

11,947.28 

41,666.29 

47,367.60 

1,041,773.43 

174.215.05 

3,487,292.67 

3,791.467.62 

617,061.47 

632,477.85 

283,793.93 

64.549.63 

49:672.54 

110,982.77 

3,514.02 



95,723.46 
119.704.37 
178,226.24 
100,700.61 
242,811.63 

71,753.69 



232,667.41 



a, 
■3 



$ 12.500.00 
80,000.00. 

"' ios','6b6.o6 

96,000.00 



10,600.00 

"i'Sm&i.oo 



2,108.75 
37,097.93 

"i8,3b6!o6 



12,544.00 
76,000.00 



44,952.00 



Passenger Transporta- 
tion. 



Number. 



196,911 
171,046 
63,647 
9,364 
7,606,869 
186,876 
296,194 
26,253 

6,768,203 

15.852 

226,779 

37,110 

1,416.339 

360.130 

2,124,439 

793,662 

720,070 

963,819 

71,764 

92,492 

71,850 

161,676 

43,948 

7,340 

93,036 

4,604,645 

6,612.367 

107,504 

7,946,462 

87,432 



127,285 



MiUage. 



1,864,210 

5,094,681 

1,121.012 

103,847 

"8',192,'6o6 

17,864,082 

623,886 



479,841 

1,483,454 

413,355 

66,668,109 

7,380,760 

136,091,023 

64,931,456 

17,940.971 

82.908,967 

2,767,920 

2,131,962 

1,725,177 

3,602,026 

703,184 

68,913 

2,452,281 



2,753,962 



1,798,203 



rRiiaST Transporta- 
tion, iM Tons. 



Nuw^er. 



34,918 
228,035 
13,1.36 
73,908 

"l43,'709 

290,632 

85,666 



4,293 

1,460 

60,806 

160,197 

89,480 

766,407 

816,965 

122,371 

64,053 

160,432 

42,810 

21,142 

69,903 

27,700 

8,342 

62,863 



73,410 
66,049 

"l23,'599 



MUeage. 



698,360 

7,611,341 

316,660 

831,679 

'i4,300,'oo6 
19,809,225 
2,674,375 



880, 

18,416, 

2,236. 

142,691 

165,895, 

7,446, 

3,715. 

13,210. 

, 1,375, 

699, 

1,580. 

470, 

74; 



1,871,411 
6,058,890 
1,482,292 

"9','899,'i28 



Acci- 
dents. 



$129,621,642.88 



$20,527,961.53 



$12,716,306.68 



$2,517,667.08 



40,977,229 



375,336,441 



3,669,082 



423,362,032 



117 



aDd its connecting roads have a gauge of 4.71 ft., the same as New England roads generally. The Buffalo & State Line R. K- has 
a gauge of 4.83 feet, like the Ohio roads ; and a few tracks near Suspension Bridge have a gauge of 6.6 feet, like that of the 
principal roads in Canada. 



Conductors, baggagemen, and brakesmen 663,122.23 

Enginemen and firemen 652,985.29 

Fuel and cost of labor in preparing for use 1,698,260.16 

Oil and waste for engines and tenders 204,078.43 

Oil and waste for cars 54 202.29 

Loss and damage to goods and baggage. 9,8',939.93 

Damages for injuries to persons 135,214.26 

Damages for property and for cattle killed 18,519.15 

General superintendence 203,.301.81 

Contingencies 645,259.03 

Other costs 906,669.45 

Total cost of operating roads $6,6.36,061.33 

Eaminffs. 

From passenger business $ 9,016,747.50 

From freight business, city rcids excluded 10,632,714.97 

From other sources 759,691.38 

Total earnings for all roads $20,309,053.85 

Payments for transportation expenses $12,830,626.87 

Payments for interest 4,156,997.05 

Payments for dividends on stock 2,503,013,93 

Amount carried to surplus fund 218,641.42 

Total payment for all roads $19,709,079.27 

Accidents. 

Number of passengers killed 20 

Number of passengers injured .142 

Number of employees killed 29 

NumbrT of employees injured 24 

Number of others killed. 68 

Number of others injured 36 

Total number killed 117 

Total number iiyured 202 

Total number killed, excluding city roads. 114 

Total number ityured, excluding city roads 191 



Cost of OmstrucKan and of Equipment. 

Grading and masonry..... $58,355,306.85 

Bridges 2,396,300.42 

Superstructure, including iron 28,166,443.55 

Passenger and freight stations, buildings and fix- 
tures 4,777,786.65 

Engine and car houses, machine shops, ma- 
chinery and fixtures 1,920,498,40 

Land damages, and fences 9,047,417.34 

Locomotives and fixtures and snow plows 6,884,500.70 

Passenger and bflggage cars 2,670,601.01 

Freight and other cars 6,586,736.19 

Engineering and agencies 12,102,948.10 

Total cost of construction and equipment 131,907,445.21 

Total cost of same, excluding city roads 126,873,010.70 

Excluding City Hail Roads, thefoUoioing deductions per MiU. 

Average cost per mile $52,916.23 

Average cost single track per mile 34,206.06 

Average number of miles traveled by each passenger 33.17 

Average number of passengers to each train 60.72 

Average distance each ton of freight is transported 

in miles 120.91 

Average number of tons in each freight train 77.64 

Average number of trains over each track daily. ... 8.54 

Average Cost per MUe of Road. 

For maintaining of road way $1,511.70 

Forrepairs of machinery 692.47 

For operating road 2,415.49 

Average Cost per Mile of Single Track. 

For maintaining of roadway $ 677.19 

For repairs of machinery 677.45 

For operating road 1,661.42 

Average amount received for passengers per mile, 1.98 cts. 
Proportion of passengers killed to miles traveled, 1 to 18,657,969. 
Proportion of passengers killed to passengers traveling, 1 t* 

662,504. 
Proportion of expenses to earnings, 63 to 100.32. 



76 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Rail Roads Projected^ Abandoned, or merged in other Roads. 



Names of Rail Roads. 



Adirondack 

Albany, Bennington & Rutland 

Albany Northern 

Albany & Cohoes 

Albany & Saratoga 

Albany & Saratoga Springs 

Albany & Schenectady 



April 1, 1S39 

April 23,1850 

Feb. 12, 1851 

Co. not organ'd 

June 28, 1852 

Sept. 20,1852 

April 19,1847 



Albany & Susquehanna 

Albion & Tonawanda 

Atlantic &, Great Western.. 

Attica & Allegany Valley.... 
Attica & Buffalo 



Attica & HomellBTille . 



Attica & Pheldon 

Auburn & Caned 

Auburn & Ithaca 

Auburn & Rochester... 

Auburn & Syracuse.-., 



Aurora & Buffalo 

B.itavia & Chicktawauga 

Bath & Coney Island. 

Bath & Crooked Lake 

Binghamton & Susquehanna..... 

Black River 

Black River 

Black River 

Brewerton & Syracuse 

Broadway R. R. Co. of Brooklyn 
Brooklyn, Jort llamilton 

Buffalo International 



Biifalo, New York & Erie.... 



Buffalo 
Buffalo 

Buffalo 
Buffalo 
Buffalo, 

Buffalo 
Buffalo 
Buffalo 

Buffalo 

Buffalo 



& Allegany Valley 

& Batavia.., 

& Black Rock. 

& Conhocton Valley..., 
Corning & New York.. 



& Erie 

&. Hinsdale 

& Lake Huron (Canada) 

& Lockport 

& New York 



Buffalo & New York City- 



Buffalo, Tonawanda & Niagara 

Falls 

Buffalo & Niagara Falls 



Buffalo & Pittsburg , 

Buffalo, Pittsburg & St. Louis- 
Buffalo & Rochester 



Canandaigua Railway & Trans- 
portation Co 

Canandaigua A Corning 



Canandaigua & Elmira... 



Date of 
Organization. 



Ckipital. 



April 
April 



Sept. 
May 



2. 1851 
17, 1832 

1, 1858 

16, 1S52 



May 14, 1S45 



May 
April 
May 
May 



21, 1836 
24, 1832 
21, 1836 
13, 1S36 



May 1, 1834 

Apra 14,1832 
Aug. 17, 1850 

March 24, 1831 
AprU 29,1833 
AprU 17,1832 

May 21, 1836 
27, 1853 



Jan. 

May 

Aug. 
May 



1, 1836 

11, 1858 
12, 1836 



Feb. 25, 1857 

Sept. 1, 1857 

May 21, 1853 
AprU 18,1838 

April 29,1833 
June 26, 1850 
March IS, 1852 

April 14,1832 
May 12, 1846 



April 27,1852 
Jan. 16, 1S51 



April 8, 1851 



June 23.1853 

May 3. 1834 

Oct 7, 1S62 

Oct. 11, 1852 

Oct. 8, 1850 

April 12,1828 

May 11, 1845 



Sept. 11,1852 



$100,000 
400,000 
335,000 

"soo.ouo 

200,000 



4,000,000 
200,000 



1.000,000 
350,000 



750,000 

50,000 

150.000 

500.000 

2,000,000 

400,000 

300,000 
300,000 

20,000 
150,000 

900,000 

200,000 
120,000 

80,000 

200.000 
150,000 

150,000 



1.500,000 

300,000 
500,000 

100,000 
1,400,000 



650.000 
500,000 



600,000 
350,000 



250.000 
110,000 

750,000 

* 1,825,000 

60,000 
1,600,000 



Qmmcitons. 



Adirondack Iron Works and > 

Clear Pond J 

Albuny. Bennington, and 1 

Rutland ( 

Albany and Troy, and Rutland 
R. R. at Eagle Bridge. 

Albany and Cohoes 

Albany and Green Island 

/Albany Northern R. R. and) 

\ Saratoga Springs j" 

Albany and Schenectady. 

Albany and Binghamton 

Albion and Batavia 

f Buffalo & New York Central \ 
\ R. R. and Penn. State Line J 

Attica to Penn. State Line 

Attica and Buffido 

Attica and Homellsville. 

Attica and Sheldon 

Auburn and Canal 

Auburn and Ithaca. 

Aubuin and Rochester. 

Auburn and Syracuse 

Aurora and Buffalo 

Bata-via and Attica &BuffaloE.R. 

Bath and Crooked Lake 

Binghamton and Penn. S. Line 
( Rome or Herkimer and River \ 
\ St. Lawrence J 

Clayton and Carthage 

Clayton and Mohawk Village.... 
f Outlet of Oneida Lake and > 
1 SjTacuse. j 

Through a part of Brooklyn 

{Buffalo and proposed iater-'j 
national bridge, opposite > 
Squaw Island J 

/Buffalo, New York & Brie) 
\ R. R. at Corning / 

/Buffalo and Attica & Allfr-) 

) ganyR. R / 

Buffalo and Batavia, 

Buffalo and Black Rock 

/ Buffalo. New York & Erie R. R. 
\ at Corning. 

Buffalo and Erie, Penn 

Buffalo and Hinsdale... 

Buffalo and Lockport 

Buffalo and Attica. 

Buffalo and nornellsville 

Tonawanda and Black Rock...... 

Buffalo and Niagara Falls 

/ Buffalo and State Line near") 
t Olean J 

Buffalo and Rochester. 

Canandaigua and Watson 

Canandaigua and Elmira 



Canandaigua and Niagara Edge. 



Nothing done. 

Merged in Albany Northern R.R. 

Sold, and succeeded by Albany, 

Vermont, & Canada R. R. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Changed from Mohawk & Hud- 
son, and merged in the New 
York Central R. R., May 17, 
1853. 

Partly graded. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Partly graded. 

Consolidated as Buffalo & Roches- 
ter, afterward as Buffalo A N. 
York City R. E., at present 
as Buffalo, New York, & Erie. 

Consolidated, and is now the Buf- 
falo & New York City R. R. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Consolidated in New York Cen- 
tral R. R. 

Consolidated in New York Cen- 
tral R. R. 

Not constructed. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Not constructed. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Consolidation of the Buffalo. 
Corning, and New York R. R. 
and part of Buffalo & New 
York City R. R. 

Partly done. 

Not constructed by this organi- 
zation. 

Horse-power. Since abandoned. 

Now the Birffalo, New York &\ 
Erie R. R. 

Name changed from Buffalo & 
Conhocton Valley R. R. 

Surveyed and located. 

Nothing dona. 

Allowed to purchase real estate 
in 1857. 

Consolidated with New York Cen- 
tml R. R., 1853. 

Connected with Attica & Homells- 
ville R. R., and name changed 
to Buffalo & New York City 
R.R. 

Consolidation of Attica A Bufftilo 
R. R. and Buffalo & New York 
R.R. 

Not constructed. 

Leased to Xew York Central R. B. 

Co. in 1853. 
Reorganized as the Buffalo, Pitts- 
burg & St. Louis R. R. 
Partly graded. 
Formed by union of Tonawanda 

and Attica & Buffalo R. Roads, 
/ Connected with Chemung R. R. 
\ to Elmira. 
Formed from Canandaigna ACorn- 

ing and Chemung R. Roads. 

Le;ised to New York & Erie 

R. R. Co. 
Leased to New York Central R. R. 

Co. in 1858. 



RAIL ROADS. 
Sail Roads Projected, Abandoned, or merged in other Roads, continued. 



77 



NA5tE3 OP Ria Roads. 



Canandaigua & Niagara Falls... 
Canaudaigua &■ Syracuse 

Casaadaga & Erie 

Castleton & West Stockbridge.. 



Date of 
Orgaiiization, 



Capital. 



Dec. 
Nov, 



10, 1850 
26, 1853 

May 21, 1836 

May 6, 1834 



Catskill & Canajoharie. 

Cat8kill & Ithaca 

Chautauqua County 

Chemung & Ithaca 

Cherry Valley & Susquehanna.. 

Clifton A South Clifton 

ayde & Sodus Bay 

Coeymans 

Cold Spring 



Cooperstown & Cherry Valley... 

Corning & Blossburg 

Corning & Olean 

Cossackie& Schenectady 

Danaville & Rochester 

Delaware 

Division Avenue 

Dunkirk & State Line 

Dutchess 

Dutchess 



Elmira, Canandaigua & Nia-) 
gara Falls J 



Elmira & Williamsport.. 
Erie & Cattaraugus 



Erie & New York City , 

Fishhouse & Amsterdam 

Fislikill Landing & State Line., 

Fredonia & Van Buren , 

Geneseo Valley 

Genesee & Cattaraugus , 

Genesee & Hudson River 

Geneseo 

Geneseo & Pittaford 

Geneva & Canandaigua 

Giiboa 

Goshen & Albany 

Goshen & New York. 

Great Ausahle 



Greene 

Harlem & High Bridge.. 

Herkimer & Trenton 

Honeoye 

Hudson & Berkshire 



Hudson & Delaware- 
Ithaca & Geneva 

Ithaca* Owego. 



Ithaca & Port Renwick.. 
Jamesville 

Johnstown 



Jordan* Skaneatelea 

Kingston Turnpike & R. R. 
LakeChamplain & Ogdenabui-gl 
Li\ke Ontario, Auburn & New' 

York 

Lake Ontario, Auburn & New 

York , 

Lake Ontario & Hudson River.'. 



Lake Ontario & Now York.. 

Lansingburgh & Troy 

Lansingburgh & Troy 

Lebanon Sprhigs 



April 19, 

AprU 21, 

July 23, 

May 16, 

May 10, 

March 8, 

Jan. 22, 

May 21. 

April 30, 



1830 

1828 
1851 
1837 
1836 

1853 

1853 
1830 
1839 



May 15, 1837 
AprU 5, 1851 



$1,000,000 
1,000,000 

250,000 

300,000 

600,000 

1,500,000 

50,000 

200,000 

500,000 

350,000 

150.000 

75,000 

2.500 

150,000 



Feb. 

May 

March 

May 

March 

April 

March 



5, 1853 
15, 1837 
22, 1832 
21, 1836 

1, 1853 
15, 1S50 
28, 1832 



May 25, 1836 

April 24,1857 

April 21, 1832 
May 15, 183^ 

11, 1851 

2fi, 1832 

12, 1S4S 

21. 1.S36 

2, 1856 



July 

April 
April 
May 
June 

May 

Dec. 

April 

May 

April 

April 

April 

May 

April 

April 

Aug. 
May 
May 
April 



15, 183: 

11, 1S.=)2 
11, 1848 
11, 1836 
21, 1828 
15, 1839 
12, 1842 
13, 18.'',7 
17, 1828 

18, 1838 

25. 1853 
13, 1836 
21, 1836 
21, 1858 



April 19,1830 
April 0, 1832 
Jan. 28, 1S2S 



April 
May 

May 

May 

April 

April 

April 

May 
April 



16, 1834 
21, 1S3G 

13, 1836 

6, 1837 
23, 1835 
20, 1832 

15, 1851 

9. 1856 

6. 1857 



Aug. 

May 
Nov. 
Dec. 



19, 1836 

13, 1853 

1, 1S51 



May 6, 1836 



850,000 
500,000 
300,000 
400.000 
500.000 
500.000 
600,000 

1,000,000 



75,000 
200,000 

750,000 
250,000 

'"i'iooo 

300,000 
400,000 

7,000,000 

15.000 

150,000 

100.000 

150.000 

1,500.000 
150,000 
150,000 

20,000 

150,000 
200,000 
250,000 
350,000 

500,000 
800,000 
150,000 

15.000 
25,000 



20,000 
,000,000 

,500 000 
,500,000 



Canandaigua and Erie Canal 

Canaudaigua and Syracuse 

f Cassadaga Creek and Penn. 1 
X State Line / 

Castleton and West Stockbridge 

Catskill and Canajoharie 



Catskil! and Ithaca 

Now York & Erie R. R. and ) 

Penn. State Line j 

Head of Cayuga and Penn. Lint 
' Utica & Syracuse R. R. and ) 

Now York & Erie R. It i 

Clifton and Vreeland Farm, \ 

on Lower Bay j 

Clyde and Lake Ontario 

Landing and Moss Hill Quarries 
In Cattaraugus co 



f Cooperstown and Canandai- 1 

1 gua & Syracuse R. R | 

J Corning and IJIosebui"g Coal 
\ Reidon iu Penn, 

Corning and Glean 

Coxsackie and Schenectady 

Dansville and Rochester. 

Delhi and Deposit 

BrookljTi 

Dunkirk and State Line 

Poui,^hkeepsie and State Line 

I Pout;hkeepsie and Jilass. ov\ 
\ Conn, lioe J 

Elmira and Suspension Bridge... 

Elmira and Williamsport, Penn. 

' Attica & Buffalo 11. R. and 1 

Genesee & Cattaraugus R.R. j" 

Little V.dley Creek and ) 

Penn. State Line ) 

Fisbhouae and Amsterdam 



150,000 

40.000 
10.000 
500,000 



Fredonia and Vau Buren , 

Avon and Mount Morris 

f Attica and New York & 

I Erio R. R 

Rochester and Albany 

Gent'eeo and Canal in York.... 

Geneseo and Pittsford 

Geneva and Canandaigua 

Giiboa to Canajoharie 

Albany and Goshen , 

Goshen to New Jersey State line 
Port Kent and Ausable Forks, 
f Greene and New York * 

t ErieR. R 

East River and High Bridge.... 

Herkimer and Trenton 

Erie Canal and Ilonooye Lake- 
Hudson and Berkshire , 



Newburgh and Delaware River., 
f Ithaca and Geneva & Canau- "l 
( daigua R.R j 

Ithaca and Owega 



Ithaca and Cayuga Lake 

Jamesville to Erie Canal 

Johnsto^vn and Ctica & Sy- \ 

racuae R.R f 

Jordan and terminus Ska-) 

neateles R.R J 

Esopus Creek and Kingston 

Ogdensburgh and L.Chaniplain, 
f Little Sodus Bay and Cayuga 
X and Susquehanna R. R. 
The same 



J Lewiston and mouth of Ni-) 

X agara River | 

Lansingburgh and Troy 

Tlio same 

Lebanon Springs and Chatham. 

Lewiston and Niagara Falls 



Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done under this organi- 
zation. 

Partly constructed, and after- 
wards abandoned. 

Nothing done. 

Not constructed. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done but survey. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing dune. Intended for lum- 
bering pui-posea. 

Nothing done. 

Changed in 1854 to Blossburg & 

Corning R. R. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Surveyed. Nothing further done, 
Nothing done. 
Not constructed. 
Nothing done. 
Nothiug done. 

Nothing done, 

f Formed by connection of Ca^ 
1 nandaigua & Elmira and Ca- 
1 nandaigua & Niagara Falls 
[ R. Roads. 
Nothing done by this Corporation, 

Nothing done. 

Partly graded. 

Nothing done. 

Company never organized. 

Nothing done. 

Trains commenced in March 1859. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Notliing done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Not constructed. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Merged in Hudson and Boston 

R.R. 
Graded, but nothing further done. 

Not constructed. 

Changed to Cayuga and Susque- 
hanna R. R. 
Not constructed. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Not constructed. 

Not constructed. 

Sui-veyod, but not constructed. 

Grading commenced, but no part 

completed. 
("Work resumed, but no part 

X completed. 

Name changed from Sackets Har- 
bor & Saratoga R.R. No part 
completed. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing dono. 
Notliing dono. 
Grading commenced, but no part 

completed. 
Leased to the New York Central 
R. R. Co. 



78 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Mail Roads Projected, Abandoned, or merged in other Roads, continued. 



NiMES OF Kail ROii>s. orfa'^Uon. <^P^- 



LockportA Batavia May 21, 1836 

liockport & Niagara Falls April 24, 183-1 $ 175,000 



Lockport & Youngetown... 
Madisou County 



Maiden 

ManhattaQ 

Maiiheiiii& Salisbury.. 



Mayrille & Portland 

Medina & Darien 

Medina & Lake Ontario 

Mohawk Valley. 

Mohawk & Uudson 



Mohawk & MooBe River.. 



.Mohawk & St. Lawrence R. R. 
& Navigation Co 



Newark . 

New York City , 

New York & Albany. , 

New York & Connecticut .... 
New York & Newburgh 

New York & New Rochelle... 

New York & Troy 



New York & Western 

New York & Jamaica 

Niagara Bridge &. Canandaigua.. 

Niagara Falls, Buffalo & N.Y.... 
Niagara Falls & Lake Ontario ... 

Niagara Falls & Lewistown 

Niagara River 

Northern 



Northern (N.J.).. 



Northern Slackwater & Railway 
Co 



Ogdensburgh 

OgdfDflburgh, Clayton & Rome. 
Orange &. Sussex Canal Co 



OswegOjBinghamton & NewY'ork 

Oswego Northern & Eastern 

Oawego & Troy 

Oswego & Utica 

Otsego 

Owego & Cortland 

Penfit-ld & Canal 



Piermont West Shore.. 



Plattsburgh & Rouses Point.. 

Port Byron & Auburn , 

Rochester, Lockport & Niagara 
Falls 



Rochester & Canal Rail Road.. 

Rochester & Lake Ontario 

Rochester & Lockport 



Rochester & Pittsburgh.. 

Rochester & Southern 

Rochester & Syracuse 



Rome & Port Ontario , 

Rutland & Wliitehall , 

Sackets Harbor & Saratoga... 



Sackets Harbor & Watertown..., 



May 21, 1836 
AprU 17, 1829 



May 13, 1837 

Nov. 28, 1853 

AprU 23,1834 

March 29, 1832 

May 15, 1834 

May 13, 1836 

Jan. 11, 1851 

April 17, 1S26 



April 14,1857 



11, 1837 
21, 1S36 



May 
May 

May 12, 1851 

AprU 17,1832 

May 12, 1846 
March 27, 1854 

Feb. 18, 1852 

Jan. 30, 1852 

June 10, 1853 

Aug. 1859 

Aug. 23, 185S 



June 
Sept. 
^ept. 
July 
May 



4. 1S52 
3, 1852 
1. 1847 
3, 185: 
14, 1S45 



AprU 15, 1S5S 



May 13, 1S46 



31, 1857 

19, 1853 

9,1829 



Dec. 

Feb. 
April 



14, 1855 

12. 1853 

21. 1854 
13, 1836 
26. 1832 
21. 1S36 

6, 1S3' 



Aug. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

May 

AprU 

May 

May 

Dec. 4, 1857 

March 17- 1851 

April 17,1829 

Dec. 10, 1850 

March 26, 1831 

May 3, 1852 

May 15, 183! 

July 18, 1853 

Dec. 27, 1852 

Aug. 1, 1850 

May 13, 1837 

May 21, 1836 

AprU 10,1848 

Aug. 25, 1855 



350.000 

70,UUt) 



310,000 
75,000 

150,000 
100,000 
200.000 
2,000,000 
300,000 



1,000,000 
100,000 

120,000 

3,000,000 

150,000 
500,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

12,000,000 

150,000 
1,000,000 

250.000 
100,000 
150.000 
175,000 
2,000,000 



1,538.500 
2,000.000 



Omnections. 



Lockport and Batavia. 

Lockport and Niagara Falls.. 

Lockport and Yonngstown.... 
CUitteuango and Cazenovia... 



pusV 



TMalden and junction 
< Smitbbush and Esopus 

( Roads ^ 

ManhattanviUeand South Ferry 
Little FaUs and NicholvUle. 



Mayville and Portland , 

Medina and Alexander 

Medina and Carlton. 

Utica and Schenectady 

Albany and Schenectady... 



["New York Central R. R. in"| 

Montgomery county and > 

[^ Moose River Lakes J 



Nicholville and Piseco Lake 

Vienna and Lake Ontario 

(Lower part of the city and) 
\ Macombs Bridge j 

New York and Albany 



Ridgcfield, Conn., and Harlem. 
'Newburgh and New Jersey ' 

State line 

New Rochelle and New York ' 

City 

New York & Harlem R. R. 

ia Ghent and Troy 

State Line in Rockland Co. ' 

and Canandaigua , 

Jamaica and Hunters Point 

Niagara Bridge and Canandaigua 



Suspension Bridge and Buffalo... 
Niagara Falls and Young8town„ 

Ni.agara FaUs and Lewiston. 

Niagara Falls and Lewiston 

Rouses Point and Ogdensburgh. 



Remarks. 



Piermont and Jersey City.. 



Port Kent and BoonvUle.. 



Ogdensburgh and Rome.. 



400,000 

;400,000 

2,000,000 

750.000 
200,000 
500,000 

12,000 

40,000 

500.000 
50,000 



30,000 
100,000 
400,000 

1,000,000 

200.000 
4,200,000 

350.000 

100,000 

2,000,000 

110,000 



Oswego and Syracuse 

f Oswego andWhitehall Sl Rut- ) 

\ land R. R j" 

Oswego and Troy 

Oswego and Utica 

Cooperstown and Milford 

Owego and Cortland or Homer ... 
Peufiild and Erie Canal 

("Piermont and terminus of") 
-{ Northern R. R. (N. J.) at V 

1 State Line j 

Plattsburgh and Rouses Point... 
Aubiu-n and Port Byron 



Rochester and Niagara Falls.. 
Rochester and Lake Ontario... 

Rochester and Charlotte 

Rochester and Lockport 



f Genesee Valley R. R. and> 
\ Allegany Valley R. R j" 

Rochester and Mendon 

Rochester and Sjxacuse 



Rome and Port Ontario 

WHiitehall and Rutland 

Sackets Harbor and Saratoga.... 



Sackets Harbor and Watertown 



Nothing done. 

Merged in the New York Central 
R. R. 

Nothing done. 

Preliminary surveya made. Noth- 
ing else done. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Name changed to Mohawk & St. 

Lawrence R. R. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Surveyed, but not constructed. 
Name changed to Albany k Sche- 

nectadv R. R. First R. R. in 

the State. 

Nothing done. 



Not constructed. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

No part of the road completed 

by this Company. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

No part constructed.. 

Nothing done. 

Surveyed, nothing further done. 

In progress of construction. 
Changed from Canandaigua & 

Niagara Falls R. R. Leased to 

New York Central R. R. 
Nothing done. 

Graded and rails laid, but not used. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Since changed to Ogdensburgh 

R.R. 
AUowed to extend from State Line 

to Piermont. Constructed. 

Route explored, nothing further 

done. 
Name changed from Northern. 
Partly graded, and abandoned. 
AUowed to build a R. E. on the 

line of their route. Notliing 

done, 
Nothing done beyond surveys. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done but survey. 
Nothing done but survey. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Superseded by extension of North- 
ern R.R. to Piermont. 

Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Consolidated In New York Cen- 
tral R. R, 

Completed to near the Landing 
in 1832. 

Leased to New York Central R. R. 
Co. on consolidation. 

Nothing done under this organi- 
zation. 

Not conatructed. 

Not conatructed. 

Consolidated with New York Ccu- 

tral in 1855. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Partly graded. Name changed 

to Lake Ontario and Hudson 

R.R. 
Surveyed, but nothing further 

done. 



RAIL ROADS. 



79 



Bail Roads Projected^ Abandoned, or merged in oilier Eoads, continued* 



Names of Rail Roads. 



Date of 
Organization. 



Salina & Port Watson 

Saratoga Springs & Schujlerrille 

Saratoga & Fort Edward 

Saratoga & Montgomery 

Saratoga & Waaliington , 

Schenectady & Catskill 

Schenectady & Susquehanna 
Schenectady & Troy 



Schoharie & Otsego 

Scottsville & Canandaigua.. 
ScottsvilleA LeRoy 



Sharon & Root.. 



Skaneateles 

Skaneateles & Jordan 

Sodus Point & Southern .. 
Staten Island 



Staten Island 

Syracuse, Cortland & Bing-' 

hamtOQ ^ 

Syracuse Stone .' 

Syracuse & Binghamtou 



Syracuse & Southern .. 



Syracuse & Utica 

Syracuse & Utica Direct 

Tioga Coal. Iron Mining & 1 
Manufacturing Co j 

Tonawanda 



Trenton & SacketB Harbor.... 
Troy Turnpike & Rail Road- 
Troy & Utica 

Troy & West Stockbridge 

Tyrone & Geneva 



Ulster County .. 



UnadiUa & Schoharie.. 

Utica & Binghamton... 
Utica & Schenectady... 



Utica & Susquehanna 

Utica & Syracuse Straight Line. 

Utica & Waterville. , 

Warren County 

Warsaw & LeRoy 

Warwick 



Waahington County Central.. 
Watertown & Cape Vincent... 



Watervliet & Schenectady.. 

Westchester County 

West Side 

Whitehall & Plattsburgh... 
Whitehall & Rutland.. 



Williamsburgh, Brooklyn, ) 
Bushwick & New Lots j" "' 



April 
April 
April 
May 
May 

May 
May 
May 



•27, 1S29 
6, 1S32 

17, 183'J 
6, 1836 
2,1834 

13, 1846 
13,1846 
21, 1836 



Capital. 



April 25, 1832 
April 12, 183S 
May 21, 1836 

April 18, 183S 

May 19, 183' 

March 13, 1838 
March 8,1852 



May 
Aug. 
May 

May 

July 

Oct. 



May 
Jan. 



21, 1836 

2, 1851 

21, 1S36 

13, 1836 
2, 1851 

13, 1856 



11, 1836 

20, 1853 

1841 



April 14,1832 



May 
April 
Feb. 
May 

May 



15, 1837 
18, 1831 
10, 1853 

10. 1836 

16. 1837 



May 21, 1836 
May 9, 1836 



May 
April 

April 

Sept. 
June 
April 
May 

May 

Dec, 



18. 1853 
29,1833 

25, 1832 
18, 1852 

26. 1854 
17, 1832 

5,1834 

13, 1837 
8, 1853 



May 13, 1836 



May 
Nov. 
Feb. 
Dec. 
April 

Juno 



21, 1836 
7, 1856 
1854 
15, 1852 
26, 1833 

29, 1853 



$ 375,000 
100,000 
200,000 
150,000 
600,000 

1,000,000 

1,500,000 

500,000 

300,000 

100,000 
200,000 

80,000 



350,000 

250,000 

300,000 

500,000 

75.000 
1,200,000 

1,201,300 



1,000,000 
600,000 



500,000 

500,000 

100,000 

2,500.000 

600,000 

500,000 
500,000 



1,000,000 
2,000,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

300,000 

250,000 

100,000 

100,000 

200,000 

50,000 

500.000 

500,000 

6,000,000 

1,000.000 

100,000 



Omnectiom. 



Syracuse and Port Watson 

j Saratopi Springs and Schuy- ) 

t lerville J 

Saratoga and Fort Edward 

J Ballston Spa and W. branch 1 

\ of North River j 

Samtoga and Vt. Stite Line 



Schenectady and Catskill 

f Schenectady and New York ) 
\ AErieR.R / 

Schenectady and Troy 



("Catskill &. Central R.R. and) 
\ Susquehanna j 

Scottsvillo and Canandaigua 

Scottsville and LeRoy._ 



Hemarks. 



Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done by this company. 

Nothing done. 

Name changed to Saratoga & 

Whitehall R.R. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Consolidated with New York Cen- 
tral R. R. in 1853. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 
Partly constructed but aflervards 
abandoned. 



Nothing done. 



1 Branch of Catskill & Cana-\ 
joharieR.R j" 
Skaneateles and some point } 
on Skaneateles & Jordan > Constructed, but since abandoned 
R.R J 

Skaneateles and Jordan 

f Sodus Point and Catskill & 

\ Ithaca R.R. 

/From near Quarantine to) 

1 opposite Amboy J 

Clifton and Tottenville 



Syracuse and Binghamton 

Syracuse and Stone quarries.. 
Syracuse and Binghamton , 

Syracuse and Binghamton 



Syracuse and Utica.. 
Syracuse and Utica... 



/ Bituminous coal region and ) 
\ Chemung Canal J 

Rochester and Attica 



Trenton and Sackets Harbor.. 

Troy and Bennington, Vt 

Troy and Utica 

Troy and West Stockbridge... 
' Geneva and New York & ] 

Erie R.R 

Kingston and New York &] 

Erie R.R 

Mouth of Unadilla River 1 
and New York & Erie ; 

R.R 

Utica and Binghamton 

Utica and Schenectady 



Utica and Susquehanna 

Utica and Syracuse 

Utica and Waterville 

Glens Falls and CaldwelL 

Warsaw and LeRoy 

' Branch of New York & Erie ) 

near Chester j 

Pittstown and Greenwich 



Watertown and Cape Vincent- 



West Troy and Schenectady 

Harbor River and NewRochelle.. 

Albany and Sufferns. 

Whitehall and Plattsburgh. 

Whitehall and Rutland, Vt 

Williamsburgh and New Lots.... 



Changed from Skaneateles R.R 
Partly graded; work stopped in 
1854. 

Not constructed. 

Not constructed. 

Surveyed. Nothing further done. 

Nothing done. 

Opened in 1854. Name changed 
to Syracuse & Southern R. K. 

Successor of Syracuse & Bing- 
hamton R. R. Name changed 
to Syracuse, Binghamton & 
New York R.R. 

Consolidated with New York Cen- 
tral R.R. in 1853. 

Not constructed. 
( Sold in 1852, and name changed 

-l to Corning & Blossburj 
t R.R. 

Consolidated with Attica & Buffalo 
R.R. in 1850. 

Nothing done. 

Not constructed. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Nothmg done. 

Nothing done. 

Consolidated with New York 

Central R. R. in 1853. 
Not constructed. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Not constructed. 
Nothing done. 

Nothing done. 

Surveyed and nothing further 

done. 
Surveyed and nothing further 

done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 
Nothing done. 

Surveyed, but not constructed. 
Not constructed by this company. 

Allowed to build Horse R. Road, 
for 21 years. 



CORPORATIONS. 



Corporations were generally formed under special acts until the adoption of the Constitution of 
1846, which directed that general laws should be passed for this purpose, and forbade special legis- 
lation, except for municipal purposes and in cases where the purpose to be attained could not other- 
wise be effected. The Legislature has power to alter and repeal the powers of any corporation 
formed under the general laws. The articles of association or declaration of intention must in all 
cases be filed in some office of record specified in the general acts ; and limitations of time, capital, 
and location must be specified. The stockholders of the more important classes of corporations 
are personally liable to an extent equal to the amount of stock owned. Under the present Con- 
stitution, general acts of incorporation have been passed for a variety of purposes, all of which 
belong to one of 4 general classes.^ 

Class I. includes those whose articles are filed in the office of the Secretary of State. 

1. "A}i Act to provide for the Incorporation of Companies to construct Plank Roads and 
Turnpilies.'^- 

2. ^' Ari Act to auihorize the formation of Companies for Mining', Meclianical, and 
Clieiulcal Purposes" was passed Feb. 8, 1848.^ 

3. " An Act to authorize the formation of Gas Lig'lit Companies'' was passed Feb. 16, 1848.* 



1 ConstiUdwn, KTt.Wll, Revised Statutes. Previous to 1S46, 
general laws existed for the organization of religious aocieties, 
(X784 ;) colleges and academiea, (1787;) public librariea, (1796;^ 
medical societies, (1S06:) manufacturing companies, (ISll;) 
banks, (1838;) and agricultural Bocietiee, (1S19, 1841.) 

2 Several hundred of these corporations were formed and 
several thousand miles of plank road built in lS4S-o2. It is 
probable that leas than 5 per cent, of these are now in use, 



having mostly been abandoned and divided into road diBtricte 
as public highways. The companiea were required to report, 
but generally neglected to do eo; and few general statistics are 
preserved concerning them. 

s These companies, though quite numerous, were not required 
to report; and statistics concerning tbem cannot be obtained. 
Many companies that filed their articles never went into 
operation. 



* Gas Light Companies. 
A * indicates companies not in operation. 



Names of Companies. 



Albany Gas Light Consumers' Co.* 

Albion Gas Light Co.* 

Albion Gas Light Co 

Astoria Gas Co 

Auburn Gas Light Co 

Batavia Gas Liglit Co 

Biugharaton Gas Light Co 

Brockport Gas Light Co 

Brooklyn Gas Co.* 

Brooklyn Consolidated Gas Light Co 

Buffalo City Gas Light Co 

Buffalo Gas Light Co , 

Canandaigua Gas Light Co 

Catskill Gas Light Co 

Citizens' Gaa Light Co. Brooklyn 

Citizens' Gas Liglit Co. of the City of Rochester., 

Citizens' Independent Gaa Co 

Cohoes Gaa Light Co 

Elmira Gas Light Co 

Fishkill Gas Light Co , 

Flushing Gas Liglit Co 

Fulton Gas Light Co , 

Gas Light Co. of Syracuse 

Geneva Gas Light Co 

Glens Falls Gas Light Co , 

Green Point Gas Light Co 

Harlem Gas Light Co 

Hempstead Gas Light Co „ 

Hempstead Gas Light Cp 

Hudson Gas Co , 

Hudson Gas Light Co.* 

Ithaca Gaa Light Co 

Jamaica Gas Light Co 

Johnstown Gas Light Co 

Lansingbnrgh Gas Light Co 

Lockport Gas Light Co 

Lyons Gas Light Co 

Blanhattan Gas Light Co 

Metropolitan Gaa Light Co 

Morrisania Gaa Light Co .'... 

Newburgb Gas Light Co 

New York Gas Light Co 

New York Mutual Saving Gas Light Co.* 

Ogdenaburgh Gas Co 

Ogdensburgh Gas Light Co 

Ogdensburgh Gas Light & Coke Co 

Oswego Gas Light Co 

Owego Gas Light Co 

SO 



Date of Organization. 


Original Capital. 


Present Capital. 


Feb. 18, 1S56 


$75,000 


$75,000 


March 13, 1S56 


20,000 


20,000 


May 13, 1S68 


30,000 


30,000 


Deo. 1, 1853 


20,000 


20.000 


Jan. 29, 1850 


20,000 


60.000 


June 11, 1S65 


82,000 


32.000 


Juno 25, 1863 


60,000 


60,000 


Jan. 17, 1S59 






Oct. 21, 1848 


200,000 


200,000 


Oct. 24, 1850 


500,000 


600.000 


March 12, 1863 


160.000 


160,000 


Teb. 29, 1848 


150.000 


760.000 


Aug. 3, 1863 


60.000 


60.000 


July 13, 1855 


40,000 


40,000 


Oct. 26, 1868 


1,000,000 


1,000,000 


Jan. 22, 1852 


60.000 


60,000 


Juno 13, 1859 






Sept. 13,1852 


60,000 


60.000 


May 8, 1852 


60,000 


60.000 


July 20, 1853 


15,000 


16.000 


July 18, 1S55 


40,000 


61.000 


Juno 12,1868 


12,000 


12,000 


Feb. 9, 1849 


100.000 


100,000 


Nov. 24, 1852 


75.000 


76,000 


June 17,18.64 


85,000 


36,000 


Nov. 29, 1853 


100,000 


40,000 


Feb. 5, 1855 


120,000 


860.000 


April 18,1867 


15,000 


16,000 


AprU 9, 1859 






Feb. 23, 1853 


60,000 


60,000 


Mav 22, 1662 


60,000 


60.000 


Oct. 28, 1852 


76.000 


75.000 


June 2, 1856 


30.000 


20.000 


March 16. 1867 


18,000 


18.000 


Feb. 28, 1853 


100.000 


100.000 


March 17, 1851 


17.000 


40,000 


Jan. 25, 1859 


60(1,000 


400,000 


Feb. 26, 1S30 


600,000 


2,000,000 


April 17,1855 


2,500.000 


2,500,000 


Oct. 28, 1862 


200.000 


200,000 


May 17, 1862 


60,000 


70,000 


March 26, 1823 


600,000 


600,000 


Sept. 20, 1852 


1,500,000 


1,500.000 


Aug. 23,1854 


76,000 


78,000 


Juno 15,1853 


100,000 


100.000 


June 11, 18.54 


76,000 


76,000 


April 22, 1852 


65,000 


C6.000 


March 24, 1856 


40,000 


40.000 



CORPORATIONS. 



81 



4. " Jn Act for the incorporation 0/ Benevolent, Cliar liable. Scientific, and Mis- 
sionary Societies" -was passed April 12, 1848.^ 

0. '■'An Act to provide for thcincorporation and regulation o/" Telegraph Companies" 

was passed April 12, 1848, and amended June 24, 1853.^ 

6. '' An Act for the incorporation of '^uliiWwi^^ Mutual liOan, and AccuniulatingT 
Fund Associations" was passed April 10, 1851.^ 

7. " An Act to provide for the formation of Insurance Companies" was passed Aprix 
10, 1849.* 

Gas Light Companies^ continued. 



Names of Companies. 



Date of Organization. 



Original Capital. 



Present Capital. 



Palmyra Gas Light Co 

PeekakiU Gas Light Co 

Plattshui'gh Gas Light Co 

Pouphkeepsie Gas Light Co 

Richmond County Gaa Light Co 

Kocbester Gas Light Co 

Rome Gas Light Co 

Readout & Kingston Gas Light Cow 

Saratoga Gas Light Co 

Schenectady Gas Light Co 

Seneca Falls Gas Liglit Co.* , 

Seneca Falls & Waterloo Gas Light Co 

Sing Sing Gas Light Co 

Sing Sing Gas Manufacturing Co 

Staten Island Gas Light Co 

gjTacuse Gas Light Co 

TarrytowTi and Irvington Union Gas Light Co 

The Consumers' Gas Light Co. of Saratoga Springs- 
Troy Gas Light Co 

UticaGas Light Co 

Waterford Gas Light Co 

Watcrtown Gas Light Co , 

West Farms Gas Light Co 

West Troy Gas Light Co 

Williamsburgh Gas Light Co 

Yonkers Gas Light Co 



Oct. 


29, 1866 


July 


18, 1855 


July 


6, 1859 


Bee. 


18, 1860 


April 


26, 1866 


May 


12, 1848 


Dec. 


28, 1860 


May 


27, 1864 


Aug. 


4, 1853 


June 


19, 1849 


July 


17, 1866 


Dec. 


ai, 1866 


May 


3,1864 


July 


26, 1S55 


March 14, 1866 


Nov. 


30, 1848 


March 


4, 1869 


Aug. 


23, 1858 


April 


6, 1848 


Nov. 


23, 1848 


Oct. 


4, 1858 


Feb. 


28, 1852 


Nov. 


18, 1862 


Jan. 


31. 1853 


July 


6, 1850 


May 


12, 1854 



12,500 
40,000 

70,000 
200.000 
100,000 
20,000 
66.000 
16,000 
60.0D0 
60.000 
80,000 
80,000 
35,000 
150,000 
100,000 

30,000 
100,000 
100,000 
12,000 
20,000 
200,000 
100,000 
80,000 
70,000 



12,500 
31,000 

70.000 
360,000 
200,000 
30,000 
66,000 
76,000 
70.000 
60,000 
80.000 
80,000 
36,000 
160,000 
100,000 

30,000 
200,000 
80,000 
12,000 
20,000 
200,000 
100,000 
449,500 
70,000 



1 Tliese companies ore not required to report. I solidated. The N. Y. A Erie R. R. have a telegraph for regu- 

2 These companies mako no report; and there is no official lating the trains upon that road. The N. Y. Central and some 
knowledge concerning those now existing. Several of those other road.s have the exclusive or preferred use of telegrapii 
formed never went into operation, and others have been con- 1 wiies along their route for like purposes. 

Telegraph Companies. 
A * indicates companies not in operation. 



Name. 



Albany, Springfield & Boston Di- 
rect Telegraph Co 

American Telegraph Co.* 

Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Co.*. 

Baldwinsville Electro Magnetic 
Telegraph Co.* 

Buffalo, Coming & New York 
Telegraph Co 

Central & Southern Telegraph Co.* 

Kafitern & Western Telegraph Co.* 

Erie & Central Junction Tel, Co.* 

Erie & Central Junction Tel Co... 

Genesee Valley Turnpike Co 

Long Island, Marino k Inland 
Telegraph Co 

Merchants' Telegraph Co.*. 

New York. Albany & Buffalo Elec- 
tro Magnetic Telegraph Co. 

New York, Albany Hi Buffalo Tele- 
gr.iph Co., incorp. by special act* 

New York & Canada House's Print- 
ing Telegraph Co 

New York & Mississippi Tel. Co.* 

New York & Mississippi Valley 
Printing Telegraph Co.* 

New York & Montreal Printing 
Telegraph Co.* , 



May 
Dec. 
June 



Date of 
Organization. 



19. 1864 

12. 1865 
16, 1867 



Dec. 4, 1852 



Jan, 

Nov. 

May 

April 

July 

April 

March 
Sept. 

May 

Jan. 

Nov. 
April 



Sept. 



26, 1856 
13, 1864 

30. 1866 
24, 185; 
19, 1853 

10. 1867 

24, 1868 
23, 1862 

31, 1848 

26, 1856 

19, 1855 
8, 1861 

21, 1864 

16, 1853 



Capital, 



$ 35,000 
200,000 
300,000 

400 

16.000 
11.280 
20,000 
11.260 
11.260 
80,000 

40,000 
40,000 



40,000 
300,000 



170,000 
60,000 



NiMH. 



New York & Montreal Telegraph Co.* 

New York & New Kn^'buid T.l. Co.*.. 

New York & New En -Ian. 1 TrI. Co 

New York & Philadiliiliia llranch 
Telegraph Co 

New York & Sandy Hook Telegraph 
Co 

New Y'ork & Washington Printing 
Telegraph Co 

New York & Western Union Tele- 
graph Co 

New York, St. Louis A New Orleans 
Junction Telegraph Co 

New York State Printing Telegraph 
Co.* 

New York State Telegraph Co.*... 

Otsego Telegraph Co 

Syracuse, Oswego & Ogdensburgh 
Telegraph Co 

Transatlantic Telegraph Co.* 

Transatlantic & Submarine Tele- 
graph Co 

Troy, Albany k Boston Telegraph Co.. 

Utica A OxfoEd Magnetic Telegraph 
Co 

West Troy, LansingburghjWaterford 
& Cohoes Telegraph Co 



Oate of 
OrganizaXion. 



Oct. 

April 

July 

April 

Aug. 

May 

Dec. 

Aug. 

July 
May 
Sept. 

Sept. 
May. 

Jan. 
July 

Aug. 

July 



23, 1862 
26, 1849 
3, 1862 

24,1848 

13, 1862 

26, 1852 

22, 1852 

26, 1860 

16. 1850 
16, 1860 

30. 1851 

22, 1856 

19. 1857 

18. 1858 
26, 1867 

2,1852 

14, 1866 



Capital. 



% 40.000 
42,300 
30,000 

16,000 

26,000 

200,000 
10,000 

200,000 

200,000 
26,000 
4,000 

20,000 
100,000 

100.000 
60,000 

6,400 

3,000 



> These associations wore chiefly limited to the vicinity of New 
Y'>rk, numbering 72 in New York Co.. about 40 in Kings Co., 
with a few in Queens, Richmond, and Westchester. Their ope- 
rations consisted in raising money by subscription of the mem- 
bers, to be loaned to that member who would allow the highest 
premium,— the avowed intention being to afford to people of hum- 
ble means the opportunity of securing for each a home. This 
absurd fallacy found multitudes of dupes ; and in the competition 
for loans the premiums paid in some instances ran as high as 
one half of the amount loaned. The mode of appropriating 
loans varied. It appeared in evidence before the legislative 
committee of 1865 that in one instance it was as follows : — " The 



names of all the shareholders who are not more than fonr weeks 
in arreaj are put in the end of a quill, and all put into ft bottle; 
the whole is then shaken, and the name which first cornea ont 
on reversing the buttle baa the right to tho appropriation." 
Nearly or quite all of these assrtciations have been abandoned^ 
a few oidy being kept together by the complexity of their inter- 
ests and obligations, which are ih»t readily ad.iu3ted. A statement 
showing the operation of these associations was reported by a spe- 
cial legislative connnittee in \%b^.~Asstm. Doc., 1856, iVo. 4t>,jj. 16. 
* This act relates to Marine Insurance Companioa which mak» 
no report. .\ list of them will bo found in tho gQueral liati}e 
Insurance Couipanics, pp. 83 to 89. 



82 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



8. " An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to JVavigT^^te tlie Ocean by 
Steamsltips" was passed April 12, 1852.i 

9. "An Act to authorize the formation of Companies for Ferry Purposes" was passed 
April 9, 1853.2 

10. " An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to IVavi^ate the fVaters of 
L.ake George by Steamboats" was passed January 14, 1854.' 

11. " An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to IVavigate tlie liakes and 

Rivers" was passed April 15, 1854. Cos. report annually to the State Engineer and Surveyor.* 

1 Previous to 1862, Steamship Cos. were incorp. by special acts; since that time they have organized under the general act. 

Ocean Steam Navigation Companies. 



Names of Companies. 


Date of Or- 
gariizalion. 


Capital. 


Names op Companies. 


Dale nf Or- 
ganisation. 


Capilal. 




Dec. 26. 1853 
/Feb. 23. 1839.) 
i& May 8. 1845/ 
Jan. 6, 1854 
May 26, 1855 
Oct. 1, 1858 
Oct. 1, 1859 
Jnly 7, 1852 
Jan. 26, 1863 
Oct. 27, 1852 
April 19, 1828 
March 16, 1853 
Sept. 6, 1853 
March 11, 1853 
Jan. 14. 1859 


$55,000 

2,000,000 

300,000 
686.000 
600,000 

400,000 
1,500,000 

120,000 

160,000 
1,600,000 
1.000,000 

100,000 


N. Y. & Havre Steamship Co 


Jiin. 1.3, 1855 
Jan. 16, 1859 
Sept. 12. 18.54 
April 14, 1827 
Sept. 29, 1863 
April 10,1850 
M.iy 1, 1839 
May 8,1 S46 
May 6, 1839 
AprU 7, 1S19 
Dec. 26, 1853 
March 17, 1863 
June 25, 1869 
March 13, 1864 
March 8, 1866 


$700,000 

360,000 

100.000 

600.000 

300.000 

1,500,000 

1,000,000 

1,000.000 

2.50,000 

1,000,000 

60,000 

loo.oon 

160,000 


Amer. Atlantic Steam Nav. Co.... 
Amsterdam Steamship Co 


N. Y. & Matanzas Steamship Co.... 
N. Y. & New Orleans Steamsliip Co. 
X. Y. South American Steamboat Co 

N. Y. & Southern Steamship Co 

N. Y. & Virginia Steamship Co 

North .\merican Steam Nav. Co.... 


Cal., N.Y., & Europ. Steamship Co. 
Cal., N.Y., & Kurop. Steamship Co. 
Cent. Amer. & Cal. Steamship Co- 
Mexican Oc^*an Mail & Inland Co. 
N. T., Bait. & Alex. Steamship Co.. 

N. T. & Boston Steamboat Co 

N, y. 4 California Steamsliip Co... 
N. T. & Galway Steamship Co.... 
N. Y. Harbor Steam Freight Co... 
N. Y. 4 Havana Steamship Co..-. 








Staten Island & N.J. Steam Nav. Co. 
U. S. & Cent. American Transit Co. 
U.S. & Liberia Steamship Co 


W. India & Venezuela Steamship Co 



S The Ferry Companies axe required to report annually to the Secretary of State ; but the reports are not published. 

Feny Companies formed under the General Act. 



Names of Companies. 


Pate, of Or. 
ganization. 


Capital. 


Names op Companies. 


Date nf Or- 
ganization. 


Oipital 




Feb. 26, 1855 
Nov. 7, 1864 
April 19, 1863 

June 29,1859 
Jan. 21, 1854 

May 9, 1859 
June 20, 1860 


$100,000 

3,000 

600,000 

12,000 


People's Ferry Co. (N. Y. to Wil- 


April 21,1853 
Sept. 5, 1863 
May 7, 1863 

April 26.18,63 
April 26, 1S66 
Oct. 26, 1863 
Nov. 9, 1854 


$300,000 
60.000 
8,000 

250,000 

100 

900,000 

800.000 


EsopuB & Hyde Park Ferry Co... 

Fort Montgomery Ferry Co 

Flushing. College Point & N. Y. 


Piermont & Dearman Ferry Co..... 

Rliinebeck & Kingston Ferry Co... 

Kosevelt & Briiige St. Ferry Co. 

(N Y to Brooklyn) 


Garrison A West Point Ferry Co. 
Long Island Ferry Co. (N. Y. & 


Sidney & Unadilla Ferry Co. 


Staten Island & N. Y. Ferry Co 

Union Ferry Co. of Brooklyn 











3 The only Company formed under this act is the Lake George Steamboat Co., incorp. Jan. 20, 1S54. It has a capital of $20,000. 
* Inland S^eam. Kav'tgailon Companies. 



Names op Companies. 



American Steamboat Co 

American TransportrUi' n Co." 

Archimedean Propeller Co 

Black Hiver Steamboat Co 

Black River Steamboat Co 

Blanchanl Steamboat Co 

Buffalo k Toledo Transportation Co, 
Catskill Steamboat Transport. Co., 
Cayuga Lake & Inlet Steamboat Co, 

Chautauqua Steamboat Co 

Crooked Lake Steamboat Co 

Dutchess & Orange Steamboat Co. 

Essex Steam Navigation Co 

Flushing Steamboat Co 

Fulton Steamboat Co 

Harlem A New York Nav. Co 

Hudson River Steamboat Co 

Hudson Kiver Steamboat Co 

Lake Cbamplain Steamboat Co.6... 
Lake Cbamplain Steamboat Navi- 
gation Co 

Lake Erie Steamboat Co 

Lake Erie Transportation Co 

Lake Erie & Buffalo Steamboat Co. 
Lake Ontario Steamboat Co^ 



Date of 
Ofganizatimi. 


Capital. 


Feb. 3, 1858 


$80,000 


Jan. 11, 1865 


640.000 


June 1, 1859 


200,000 


April 12,1S4S 


26,000 


April at, 1866 


10,000 


Feb. 25, 1856 


25,000 


May 6, 18.66 


120,000 


Aug. 1.5.18.54 


20,000 


Feb. 25, 1828 


60,000 


May 4, 1829 


10.000 


April 18.1826 


6.000 


April 20. 1826 


100,000 


April 24, 1S29 


20,000 


April 21. 1829 


1.5,000 


April IS. 1816 


250,000 


Jan. 14. 1866 


27.000 


April 20,1825 


200,000 


Sept. 16, 1866 


20,000 


March 12, 1813 


200,000 


May 11, 1835 


100.000 


March 10, 1820 


114.000 


Nov. 20, 1866 


100.000 


March 23, 1859 


50.000 


Jan. 28, 1831 


100,000 



Names of Companies. 



Lake Navigation Co 

New York Transportation Co.... 

New York & Albiiny Propeller Line 

New York & Western Towing Co.., 

Niagara Falls Steamboat Assoc 

Northern Tmnsportation Co 

Northern Tran.'^portation I-ioe 

North niver Steamboat Co."^ 

Old Oswego Line 

Oneida Lake & River Steamboat 
Co.« 

Ontario Steam & Canal Boat Co/..-. 

Ontario Steamboat Co 

Ontario & St. Lawrence Steam- 
boat Co.* 

Orangetown Point Steamboat Co... 

Poughkeepsie Steamboat Co 

St. Lawrence Steamboat Co 

Seneca Lake Steamboat Co 

Suffolk Steamboat Co 

Susquehanna Steam Navigation Co. 

Troy Steamboat Co 

United States Mail Steamship Go... 

Western Transportation Co 



Dati- of 
Organization. 


Capital. 


Feb. 20, 1856 


500,000 


April 15, 1864 


100,000 


Dec. 1, 1856 


40.000 


Sept. 21, 1857 


66,000 


Sept. 2. 1854 


60,000 


Feb. 6. 1866 


300,000 


April 6, 18.57 


59,500 


March 10, 1820 


600,000 


May 2, 1856 


300,000 


April 2. 1838 


10,000 


1842 




May 12, 1369 


100,000 


1848 




April 16.1830 


10.000 


March 30, 1827 


60,000 


1842 




April 6, 1826 


20,000 


March 25, 1829 


8,000 


May 11, 1836 


60,000 


March 31, 1825 


80,000 


AprU 6, 


1,600,000 


Dec. 8, 1865 


800,000 



« Capital retluced to S270.O0O Jan. 15. 1859. I 

* Charter expired April 11, 1838. The first steamboat on 
Lake Champlaiu wag in ISIO. 
« Merged in the Ontario & St. Lawrence Steamboat Co. in 1S48. | 

Exclusive individual and corporate rights for steam naviga- 
tioq upon the waters of this State have been granted und^r 
special acts, as follows : — An act was passed March 10, 1797, 
(ranting to John Fitch the sole right of steam navigation in 
the waters of the State for a period of fourteen years. Having 



d Charter expired April 11, 1S3S. 

« Charter limited to 20 years. Reincorporated April 12, 1842. 
/ Merged in the Ontario & St. Lawrence Steaniboat Co. in 1848. 
ff Merged in the American Steamboat Co. in 1858. 

done nothing for ten years, this act was repealed in 1798. An 
act was passed March 27, 179S. granting to Robert R. Livingston 
the sole right of navigating by steaui for twenty years, con- 
ditioned to building a boat of at least 20 tons, capaljle of moving 
four miles per hour against the current of Iludson River. This 



CORPORATIONS. 



83 



12. " An Act for the Incorporation of Associations for Improving tlie Breed of 

Horses" was passed April 15, 1854.' 

13. " An Act to facilitate the formation o/ Agricultural and Horticultural Socie- 
ties" was passed June 8, 1853, and amended April 15, 1855.^ 

Class II. includes all those whose certificates are required to be filed in the Comptroller's ofiice 

1. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation of lulfe and Healtb Insurance Com- 
panies, and in relation to Agencies of such Companies," was passed June 24, 1853.' 

2. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation o/Pire Insurance Companies" was passed 
June 25, 1853.* 





1 The followiue compauies have been formed under this act:- 


- 




Names. 


Place. 


When fcn-med. 




Newtown... 
Newtown... 

Goshen 

Jamaica.... 


Nov. 26, 1855 
Mav 29, 1854 
July 31, 18.o5 
July 31, 1858 




Orange County Central Horse Co. 









2 For Table of Agricultural SocietieB, see pp. 102, 103. 



privilege was extended two years, March 29, 1799, to enable 
Nicholas J. Kosevelt to complete experiments. By act pjissed 
iu 179S, Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton secured the 
exclusive right of navigating by steam for a period of twenty 
years ; and by an act passed April 11, 1808, an extension of five 
years was granted for each new boat — the whole time, however, 
not to exceed thirty years. This monopoly was contested in 
the State and Federal Courts, in a suit begun in 1819, and 
finally decidi;d in the Supreme Court of the U. S. in Feb. 1S24, 
as repugnant to the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to 
regulate commerce. So far as these acts prohibited vessels 
licensed by the laws of the United States from carrying on a 
coasting trade, they were void. — Johnson's ItfiJtyrtSf IV, I-IS ; 
Cowen's Reports, III, 713 ; Wheaton's Eeports, IX, 1. 

3 These companies report annually to the Comptroller. A list 
of them ia given in the general list of Insurance Companies. 

* These companies were formerly created by special acts, 
— generally for periods of 20, 21, or 30 years. Until about 1834 
they were almost invariably upon the joint stock principle. For 
many years this class of investments was considered extremely 
relialde, and large dividends were often paid to the stock- 
holders. The great fire in New York in Dec. 1835, proved a 
heavy disaster to almost all the Insurance companies then 
formed, and many of them were prostrated by it. This event 
soon led to the formation of Mutual Insurance Companies in 
almost every county in the State: most of these companies have 
since become insolvent. A graphic and truthful statement of 
the operations that ruined these companies is given in the Comp- 
trollers Report on Fire Insurance Cos. of 1854. A general law, 
passed April 10, 1849, provided for the incorporation of these 
companies, under which risks of every kind might be taken. 
The frauds pei^ietrated nndcr this system rendered a revision 
indispensable: and in 1853 two general laws were enacted, — one 
for the formation of companies for insurance of life and health, 
and the other against loss by fire, or inland navigation, and 
transportation. The articles of association (under the law of 
1849, required to be filed in tlie Secretary's office) were, by 



these acts, filed iu the Comptroller's office, and general powers 
wore conferred upon the Comptroller, with the view of protecting 
the public from any frauds that might be attempted, and t« 
secure the equal and uniform operation of the laws relating to 
insurance. Annual reports are made to the Comptroller, and by 
him to the Legislature, under each of these laws. Marine In- 
surance companies are still filed in the Secretary's office, but 
are required to make no report. 

Insurance companies formed under the laws of other States 
or countries cannot establish agencies in this State without 
first depositing with the Comptroller a certified copy of their 
charters, and of the vote or resolution creating the agency, a 
statement of their condition, and proof that their capital is 
equal to that required by the laws of this State, and, if a 
Life Insurance company, securities to the amount of $100,000, 
for the benefit of policy holders. Foreign Marine Insurance 
companies are required to pay 2 per cent, upon all premiums 
received by any agent; and a bond in the penal sum of $1,000 
is required of every agent of such companies for the pay- 
ment of this tax. This tax was first collected in 1858, and 
amounted to $3,742.55. Several companies are not required to 
report their statistics to the Legislature. The aggregate reports 
of Fire Insurance Companies for 1857 show the following 
results : — 

Capital invested $16,731,010.00 

Cash premiums received. ™. 6,051.304.87 

Gross amount of income 7,577,872.62 

Losses paid 2,898.106.11 

Dividends paid 2,240,434.72 

Taxes paid 243,062.79 

Gross expenditures 6,855,953.83 

Unpaid claims 968,083.00 

The following tables comprise the companies which have 
been incorporated under special acts or the general laws of the 
State. Foreign companies authorized to transact bufiineas in 
the State are not included in the list: — 



Insurance Companies in the State on Isi day of Jan. 1858, 



Name. 



^tna Fire Insurance Co. of New York.*... 

Adriatic Fire Insurance Co 

AcricuUural Mutual Insurance Co.* 

Albany Insurance Co.«. 

American Fire Insurance Co 

Arctic Fire Insurance Co 

Ast^ir Fire Insurance Co 

Aator Mutual Insurance Co 

Atbtntic Fire Insurance Co 

Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co , 

Beekman Fire Insurance Co 

Brovnort Fire Insurance Co , 

Broadway Insurance Co , 

Brooklyn Fire Insurance Co 

Chautauqua County Mutual Insurance Co. 

Citizens' Fire Insurance Co."* 

City Fire Insiu-anceCo 



Location. 



Now York... 
New York... 
Watertown 

Albany „. 

New York.., 
New York... 
New York.., 
Now York... 
Brooklyn.... 
New York.., 
New York.., 
New York.., 
New York.., 
Brooklyn..- 
Fredonia.... 
New York.. 
New York.. 



Date of Act, or 
of filing artir 
cles of associ- 
ation. 



March 31. 
Nov. 24, 
Sept. 25, 
March 8, 
Apfil 21. 
July 16, 
June 11. 
April 18. 
Feb. 20. 
April li; 
March 4. 
Feb. 
Oct. 
April 
April 
April 
April 



1824 
1858 
1851 
1811 
18.57 
1S53 



Expiration 
of charter. 



March 31, 
Nov. 24, 
Sept. 25. 
Feb. 18, 
April 21, 
July - - 



1851 [June 

1843 

1851 

1842 

1853 

1857 

1849 

1824 

1836 

1836 

1833 



1878 
1888 
1S81 
1881 
1887 
1883 
1881 



Feb. 

April 

March 

Feb. 

Oct. 

April 

April 

April 

April 



1881 
1872 
1883 
1S87 
1879 
1866 
1876 
1866 
1863 



S. 
S. 
M, 

S. 

s. 

S. 

s. 

M. 

s. 

M. 

S. 

s. 
s. 

S. 
M. 
S. 

s. 






f. 

f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
m. 
f.n. 
m. n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

f. 



Present 
capital of 

stock 
companies. 



$200,000 
150,000 

125,000 
200,000 
250,000 
150,000 

150,000 

200,000 
150.000 
200,000 
102,000 

150,000 
210,000 



a Reorganized Feb. 12, 1836, under act of Feb. 12, 1836. 

* Removed from Evans Mills April 10, 1855. 

• Reorganized Feb. 18. 1851. Capital, $100,000. Originally 
Albany Fire Insurance Co. Capital, $100,000, and allowed to 



take fire, marine, and life risks. Once extended. Expired 
June 1.1851. 
'^ Changed to Citizens' Fire Insurance Co. April 5, 1849. 



84 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 
Existing Insurance Companies, continued. 



iCliiiton Fire Insurance Co 

Columbia Fire Insurance Co 

Columbian Insurance Co 

Commercial Insurance Co 

Commercial Firo Insurance Co 

Commonwealth Firo Insurance Co 

Contineutiil Fire Ineurance Co 

Corn Exchange Fire & Inland Nav. Ins. Co 

Dividend Mutual Insurance Co 

Dutchess Co. Mutual Insurance Co 

Kagle Fire Company of New York.o 

East River Insurance Co.'' 

Empire City Insurance Co 

Empire Insurance Co 

Everett Fire Insurance Co 

Esceleior Fire Insurance Co 

Exchange Fire Insurance Co 

Farmers' Fire Insurance Co 

Farmers' Mutual Insurance Co 

Firemen's Fund Insurance Co 

Firemt-n's Insurance Co.c 

Franklin Co. Mutual Insurance Co 

Fulton Fire Insurance Co.<.-» 

Gallatin Fire Insurance Co 

Gebhard Fire Insurance Co 

Glen Cove Mutual Insurance Co 

Globe Mutual Insurance Co 

Goodhue Fire Insurance Co..- 

Great Western Marine Insurance Co 

Greenwich Insurance Co 

Grocers' Fire Insurance Co 

H;ijniIton Fire Insurance Co.*. 

Hanover Fire Insurance Co 

Harmony Fire InsuraDce Co 

Home Fire Insurance Co 

Homestead Fire Insurance Co 

Hope I'"ire Insurance Co. (The) 

Howard Insurance Co./. 

Humboldt Fire Insurance Co 

Huntinpton IMutual Fire Insurance Co.ff 

Income Insurance Co 

Indi-mnity Fire Insurance Co 

Irving Fire Insurance Co 

Jamestown Farmers' Fire Insurance Co 

Jeft'eison Insurance Co 

Kings County Fire Insurance Co 

Kingston Mutual Insurance Co 

Knickerbocker Life Insurance Co. 

Knickerbocker Fire Insurance Co. of N. Y." 

Lafarge Fire Insurance Co 

Ija Fayette Fire Insurance Co 

Laman Fire Insurance Co 

Lenox Fire Insurance Co 

Long Island Insurance Co 

Lorillard Fire Insurance Co 

Manliattan Life Insurance Co 

Manhattan Fire Insurance Co.*. , 

Market Fire Insurance Co , 

Mechanics' Mutual Insurance Co 

Mechanics' Fire Insurance Co 

Mechanics' k Traders' Fire Insurance Co , 

Mercantile Fire Insurance Co 

Mercantile IMutual Insiirance Co , 

Merchants' Insurance Co , 

Metropolitan Fire Insurance Co , 

M->nroe Co. Mutual Insurance Co 

Montauk Fire Insurance Co , 

Montgomery Co. Mutual Insurance Co , 

Mutual Ins. Co. of the City and Co. of Albany.. 

Mutual Life Insurance Co. 

Nassau Fire Insurance Co 

National Fire Insurance Co.J 

New Amsterdam Fire Insurance Co 

New World Fire Insurance Co 

New York Uowery Fire Insurance Co 

New York Equitable Insurance Co.* 



New York..„ 

New York 

New York..„ 

Albany _ 

New York..., 

New York.._ 

New York..- 

New York 

Olens Falls 

I'ouglikeepsie...., 

New York.,_ 

New York..- 

New York 

Union Springs... 
Cayuga co. N.Y. 

New York..- 

New York 

Meridian...... 

Buffalo 

New York..- 

New York..- 

Malone 

New York.. 

New York— 

New York..- 

GlenCoTO.., 

New York 

New York..- 

New York 

New York..., 

New York..- 

New York.. 

New York..- 

New York 

New York..- 

New York..- 

New York..- 

New York..- 

New York 

Huntington 

New York 

New York.— 

New York 

Jamestown , 

New York..- 

New York 

Kingston 

New York 

New York.... 

Now York 

Brooklyn 

New York , 

New York , 

Brooklyn 

New York , 

New York 

New York , 

New York 

Troy 

Brooklyn 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New York 

Rochester. 

Brooklyn 

Canajoharie 

Albany 

New York 

Brooklyn 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New York 



Daie of Act, or 
of filing arti' 
d^ of associa- 
tion. 



July 9, 
March 9, 
Ang. 8, 

May 14, 



March 

Feb. 

April 

April 

April 

April 

Sept. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Jnly 

May 

April 

May 

May 

April 

May 

Feb, 

Aug. 

Aug. 

March 

March 

Aug. 

Aug. 

May 

Jan. 

May 

April 

Dec. 

April 

Dec. 

June 

Slarch 

May 

April 

April 

April 

Jan. 

Aug. 

March 

Oct. 

March 

March 

March 

May 

Dec. 

Dec. 

April 

April 

Jan. 

May 

March 

Jan. 

May 

May 

Feb. 

Dec. 

April 

Feb. 

Oct. 

March 

May 

March 

May 

April 

Oct. 

April 

Feb. 

Oct. 

April 

April 



1850 
1S53 
1857 
1858 
1850 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1850 
1S36 
1S06 
1S33 
1850 
1861 
1858 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1S45 
185S 
1825 
1836 
1853 
1857 
1S57 
1857 
1855 
1857 
1855 
1834 
1850 
1852 
1852 
1853 
1853 
1S58 
1856, 
1825 
1S.5' 
1838 
1858 
1856 
1852 
1851 
1834 
1858 
1836 
1853 
1798 
1853 
1856 
1856 
1853 
1833 
1852 
1850 
1821 
1853 
1836 
1857 
1853 
1851 
1842 
1850 
1852 
1836 
1857 
1836 
1836 
1842 
1851 
1838 
1853 
1856 
1833 
1823 



Expiration 
of charter. 



July 9, 1880 
March 9, 1883 
Aug. 8, 1887 

March 14, 1880 
1883 
March 9,1883 
Feb. 16, 1883 
April 15,1880 
April 12, 1876 
Unlimited. 



Dec. 
July 
May 



Sept. 17, 1880 
Dec. 22, 1881 
15, 18S8 
25, 1883 
20, 1883 
April 23,1883 
May 14, 1865 
May 1, 1888 

May 12. 1876 
Feb. 23, 1883 
Aug. 11, 1887 
Aug. 6, 1887 
March 29, 1877 
March 22, 1885 
.Aug. 29. 1887 
29, 1885 
5,1864 
16, 1880 
22, 18S2 
1, 1882 
1883 
11, 1883 
15, 1888 
16, 1886 
16, 1866 
5, 1887 
2, 1858 



Aug. 

May 

Jan. 

May 

April 

Dec. 

April 

Dec. 

June 

Jnne 

May 

April 



April 11. 1886 
Jan. 9, 1882 
Aug. 25, 1881 



March 12, 1876 
March 29, 1883 



9, 1883 

3, 1886 
10, 1886 

1, 1883 
April 26,1863 
Jan. 16, 18S2 

17. 1880 
1866 

26, 18S3 

14. 1876 

5. 188' 

4, 1883 

24. 1881 
April 12,1872 
Feb. 20, 1880 
Oct. 1, 1882 
March 21, 1876 
May 19, 1887 
March 30, 1876 
May 3, 1886 

Till repealed. 
Oct. 31, 1881 

Fe'b."""28, 1883 
Oct. 13, 1886 
April 24, 1863 



May 
Dec. 
Dec. 
April 



May 

Jan. 
May 

May 
Feb. 
Dec. 



.!-1 


Sll 






55^ 


^•^^ 


8. 


f.n. 


S. 


f.n. 


S. 


m. 


S. 


f.n. 


S. 


f.n. 


S. 


f n. 


s. 


f.n. 


M. 


f n. 


M. 


f. 


S. 


i. 


s. 


i. 


s. 




M. 




S. 


f.n. 


s. 


f. 


8. 


f.n. 


M. 


f.n. 


M. 


i. 


S. 


fn. 


S. 


t. 


M. 


f. 


8. 


f n. 


S. 


f.n. 


8. 


f n. 


M. 


f n. 


M. 


m. 


S. 


fn. 


S. 


m. 


8. 


f. 


S. 


f. 


8. 


f. 


S. 


£ 


8. 


f.n. 


8. 


f.n. 


8. 


f.n. 


S. 


f n. 


S. 


f.n. 


S. 


f.n. 


M. 


f n. 


8. 




8. 


f.n. 


8. 


f.n. 


M. 


f.n. 


S. 


f. 


8. 


f.n. 


M. 




S. 


I. 


S. 




8. 


f.n. 


8. 


f.n. 


S. 


fn. 


8. 


f n. 


S. 


f. 


8. 


f n. 


S. 


1. 


s. 


f n. 


s. 


f.n. 


M. 


t 


8. 


f.n. 


S. 


f.n. 


S. 


f.n. 


M. 


m. n. 


S. 


f.n. 


S. 


f.n. 


M. 


f 


8. 


f n. 


M. 


f. 


M. 


t. 


M. 


1. 


S. 


fn. 


8. 


f.n. 


S. 


f.n. 


8. 


f.n. 


S. 


f. 


8. 


f.1. 



Present 
capital of 

stock 
companies. 



5260,000 
200,000 
600,000 

200,000 
2.50,000 
200,000 
200,000 



300,000 
150,000 
200,000 

150,000 
200,000 
160,000 



150,000 
20i,000 

150,000 
150.000 
200,000 

300,000 
200,000 
1,000,000 
200,000 
200,000 
160.000 
200,000 
160.000 
600,000 
160,000 
150,000 
250,000 
200,000 

100.000 
150,000 
200,000 

200,000 
150,000 

100.000 
280,000 
160,000 
150,000 
200,000 
160,000 
200,000 
200.000 
112.000 
260,000 
200,000 

160.000 
200,000 
200,000 

200,000 
300,000 



136,000 
160,000 
200,000 
200,000 
200,000 
300,000 
210,000 



<' Original capital ^600,000. Special relief on account of fire 
Bf July 19, 1845. granted by act of May 12, 1846. 

6 Organized March, 1835. Allowed to take inland transporta- 
tion riaks April 29, 1840. Changed to East River Mutual In- 
turance Co. April 12, 1842. 

e Original capital $300,000, reduced May 12, 1846, by the fire 
of July, 1845. 

d Allowed to remove from Williamsburgh April 13, 1855. 
Changed from Williamsburgh City Fire Insurance Co. 

• Changed from Building Association Fire Insurance Co. 
Uarcb 8, 1853. 



/Reorganized 1836. Original capital $300,000. 

It Organized March, 1840, under act March 12, 1840. 

* Changed from Mutual Insurance Co. of the City of New 
York. May 12. 1846, having been twice extended. Originally 
named the Mutual Insurance Co. of New York. 

» Reorganized June 7, 1836. 

i Changed May 24, 1841, from Seventeenth Ward Fire In- 
surance Co. Amended charter March, 1857. 

* Reduced fi-om $300,000 Feb. 18, 1848. 



CORPORATIONS. 
Existing Insurance Companies, continued. 



85 



Name. 



New York Fire and Marine Insurance Co.a 

New York Indemnity Insurance Co.* 

New York Life Insurance Co." 

New York Life Insurance & Trust Co 

New York Mutual Insurance Co 

New York & Krie Insurance Co.- 

Niagara Fire Insurance Co 

North American Insurance Co 

Northern New York Mutual Insurance Co 

North River Insurance Co.<^. 

North Western Insurance Co.". 

Ocean Insurance Co/..- 

Ocean Insurance Co 

Ontario & Livingston Co. Mutual losurance Co.... 

Orange Co. Mutual Insurance Co..-- 

OrientMutual Insurance Co 

Pacific Fire Insurance Co 

Pacilic Mutual Insurance Co 

Park Fire Insurance Co * 

People's Fire Insurance Co 

Peter Cooper Fire Insurance Co 

Phoenix Fire Insurance Co 

Pou:4:hkeepsie Mutual Fire Insurance Co 

Relief Fir« Insurance Co.-- 

Republic Fire Insurance Co 

Resolute Fire Insurance Co 

Richmond County Mutual Insurance Co 

Rutgers Fire Insurance Co 

St. Lawrence Co. Mutual Insurance Co 

St. Marks Fire Insurance Co....- 

St. Nicholas Insurance Co..- 

Schenectady Insurance Co.? 

Security Fire Insurance Co 

Star Insurance Co 

Stuyvesant Insurance Co 

Suffolk County Mutual Insurance Co...., 

Sun Mutual Insurance Co 

Tradesmen's Fire Insurance Co 

Union Mutual Insurance Co 

United States Fire Insurance Co 

United States Life Insurance Co 

Wall St. Fire Insurance Co 

Washington Insurance Co _ 

Waterville Protection Insurance Co 

Wayne County Mutual Insurance Co 

Westchester County Mutual Insurance Co 

Western Farmers' Mutual Insui-ance Co 

Williamsburgh City Fire Insuriince Co.- 

Wyoming County Mutual Insurance Co 



New York 

Albany 

New York 

New York 

New York 

Middletown. 

New York 

New York 

Plattsburgh 

New York 

Oswego 

New York 

New York 

West Bloomfield. 

Goshen 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New Y'ork 

Brooklyn 

Poughkeepsie 

New York 

New York 

New York 

Richmond 

New York 

Ogdensburgh 

New York 

New York 

Schenectady 

New York 

Ogdensburgh 

New York 

Southold 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New York 

New Y'ork 

New Y'ork 

New York 

Waterville 

Newiirk 

New Rochelle ..... 

Batavia. 

Williamsburgh.... 
Warsaw 



Date of act, or 
of filing arti- 
cUs of associa- 
tion. 



April 18, 
July 29, 
May 21, 
March 9, 
March, 
Nov. 29, 
June 22, 
Jan. 1, 
Sept. 18, 
Feb. 6, 
April 26, 
Jan. 29, 
April 3, 
March 21, 
March 16, 
Jan. 18, 
AprU 17, 
Dec. 18, 
Feb. 1, 
April 22, 
March 30, 
M.arch 14, 
July 30, 
Dec. 17, 
March 22, 
July 10, 
March 30, 
Sept. 12, 
May 12, 
July 14, 
July 23, 
May 26, 
Juno 20, 
Nov. 30, 
Jan. 7, 
April 30. 
May 22, 
Dec. 20, 
May 14, 
March 31, 
Jan. 20, 
Oct. 19, 
Feb. 11, 
Feb. 3, 
April 1, 
March 14, 
April 23, 
Dec. 13, 
Nov. 25, 



1832 
1861 
1841 
1830 
1851 
1S62 
1850 
1836 
1852 
1822 
1832 
1863 
1856 
1836 
1837 
1859 
1861 
1854 
1863 
1851 
1863 
1863 
1860 
1865 
1852 
186: 
1836 
1853 
1831 
1863 
1862 
1841 
1866 
1863 
1861 
1836 
1841 
1868 
1845 
1824 
1850 
1858 
1860 
1861 
1853 
1837 
1844 
1862 
1851 



Expiration 
of charter. 



April 18,1862 
July 29. 1881 
Unlimited 
Unlimited 
March, 1881 
Nov. 29. 1882 
June 22, 1880 



Sept. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
April 



April 
Dec. 
Feb. 
April 



18. 1882 
6, 1862 
1, 1877 

29. 1883 
3, 1885 

March 20, 1876 
March 16, 1877 
Jan. 18, 18S9 
7, 1881 

18. 1884 

1. 1883 
11, 18,81 

March 30, 1883 
March 14, 1883 
July 80, 1880 
Dec. 17, 1886 
March 22, 1882 
July 10, 1887 
March 30, 1876 
Sept. 12, 1883 
May 12, 1876 
14, 1883 

23. 1882 
26, 1891 
20, 1886 

30. 1883 
7, 1881 

30. 1876 
22, 1861 
20, 1888 
14. 1876 

1. 1884 
26, 1880 
19, 1888 
11, 18S0 

3, 1881 
1, 1883 
March 14. 1877 
AprU 23,1864 
Dec. 12, 1882 
Nov. 25, 1881 



July 

July 

M.ay 

June 

Nov. 

Jan. 

April 

May 

Dec. 

May 

April 

Jan. 

Oct. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

April 



■SI 



M. 
M. 
S. 
S. 
M. 
S. 



gS'B 



f.m. 
f.n. 

1. 

1. 
m. n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 

f. 

f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
m. 
f. m. n. 

f. 

f 
m. n. 
f.n. 
m. n. 
f n. 
f n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f n. 
f.n. 
f n. 

f. 
f.n. 

f. 

f n. 
f n. 

f. 

f n. 
f n. 

f. 

f. 

f. m. n 

f.n. 

f m. 

f. 

1. 

f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 

f. 

f. 

f 

f. 



Present 
capital qf 

stock 
companies. 



5200,000 

108.800 
100,000 



200,000 
250,000 

350,000 
150,000 
300,000 
300,000 



200,000 

200,000 
160.000 
160.000 
200,000 
100,000 
160,000 
160.000 
200,000 

200,000 

150,000 
150,000 

200.000 
150.000 
200,000 



150,000 

260.000 
100,000 
200,000 
200,000 



160,000 



<» Changed from New York Fire Insurance Co. May 10, 1847, 
^nd allowed to take marine risks. 

6 Removed from Broadalbin April 15, 1867. 

c Changed from Nautilus Insurance Co. April 6, 1849. and 
limited to life risks. First organized April 12, 1845, and allowed 
m. n. and t. risks. Capital, $200,000. 



<* Reorganized July 18, 1862. Originally allowed marme risks, 
e Organized Jan. 1834. 
/ Enjoiuder. 

ff Changed from Schenectady County Mutual Insurance Co. 
April 7, 1858. 



Obsolete Insurance Companies in tlie State, 


Jan. 1, 1859. 


VJlXE. 


Location. 


Date of act of 

incorporation 

or of fling 

articles. 


°1 
11 


Remarks, 

1 




Utica. 


March 14, 1851 
May 3, 1836 
April 13,1857 
April —,1857 
April 30,1839 
April 10, 1843 
AprU 18,1825 

June 18,1812 

June 12,1856 
Sept. 6, 1862 

March 30, 1832 
April 23, 1850 
April 1, 1843 
AprU 6, 1826 

Feb. 27, 1824 


M. 
M. 
M. 

f.- 
M. 

S. 

S. 

M. 
M. 

M. 
S. 

S. 


f.m. 
f.n. 

m. 

f. 
f.m. 

m. 


Receiver appointed Jan. 1864. 

Closed. 

Closing business. No receiver. 

Cap. $260,000. 

Cap. $300.000, 21 years; AprU 20,1832, 

$200,000, 30 years. 
Successor to Marine Ins. Co., 15 years, 

from May 12 : cap. $250,000. In 1814, 

marine, not exceeding $1,000,000. 

Extended to May 12, 1867. Closed 

in 1846. 

Receiver appointed April, 1865. 

Receiver appointed Dec. 1854. 

Changed from La Fayette Ins. Co. of 
the City of New York. 

Cap. $.600,000. Discon. in 1828; al- 
lowed to close up and reorganize 
new company. 


Albany County Mutual Ins. Co 

Allegany Mutual Insurance Co 

Allegany County Mutual Ins. Co 


Albany 








Alliance Mutual Insurance Co 

American Fire Ins. Co. of Now York.. 

American Ins. Co. of New York 

American Insurance Co. of the City 






New York 






Utica. 


American Miinufacturers' Mutual 


New York 


American Mutual Insurance Co 

American Mutual Insurance Co 


Amsterdam 




Atlantic Insurance Co. of New York.. 


New York 





NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Dale of ad of 

incorporation 

or 0/ filing 

articles. 


N 


Remarks. 


Atlas Insurance Co. of New York.... 




April 8, 1825 
April 14,1836 
April 10, 1843 
March 14, 1825 
AprU 24,1833 
AprU 10,1837 
May 25, 1836 
April 3, 1844 
April 1, 1830 
March 17, 1.837 
May 3, 1852 

March 14, 1825 

May 25, 1836 
May 17, 1837 
March 20, 1837 

April 16,1822 
April 29, 18.39 
AprU 2, 183S 
May 3, 1838 
AprU 12, 1842 

AprU 26,1831 

May 4, 1,S29 
May 12, 1836 
May 12, 1836 

May 25, 1836 

March 21, 1801 
June 4, 1851 
April 4, 1805 

AprU 12,1842 

May 12, 1836 
April 10, 1849 
April 10,1843 
May 9. 1S37 
April 15, 1814 
AprU 25,1836 

April 30. 1S36 
AprU 6, 1839 
Dec. 8, 1,849 
Aug. — , 1855 

Feb. 28, 1822 
Judo 26, 1861 

Oct. 29, 1850 

May 13, 1845 
April 13, 1836 

April 3, 1831 
AprU 29,1833 

March 13, 1818 

April 2. 1819 
March 6, 1851 

AprU 12,1852 

AprU 2. 1819 
May 14. 1840 
May 25. 1841 
May 3, 1836 

March 4,1839 
May 2, 1837 

March 18, 1814 

June 6, 1852 
Oct. 21, 1852 

March 30. 1836 
March 31. 182J 
April 2.5, 1862 
AprU 24, 1833 

AprU 25,1836 


s. 
s. 

M. 
S. 

s. 

M. 
S. 

s. 

M. 

S. 

s. 
s. 

M. 
M. 

S. 

s. 

M. 
M. 
M. 

S. 

S. 
M. 
M. 

S. 

s. 
"s." 

s. 

M. 
M. 

M. 

S. 

s. 
s. 

M. 

s. 

'M. 
S. 

M. 
S. 

s. 
s. 

s. 
s. 

M. 

s. 
s. 

M. 
M. 

3. 
S. 

S. 

M. 
M. 

M. 
S. 
S. 
S. 

S. 


m. 

Ul. 

m. 
f. n. 
f. 

f. 

£m. n. 

f. n. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

{'• 
f. 1. m. 

f. 1. n. 

f. m. n. 

f. m. n. 
m. 

f. 
f. 

{ 

I 

f. 1. ann. 

f. m. n. 
f.n. 

m. 
f. 

f. 


Cap. $.300,000. 

Cap. $360,000. KevlTcd April 14, 1833. 

Cap. $160,000. 
Cap. $300,000. 

Cap. $150,000. 
Cap. $150,000. 
Cap. $100,000. 

Changed March 8, 1853, to HamUton 

Fire Insurance Co. 
Cap. $300,000. RoTived AprU 21, 1823, 

cap. $150,000. 
Cap. $300,000. 

Closed business in 1853. 

Cap. $400,000. 
Cap. $250,000. 

Cap. $300,000; time extended 1832-33. 

Cap. $300,000. 

Receiver appointed Jan. 1S54. 

Cap. $300,000. Revived April 6, 1839, 

cap. $250,000. 
Cap. $500,000. 

Eeceiver appointed Jan. 1853. 
Cap. $250,000. Extended 21 years 

April 3, 1811. 
Changed June 16, 1853, to Commercial 

Mutual Insurance Co. 
Closed about 1852. 

Cap. $250,000. 
Cap. $200,000. 

Original cap, $300,000. Changed to 
Trust Fire Ins. Co. April 25, 1839. 

Cap. $250,000. 

Receiver appointed June 1855. 

Enjoined Dec. 28, 1855 ; injunction re- 
moved Jan. 81, 1856. Closing. 

Cap. $500,000. 

Receiver appointed Nov. 1854. 

Cbangii'd to Rochester Insurance Co. 
March 20, 1862. 

Receiver appointed. 

Cap. $500,000; reduced to $200,000 

April 21. 1837. 
Cap. $150,000. M. risks allowed AprU 

20, 1S32. To expire June, 1S61. 
Cap. $150,000. Changed to Brooklyn 

Firemen's Ins. Co. May 26, 1836. 
Cap. $500,000. Reduced one-half. 1828. 

Continued in 1835 to '66. Reduced 

by the great fire of 1835. 

Cap. $500,000. 

Receiver appointed June, 1855. 

Receiver appointed Sept. 1854. 

Cap. $500,000. 
Cap. $250,000. 

Receiver appointed Oct. 1851. 

Cap. $250,000. 

Cap. $500,000. Company of Uke name 
incorp. July 24, 1851. cap. $200,000. 

Cap. $1,000,000. Reduced one-Lalf 
March 17. 1S36. 

Receiver appointed August, 1855. 

Removed from Utica April. 1S59. Re- 
ceiver appointed Feb. 1856. 

Cap. $'250,000. 
Cap. $300,000. 

Cap. $500,000. 


New York 




New York 








New York« 




BrooklyD Firemen's Insurance Co... 






Buffalo Fire k Marine Insurance Co. 






Building Association Fire Ins. Co 




New York 


Canal Ins. Co. of the City of NewYork 
Cattaraugus County Mutual Ins. Co. 

Cayuga County Mutual Ins. Co 

Chatham Fire Insurance Co. of the 


New York 


Ellicottville 


NewYork 






Chemung County Mutual Ins. Co 






Cherry Valley.... 


Clinton Fire Insuritnce Co. of the 
City of New York 


Clinton Insurance Co. in the City of 




Clinton & Essex Mutual Ins. Co 

Columbia County Mutual Ins. Co 

Columbi;in Fire Insurance Co. of 1 
the City of New York J 


Keeseville 






New Tork 




Amsterdam 






New York 


Cijrtland County Mutual Ins. Co 


Cortlandville 




New York. 


Dunkirk Marino Insurance Co 

Dutchesa County Insurance Co 

Eighth Ward Fire Insurance Co 

Eighth Ward Mutual Insurance Co.. 




Poughkeepsie 

New York 




NewYork 

Saratoga Springs 


Empire State Mutu:iJ Insurance Co.. 


Farmers' Fire Ins. & Loan Co 

Farmers' Ins. Co. of Oneida County.. 
Farmers and Merchants* Ins. ) 

Co. of Western New York j 

Farmers* Mutual Insurance Co. of 


New York 


Utica 




Sherburne 

New York 


Fifth Ward Fire Insurance Co. of \ 
the City of New York f 

Firemen's Insurance Co. of thej 
City of Albany J 








New York 


Franklin Fire Insurance Co. in the 
City of New York 




Franklin Fire Ins. Co. of NewYork.. 
Franklin Marine &, Fire Insurance 


Saratoga Springs 
Saratoga Springs 


Fulton Fire Insurance Co. in the 












Girard Fire Insurance Co. of the 






New York 




New York 




Utica 






Greene County Mutual Insurance Co. 


Catskill 




Good Hope Ins. Co. of New York 




New York 


Hamilton Fire Insurance Co. of the 


New Vnrk____ 





CORPORATIONS. 



87 



Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


DaU of act of 

incorporation 

or of filing 

articles. 






1 

Remarks. 

1 


Hamilton Marino Insurance Co 




April 


4, 1838 


s. 
s. 

M. 

s. 

M. 

S. 

S. 

S. 

S. 
M. 

M. 

s. 
s. 

M. 

M. 

M. 
S. 
M. 

S. 
M. 
M. 

s. 

M.' 

M. 

S. 

"s." 

M. 

s. 

s. 
s. 
s. 

M. 
M. 

s. 

M. 

M. 

S. 

"s!" 
"s." 


f. m. Cap. $250,000. 

f. Changed to Harmony Fire & Marine 
Insurance Co. April 17, 1858. 

f. m. u. Changed from Harmony Fire Insu- 
rance Co. April 17, 1S6S. 
Keceiver appointed Dec. 1855. 
Receiver appointed 1853. 
Changed from New York Firemen's 
Insurance Co. Cap. $300,000. 

f. (Pictures, furniture, Ac.) Repealed AprU 17, 
1843. Changed to Merchants & 
Householders' Mutu.al Ins. Co. 

1. Discontinued issuing policies 1856 or 
'57. See Comp. Key 1869, p. 53. 

f. n. Cap. $200,000. Keduccl to $150,000 
April 17. 1843. 

f. Cap. $200,000. 

m. Cap. $300,000. 

f m. n. Receiver appointed Aug. 1854. 
f Business transferred to Hudson River 
I Marine & Fire Insurance Co. 

Cap. $600,000. 

Changed from Kings County Mutual 
Ins. Co. 
(f. m. Cap. $400,000. Reduced to $300,000 
J April 24, 1840. Reduced to $200,000 
1^ and tire risks allowed. 

Changed to International Ins. Co. 

AprU 11. 1846. 
Receiver appointed July. 1855. 
( Cap. $300,000. Changed to Anchor 
J Ins. Co. of the City of New York, 
1_ April 8, 1826. 

f. Took but one insurance. Never fully 
organized. 

Cap. $50,000. Revived May 2, 1835. 

Closed under act of Jan. 25, 1854. 

m. Cap. $300,000. 

m. Cap. $250,000. Closed up under act of 
June 18, 1812, by the American Ins. 
Co. of New York having become in- 
solvent, 
f Original cap. $500,000. Reduced to 
I $300,000 Jan. 12, 1828. 
f. 1. Caji. $300,000. Reduced to $260,000. 
Made assignment and diss. Jan. 1852. 
f Changed from Householders' Mutual 
\ Ins. Co. 

f. m. n. Cap. $250,000. 

Closed, 
f. m. Cap. $400,000. 
f. m. n. 

f Changed to Ocean Ins. Co. of the City 
\ of New York April 3, 1865. 
Cap. $250,000. 

Cap. .$500,000. Never organized. 
Cap. $.500,000. 

Receiver appointed Oct. 1854. 
Receiver appointed Jan. 18.55. 
Cap. $250,000. Revived April 17, 1826. 
f. Renewed 1808 as Mutual Ins. Co. of 
New Y'ork. Cap. $350,000. To con- 
tinue till repealed. Changed to 
Knickerbocker Fire Ins. Co. of New 
York May 1-2, 1S40. 
f. m. n. 
f. m. n. Cap. $200,000. 

f. n. 

f. m. Extended April 12, 1843. 

Receiver appointed Sept. 1855. 
1. m. n. Original cap. $100,000. 

Cap. $1.50.000. 

Receiver appointed Aug. 1855. 

April 5, 1849. changed to New York 
Life Ins. Co. and limited to life risks. 

Closing up. No new policies issued. 

Receiver appointed Sept. 1855. 
f. n. Cap. $'250,(IOO. 

Cap.$30O,OOO. SimUaractMay6,1844. 




Harmony Firo & Maiine Ins. Co 


New York 


Doc. 29. 1855 
April 28. 1836 
Jan. 20, 1S21 

May 25, 1841 

June 20,1852 

April 6, 1838 

April 4, 1811 

April 8, 1825 
Juno 1, 1862 

Aug. 8, 1850 

AprU 13, 18.36 
May 2, 1810 
Apiil 11, 1855 

AprU 23,1831 

March 8.1836 
April 15,1844 

May 15, 1852 

April 8, 1825 

Feb. 27, 1837 

Aprfl 29,1833 
April 30, 1S36 
March 23, 1830 

AprU 8, 1825 
March 16, 1802 

April 7, 1819 

AprU 2, 1810 
Feb. 4, 1850 

AprU 17,1843 

AprU 7, 1824 
Feb. 4, 1S51 
April 26,1836 
AprU 10,1843 

Jan. 29, 1853 

April 29,1839 
Oct. 2, 18.52 

April 3, isai 

June 27.1851 
June C, 1861 
March 0.1825 
March 23, 1708 

AprU 18,1843 
May 25, 1841 

May 7, 1844 
Apfil 17,1838 
May, 1855 
AprU 14,1815 
AprU 9, 1838 
Feb. 22, 1861 


Herkimer County Mutual Ins. Co.... 


Little Falls 




Householders' Mutual Insurance Co. 












New York 


Hudson Insurance Co. of the City of 




Hudson River Marine & Fire Ins. Co. 
Hudson River Mutual Insurance) 

Co. at Waterford j 

Indemnity Fire Insurance Co. of the 








Insumnce Company of Firemen 


Now York 




Jackson Marine Ins. Co. of the City \ 


New York 


Jefferson County Mutual Ins. Co 

Kings County Mutual Insurance Co. 


Watertown 


Waterford 


La Fayette Ins. Co. of the City of) 
New York ] 

Lewis County Mutual Insurance Co. 
Long Island Farmers' Ins. Co. in the 




Hempstead 


Long Island Mutual Insurance Co... 




Madison Marine Ids. Co. of the City 
of New York 




Marine Insurance Co. of Now York.. 

Mechanics'Tire Ins. Co. of the City) 
of New York / 


New York 




New York 


Merchants' Mutual Ins. Co. of Bnffiilo 
Merchants & Householders'Mutual) 

Ins. Co ; 

Merchants' Ins. Co. in tho City of 












Merchants' Marine Insurance Co.... 

Merchants' Mutual Insurance Co.... 

Metropolis Ins. Co. of the City of ) 

New York j 


New York 


New York 


Now York 


New York 






Mohawk Insurance Co. of New York 
Mohawk Valley Farmers' Ins. Co.... 




Scotia 


Amsterdam 




Mutual Assurance Co. of New York 

Mutual Insurance Co. of Buffalo 

Mutual Protection Insurance Co 

Mutual Protection Ins. Co. of Roches 


New York 


Buffalo 


\ew York . 


Rochester 




National Exchange Ineiirauce Co.... 








New York 


National Protection Insurance Co.... 


Saratoga Springs. 


New York Central Insurance Co 


Cherry Valley 


.Tan. 16, 18.51 
Nov. 13, 1852 
March 22, 1825 
AprU 5, lti24 




New York 

New York 


New York Contributionship Ins.Co." 





» The New York Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses & Property from Loss by Fire, incorp. April S, 1822, Changed 

to above. 



88 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. 



Naue. 


Location. 


Date of act of 

incorporatum 

or nf/ding 

ai-Ucks. 


1^ 


EemarlL-s. 


New York Fire Ins. Co. of the City 1 

of New York j 

Nsw York Protection Insurance Co- 
New York State Mutual Ins. Co 

New York Union Mutual Ins. Co 

New York firemen Insurance Co 

New York Guardian Tneurance Co... 


New York 

Rome 

Newark 

Johnstown 


July 23, 1849 

Oct. 31, 1849 
May 9, 1860 
March 2,1810 

April 6, 1838 
AprU 2, 1798 
AprU 14, 1826 
AprU 2, 1798 

Feb. 28, 1822 

March 28, 1809 
May 4, 1829 

AprU 8, 1825 

May 9, 1850 

April 11,1825 

AprU 22,1831 

April 13,1837 
AprU 8, 1836 

AprU 13,1826 
May 26, 1851 
July 8, 1851 
Sept. 17, 1862 
Nov. 14. 1851 
March 2,1810 

AprU 28,18.36 
March 23, 1832 
March 8,1863 
AprU 13,1836 
March 21, 1826 
AprU 7, 1819 
June 1, 1850 
AprU 28, 18.36 
AprU 14,1816 
AprU 20,1832 

AprU 10,1843 
Feb. 20, 1807 
March 29, 1823 

May 14. 1851 
AprU 8, 1826 
AprU 7,1824 

March 31, 1836 
April 29,1836 

AprU 15,18.52 
AprU 16,1819 
March 20, 1852 

May S, 1834 
July, 1852 
May 6, 1834 

May 26, 1841 

April 22,1831 
Dec. 3, 1850 
May 6, 1834 

AprU 12,1839 
April 29,1839 
AprU 9, 1838 

March 29, 1837 

Sept. 29, 1861 
Aug. 1854 

April 26,1833 
April 1, 1837 


M. 
M. 

S. 

S. 


"s!" 

M. 

M. 
S. 

S. 

M. 
S. 

M. 

S. 
M. 
M. 
S. 

s. 

"m.' 

s. 
s. 

..„.. 

s. 

M. 

S. 
S. 

M. 

"si" 

M. 

"ii'.' 
s. 

M. 

s. 
s. 

"s." 

s. 

M. 


j Changed May 10, 1847, to New York 
\ Fire & Marine Ins. Co. 

Made assignment Jan. 1852, and closed 
np. 

Receiver appointed. 

Receiver appointed July, 1855. 

Cap. $600,000. Closed by losses 1818 
and reorganized. Changed to Hope 
Ins. Co. Jan. 26, 1821. 

Cap. $300,000. 

Expired 1.S20. Extended to Jan. 1860. 
f.n. O.i' ^-■". 

C:r ■ 

f, Cij.,- J I'lianged AprU 15, 1823, 

\ to Life i fire Ins. Co. 

Changed from Sun Fire Ing. Co. Cap. 

$440,000. 
Cap. $400,000. Rerived AprU 25, 1831. 

Cap. $300,000. 

Cm. Cap. $250,000. Changed to Neptune 
■1 Bell Mutual Ins. Co. of New York, 
1 AprU 22, 1831. 

j"m. Clianged from Neptune Ins. Co. Cap. 
\ $250,000. Revived AprU, 1832. 

f. Cap. $250,000. Clanged from Phoenix 
Firelns.Co. Allowed to fcike inland 
navigation risks May 7, 1846. 

Cap. $300,000. 

Receiver appointed June, 1855. 

Receiver appointed Oct. 1854. 
m. n. Cap. $500,000. Extended to Jan. 1860. 
Capital reduced to $350,000. 

Closed, 
f. n. Cap. $260,000. 

Closed. 

Closing up. 
f. n. Cap. $250,000. 

Cap. $400,000. 

Receiver .appointed March, 1852. 

Cap. $500,000. 
f. Cap. $300,000. Reincorporated May 
3, 1839. Cap. $260,000. 

f. 1. m. n. Cap. $600,000. 

Original cap. $250,000. Changed to 
North America Fire Insurance Co.. 
AprU 8, 1836. 
Receiver appointed March, 1864. 
f. n. Cap. $100,000. 

Cap. $300,000. 

Keorganizcd Oct. 11, 1851. Receiver 

appointed Feb. 1855. 
Cap. $50,000. 
f. I. n. Cap. orijrin.ally, $500,000. Closed np. 
f. Changed from Farmers & Merchants' 

Insurance Co. of Western N. Y. 
f. 

f. Receiver appointed Jan. 1857. 
f. n. Cap. $100,000. Stopped issuing poli- 
cies by act May 25, 1841. 
Changed by dropping "County Mu- 
tual" AprU 7, 1858. Extended 30 
years. 
Revived May 9, 1836. 
Receiver appointed, 
m. n. Cap. $250,000. Time for final divi- 
dend extended 1840 to June 28, 1841. 
f. 

f. Cap. $250,000. 

f. n. Cap. $200,000. Changed to National 
Fire Insurance Co. May 24, 1841. 

Keceiver appointed Nov. 1856. 
Changed from Cooperstown Feb. 1855. 

Receiver appointed. 
Cap. $100,000. 


New York 








New York Marine Ineurauce Co 

New York Mechanics' Lil'e Ins. &\ 

Coal Co j" 

New York Mutual Insurance Co 


New York 






New Tork State Marine Ins. Co 

New York Union Mutual Ins. Co 

Neptune Ins. Co. of the City of New } 
York ; 

Neptune Bell Marine Ins. Co. of) 

New York / 

Niagara County Mutual Ine. Co 

North American Fire Insurance Co.. 








New Tork 




New York 




North American Mutual Ins. Co 

Northern New York Live Stock Ins.Co 
Northern New York Mutual Ins. Co. 
Northern Protection Insurance Co... 


Brasher Falls 

Plattsburgh 

riattsburgh 




Oneida County Mutual Ins. Co 


Utica 




Oneida Lake Mutual Insurance Co... 
Onondaga County Mutual Ins. Co 


Cleveland 

Baldwinsville 








Albion 


Oswego County Mutual Ing. Co 

Pacific Insurance Co. of New York... 






New York 






Phwnis Insurance Co. of New York 




New York 


People's Ins. Co. of the State of N. Y. 
Poughkeepsie Insurance Co 


Kingston 

Poughkeepsie 


Renovation Fire Insurance of the 
City of New York 




Rensselaer County Mutual Ins. Co..-. 


Lausingburgh ... 

Langingburgh ... 
Trov 


Rensselaer & Saratoga Ins. Co.*. 


Rochester 

Saratoga Springs 


Saratoga County Mutual Fire Ins. Co. 






Schenectady County Mutual Ins.Co. 

Schoharie Mutual Insurance Co 

Schoharie County Mutual Ins. Co 


Schenectady 


Cobleskill 






Waterloo . 


Seventh Ward Fire Insurance Co 

Seventeenth Ward Fire Ins.Co 








Steuben Farmers & Merchants' In- 




Susquehanna Fire Insurance Co.*..... 






Tioga County Mutual Insurance Co.. 


Owego 



» Capital reduced from $199,880.90 to $87,636.46 by the great Troy firo of 1820. Life insurance taken away in 1831. Directed 
to close up by act of AprU IS, 1843. l See Comptroller's Report, 1858, p. 45. 



CORPORATIONS. 



89 




Class III. includes those whose certificates are filed in the Banking Department. 

"An Ad to authorize the Business of Banking" was 

passed April 18, 1838, and was modified April 12, 1851, upon 
the creation of a Bank Department. Reports previously 
made to the Comptroller are now made to this Department. In 
1853 the articles of association previously filed in the Secre- 
tary's oifice were transferred to this department.' 

Individuals or copartners may obtain bills from the depart- 
ment for circulation as individual bankers, and are liable to 
the full extent of their property for the redemption of the 
notes and the payment of tlie debts of such private banks. 
The name of individual banks must now be that of their 
owners ; and the privilege cannot be sold, or the bills be signed by an agent. It may, however, be 

Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. 




Name. 



Date of act of 

incorporation 

or of filing 

articles. 




April 25, 1840 
March 9, 1825 


M. 

S. 


March 14, 1825 
AprU 4, 1838 


S. 

s. 


May, 1855 
AprU 6, 1831 


"s!" 


May 7, 1844 
AprU 26,1830 
Jan. 29, 1853 


s. 


April 25,1839 


s. 


May 12, 1836 


M. 


AprU 24,1833 
March 18, 1818 


s. 
s. 


May 21, 1850 


M. 


May 14, 1840 
M,-vrch 10, 1798 


s. 
s. 


March 31, 1837 


s. 


Nov. 8, 1850 
reb. 22, 1861 
March 29, 1816 


M. 
M. 


April 12,1852 
AprU 22,1807 


S. 
M. 


April 29,1839 
AprU 24,1832 


S. 
S. 


AprU 27,1833 


s. 


March 30, 1802 
AprU 11,1842 
May 12, 1836 
JIarch, 1865 
AprU 3, 1824 
Jan. 22, 1863 


s. 

M. 


AprU 7, 1817 




AprU 15,1862 
AprU 17,1843 
Mareh 9,1837 


S. 
M. 



Tompkins Conntv Mutual Ins. Co.... 
Traders' Ins. Co."in the City of N. Y. 
Tradesmen's Insurance Co. in the 

City of New York 

Triton Insurance Co 



Ithaca 

New York.. 



New York.. 
New York.. 



f. n. 
f. m. D. 



Tontine Fire Insurance Co.- 
Troy Insurance Co 



New York.. 
Troy. 



Troy Mutual Safety Insurance Co.... Troy 

Trust Fire Insurance Co New York.. 

Tempest Insurance Co Meridian.... 



Trust Fire Insurance Co.. 



Unadilla Mutual TnBurance Co 

Union Fire Insurance Co. of the City 

of New York 

Union Insurance Co„ 



Union Mutual Ins. Co. at Fort Plain 



United Insurance Co 

United Ins. Co. in the City of N. Y... 
United Slates Insurance Co. of the ) 

City of New York. J 

United States Mutual lusurance Co. 

United States Insurance Co 

Utica Insurance Co 



Utica Live Stock Insurance Co 

Woflhington County Mutual Ins. Co. 



Washin^on Insurance Co 

Washington County Insurance Co... 

Washington Marine Insurance Co. ) 
of the City of New York J 

Washington Mutual Assurance Co. 

of the City uf New York 

Washington Mutual Insurance Co... 

Wayne County Mutual Ins. Co 

Webster Fire Insurance Co 

Western Fire Insurance Co 

Western Insurance Co. of Olean 

Western Insurance Co. of the village 

of RuffiUo.- 

Western New York Agricultural 

Live Stock Insurance Co. 
Williamsburgh Fire Insurance Co... 
Yates County Mutual Insurance Co. 



New York.. 
Unadilla.... 



f. n. 

f. 



Cap. $250,000. 

Cap. $200,000. 

Cap. $2.50,000. Reduced to $160,000 

May 26, 1841. 
Receiver appointed Oct. 1856. 
Cap. $200,000. Directed to close up by 

act of April 21, 18-10. 

Cap. $150,000. 

A committee appointed in 1855 could 

not find the books or Secretary of 

this Co. 
Changed from Eighth Ward Fire Ina. 

Co. Cap. may increase $200,000. 



New York.. 
New York.. 



New York.. 
New York.. 



West Potsdam.... 
Saratoga Springs 
Utica 



m. n. 
f. 1. m. 



f. m. 



Utica 

Granville.. 



New York.. 



New York- 
New York.. 



New York 

Canandaigua.. 
Olean 



Buffalo 

Cleveland, Oswe- 
go CO 

Williamsburgh 



f. Cap. $400,000. 

l.ann. Cap. $500,000. In 1837 extended to 

Jan. 1, 1862. 
Changed to UniOD Insurance Co. July 

8, 1S51. 
Cap. $500,000. 

Cap. $500,000. Twice extended. 
Cap. $1,000,000-- Fire risks allowed 

May 5, 1840. 
Receiver appointed Feb. 1855. 
Receiver appointed Feb. 1859. 
Receiver to be appointed by act of 

May 26, 1S41. 
(insured live stock.) Cap. $25,000. 

Reorganized Dec. 13, ISiO. Receiver 

appointed Sept. 1856. 
Cap. $250,000. 
f. Cap. $50,000. 

Cap. $300,000. Reduced to $100,000, 

1833, and changed to Marino Mutual 

Fire Insurance Co. Allowed to take 

fire risks April 27 1833. 

f. 



Referee appointed Sept. 1855. 

Cap. $250,000.' 

Receiver appointed Dec. 1855. 

f. m. n. Cap. not over $400,000. 



1 The first bank organized in the State was the Bank of New 
York, which had existed several years previously as a private 
partnership. In many of the earlier banks the State reserved 
the riglit of subscribing stock, and of appointing directors to 
represent their interest in proportion to the amount held. Hank- 
ing powtTs could only be enjoyed by special act of the Legisla- 
ture, and were commonly limited to a period of 30 years. In 
1S38 a general I.iw was enacted, allowing the organization of ns- 
Bociations for banking, upou depositing the requisite securities 
with the Comptroller and filing articles of association in tho 
Secretary's Office. Up to the date of the general law, lOG banks 
had been created, — of which 31 are still in existence, 36 have 



reorganized, and 39 have failed, closed, or changed tJieirnaiues. 
The Manhattan Co.. created " for supplying the city of New 
York with pure and wholesome water," and the Now York Dry 
Dock Co. posae.'is perpetual banking powers. Other corporations 
for manufacturing or commercial purposes were nllowrd like 
privileges for limited periods, all of which have expired. In 
1829 a "safety fund" was created, by requiring an annual con- 
tribution of ^ per cent, of its capital p:iid in fmin each bank 
formed nr extended after that time, until ench had paid 3 jier 
cent. Tliis fund was placed in charge of the Comptroller, and 
applied to tho redemption of the bills of insolvent banks con- 
tributing to this fund, after their other means had been ex- 



90 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



bequeathed. All banks, excepting those in New York, Brooklyn, Albany, and Troy, must have 
an agency in New York, Albany, or Troy, for the redemption of their bills within one-fourth of 
one per cent, of par. 



hausted. Tlie bank fund has long since been exbatistecl, the 
draft upnn it far exceeding tbe income. In 1S4S, 11 insolvent 
banks, that hal contributed but $Sij.2S2 to this fund, had drawn 
from it $-2,bu, 927. —Omptrolkr's RepoH. 1S48, p. 55. 

The same law ijrovided for the appointment of 3 Bank Com- 
missioners, who were required to visit the banks thrice annually, 
to ascertain their condition, take measures to secure the public 
against li-aud or loss, and report annually to the Legislature. 
This office was abolished April IS, 1843, and the Comptroller 
was invested with general powers relating to banks, from which 
he was relieved by the creation of a special Bank Dcpaitmeut in 
1851. Thia department is under a superintendent appointed by 
the Governor and Senate for 3 years. It has the custody of all 

Elates fbr printing bank bills ; registers, numbers, and issues to 
anks such bills as their charters and securities entitle them 
to; destroys the same when withdrawn ft'om circulation; and 
destroys the plates when the bank is closed. It appoints special 
agents for examining the condition of doubtful banks, directs 
prosecutions in behalf of the State, sells the securities of broken 
banks to redeem their circulation, and reports the condition of 
banks to the Legislature annually. Banks can only obtain bills 
for circulationtby dt-positiug New York SUUe or United States 
stocks boaring interest equivalent to 6 per cent., or bonds and 
mortgagts of not over So.OOt) each upon unincumbered improved 
lands at two-fifths value, exclusive of buildings, and bearing 7 per 
cent, interest. Closing banks, after calling in 90 per cent, of their 



circulation, may withdraw their stocks or mortgages, and substi- 
tute c;\sh for the redemption of the remaining 10 per cent, of 
circulation. Stockholders of banking associations are personally 
liable to an extent equal to their capital stock. Experience has 
shown that under our free bank system bonds and mortgages 
have re^alized but about 88 per cent, on the sum for which notes 
were issued, while the aggregate securities, including stocks, 
have almost always sold for more than enough to redeem the 
circulation based upon them. — RepoH, 1859, p. 8. 

Bank JVote Engraving is now done by a company, formed in 
1S58 by the union of most of the establishments previously ex- 
isting. 

The Bank of the United States had branches for discount and 
deposit at New York, Utica, and Buffalo, in this State. 

Specie payment has been generally suspended three times by 
the banks of New York State. In tb« fall of 1814 all the banks 
of the Union, except those of New England, suspended until the 
spring of 1817. In May, 1837, there was a second suspension, 
which continued until the spring of 1838. On the 13th of Oct. 
1857, a third suspension took place in all the banks of New 
York City, mth one exception, (Chemical Bank,) and this was 
soon followed by the banks of the State generally; but specie 
payment was resumed in about 60 days. 

The following tables, derived from returns in tbe Bank De- 
partment, are corrected up to Jan. 1, 1859. The amount of 
capital is reported for Dec. IS, 1858: 



Existing Banks in the State, Jan. 1, 1859. 



CoEPOEATE Name. 



Addison Bank 

Albany City Bank 

Albany Exchange Bank — 

American Exchange Bank.. 

Artisans* Bank" 

Atlantic Bank 

Atlantic Bank of the City 
of New York 

Auburn City Bank -. 

Auburn Exchange Bank.... 

Ballston Spa Bank 

Bank of Albany^ 

Bank of Albion 

Bank of America" 

Bank of Attica 

Bank of Auburn''. 

Bank of Bath 

Bank of Binghamton 

Bank of Canandaigua 

Bank of the Capitol 

Bank of Cayuga Lake" 

Bank of Cazenovia 

Bank of Central New York 

Bank of Chemung 

Bank of Chenango/. 

Bank of Cohoes 

Bank of Commerce in New 
York 

Bank of Commerce of Put- 
nam County. 

Bank of Cooperstown 

Bank of thoCommonwciUth 

Bank of Corning 

Bank of Coxsackie 

Bank of Dauaville 

Bank of Fayetteville 

Bank of Fishkill 

Bank of Fort Edward 

Bank of Geneseef. 



Location, 



111 
I si 

1. 1. 1 



Addifion 

Albany 

Albany 

New York 

New Toik 

Brooklyn 

New York 

Auburn 

Auburn 

Ballston Spa. 

Albany 

Albion 

New York 

Buffalo 

Auburn 

Bath 

Binghamton.. 
Canandaigua 

Albany 

Painted Post. 

Cazenovia 

Utica. 

Elmira 

Norwich 

Cohoes 

Now York.... 

Carmel 

Cooperetown 
New York...., 

Coming 

Coxsackie .... 

Dansville 

Fayetteville.. 

Fishkill 

Fort Edward 
Batavia 



OffJing arti- 
cled. 



Dec. 12, 1838 
Oct. 1, 1S38 
Aug. 22, 1856 



May 27. 1 
.Inly - ■ 



1S63 
1S.53 
1866 
1839 
1S54 
1839 
Dec. 30, 1852 
" ^" 1850 
1850 



16,1 
31,' 
15,1 



July 16, 1 



AprQ 24, 
Jan. 2, 1 



1862 



Nov. 17, 

Jan. 3, 

Feb. 28. 

Sept. 17, 

Dec. 11, 

Dec. 28, 
March 18, 

Feb. 15, 1839 



1863 
1847 
1856 
1838 
1882 
1856 
1859 



Feb. 1, 1863 
iNlarch 22, 1853 
.Ian. 17, 1839 
March 14, 1853 
June 10. 1839 
19, 1854 
28, 1.V50 
3, 1851 
22, 1861 



Tan. 
Feb. 
Oct. 
Dec. 



Of beginning 
hicsineas or of 
act of incorpo- 
ration. 



May 17, 1866 
AprU 30, 1834 
Jan. 1, 1839 
Sept. 14, 1838 
July 10, 1856 
March 10, 1836 



July 2, 

July 25. 

Feb. 1, 

Dec. 10, 

Dec. 30, 

July 16, 

Dec. 1, 

March 1, 

Doc. 31, 

AprU 11, 

July 29, 

April 4, 

Feb. 1, 
Sept. 

Feb. 21. 

Sept. 8, 

Jan. 1, 

Dec. 31, 
May 



1853 
1853 
1850 
1838 
1854 
1839 
1852 
1850 
1849 
1864 
1862 
1864 
1853 
1847 
1856 
1838 
1863 
1865 
1859 



Jan. 1, 1839 



April, 
J.in. 1, 
March 1, 
Jan. 12, 
March 4, 
June 10, 
Jan. 9, 
June 1, 
Oct. 1, 
Dec. 1, 



1853 
1853 
1853 
1839 



Of expiration 

of charter or 

privilege. 



Jan. 
Jan. 
Sept. 
July 
Jan. 

July 
July 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



1, 1S64 
1, 2600 
14, 1938 

1, 1966 
1, 1866 

2, 1953 
6, 1963 
1, 1956 

10, 1938 

1, 1904 

2, 2039 
1, 1963 
1, 2000 
1, 1960 



Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



1, 2000 

' "i','2606 

"l",'l96o 
15, 1889 
1, 1893 
1, 1966 



Jan. 1, 1889 



Jan. 

March 

Jan. 
18531. Tan. 
1839 June 
1864 Jan. 

1850 Dec. 

1851 In year 
1851 Dec. 31 



1953 
1963 
19.39 
1900 
1539 
1954 
1899 
1951 
1961 






600 
100 
600 
600 
600 

400 
200 
150 
100 
360 
100 
2,000 
160 
200 

"156 



120 
100 
100 
120 



150 
750 
117 
120 
100 
110 
120 
100 
100 



Present 
capital. 



i 60.000 
600,000 
311,100 

4,999,550 
600,000 
600,000 

400,000 
200,000 
200,000 
125,000 
600.340 
100,000 
3,000,000 
250,000 
200,000 

60,000 
200,000 

26,000 
619,600 

10,000 
120,000 
110,200 

80,000 
160,000 
100,000 

8,861,760 

63,012 
200,000 
750,000 

78,500 
142.000 
160,260 
115,400 
160,000 
200,000 
160,000 






|1 
S5 I. 



S. E. 



S. E. 
S. 



S. 
S. 

S. E. 
S. 

S. E. 
S. 

S. E. 
S. 

S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 



s. 

9. E. 
S. E. 

S. 

S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. 

S. E. 
S. E. 



« Articles amended M-ay 11, 1857. 

» First incorp. April 10, 1792; cap. $40,000; allowed to reduce 
two-fifths April 4. 1820, and shares reduced from $400 to $30 
April 17. 1830; twice extended; expired Jan. 1, 1865; State re- 
served right to subscribe stock at first. 

» First incorp. June 2, 1812 ; cap. $6,000,000, and late United 
States Bank allowed to take five-sixths of the stock; reduced to 
tJ,000,000 March 20, 1813 ; once extended. 



■i First incorp. March 31, 1817 ; tip. $400,000 ; once extended ; 
expired Jan. 1. 1850. 

Started at Ithaca. 

/ First incorp. April 21,1818; cap. $200,000; once extended; 
expired Jan. 1, 1856. 

s First incorp. April 29, 1829 ; cap. $100,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 
1862. 



CORPORATIONS, 



91 



Existing Banks, continued. 



Corporate Name. 



Bank of Goncva" 

Bank of llaviina 

Bank of the Interior 

Bank of Kont 

Bank of Kinderhook 

Bank of Lansingburgh^ 

Bank of Lima 

Bank of Lowrillo 

Bank of Malone 

Bank of Newark 

Bank of Newburgh«. 

Bank of Newport 

Bank of New York<* 

Bank of North America* ... 

Bank of Norwich 

Bank of Old Saratoga/. 

Bank of Orange Countjv.... 

Bank of Owego 

Bank of Pawling. 

Bank of Port Jervis 

Bank of Poughkeepsie / 

Bank of the Ki-pnblic 

Bank of Rhinebeck. 

Bank of Rome 

Bank of Rondout 

Bank of Salem 

Bank of Siilina. 

Bank of Saratoga Ppring3\ 

Bank of Seneca Falls 

Bank of Silver Creek. 

Bank of Sing Sing 

Bank of the State of New 
York 

Bank of Syracuse 

Bank of Tioga 

Bank of Troy* 

Bank of Ulster. 

Bank of Uticfui" 

Bank of Vernon 

Bank of "Watertown 

Bank of Waterville 

Bank of Westfield 

Bank of West Trov 

Bank of Whitehall* 

Bank of ^^'l^testown 

'Bank of Yonkers 

Blark Kjver Bank 

'Brigg^ Bunk of Clyde 

JBroiidway Bank 

I Brockport Kxchange Bank.. 
[Brooklyn Bank 

Broome County Bank' 

Butfalo City Bank ; 

Bull's Head Bank of the 
City of New York 

Burnet Bank 

Butchers k Drovers' Bank 
in the City of Now York™ 

Cambridge Vallt^y Bank at 
North White Creek. 

Canajohario Bank 

Canastota Bank 

CatariiCt Bank 

Catskill Bank« 

Cayuga County Bank.. 



III 



Geneva 

Havana 

Albany 

Ludingtonville... 

Kinderhook 

Lansingburgb.... 

Lima 

Lowville 

Malone 

Newark 

Newburgh 

Newport 

New York 

New York 

Norwich 

Schuylerville 

Goshen 

Owego 

Pawling r. 

Port Jervis 

Poughkeopsie 

New York 

Rhinebeck 

Rome 

Rondout 

Salem 

Syracuse 

Saratoga Springs 

Seneca Falls 

Silver Creek 

Sing Sing. 

New York 

Syracuse 

Owego 

Troy 

Ulster Village 

Utica 

Vernon 

Watertown. 

Waterville 

Westfield 

West Troy 

Wbitoball 

Whitesboro 

Yonkers 

Watertown 

Oyde 

New York 

Brockport 

Brooklyn 

Binghamton 

Buffalo 

New York 

Syracuse 

New York 

White Creek 

CaDiijoharie 

Canastota. 

Lockport 

Catakill 

Auburn 



Of filing arti- 
cles. 



Not. 


20, 


1852 


June 


4 


ISiST 


March 15 


1.S.56 


Deo. 


19 


1S3S 


June 


22, 


1855 



Dec. 26, 

Ang. 18, 

April 6, 

Dec. 17, 

April 2, 

Dec. 21, 

AprU 11. 

Feb. 21, 

Jan. 23, 



1838 
1851 
1884 
1860 
1868 
1852 
ISol 
1856 
1858 



April 4, 

Feb. 4, 

Dec. 31, 

Jan. 25, 

June 1, 



1849 
1853 
186' 
1860 
1803 



Oct. 
May 


5, 1848 
17, 1853 


May 


11, 1852 


Oct. 
July 


25, 1839 
13, 1863 



Sept. 
June 
Not. 
June 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Dec. 



1838 
1S56 
1852 
1852 
1849 
1839 
1839 
1838 



April 

June 

Feb. 

June 

June 



1852 
1869 
1839 
1854 
1351 



Aug. 15, 1849 



Dec. 
Feb. 



1854 
1853 



Of heginning 
msiness or of 
act of incor- 
poration. 



15, 
4, 
1, 

27, 

15, 
1, 
6, 

18, 



Not. 
April 
June 
Feb. 
Dec. 
.Tune 
Fab. 
Dec. 
Aus:. 

AprU i; 

Jan. 1, 
March 28, 

Dec. 22, 

April 10, 

July 16, 

Jan. 1, 

April 6, 

May 21, 

Sept. 3, 
March 1, 

Dec. 31, 

Feb. 1, 

June 1, 

AprU IC, 

Sept. 1, 

May 10, 

AprU 20, 

May 1, 
May, 

Oct. 15, 

Aug. 1, 

May IS, 

Sept. 15, 

June 14, 



1852 
1861 
1857 
1866 
1838 
1855 
1867 
1838 
1851 
1854 
1861 
1868 
1862 
1851 
1856 
1856 



Of expiration 

of charter or 

privilege. 



Jan. 1, 1900 



May 


1, 1957 


Feb. 


27, 1965 


Jan. 


2, 1839 


July 


1, 1955 



Not. 1. 
Jan. 1, 
Dec. 31, 
.Ian. 1, 
March 25, 



Jan. 
Jan. 
July 
Jan. 



1813 J.Hn. 
lS36!.J.in. 
1S49 .Sept. 



Dec. 
July 
Dec. 
Jau. 



Jan. 17, 

Oct. 1. 

April 12, 

May 1, 

Jnne 20, 

Feb. 26, 

July 10, 

June 1, 

Sept. 21, 

Aug. 9, 
July, 

Feb. 21, 
Dec 



July 18, 1854 



I 



March 1, 



Dec. 16, 1862 



Juno 
Not. 
Fob. 
Sept. 
Dec. 



20. 1855 
30, 1865 

28. 1856 
16, 1868 
28, 1852 



Oct. 12, 



1863 
1857 
1861 
1863 
1832 
1848 
1853 
1832 
1852 
1854 
1839 
1853 

1830 
1S,3S 
185C 
1852 
1852 
1849 
1839 
1839 
1838 
1848 
1852 
1859 
1839 
1854 
1851 
1855 
1849 
1852 
1832 
1854 
1853 

1854 
1862 



Dec. 22, 1852 



Sept. 
April 
AprU 
Sept. 
Dec. 



3, 1866 
3, 1855 
1, 1856 
20, 1868 
31, 1862 



I March 14, 1833 



March 

Jan. 

.Tan. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Sept. 

Jan. 

.Tan. 

May 



In year 
Dec. 31, 



2301 
1900 
1900 
1961 
1908 
19.53 
1961 
2066 
1958 
186: 
1S66 
1899 
1963 
1958 
1951 
1899 
1862 
1898 
1950 
1862 
1961 

'2500 
1953 



Jan. 

.Sept. 
June 
Jan. 
.Tune 
Jan. 
.Tan. 
Jan. 
Oct. 



1, 1866 
15,2338 
14, 1956 
1, 1962 
1, 1950 
1. 1950 
1,1939 
17,2340 
1.2838 



May 
June 
Feb. 
Dec. 
Jan. 



1. 1900 

8, 1909 

25, 2839 

31, 1953 

1, 1890 



Aug. 9, 1950 



Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



1, 1860 
1, 1964 
1, 2000 



Dec. 31, 1953 



Dec. 31, 1953 



Jan. 
AprU 
Jan. 
Sept. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



1, 1906 
3, 1955 
1, 2000 
1, 1968 
1, 1899 
1,1863 









205 

"700 
100 
125 
120 

100 
100 
100 
200 
100 
2,000 
1,000 
126 
110 
« 

200 
125 
120 
200 
1,000 
125 
100 
100 
100 
150 
100 

160 
125 

2,000 
100 
100 
440 
100 
60O 
100 
100 
100 



200 
100 
100 
1.50 
100 



200 
100 
100 

300 



115 
100 
110 
100 
t 
260 



Present 
capital. 



$205,000 
60.000 
251,550 
111.940 
260,000 
150,000 
60,000 
102.450 
19G,.S00 
100,000 
300,000 
50,025 

2,838.075 

1,000,000 
125.000 
105,850 
105.060 
200,000 
176,000 
130,000 
200,000 

2,000,000 
126,000 
100,000 
160,000 
138,000 
160,000 
100,000 
80.000 
100,800 
150,000 

2,000.000 
200.000 
100,000 
440,000 
150,000 
600.000 
100,000 

47,779 
120.000 

60,000 
260.000 
100,000 
120.000 
160.000 
100.000 

62.611 
1,000,000 

60,000 
150,000 
100,000 
277,700 

173,300 
93,400 

800,000 

168,339 
125,000 
110.000 
40.000 
128,962 
250,000 



SI 

1 °g 



S. E. 
S. E. 
S. 

S. E. 
.S. K. 
S. B. 
S. B. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. B. 
S. 
S. 

S.E. 



S. E. 

S. 

S.' 



S. 
S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 



S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S. 
S.E. 

S. 
S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S. 



» First incorp. March 23, 1817 ; cap. &J0O,000 ; once extended ; 
expired Jan. 1, 1853. 

» First incorp. March 19, 1813 ; cap. $200,000 ; once extended ; 
expired July 1, 1865. 

' First incorp. March 22, 1811. 

<< First bank in State ; incorp. March 22, 1791 ; cap. $900,000 ; 
thrice extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. 

* A bank of simUar name filed Jan. 7, 1839 ; cap. $100,000 ; 
did not orsauize, 

/ Begun as an individual bank. 
e Once extended. 

* Individual bank of this title begun 1847. 

* First iucorp. March 22, 1811 ; cap. $500,000 ; allowed to open 

* $105,660. 



offices of discount and deposit at Waterford and Lansinbnrgh ; 
once extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853 ; State reserved right to 
t.ake stock. 

i First incorp. .Tune 1, 1812 ; cap, $1,000,00(1: once extended; 
allowed to open a branch at Canandaigua AprU 10, 1815 ; State 
reserved right to take stock. 

* Organized in place of Safety Fund ,Bank of same name 
whose charter expired June 13, 1859. 

« First incorp. Apr. 18, 1831 ; cap, $100.000 ; expired .Tan, 1, 1856. 

"» Butcliers & DrOTers' Bank incorp. April 8. 1830; cap. 
$.300,000. increased to $600.000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. 

» First incorp. March 26, 1813; cap. $100,000; once extended; 
expired Jan. 1, 1853. 

t $110,007. 



92 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 
Existing Banks, continued. 



Corporate Name. 



Central Bank of Brooklyn.. 

Central Bank at Cherry 
Volley* 

Central Bank of Troy 

Central City Bank& 

Chatham Bank 

Chautauqua County Bank- 
Chemical Bank 

Chemung Canal Bank. 

Cheater Bank 

Chittenango Bank 

Citizens' Bank". 

Citizens' Bank 

City Bank of Brooklyn 

City Bank of New York^.., 

City Bank 

Clinton Bank of Buffalo 

Commercial Bank of Al- 
bany" 

Commercial Bank of Clyde. 

Commercial Bank of Glens 
Falls 

Commercial Bank of Roch- 
ester. 

Commercial Bank of Sarar 
toga Springe 

Commercial Bank of Troy. 

Commercial Bank of White- 
hall 

Continental Bank 

Corn Exchange Bank. 

Croton liiver Bank 

Cuba Bank 

Cuyler's Bank 

Delaware Bank 

Deposit Bank/. 

Dover Plains Bank. 

East River Bank? 

Elmira Bank 

Essex County Bank* 

Exchange Bank at Lock- 
port 

Fall kill Bank. 

Farmers' Bank of Amster- 
dam 

Farmers' Bank of Attica... 

Farmers* Bank of Hudson.. 

Farmers' Bank of Lansing- 
burgh 

Farmers' Bank of Saratoga 
County 

Farmers' Bank of the City 
of Troy* 

Farmers' Bank of Washing- 
ton County 

Farmers & Citizens' Bank 
of Long Islands 

Farmers & Drovers' Bank.. 

Farmers & Manufacturers' 
Bank 

Farmers &■ Mechanics' Bank 
of Genesee* 

Farmers & Mechanics' Bank 
of Rochester 

Flour City Bank 

Fort Plain Bank 

Fort StauAvix Bank. 

Frankfort Bank 

Fredonla Bank 

Frontier Biink 



Locatimi. 



Ill 



Brooklyn 

Cherry Valley- 
Troy 

Syracuse 

New York 

Jamestown 

New York 

Elmira 

East Chester... 
Chittenango.... 

Fulton 

New York 

Brooklyn 

New Y'ork 

Oswego 

Bn£falo 



Albany . 
Clyde 



Glens Falls .. 
Rochester.... 



Saratoga 'Springs 
Troy 



Whitehall 

New York 

New York 

Brewster Station 

Cuba 

Palmyra 

Delhi 

Deposit 

Dover 

New York 

Elmira 

Keeseville 



Lockport 

Poughkeepaie.., 

Amsterdam .... 

.\ttica 

Hudson 



Lansingburgh .. 



Troy 

Fort Edward.. 



Williamsburgh. 
Somers 



Poughkeepsie.. 
Buffalo 



Rochester.... 
Rochester.... 
Fort Plain.. 

Rome 

Frankfort... 
Fredonia — 
Potsdam 



Dates 



Of jiling arti- 
cles. 



April 9, 1853 



Dec. 

Feb. 
May 
Feb. 



13, 18.54 
6, 1853 

12, 18i 
6, 1861 



Feb. 6, 1S« 



May 

Feb. 
Sept. 
May 
Nov. 
May 
Dec. 

July 



11, 1846 
4, 1853 
8, 1853 
3, 1861 
6, 1850 
2G, 1852 
17, 1849 
3, 1856 



July 3, 1S47 



AprU 28, 1883 
April 8, 1839 



Feb. 
Jan. 



18, 1856 
8, 1839 



Aug. 5, 
Jan. 24, 
Dec. 21, 
March 21, 
June 20, 
April 9, 
March 21, 
Nov. 12, 
Feb. 12, 
Sept. 11, 
April 22, 



1849 
1853 
1862 
l.Sf,6 
1855 
1863 
1839 
1866 
1.857 
1862 
1864 



Not. 12, 1851 
Juno 17, 1852 

April 26,1839 



Feb. 



7, 1839 



March 31, 1854 



Nov. 13, 1852 

Juno 30, 1856 

Juno 21, 186; 

July 16, 1839 



Dec. 13, 1838 



March 15, 1839 
March 4,1856 



0/ beginning 
business or of 
act of incor- 
poration. 



Dec. 

May 

May 

Feb. 

April 

Feb. 

.\pril 

May 

April 

Aug. 

May 

Dec. 

July 

Nov. 

Aug. 



Of expiration 

of charter or 

privilege. 



Aug. 1, 1853 July 31, 1953 



14, 1854 Jan. 

1, 1853iMay 

12, 1852; May 

20, 1851 1 Jan. 



18, 1831 

24, 1844 
9, 1833 
1, 1846 
1. 1853 

20, 1853 
1, 1861 

14, 1850 
1, 1852 
1, 1849 
1, 1856 



Jan. 
Jan. 



May 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Nov. 
July 



July 1, 1847 

Nov. 1880 

April 28, 1863 

Nov. 7, 1838 



Feb. 
Jan. 

Aug. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

March 

June 

April 

Jan. 

Oct. 

M:u-ch 

Sept. 

Nov. 

April 

July 
April 



1, 18.56 
8, 1839 

16, 1849 

24, 1863 
1, 1863 

16, 1856 
1, 1855 

16, 1863 
1, 1839 
1, 1856 

15, 1858 
8. 1852 
1, 1863 

25, 1832 

1. 1851 

1. 1852 



April 10,1839 
May 7, 1856 
March 1, 1839 



April 1, 1864 



Dec. 



1, 1852 



Jan. 
Nov. 
Feb. 
July 
April 



2, 1839 
6, 1S47 
6, 1854 
2, 1856 
29. 1864 



Jan. 1, 1856 

July 3, 1852 
March 16, 1839 

April 26,1834 

Not. 1, 1838 

Feb. 12, 1839 
March 1,1866 
1, 1839 
6, 1847 
16, 1854 
1, 1866 
30, 1864 



Jan. 
Nov. 
May 
Aug. 
April 



1, 1966 
1,2353 
12, 1962 
1, 1899 
1, 1860 
1, 1899 



1, 2500 
1,2000 
31, 1953 
1, 1951 
1, 1950 
1, 1952 
1,2049 
1, 2000 



JaA 1, 2000 

Jan. 1, 1954 

Nov. 7, 1938 

Feb. 1, 1956 
In year 2000 



Jan. 1, 
Jan. 1, 
Jan. 1, 
March 15, 



June 1, 

Jan. 1, 

Jan. 1, 

J.an. 1, 
March 1, 
Sept. IS, 

Jan. 1, 

Jan. 1, 



2500 
1963 
1960 
1956 
1900 
1900 
1939 
1969 
2UO0 
1953 
1953 
1862 



In year 2000 
July 1, 1962 

AprU 10,1939 



Dec. 31, 1900 
April 1, 1964 



Jan. 1, 1950 

Jan. 1, 1966 

July 3, 2000 
In year 1950 



Jan. 

Not. 

Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 

Not. 
May 
May 
Jan. 



1,1854 

1, 2000 

1, 3838 
1, 1966 
1, 2001 
3, 2347 
16, 2354 
1,2000 
1,1" 



■|| 

Is' 

'&■'§ 

si 



200 
200 
110 
300 
100 
300 
200 
100 
105 
125 
300 
160 
800 
125 
260 



150 
400 



125 
100 



1,600 
600 
100 
100 
100 
100 
125 
100 
300 
200 
100 

150 
150 



100 

"iod 



200 

200 
t 

300 

100 

100 
200 
100 
110 
105 
100 
100 



Present 
capital. 



$200,000 

200,000 
300,000 
125.200 
450,000 
100,000 
300,000 
200,000 
125,600 
150,000 
166,100 
400.000 
300,000 
1,000,000 
276,400 
250,000 

600,000 
26,000 

136,400 

600,000 

126,000 
300,000 

108.200 

2,000,000 

1,000,000 

107,500 

100,000 

74,000 

160,000 

125.000 

100,000 

206.525 

100.000 

100,000 

150,000 
200,000 

118.000 

64,633 

300,000 

171,300 

200,000 



360,000 

168,650 

200,000 
111,160 

300,000 

150,000 

125,000 
300,000 
160,000 
160,000 
106,000 
100,000 
100.000 



"■Cherry Valley Bank incorp. April 21, 1818; cap. ?200.000; 
changed to Central Bank ; once extended : expired Jan. 1, 1856. 

* Changed from Crouse Bank Feb. 3, 1857. 
Removed from Ogdensburgh. 

^ City Bank incorp. June 16, 1812; cap. $2,000,000; twice ex- 
tended; expired July 1. 1862; cap. reduced one half March 24, 
1820, and arter\vard to $720,000. 

• Commercial Bank incorp. April 12, 1825 ; cap. $300,000 ; once 
extended; expired July 1, 1847. 

* $108,200. 



/ An individual bank merged in association. 

s Allowed to reduce cap. to $313,918 March 7, 1836. 

1 Allowed to increase cap. to $400,000 May 10, 1836. 

• Farmers' B.^nk incorp. March 31, 1801 ; cap. $250,000 ; State 
reserved right to take stock ; twice extended ; expired Jan. 1, 
1853. 

i Increased to $300,000 March 9, 1854 ; afterward reduced. 

* Removed from Batavia June 3, 1853 

t $111,150. 



CORPOKATIOXS. 



93 



Existing Banks, continued. 



Corporate Name. 



Fulton Bank, in the City of 
New York" 

pulton C»>unty Eaok 

Genesee County Bank.... 

Genesee Kiver JJnnk 

Genesee Valley liank 

Geo. Washington Bank. 

Glens Falls Bank 

Goshen Bank 

Greenwich Bank of the City 
of New York* 

Grocers' Bank Iq the City 
of New York 

Hamilton Bank 

HauiA'er Bank 

Herkimer County Bank..... 

Highland Bank 

H. .1. Miner & Co.'b Bank... 

H. .Miner's Bank of Utica... 

Hudson Kiver Bank^^ 

Huguenot Bk.of NewPaltz 

Hungerford'B Bauk"^ 

llion Bank 

Importers & Traders' Bank 

International Bank 

Iron Bank 

Irving Bank in the City of 
New York 

Jamesto^vn Bank. 

Jefferaon County Bank* 

J. N. Uungerford's Bank... 

J. T. Raplee'3 Bank 

Judson Bank<* 

Kingston Bank 

Lake Mahopac Bank 

Lake Ontario Bank...., 

Lake Shore Bank 

Leather Manufacturers' B'k 

LeonardsvUle Bank. 

Lockport City BankA 

Long Island Bankff 

Lyons Bank* 

Manhattan Company* 

Mannfactnrera' Bank of 
Brooklyn' 

Manufacturers' Bank of 
Troy— .^ 

Manufacturers & Traders' 
Bank 

Marine Bank of Bufl'alo 

Marine Bank, at Oawego.... 

Murine Bank of the City of 
New York 

Market Bank 

Market Bank of Troy 

3Iechanic3' Bank of Brook- 
lyn 

Mechanics' Bankof theCity 
of New York* 

Mechanica' Banking Asso- 
ciation^ 

Mechanics' Bank of Syra- 
cuse 

Mechanics & Farmers' 
Bank of Albany"* 

Mechanics & Traders' Bank 
in the City of New York. 



Location. 



s 

=5.. 

5 Si 

■211 



New York 

OloverBViJle 

Lo Koy. 

Mount Morris.. 

Geneseo 

Corning 

Glens Falls 

Goshen 



New York.. 



New York 

Hamilton. 

New York 

Little Falls.... 

Newburgb 

Dunkirk 

Fredonia 

Hudson 

New Paltz.... 

Adams 

Hion 

New York 

Buffalo 

Plattsburgh.. 



New York 

Jamestown 

Watertown 

Corning , 

Penn Yan 

Ogdensburgh 

Kingston 

Mahopac , 

Oswego 

Dunkirk 

New York 

Leonardsville 

Lockport 

Brooklyn 

Lyons 

New York 



Brooklyn .. 
Troy 



Buffalo... 
Buffalo.. 
Oswego.. 



New York.. 
New York.. 
Troy 



Brooklyn ... 
New York.. 
New York.. 
Syracuae.-. 

Albany. 

New York.. 



Of filing aril- 
cUs. 



J.ln. 

April 

Dec. 

Oct. 

May 



Of beginning 
buinness or of 
act of incor- 
poration. 



15, 1844 March 1, 
2S, 1SS2 March 23, 
19, 1S.-;,S I Jan. 1, 
1, issa Oct. 5, 
6, 1S51 May 10, 



Oct. 
Sept. 



31, 1851 
25, 1860 



May 30, 1865 

Aug. 15, 1861 

Feb. 19, 1863 

April 2, 1851 



AprU 23, 1865 

April 25, 1853 

Sept. 17, 1863 

Feb. 6, 1862 

Not. 28, 18.55 

May 11, 1864 



Oct. 

Nov. 



1844 
1852 
18.39 
1853 
1861 
1864 
1851 
1861 



June 4, 1865 



Aug. 
March 



Of expiration 

of charter or 

privilege. 



Jan. 1, 1899 
March 23, 1962 
Jan. 1, 2000 
Oct. 6, 1919 
Jan. 1, 2000 



Sept. 1, 1962 
Not. 1, 1951 

June 7, 1954 



1, 18.53 



AprU 2, 1861 
March 14, 1833 
AprU 26, 1834 
Feb. 25, 1859 



March 29, 1851 



Oct. 
Feb. 



21, 1863 
9, 1859 



May 
June 

Sept. 
Feb. 
Dec. 
June 
July, 



8, 1856 
1, 1853 

1, 1863 

2, 1862 
1, 1865 
1, 1864 

1853 



Aug. 1, 1854 
March'ni'isS 



AprU 26, 1856 
May 13, 1869 
Juno 16, 1845 



AprU 19,1853 

Aug. 12, 1852 

June 26, 1856 

July 15, 1850 

June 26, 1856 

March 23, 1853 

Oct. 19, 1«62 

July 6, 1853 

Aug. 12, 1852 

Dec. 18, 1854 

Aug. 1, 1838 

Sept. 29, 1851 

Not. 4, 1852 

Dec. 30, 1856 



March 31, 
Feb. 

Dec. 31, 

March 16, 

July 16, 

July 1, 

May 18, 

AprU 15, 

March 12, 
Jan. 

AprU 23, 

Feb. 27, 

June 16, 
Dec. 

April 2, 

March 6, 

AprU 22, 

July 1, 

Aug. 1, 

Aug. 20, 

Jan. 1, 

Aug. 30, 

Sept. 2, 

Aug. 10, 

Jan. 1, 

Aug. 1, 

Aug. 28, 

Dec. 1, 

Jan. 2, 



1861 
1863 
1853 
1869 
1858 
1854 
18.36 
1854 
1857 
1.856 
1832 
1856 

1845 
1843 
1799 

1853 

1852 

1866 
1860 
1856 

1853 
1852 
1853 

1852 

1865 

1838 

1851 

1852 

1857 



July 
Jan. 



Jan. 



1, 1950 
1, 2063 
AprU 2, 1951 
Jan. 1, 1863 
Jan. 1, 1864 



May 
July 
July 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



10, 1965 
1, 1953 
1, 1963 
3,2362 
1, 1966 
1, 1954 



Jan. 1, 1950 
Jan. 'ij'wOO 



1,1904 
1, 1866 



March 12, 1967 

June i, 1862 
Feb. 27, 2356 

July 1, 1890 



Unlimited 
May 1, 1903 
1, 1952 



July 

Jan. 
Jan. 
Ang. 



1, 2000 
1,2000 
20, 2866 



Jan. 1, 1963 
Aug. 30, 19.51 
Jan. 1, 1953 



Jan. 
Jan. 
Ang. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



1, 1952 
1, 1955 
1, 1938 
1, 1960 
1, 1950 
1, 1957 



600 
150 
100 
130 
120 

160 
110 



160 
110 
600 
200 
200 



200 
125 
128 
100 
1,000 
400 



600 
200 



132 

200 



600 
100 

200 

2,'6o6 

250 

200 

200 
170 
126 

600 
660 
200 

200 

2,000 

140 

J50 
400 



Present 
capital. 



$600,000 
150,000 
200,000 
130,000 
160,000 
50,000 
112,000 
110,000 

200,000 

240,000 
110,000 
1,000,000 
200,000 
200,000 

25,000 
250,000 
125,000 
125,000 
100,000 
1,500,000 
400,000 
50,000 

600,000 

92,915 

2,000,000 

50,000 
122,000 
200,000 

40,860 
325,000 

39,200 
600,000 
100,000 

400,000 

48,609 

2,060,000 

150,000 

250,000 

495,000 
300,000 
186,000 

669,100 

1,000,000 

300,000 

300,000 

2,000,000 

316,000 

140,000 

350,000 

400,000 



■a<; a 
■2 I 



S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 

S. E. 

S. 

S.E. 



S. E. 

S. 



s. 

S. E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

S.E. 



S.E. 
S.E. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 



S.E. 
S. E. 



S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

S. 

S. 
S.E, 

S. 

S. 

s. 

S. E. 

S.E. 



a Fulton Bank incorp. April 1. 1824; cap. $600,000; increased 
to $760,000 March 16, 1827 ; expired Marcb 1, 1844. 

» Greenwich Bank incorp. AprU 17, 1830; cap. $200,000; ex- 
pired June 6, 1853. 

' First incorp. March 29, 1830 ; cap. $100.000 ; increased to 
$150,000 April 16, 1S32; expired June 12, 1856. 

<* Originally an individual bank. 

•First incorp. AprU 17, 1816; cap. $400,000, and located at 
.Adams ; failed ; reraoTed to Utica Nov. 19, 1824, and cap. re- 
duced to $100,000: increased to $200,000 May 19, 1830; once ex- 
tended; expired Jan. 1, 1854. 

/ Niagara Kiver Bank. Buffalo, removed to Lockport, and 
name changed May 13, 1869. 



I First incorp. AprU 1, 1824 ; cap. $300,000 ; once extended ; 
expired July 1, 1845. 

" Begun under the name of Palmyra Bank; changed name 
March 31, 1867. 

' Chartered for supplymg city with water, with perpetual 
banking priTilegos. 

> Changed from Mechanics' Bank of WUUiimsburgh, and cap. 
reduced April 15, 1868. 

* Mechanics'Bankfirstincorp. March 23, 1810; cap. $1,600,000; 
reduced to $1,440,000; once extended; expired Jan 1, 1865; 
State reserved right to take stock. 

' Under Chap. 183, laws of 1868; original cap. $128,175. 

"* First incorp. March 22, 1811 ; cap. $600,000 ; reduced on** 
fourth AprU 4, 1820 ; ouco extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. 



94 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 
Existing Banks, continued. 



Corporate Name. 






Of fling arti' 
cits. 



Of beginning 
business or of 
act of incor- 
poration. 



Of expiration 

of charter or 

privilege. 



Present 
capital. 



Medina Bank 

Mercantile Bank« 

Mercantile Bank of Platts- 

burgh 

Mercliants' Bank of Albany, 
Merchants' Bunk of Erie 

County 

Merchants' Bank in the City 

of New York 

Merchants' Bank in Pough- 

keepsie 

Merchants' Bank 

Merchants' Bank of Westr 

field 

Merchants' Exchange Bank 

in the City of New York^ 
Mercliants & Farmers'Bank 
Merchants & Mech;mic3' 

Bank of Troy 

Motrojiolitan Bank 

MidcUetown Bank 

Mohawk Bank of Schenec- 
tady" 

Mohawk River Bank 

Mohawk Valley Bank. 

Monroe County Bank 

Montgomery County Bank'* 

Mutual Bank 

Nassau Bank 

Nas.sau Bank of Brooklyn. 
National Bank of'Albany- 
National Bank in the City 

of New York* 

New York County Bank of 

the City of New York 

New York Dry Dock Com- 
pany/. 

New York & Erie Banks... 
New York Exchange Bank 

in the City of New York. 

New York State Bank" 

Niag.ara County Bank. 

North River Bank in the 

City of New York' 

Ocean Bank in the City of 

New Y'ork 

Og(ien?burgh Bank 

jOneida Bank 

Oneida Centr.al Bank 

Oneida County Bank 

Oneida Valley Bank 

Onondaga Bank 

iOnondaga County Bank 

Oriental Bank 

Oswegatchie Bank 

' Oswego Bank 

rOawego River Bank 

[Otsego County BankJ. 

Pacific Bank 

tPark Bank 

i People's Bank of the City 

■ of New York 

Perrin Bank 

Phcenix Bank of the City 

of New York* 

Pulaski Bank 

Quassaick Bank 

Randall Bank 



Medina 

New York.. 



Plattsburgh ., 
Albany 



Lancaster. . 
New York. . 



Poughkeepsie.. 
Syracuse 



New York.. 
Ithaca 



Troy 

New York , 

S. lliddletown.. 



Schenectady.. 

Fonda 

Mohawk 

Rochester 

Johnstown.... 

Troy 

New York 

Brooklyn 

Albany 



New York.. 
New York.. 



New York.. 
Buffillo 



New York.. 

Albany 

Lockport.... 

New York.. 



New York 

Ogdensburgh.. 

Utica , 

Romo , 

Utica 

Oneida, 

Syracuse 

Syracuse 

New York 

Ogdensburgh .. 

Oswego 

Fulton 

Cooperstown .. 

New York 

New York 



New York,, 
Rochester... 



New York 

Pulaski 

Newburgh 

Cortlandville.. 



May, 
Jan. 



1S54 
8, 1860 



Jan. 
Jan. 



St, 1856 
22, 1863 



Jan. 1, 1S66 
March 21, 1863 



Jan. 1, 1966 
March 1,1963 



Dec. 24, 1866 



Jan. 19, 1845 
Feb. 21, 1851 



April 24,1849 
Oct. 24, 1838 

Dec. 16, 1853 
April 10, 1861 
May 17, 1830 

Oct. 13. 1862 
Jan, 2, 1860 
March 28, 1839 
May 26, 1S67 
30, 1866 
3, 1863 
28, 185; 
28, 1869 
8, 1866 



May, 
Jan. 

July 
Dec. 

April, 

.Tune 
Oct, 



1844 
2, 1857 



2, 1846 
31, 1860 



1, 1S49 
16, 1838 



Jan. 1, 1957 

July 1, 1896 
Dec. 31, 1950 



Dec. 15, 1863 
April 10, 1860 
July 1, 1839 



Dec. 
Jan, 
Oct, 
Jan. 
Feb. 



Jan. 
Jan. 
July 
May 
Dec. 
Feb. 
Nov. 
Jan. 
J.an. 



1, 1853 
1, 1866 
1, 1839 
23, 1867 
31, 1856 
1. 1863 
1, 185; 
12, 1869 
16, 1856 



Dec. 22, 1866 
June 25, 1866 



Aug. 1'2, 1862 



Jan. 2, 1857 

June 1, 1855 

AprU 12, 1825 

Sept. 1, 1S6:~ 



Jan. 
Jan. 

Jan, 
Jan, 

May 

Jan, 
Jan, 
.Tan, 
May 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Nov. 

Jan. 

Jan. 



1, 1899 
1, 2040 

1, 19.64 
1. 1960 
1, 2130 

1, 1052 
1, IS.jt; 
1, 2S39 
23, 2 
1, 1956 
1, 1953 
1, 195; 

10, 1956 

1, 196! 



April 14, 1851 April 21, 1861 
Oct. 26. 1860 Dec. 31, 1860 
May 7, 1866 May 1. 1856 



July 1, 184; 



June 1, 1955 

Unlimited 
Jan. 1, 2000 

Jan. 1, 1900 
Jan. 1, 1960 
Before 2500 



Juno 1, 1842 



Deo. 22, 1849 Dec. 10.1849 



Oct. 29, 1863 

May 2, 18.i3 

Sept. 27, 1S62 

May 1, 1854 



July 
Oct. 



6, 1853 
3, 1854 



Oct. 3. 1856 
Dec. 30, 1863 
Oct. 8, 1860 
March 12, 1856 

Feb. 27, 1851 



Dec. 27, 1863 
Sept. 16, 1863 
March 19, 1852 



April 

May 
Sept. 
M.ay 
Sept. 
May 



30, 1829 
14. 18.36 
19. 1853 
10, 1S63 
22, 186; 
1, 1854 



Jan, 

Jan, 
Jan. 
Jan. 

.Sept. 
Jan. 
Sept. 
May 



1, 1899 

1,1960 
1, 1869 

1, 1S66 
19, 2001) 

2, 2600 
2,1902 
1, 1964 



100 
250 



1,600 



110 
136 



1,000 
160 

300 
250 
100 

126 
100 
100 
100 
100 
200 
600 

600 

1,500 



200 
120 

250 
250 
200 



600 
100 
400 
150 
125 
106 
150 



July 11, 1853 
Oct. 10, 1864 
March 14, 1831 
.T.an. 1, 1866 
Dec. 31, 1853 
June ' 17, 1850 
March 1,1856 

AprU 1, 1851 
Sept. 29, 1856 

Jan. 2, 1854 
Sept. 1, 1S63 
March 19, 1862 
Aug. 1853 



July 
Oct. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
March 



11, 19,63 
1, 1954 
1, 1859 

31, 1955 
1, 1954 
1, 1960 
1, 1966 



AprU 1, 1960 



Jan. 2, 1954 
Dec. 31, 1899 
Jan. 1, 1952 



300 
200 
160 
126 
200 
600 
2,000 

250 



1,200 
100 
130 



$ 60,000 
1,000,000 

100,000 
400,000 

50,000 

2,638,975 

150,000 
180,000 



1,235.000 
80,000 

300,000 

4,000,000 

125,000 

200,000 
100,000 
150.000 
100,000 
100.000 
234,500 
979,200 

600,000 

1,500,000 

200,000 

200,000 
300,000 

130.000 
350.000 
100,000 

316,000 

1,000,000 
100,000 
400,000 
173,600 
125,000 
105,000 
90,200 
1.50,000 
300,000 
200,000 
160,000 
114,600 
200,000 
422,700 

2,000,000 

412,600 
43,620 

1,800,000 
100,000 
300,1100 
60,000 



<* Successor to Bank of Ithaca. 

'First incorp. April 29, 1829 ; cap. $750,000. 

e Mohawk Bank incorp. March 13, 1807 ; cap. $200,000 ; allowed 
to reduce April 4, 1820; twice extended : expired Jan, 1, 1853, 

■i First incorp, March 15, 1831; cap, $100,000; expired Jan, 1, 
1867. 

• National Bank incorp. April 30, 1829; cap. $1,000,000; ex- 
pired Jan. 1, 1857. 

/Dock Co., with perpetual banking powers. 

fi Removed from Dunkirk March, 1864. 

» First incorp. March 19, 1803; cap. $460,000; once extended; 
expired Jan, 1, 1851 ; i^tate reserved right to take stock. 



• North River Bank incorp. March 23, 1821 ; cap. $600,000 ; 
expired July 1, 1842; judgment dissolving an injunction filed 
Sept. 26, 1868. 

> First incorp. April 8, 1830; cap. $100,000; expired Jan. 1, 
1864. 

* Incoi-p. June 15. 1812, cap. $1,000,000, as New York Manu- 
facturing Co.. for making wire and cards; amended Sept, 26. 
1814, with banking privileges to extent of $160,000 besides 
$350,000 in manufacturing; changed to Phoenix Bank, Feb. 
2. 1817; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1864; increaijed to 
$1,000,000 April 29, 1834, and reduced May 7, 1841. 



CORPORATIONS. 



95 



Existing Banks, continued. 



Corporate Name. 



Rensselaer County Bank.... 

K. M.Godtiard k Co.'b Uank 

Rochester Bank 

Rochester Cily Bank 

Rome Exchjin.i:;e Bank 

St. Nicholas Bank. 

Salt Sprinj^s Bank 

Saratoga County Bank" 

Schenectady Bank 

Schoharie County Bank 

Seneca County Bank 

Seventh Ward Bank 

Shoe & Leather Bank 

Smith's Bank of Perry 

SprakerBauk 

State Bank of Troy 

State of New York Bank.... 

Steuben C-ounty Bank 

Stis.sing Bank* 

Suffolk County Bank 

Susquehanna Valley Bank.. 

Syracuse City Bank 

Tanners' Bank 

Tompkins County Bank 

Tradfsmen'a Bank of the 
City of New York« 

Traders' BankofRochester* 

Troy City Bank 

Ulster Comity Bank 

DnadillaBfink 

Union Bunk of Albany 

Union Bank of Kinder- 
hook 

Union Bank of the City of 
New York* 

Union Bank of Rochester... 

Union Bank of SuUivau 
County 

Union Bank of Troy 

Union Bank of "^^'atertown.. 

Utica City Bank 

Wallkill Bank 

Washington County Bank.. 

Watprtown Bank &. Loan 
Company 

Waverly Bank 

Weedsport Bank 

Westchesti^r County Bank.. 

West Winfield Bank 

White's Bank of Buffalo... 

Williamsburgh City Bank. 

Wooster Sheirnau's Bank.. 

Worthington Bank 

Wyoming County Bank 



Lansingburgh-. 

Cauton 

Rochester 

Rochester 

Rome 

New York 

Syracuse 

Waterford 

Schenectady 

Schoharie , 

Waterloo , 

New York , 

New York , 

Perry 

Canajoharie 

Troy....„ 

Kingston 

Bath 

Pine Plains , 

Sag Harbor , 

Binghamt^n.... 

Syracuse :. 

Catskill 

Ithaca 



New York.. 
Rochester.. 

Troy 

Kingston.... 
Unadilla.... 
Albany 



Kinderhook.., 



New York.. 
Rochester... 



Monticello 

Troy 

Watertown , 

Utica , 

Middletown 

Union Village.., 



Watertown 

Waverly 

Weedsport 

PeekskiU 

WestWiufield.... 

Buffalo 

WiUi;mieburgh.. 

Watertown _. 

Cooperstown 

I Warsaw _. 



3l| 



1. 1.1 



Dates 



Of filing arti- 
cles. 



Dec. 7, 1852 
March 31, 1854 



Feb. 18, 1851 

Nov. 25. 1852 

Feb. 4, 1862 

Not. 28, 1866 



Dec. 30, 1852 



May 31, 1853 
May 20, 1S62 
.July 9, 1853 



Juno 8, 186S 



Jan. 
Dsc. 



31, 1855 
21, 1849 



Dec. 
Jane 



28, 1854 
1, 1859 



June 8, 1853 
June 23, 1853 



Dec. 
Jan. 



21, 1852 
20, 1863 



March 3,1851 
Jan. 20, 1851 
June 14, 1862 
Aug. 30, 1848 
June 9, 1857 
March 8,1839 

Jan. 21, 1839 
Aug. 20, 1866 
July 12, 1854 



March 10, 1854 
April 9, 1853 
Feb. 25, 1862 



Of heginning 
business or of 

act of incor- 

poratioti. 



Jan. 1, 

A])ril 29, 

April 1, 

May ISi 

Feb. 18, 

Nov. 16, 



Jan. 3, 
Dec. 1. 
April 16, 
April, 
March 12, 
April 30, 
Doc. 3, 
Sept. 22, 
June 1, 
April 27, 
Sept. 6, 
March 9, 
May 29, 
April, 
Jan. 10. 
Oct. 26, 
March 14, 
May 14, 



1863 
1859 
1864 
1836 
1851 
1862 
1852 
1865 
1832 
1852 
1833 
1833 
1852 
1868 
1853 
1862 
1863 
1832 
1868 
1844 
1855 
1849 
1831 
1836 



Jan. 



2, 1865 



April 19,1833 
March 14, 1831 
July, 1844 

July 4, 1863 

Juno 23, 1853 

Dec. 22, 1852 
March 1, 1863 



March 

Jan. 

July, 

Sept. 

Aug. 

July 

Jan. 

Aug. 

July 

March 

Fob. 

April 

Feb. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Nov. 



1, 1851 

1. 1851 
1, 1862 
1, 1848 
3, 1867 
1, 1839 

20, 1839 
6, 1855 
3, 1864 
21,1833 
16, 1854 
6, 1863 

4. 1852 
1841 
1854 
1851 



Of expiration 
of charter 
privilege. 



Jan. 1, 1953 



Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Nov. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 



1, 1954 
1, 1866 
1, 1961 
15, 1952 
3, 1962 
1, 1966 
1, 1862 



Jan. 
Jan. 
Dec. 

June 
Jan. 
Sept. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



1. 1863 
1, 1863 
2, 1952 

"i','i963 
1, 2000 
5, 1893 
1, 1862 
1, 1900 



Jan. 
Oct. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



9, 1966 

26, 1949 

1, 1860 

1, 1866 



Jan. 1, 1950 

Jan. 1, 1863 
June 1, 1861 



July 4, 1953 
Jan. 1, 1900 



Jan. 
Jan. 

Jan. 
Jan. 
July 
Jan. 
Aug. 



1, 1952 
1, 1953 

1, 1899 
1, 1961 
1, 1952 
1, 1898 
3, 1957 



In year 2060 



Jan. 
Aug. 
Jan. 
Jan. 



Feb. 16, 
In year 
Feb. 4, 



1956 
1954 
1863 
2354 
2000 
1982 



5S 



s'& 



100 
400 
100 
600 
125 
100 
150 

"206 
600 
600 

"io6 

260 
100 
150 
120 

106 
100 
100 
260 

800 

300 
100 



1,000 
400 

110 
250 
100 
125 
125 
100 

100 
100 
100 
200 
100 
100 
200 



Present 
capital. 



I 200,000 

200,000 
400,000 
100,000 
760,000 
200,000 
160,000 
150,000 

100,000 

200.000 

500,000 

1,600,000 

60,000 

100.000 

250,000 
125,000 
150,000 
60.000 
20,000 
100,000 
160,260 
100,000 
250,000 

800,000 

300.000 
100,000 
126,650 
500,000 

200,000 

1,600,000 
■500,000 

150,000 
300,000 
187.900 
200,1100 
126.000 
200,000 

100,000 
106,100 
100,000 
200,000 
125,000 
200,000 
600,000 
60,000 
60,000 
60,000 



C ^ o 

PI 

IS 



S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 
S. 

S.E. 
S.E. 



S. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 



S.E. 
S.E. 



S E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S. 
S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 



» First incorp. March 29, 1830 ; cap. $100,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 
1867. 

* Successor to Pino Plains Bank. 

" Tradesmen's Bank incorp. March 29, 1823; cap. $600,000 : re- 
duced to $400,000 March 20, 1827 ; once cxt. ; exp. Jan. 1, 1S65. 



•> Formed by the consolidation of the Manufacturers' Bank 
and the Eaglo Bank by special act of 1859. 

«Cnion Bank incorp. JIarch 8, 1811; cap. $1,800,000; once 
extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1863 ; successor to Jersey Bank, in- 
corp. by State of New Jersey. 



Obsolete and Closing Banks. 

(Those marked with a * are redeemed by the Banking Department.) 



Name. 


Looatioru 


Ill 


Vat'^ of charts 
or beginning 
of business. 


Capital. 


Hate of redeinp, 
tion ofcircuta- 
tim. S.—Slocks. 
S. E.— Slocks and 
mortgages on real 
estate. 


Remarks. 


Adams Bnnk 




I. 

A. 

I. 
C. 


Aug. 1850 

Jan. 11, 1839 
May 13, 1840 
April 21,1818 


$ 100,000 




Redemption expires June 2, 1860. 
Geo. Jones, N. Y. 

(Failed Jute 4, 1858. Red. at 
-{ New York State Bank, AI- 

( bany. 

(Changed to Greene County 
t Bank Feb. 5, 1819. 


♦Agricultural Bank of) 
Ucrkimer / 

Allegany County Bank 

1 Aqueduct Association, in) 
\ VUlage of Catskill / 






Angelica 


S. 36 


Catskill 





96 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. 



Bank of Brockport 

Bank of Buffalo 

Bank of Carthage 

Back of Columbia 

Bank of Commerce of Buf- 
falo 

Bank of the Empire Sta.te.. 

*Bank of Hornellsvillo 

Bank of Hudson 



Name. 



American Bank . 



♦Aetor Bank 

Atlas 3ank of New York... 
Amenia Bank 



MayTille.... 

New York.. 

Clymer 

Leedsville . 



Bank of America at Buffiito . 
Bank of Balnbridge. 



Baak of Lake Erie.. 



Bank of Lodl 

Bank of Lyons 

Bank of the Metropolis- 



Bank of Monroe 

Bank of New Kochelle .. 



Bank of Ithaca . 



Bank of Niagara 

Bank of Olean 

Bank of Orleans 

Bank of tho People 

Bank of Phittsburgh 

Bank of Rochester 

Bank of Tonawanda 

Bank of the Union 

♦Bank of the Union in the 

City of Now York 

Bank of the United Sta,te3 

in New York 

Bank of Warsaw 

Bank of Washington &. 

Warren 

Bank of Waterford 

Bank of Western New York. 

Bank of Whitehall 

Binshamton Bank 

Bowery Bank of the City 

of New York , 

Camden Bank 



Canal Bank 

*Canal Bank of Lockport... 

Cattaraugus County Bank, 
*Central Bank of the City 

of New York. 

Chemical Manufacturing ( 

Co i 

Chemong County Bank 



Chelsea Banlc 

City Bank of Buffalo.. 



City Trust & Banking Co... 

Clinton Banlc 

Commercial Bank of Buf- 
falo 

Commercial Bank of New 
York 

Commercial Bank of Os- 
wego 

Cortland County Bank 

Cortland County Bank 

Grouse Bank. 



Champlain Bank... 



Commercial Bank.. 



Location. 



■§31 
ill 



Buffalo 

Penn Yau.. 

Brockport . 

Buffalo 

Carthage ... 
Hudsou 



Buffalo 

Fairport 

Ilorliellsville.. 
Hudson 



Buffalo., 



Lodi.( Seneca CO..) 

Lyons 

New York 



Rocheater . 
Bolivar 



Buffalo 

Olean 

Albion 

Low^ville 

Plattsburgh . 

Rochester 

Wheatfleld.... 
Belfast 



New York.. 



New York.. 
Warsaw .... 



Sandy Hill 

Waterford 

Rochester 

Whitehall 

BinghamtoD . 

New York 

Camden 



Albany .... 
Lockpurt.. 



Randolph 

New York.... 
New York ... 
Horseheads., 



New York., 
Buffalo 



New York . 
New Y'ork ., 



Buffalo 

New York . 



Oswego 

Truxton 

CincinnatuB.. 
Syracuse 



EUenburgh ., 



Lockport 1. 



Date of charter 
or heginning 
of buniuss. 



June, 

June 
June, 



2, 1S62 
1847 
1844 



Sept. 26, 1839 
April, 1S47 

Nov. 13, 1S3SI 
March 14, 1831 
July, 18.52 

March 6, 1793 

Aug. 27, 1839 
June, 1848 

March 1, 1856 
March 25, 1808 



Sept. 



1847 



Jan. 8. 1S.39 
May 14, 1836 
March 31, 1851 

April 22,1829 
Jan. 1S46 

AprQ 29,1829 



April 

Feb. 

April 

Sept. 

April 

Feb. 

Dec. 

March, 



17, 1816 
13. 1S40 
30, 1834 
1852 
7, 1S17 
19, 1824 
15, 1838 
, 1852 



May 25, 1863 



Aug. 
Jan. 



April 

Jan. 

July 

April 

Dec. 

Aug. 
Jan. 

May 
April 



13, 1838 
1, 1839 

7, 1817 
1, 1839 
4, 1838 
30, 1829 
26, 1838 

16, 1S47 
27, 1848 

2, 1829 
10, 1S39 



Jan. 23, 1840 

Jan. 17, 1853 

April 21,1824 

Sept. 14,1856 



Jan. 

May 



8, 1839 
21, 1836 



March 10, 18.39 

Feb. 10, 1840 

April 26,1834 

April 28,1834 

May 19, 1836 

Sept. 30, 1839 

Sept. 184S 

May 12, 1852 



Oct. 



1846 



'Capital. 



4. . i S 8 

; S" I I. oi« 

(V .5 .S ■ - ^ 



100,000 



150,000 
200,000 



100,000 
300,000 



100.000 
200.000 
100,000 

300,000 



200,000 



400.000 
100.000 
200,000 

"360,006 
260,000 
100,000 



200,000 
100,000 

400,000 
100,000 
180.000 
100,000 
100,000 

300,000 
112,550 

300,000 
200,000 



300,000 
400,000 



1,000,000 
400,000 



100,000 
100,000 



250,000 
100,000 



Par 

S. 97, S. E. 76 
Par 



S.76,S. E.78 



S. 76. 
Par .. 



S. 83, S. E. 97 
Par 



Par 

S.par,S.E.81 



S.87, S. E.74 
Par ...!.!.. 



S. 78. 



S. 75, S. E.74 



Par . 
Par . 



40.... 
Par . 



S. 84, S. E. 77 

Par 

Par 

Par 



Par . 
Par . 



Remarlis. 



Closing. Red. by Henry Keep 

untU Nov. 16, 1S61. 
Closing. 
Failed 1847. 
Red. by Geo. Jones, N. Y., until 

Sept. 14, 1861. 
Failed. 
Closing. Red. by H. B. Bennett 

untU March 26, 1863. 
Failed. 
Failed. 

Closed. Red. until April 29, 1863, 
Failed 1829. Twice extended. 

Failed. 

Closing. Red. until Oct. 7, 1862. 
Closing. Originally individual. 
Failed 1820. Allowed office of 

discount at Catskill. 
Closing. Red. until March 21, 

1862. 
Failed. 
Failed. 
Scarcely began business. Got 

one pl.ate eugraved. 
Charter expired Jan. 1, 1850. 
Failed Oct. 1,1851. Time expired 

for redemp. Jan. 8, 1859. 
Ch.arter expired Jan. 1, 1850, 

Removed to N. Y., and now 

Mercantile Bank of New York. 
Failed 1825. 
Failed. 

Failed. Elizur Hart receiver. 
Closing. Red. untU Oct. 28, 1862 
Failed 1825. 

Charter expired July 1847. 
Failed 1840. 
Closing. Red. until June 2, 1864. 

Closing. 



Failed 1826. 

Failed. 

Failed. 

Charter expired June 13, 1859. 

Failed. 

Failed. Jno. A. Stewart receiver. 

Closing. Red. by Edwin Rock- 
well untU Jan. 1, 1864. 

Failed July 11, 1848. 

Closing. (See Rep. Comp. 1848. 
p. 70.) 

Failed. 

Failed. 

f Charter expired. Merged in 
1 Chemical Bank. 
Failed March 23, 1858. Red. by 

Bank Dept. until Sept. 23, 

1864. 
Failed in 1840. 
Failed 1839. (See Comp. Rep, 

1848, p. -5.) 
aosed 1S41. 
FaUed 1844. 

Failed. 

Failed. 

Failed. 

Closing. Red. until Dec. 2, 1859, 
Changed to Central City Bank 

Feb. 3, 1867. 
Closing. (See Rep. Comp. 1848, 

p. 76.) Red. until Nov. 16, 

1861. 
aosing. Bed. until Aug. 25, 

1861. 



CORPORATIONS. 



9T 



Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. 



Name. 



Commercial Bank, Alle-l 

ganyCounty j 

Clinton Connty Bank 

*I)airymeii'8 Bank 

Delaware k Hudson Canal ) 

Co / 

Dutches^ County Bank 

Dutchess County Bank 

Drovers' Bank of St. Law- 1 

renceCounty J 

Dunkirk Bank 

Eagle Bank 

Eagle Bank of Kocbester... 

Eighth Avenue Bank 

•Empire City Bank. 

Erie County Bank 

Excelsior Bank 

♦Exchange Bank of Buffalo. 

♦Exchange Bank of Genesee 

Exchange Bank of Roches- 
ter 

Farmers' Bank of Ovid 

Farmers' Bank of Hamilton 

County 

Farmers' Bank of Geneva- 
Farmers' Bank of Malono.. 
Farmers' Bank of Mina 

*Fiimers' Bankof Onon-I 
daga I 

Farmers' Bank of Orange 1 

Couutj' J 

Farmers' Bank of Orleans.. 
Farmers' Bank of Penn 

Yan 

Farmers' Bank of Seneca 

County 

Farmers & Drovers' Bank 

of Erie County 

Farmers & Mechanics' 

Bank of Ogdensburgh 

Farmers & Mechanics' 

Bank of Onondaga 

Franklin Bank of Chau- 

.tauqua County 

Franklin Bank 

Franklin County Bank 

Farmers' Bank of Saratoga 

County 

Freemen's Bank of Wash- 

ingt»>n County 

Genesee Centr;il Bank 

Globe Bank 

Globe Bank in the City of 

New York 

Greene County Bank 

*Uamilton Exchange ) 

Bank of Greene j 

Hartford Bank 

it. J. Miner's Bank of Utica. 

Henry Keep's Bank 

♦Hollister Bank of Buffalo- 
Howard Trust & Banking 

Co 

Hudson River Bank 

•Island City Bank 

Ithaca Bank 

James Hank .' 

Kinderhook Bank 

Knickerbocker Bank 

Knickerbocker Bank of^^ 
the City of New York ) 

Kirkland Bank 

I.a Fayette Bank 



Location. 



Friendship 

Plattsburgh 

Newport 

New York 

Poughkeepaie 

Amenia 

Ogdensburgh 

Dunkirk 

New York 

Rochester 

New York 

New York 

Buffalo 

Meridian 

Buffalo 

Batavia 

Rochester 

Ovid 

Arietta 

Geneva 

Malone 

Mina 

Onondaga TaJley, 

Warwick 

Gaines 

Penn Yan 

Romulus 

Buffalo 

Ogdensburgh 

Fayettcville 

French Creek 

New York 

Malone 

Crescent 

Hebron 

Attica 

Seneca Falls 

New York 

Catskill 

Greene- 

Hartford 

Fredonia. 

Watertown 

Buffalo 

Troy. 

New York 

New York 

Tthaca 

.Tamesville 

Kindcrhook 

Genoa 

New York 

Clinton 

New York 



-'•i' 



Date of Charts 
or betjinning 
of busimss. 



July, 

May 
Nov. 



IS. 1836 
1,1855 



Not. 19, lS2i 

AprU 12,1825 

Aug. 1849 

Dec. 1843 

July, 1851 

April 5, 1839 

March 27, 1852 



Sept. 
Jan. 



1, 1853 
1, 1852 



Sept. 1, 1838 

Feb. 1861 

April, 1844 

Jan. 8, 1849 



Oct. 31, 1839 
Oct. 6, 1838 

April, 1850 

July 18, 1839 

Oct. 1844 

May, 184: 



July, 

Aug. 

Oct. 

Aug. 

April 

Oct. 

Aug. 

Aug. 



April 
Aug. 



1852 

1842 
29, 1838 

20, 1839 

20, 1839 

1843 

28, 1843 

24,1839 

1847 

21, 1818 

1846 



April 1, 1851 



Oct. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

April 
Feb. 

Aug. 

June, 
Feb. 

Sept. 

Feb. 



1850 

11. 1838 

23. 1839 

11. 1840 
5, 1819 



1849 
1850 



1847 
1, 1850 



April 16,1839 
Dec. 6, 18,"!8 
June 1, 1X54 



Dec. 
Feb. 
.Tan. 
Sept. 

Oct. 

Dec. 
April 



31, 1838 

7, 1S39 

25,1839 

1848 

1, 1851 

1845 
18, 18S4 



Capital. 



$200,000 
100,000 



600,000 
160,000 



100,000 
200,000 

100,000 

600,000 

100,000 



200,000 
100,000 
100,000 

100,000 
250,000 

560,000 

200,000 

"100,060 

100,000 



25,000 



100,000 



100,000 
100,000 
300,000 

250.000 
106,000 



200,000 

"ioo'fioo 



E-2 S o *■ 



"S"V 



&a^ 






Par. 
Par. 



Par . 
Par. 



S. E. 94... 
Par 



S. 52, S. B. 72 

Par 

Par 



Par 

S.par,S.E.74 



Par. 
Par. 
Par . 



Par. 
Par . 

Par. 

Par . 

Par . 



Par . 
Par . 
Par . 



Remarks. 



/Closing. Eed. until July 22. 
\ 1862. 
Failed. 
Failed May 1868. Red. at New 

York State Bank at Albany 

until Nov, 6. 18iU. 
f Banking privilege expired 
1 Not. 19, 1844. 
Charter expired July 1, 1846. 
Oosing. Ked.until Not. 6,1863. 
f Closed. Removed from Catta- 
\ raugus CO. 
Closed. 
Failed. 
Merged in the Traders' Bank of 

Rochester June, 1S59. 
Failed Not. 1854. Red. at Bank 

Dept. 
Failed. Red. at North River 

Bank. 
Failed. 

Oosing. Red.nntil Not. 16,1861. 
Failed. Red. at Albany aty 

Bank. 
Closing. Removed from Alex- 
ander June 24, 1850. 

Closed. 



Closing. Ked.untilJuly 16,1363, 

Closed. Worthless. 

Closing. Red.untilMar.9,1864. 

(■Failed May 1853. Red. at 
< Bank Dept. at 85 until Not. 

I, 12, 1859. 

' Closed 1843.. Worthless. (See 

\ Comp. Rep. 1844, p. 61.) 
Failed. Worthless. 

Closed 1843. 

Failed 1840. 

Failed 1846. Worthless. 

aosed. 

Closed 1841. 

Closing. Red. until Aug.25, 1851, 
Failed 1830. 
aosed 1852. 

Still redeeming its own notes. 

Closing. Red. until Oct. 2, 1861 

Failed. 



Failed 1826. 

Redeemed at Bank Dept. at 84 
until June 23. 1854. 
Closing. Red. until July 14. 1862. 
Closing. Still redeems its own 



notes. 
Closing. 

1859. 
Failed. 

Bank at Albany. 



Red. until Sept. 17, 
Red. at Commercial 



Failed Oct. 1857. Red. at Man 
hattan Co. until April 22, 1864, 



Failed Oct. 1, 1851. Worthless. 



Closing. Red. until Not. 16, 1861. 
led. Red. at North River 
Bank, 
osing. Red. until June 3, 186S. 
Failed. 



,Fa 
Closi 



m 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Obsolete and Closi?i{/ Banks, continued. 



Leiand Bank 

Le Roy Bank of Geneseo ... 

Lewis County Bank- 

Livingston County Bank... 

Lockport Bank 

Lockport Bank & Truet Co. 

Lumbeiman'a Bank 

*Lutber Wright's Bank 

Mclntyre Bank 

Madison Co. Bank 

Manhattan Exchange Bank 

Man ufactu vers' Bank of 
Ulster Co 

Manufacturers' Bank of \ 
Rochester J 

Mechanics' Bank 

Mechanics' Bank of Buftalo 

Mechanics' Bank of Wil-) 
liamsburgh j 

Mechanics & Farmers' Bank 

Mercantile Bank of Schenec- 
tady 

Merchants' Bank 

Merchants' Bant of Ontario 
County 

Merchants' Banking Co. 

Merchants' Exchange Bank 
of Buffalo 

Merchants k Farmers'Bank 

•Merchants & Mechanics' ) 
Bank uf Oswego / 

Middle District Bank 

Millers' Bank of New York 
♦Monroe Bank of Kochester 
New York Banking Co., 
New York Bank of l^avatoga 
New York City Bank.... 



New Lebanon... 

Le Roy , 

Martinsburgh.. 

Gene.soo 

Lockport 

Lockport 

Wiltnurt 

Oswego 

Adirondac 

Cazenovia 

New York 



Saugerties.... 

Rochester.... 

Watertown.. 
Buflalo 



New York Manufactaring \ 
Co X 

New York City Trust & 
Banking Co 

New York Security Banlc 

New York Stuck Bank 

*New York State Stock) 
Security Bank | 

*Now York Traders' B.ank ) 
of Washin-iton Co J 

Niagara River Bank* 



Location. 



•few o 

III 



Williamsburgh.. 
Ithaca 



Schenectady . 
Mina 



Naples 

New York.. 



Buffalo.. 
Carmel.. 



North Granvilla. 



PoushkeepHie ., 

Clyde , 

Cuba 

New York 

ILidley 

New Y'ork 



New York.. 



New York... 
Hope F.illB.. 
Durham 



North American Banl; 

North American Trust & 

Banking Co 

Northern Bank of New 

York 

Northern Exchange Bank- 
Northern Canal Bank 

North r.iver Bfinlcing Co ... 
♦Oliver Lee & Companj^'B 1 

Bank / 

Onondaga County Bank 

Ontario Bank 



North Granville. 
Buffalo 



New York.. 
New York.. 



Madrid 

Br.aalier Falls.. 

Fort .\nn 

New Y'ork 

Buffalo 



Syracuse 

Canuudaigua . 



[Long Island Bank 

Ontario Bank, (President 

and Directors of) 

•Ontario County Bank 

Oswego County Bank 

Palmyra Bank of "Wayne ) 

County J 

Fachiu Bank 

Phcpnix Bank 

Phtenix Bank at Buffalo.... 
•Pino Plains Bank 



Brooklyn... 



Uticn.... 
Phelps. 



Palmyra.. 
Buffalo.... 



Bainbridge.. 

Buffalo 

Pino Plains.. 



July, 1852 

Jan. 1, 1S39 
April 30, 1833 
April 7, 1S30 
April 22,1829 
Oct. 31, 1838 
llarch, 1861 
March 28, 1846 
Sept. 1847 

March 14, 1831 
AprU 1, 1839 



Date fif charter 
or beginning 
of business. 



10, 1840 

28, 1866 

1851 
25, 1839 



Sept. 

July 

Sept. 
Jan. 

March 1,1863 

Oct. 24, 1838 

March 26, 1839 
Feb. 1847 

March 1846 
Sept. 4, 1839 

Sept. 20, 1838 
Oct. 1848 



July 



1852 



March 22, 1811 
Dec. 1, 1838 
Oct. 1852 

March 23, 1S39 
Feb. ISr.l 

May 6, 1840 

Sept. 26, 1814 



Aug. 
Juno 



1848 
1846 



Nov. 30, 1838 

Sept. 1851 

Haicta 15, 1853 

Oct. 21, 1S39 

Not. 6, 1838 

Feb. 1847 

July 1847 

Aug. 1848 

Dec. 4, 1839 

Jan. 1, 1844 

Jan. 1. 1854 
March 12, 1813 



April 1, 1824 



Capittd. 



4,i 



Dec. 
Nov. 



Oct. 



29, 1855 
1855 



1849 



Dec. 1843 

Oct. 1, 1847 

June 1850 

Oct. SO, 1839 
March 9,1839 



i 100,000 
100.000 
100,000 
100,000 
600,000 



300,000 



100,000 
300,000 



200,000 

160,066 

100,000 



100,000 



1,000,000 



200,000 
300,000 



Ill 



Par . 
Par . 
Par . 
Par . 
Par . 



Par 

S. E. 63.. 



Par . 
Par . 



S.81,S. E.66 
Par 



100,000 

"266,666 

160,000 



S.Par,S.E.94 

Par 

S. 42 

Par 



104,000 



100,000 

100,000 

150.000 
600,000 



300,000] 



Remarks. 



Par . 
Par . 
Par . 

Par . 



Par . 
I'ar . 
Par . 



600,000 


Par 




Par 






100,000 


Par 


"SOO.'OM 
100,000 


S."iJ."73.V.'.'.'.V. 
Par 



Closing. Kod. until July 16, 1864. 

Failed Nov. 4, 1864. 

Charter expired July 1, 1855. 

Charter repi-aled May 15, 1837. 

Closing. Hed.untilNov.l2,lS63. 

Closing. Red. untU Oct. 24, 1861. 

Closin;;. 

Closing. Bed. until Feb. 27. 1861. 

Charter expired Jan. 1, 1858. 



Closed. 

f Merged in The Traders' Bank 
\ of Rochester June, 1^59. 

Closing. Red. until Sept. 23, 1861. 

Failed. 

f Changed to Manufacturers' 
\ Bauk of Brooklyn, 1S68. 



Closed 1844. 

Closing. Red. until Oct. 17, 1861. 

Closed. 
Closed. 

Failed 1840. 

Closing. Bed. until May 30, 1862. 

(•Failed March 1S64. Red. at 
J. Bank Dipt, at 77 until Sept. 

I 28. 1860. 
Failed 1829. 
Failed 1S40. 
Closing. 
Failed. 
Closing, r.ed. until A prill, 1862. 

{Merged in Phientx Bank Feb. 
21, 1817. Incorp. June 15, 
1812, for manufacturing 
cards and wire. 

Closed 1840. 

Closing. Kcd.untilAug.l6,lS64. 

Closing. Red. until July 19, 18K2. 
[Closing. Red. at New York 
I State Bank. Albany. 
yClo.sing. Red. at New York 
\ State Bank, Albany. 

Removed to Lockport May 13, 
18.^9, and name changed to 
Lockport City Bank. 

Closed 1841. 

Failed. 

Closing. Red. until Not. 1,1860 
Closing. Bed. until March 1, 1862 
Closing. Red. until Oct. 13, 1862 

/Failed. Bed. at Albany City 

t Bank. 

Clo.ied. 

Charter expired .Tan. 1. 1856. 
Allowed to establish Branch 
at Ulica April 10. 1816, and this 
continued until charter ex- 
pircl as Ontario Branch Bank 
of Utica. 

Failed. E. A. Wetmore, receiver. 
Failed March, 1858. Red. at 

Union Bauk, Albany, until 

Aug. 11, 1S64. 
Closing. (1854.) Red. until Sept. 

5, 1860. 

f Clianged to Lyons Bank March 
1 31, 1867. 
Closed. Bed. by A. D. Patchin 

until Feb. 28, 1862. 
Closed. 

Failed. Bed. until Sept. 2, 1863. 
Failed April 1858. Keorganixed 

as Stissing Bauk. 



« Kemoved from Tonawauda, Sept. 2iy 1867. 



CORPORATIONS. 



99 



Savings Banks are institutions intended to receive in trust small sums of money, generally 
the surplus earnings of the laboring classes, and to return the same with moderate interest at a future 
time. They are banks of deposit only ; their officers serve without pay, and the money received 
on deposit can be invested only in mortgages upon real estate, public stocks, or such other securities 

Obsolete and Closing Banks^ continued. 



Kahe. 



Powell Bank 

*Priitt Hank of Buffalo . 



Prattsville Bank 

Putnam County Bank.. 



Putnam Valley Bank- 
Queen City Bank 

Reciprocity Bank 



Sackets Harbor Bank -.. 



St. Lawrence Bank 

State Bank of New York 
Silver Lake Bank of Genesee 

♦State Bank at Sackets \ 
Harbor J 

•State Bank at SaugertieB.. 

Staten Island Bank 

♦Suffolk Bank 

Sullivan County Bank 

Tenth Ward Bank 

Troy Exchange Bank 

Union Bank at Buffiilo 

United States Bk. at Buffalo 
Valley Bank of Boonville. 



Valley Bank of Lowville... 



Villaf:;e Bank 

♦Walter Joy's Bank- 



Warren County Bank... 
Washinpton Bank in the 

City of Jt'ew York 

Watervliet Bank 



'til 



Newburgh. 
Buffalo 



Prattsville 

Farmers' Mills . 

Putnam Valley. 

Buffalo .... 

Buffalo 



Buffalo.. 



Ogdonsburgh ., 

Buffalo 

Perry 



Sackets Harbor., 



?augerties 

Port Richmond. 

New York 

Monticello 

New York 

Troy 

Buffalo 

Buffalo 

Boonville 



Randolph. 
Buffalo 



Wayne County Bank.... 

*VVhite Plains Bank 

Western Bank of Suffolk 

County 

Williamsburgh Bank 

Willout^hby Bank 

Wool Orowers' Bank of the 

State of New York 

Yates Connty Bank 



New York... 
West Troy .. 



Palmyra.. 
Naples.... 



Date of charter 
or beginning 
of business. 



S.Huntington... 
Williamsburgh.. 
Brooklyn 



New York.. 
Peun Y'an.. 



A. 
C. 

C. 
I. 

I. 
A. 
A. 

A. 
C. 



Dec. 

Oct. 



27, 183.S 
1847 



Aug. 
Nov. 2: 



1843 
,1848 



May, 1849 

Sept. 18.53 

March 0,1867 



April, 23,1834 



,lan. 8, 1839 
Oct. 15, 1839 
Jan. 6, 1839 



May, 

April, 

Oct. 

July 

Oct. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Oct. 

Dec. 



1852 

1847 

29, 1838 

1, 1852 

18.50 

1, 183S 

1, 1838 

10, 1839 

13, 1838 



Aug. 



June, 
Feb. 



Capital. 



£ .S g C K 

I. ai 'i 



$130,000 

"100,066 

"266,666 
200,000 



100,000 
100,000 
100,000 



100,000 
100,000 

' 106,006 

100,000 
100.000 
100,000 



Par . 
94.... 



July 
May 

April 
Juno, 

June, 

Jan. 

Nov. 

Jan. 
April 



1S4S 
1848 



18, 1839 
21, 1836 

30, 1820 
1844 

1850 
12, 1839 
1, 1839 

12, 1839 
2, 1831 



125.000 
250,000 



100,000 



100,000 
100,000 

100,000 
100,000 



Par . 
Par . 



Par . 
Par . 



S.32, S.E.50 
S. 31 



Par . 



Par 

E. 56.. 

Par 

Par 

S. 94 



S. 81.. 
S. E. 7 
Par ... 



Bemarkt. 



Par . 
Par . 



Par . 



66, 35, 4 Par. 



Par . 
Par . 
Par . 



Closing. Red. its own notes. 
Failed Feb. 1868. Bed. at Bank 

Dept. at 94. 
Closing. Eed.nntiIDec.15,1860.1 
Closing. Bed. by David Kent; 

until Oct. 1863. 
Closing. 

Closing. Red.untilFeb.lO,lS63.; 
Changed from Sackets Harbor 

Bank March 6, 1851. Failed. 

Receiver app. Aug. 27, 1857. 
Removed from Sackets Harbor 

March 25, 1852. Changed to 

Reciprocity Bank 1857. 
F.ailed Dec. 3, 1841. 
Failed. 

(•Failed Nov. 1, 1856. Red. at 
< Union Bank, Albany, uutil 

( Nov. U, 1862. 
Closing. 
F.ailed. 
Closing. 

Cloeing. Red.nntilAug.21,18C0. 
Failed 1810. 

Failed. 
Failed. 
Closing. Rcd.by B. N. Merriam, 

of Ogdeneburgh, until March 

20, 1863. 
Removed to Boonville. See 

above. 
Oosing. Red. until Jnne 3, 1859. 
Failed 1850. Red. at Mechanics 

& Farmers' Bank, Albany. 
Closing. Red. untU Nov. 12, 1859. 

Failed 18«. 

Failed. (Soo Comp. Rep. 1848, p. 

77. 
Closed. 
Closing. 

Closino;. Red.untilJaneI7,1862. 

Closed. 
Closed 1840. 

Closed 1841. 

Failed 1848. (See Comp. Kep. 
1849, p. 35.) 



Savings Banks in the State, Jan. 1, 1859. 



Name. 



Albany City Pavings Institution 

Albany Exchange Savings Bank 

Albnny Savings Bank 

Auburn Savings Institution 

BauU fir Savings in the City of New York 

Bloiiminp.'dalo Savings Bank 

Bowery Savings Bank 

Broad\v.ay Savings Institution 

BriH-kport Savings Bank 

Broiiklyn Savings Bank 

Buffalo Savings Bank 

Central City Savings Institution 

Central Savings Bank of Troy 

Coboes Savings Institution 

Commercial Savings Bank of Troy...... 

Dry l)(i(!k Savings Institution 

East lliver Savings Institution 

Elmira Savings Bank 

Emigrant IndnstrLal Savings Bank 



Localian. 



Albany 

Albany.... 

Albany 

Auburn.... 
New York. 
New York. 
New York. 
New York. 
Brockport . 
Brooklyn... 

Buffalo 

Utisa 

Troy 

Cohoes 

Troy 

New York. 
New York. 

Elmira 

New York. 



Date of 
incorporation. 



March 

April 

March 

March 

March 

April 

May 

.lune 

July 

April 

May 

.lune 

April 

April 

Api-il 

April 



29. 1850 
IS, 1866 
24, 1820 
12, 1S49 
26, 1819 
17, 1854 
1, 1834 
20, 1.8.51 
18. 1863 
7, 1827 
9. 1S46 
20, 1S51 
16, 18.57 
11, 18.51 
12, 18,55 
12, 1848 



April 
April 



17, 1854 
10, 1860 



Amount 
depositors. 



i 168,181 

27,987 

99S,92.t 

71.'2.35 

8,701,923 

56,31)0 

7,818,143 

841.341) 

2,4.39 

2,rifiO,9Sl 

872,r>Sl 

28.431 

2.5.712 

34,734 

60,031 

1,118,876 

785,782 

1.973 

1,628.764 



Resources. 



$ 168.181 

27,987 

1,049,804 

71,415 

9,2.59.996 

67..599 

8,274,446 

872,967 

2.611 

2,816,817 

824,86.1 

80.638 

25.712 

34.734 

00,031 

1,109,401 

829,669 

2,1OT 

1,096,961 



100 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



as may be approved by law. They can be organized by special act of the Legislature, and their 
charters are perpetual. The total number of savings institutions incorp. prior to 1809 was 75, of 
which 57 reported their statistics in 1858. They are placed under the care of the Superintendent 
of the Banking Department, who has general powers for the protection of the interests of deposi- 
tors, and is required to report their condition annually to the Legislature. Most of these institu- 
tions bear names closely resembling those of banks of discount and circulation, and are kept in 
the same building and have the same persons as officers of both.' 

Class IV includes those whose certificates are filed in the County Clerks' offices. Most of th 
corporations already described are required to file their articles in the clerk's office of their respect- 
ive counties, in addition to depositing them in the departments of the State Government. 

" An Act to provide for the Incorporation of Religious Societies" was passed April 6, 
1784.2 

"An Act mdhorizing the Incorporation of Rural Cemetery Associations" was passed 
April 27, 1847. 

" An Act to provide for the Incorporation of Villages" was passed Dec. 7, 1847.' 

Savings Banks, continued. 



Eniigr.ant Saving:8 Bank of Buffalo 

Erie County Savings Bank 

Pishkill Savings Institute 

Greenwich Savings Bank 

Hudson City Savings Institution 

institution for the Savings of Merchants' ClerkS.. 

Irving Savings Institution 

Manhattan Savings Institution 

Manufacturers' Savings Bank of Troy 

Mariners' Savings Institution .-. 

Mechanics & Farmers' Savings Bank of Albany... 

Mechanics & Traders' Savings Institution 

Monroe County Savings Institution 

Mutual Savings Bank of Troy 

Nowburgh Savings Bank 

Niagara County Savings Bank 

Onondaga County Savings Bank 

Poughkeepsie Savings Bank 

Rochester S.avinga Bank 

Rome Savings Bank 

Rose nill Savings Bank 

Savings Bank ot Utica 

Schenectady Savings Bank 

Seamen's Bank for Savings 

Sing Sing Savings Bank 

Sixpenny Savings Bank of Albany 

Sixpenny Savings Bank of the City of New York. 

South Brooklyn Savings Institute 

Soutbold Savings Bank 

State Savings Bank of Troy 

Syracuse Savings Bank 

Troy Savings Bank 

Ulster County Savings Institution 

Union Savings Bank of Albany 

Westchester County Savings Bank 

Western Savings Bank 

Williamsburgh Savings Bank 

Yonkers Savings Bank 



ButTalo 

Buffalo 

Fishkill 

New York , 

Hudson 

New York 

New York 

New York 

Troy 

New York 

Albany 

New York 

Rochester 

Troy 

Newburgh 

Lockport 

Syracuse 

Poughkeepsie. 

Rochester 

Rome 

New York 

Utica 

Schenectady .. 

New York. 

Sing Slug , 

Albany 

New York 

Brooklyn 

Southold 

Troy 

Syracuse 

Troy 

Kingston 

Albany 

Tarrytown 

Buffalo 

Brooklyn 

Yonkers. 



Date of 
incorporation. 



April 

April 

Feb. 

April 

April 

April 

July 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

June 

April 

April 

April 

Jan. 

March 

April 

June 

April 

April 

April 

March 

April 

April 

April 

July 

July 

April 

April 



17, 1858 
10, 1854 
25, 1867 

24. 1833 
4, 1850 

12,1848 
1, 1851 
10, ISoO 

15, 1857 

16, 1S52 
1-2, 1S55 
IC, 1852 

8, 1S50 
15, 1867 
13. 1852 
10, 1851 
10, 1S55 

16, 1836 
21, 1831 
30, 1851 

17, 1854 
26, 1839 

29. 1834 
31, 1829 

9, 1854 

17, 1854 

4. 1853 

10. 1850 
7. 1S58 

18, 1S56 
30, 1849 
23,1823 

18. 1851 
13, 1864 
21, 1853 

9. 1851 
9, 1851 

3. 1854 



Amount 

due. 

depositors. 



% 6,490 

642,641 

21,497 

3,528,851 

44.010 

1,609,889 

719,498 

1,782,007 

61,988 

419,089 

179,049 

301,612 

250,079 

23,037 

91.188 

1,669 

129,601 

247,605 

1,371,911 

33,621 

71,854 

334.262 

211,886 

7,319,474 

36.410 

10,601 

112,361 

622,360 

6,970 

47,479 

237,580 

634,004 

62,435 

16,187 

103,734 

77,048 

1,086.882 

47,405 



Resources. 



i 4,218 

649,722 

21,705 

3,678,180 

45,206 

1,529,810 

736,323 

1,839,785 

51,988 

430,141 

179,049 

372,417 

259,341 

23,637 

92,993 

1,636 

130,262 

203,619 

1,476,425 

36,289 

72,285 

368,499 

2-27,659 

7,820,443 

35,711 

10,601 

113,548 

638,664 

7,001 

47,479 

2.38,619 

671,716 

63,022 

15,187 

108,729 

77,048 

1,119,001 

48,009 



I The first savings b.ank in England was formed in 1804, and 
the first in New York in 1819, under the auspices of the *' So- 
ciety for Prevention of Pauperism." A public meeting was 
called and the plan discussed and approved Nov, 29, 1816. The 
firat deposits were made July 3, 1819, and $2,807 were received 
the first evening from 80 depositors, in sums of from $2 to $300. 
Within 6 mo., $153,378.31 had been deposited, by 1,627 persons, 
and but $6,606 had been withdrawn. Up to 1857, $47,630,067.61 
had been intrusted to the care of this institution. — Common 
Gouncil Manual. 1868. p. 623. 

The first savings bank in Albany was established in 1820; 
in Troy, in 1823 ; in Brooklyn, in 1827 ; and in Buffalo, in 1836. 
Most of these banks were originally required to report to the 
Legislature; but their returns were seldom published. Under 
the act of March 20, 1857, they are required to report to the 



Superintendent of the Banking Department. Sixteen pavings 
banks have been incorp. that never organized. Only two of 
the whole number chartered have ever failed. The"Knicker. 
bocker S.avings Institution," of N. Y., incorp. April 8, 1851. 
failed and went into the hands of a receiver in 1864 : and the 
*' Sixpenny Savings Bank of Rochester," incorp. July 13, 1854, 
failed. 

2 This act was amended, so far as it related to the Ref. Prot. 
D. Societies, March 7, 1783. Other amendments were made in 
1801, 1813, and 18'28. For statistics see p. 139. 

8 Previous to this act, vilUiges were incorp. by Bpeci.al acta of 
the Legislature, and the articles were filed in the State Depart- 
ment: but since, the filing of articles has become a mere local 
affair; and it is extremely difficult to obtain a complete list of 
the incorporated villages of the State. 



AGRICULTURE. 



The climate of the State is adapted to the cultivation of most of the crops and fruits of the 
temperate zone. The improved lands comprise a little more than one-half of the entire area of the 
State, and of these 37 per cent, is devoted to pasturage and 25 per cent, is occupied by meadow- 
lands. The principal crops, in the order of relative amount, are oats, corn, wheat, buckwheat, rye, 
and barley, together occupying 37 per cent, of the cultivated lands, — leaving 1 per cent, for 
the minor crops and gardens. The northern cos. of the State and the highland regions along the 
s. border and upon the Hudson are much better adapted to pasturage than tillage ; and the people 
in these sections are almost exclusively engaged in stock and sheep raising and in dairying. 
Little more grain is raised than is strictly necessary for a proper rotation of crops ; and the greater 
part of the grain for home consumption is imported from other sections of the country. The low 
lands that surround the great lakes and occupy the greater portion of the surface in the w. part of 
the State are best adapted to grain growing. Several sections of the State are found peculiarly 
adapted to particular products. The Mohawk Valley intervales have been long almost exclusively 
devoted to the cultivation of broom corn. The Chemung Valley, parts of Onondaga co. and 
several other sections are becoming known as tobacco raising districts. Hops are extensively 
cultivated in Madison, Oneida, Otsego, and Schoharie cos. The Hudson Valley below the High- 
lands, the N. shore of Long Island, and the s. extremity of several of the lake valleys in the cen- 
tral portion of the State are well adapted to the culture of grapes. Maple sugar is largely pro- 
duced in the northern cos. and in the central highland districts. Upon Long Island and in West- 
chester large sections are devoted to the cultivation of vegetables for the New York market. The 
people of Orange, Rockland, "Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess cos. are largely engaged in fur- 
nishing the city of New York with milk.^ 

The Sfew Tork. State Agricultural Society was formed by a convention held at Al- 
bany in Feb. 1832 ; but for several years it received no support from the State and held no regular 
fairs. In 1841 the society was re-organized, and measures were adopted for raising funds and hold- 
ing annual fairs. On May 5 of that year, an act was passed by the Legislature, appropriating ^8,000 
for the encouragement of agriculture, $700 of which was to go to the State Society, and the re- 
mainder was to be divided among the co. societies in the ratio of Assembly representation. This 
appropriation has been continued until the present time. The society is requu'ed annually to re- 
port to the Legislature a full account of its proceedings, and such facts concerning the agricul- 
tural condition of the State as may be of general interest. The volumes of Transactions are 
published by the State, and are widely distributed among the farming population. The annual 
fairs are held in different parts of the State, and are largely attended.*'^ They usually succeed in 



1 Hay is most largely produced in St. Lawrence, Oneida, Che- 
nango. Otsego, Chautauqua, Delaware, and Orange counties; 
wheat, in Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara,Ontario, and Jef- 
ferson counties ; oats, in Onondaga, Montgomery, Oneida, CajTiga, 
and Otsego; rye, in Columbia, Rensselaer, Ulster, Orange, 
Albany. Saratoga, and Washington; barley, in Jetteraon, Onon- 
daga, Ontario, Cayuga, and Wayne; buckwheat, in Schoharie, 
Montgomery, Otsego, Saratoga. *ind Tioga; corn, in Onondaga, 
Cayuga, Monroe, Wayne, Oneiaa, and Ontario; and potatoes, in 
Wiishington, Monroe, Oneida, St. Lawrence, Kensselaer, and 
Tninklin. The counties having the greatest number of cows 
are St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Oneida, Orange, Chenango, Her- 
kimer, and Chautauqua; and the greatest number of elieep, 
Ontario, Livingston, Steuben, Cayuga, Washington. AVyoming. 
Monroe, and Genesee. The counties that produce the greatest 
quantity of butter are St. Lawrence, Delaware, Chenango, Jef 
feraoD, Chautauqua, Orange, and Otsego ; and the greatest 
amount of cheese, Herkimer, Oneida, Jefferson, Madison, Krie, 
Cattaraugus. St. Lawrence, and Otsego. 

2 The earliest agricultural exhibition on record within the 
present limits of the State was a cattle fair, held nt New Am- 
sterdam, Oct. 15, 1641. An act passed Nov. 11, 1C92, entitled 
"An act for settling fairs and markets in each respective city 
and CO. throughout this province," remained in force until re- 
pealed by the St ite Legislature, March 12, 1788. A special act 
waa passed f »r the fairs of Albany, Cumbeiland, and Tryon cor., 
March 8. 1773, but scarcely took effect before the Revolution. 
Acts applying to particular towns were passed by the earlier 
State Legislatures; but the custom of holding fairs soon fell into 
disuse. These fairs were more properly market days ; no pre- 
miums were offered, and no inducements to competition existed 
beyond the ordinary stimulus of trade. The i>roducts of farm 
culture being placed side by side, their comparative excellence 
was left to the decisiou of the pui'chaser, which doubtless contri- 



buted to excite emulation among the producers. These fairs 
were generally held semi-annually, upon fixed days, under the 
direction of "Governors and Rulers," appointed in colonial 
times by the Governor, and afterward by the judges of the co. 
courts. The expenses were defrayed by tolls, usually 1 per 
cent., upon the commodities sold, half of which was piud by the 
buyer and half by the seller. 

The Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manu- 
factures waa instituted Feb. 26, 1791, and incorp. March 12, 
17!13. For more eflBcient action, it in 1801 divided the State into 
as many agricultural districts as there were cos., in each of 
which a secretary was appointed, to convene the members of the 
society within his district, inquire into the state of agriculture 
and mauufactures. receive communications and arrange and 
transmit them to the President of the society. The transactions 
of this body were printed by the State, and the society numbered 
among its members nearly every person of eminence throughout 
the State. Its charter expired in 1S04 ; and it.s corporate powers 
were revived and continued April 2 of that year, under the 
name of the Society for the Promotion of the Useful Arts. The 
affairs of the new body were managed by a council of 9 membcrR, 
and State patronage was continued in the printing of its Trans- 
nctiona. In lSOS-12 liberal premiums were offered for the best 
cloths of household manufacture, a part of which were awaided 
by the co. judge and a part by this society. The samples, upon 
which |no,OOU were thus paid, are still preserved in the librarv 
of the Albany Institute, After beingonc»extended, the Society 
for Promoting Agricultural Arts was superseded, in part, by a 
Board of Agriculture, but continued as a local institution of 
Albany until merged, with the "Albany Lyceum of Nutund IIi»- 
tory," in the "Albany Institute," in 1829. Tlie latter haa moat 
of the books, papers, and effects of its predecessors; and tracing 
back through its change it is the oldest scientific soi-icty in the 
State. " An act to improve the agriculture of thin State," 

lUl 



102 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



awakening a great local interest in agricultural matters. The office of the society is kept at the 
Agricultural Rooms, corner of State and Lodge Sts., Albany, where it has a museum and library. 

County and Town Societies. — The act of 1853 allows county agricultural societies to 
purchase and hold real estate to an amount not exceeding §25,000 and personal property not ex- 
ceeding $1,000, for the purposes set forth in their articles of incorporation, and for no other pur- 
poses. Town and other societies may hold real estate to the amount of §10,000 and personal 
property to the amount of $3,000. Each county or union society must have at least one director 
or manager for each town ; and each town, village, or city society must have not less than 10 
directors, who are elected annually by ballot. Upon application of two-thirds of their members to 
the Supreme Court of the district in which they are located, these societies may obtain an order 
for the sale of a part or the whole of their property. An amendment to the act was passed April 
13, 1855, by the provisions of which the number of directors was changed to G, 2 of whom are 
elected each year for a term of three years. Any person may become a life member by the pay- 
ment of a sum not exceeding $10 ; and the officers are jointly and severally liable for all debts^ 
due from the society contracted while they are in office, if suit be commenced within one year 



passed April 7, 1S19, created a board of agriculture aud appro- 
priated $10;000 annually for 2 years, to be distributed for the pro- 
motion of agriculture and family domestic manufactures in the 
several cos., on condition that a similar sum should be subscribed 
by the co. eocietiea formed under this act. A board, formed of 
the president, or a delegate chosen from each co. society, met 
annually at Albany, elected officers, examined reports, and 
selected for publication such returns as tlioy deemed proper. 
These were published by the State. Throe volumes of Memoirs 
were issued, and the board continued in existence but little longer 
than the appropriation waa continued. County societies, on 
the plan of the Berkshire Co. Agricultural Society, began to be 
formed in 1817 ; and, by the exertions of De Witt Clinton, El- 
kanah Watson, and other friends of the measure, they were 
extended to most of the cos. These societies, after a brief 
period, fell into disuse; and that of Jeflerson co. is the only 
one of this class that can trace an unbroken descent from that 
period. 

The first officers of the present State Agricultural Societj', 
formed in 1832, were Le Ray de Chaumont, Prcsidejit ; E. 1*. 
Livingston, Jacob Morris, and Robert L. Kose. Vice Presidents; 
P. S. Van Rensselaer, Recording Secretary ; Jesse Buel, Corre- 
sponding Secretary ; Charles R. Webster, Treasurer ; and H. W. 
Delavan. John Townsend, and II. Hicl^ox, Executive Cummiitee. 
County societies were again instituted in many of the cos. under 
the influence of this society ; but most of them were short lived. 
Tlie "Cultivator" was be^^un in March, 1834. by Jesse Bnel, 
under the guarantee of Stephen Van Rensselaer and James 
Wadsworth, as the organ of the society and medium of commu- 
nication between the friends of agriculture; and it has been con- 
tinued ever since, under private auspices, but entirely devoted 
to the interests of agriculture. It has for many years been pub- 
lished by Luther Tucker, of Albany. 

Any person a citizen of the State may become a member of 
the State Society upon payment of $1 annually, or a life mem- 
ber by payment of $10 at one time. Presidents of co. societies 
ftud one delegate from each are ex officio members. The officers 
of the society are elected annually in Feb., and consist of a 



President, one Vice President from each of the Judicial Districts, 
a Recording aud a Corresponding Seeretary.a Treasurer, and an 
Executive Committee, consisting of the above and 5 others 
chosen for the purpose. 

Premiums are awarded in money, plate, medals, books, and 
diplomas; and the society embraces within the tieldof its patron- 
age not only stock, farm, aud garden products and implements 
of husbandry, but a wide range of useful aud ornamental mauu- 
fectures, particularly those which are tlie products of homo in- 
dustry. The places and times of holding the State fairs, names 
of Presidents, and total receipts of the State society have been 
as follows : — 



>^ 


Place of 
holding fair. 


Time of 
holding fair. 


Presidents. 


Receipts. 


is.n 




Sept. 29, SO 
Sept. 27, 29 
Sept. 20, 22 
Sept. IS, 19 
Sept. 17, 19 
Sept. 15, 17 
Sept. 14, 16 
Sept. 5, 7 
Sept. 11, 13 
Sept. 3, 6 
Sept. 10, 19 
Sejit. 7, 10 
Sept. 20, 23 
Oct. 3, 6 
Oct. 2, 6 
(Sept. 30,1 
t Oct. 3/ 
Oct. 6, 9 
Oct. 6, 8 
Oct. 4, 7 




(Free.) 
$1,290.10 
3,000.00 
3.6.50.00 
4.370.18 
4,333.17 
4,034.22 
6,272.86 
8,144.66 
10.405.61 
11,956.25 
S.125.41 
6,009.90 
9.24S.70 
11,527.25 

8,010.00 

15,073.89 
10,815.81 


1842 




Jas. S. Wadsworth 
Jas. S. Wadsworth 

.T. B. Bcekman 

B. I*. Johnston 

.T. 51. Sherwood 


1S43 
1844 
1845 


Rochester 

Poughkeepsie.. 
Utica 


1846 






Saratoga Sp'gs 


l^.is 


Lewis F. Allen.—. 

John A.King 

Ezra P. Prentice... 

•lohn Delafield 

Uenry Wager 

Lewis G. Morris— 

Willi.im Kelly 

Samuel Cheever... 

Theod're S. Faxton 

Alonzo S. Upham. 
Wm. T. McCoun... 


1849 


Syracuse 


1851 


Rochester 


1853 
1854 


Saratoga Sp'gs 
New York 


1856 
1857 


Watertowu 


1S5S 
1859 


Syracuse 











Toivn and Union Agricultural Societies. 

(For County Societies see p. 103.) 



Name. 



Bainbridge Agricultural Society 

Brookfield Agricultural Society 

Canaseraga Agricultural & Mechanical Society, 
Dansville 

Chautauqua Farmers' & Mechanics' Union at 
Fredonia 

Connewango Agricultmal, Horticultural, &. Me- 
chanical Society 

Connewango Union Agricultural & Horticultu- 
ral Society 

Constantia Town Agricultural Society 

Coventry Agricultural Society 

Dryden Agricultural Society 

Kllisburgh, Adams, & Henderson Agricultural 
Society 

Farmers' Club, of Little Falls 

Farmers' &. Mechanics' Association of Cazenovia 

Farmers' & Mechanics' Association of Fenner... 

Galen Agricultural Society 

Goi'ham Agricultural Society 

(luuverneur Agricultural &. Mechanical Society 

Hamilton Agricultural & Horticultuml Associa- 
tion of 

Karpersfield Union Agricultural Society 

Ilartland /\gricultural Society 

Hornellsville Agricultural Society 



DaU of 
organization. 



Jan. 
March 

March 

March 

May 

Sept. 
Oct. 
March 
Aug. 

Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Fob. 

Aug. 
April 
Feb. 
March 



1857 
1850 



1859 
185D 

1858 

1S5' 
1S57 
1856 

1855 
1858 
1859 
185; 

185: 

1857 



185: 

1S59 
1S5G 
ISSti 



Name. 



Jefferson Agi'icultural Society, Schoharie Co... 

Lebanon Agricultural Society 

Leon Agi'icultural Society 

Lodi Agricultural Society, of. 

Nelson Farmers i Mechanics'Association 

lOswego City Agricultural Society 

Otselic, Pitcher, Pharsalia, i Lincklaen Agricul- 
tural Society 

Rushville Union Agricultural Society 

St. Lawrence International Agricultural & 
Mechanical Society. Ogdensburgii 

Sandy Creek, Richland, Orwell, & Boylston Agri- 
cultural Society 

Sangerfield & Marshall Town Agricultural So- 
ciety 

Somerset Agricultural Society 

Susquehanna A'alley Agricultural & Horticul- 
tural Society 

Union Agricultural Society, (Broome and Dela- 
ware cos.) 

Union Agricultural Society, of Palmyra 

iVirgil Agricultural Society 

iWilson Afiricultural Society 

jwinfield Union Agricultural Society 

AViskoy Agricultural Society, Genesee Falls. 

I PUie.&Eagle 



Feb. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Aug. 
June 



Date of 
yrganization. 



23, 1858 
19, 185G 

15. 1856 

22. 1857 
5. 1858 



March 19, 1859 



June 
Feb. 



June 
March 



Nov. 
Jan. 



27, 1857 
9, 1855 

21. 1856 

20, 1859 

10. 1857 
27, 1857 



AprU 4, 1857 



March 
June 

Feb. 
June 
April 



29, 1859 1 
26, 1856; 
26,1857 
10, 1859 
18, 18591 



Dec. 6, 18551 



AGRICULTURE. 



lOo 



of the time wlien due. Each society formed under these acts is obliged to report annually to the 
State Society.^ 

An examination of the returns of the census of 1855 shows that Caitaravgns excels all other 
counties in the production of millet ; Columbia in pears, rye, garden seeds, and onions ; Dvichess 
in plums and quinces, and in number of swine ; Herkimer in cheese ; Jefferson in spring wheat 
and barley ; Livingston in fallow lands, in winter wheat, and in wool ; Monroe in value of farms 
and nurseries ; Montgomery in lint ; Oneida in value of stock and amount of apples and honey ; 
Onondaga in acres plowed and quantity of oats, corn, tobacco, and cider; Ontario in sheep; 
Orange in milk ; Orleans in beans ; Otsego in hops and in domestic linen ; Queens in garden seeds 
and strawberries ; Rensselaer in flaxseed ; St. Lawrence in pasture and meadow lands, quantity of 
peas, sugar and butter, number of horses and cows, and yards of fulled cloth, flannel and other 



^ Summary of County Agricultural Societies. 

(For Town and Union Societies see p. 102.) 



tOUSTIES, I organization. 



Albany ".. — .. 
.\llegany. 

Bromnt 

Cattaraugxis .. 
Cayuga 



Chautauqua.. 



Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton. 

Colunthia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Esgex 

Franklin 

Fult. & Ham.. 

Genesee 

Greene 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Lewis 

Livingston 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery .. 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Qiit:ens 

Kensselaer 

Kiclimond. 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence. 

Saratoga 

Schenectady. 

Schoharie 

Schuyhr 

Seneca , 

Steuben , 

Suffolk. 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins .... 

UWer 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westcheater. 

Wyoming 

Fates 



Aug. 9, 1853 

April 27,1858 
Jan. 28, 1855 
June 21, 1856 

1836 

1851 
1845 



March 8,1856 



Oct. 

July, 

Oct. 

June 

Dec. 

July 

Oct. 

May 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Dec. 



1838 

1841 

16, 1841 

2, 1S56 

1850 

30, 1856 

18, 1838 

2ii. 1857 

11, 1856 

4, 1841 

7, 1854 

1841 



June 30, 1855 
Feb. 8, 1856 
March 19, 1856 
Oct. 13, 1841 
2, 1858 
1841 
25, 1856 
18, 1854 
1841 
17, 1856 

27. 1855 

22. 1856 
1851 

30. 1857 
7, 1855 



Dec. 
April, 
Jan. 
May 

Oct. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Not. 
Jan. 



First President. 



James W. Jolly.. 



P. Ten Broeck.,.. 
H.HowIand 



Joeeph Warren.. 



T.B. Campbell... 

Simeon L. Rood.. 
Abram Perlee.... 



E. Livingston 

W. Bewry 

Samuel A. Law... 

Henry Staats 

Lewis F. Allen.... 

W. C. Watson 

S.Lawrence 

Elias Prindle 

T. C Peters 

Lewis Sherrill 

A. Loomis 

J.D.LeRay 

E. Merriam 



Jas.M.GilTord.. 



Aaron Barber 

J.D. Lodyard 

Willard Hodges... 
T.J.VanDevUle., 

Pomeroy Jones... 

Wm.midreth 



T. C. Bailey.... 

D.H. Little.... 
T. B.Aiden.... 
E. Lawrente.. 
Jos. Hastings 



Juno 29,1844 
June 21,1856 
June 24, 1S41 

Oct. 26, 1S41 
March 14, 1855 
Jan. ;24, 1S56 
June 22, 1853 

Not. 

Aug. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

March 

Aug. 

May 



July 
Jan. 



9, 1847 
11, 1855 
8, 1858 
7, 1858 
5, IBS'- 
4,1841 

5, 1855 

20, 1856 
13, 1855 



First Secretary. 



D. R. "UTieclpr. 
Wm. Richardson. 



A. J. Wynkoop.. 
A. Sanford 



D. McFarlaud .... 
Geo. Kneeland... 
Warren Bryant.. 

R. S. Haip 

Harry S. House.. 

T.S. Persse 

C. P. Turner 

H.L.Day 

Aaron Petrio 

E.TcnEyck 



Job. Kershner... 

A. S.Sloan 

D. D. T. Moore.. 
John Frey 



B. P.Johnston..., 



J. S.Bates... 
Hiram Goff... 



Abrame Stevens.. 
H. Van Kcnsselaer 
H. Gaidner 



Wm.C.Bouck.. 



G. Denniston.. 



Lotan Smith .,., 
Henry Corgell.. 



riiafi. McLean 

Hugh C. Wilson. 

A. G. Corll.. 

Luther D. Eddy.. 

N. C. BlauvcU.... 
Henry G. Footc. 
Jobn A. Corey... 

Ralph Brewster. 



George S. El las... 

J. 0. Dunning.... 
Wm. Smythe 



Present place 
of holding 
a7i7iuul fair. 



Albany. 



Little Valley.. 
Auburn 



Migratory.... 

Ilorselieads.. 
Norwich 



f Chatham 
\ Corners 



.t} 



Wash. Hollow.... 

Buffalo 

Elizabethtown. 

Malone 

Johnstown 

Bat aria. 



IlioD 

Watertown 

/Turin and 

\ Lowville. 

Genesee 

Morrisville 

Brighton 

Fonda. 



Utica and Rome. 
Syracuse. 
Canandaigua 



Cooperetown. 



lit 



•Slfe 



55,500 



(■ 2,000 

per 

I aim. 

l,So6 

13,000 

11,025 

10,000 
6.215 

10.800 
7,050 



2,368 
10,113 



30,000 
12,000 



Peter Crispell 

B. C. Butler 

Henry Holmeg ... 
fDe Witt C. I 
\ TanSlyck../ 



Jas. C. Ferri? 

.Tohn Hatmiiker. 



C. H. Skillraon.. 

Asa Fitch, Jr...., 

P. P. Bradish .... 



L. VT. Thayer 

Darius A.Ogden,, 



Lansinghnrgb.... 

New City. 

Canton. 

McchauicsviUe. 



Bath.. 



MonticcUo. 
Owego. 

t 

Luzerne. 

b 

Lyons 



Warsaw.... 
Pcnn Yan.. 



20,836 

6,500 

8,635 

9.690 
30,385 



Fair Grounds. 



1S56 
1856 



1856 
1853 



1854^ 
1857 



6.120 
4,239 



4.356 
6,520 



1857 



1S54 






Leased. 
$2,850 



Leased. 
2,600 



Leased. 
Leased. 



Leased 
2,000 



15 Leased. 
6 3.600 
4.000 



2,401 
1,COO 



l§ 



2,500 



$5,850 



6,400 
6,600 

2,100 
1,400 



1,000 
2,600 



4,000 
16,926,96 



13,160 
3,350 



« Societies in italics were organized under acts of 1863 and I « Fairs held alternately in diflereut parts of the connty, and 
1855. Most of tliem had been in existence many years under generally at the place that contributes most toward expenses. 
a previous organization. "^ Fair held alternately at .Tamaica, Flushing, and Ilcnipstead- 

» Fairs in the town that will give most to p-iy expenses. I Receipts tho first 10 years, $3,532. 



104 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



domestic cloths ; Schenectady in broom corn ; Schoharie in buckwheat, and about equal with Mont- 
gomery in clover ; Washinr/ton in potatoes ; and Wayne in peaches and dried fruits. 
In connection with the table of agricultural products, it should be remembered that these 



Agricultural Products of the several Counties in the State 



Albany 

Allegany 

Broomo 

Cattaraugus- 
Cayuga 

Chautauqua... 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland , 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franltlin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston.... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery.. 

New York 

Xiagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orlesms 



Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer 

Richmond 

Rockland 

St. Lawi-ence . 

Saratoga 

Schenectady... 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk , 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

nister 

Warren 

Washington... 

Wayne 

Westchester.... 

Wyoming 

Yates 



7,424 
82,929 
11,92-i 
21,721 
193.729i 
6ii,249i 
03,764 
4.560^ 
2,13Si 
T,9V2i 
4,690i 
955i 
54,4701 
238,812} 
2,484 
1,35;)} 
3,(>Wi 
760,461 
7,346 
6 
5,904J 
70,6094 
18,086 
3,845i 
,094,779 
29,3204 
810,363 
23,9044 
30 
689.911 
20.439} 
97.05?} 
628.4SS 
43.3634 
376.949 
12.696 
6.078 
3,560} 
402.169i 
2,058 
11.335} 
2.945} 
24,7804 
14.8201 
6,1654 
18,r>45 
80.4314 
161,721 
219,590 
151,.V20i 
1.4724 
19,366 
84,3954 
19,370} 
1,213 
8.3.S7 
282.474} 
33,7514 
382,4984 
168,9094 



Total 7,064,0491 2,033,363 



6,9274 
56,4224 

8,1214 
67.2784 
27,327 
78,6361 
18.024 
20.2834 
57,172} 
6874 
24,361 

8.538} 

250 

46.913 

44,0094 

69.5594 

7.5001 
11.1.54 

3,1754 
245 
38.149 
428,072i 

18,023 

52.777 

2,620 

18,9784 

'6.386 
41,8834 
86.148 
27,059 
32 
2,206 
44,3004 
63,4464 

4S" 

13.3834 
'575 
6 
295.464 
8.074 
6;3774 
23.074} 
33.139} 
11,379 
82,014 
1294 
98 
11,9381 
82.042} 
815 
4,2,S5 
23,854 
2,687 
1,497 
37.4974 
18,003 






64,6791 

64,637} 

63,685 

62,640} 

57,732 

105,672 
24,941 

117,370} 
48.2-11 
65.103 
56,71)91 

103.8901 
83..S7S4 
98,0114 
39,139} 
37.5044 
33.903 
41.398} 
68.6244 
4.274 
78.264} 
98.675 
6,1S3 
61,802 
39,187} 
6H.2634 
68,738} 
44,6321 

157 
41.1174 

124.9334 
63,246| 
42,44SJ 

103,2114 
34,6204 
58.138 

108.069} 
27,756} 
61,395 
68,557} 
7.032 
14,828 

139.400 
52.743} 
10,1854 
48.774} 
17.9064 
20,.«79} 
68,7491 
41.606} 
40.7161 
38.401} 
38.143} 
64,795 
22.088} 
69.881 
45,2714 
90.496J 
68,4211 
16,8504 



3,256,9484 



496,1774 

668.490 

466.8704 

697,0704 

950.&30 

639.766 

473,469 

664,242 

276.0804 

643.034 

382.786 

416.0594 

626..W 

724,7474 

234,940 

144.617 

365,8.55 

299.809 

160.9074 

16.701 
724;.5.S5 
460,230} 

11,079 
295.4454 
261,990 
671.637 
792.370 
997,005 
435 
353,398 
975,8004 
1,015,2274 
525.9374 
291,111 
229,7.31 
635,4324 
903,647 

66,922 
199,618 
658,377 

16,9914 

28,168 
437,041 
744,220 
293,768 
490,0031 
357.247 
650,238 
711,307 
262,0074 
109,883 
462.978 
812.S83 
278.105 
120;347 
798,321 
876.0244 
204.769 
496,837 
100,457} 



27,015,290 






n? 



186,667 
2,834 
20.646 
2,3734 
6,331} 
2,808 
3,568 
14,329 
13.073 
446,036 
4,172 
60.5274 
239,003 
24.9704 
13.3674 
20,1914 
22,3834 
1,149 
72,232 
277 
17,550 
99,3914 
4,800 
11.3834 
4,118 
1,477 
9,1664 
39,1124 
25 
1.014 
24,121 

6.3404 
10.002 
202.301 
2.777 
45,6574 
34.2184 
22.8904 
71,019 
299,804 
3,1314 
31,6004 
26,725 
132,774} 
44,7524 
S7,.5924 
6,168 

7;so2 

10.212 

52.2124 

75,153 

25,8544 

17,621 

236.9934 
10,9624 

121.907 
7,2594 
61,404 
2,7774 
24,617 



3,030,435 3,503,540 






9.1264 

28.4.544 

2,337 

14,096 

308,3034 

19,6564 

23,862 

22,229 

6.877 

3.801 

45,6654 

2.219 

2.818 

67.2864 

1.1184 

6,188} 

14,704 

59,819 

1.7874 

■ 42 

61,4394 

392,0844 



37.6134 
123,2564 
197,231 
179,765 

39,2624 



79.893 

137.430 

371,7854 

320.375 

179 

36,071 

28,054 

43,889 



2,769 

12,807 

627 

14 

28,187 

9.624 

6,6094 

44,136 

60,.507 

104,866 

78.873 

10,974 

1,0,534 

5,925 

66.295 

130 

39 

12.9444 

229.495 

645 

68.207 

152,134 






CI 



84,812} 

39.2984 

73,2144 

26.183 

64.0764 

9.664} 
69.0404 
60,3044 
30,051 j 
64,3344 
28,1154 
86.330 
43,1244 
21.5684 
13,701} 
13,6251 
69,7.59 
14,9134 
33,9134 

2,91.3} 
42,875} 

6,909} 
236 
10,4434 
13,8304 
13,8534 
22,023} 
141,6774 



29.1514 

54,7C7S 

32,463} 

18,325} 

23,023} 

12,903 

31,608} 

112.732} 
10,71.84 
21,2244 
62:S21 
1.325 
8.7224 
12,9124 

108,8824 
41,858 

169,078 
67,523 
21,4364 
89.9904 
18.8564 
65.5714 
91,4024 
74,305 
70,076 
19,214} 
40.0581 
39,7604 
211,890} 
20,277} 
24.0074 



2,481,0794 



6 



103,6914 

1895884 

214,098 

3119,702 

868,543 

558.5074 

239.2864 

3.54,480 

92,567} 
383.3394 
240,7034 
119.383 
658,308 
483.228 
105.369 

,83,615 
158.733 
437,0624 

99.204 

7,161 

283.748 

321,779 

84.179 

92,3984 
431,4044 
4-19.683 
805,811 
247,5164 
1,180 
509,605 
732,2944 
907,463 
617.4854 
357.4904 
4:30,975 
603.812 
340.1704 
110.9194 
a37.e85 
393,4134 

43.0374 

61.873 
220,693 
479,449 

92,279 
161.1634 
160.7804 
387,9984 
292,6894 
604.767 
102.594 
260.074 
872,202 
242,2294 
123,817 
689,6784 
756.6774 
402.2384 
234.006 
174,181 



19,290,6914 



Items not included in the above Tables. 



Cash Talue of farms $700,355,307 

" " stock $103,776,053 

" " tools and implements $20,927,502 

Acres plowed the year previous 3..377,471 

Acres in fallow the year previous 506.0304 

Acres in pasture tlie year previous 4.984.1144 

Bushels of turnips harvested 985.6224 

Pounds of tobacco harvested 946,5024 

"Value products market gardens $1,138,082 

Pounds of maple sugar made 4,935,816} 

f^aUons of maple molasses made ' 85,0914 



Gallons of wine made. 

Pounds of cocoons 

Value of other textile fabrics 

Bushels of beets 

Talue of cabbages 

Bushels of carrots , 

Bushels of cherries. 

Bushels of cranbenies 

Value of cucumbers 

Bushels of currants.. 

Bushels of fruits (not specified).. 



18,181 

207 J 

$3,824 

29,332{ 

$18,668 

478,277 

3,7871 

87 

$9,819 

6064 

43,074 



AGRICULTURE. 



105 



numbers refer to the yield of 1854, which was distinguished by a severe and prevalent drought. 
From 20 to 50 per cent, should be added to obtain the proximate results of years of ordinary pro- 
duction. 



of New TorTc, as reported by the Slate Census of 1855. 



« 
"& 



375,C64i 

206,258 

160.-120i 

300,245J 

261,71SJ 

282,451 

131,291 

270,642 

385,492 

269,419i 

155,389 

209.567} 

205,498 

44S,350i 

318,021 

484,425 

182,9(>t 

167,274 

116,871 

26,2,57 
257,875 
289,031 
308,243 
243.841 
132.256^ 
224,2784 
654,551 
145,154 
1,808 
275.448 
624,648 
380,U1J 
188,900 
12.'3,651i 
171,867 
391,912i 
412,703J 

&*.5n4 
291.135 
696,669 

21,739 

47,233J 
604,023 
487,672 
105.132 
190,432i 

81,106 

72,644 
265,938 
304,06:5 
103,188} 
150,518J 
111,106 
134.639J 
173.323 
767.285 
261,403 
286,249 
203,932 

57il2J 






16,989J 
22,S44J 
9324 
14.4924 
6,665 
7,693 
1,3604 
4,0184 
14.645 
1,336} 
9,527 
2,2394 
670 
15,3214 
11,636* 
12,0744 
14.202 
8,7074 
1,5324 
140 
27,864 
63,338 
16,930 
12,97S4 
6,3984 
20,9734 
16,0284 
22,8564 

250 
16,981 
12,9124 
34,9154 
16,2974 
2,'!0 
6.471 
11,1164 
29,93af 

48 
33,444 
1,574 
410 
49 
69,016 
0,466 
6,5514 
33,4S24 
1,7104 
0404 
25.0064 
142 
168J 
3,9924 
4,6594 
2964 
2,2704 
14,2104 
8,4564 
230 
13,3264 
1,444 






cq 



2,.306 
3,174J 

949f 
4,406J 
6,6384 
4,033 
1,S,W4 
2,7634 
6,a934 

739 
1,7201 
2,1284 

7884 
6,124 
2,818 
i:839i 

7614 
S,6694 

6934 

1544 
1,616 
4,2814 
7.042 
1,0.304 
1,00.34 
4,8364 
14,342* 
3,941 

645 
9.2664 
7.770} 
8,984 
2,404} 

34S4 
40,185} 
4,S26 
2,8114 

2104 
22.2834 
6,979 

166} 
63 
6.131 

972J 

7144 
1,6664 
1,931 

.')731 
2.6S64 
1,3^24 

O9S4 
2,49.'i4 
2,1004 

634 

91.5} 
6,0754 
6,806} 

2784 
8,2324 

745} 






2,675 

879 

478 

2,738 

18,385 

4,5S4 

130 

16,636 

7,700 

1.123 

68,269 

1,477 

657 

6,026 

196 

704 

223,005 

118.500 

10,620 

6,000 

308,060 

12,066 

""65,782 

90 

102,681 

1,000 

1,016,929 

'ssii 

6,635 
67,287 

2,070 
30 
19,030 
37,109 
98,6045 

306 

672,780 



1,2064 
15,125 
200.200 
13,916 
8,058 
629.811 
1,777 

93 

712 
79.932 
2,017 

" 839,426 
23,260 

6,6.30 

246,000 






2104 

2054 

355 

68J 

1.166 

3024 

664 

2034 

2364 

64} 

2,1-3} 

25} 

15 

2764 

64 

64 

1,2164 

6954 

144 



4,241 
760} 



1,686 

134 

7364 

664 

7,746} 



322 
1,2.334 
2,644} 

1994 



2S5 

749 

1,4244 



1 

19,2664 



4 
616} 

2,.346 
626} 
4204 

7,036 
306 



2» 
140J 
1,706 
78 



23,003 
627 J 



6184 
1,860 






7,440 

2,768 

21,808 

488 

2,640 

2,416 

102 

163,832 

1,014 



2,037 
69,0384 
3,104 
2,862 
9 
231,217 



12,007 



610,033 
28,995 



8.870 

14,255 

1,312,308 

44,010 

211,603 



616,054 

13,427 

82,761 

89 

16 

29,206 

3,122,2584 

20 

25 

1,015 



3 

197,875 

18,.364 

2,600 

440,754 

730 



8,549 

304 

176 

1,200 

1,138 

2,735 

7 

62 

737 

6 

17,526 

1,605 



S 
■& 



1284 

23,000 

1,770 

3,300 

l.."90 

S3,:)97 

5.i0 

20 

418 

40 

18,507 
60 

"""i63 

"i'iso 



115 
3,691 



10 

13,680 

86,620 

219 

i3,oi6 

39,220 

664,987 

9,180 

800 

22,871 

15 

643 



200 

160 

15 

30 

16,500 

16,950 

1,000 

62 

160 

27,090 

2,624 

20 

2,390 

38.432 

2,202 

116 

6,003 



234.251 

214136 

224,463 

177,1734 

622,761 

868,115 

107,31*4 

553,654 

70,9364 
210,342 
351,975 
259,160 
216,693 
266,195 

64.2004 

20,273 
100,143 
296,121 
192,8144 
8,459 
333,901 
215,431 
64 

72,198 
243.300 
631,677 
491,491 
165,861 



265,997 
634.262 
624,5454 
397,098 

80,1804 
281,7814 
425,915 
601,196 

27,168 

3,346 

131,241 

28 

3.253 

90,497 
2S9.4T8 
105.651 
222,183 
143,229 
175.278 
297,289 

27,799 

73,298 
169,183 
417,7.'- 
397,754 

68,772} 
189,103 
609,036 

60,1374 
323.290 
143,773 






6,038 

2,983 

4,7474 

1,257 

10,3024 

4,6244 

2,961 

7,6694 

8624 

9,480 

3,738 

6,9184 

8.al7} 

6.084} 

9094 

3774 

2.0704 

6,767 

3,9544 

18 
6,416 
3,4594 

1,451 
5,9284 
7,4174 
10,313 
6,0084 

4,4614 
12,735 
13,7264 
8,044 
3,18S4 
4.534 
8,1064 
8.880 
8144 
29 
4,364 

47 
719 
11,3864 
2,8484 
3,6894 
3,212 
4,029 
4,580 

4274 
1,6994 
4.359 
6,172 
6.006} 
1,002 
6.8O94 
S,S934 
2,3254 
4,5174 
3,7004 



15,191,8531 



705,9674 



244,079 



4,907,6664 



87,0034 



7,192,364 



946,6024 






13,668,630} 



273,639 



Value of farden seeds $40,SS9 

Bushels of grapes 1,610} 

Value of melons $4,6S2 

Bushels of millet 6.4534 

Bushels of onions 16.0264 

Value of osier willow. $261 

Bushels of quinces 2.0354 

Value of root crops (miscellaneous) $16,703 

Bushels of rut.ibaga 3,111 

Pounds of Kiffron 1,798 

Bushels of strawberries 371 

Value of fruit and ornamental trees $142,328 

Miscellaneous $611,397 



Neat cattle under one year old 311,474 

Neat cattle over one year, exclusive Of working 

oxen and cows 577,887 

Number of cattle Itilled for beef 225.338 

Gallons of milk sold 20,965;S61 

Pounds of wool 9.2.31,9694 

Value of pnultry sold. $1,076,598 

Value of e;r;;s sold $1,."',0.673 

Yards of fulled cloth made... 198,203 

Yards of flannel made 379,922j 

Yards of lin. n made 105,086 

Yards of cotton and mixed cloths 24.5,464 

Yards of carpeting 213,617} 



106 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



The State appropriations for the proaiotion of agriculture, in 1819, through tlie Board of Agri- 
culture, and, since 1841, through the State and County Agricultural Societies, have been as 
shown in the table commencing at the foot of this page. 

Agricultural Products of the several 



Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugufl.. 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua- 
Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia.. 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton. 

Herkinier ..... 

Jefferson.. , 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston.... 

Madison 

Monroe.. 

Montgomery . 

New York 

Niagara 

Oneida. 

Onondaga .... 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 
Richmond.... 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence. 

Saratoga 

Schenectady . 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suilolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins .... 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wjiyne 

Westchester.. 

Wyoming. 

Yates 

Total 






47. 
62. 
83, 
63. 
39. 
4S. 
51. 
31. 
66. 
101, 
38. 
69, 
27, 
19. 
23. 
32. 
32, 
6. 
3S, 
18, 



,660 

99S 

3S0 

,4^6 

,.M3J 

,465 

.191 

.702 

.469 

.618 

.148 

,671 

.603 

,6.i.9 

,342 

,622 

761 

359 

940 

610 

;a- 

,444 



.912 
,693 
,615 
,03S 
,671 



27, 
13S, 
81, 
63. 
25. 
23, 
47. 
93, 
13 



8 
61, 
45, 
12. 
89, 
52, 
37, 
113. 



.205 

.475 

,576 

1.36 

111 

,113 

700 

,020 

,2374 

,989 

,6841 

475 

.667 

.614 

,202i 

ns8 

.676 

,167 

649 

653 

0S7 

.946 

,378 

.627 

,898 

.062 

.000 

.204 

,592 

.248 

,260 



2,567,876 






3,436J 

3,3211 

2,1131 

3,.i7S 

4,1651 

4,142 

1,6701 

3,451 

2.23S1 

1.466 

3,619J 

6.2S6i 

1,830 

3.220 

1.419 

919 
1,300 
1.668 
2,2fl2.i 

4011 
2.9271 
1,2901 

"831 ' 
1,960J 
3,306J 
1.S42J 
3,544 



1,460 

3,4665 

3,857} 

2.45SJ 

2,12.si 

1,1.511 

2,1421 

4,665} 

469 

276 

1,8401 

22 

1741 

2.Sl4i 

2,499 

4.496i 
2.076 
l,609i 
6,429i 
414 
2.39S1 
1,6121 
4,075} 
3,125 
1,06H 
1.945 
2,8204 
6.3701 
2.000 
l,510i 



138,0334 



li 



23,247 
47,332 
37,.644 
68,489 
40,178 
76,890 
20S99 
68,391 
25,666 
27,676 
37,671 
66,181 
44,126 
66,439 
23,667 
23,677 
19.922 
24,7S5 
26,239 

2,466 
49.820 
79.249 

3,204 
29,748 
29,383 
44,924 
39,.546 
30.602 

8.323 
28,238 
77,8.32 
60,228 
33.962 
67,602 
23.412 
42.172 
63.798 
16,607 
14,326 
29,601 

2,260 

7,198 
96.408 
34,789 

8,614 
38.771 
19.004 
16,996 
62,4.S3 
24,216 
27,346 
29,664 
30,847 
34,140 
14,282 
40,410 
38.464 
33,132 
39.048 
16,7.S4 






1,813 
8,392 
3,5.31 
4,137 
2,606 
4,616 
1,,610 
3,8S7 
1,484 
3,701 
1,709 
4,780 
6,263 
3,794 
2,0S1 
1,.859 
1.173 
1,417 
2.349 
360 
7,85 
2,622 
41 
2.4a3 
];761 
1,874 
1.944 
1,046 



2,058 
3,476 
2,454 
2,113 
3,4S9 
1.164 
3,093 
2,942 
3.200 
1.926 
2,704 

400 

673 
6,.576 
2.625 

697 
2,440 
1.128 

677 
4.351 
2.006 
4.265 
2,323 
1,666 
4.671 
1.423 
2,100 
1.762 
5,427 
2,674 

747 



144,.597 



13,332 
19.009 
17,116 
23,633 
19.822 
36,046 

9.090 
30,939 
11/284 
14:600 
21.668 
34.484 
24;684 
29,831 

8,749 
10,919 
10,268 
10.541 
12,692 
862 
86,663 
49,472 

2,8.34 
19,151 
10.980 
24,067 
17,664 
16.S01 
719 
11,708 
47,794 
24,801 
14,202 
40,187 

8,921 
21,983 
34,713 

7,861 

9.ato 

16,864 

1,189 

4.708 

62,101 

16,778 

5.768 

18,213 

7,676 

7,136 

20,284 

10,833 

10,776 

12,964 

14..672 

17..332 

6.161 

18,689 

10.769 

20,078 

16,737 

7,260 



1,008,427 



« 



1,173,627 
1.700,775 
1,763,417 
1,9.57,183 
2.082,022 
3,389,837 

924,i;.16 
3,990,664 

891,4314 
1.347,428 
2,379,267 
4,020,675 
1,081,695 
1,866,132 

026,642 
1,0,60.040 

840,397 

919,130 
1,191,930 
83,282 
1,306.377 
3,949,608 
17.425 
1,676,615 
1,046,691 
1,840.298 
1,643,615 
1,211,385 

i',03s!307" 

2,912,176 

2,294,287 

1.223.097 

3,286,587} 

912,013 
2,036,174 
3,076,208 

493.696 

441.DS34 
1,291,738 
24,365 

266,006 
4.208.809 
1,468.1364 

615,662 
1,832,257 

798.953 

705,574 
1,976,129 

634,406 

931.927 
1,366.783 
1.645,947 
1,669,631 

482,786 
1,626.138 
1,446.080 
1.116.6S9 
1,333,948 

717.2691 
— *- 



0,293,0734 









Appropriations for 


the Promotion of Agricnllvre 








Counties. 


1819. 
2 2/ ears. 


1841. 


CODXTIES. 


2lS^.|^S41. 


Counties. 


1819. 
2 ije.ars. 


1841. 


CODNIMS. 


1819. 
2years 


1841. 




S350 
75 
100 

2iib" 
60 


.?205 

123 

67 

86 

161 

143 

62 


Chenango 


$200 '$122 


Essex 

Franklin 

Fult. 4 ILam 


$125 
100 

260 
200 
200 
200 


ri 

50 

60 
179 

91 
112 
183 




$-5 
100 

250 

4(io 
660 


?143 
.63 
117 
120 
194 
107 
950 


Allegany 




Columbia 


300 
125 
200 
400 


133 
75 
108 
187 
186 


Livingston 


Cattaraugus.... 








Chautauqua 

Chemunrr 






Montgomery... 
Now York 


Erie 













AGRICULTURE. 



107 



By an act of April 11, 1842, Genesee receives $92 and Wyoming $87 annually ; and by another 
tf April 13, 1855, the co. of Schuyler was allowed to receive a proportional share from the moneys 
previously belonging to Chemung, Steuben, and Tompkins cos. 



Counties in 


the state of Nero Yo 


■k, continued. 




















e 


3 






u 










g 


•g 




i 


^ 


^ 


'i 


& 


~ 


g 


« 


is; 


b; 


•& 


1 


1 


^ 


^ 




■& 


•s. 


"S- 




■& 


"& 


V 


> 


'S 




^ 


^ 


^ 




^ 




s 


^ 


ll 


i5 


36520 


10.9.54 


31 


37,054 


24.035 


127 


8341 


3344 


359 


1,044,978 


11.223 


36 


104,799 


13,148 




147 


52 


1,6924 


40896 


6.998 


7 


40,894 


12,251 


isr 


137J 


11 


14 


1,V17.484 


9.497 


11 


69,726 


13,.S34 


2i 


647 i 


39 


148 


199,333 


15.405 


4 


103,631 


29,081 




6.041 


396 


15 


l,la8.361 


13.047 


15 


90,164 


21,105 


62 


4,742 


149 


1354 


7,861 


4,856 


6 


21,364 


9,853 


i 


924 


2- 


190 


1,212,544 


10.971 


10 


8.5,923 


18,092 






65 




106.906 


8,444 


36 


38.851 


7,668 








25 


87,167 


9,103 


211 


87,649 


32,568 


4i 


1,999 


759 


313 


708,679 


7,410 


27 


41,321 


12,302 


1 


66 


43 


11 


61.185 


9.140 


5 


71.315 


15,870 




384 


11 


5 


64,119 


10.820 


29 


7.3,687 


42,988 




1,072 


278 


1,780 


2,038,-392 


16.983 


10 


65.085 


24,791 




2,010 


139 


207 


93,594 


6,149 


43 


47.654 


6,604 








23 


143.916 


6.029 


3 


23.968 


7,635 










570.079 


6.829 


1 


16,969 


10.514 


H 




6 




105,873 


11.395 


13 


100.391 


10.273 




3,509» 


267 




21,317 


6,203 


23 


19,382 


14.074 


i 


140 


232 




2,670 


338 




1,481 


610 










9.068,619 


9,098 


10 


17,706 


18,227 


261 




is 


10 


2,819,4.59 


17.069 


20 


63,401 


23.327 








121 




6.314 


122 


2 


3,9154 




15 


115 




1,896,741 


6.097 


9 


10,086 


8.363 






1 


n 


79,34ei 


12.502 


4T 


112,662 


19.275 


7ui 


618 


38 


24 


2,0S7.5!)4 


11.753 


32 


66.547 


16.794 


6 




485 


21 


131,2.53 


18,913 


10 


116.817 


34.727 




22,134 


240 


4 


1,538,654 


8.836 
14,099 


3 

256 


29,661 


18,834 
1.249 


256i 




77 


126 


71,443 


14.334 


5 


78.359 


21.765 


4* 


12,378 


47 


87 


3,311,114 


17,398 


34 


60.841 


31.228 


14* 




4684 


27 


860,644 


17,330 


8 


94,202 


81,639 




1,165 


376 


201 


205,921 


13.060 


159 


132,725 


26,419 




3,073 


699 


265 


80,060 


9,986 


74 


21.377 


40,684 




2.706 


09 


146 


110,'J98 


9,040 


2 


91.286 


15,692 




4.031 


136 


100 


976,461 


12.398 


23 


36,088 


21,836 




2,244 


450 


1294 


1,638.493 


14.662 


17 


109,937 


22,368 




84 


624 


82 


3,475 


1,938 


1 


5.804 


6,997 


J 








765 


7.954 


178 


9.714 


14,228 




111 


60 




538,462 


10.184 


10 


64,009 


2,5,007 


43 


392 


341 


341 


2,6o6 


3.716 


170 


926 


3,188 




8 




5 


1,672,999 


20.261 


20 


86.454 


24,286 








5 


152,901 J 


11,293 


2 


46.018 


20,003 






94 




72.019 


4.219 


4 


10.759 


7,727 


727 






312 


71,010 


9.6S2 


2 


45,596 


18,804 


134J 


28 


8 




32.168 


6,700 


4 


48.918 


9,431 




3,195 




630 


13,812 


7.497 


6 


47.634 


17,532 




5,777 


378 




203,329 


13.899 


40 


111.363 


24,154 




1.148 


4 


397 


1.5S0 


7.111 


163 


28.016 


19,727 


i 


1,330 


91 


8 


4.598 


3,092 


87 


12,691 


8,231 


i 


60S 


134 




60.357 


6,678 


13 


36.132 


11,248 




686 


31 


22 


60,128 


9,443 


3 


61.038 


14.338 




1.919 


1-27 


4 


620 


9,.S93 


68 


29,841 


31.1125 




1,721 


111 


3 


64.634 


3,:;41 


6 


16,472 


6.703 








144 


634,491 


11,707 


11 


IIS.5.33 


30,305 


24 




...... 


75 


163,7131 


14.928 


5 


104.845 


29.799 


7i 


25,394 


166 


5 


2,180 


7,332 


73 


11.321 


20,861 




895 






82.3,105 


10,358 


C 


93.365 


11.074 




397 


70 


212 


69.972 


6,773 


8 


64,827 


12,688 




1,689 


15 


2,-)l 


38,944,249J 


679,716 


2,264 


3,217,024 


1,069,702 


1,609} 


116,4104 


7,6294 


8,604 1 
1 



Appropriations for the Promotion of Agriculture^ continued. 



Counties. 



Nm^ara...... 

Oneida 

Onoiiilaga... 
Oiit.'\rio.._.. 

Orange 

Oik'iins , 

Oswego 

Otsego....... 



1819. 
lyars. 


1841. 






$03 


$400 


25S 


300 


204 


600 


130 


300 


162 




76 




131 


4o6 


148 



Counties. 



Putnam 

Queena 

Itonssclaer 

Richmond 

Bockland 

St. Lawicnco.... 

Saratog.i 

Schenectady.... 



1819. 
2ytars. 



$100 
200 
3.50 
75 
100 
100 
300 
100 



S3S 
91 

1S( 
;i4 
36 

170 

121 
61 



■CotUITIES. 


1810. 
2 years. 


1841. 


COUSTIES. 


1819. 


1841. 




$200 
150 
1.50 
200 
100 
150 
150 


$97 
74 

138 
97 
47 
01 

114 


tllstor 


$260 
100 
360 

250 


$137 
40 
1-23 
120 
146 
61 
TOO 






Steuben 

SuITulk 


Washington.... 


Sullivan 


Wcstchostor.... 
Yates 


Tit'Ea ... . 




State Sf. Soc... 





108 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



County societies usually require the payment of $1 annually from each member, or $10 for life 
membcrsirn.i without further payment. It is customary to restrict competition for premiums to 
members of the society, and to collect of all others an entrance fee to the exhibition grounds. 



Dwellings, Area, and Products. 



Counties. 


NOMBEE OF DWELUNGS. 




r? 


Number op Acres. 


1 


S 

^ 


1 


i 


^ 




Improved. 


1 
Total 




83 

13 

4 

5 

73 

14 

1 

20 

163 

62 

9 

44 

177 

111 

30 

88 

2 

60 

100 

2 

62 

429 

615 

34 

67 

.50 

801 

69 

1,617 

348 

69 

60 

120 

232 

182 

67 

84 

1 

21 

16 

74 

261 

312 

32 

16 

13 

41 

12 

9 

15 

S 

9 

903 

6 

23 

250 

158 

11 

26 


3,769 

29 

82 

9 

325 

113 

47 

21 

460 

388 

45 

8 

434 

2,427 

168 

71 

63 

107 

163 

""165 

208 

8,061 

18 

113 

95 

1,760 

147 

29,977 

299 

623 

762 

616 

474 

133 

131 

60 

47 

70 

1,659 

122 

106 

176 

343 

606 

31 

13 

267 

67 

66 

"'"35 

77 

329 

90 

3» 

323 

470 

60 

62 


9,385 
6,287 
6,529 
4,942 
9,620 
8,314 
3,264 
7,226 
3,969 
6.665 
4.276 
0.040 
8,947 

12,834 
4.176 
2.645 
3,817 
4,976 
4,964 
273 
6.332 
9.634 

14.901 
3.195 
6,787 
7.688 

13.713 
4.700 

10,596 
6,361 

16,062 

13,176 
6.691 
8,162 
4,119 

10,616 
8,837 
■ 2,270 
7,071 
9,719 
3,018 
2,775 
8,427 
7.944 
2.449 
6.333 
2.634 
3,924 
8,042 
7.089 
4.230 
4.361 
4,871 
9,028 
2,.')24 
7.213 
6,889 

12,044 
6,181 
3,275 


19 

966 
660 

1,252 
476 
639 
616 
240 

1,988 

29 

295 

888 

68 

1.638 
663 

1,353 
238 
408 
145 
147 
191 

1,369 

i','0'94 

. 608 

173 

660 

23 

1,526 
496 
498 
613 
406 
346 
821 
287 
63 

"203 

""40 

3,443 

163 

14 

436 

405 

254 

1,938 

7 

757 

483 

287 

682 

461 

124 

859 

3 

603 

452 


13,691 
8,192 
6,436 
7,516 

10,916 
9,988 
4,837 
7,602 
6,994 
7,287 
4,727 
7,238 
9,705 

21,674 
6,227 
4,444 
4,179 
6,753 
6,419 
401 
6,898 

11,975 

23,970 
4,707 
6,990 
8.221 

16,916 
4,960 

42,668 
8,698 

17.782 

15.215 
7,828 
9,682 
6,299 

12,649 
9,324 
2,405 
7,896 

11,683 
3,220 
3,188 

13,191 
8,631 
3,105 
6,846 
3,682 
4,669 

11,351 
7.2.U 
5,403 
6,049 
6,051 

11,068 
3,614 
7,876 
8,708 

12,768 
6,041 
3,873 


3,539 
6,392 
3,926 
6,441 
4,299 
6,647 
1,948 
6,203 
3,561 
3,242 
3,388 
6,468 
3,797 
7,267 
2.716 
3,247 
2,288 
3,003 
3,145 

404 
3,447 
6,992 

39s 
3,945 
3,375 
4,6S0 
4,879 
2,852 
48 
3,968 
8,316 
6,336 
3,943 
3,982 
2,454 
6,720 
6,109 
1,368 
3.113 
3.869 

876 
1.221 
8,946 
4,20s 
1.328 
4,011 
2.446 
2.238 
7,042 
4.338 
3,683 
3.088 
3,623 
4,851 
2,145 
4,192 
4,767 
3,722 
4,1.!1 
2,242 


242.735 

280.863 

19S,.839i 

•266.436} 

315.796f 

360,110 

120,219} 

347,82811 

1138,932 - 

304.277' 

194.73i\- 

3(34.400- 

340.307i 
186.44:.'i 
14-l.r,27i 
13-5.416} 
219.0124 
212,2234 

16,07.5} 
267.4144 
405.222 

15.S714 
lS4..i4il4 
202,4024 
277,3931 
216,8404 
194,4.57 1 
1,160} 
207.0434 
435.800} 
344,528 
290,639} 
308,599i 
181,948} 
244,120 
428,9.32J 

94.2054 
119.549 
292.21 2J 

15.072} 

4I1.4M} 
490..i.34 
315.7284 

93.44s 4 

227.9045 

i:34.:aii4 
VA.WJi 


313.512J 
635,1324 
404,048} 
699,066} 
603,0324 
664.2654 
230.606 
630,704} 
670,0184 
373,632} 
308.399} 
802.662i 
464.4134- 
593,651i 
959,038} 
979,692 
280.4864 
294,7444 
362,828} 
783,6644 
773,072 
716,613 
21.4136 
681,6861 
358.840} 
388.898} 
296.0223- 
241.178} 
1,974- 
S0S,15:Ji 
722,394 
459,2291 
387,74Si 
498,214} 
244,276} 
672,173} 
608,491} 
138.653} 
176,753 
393.216} 
22.6744 
97,3344 
1,385,085 
■455,5774 
125,131} 
3.59.9,50} 
197.3354 
197 .88114 
799.7004 
424,389} 
620.3184 
293.317} 
290..-.Sii| 
618.843} 
442.r>43i 
476,585 
356,613} 
291,0944 
364,418} 
206,6764 


Allegany 

Broomu 


Cayuga 










Cortland 




Erie 


Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene .V 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 














New York 
















Q, ° 














Saratoga 










3131.4.' 


1 




lliii.SlNj 




125.4S9i 

154.8944 

205.61 Cj 

a4l>,G41 

111.202f 

333.0304 

254.461 } 

209,146} 

241,6.544 

165,6424 


















Yatea 


Total 


7,636 


57,450 


397,638 


33,092 


622.325 


231,740 


13,067,400} 


26,758,183} 


1 This column includes the four \ 
&c. Of 4,196 dwellings, the materi 


irecedini; 
il and val 


ones, and 
ue were n 


also a miscellaneous class reported as " Planks," " Hoards,' 
ot given. The value, so far as reported, was as follows : — 


" Shanties," 




Namher. 


Total Value. 


Average Value. 




7,172 

66.762 

378.967 

28.831 


$40,184,819 

312,151,135 

297,453.492 

1.330,li;S 


$6,867.89 

6,600.26 

784.90 

46.13 

1,362.76 






• 

















Total 


4S7,f 


04 


604,f 


99,907 



MANUFACTURES. 

The manufactures of the State are very extensive, embracing an almost endless variety of articles. 
In many sections tlie manufacturing interests surpass tliose of agriculture or commerce. Tiic lines 
of internal communication through the State have greatly facilitated the spread of manufactures; 
and now flourishing establishments are found in nearly every part of the State.^ The most im- 



' Manufacturing Establishmenta in the several Counties, as reported hy the State Census 

0/1855. 















. i 




<■> 












6 

5 














i 




.S 








•a. 












» 







Counties. 


3 
1 


1 
a 

! 


1 


1 


! 

■s 


I 
1 


IS 

rl 

It 


s. 



•5 

s 


1 

a 

el 


S'C 

el 


1 

i 


8 


1 


S s 

p 


•*1 -i 


■g 
f 
a 

S 

>5 


i 
1 

1 


1 
1 


Albany 


15 

1 


27 
S7 


27 
23 


9 


11 
1 


8 
13 


3 

2 


9 
2 


6 


29 
24 


12 
3 


25 
4 


23 
23 


7 
13 


8 
2 


3 


2 
2 


8 
2 


Allegany 




"9. 


23 
32 


16 
16 


1 
1 


1 
1 


5 

15 


4 
3 


"i 


1 


15 

18 


7 

8 


2 
4 


27 
31 


6 
10 


1 


1 
1 


5 

1 


2 






"2 


59 
43 


36 

37 


"4 


•2 
.3 


11 
13 


3 
3 


7 
3 


3 

1 


32 
31 


9 
22 


10 

7 


13 
11 


1 


2 


3 
5 


2 

2 


Chautauqua 




6 
16 


19 
41 
22 
47 
26 
31 
44 
29 
28 


15 
28 
15 
29 
26 
26 
35 
3X 
8 


2 

"i 
"i 

18 


1 
1 
9 
2 
2 

13 
11 


6 
1 
6 
6 
7 
9 
9 
19 
6 


K 
3 
1 

"5 

1 
2 

1 


4 

"i 
7 
1 

"3 
3 


2 

"2 
1 

"3 

9 


9 
21 
20 
34 
15 
25 
40 
26 
15 


V 
16 

4 

1 
10 
10 

7 
15 

4 


7 

'I 
4 
1 
3 
9 
9 
2 


■ 17 
2S 
19 
43 
23 
26 
39 
43 
10 


3 
10 
9 
6 
8 
10 
9 
14 
4 


3 

"4 

1 

"3 


2 
2 
4 

"3 

"3 

1 


"i 
2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
3 
1 


2 

2 
2 
2 
1 
3 
2 














Erie 


Essex 




2 
"2 


15 
12 
33 
19 


7 

7 

36 

6 


"{ 


i 

1 

2 

22 


6 
2 
6 
5 

1 


1 

1 


"7 
"3 


i 
"i 


8 
6 
25 
8 
1 


3 

10 
16 
4 


X 

"4 
4 


11 
9 
22 
27 
1 


3 

6 
15 
3 


"5 


"5 
2 
4 


1 

1 
2 


1 
3 


Fulton 






ITamilton 




3 

4 
9 

1 

9. 


36 
.12 
11 
9 
35 


34 

42 
10 

30 


1 
1 
12 

"4 


i 

4 

"i 

1 


10 
17 
16 
5 
11 


'1 

1 


I 
3 

10 
1 

10 


1 
1 
2 

"2 


27 
33 
14 
12 
26 


ii 

10 
6 
1 

13 


'4 
10 
15 

1 

13 


18 
48 
6 
10 
29 


10 
17 
5 
6 
11 


"2 

2 

"3 


2 
2 
3 
2 


5 

6 
11 

1 


3 

6 

3 












1 

8 


27 
69 


30 
34 

20 


1 

16 


"3 

9. 


12 

15 

9 


1 
3 
3 


ii 


6 
3 


21 
48 
21 


9 

52 

5 


9 
12 
3 


23 
54 
24 


16 
27 
9 


1 

2 


2 
5 


4 
11 


3 

4 
2 








&4 

"9 

1 


63 
32 
65 
63 


71 
24 
72 
63 


19 
1 
8 
6 


"5 
6 

9 


98 
6 
21 
16 


"4 
2 


76 
1 

1 
12 


31 

"o 

2 


69 
24 
61 
45 


69 
10 
19 
.38 


37 
4 
21 

n 


8 
17 
42 
36 


32 
10 
20 
26 


61 
1 
6 
4 


4 

6 
5 
8 


36 
4 
7 
9 


32 
2 




Oneuia 








40 


29 


1 


3 


8 


1 


1 


1 


19 


13 


8 


40 


in 


1 


2 


3 


1 








20 





14 


9 


1 


•' 




S3 


8 


4 


38 


16 












2 


38 
26 


26 
29 




"9 


8 
13 


2 
4 


1 

1 




21 

21 


10 
48 


6 
9 


26 
42 


7 
12 


2 




2 
4 


2 
1 








66 


54 


1 


2 


15 


4 


11 




65 


17 


9 


39 


20 


1 




6 


2 




"5 


6 
14 


12 
8 




2 



2 
4 




1 
2 


1 


2 
26 




1 

1 


7 
24 


1 
7 


2 
1 






2 






9 
2 
1 


43 
6 
7 


26 

6 
6 


8 
1 
1 


7 
1 
.33 


10 

1 


1 


"3 
1 


4 
1 


20 
2 
7 


12 
"l 


7 
"3 


34 

2 

13 


8 
1 


1 
1 


1 
1 


7 
4 


3 




Rockland 




1 


47 


37 


1 


6 


12 








26 


8 


8 


36 


14 


3 


4 


4 


1: 




i[ 


47 


29 




4 








? 


29 


11 


1 


33 


1" 
















9 




1 


5 






1 








5 


R 














ai 


21 






6 


5 






27 


14 


4 


27 






1 




1 


Schuyler 




23 


16 






4 


1 






15 


7 


2 


16 


6 






1 






^ 


23 


13 


1 


'4 


6 


1 




3 


19 


7 


5 


15 


8 




•> 


1 






2 


49 


28 




.•i 


16 


3 




1 


36 


yt 


g 


42 


15 


2 


X 







Suffolk 


1 


22 


18 




7 


5 


3 




1 


16 


<f 


1 


29 


6 


1 






2 


Sullivan 


"a 


29 
20 


10 

17 


1 


"1 


7 
6 


2 
1 






13 

16 


1 
in 


1 


16 
17 


5 

R 






1 


1 






4 


45 


34 




1 


16 


1 


3 


2 


20 


15 


9 


28 


14 


2 


•> 


1 

1 
1 


2 


Ulster 


3 


37 


9 




11 


s 


n 


2 


\ 


29 


29 


5 


42 


R 


1 


3 








14 


7 




1 


2 


2 


1 


1 


g 






5 


3 




2 


1 








24 


1 






? 










6 

10 




11 


















8 











17 
1 
















6 


27 


62 


9. 


.38 


7 


1 


12 


1 


28 


29 


7 


" 


1 


? 








37 


34 






17 






2 


30 


6 
8 


6 

6 


30 


9 


1 




2 


4 


Yatea 


2 


14 


15 






6 


1 






15 


15 


5 


1 


1 






Total 


196 


1,921 


1,467 


128 


269 


616 


114 


232 


111 


1,397 


666 


388 


1,476 


695 


121 


101 


1S7 


l.-i8 





110 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



portant and extensive manufactories are those of iron and machinery, leather, articles of wood, 
and cotton and woolen goods. Such articles as relate to the professions and fine arts, to books, 
maps, and engravings, and to the heavy machinery used in ocean steamships, are principally manu- 
factured in New York City and its suburbs. Immense quantities of brick are manufactured on 
the Hudson for the New York and Southern markets. Lime, waterlime, and gypsum are largely 
manufactured on the Hudson and through the center of the State ; and iron ware is produced in 
large quantities in the iron districts of Essex, Clinton, Dutchess, Orange, and Oneida counties. De- 
tails of the principal manufacturing establishments are given in the statistics of the cities or towns 
in which they are located.' 



' Manitfacturing Esiablishments in the several Counties, continued. 



Counties. 



Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus ., 

Cayuga. 

Chautauqaa . 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia. 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston — 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 
New York...., 

Niagara 

Oneida.......... 

Onondaga. 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 
Kichmond .... 

Bockland 

St. Lawrence, 

Saratoga 

Schenectady. 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca. 

Steuben. 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westchester.. 

Wyoming 

Tates 

Total 



St3 



43 

183 

169 

169 

79 

184 

99 

110 

110 

21 

68 

234 

12 

161 

73 

65 

90 

46 

62 

23 

94 

101 

2 

95 

35 

75 

65 

43 

13 

41 

238 

81 

64 

21 

.33 

218 

142 

2 

7 

91 



7 

138 

80 

13 

118 

84 

16 

238 

11 

145 

146 

97 

95 

68 

49 

85 

31 

77 

19 



151 109 144 151 193 200 .!,948 2(i2 1212 143 560 S63 



-5. 



S'g 



Tho returns of manufacturing establishments from many counties are quite unsatisfactory, as an examination of the tablo will 
show. \t Ls to bo hoped that the next census will be more complete in this particular. 



COMMERCE. 

TnE position of New York in the confederacy of States gives it peculiar focilities for maritime 
affairs, and through its various ports a large proportion of the foreign and internal commerce of 
the nation is carried on. This commerce extends to every accessible port in the world, and in 
amount and variety excels that of all the other States of the Union. It is regulated by acts of 
Congress ; and the revenues arising from duties upon articles imported are collected by officers ap- 
pointed by the President and Senate, or subordinate to those thus appointed. These officers are 
accountable to the TJ. S. Treasury Department. 

Collection Districts. — The Federal Government has established 11 Collection Districts 
within this State for the collection of these revenues. Each of these has one port of entry, in charge 
of a collector, and several ports of delivery, at which one or more deputy collectors, inspectors, or 
other officers reside.' The number of officers employed in collecting these revenues in New York 
City and its dependencies is nearly 800. Duties on foreign importations form much the largest 
item of revenue for the support of the General Government, and those collected at the port of New 
York form the largest part of the whole amount. The absolute and relative amounts of moneys 
collected from this source in the United States and State of New York have been steadily increasing, 
except as influenced by pecuniary embarrassments ; and now the former amount to about $60,000,000 
annually.* 



' Collection Districts in New York. 



District. 


Date of 
Establishment. 


JPrincipal 

Ojfice. 


Subordinate Offices. 


SagHarbur_ 

New York City... 
Champlain^ 

Oswegatcliie 

Cape Vincent 

Sackets Harbor... 


July 31, 1789 
.TulySl, 1789 
Mar. 2, 1703 

Jlar. 2. 1811 
AprU 18, 1S18 

Mar. 3, 1803 
Mar. 2, 1799 
Mar. 3, ISOo 
Mar. 2, 1799 

Mar. 3, 1S05 
July 27, 1S54 




Greenport. 

Albany, Troy, Cold Spring Harbor, Port JefFerson. 

Whitehall, liouses Point, Champlain. Perrysville, SFooers, Centerville, 

Chateaugay, Buike, Trout Kiver, Westville, Fort Covington, llogana-j 

burgh, Malone. ^ 
Hammond, Morristown, Lisbon, Waddingtoo, Louisville, Massena. i 
Ahiandria Bay, Millens Bay, Clayton, Chaumout,Thitio Mile Bay, Poiiitl 

Peninsula. i 
Dexter. Henderson. Sandy Creek. 1 
Big Sodns, Little StHlua, Texas, Port Ontario. 
Carthage Landing, Kelsey Landing, Pnltneyvillp, Cbarlotto. 
Niagara Falls, Niagara Bridge, Youngstown, Wilson, Kighteen Mile Creek, 

<t;ik Orchard. i 
Black Kock. Black Rock Dam. Tonaw.anda. Schlosser. 
Barcelona, Irving, Cattaraugus Creek, Silver Creek. | 


New York 


Plattsburgh 

Ogdensburgh 

Cape Vincent 

Sackets Harbor.. 























Albany vias made a port of delivery in N. Y. Diat. July 31, 1789. 

Gipe Vinoint was made a port of delivery ia Sackets Ilarbor 
Diat. Mar. 2, 1511. 

Hudson wa3 made a port of delivery in N. Y. Dist July 31, 
1789. and a district and port of entry Feb. 28, 1795. Annexed 
to N. Y. Dist. May 7, 1822. 

CdUHU and Kindfrlwok were made ports of delivery from 
Feb. 26, 1795, to Slay 27, 1796. 

New Wtrt'hor, Ncwbargh, Pintg/tkecpsie,&nd Esopusverem&dG 
ports of delivery July 31, 1789. 

Ni'Kjara. — Olfico removed from Ft. Niagara to Lewiston 
Mar. 2, ISU. 

1 The following talde exhibit's the receipts for customs for the 
sorts of the U.S. and N. Y. for a series of years : — 

Receipts into United States Treasury. 


TKiM. 


Ibtalfrom alt 
sources. 


From Customs. 


United Stites. 


A'ew york. 


1795 
1890 
1805 
1810 
1815 
1820 
1825 
1830 
18.35 

mo 

1SJ5 
1850 
1855 
1857 
1858 


$9,419,502.70 
12.451.1S4.14 
13,689,608.14 
12,144,206.53 
50,901.237.60 
20,881.493.08 
26,810.8.58.02 
24,814,116.51 
35.430.0S7.10 
25,032.193.59 
29,941,853,90 
47.640,388.88 
65,351,374.68 
08,969,212.57 
70.273,869.59 


?5.588,461.26 
9.080.932.73 
12.936,487.04 
8,583.309.31 
7,282.942.22 
16.005.012.15 
20.098.713.45 
21.922,391.39 
19.391,31 0,.59 
13,499,502.17 
27,688.112.70 
39.668.686,42 
63.025,794.21 
63.875,905.05 
41.789.620.96 


$2,717,361 

3,611.588 

6,958,003 

B,2-23,69() 

14.6.16.816 

6,506,518 

1.5.71.2,142 

15.031,003 

14,r.68,660 

7,.M7.441 

21,.31S.108 

24,487,610 

42,510,753.79 



The amount of revenue fi-om duties varies with the amount 
of tariff, and the sum thu.? collectt'd becomes a very uncertain 
measure of the amount of commerce. The present tnrilT waa 
adopted March 3, 18-^7, arid admits a large cla,s3 of goods free of 
duty. The system of bonding, introduced in 18J6, permit.'^ good-i 
to be stored inOovernment warehouses until re-expnrled or sold, 
before tlie payaient of duties is required. The State Govern- 
ment took early measures for establishing custom houses and 
regtilating duties upon foreign importatir-'ii.s. By an act of Nov. 
18, 1784, Sag Harbor ."tud New York were made ports of entry 
and delivery, and officers were appoiated by the Governor and 
Council of Appointment at each. The reluctance of New York 
to part with these revenues led to much delay in her ratifying 
the Constitution of the U.S., by which her revenues wci'O sur- 
rendered to the General Governuient, 

RegUtered and enroUe.d tannage of the part of New Tork and q/" 
the United StaUs at different periods. 



>> 


Registered 

TONNAGB. 


Enrolled 

TONS.VGE. 


Total Tomnagb. 


u 


tXnit-4 
Stat-s. 


Nrw 
I'ork. 


United 
states. 


Nno 
York. 


UniUd 
Stales. 


York. 

280.694 
2r0.2''3 
359.367 
429 316 
506,276 
779,818 
1,27.5 671 
1.422174 


1825 
1830 
18.35 
1840 
1.S45 
1850 
1855 
1S5S 


700,788 

678,475 

885.821 

899,765 

1.095,172 

1,58.5.711 

2,536,136 

2,577,769 


136.3P4 
92.361 
162,874 
184,542 
217,081) 
388,438 
737,.509 
841 .(.86 


800 213 
615 301 
93.1.1 )H 
1,2W.999 
1.321 .8.30 
1.049,743 
2,076,866 
3.201,430 


144.210 
167.922 
196.4S3 
244.774 
298.187 
391.380 
538,162 
680.488 


1,42.3.112 
1,191,776 
1.824,940 
2.180,704 
2,417,002 
3..535,454 
5,212,001 
6.049.808 



112 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



The roreign Trade of New York from 1700, although fluctuating con.siderably, has 
exhibited a general progressive increase. The commerce of the country was suspended during the 
Revolution ; and no statistics of its amount have been preserved during the period in which the 
States formed each an independent sovereignty under the Confederation. The amount of imports 
has been reported separately by States only since 1821.' 



Amount of Atwrican as comparted with Foreign Tonnage at 
dilhrent jKriods in tlie District of New York. 



Years. 


Tonnage Entered, 










U.S. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


1825 


259,524J 


20,6551 


280.179J 


1830 


280,918 


a3.797J 


314,715J 


1835 


373,465 


90.999 


464,404 


1840 


409,453 


118.136 


627,594 


1845 


472,491? 


140,858i 


613.360 


1850 


807,6S0i 


441,756 


1.249.337 


1854 


1,442,278J 


477,034* 


1,919,3131 


1858 


2,411,087 


1,124,020 


3,635,107 




YE.1ES, 


ToxN,iGE Cleared. 










XT.S. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


1825 


246,512 


17,914} 


263,4.30} 


18.30 


209,6984 


33,6864 


273,286 


1836 


289,661* 


80,0381 


369,690 


1840 


275,393J 


117,204 


392,6971 


1845 


377,163A 


140,2221 


617.3861 


1860 


705,162 


407,0.54 


1,112,215 


1855 


1.0S2,799| 


445,305 


1,628.104} 


1858 


2,152,835 


1.132,568 


3,286,403 



Amount of I^effist^red, Enrolhd^ and Liccvsed Tannage in the 
several Chlkction Districts, June 30, 185S. 



Sag Ilarbor 

New York 

Champlain 

Oawegatchie 

Cape Vincent 

Sacketa Harbor.. 

Oswego 

Genesee 

Niagara. 

Buffalo Creek 

Dunkirk 



Registered. 



7.408.72 
841,GS5.35 



Enrolled 

and 
Licensed. 



Amount of Rt^qistfreA and Enrolkd Tonnage of th/: United States 
and District of New York at different periods. 



Tears, 


Reoistered. 


Enrolled and Li- 
censed. 


U. states. 


N. Torlc. 


U. States. 


iV. York. 


1827 


747,170 

686,990 

810,447 

976,359 

1,241,313 

1.899,448 

2,499,550 


133.403 
118.395 
169,060 
193,911 
254,541 
496,507 
841,6861 


873,435 
752.460 
1,086,237 
1,117,035 
1,.597,733 
2,238,992 
2,550 742 


166 542 




162,419 
216 351 


1837 


1S42 


247 0"^3 


1847 

1S52 


3.37,381 
445 674 


1858 


593.600 







1 Trade of New York from 1700 to 1776. 



Number of Entries of Merchandise at the Fort of Neiv Yorfrfor 
10 years, ending June 30, 1856. 



1847 40,418 

1S48 5.3.949 

1849 64.506 

1850 61,752 

1S51 71,068 



1852 68,967 

186.3 63,470 

18.54 93.282 

1855 76.448 

1856 89,377 



General Statistics for 1858. 





American 
Vessels. 


Foreign 
Vessels. 


Exports of American produce.... 
" fureiga " 


$ 65.037.150 
12,430.450 
123.928.2S3 
4.471 
67.240 
4.97G 
73,866 


$24.n02.f.31 

G.S70,C84 




4 4'-'6 




55 757 






Crewa " '* 


55,903 







1700 
1701 
1702 
1703 
1704 
1705 
1706 
1707 
1708 
1709 
1710 
1711 
1712 
1713 
1714 
1715 
1716 
1717 
1718 
1719 
1720 
1721 
1722 
1723 
1724 
1725 
1726 
1727. 
172S 
1729 
1730 
1731 
17.32 
1733 
1734 
1735 
1736 
1737 
1738 



Total Value. 



Imports. 



$247,050 
159,550 
149,955 

87,810 
111,470 
139,510 
157,940 
149,275 
134,495 
172,885 
157,375 
144,280 

92,620 
232,350 
223,215 
273,196 
260,865 
220,700 
314,830 
281,785 
181,985 
253,770 
287,390 
265,065 
316,100 
353,250 
424,330 
337,260 
408,170 
323,800 
321,780 
330,580 
327,700 
827,095 
408,790 
402,025 
430,000 
629.166 
607.190 



Exports. 



$ 87.8.35 

92,7.35 

39,825 

37,355 

62,700 

36,965 

14,245 

71,415 

64,235 

61,296 

91,015 

60,965 

62,330 

72,140 

149,050 

106,680 

109,856 

122,670 

135,655 

97,980 

84,180 

78,405 

100.690 

139,960 

105,955 

124,880 

191,535 

158,085 

106,710 

79,165 

43,700 

103,780 

47,055 

68,130 

76,535 

70,775 

89,720 

84,165 

81,140 



Years. 



1739 
1740 
1741 
1742 
1743 
1744 
1745 
1746 
1747 
1748 
1749 
1750 
1751 
1762 
1753 
1764 
1755 
1756 
1757 
1768 
1759 
1760 
1761 
1762 
1763 
1764 
1765 
1766 
1767 
1768 
1769 
1770 
1771 
1772 
1773 
1774 
1776 
1776 



Total Value. 



Imports. 



$5.80,3.50 

693,885 

602.150 

8.37,955 

672.436 

599,600 

274,785 

433,560 

689.940 

716,665 

1,328.866 

1,335.660 

1,244,705 

970,150 

1,380,320 

637,486 

755,365 

1,262,125 

1,766,665 

1,782,775 

3,163,925 

2,400,030 

1,447,850 

1,440.230 

1,192,800 

2,577,080 

1,911,745 

1,854,145 

2.089,785 

2,414.650 

374,690 

2,379,955 

3,288,105 

1,719,850 

1.446.070 

2,189,685 

6,140 



Exports. 



$ 92.296 

107.490 

105,710 

67,680 

76,336 

72.635 

70.415 

44,205 

74.960 

61.790 

117,066 

178,160 

211,816 

203.290 

202.765 

133,315 

146,275 

120,365 

96,840 

71,300 

108,420 

105,626 

243,240 

294,410 

264.990 

268,4,'i5 

274.796 

336,100 

307,110 

436,575 

367,430 

349,410 

479,375 

413,535 

381,230 

400,040 

935,090 

11,590 



Trade of New York mice the adoption of Federal Constitution. 



Years, Imports. Ezports. Years. Imports. Exports. 



1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1796 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1S06 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 



$23,629,246 
35,445,628 
23,421,349 
36,113,7-23 



S 2,505,466 
2,635,790 
2,932,370 
6,442,183 
10,304,681 
12,208,027 
13,308,064 
14,300.892 
18.719.527 
14,046.079 
19,851.136 
13,792,276 
10,818, — 
16,081,281 
23,482,943 
21,762,.S46 
26,367,963 
6,606,0581 
12,681,5621 
17.212.3.301 
12.266,215 
8,961.922 
8;i85,494 
209.670 
10.676,-373 
19,690,031 
18,707,433 
17,872,261 
13,587,378 
13,163,244 
13,162,918 
17,100,482 
19,038,990 
22,807.134 



1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843* 

1844 

1845 

1848 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1860 

18.51 

1862 

1863 

1S.64 

1855 

1858 

1857 

1888 



S«9,639,174 
38,115,630 
33,719,644 
41,927,792 
34,743,307 
35,624,070 
67,077,417 
63,214,402 
65,918,449 
73,188,8941 
88,191,305 
118,263.416 
79.301,722 
68.463,206 
99,882,438 
60,440,750 
75,713,426 
67,875,604 
31,366,640 
66,079,516 
70,909,085 
74,254.283 
84,167,352 
94,626,141 
92,567.369 
111,123,524 
141.646,638 
132,329,306 
178,270,999 
195,427.933 
164,776,511 
210,160,4.64 
236,493,485 
178,476,736 



$35,269,261 
21,947,791 
23,834,137 
22,777,649 
20,119,011 
19,697,983 
25,635,144 
26,000,945 
26,395.117 
13,849,469 
30,345,264 
28,920,(38 
27,338,419 
23,008.471 
33.208.099 
34.264,080 
33,139.833 
27.-576 778 
16,762,664 
32,861,640 
36,175,298 
.36,935,413 
49,844,388 
63,361,167 
45.963,100 
62,712,789 
86,007,019 
87.4,84,466 
78,206,290 
122,634,640 
113,731,238 
119,111,500 
1,34,803,298 
108,340,924 



* From Oct. 1, 1842, to June 30, 1843. The fiscal year ' 
changed at tliis time, and now begins July 1. 



COMMERCE. 



113 



The reports of commerce and navigation do not specify the amount imported and exported 
in each collection district. The relative amount of the port as compared with the State of 
Nevr York has been as follows at different periods : — 



i 

H 

>> 


Imports. 1 


Exports, 


Jmporiatwn of Dry Goods. | 


B>rt ofN. T. 


State of N.r. 


Pirrto/N.r. 


Slate of N.r. 


Entered for Con- 
sumption. 


1356. 


1857. 


1868. 


1840 
1845 
1848 
1855 
1858 


$66,846,924 

68,032,207 

89,816,968 

162,539,783 

171,473,336 


$60,440,760 
70,009,085 
94,625.141 
164,776,611 
178,475,736 


$30,186,470 
34,196,184 
45,863,916 
62.918,442 

100,667,890 


$34,264,080 
36,175,293 
63,351.157 
113,731.238 
108,360,924 


Manufactures of wool. 

" cotton. 

" Billt. 

" flax. 
Miscell. dry goods 

Total 


$22,671,010 

13;,«5,234 

27.738,090 

7.760,145 

6.675,816 


$20,261,826 

16,813,299 

25,192,465 

6,867,433 

6,709,004 


$17,035,032 

9,012,911 

17,581,099 

3.701,665 

3,761,788 




$77,970,295 


$74,833,527 


$61,092,386 


n-ade of New York for the Three Tears ending June 30, 1868. 




Imports. 


1856, 


1857. 


1858. 


Withdrawn from 
Warehodse. 


1856. 


1857. 


1858. 




$150,088,112 

29,668.397 

17.4.32,112 

1,126,097 


$141,430,109 

62275,673 

16,036.630 

6,441,8.55 


$ 94,019.659 

44.463.806 

23.605,4«7 

9,324,384 




warehousing 


Manufactures of wool. 

" cotton. 

" silk. 

flax. 

Miscell. dry goods 

Total 


$2,025,697 

1,888,.578 

2,'241.7S6 

1,131.403 

507,675 


$2,929,179 

2,492,616 

2,004,190 

1,100,183 

601.038 


$6,369,118 
4.018.693 
6,394,970 
2,216,427 
1,386,173 


Specie 


and bullion.... 
tal 


To 


$198,214,718 

21,934.130 
86.898.690 
112,316,028 


$226,184,167 

27.950.212 
92.699.088 
133,485,079 


$171,473,336 

49.376,593 
67.317,736 
104,156,600 


Withd 


awn from 


$7,890,143 


$9,127,103 


$19,383,381 


Dry go 
Genera 




Entered for Ware- 
hodse. 


1856. 


1857. 


1868. 


1 merchandise. 


ESPOETd. 


1856. 


1857. 


1868. 


Manufactures of wool. 

'• cott< n. 

« silk. 

" flax. 
Miscell. dry goods 


$2,184,687 

2,006,493 

2,225,515 

861.657 

660,113 


$6,081,505 
3.780,715 
4,407.447 
2.228,768 
1,247,120 


$5,028,533 
4.048,630 
3,667,521 
1,9M,891 
1,515,876 


Domestic produce 

Foreign mdse. free ... 

" " dutiable 

Specie and bullion.... 


$76,02^,244 
1,268,914 
3,691,600 
22,280,991 


$76,928,942 

2.396.003 

3.932,.'i70 

44,348,463 


$56,931,987 
3,104.160 

7.309,672 
34,322,071 


$7,929,495 


$17,835,561 


$16,236,351 


$102,267,749 


$126,606,683 


$100,667,890 


To 


tal 









Commerce of New York with Foreign Countries for the year endinrj June 30, 1858. 

ENTERED. CLEARED. 



FoREiON Countries. 



England 

Cuba 

France 

Bremen 

Hamburg 

British North America...; 

New Grenada 

British West Indies 

Porto Rico 

Scotland 

Brazil 

China 

Pern 

Belgium 

British East Indies 

Hayti 

Two Sicilies 

Spain 

Venezuela. 

Holland..- 

Mexico 

Tnscany 

Philippine Islands 

Bnssia. 

Buenos Byres 

Central Republic 

Dutch West Indies 

British Guiana 

Danish West Indies 

Africa (except Egypt and British 

Possessions) 

British llonduras 

Sardinia. 

British Possessions, Africa. 

Austria 

Portuga.1 

St. Domingo 

Sweden and Norway 

Turkey iu Asia 

Egypt 

Uruguay 

Ireland 

French West Indies 

British Australia 

Canary Islands 

Swedish West Indies 

Chili 

French North Ameriain PossessionB.. 



390 
631 
131 
14 

8 
44 
80 

163 

162 
16 

101 
37 
24 
26 
29 

111 
37 
60 
68 
14 
33 
17 
10 
10 
22 
14 
24 
17 
20 

19 
15 

2 
14 

2 

4 
14 

2 

e 



441.043 11,313 


227,4.-i3 


7.626 


136.408 


4.542 


21,966 


809 


6.122 


125 


7.316 


284 


48.990 


2,704 


32.335 


1,206 


35,596 


1,338 


9,289 


226 


29,997 


1,064 


33,664 


923 


28,910 


696 


23,140 


592 


23,912 


646 


20,849 


849 


13.253 


412 


13,870 


480 


13,956 


611 


8,721 


229 


14 522 


441 


10,743 


277 


9.416 


242 


6,333 


170 


7,436 


2.37 


6,:33 


165 


6.133 


193 


4.881 


171 


4,226 


152 



4,170 
3,829 

869 
2,833 

794 
1,590 
2,227 
1,073 
2,036 



1,767 



1.987 
1,667 
1,642 
1,293 
766 



168 
141 
25 
110 
26 
44 
94 
31 
68 



130,016 

11,288 

3,926 

68,564 

62,797 

43,869 

819 

17,321 

6,715 

31,231 

7,811 

3,464 

603 

4,195 

2,867 

1.717 

6.t,16 

6.741 

2,935 

7,657 

'"iVsi's 

200 
2,235 
261 
740 
181 

315 

107 

130 
2,383 

331 
2.065 
■1,313 

660 
ll644i 

386 
2,317 

350 
2,116 



260 



1,006 



6,969 

445 

163 

1,993 

2,057 

1,746 

27 

748 

227 

1,469 

284 

109 

16 

193 

87 

70 

216 

231 

120 

214 



13 



333.165 

179,940 

74,938 

21,856 

"41,830 

54.765 

28,919 

14.492 

23.300 

15.585 

18,127 

9,449 

10.429 

14,041 

8.926 

1,347 

20,054 

6,810 

6,566 

8,932 

755 
3,188 
10,272 
2.301 
7,897 
6,180 
8,462 

3,022 
3,353 

9.82 
6,079 

821 
6,148 
1,619 



405 

4,694 

2.525 

4,629 

27,975 

267 

263 

11,224 

120 



8,732 
8.647 
2.784 



1.139 
2.727 
1,091 
662 
629 
690 
628 
76 
469 
386 
392 
45 
655 
278 
166 
291 

24 
85 
333 
80 
314 
218 
326 

121 
119 

35 
204 

25 
154 

76 



13 
149 

72 

193 

717 

8 

12 
282 



146.347 

6 040 

2.743 

39,759 

47.267 

80.216 

S53 

15,649 

1,657 

31.492 

1.079 

369 

4,195 
6.400 
1.167 
2,07.7 
6,902, 
413 
11.526 
1,068 



1,716 
636 
425 
116 



247 



6,435 

227 

122 

1,642 

1^878 

2,806 

84 

744 

67 

1,260 

61 

14 

192 
198 

60 

77 
266 

19 
353 

49 



360 


10 


987 


32 


1.3C9 


48 


1.137 


44 


1,021 


18 


467 


17 


382 


15 


3,868 


138 


905 


46 


4,762 


133 


2,061 


83 


.346 


12 


813 


46 



114 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



■AS 



1821 
1825 
1830 
1835 
1840 
1846 
1850 
1855 
1858 



^atisHcs of Americ an and B'rejgn Trade. 

ToNiVAOE Cleared. 



Exports. 



American 
Produce. 



i 7,896,606 
20.6.51.568 
13,618,278 
21,707,867 
22.676.609 
26,929.904 
41,602,800 
96.414,808 
89,039,790 



Foreign 
Produce. 



$ 5,264.313 
14,607.703 
6.079.70.T 
s,o;;7.:i97 
11.5'-7.471 
10,245,3;i4 
11.209.989 
17.316,430 
19,301,134 



American 
Yesfds. 



$ 158,174 

256,878 

2211,341 

689.,'!65 

618.202 

926.280 

1,411,557 

1.861.682 

2,162,835 



Foreign 
Vessels. 



$ 10,720 

19.851 

36.674 

343.078 

843.114 

414.688 

737.639 

1.140,197 

1,132,668 



Valve of Articles Imported for the year ending June 30, 1868. 



Dutyfree. 
Articles from B. A., duty free.. 
Produce U. S. brought back.... 

Bullion, gold 

" silver 

Coffee 

Tea 

Coin, gold. 

*' silver 

Dye stufiFs 

Linseed 

Ground madder , 

Gnano , 

Painting and statuary 

Rags, cotton and linen 

Seeds, trees, and plants 

Silks, raw or reeled. 

Tin. blocka 

" pigs 

Wool 



Total duty free 

Paying duty ad valorem. 

Coal 

Cotton, piece goods, plain.. 

" hosiery 

" thread, twist, and yarn... 
" manufactured, not speci- 
fied 

" ble.iclied or dyed 

Feathers and flowers 

Linens, bleached or unble.iched... 
" manufactured, not speci- 
fied 

Ctirrants 

Raisins 

Purs, undressed 

" hatters' 

Glass, pl.ate 

" window 

Gems, not set 

Jewelry, real or imitation 

Goat's hair. Angora, and other 

piece goods 

Hats and bonnets, straw 

Hemp, manufact'd, not specified.. 
India rubber, not manufactured 

Indigo 

Iron, bar 

Cutlery 

Fire arms 

Iron, pig...... 

*' railroad 

" rod 

" sheet 

Steel, shear, cast, and German.... 

" other 

Iron and steel, other manufac- 
tures 

Jute and sisiil grass 

Laces, embroidery 

" cotton 

Lead 

Gloves 

Skins, dressed 

Leather, sole and upper 

" other manufactured 

Liquorice paste 

Molasses 

Musical instruments 

Opium 

Paper, writing 

J Printed books, English 



$ 624.060 

1,024,992 

269,833 

271,027 

6.730,168 

6,414.700 

8,096,651 

689,633 

659.635 

940,077 

477,087 

242,fU.8 

389,519 

696,399 

276.030 

1,293.921 

4C.3.007 

327.207 

1,173.076 



U. States. 



$.33,072,680 

621.774 

4:10,948 

1,62.1.833 

761,429 

399,426 
8,383,662 

649.894 
4,308,238 

611,276 

272,469 
762,668 
247,510 
870,336 
3SS,241 
454,344 
332.503 
332,097 

488.741 

1,128,651 

332,821 

867,061 

467,379 

1,610,970 

1,166,761 

281,963 

329,786 

1,666.538 

324,897 

677,669 

702.696 

546,596 

817,687 
970,723 

2,274.0.33 
285,183 

1,638,087 

1,362.096 
437,268 

1,205,714 
248,815 
452,723 

1,414,168 
247,233 
309.416 
238.402 
364,973 



$14,754,255 

1,244.692 

2,286,099 

408,879 

18,341,081 

6.777,295 

9,279,969 

7,299.649 

R87.486 

3,24.3.174 

643,642 

525,376 

504.034 

971,120 

392.440 

1,.%0.065 

470,023 

594,268 

3843,320 



$80,319,265 

772,926 

741.077 

2,120,868 

1,080,671 

966.017 

12,391,713 

664,462 

5,598,571 

953,436 

342,869 
1.441,471 
321,935 
876,166 
397,310 
626.744 
329.241 
386,945 

515.641 

1,1S2,,8,37 

520.029 

666„S83 

467.379 

3,318,913 

1,489,064 

382,610 

739,949 

2,987,576 

426.499 

946,073 

1.147.773 



970.133 

2,298,709 

2,845,029 

405.4:.!9 

1,972,243 

1.449.672 

800,412 

1,259.711 

278,946 

477,996 

4,116,759 

378.928 

447.634 

256,322 

466,450 



Valtie of Articles Imported^ continued. 



Articles. 



Kaw hides and skins 

Salt 

Silk, hosiery 

" piece goods 

" and worsted piece goods 

" raw 

" manufactured, not specified. 
Soda, ash 

" carb 

Spices, cassia. 

" nutmegs 

" black pepper 

Spirits, brandy... 

" from grain 

Sugars, brown 

Tea and coffee from places not 

free by treaty 

Tin plates 

Tobacco, cigars 

" unmanufactured 

Porcelain, earthen, and stone 

ware 

Wine, sherry and St. Lucien 

" white, not enumerated 

" champagne 

Wool, blankets 

" carpeting 

" hosiery 

" piece goods 

" worsted 

" shawls 

" manufact'd, not specified .. 
Uncnumerated articles. 

At 4 per cent 

At 15 per cent 

At 24 per cent 

Total ad valorem 

Total imports 



X^'W York. 



5,629,029 

282,644 

341,528 

15.304.'255 

1,1N3,788 
240.601 

2,032,614 
616,700 
267,097 
323,041 
236,168 
269,486 

1,410,426 

706.945 

13,514,098 

442 910 
3.042,152 
•2,0411.898 
1,078,666 

1,755,011 

286,954 

237.710 

679,421 

976.018 

1,195,004 

1,378,660 

0.719,713 

9,192,641 

1,742,396 

494,915 

908,789 

1,046,668 

836,423 



$137,208,207 



$170,280,887 



U. mates. 



9.884,368 

1,124,920 

417,168 

16.121,396 

1,249,386 

24'2,130 

3,207,043 

1,211,305 

373,699 

366,614 

378,257 

631,723 

2,232,452 

1,158,517 

23,317,436 

484.520 
3,842,968 
4,123,208 
1,255,831 

3,215.236 

343,100 

285,125 

860,942 

1,574,716 

1,64-2.600 

1,837,561 

7,626,830 

10,780,379 

2,002,663 

663,373 

1,367,426 
2.314,065 
1,466,074 



$202,293,876 



$282,613,150 



Value of U. S. products exported, during the year ending June 
30, 1858. 



Articles, 



Ashes, pot and pearl 

Beef. 

Boards, planks, and scantling 

Butter 

Carriages and rail road cars, Ac 

Cheese 

Cloverseed 

Copper and brass manufactures.. 

Cotton 

Drugs and medicines 

Gold and silver coin 

'* " " bullion 

Hams and bacon 

Hides 

Household furniture 

Indian corn „ 

Indian meal 

Iron castings 

" manufactures 

Lard 

Leather 

Manufactured tobacco 

** cotton (white) 

" " other 

" wood 

Oil, spermaceti 

" whale 

Whalebone 

Pork 

Rice „. 

Rosin and turpentine 

Skins and furs 

Spirits Irom grain 

" " mola.csee 

" of tm-pentine 

Staves and heading 

Sugars (brown) 

Tallow 

Tobacco (leaf) 

Wheat 

" flour 



N. T. 



Total of exports $83,403.664 |$293,768,279 



S 627,867 

1,312,967 

751,3.34 

236,928 

626.831 

661.451 

232.764 

1,706,426 

8,368,500 

452,929 

14,917,585 

12,456,266 

1,485.958 

393^58 

331,281 

1,331.570 

234.945 

314,936 

1 9"22,7.34 

l'l72,950 

303.579 

1,113,428 

473,838 

1,368,779 

413,806 

1,046.453 

412,999 

1,105,223 

1,169,707 

604,969 

1,219,5.63 

822.986 

243,118 

387,084 

904,242 

960.390 

231,879 

258.226 

1,482,970 

6,461,491 

7,017,790 



U.S. 



$ 654,744 

2,081.866 

3,4'28,530 

641,863 

777,921 

731,910 

332,250 

1,985,223 

131,386,661 

681,'278 

19,474,040 

22,933,206 

1,957,423 

875,753 

932,499 

3,259,039 

877,692 

464,415 

4,059,528 

3,809.601 

606.589 

2.400,116 

1.598.136 

1.800,286 

2.234.678 

1,097.503 

597,107 

1.106,223 

2,852.942 

1,870,578 

1.464.210 

1,002.378 

476,722 

1,267,691 

1.0S9.282 

1,975,852 

376,062 

8-24.970 

17,009,767 

9,061.604 

19.328,884 



COMMERCE. 



115 



Tonnage. — The size of registered American vessels engaged in foreign trade has been steadily 
increasing, and has more than doubled within twenty years. Steam vessels were first enrolled in 
1823 and first registered in 1830. They now form 12 to 15 per cent, of the total amount of tonnage.' 

Steamboats applying for registry, enrolment, or license must be inspected under the direc- 
tion of a Board of Supervising Inspectors. The United States is divided into 9 Supervising Dis- 
tricts, the 2d of which includes the seaboard and the 9th the lakes of New York. Steamboats are 
required to be well guarded against fire, to have suitable pumps worked by hand and by steam, 
at least two boats, and large steamers more, in proportion to their tonnage, (except upon rivers,) one 
life preserver to every passenger, and a certain number of floats, and fire buckets and axes. Their 
boilers, engines, and hull must be examined and approved by inspectors appointed by the Col- 
lector, the Supervising Inspector for the district, and the Judge of the U. S. District Court; and 
every requirement of the law must be found complied with. Pilots and engineers on steamers 
must be examined and licensed by the Inspectors. The present steamboat law was passed Aug. 
30, 1852.2 

The Coasting' Trade of the United States is entirely restricted to American vessels, and 
the share belonging to New York is very great ; but from the want of official returns it cannot be 
definitely ascertained. Unless carrying distilled spirits or foreign goods, these vessels are not re- 
quired to report their entrance and clearance ; and, as they oftener leave than arrive with these 
articles, the number of clearances reported is disproportionately high.' 

The aifairs of commerce relating to police, sanitary, and municipal regulations are governed by 



1 Average tonnage, of vessels at different periods arriving at New 
Tork. 



Yes. American. F^'reign. Yrs. Anierican, Foreign. 



1S35 
1840 
1845 



245 
2S0 
319 



193 

253 
267 



1850 
1855 
1868 



427 
527 
630 



338 
223 
452 



Vtsseh built in 


New Tort for 1858. 




Districts, 


Class. 


"fe. 

1 1 




§1 


t 


•s 


P 


i 


Ihnnage. 


Pag Harbor 

New York 

Oswegatciiie 

Cape Vinceot.... 

Oswego 

Niagara 

Buffalo Creek.... 
Dunkirk 


"7 


"2 

"i 


2 

22 

"is 

3 
10 

1 


2 
84 
1 

-2 

4 

1 


26 

3 
2 

i'i 


4 
141 

1 

3 
10 

3 
39 

2 


636.5S 

6,093.75 

2«.74 

46S.7S 
1,990.79 

601,1)6 
7,216,77 

252,26 



Amount of registered and enrolled steam tonnage of XT. S. at 
different periods. 



Yeaes, 


Registered. 


Enrolled. 


Total. 


1825 
1830 
1835 
1S40 
1846 
1860 
1855 
1858 




23,061 
63,053 
122,474 
319.527 
4.S1.0<15 
666,240 
661,363 


23,061 
64,472 
122,814 
202,339 
."i25.947 
770,947 
970,890 


1,419 

340 

4,155 

6,492 

44,942 

115,W5 

78,027 



Vessels built in tfie V. S. at different periods. 



i 


Classes op Vessels. 


n 




•a 

c ■ 


.5 


!! 


If 


1 


Tbnnage. 


1815 


136 


226 


681 


274 




1,316 


164.624,39 


1820 


21 


60 


301 


162 




624 


47,784,01 


1826 


66 


197 


63S 


168 


35 


994 


114,997.25 


1830 


25 


56 


403 


116 


37 


637 


6S,094.24 


1835 


25 


60 


301 


100 


30 


607 


46,'23S,52 


IMO 


97 


109 


378 


224 


04 


872 


118,309.23 


1845 


124 


S7 


322 


342 


163 


1,038 


140,018,02 


18,W 


247 


117 


647 


290 


159 


1,360 


272,218.54 


1866 


381 


126 


606 


669 


253 


2,034 


683,450.04 


1868 


122 


46 


431 


400 


226 


1,225 


242,286.09 



2 Statistics of Steamers for 1858. 



No. of steamers in- 
spected and ap- 
proved 

Tonnage of steamers 
inspected 

Pilota originally li- 
censed within the 
year 

Pilots whoae liceuses 
were renewed 

Engineers and assist- 
ants originally li- 
censed within the 
year 

Engineers and assist- 
ants whose licenses 
were renewed 

Lives lost from acci- 
dents during the 
year 



Second 

DiST. 

N.Y. 



302 



Ninth District. 


Total 
U.S. 


t 


O 


1 


47 


8 


8 


839 


38,314 


6,465 


3,565 


326,262 


40 






364 


87 


21 


13 


1,640 


36 






435 


87 


18 


13 


1,809 


26 




5 


126 



s statistics of the Coasting Trade of the Port of New Tork. 



1S49 
1850 
1861 
1852 
1863 
1854 
1865 
1856 



Entered. 



Vessels. 



1,865 
1,928 
1,768 
1,766 
1,733 
1,880 
1,966 
1,669 



Tons. 



424,976 

489,395} 

455,542 

497,840 

607,631 

543,462 

614,045 

639,461 



Cleared. 



Vessels. 



3,994 
4,719 
4.803 
4,680 
4,789 
4.779 
4.663 
4,696 



895,689 
1,020,070 
1,214.942 
1,173,762 
l,310,r,97 
1,499,869 
1,378,888 
1,482,310 



Tonnage of Vessels engaged in the Coasting Trade, June 30, 1858, 



District. 

.^ag Harbor 

New York 

Cbam plain 

Oewe^tchie 

Cape Vincent , 

Sftckets Hflrbor.. 

Oswego 

Genesee 

Niagara 

nuffalo Creek 

Dunkirk 



Tmtnage. 

7,057.94 

680,487.32 

88802 

11,866,60 
1.312,16 
1,321 22 

48,4i0,19 
3.704.31 
1.272.31 

73,478.80 
6.3S3.50 

733.192.62 



Total in N. Y 

Total in D. S 2,361,696.72 



116 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



the laws of the State, and their care is intrusted to officers appointed under its authority. These 
officers are divided into several classes, each of vrhich has charge of a particular department. 

1. The Board of Commiiiisioners of Pilots consists of 5 persons, — 3 elected for 2 
years by the Chamber of Commerce, and 2 for a like term by the presidents and vice-presidents 
of the marine insurance companies of N. Y., composing or representing the Board of Underwriters 
in that city. This Board appoints a secretary, has an office, meets once a month or oftener, and 
licenses, for such term as it may think proper, as many pilots as may be deemed necessary for tl a 
port of New York.' 

2. The Board of Health of New York is composed of the Mayor and Common 
Council of the city.^ 

3. The Commissioners of Ilealtli are the President of the Board of Aldermen, the 
Health Officer, the Resident Physician, the Health Commissioner, and the City Inspector. 

4. The Health Officer, appointed by the Governor and Senate, is required to board every 
vessel subject to quarantine or visitation, upon its arrival, to ascertain whether infectious diseases 
are present, and to obtain, in such case, the facts necessary to determine the period that such 
vessel must be detained.' 

•5. The Physician of tlie Marine Hospital is appointed by the Governor and 
Senate. He appoints as many assistants as he may find necessary. His salary is $5,000, and is 
paid by the Commissioners of Emigration. 

6. The Resident Physician for the city and county of New York is appointed by the 
Mayor and Common Council. He is required to visit all sick persons reported to the Board of 
Health, or to the Mayor and Commissioners of Health, and to perform such other professional 
duties as the Board ma^y require. 

7. The Health Commissioner, appointed in like manner, is required to assist the 
Resident Physician.' 

8. The Quarantine Hospital is located in the town of Castleton, in Richmond co. ; and 
vessels detained on account of infectious diseases are anchored in the adjacent waters, or, in 
sickly seasons, in the lower bay.* 

9. Harbor Masters are appointed by the Governor and Senate, for the purpose of assign- 
ing piers and other stations for landing and receiving cargoes." 

10. The Port Wardens of the Port of Wew York are appointed by the Governor 
and Senate, for the purpose of inspecting vessels and the stowage of cargoes and of estimating all 
damages to the same. They consist of a Board of 9 members, one of whom must reside in Brook- 



SnrdUed Tannage of tlie U. S. engaged in tlie Oiaiting Trade far 
different periods. 


Tears. 


Tonnage. 


Years. 


Tonnage. 


Years. 


Tonnage. 


1816 
1R20 
1826 
1830 


435.066.87 
639,080.46 
687,273.07 
616,978,18 


1835 
1840 
1846 


792,301.20 
1,176,694.46 
1,190,898.27 


1S60 
1855 
1868 


1,730,410.84 
2,491,108,00 
2,361,596.72 



In Juoe, 1858, there were, of email vessels under 20 tons 
licensed for the coasting trade, 189.21 tons at Sag Harbor and 
71.25 tons at Gn-enport. 

1 The licenses thus granted may express different degrees of 
qualification, appropriate to different branches of duty, and may 
be revoked at pleasure. Candidates must sustain a satisfactory 
examination and be found of good ch:uacter and temperate 
habits. They must also give bonds for the faithftil discharge of 
their duties. The board has power to regulate pilotage ; and the 
fees of pilots are fixed by law. The masters of vessels of under 
300 tons, owned by a citizen of the U. S. and licensfd in the 
ex»a8ting trade, need not employ a pilot unless they prefer. If 
the master of a vessel of from 150 to 300 tons, owned and 
licensed as above, be desirous of piloting his own vessel, he 
may obtain a license from the Commissioners of Pilots for such 
purpos)'. All masters of foreign vessels and vessels from a 
foreign port, and all vessels sailing under register by way of 
Sftudy lluok, are required to take a licensed pilot, or. if they re- 
fueo, they must pay the pilotage to the pilot first offering his 
services. Pilots licensed by other States have no privileges in 
this. Candidates for recommendation as Ilellgate pilots must 
have served an apprenticeship of 3 years, and until they attain 
the age of 21 years, must have served 2 years after as deputy 
pilots and sustained repeated examinations before the Board of 
Wardens in the presence of at least 2 Hellgate pilots. 

The first act regulating the pilotage of New York was passed 
in 1731; and since that period this service has been conducted 
under rules and penalties established by the Colony or Slate of 
New York. All special laws conceiuing pilotage by the way 
of Sandy Uoiik were repealed in 1845. The present law was 
euacted in 1853 and amended in 1854-57. The pilots belonging 



upon steamboats are licensed by mspectors appointed under the 
Treasury Drpartnient of the U. S. Those employed in conduct- 
ing vessels by way of Sandy Hook are licensed by the Board of 
Commissioners of Piluts ; and those by way of Hellgate, by the 
Governor and Senate, upon recommendation of the Board of 
Wardens. 

2 Boards of Health are by law created in every city, incor- 
porated village, and town, under an act of 1850; but the greater 
number of these have never acted officistlly. In towns the 
Siipervisor and Justices of the Peace are a Board of Health, and 
may appoint a physician as health officer. — Revised Statutes, btk 
Efiitirm, II, p. 53. 

3 The Health Officer resides at quarantine, has general direc- 
tion of the location of vessels detained, their purification, and 
the dischaige of their cargoes, and other duties connected Avitli 
the health of vessels in quarantine. Ke is paid by fees, and re- 
ports to the Mayor or Commissioners of Health. 

* This officer receives all moneys applied to the Marine Hos- 
pital, aud pays all demands against the same that shall have 
been approved by a majority of the Commissioners of Health. 
He reports his accounts moutlily to the Board of Health, gives a 
bond of $20,000 for the faithful discharge uf his duties, and re- 
ceives a salary of $3,600. to be paid by the Commi.ssioners of 
Emigration. The Board of Health may from time to time ap- 
point as many visiting, hospital, and consulting physicians as 
may be deemed proper, and may also fix their duties and com- 
pensation. 

6 The Hospital buildings, destroyed Sept. 1-2, 1858, (see page 
565.) have been temporarily rebuilt. 

The removal of quarantine to sume place less dangerous to 
the public health has been fully shown to h^necessarii ; but the 
final disposition of the important question as to whither, is not 
settled. The only available place i»r the construction of buiM- 
ings seem to be upon some of the shoals in the lower bay. old 
Orchard J^hoal, on which the water is from 1 to 3 fathoms deep 
at mean low tide, has been proposed for this purpose. The East 
Bank and Dry Burner Shoals have about the same depth, but 
are more exposed to the open sea. 

6 There are 9 Harbor Masters in New York, 2 in Brooklyn, 
and 1 in Albany. They enforce the regulations of the city 
authorities relative to clearing docks and preventing nuisances 
or obstructions. They are paid by fees and report the amouat 
thereof annually to the Governor. 



COMMERCE. 



117 



lyn, and 3 must be nautical men. They choose one of their number President, appoint a Secretary, 
use a seal, and keep an office. Thoy are exclusive surveyors of vessels damaged or wrecked, or 
arriving in distress, and, when called upon, judge of the fitness of vessels to depart upon voyages. 
They are also, upon application, required to estimate the value or measurement of vessels -when 
the same is in dispute or libeled ; and they may examine goods in warehouses that have been 
damaged on shipboard. The Board, or some member thereof, must attend all sales of vessels or 
their cargoes condemned and in a damaged state ; and such sales by auction must be made under 
the direction and Vjy order of the Wardens, and are exempt from auction duties.^ 

The Commissioners of Health are authorized to collect of the masters of every vessel entering 
the port of New York a certain tax, for the benefit of the Health Office.^ 

Tlie Board of Commissioners of Emigration, consisting of the Mayors of New 
York and Brooklyn, the Presidents of theGerman Society and Irish Emigrant Society, and 6 Com- 
missioners appointed by the Governor and Senate, have charge of the interests of immigrants 
whea they first arrive at New York.^ 

Tiie Marine Court of tlie City of JVew YorK has jurisdiction in civil cases arising 
between persons engaged in maritime affairs, where the sum in dispute does not exceed $500.* 

Canadian Trade. — The revenues collected on the Canada frontier, in some periods, have 
fallen short of the cost of collecting them. The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 admits the greater part 
Df articles the produce of the U. S. and B. A. into each country respectively free of duty.^ 



1 The Wardens are paid by fees and percentages upon sales. 
Si'ecial Wardens are appointed to reyjde at quarantine. Tbey 
report to tlie Board of Wardens of N. Y., and have jurisdiction 
as wardens over vessels detained in quarantine. The Board 
of Port Wardens reports annually to the Comptroller a state- 
ment of its receipts and expenses, with an affidavit of each 
memher and of the Secretary that they have not received 
directly or indirectly any moneys except their legal fees. 

2 Under an act passed in March, ISOl. the amount of this tax 
was fixed at $1.50 for every cabin and 75 cts. for every steerage 
passenger, mate, and mariner. In 1813 the tax was fixed at 
$1.50 for every captain and cabin passenger; $1.00 for every 
Bteenige passenger and mariner of foreign vessels ; and 25 cts. 
for master, mate, and sailor of every coasting vessel. The 
moneys thus paid, after supporting the Marine.IIospital at Quar- 
antine and contingencies and yielding $8,000 annually to the 
Society for the Reform of Juvenile Delinquents, was invested by 
the Comptroller aa the "Marine Fund." In 1831 the Board of 
J'rusteea of the Seamen's Fund and Retreat was created, under 
^■hose direction the present establishment known as the '■ Sea- 
jien's Retreat," on Staten Island, more particularly described 
on page 566, has since been managed. Of the 44,932 admitted 
up to .Ian. 1, 1859, 80 per cent, were discharged cured. Si per 
cent, were relieved, 3 per cent, were discharged by request, and 
4J per cent. died. 

3 The master of every vessel bringing passengers from foreign 
countries must give a bond of $300, conditioned that such per- 
Bons shall not become chargeable for support wilhln 6 years. 
They may commute this bond by paying $'2 upon ertcli padsenger, 
of which sum ^ is set apart for the counties other than N.Y. 
toward the support of emigrants in the several counties. For 
every lunatic, idiot, deaf and dumb, blind, maimed, or infirm 
person, and every widow with children, or person over 60 years 
of age, and liable to become a public charge, a bond of $oOU is 
required. 

The Commissioners of Emigration have a large establish- 
ment on Wards Island for the support of the sick, infirm, 
and destitute, and have leased Castle Garden as a general land- 
ini; place. Emigrants may here purchase tickets for any part 
of the Union, and procure puch articles as they may stand in 
uc<id of, without encountering the horde of faithless agents and 
mercenary runners that formerly proved the scourge of immigra- 
tion and the disgrace of the city. The Marine Hospital at 



Quarantine was placed under these Commissioners in 1847. See 
pages 116, 427, 665. 

* These actions may be for compensation for the performance, 
or damages for the violation, of a contract for services on board 
a vessel during a voyage performed in wliole or in part, or in- 
tended to be performed, by the vessel ; or for assault and battery, 
false imprisonment, or other injury committed on hoard a ves- 
sel upon the high seas, and not coming within the jurisdiction 
of the U. S. District Courts. The Marine Court is held daily, 
except on Sundays and holidays; and its Justices, throe in num- 
ber, are elected for a term of 4 years, and enter upon their 
duties on the second Tuesday of May after their election. Their 
Clerk is appointed by the Supervisors, and their salary is fixed 
by the Common Council and cannot be incieased during their 
term of office. 

The State Government, before the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution, had instituted a court of Admiralty: but in 1789 
it surreudered these powers to the Gpneral Government, and 
they have since been exercised by the District Court of the U. S. 
Suits for salvage, and other questions arising in the sale of 
wrecked property, are decided in this court. 

The Governor' appoints 15 Wreck Masters in Suffolk. 12 in 
Queens. 3 in Kings, 2 in Richmond, and 2 in Westchester COK. 
These officers have, with coroners and sheriffs, the custody of 
wrecks and property cast ashore by the sea. Such property 
belongs to the oveners. and may be recovered by paying reason- 
able salvage and in due course of law. 
6 Impm-tsfriym Caiiada duty free for the year ending June 30, 
1858. 

DistHct. Tiilue. 

Champlain $1,409,819 

Oswegatchio 9;i4.708 

Cape Vincent 1,210,351 

S.icke(B Uarbor 2.892 

Oswego 1,859.798 

Genesee 263,-574 

Niagara 786,070 

Buffalo Creek l..TiO,820 

New York 6-Zi.om 

Total in New York 7.!ns,oa2 

Total in United States 14,752,256 



Statistics of the several Collection Districts upon the Canada Frontier for different periods. 


CoLiscnoN District. 


1830 to 1848 


QS years.) 


1848 to 1851 


, (3 yeare.) 


1851 to 1854, (3 years.) 


Gross 
Revenut. 


Expmsfs of 
Oilkctiort. 


Oross 
Revenue. 


Exposes of 
CoUectton. 


Gross 
Rervemie. 


Expenses of 
Collection. 




$192.877.S0 
63,201.74 
21.ft49.98 
13.9S3.04 
206.7S9.84 
133,019.97 
63,527.07 
160,437.60 


$130,938.88 
116.874.47 

78.437.26 
106,492.84 
l.W,.5ln.67 

S(),9.'i4 47 
117.9+3.82 
197,653.80 


$133,326.68 
42,842.41 
22,410.78 
16.603 54 

273.173.92 
45,.324.66 
44,076.44 

148,740.03 


$22,966.22 
16,002.22 
14.222.58 
27,000.96 
38.210.43 
13,366.47 
21,277.69 
49,601.19 


$297,601.76 
98,754.11 
84,577.74 
21.204.23 
389.711.03 
29.430.52 
74,641.69 
263,222.58 


$32,267.44 
21,416.80 
22,9:15.52 
22.164,23 
48,211.98 
21,sii(l.2S 
2.'-|,6ia.04 
49,473.89 






Siickets Harbor. 






BnffHlo 





118 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



As the only avenue to the sea which Canada possesses is closed by ice during about five months 
in the year, the foreign trade of that country in winter must seek other avenues; and, from the 
acknowledged superiority of New York as a commercial point, a large part of the trade is through 
that port. Over half the vessels that arrive in Quebec come in ballast ; while none leave port 
without cargoes of timber or other commodities of the country. This renders the outward freights 
disproportionately high ; and, although vessels may load in the upper lakes and pass without tran- 
shipment down the St. Lawrence, the difference of ocean freights makes it cheaper to send by the 
canals to New York. 

The number of vessels and amount of tonnage employed upon the great lakes have been 
rapidly increasing for the last 10 years. In the several collection districts of this State, the 
ratio of increase has been much greater in ports where railroads terminate.' 



' Arrivals and Tonnage of the several Districts bordering upon Canada during a series of 

nine years. 



ChampIalD 

08wegati-hie 

Cape Vincent 

Sacketa Harbor., 



Genesee 

Niagara 

Buffalo Creek,. 
Dunkirk 



380 
2S1 
279 
1,657 
215 
981 
722 



107,957 
196,915 
156,351 
163,169 
195,793 
40,077 
173,286 
108,337 



636 
318 
230 
1,.699 
2.32 
624 
664 



89.842 
2,50,492 
208.186 
166,748 
216,4U 

46,924 
220,628 

96,290 



1852. 



340 

798 
197 
218 
1,731 
264 
691 
759 



22.638 
341,188 

95.548 
146,169 
234.625 

38,903 
213,613 
106.464 



663 

1,001 

9.19 

1.39 

2.243 

296 

696 

1,037 



31,836 
701.560 
4.'.1.587 

87,768 
274.307 

63.660 
219,241 
149,366 



585 
482 
1,034 
77 
693 
286 
584 
792 



67,721 

273,272 

471.677 

54,670 

65.213 

61.671 

236,051 

137 .088 



DiSTEICT. 



1865. 



•3 



Champlain 

Oswegatchie 

Cape Vincent.... 
Sacketa Harbor, 

Oswego 

Geoesee 

Niagara 

Buffalo Creek..., 
Dunkirk 



397 
600 

1.278 
209 

1.617 
286 
636 
816 



26,129 
249,909 
657,840 
126,496 
166,641 

86.063 

209,646 

162,540 

476 



862 
636 

1,240 
193 

1,866 
338 
663 

1,002 



64,367 
820,834 
749,787 
135,442 
314.6.57 
109,881 
166,893 
166,020 



1,0,63 
644 

1,128 
174 

1.815 

363 

671 

837 

3 



74,710 
320,505 
661.025 
128,686 
263,007 
116.411 
238,019 
118.377 
300 



1,100 
398 

1,018 
110 

1,643 
208 
616 

1,153 



78.266 
170,667 
656,408 

80.417 
193,691 

67.330 

2,64,195 

44S.78a 

1,180 



fbmmerce of Oxnada with the TTnitrd States since 1850, as sJunon 
by the Canadian Official Reports. 





Value of Erprirts from 


Valm of Imports into 




ChTiada. 


Oinada, 


In 1860 


54,961.169.58 


$6,694,860.49 


" 18.51 


4,071,544.65 


8.365.766.25 


" 1852 


6,284,621.75 


8,467.693.27 


" 1863 


10.726,465.15 


11.782.147.40 


" 1864 


10,418,880.69 


15,633.097.94 


" 1866 


20,002.290.95 


20.S25.+32.44 


" 1866 


20,218,652.66 


22.704.509.06 


" 1857 


13,206.436.10 


20.224,660.97 



Oomm^ce of United States with Canada f-tr a series of yearSt as 




shown 


by t/ie U. S. OJicial Reports 




Years. 


Exports. 


Imports. 










Foreign. 


Domestic. 


Total. 




1852 


$3 8.53.919 


$6,666,097 


$10,509,016 


$6,110,299 


1863 


6.736,556 


7.404.087 


13.140.642 


",.550,718 


1854 


9„362.716 


16.204144 


24.666.860 


8.927.560 


1865 


11.999,373 


15.806.642 


27,806,020 


16,136.734 


1856 


6,314.652 


22,714.697 


29.029.349 


21,310,421 


1867 


4.326,369 


19.936.113 


24,262.482 


22,124.296 


1858 


4,012,768 


19,(38,969 


23,651,727 


16,806,519 



Arrivals and Clearances for the several Collection Districts for 1858. 




District. 


NUMBER OF VESSELS. 


TONNAGE. 1 


Entered. 


Cleared. 


Entered. 


Cleared. 




1 


.1 


1 


.1 


1 


5 






623 
160 
439 
110 
410 
31 
128 
680 
1 


477 
248 
679 

1,133 

177 

488 

473 

6 


623 
163 
434 
106 
382 
39 
104 
721 


477 
248 
579 

1,129 
175 
488 
460 


44.590 

119,W9 

356,972 

80,417 

60,367 

3,207 

101,817 

369,433 

80 


33,666 
61,018 
198,436 


44.690 

131.727 

354,943 

75,191 

60.999 

8.602 

77,440 

375.432 

117 


33.666 

51.018 

198,436 

132.065 
52,S26 

162.318 

77.44S 

1,000 










ia3,324 
64.123 

162,378 

79,353 

1,100 






Buffalo Creek 


Dunkirk 


2 


3 



The above indicates bnt a part of the commerce of thes^ dis- I not entered upon the custom house booka is much larger in 
tficta. It is probable that the amount of coasting trade which is 1 each district than that here gi?en. 



COMMERCE. 



119 



The canals and rail roads of Canada terminating upon our frontiers are intimately connected 
with the commercial prosperity of this State; and a notice of their extent and capacity is necessary 
to a full understanding of our commercial possibilities.* 

CuNtoni lIouNes have been erected by the General Government at New York, Plattsburgh, 
Oswego, and Buffalo ; and a site has been purchased at Ogdensburgh. These edifices are built of 
stone, fireproof, and are generally fine specimens of architecture. Efforts have been made to 
secure the erection of similar buildings at Rochester, Sackets Harbor, Albany, Brooklyn, and 
Sag Harbor, but so far without success.'^ 



1. The. Weliand Canal extends from Port Colbnrne, on Liike 
Erie, to Port Dnihoiisie, on Lnke OntHrin. It has a fefder brnnch 
10 Dnniisville. on Grand River, and another from the fef^der to 
Port Maitland. It passes sloops, schooners, and propi-Uer^ of a 
capacity of 400 tons. In 1856 its tolls anmuntod to $2t)l,568.13; 
in isir to 5*232,437 ^S; and in 1N58 to §207.771.52. 

TJie Ridcait Crmtl was built as a niiUtAry work by thp Homo 
Government and transferred some years eince to the Province. 
It extends from Kiu;iston to Ottawa, most of the way along the 
channel of rivers. Ita total lemrtb is 12t> miles. It rises from 
Kingston to thp summit 165 feet by 13 locks, and descends to 
the Ottawa 2&2 feet by .3i locks. Its total cost was $3,800,000. 
The Gah>i*pe, Pmnt Iroguois. Rapid Ptat, Fiirra?is Pi/int, Corn' 
wall, Beattharrtnis^ and Lachmi' 6ina^5 extend around the rapids 
on the St. Lawrence. Steamers usually pass down the rapids, but 
must return by the canals and pay toll both ways. Sail vessels 



pass both np and down by canal. These canals afford navipa- 
tiun d'^wn to Montreal, to which point ships c^me np from the 
si'a. The totjil fall by river without locks is 204J feet to Montrt-al 
and 133 feet thence to tide water at Three Hirers. The rapids 
of the St. Lawrence have been surveyed with the design of 
dti'pcniu.,^ llii'Mi ti) aff.ird a channel 200 feet wide and 10 feet 
di:fp, but nutbtng further has been done. These surveys mako 
Lake Erie 534J feet above tide. 

Chambly Canal extends from the foot of navigation on Lake 
Cliamplain to Chambly Basin, and witli a lock at St. Ours, upon 
Richlieu Hirer, completes the line of n :ivi'::ation from the lake 
to the St. Lawrence. A ship canal has recently been proposed 
between these important navigable waters. 

The amount of tonnage on these canals, in which this State 
is interested, is very large; and in the Welland Canal more tbaa 
half the duties are paid by American vessels. 



Statistics of the Business of the Canadian Canals for two years. 





WELL.1ND Canal. 


St. Lawrence Canai. 


Chamdm Canai. 


1856. 


1867. 


1866. 


1867. 


1866. 


1857. 




276.919 

699,637 

31,3.34 

62.100 

34,716 

116,6S2 

200,373 

341,225 


245,256 
655,816 
67,476 
29.128 
137.574 
163,217 
280,546 
245,256 


131,430 

603.106 

6,274 

33,888 

6.380 

16,612 

213 

S06 


134,382 

469,270 

4,493 

30,306 

9,328 

3,765 

17 

30 


107,878 
21,788 
96,868 

16,741 
725 


112,634 
21,053 
107,925 

18,272 
166 




Canadian to American porta, up 

" " " down 


" " " down 


" " " down. 


Revenues from tolls on property 


£ s. d. 

59,408 10 7 

6,108 3 11 

88 7 6 

440 1 3 

1,967 4 4 


£ s. d. 

62.2,M 16 6 

6,919 9 7 

82 3 2 

155 

1,504 6 7 


£ s. d. 

16.813 13 6 

1.978 a 5 

638 16 4 

910 7 10 

1,042 10 


£ I. d. 

13,741 10 8 

1,898 8 11 

579 10 4 

203 10 4 

1,503 19 10 


£ s. d 

2,407 9 9 

432 16 1 

6 18 4 


£ s. d. 

2,577 6 8 

443 19 10 

10 11 

60 10 4 

28 6 


" " passengers 

" " fines 

" " rents... 





Statistics nf the Canadian Canals. 





-- 


it 

■§5 


1 

24 
3 
1 

1 

47 
2 
1 
o 

1 
7 
9 
5 
9 
1 


1 

fa 


Ske of Locks. 


Width op 
Canal. 


Casals. 


S » g S 

■51 Sg 


P 


1 


1 
^ 


1 

t 
^ 

£ 


Welland 


2S| 
21 

U 

126J 

3 

4 

} 

Hi 
iij 

8i 
IH 


}330{ 

8 
457 
8 
6 
lU 

4 
48 
82} 

m 

74 
6 


150 
200 
150 

200 
134 

200 
200 
200 

200 
200 
200 
200 
120 
200 


26i 

45 

26i 

45 
33 
45 
45 
45 

45 
4.5 
45 
46 
24 
45 


8i 

9 

8i 

9 
5 
9 
9 
9 

9 
9 
9 
9 
6 
6 


}45 
35 

46 

"m 

60 
60 

60 
100 
80 
80 
36 


J 81 

in 

85 


Brnad Creek 
Branch 


75 




go 


Point Iroquois 
Rapid Plat...-. 
Far ran 8 
Point 


90 
90 

90 


Cornwall 

Beauharnois... 


150 
120 


Chambly 

St. Ours (lock) 


60 



It has been proposed to build a ship canal from Lake Huron 
to Lake Ontario at Toronto, by way of Lake Simcne, 80 mi. A 
cutting to allow Lake Simcoo to pass southward would not ex- 
ceed 175 ft. in depth; and in the S mi. survt-yed the principal 
obstacles would not average over 40 ft. It has been pstimated 
that the cost for a canal 120 ft. wide at bottom, and 13*5 ft. nt 
snrfaf.e, 12 ft. deep, with 64 double locks 50 ft. wide, and 250 ft- 
long, would be $20,051,000, and that it could be constructed in 
6 years. 

Grmt Wst^rn Rnihvaij of Canada, from Suspension Bridjeto 
■Wind-^or. 229 mi., and thence by ferry to Detroit, was opened 
Jan. 27. 1854. Branches extend from Hamilton to Toronto, 38 
mi.; from Harrisburgh *o Onelph. 23} mi.; from Pn-ston to 
Berlio. 10^ ml, ; and from Kamoka, near London, to Port Sar- 
Dla, 6Uiiii, 



Buffalo <£• Lake Huron Railway extends from Fort Erie, oj^ 
posite Buffalo, to Godorich Harbor, on Lake Huron, 165 mi. 

Erie d- Ontario Railway extends from Chippewa to Niagara, 
17 miles. 

JVdland Railway, from Fort Dalhousie to Port Colborne, 27 
mi« is on the eve of completion. 

Grand Trunk Railway of Oinarfaextends from Portland, Me., 
and Quebec to Richmond, and thence to Montreal, Toronto, and 
Port Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron. More than 700 mi. of 
this road are finished. A branch extends from Belleville to 
Peterborough, 50 mi , and others are proposed. 

Ontario, ^simcoe <& Huron Railway extends from Toronto to 
Collingwood, on Georgian Bay. 95 mi. 

Cohurg rfr Peterbornugk Railway is 284 nii. long, with privi- 
lege of extending to Marmora Iron Workii. 

Ottawa (£■ Prcicott Railway extends from Prescottto Ottawa 
City. 54 mi. 

M'mtrail <£ New York R. R. extends from Montreal to La- 
chine. 8 mi., and thence by ferry, 2 mi., always open, to Caugh- 
nawaga, the terminus of a road leading to Plattsburgh, 52 mi. 
This line is now united with the Chainplain d- St. I^iwrenre R. 
R.. from St. Lambert, opposite Montreal, to Rouses Point. 44 
mi : and the consolidated company is known as the M'mtreal rf 
Champlain RaU Road Co. 

3 Custom Houses of New York. 



Place. 



New York 

Plattsburgh..., 
I Ogdensburgh.. 

Oswego 

Buffalo 



Total New York.. 
Total U. States.... 



Total appro- 
priatian. 



$1,068,743 
99.900 
118.000 
131,100 
290 000 



$1,707,743 



Of site. 



$270.(H}0 

5.000 

8.000 

12.000 

40.000 



$335,000 



$24,104,799 I $3,388,827 



Total. 



$1,105,313.57 
86,443.73 

""121.092.89 
191.680.08 



$1,604,530.27 



$10,529,951.72 



120 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



]IIa,rine Hospitals* — Since 1778, every American seaman has been taxed 20 cents per 
month for a Hospital Fund ; and in return he is entitled in case of sickness to assistance and support 
from the revenues thus collected. This fund is in charge of the U. S. Government, and is entirely 
independent of the various State and private hospital funds of New York Citj.^ 

Li ^ht Houses* — The United States Government has erected 62 light houses, lighted beacons, 
and floating lights -within the State of New York, for the benefit of navigation. Of these, 3 are 
upon the seacoast, 15 upon Long Island Sound, 4 within the Harbor of New York, 16 upon Hudson 
River, 3 upon Lake Champlain, 14 upon Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River, and 7 upon Lake 
Erie. The Government has also erected buoys, spindles, beacons, and other signals to indicate 
channels or to point out dangerous localities.^ 



The Bite for the New York Custom House was purchased Jan. 
9, 1833, the building was completed Feb. 22, 184'2: it is used for 
a custom house only. The site for the Platteburgh Custom 
House was purchased Nov. 22, 1S56, the building was completed 
May 19. 1858: it is used for a custom house, post office, and 
courthouse. The site for the Ogdensburgh Custom House was 
purchased Jan. 20, 1857. the building has not been commenced: 
it is designed to be used for a custom house, post office, and 
courthouse. The site for the Oswego Custom House was pur- 
chased Dec. 15, 1854, the building was completed Sept. 1, 1858 : 
it is used for a custom house and post office. The site for the 
Buffalo Custom House was purchased Jan. 26, 1855, the building 
was completed July 12, 186S : it is used for a custom house, post 
office, and courtlii.iuse. 

The Custom Houwe in New York occupied before the present 
one was finished was erected in 1816. at a cost of $928,312 96. 
In 1850 the only custom house building in the State belonging 
to the United States was at New York City. On the 19th of 
Feb. 1857, the Federal Government purchased a site for stores 
at Atlantic docks, Brooklyn, for $100,000; but as yet no use has 
been made of it. 

1 The Federal GoverniuenI" has built 34 marine hospitals, 
none of which are in this State. Those entitled to aid are 
supported in this State in private families or local hospitals. 
The numt)er of seamen relieved and supported in the several 



collection districts in the year end 
follows : — 


iDg June 30 


1858, wu aa 


Collection Dis- 
imcT. 




1 



■s 


Total p_x- 
peiiditurts. 


Hospital 

•money coir 

kcted. 


Sag Harbor 

New York 

Champlain 

Oswegatchie 

Cape Vincent... 
Sackets Harbor 


"824 

"*i'6 

86 

""4 

76 


■9M 
■"12 

98 

■■■■■3 

86 


"2 
"i 


$ 19.19 

22,48i).94 

403.81 

15.15 


$ 289.63 

42.576.78 

412.60 

544.93 

253.60 

60.70 

975.42 

98.00 

92.19 

2,320.50 

269.88 


142.15 
3,632.21 






183.86 
3,770.92 


Bufialn Creek... 


Total New York 
Total U. States.. 




1.000 


1,123 


3 


$30,653.23 


$47,894.13 


10.703 


9.444 


SSI 


$358,020.53 


$161,161.82 



' Light Houses, 



Name. 



Montauk 

North Dumpling .... 

Little Gull Island.. 

Gardners Island 

Plum Island 

Cedar Island 



Hortons Point 

Stratford Pt. Vessel... 

Oldfield Point 

Batons Neck 

Lloyds Harbor 

Great Captains Island 

Execution Uocka 

Sands Point 

Throgga Neck 



Location. 



Great West Bay- 
Fire Island 



Swash Channel Bea- 
con. 

Princess Bar 

Fort Tompkins 

Robhins Reef 



Stony Point 

West Point 

£sopu8 Meadows.. 

Rondout 



f E. point of S-Branch, ) 
1 L.I I 

Fishers Island Sound... 
fa. side main en-l 
\ trance Sound j" 

N. point Island 

w. end Plum Island 

Entrance Sag Hai'bor... 



N. side of Southold 

f Middle ground of) 
\ Stratford Shoals.. J 

Brookhaven 

E. of Huntington Bay... 

Entrance of harbor 

Near Greenwich Point.. 

Off Sands Point 

E. of C-ow Bay 

N.E.side of Fort Schuyler 

("Pon'iuogue Point) 
•{ N. of Shinnecock > 

[ Bay „ J 

E. of Fire Island Inlet... 



daugerties .. 



L 



Staten Island, near 1 
Elm Tree Station.]" 

8. of Staten Island 

w. of Narrows 

Off Tompkinsville 

J w. side entrance \ 
\ Narrows | 

Gees Point, w. side 

Opposite Esopus, w. side 
( Mud flat. s. of N. en-"| 

•I trance creek w. > 

I of river j 

/w. of river, N. ofl 
t Saugerties J 



n 



if 



Flashing ... 
Fixed 

Revolving 
Fixed 

2 « 

« 

Revolving 
Fixed 

a 
Revolving 



2 Fixed..., 

Flashing.., 
Fixed 



White 


85 


Red 


"h 




56 


Brown 

White 


27 
34 
31 


Red 


10 


Straw col.. 


32 


White 


34 
66 
34 
34 
42 
41 
61 


Brick 


160 


Yellow 


150 


White, red. 




White 


33 

48 
61 


" 


150 


" :!:::: 


32 
32 


" 


32 


« 


37 






fe 



1795 

1848 

1806 

1865 
1827 
1839 

1857 

1837 

1823 
1798 
1867 
1829 
1848 
1809 
1826 



1857 
1858 



1828 
1828 
1839 



1853 
1839 



1857 
1865 
1867 



1S66 
1866 



18.=i5 
1857 

1868 
1856 
1856 
1856 



18.57 
18.55 
1855 



1864 
1854 



Remarla. 



f Fresnel lens ; flash 
\ 2 min. 

Fog hell. Machine. 

Fl.ish 30 sec. 
LiRht on keeper^s 
house. 

f 2 reflector lights. 
\ Fog beU. 



Fog hell. Machine. 
Flash 30 Bee. 
Fog Pell. Machine 7 
per min. 



First light house 
built in 1826. 



Fog bell. 



On keeper's house. 



COMMERCE. 



121 



liifeboat Stations have also been established by the General Government upon the sea- 
coast and great lakes. On the shores of Long Island and the adjacent islands are 30 lifeboat sta- 
tions, the iirst of which were established about 1850. Each of these consists of a house, containing 
a lifeboat, boat wagon, life cars, mortar for throwing lines, and every fixture that could be used in 
affording aid to vessels in distress. The houses are furnished with stoves for warming them when 
necessary, and with fuel and matches for kindling a fire on short notice. They are each intr\istcd 
to a local agent, and are under the general care of a superintendent appointed by the Secretary of 
the Treasury. Their location is indicated on the map. 

Coast Survey. — A survey of the coast, with soundings of its adjacent waters, was ordered 
by the General Government about 50 years since; but many years were necessarily employed in 
making preliminary arrangements. Active surveys were begun about 1832, and during the 
last 15 years they have been prosecuted with great effect. The triangulationa of this survey 
are conducted with great precision, and extend up all rivers navigable from the sea as far as 
tide flows. 



Light Houses, continued. 



NA3IE. 



Location. 





s^ 


? 


3 




^ 


„; 


It 
II 


"fe- 




I"! 


1 


1- 

1 


I- 
1 


Fixed 


White 


32 


38 


1854 




6 


" 


" 


32 


38 


1851 


1854 


6 


« 


« 


20 


35 


1854 




6 


« 


« 


32 


38 


1829 


1854 


6 


« 


a 


Zl 


38 


1829 


1854 


fi 


tl 


" 


20 


21 

25 


1854 
1857 




6 

6 


" 


'* 




25 
25 


1867 
1S67 




6 

6 


(( 


« 


20 


■21 


1864 




6 


« 


« 


15 


15 


1854 




6 


« 


« 


32 


100 


1838 


1856 


4 


" 


« 


38 


65 


1837 
18.57 


1856 


5 
4 


" 


White 


27 


30 


1834 


1855 


4 


" 


(( 


25 


37 


1847 


1855 


4 


« 


« 


28 


31 


1847 


1865 


6 


« 


« 


27 


39 


1847 


1855 


6 


« 


(( 


47 


67 


1827 




4 


« 


" 


h\ 


69 


1820 


1857 


4 


" 


" 


34 


42 


1831 


1857 


6 


Revolving. 


tl 


34 


39 


1837 


1867 


5 


Fixed 


« 


46 


49 


1838 


1855 


6 


» 


u 


4.5 


69 


1837 


1855 


4 


ReTolving 


t( 


60 


64 


1825 


1868 


4 


Fixed 


" 


37 


81 


1822 


1865 


4 


(( 


(( 


22 


28 


1822 


1865 


fi 


« 


« 


41 


78 


1813 


1867 


4 


« 


l( 


IS 


25 


1853 




6 


Flnahing... 


« 


50 


60 


1856 




4 


Fixed 


« 


61 


65 


1828 


is67 


S 


" 


(t 


35 


44 


1847 




6 


Flashing... 


« 


60 


87 


1837 


1867 


3 


Fixed 


« 


25 


40 


1837 


1854 


6 




« 


40 


80 


1829 


1867 


4 



R^marlcs. 



Catskin Reach ..., 

Prymea Hook 

Fovcr Mile Point.. 



Coxsackie 

Stuyvesant 

New Biiltimore , 

Fire Hook Island... 

Coeymana Bar 

Pch(^d.ick Channel.. 
Cow Island 



Van Wiea Point 

Split Rock 

Cumberland Head.. 

Poiut au Roche 

Ogdensburgh 

Croaa Over Island... 



Snnken Rock.. 
Rock Island..., 



TibbettS Point.. 

Qalloo Island..., 
Horse Island.... 



Stony Point 

Salmon River.. 



Oflwego 

BigSodusBay.. 
Genesee 



Geneeee Beacon.. 
Niagara Fort 



Black Rock Beacon.. 

Horse Shoe Reef. 

Buffalo 



Cattaraugua 

Dunkirk 

Dunkirk Beacon . 
Barcelona 



rUalf way Athens^ 

< and Catskill. e. of V 
( river. ) 

2^1. N. Hudson, E. side 
(w. side. Half way) 

< Athens and Cox- >■ 

( aackie J 

J w. side. N. end of\ 
( Cow Island / 

E.side 

E. side on island 

Calvers Plat Island 

N. end Poplar Island 

W. side Mulls Plat 

E. side near Castleton... 
f E. of dike below Al- ) 
1 bauy. w. side.... J 

Near Essex 

Near Piattsbnrgh 

w. of Lake Chaniplain.. 

Mouth of Oswegatchie.. 

Above Oak Point 



!In front of Alexan- 1 
dria Bay j 
ear Mullet Creek 



fEnti 



trance of St.Law- \ 

reuce j" 

side island 

Near Sackela Harbor ... 



On Stony Point 

N. side entrance harbor. 



(Near head Niagara") 

t River J 

Entrance Niagara River 

8. pier. Harbor 

J w. pier. Cattaraugus ) 

1 Creek / 

Harbor 

Pier w. side harbor 

Portland or Barcelona.. 



w. pier harbor 14 

w, of Sodua Harbor 13 

w. of entrance to river.. 14 



End of w. pier 

Outlet of Niagara River. 



On keeper's booBe. 



Building. {1S5S.) 
Light on keeper's 

house. 
Light on keeper'^ 

house. 



Light on keeper's 
house. I 



1 mi 

keepei,''s 

keeper's 
keeper's 



Rebudt 1854. 

Shoal N. w. 
Light on 

dwelling. 
Light on 

dwelling. 
Light on 

dwelling. 



Lake coast light. 

Lake coast and har- 
bor light. 

Frame. Harbor light. 

On mess house. Fort 
Niagara. 



Lake coast light. 

Rebuilt 1857. 

Lake coast light. I 

Harbor light on pier. 
Lighted with natural 

gas. No harbor at 

this place. 



Besides the above, there are nine Stite lights established in 1856 in the marshy "Narrows" at the bead of Lake Champlain. 
Big Sodua Be:»con was destroyed In a gale in 1857. 
A flashing light has been auUiorized at C^wn Point. 



122 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



There are lifeboats on Lake Ontario at Tibbetts Point, Sandy Creek, Salmon River, Oswego, 
Sodiis, Genesee River, and Niagara River, which were supplied by the U. S. Government in the 
summer of 1854. Several have also been placed on Lake Erie. None of those on the lakes have 
been provided with houses, except such as have been erected by the persons having them in 
chai'ge. 

Illlinigration into the U. S. for many years past has been very great; but the proportion 
landing in New York has been less than the relative amount of trade. Other routes in some 
respects affurd superior facilities for immigration. The large number of ships arriving in Canada 
without cargoes favors immigration to a great extent; and hundreds of thousands of immigrants 
have crossed into this State from Canada witliout their names ever appearing on the U. S. Govern- 
ment records. These immigrants have consisted chiefly of Irish and Germans ; though there has 
also been a large number of English, Scotch, and Norwegians. The greater part of the immi- 
grants either locate in the cities or immediately pass on to the wild lands of the West. The En- 
glish and Scotch usually prefer to settle in Canada.' 

Assay Office. — By an act of 1853, the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to establish an 
assay ofSce at New York, for the special accommodation of the business of the city. At this 
place the owners of gold or silver bullion, or of foreign coin, may deposit the same, have its value 
ascertained, and certificates issued payable in coin of the same metal as that deposited, either at 
the office of the assistant treasurer in New York, or at the Mint in Philadelphia. The metal 
assayed may, at the option of the owner, be cast into bars, ingots, or discs, of pure metal, or of 
standard fineness, and stamped with a device designating its weight and fineness. This office is 
under the general direction of the Director of the Mint, in subordination to the Secretary of the 
Treasury. The Assay Office is located on Wall St., adjacent to the Custom House, and is fitted up 
with every appliance for carrying on its operations upon a very extensive scale. Its lofty chimney, 
emitting dense, orange colored fumes of nitric acid, forms a conspicuous object in the district. 
About 50 men are employed upon the premises. Its officers are a superintendent, treasurer, as- 
sayer, melter, and refiner, with their assistants and clerks. The site of the Assay Office was 
bought Aug. 19, 1853, for §553,000, and the premises were fitted up and completed Oct. 9, 1854, 
at a total cost of §761,493.02.^ 

The Itlail Service of the State of New York forms about 5 per cent, of the whole U. S. in 
miles, and 7 per cent, in cost, while the receipts from postage in this State amount to 22 per cent. 



I Passengers arriving by Sea at New Tork 


since 1820, 




i, 

I- 




a. 




i 

g.. 




1. 


r 


■s-S 


e 


•&•« 


e 


•^-s; 




^a 


g 


41 




41 


S 


41 


s 




1820 


3.S3i 


1830 


13 748 


1840 


60.009 


1849 


213,736 


1821 


4,038 


1831 


10,737 


1841 


65,885 


1850 


184,882 


1822 


4.110 


1832 


28.914 


1842 


74,014 


1851 


294,445 


1823 


4.247 


1833 


39.440 


1843 


38.930 


1862 


303,163 


1824 


4.K*.9 


1834 


40.063 


1844 


69.762 


1853 


294.818 


1825 


7,1)02 


ls3.'i 


32,715 


1845 


76.514 


1864 


327.976 


1826 


6.0O8 


1.^30 


58,617 


1846 


98,863 


1866 


161,490 


1827 


12.002 


1S37 


51.076 


1847 


145,830 


1S66 


162,108 


1828 


i9.seo 


ia;.;8 


24.935 


1848 


160,994 


1867 


203,600 


1829 


14,814 


1839 


47,688 











Until 1850 these returns were made up to Sept. 30 ; but since 
1851 they began upon Jan. 1 each year. The number between 
Sept. 30 anrl Uec. 31, 1850, not inclnded in the above, was 3S,R31. 

The total number of paasengcn* who arrived in tlieU.S. from 
1820 to 1858 was 4,482,837, of which number 3,028,225 arrived 
in New York. 

2 The ef<tabli6hraent of a mint at New York has been rppeat- 
edly urp^L'd, and the adilition <>f coining madiinery to the exist- 
ing Assay Office could bo made at a moderate expense. 

Amounls Assayed at Vie V. S. Assay Office in New Tork. 





Five 




Fine 




Tears. 


Gold 
hars. 


Valm. 


Silver 
hars. 


Value. 


1854 


.. 822 


$2,888,069.18 






1855 


.. 6,182 


20,441,813.03 






1856 


.. 4.727 


19.396,046.89 


62 


$6,792.00 


18.57 


., 2230 


9,336.414.00 


5.iO 


12.3.317.00 


1858 to June 30.. 


.. 7,052 
..21,013 


21,798,691,04 


894 
1,496 


171,901.79 


Total 


$73,860,024,74 


S302,071.79 



Total Pieces. Total Valve. 

1854 822 $2,888,059.18 

1856 6,182 20.441,813,63 

1866 4,799 19,402,8.39,62 

1857 2,7.80 9,468,721,00 

1868 to June 30 7,946 21,970,652,83 

Total 22,609 $74,162,096,16 

Amounts Deposited. 

Gold. Silver. 

From Oct, 10 to Dec. 31, 1864 $9,260,893.69 $76,307.00 

From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 18.56 26.087,701.24 350,150.08 

From Jan, 1 to Dec. 31, 1856 17.803.C92.4O 474.161.38 

From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1857 18,997,365.40 1.397,702.99 

Total $72,749,662.73 $2,208,331,45 

72,749,662,73 

Total gold and silver $75,047,974.18 

Proportion of the above payable in fine bars. $47,817,597.00 

" " " coin 27,230,377.18 

Total $7.5,047,974.18 

Amounts transmitted to the Mint for Coining. 

Ookl. Silver. 

From Oct. 10 to Dec, 31. 1864 $5,142,262.60 $41,417.89 

From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1865 7,722.476.47 71.687 34 

Fiom Jan, 1 to Dec, 31, 18.i6 6.797,652.33 412,416.06 

From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1857 9,307,928.89 1,842,708.71 

Total $27,970,260.29 $2,368,190,00 

Cost of transportation from the Assay Office to the Mint and 
return :■ — 

On gold, $1 per $1,000 $27,3.34.17 

On silver, $3 per $1,000 7.101.98 

Total $34,93604 



COMMERCE. ^23 

of the whole sum collected, and exceed by over $300,000 per annum the expenses of the establish- 
ment within its borders. The total expenses in the U. S. overrun the receipts by about $3,500,000 
annually.^ 

There were four Distributing Post Offices in New York, Jan. 1, 1859, located respectively at 
New York, Albany, Troy, and Buffalo. The Troy post oflfice was discontinued as a distributing 
office July 1, 1859. 



1 Post Office Summary for the year ending June 30, 1858. 



Length of routes in miles 

I TrausportutioD in coaches, miles 

" " cost 

'^ in steamboats, miles 

" " cost 

" by railroad, miles 

" " cost 

" mode not specified, miles 

*•' " " cost... 

Total cost of transportation 

Total number of miles by coaches 

'* " steamboats .... 

" " railroads 

" " moik'9 not spe- 
cified 

every method. 



Number of mail routes.. 

" contnictors 

" route agents 

" express agents 

" local agents 

" mail messengers.. 



JVew 
York 
State. 



13,078 

4.961 

$109,490 

168 

$7,298 

2,S94 

$333,163 

5,055 

$68,100 

$518,060 

2,4.30,792 

108,944 

3,961,795 

1,468.312 

7,969,843 

82S 

702 

55 

11 

2 

315 



United 
States. 



260,603 

53.700 

$1,909,844 

17,043 

$1,233,916 

24,431 

$2,828,301 

16.%429 

$1.S23,.3.57 

$7,795,418 

19.555,734 

4-569.610 

25,763,452 

28,876,695 

78,765.491 

8,296 

7,044 

440 

28 

43 

1,464 



In tbe UmTED States. 

BIar*k Rock 

Buffalo 



Exchange Offices U7ider the postal arrangement with Canada. 

In Canada. 

Waterloo. 

Toronto, Hamilton, London, nnd 
Queeneton, (by through 
bags,) Fort Erie, and Ports 
Denver, Simcoe, Itowan, IJur- 
woll, Vienna, and Stanley, 
Montreal. 

Kingston. 

Dundee. 

Queenston. 

Hcmingford. 

Brockville. 

Prescott. 

Kingston. By steamer in sum- 
mer. 

Montreal, St. Johns. 

Coburg. By steamer in sum* 
mer. 

St. Johns. 

Kingston. By steamer in sum- 
mer. 

Suspension Bridge and Canada; 
Itoute agents. 

Montreal ; by through bag. 

St. Johns. 

Niagara. 

From New York City to every port and country with which 
the U. S. has postal arrangements. 



Cape "Vincent 

Fort Covington.. 

Lt^wiston 

Mooers , 

Morristown 

Ogdensburgh 

Oswego , 



Plattsbnrgh.. 
Rochester 



Rouses Point , 

Sacketa Harbor.. 



Suspension Bridge.. 



Trov 

Whitehall.. 
Youngstown.. 



Mail Monies in New York by Railroad and Steamboat 



Termini. 



Bt Railroad. (June 30, 1858.) 

New York to Dunkirk 

New York to Alb;iny , 

New York to Chatham Pour Corners 

Brooklyn to Greenport 

Sufferns to Pierniont 

Newburgh to Chester 

Hudsfn to West Stockbridge, Mass 

Albany to Buff'alo 

Albany to Troy 

Albany to Eagle Bridge 

Troy to North Bennington, Vt 

Troy to Schenectady , 

Troy to Saratoga Springs 

Eagle Bridge to Rutland, Vt 

Saratoga Springs to Castleton, Vt 

Plattsburgh to Canada Line 

Rouses Point to Ogdensburgh 

Watertown to North Potsdam 

Sackets Harbor to Pierrepont Manor 

Schenectady to Ballaton 

Utica to Boonville 

Rome to Cape Vincent ^ 

Syracuse to Rochester 

Syracuse to Oswego 

Syracuse to Binghamton 

Canandaigua to Elmira , 

Canandaigua to Niagara Falls 

Rochester to Niagara Falls , 

Rochester to Avon 

Batavia to Attica , 

Buffalo to Lockport 

Buffalo to Lewiston , 

Buffalo to Hornellsville. , 

Buffalo to State Line 

Corning to Batavia , 

Owego to Ithaca , 

Br Steamboat. (Sept. 30, 1858.) 

New York to Manhasact 

Albany to New Baltimore. 

Whitehall to Plattsbnrgh 

Ithaca to Caynga 



mslances. 


Nn.of 

trips per 

week. 


Anmial pay. 


Total annital 
cost. 


Number of 
Route. 


460 


19 


$92,000 


$117,378 


1,026 


144 


19 


32,400 


44.612 


1,002 


130i 


6 


6,593 


8,865 


1,003 


93 


18 


8,225 


11,147 


1,007 


18 


6 


772 


870 


1.026 


19 


6 


814 


891 


1,032 


35 


6 


1,760 


1,770 


1,064 


298 


25 


61,600 


62,442 


1,073 


7 


13 


1,050 


1.050 


1,074 


33 


12 


2,829 


3,946 


1,075 


321 


12 


3,250 


4.329 


1,082 


22 


12 


1,650 


1,726 


1,083 


32.81 


12 


3,281 


3,942 


1,084 


625 


12 


6,250 


7,SW 


1,091 


64 


12 


6,400 


6,667 


1,099 


23 


6 


986 


1,163 


1,122 


119 


12 


9,700 


11,252 


1.123 


76 


6 


3,800 


6,505 


1,146 


18} 


6 


792 


1,117 


1,153 


16 


6 


800 


-950 
1)886 
10,976 


1,164 


35 


12 


2,625 


1,200 


97 


18 


8,329 


1,210 


104 


12 


20,800 


23.099 


1,228 


35J 


12 


3,043 


3,463 


1,229 


80 


6 


3,429 


4,952 


1,230 


68i 


12 


6,137} 


6,624 


1,269 


07 


18 


6,100 


8,094 


1,270 


75 


12 


11,400 


14,230 


1.275 


18 


6 


772 


1,030 


1,278 


11 


6 


650 


650 


1,300 


22 


12 


1,100 


1,100 


1,312 


29 


12 


1,450 


1,660 


1,313 


91 


12 


6.825 


7,667 


1,314 


69 


19 


13,800 


17,741 


1,316 


100 


6 


4,286 


7,633 


1,369 


33 


12 


1,415 


2,313 


1,375 


18 
15 


6 
6 


300 
485 




1,004 
1,076 

1,108 




95 


11 (for 7 
months) 


4,800 






40 


6 


1.713 




1,375 



124 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



The Fisheries in New York, although considerable in amount, are quite suhordinat* to 
other branches of industry. The whale fisheries, formerly of great importance, are now chiefly 
limited to Sag Harbor, Greenport, and Cold Spring Harbor.' The shores and bays of Long Island 
support great numbers of fishermen, and the product of their labor chiefly finds a market in New 
York City.- The Hudson yields shad, sturgeon, and other fish in great quantities ;' and there are 
extensive fisheries upon the great lakes, especially near the E. end of Lake Ontario and in the 
waters of Chaumont Bay.* The waters of Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence formerly 
abounded in salmon ; but, from the building of dams and mills, or other causes, the tributaries of 
these waters now afford but very small supplies. Trout and other fish highly prized for food 
abound in the clear mountain streams of Northern New York. Hundreds of millions of " bony 
fish" are taken annually around Long Island for manure ; and the manufacture of oil from sharks, 
porpoises, and other fish has been at various times carried on with encouraging success. Numerous 
special laws have been passed for the preservation of fish in certain waters and at particular sea- 
sons ; but this is now made one of the subjects within the legislative jurisdiction of Boards of 
Supervisors. 

United States Ocean Mail Lines connecting with New Yorh, Sept. 30, 1858. 



ROCTES. 



N. Y. via Southampton, England, to Bremenhaven, Germany. 

N. Y. to Aspinwali, New Grenada, direct 

N. Y. via Havana tn New Orleans , 

N. Y. to Liverpool, England 

N. Y. via Cowes, England, to Havre, France 



p 

■is 




Ann-ual 
Pay. 


3,700 
2,000 
2.000 


13 
24 
24 


$60,000 
1 290,000 


3,100 


20 


385,000 


3,270 


13 


Postages 



Act of June 14, 1S58. 

f Contract under Acta of 1847 

] and 1851. 
Contract Act 1847. Now nnder 

Act nf June 14, 1858. 
Act of June 14, 1858. 



Comparative Receipts and Expenses of the Post Office in New York and all the Offices in the 
United States for the year ending Jxdy 30, 1858. 



Letter postage 

Newspaper postage.. 
Registered letters..... 

Stamps 60ld 

Total receipts 



Ktw 
York. 



S285.207.46 

90.244.30 

2.874.65 

1,080,384.98 

1,458,711.39 



United 
States. 



$882,122,95 

593,407.19 

28,146.95 

5,692,366.63 

7,196.043,72 



Pay of Poet Masters.. 

Incidental expenses... 

I Total of above , 

! Transportation 

i Total expenses 



New 
York. 



$316,267.39 
311.893.98 
628.161.37 
525.950.00 

1,164,111.37 



United 
States. 



52.349,260.49 
1,104.183.53 
3.453.444.02 
7.344,019.44 

10,798.003.46 



1 The right to drift wh.iles was often made a subject of special 
reservation or sale by the Indians of Long Island; and the 
capture of whales in open boats from the shore has continued 
from the first settlement to the present time. Scarcely a year 
passes without one or more being taken along the shore of the 
island. The whale fisheries from Hudson, Poughkeepsie. and 
Newburgh, once large, have ceased altogether. On the 30th of 
June, 1858, 5,927.92 tons were employed in the whale fisheries 
at Sag Ilarbnr, 1,942.12 tons at Greenport. and 2.136.27 tons at 
Cold Spring Harbor. The total of whaling vessels in the U.S. at 
the same time was 19S,r)93.51 tons. 

2 The wholesale fiafciart of N. Y., on the East River, at the 
foot of Fulton St.. ocOTpies an entire block. The rarer kinds are 
oftener sold in the Washln'jton Market. A record kept in 1856 
enumerated 79 species, in 56 genera and 20 families, as found in 



these markets, the majority of them being marine fish from tho 
waters adjoining Long Island and the New England coast. A 
few came from the South, and many from the interior lakes and 
rivers. 

8 It is estimated that $100,000 worth of shad are taken annu- 
ally below the Highlands. They are caught in seines nearly as 
far up as Albany. About $20,000 worth of sturgeon are sold 
annually at the Albany market. 

* As many as 10.000 bbls. have been taken at Chaumont Bay 
in one season, although sometimes no more are taken than 
enough to supply the local want. The fish are chiefly lake her- 
ring and whitefish. The amount of tonnage invested in this 
State in the cod fisheries is quite unimportant, and amounted 
in June, 1858, to 131.32 tons at Greeuport, and 159.34 tons at 
New York, consisting of licensed vessels under 20 tons. 



COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 




In 1754 King's College was incorporated in N. Y. City by patent, and libe- 
rally endowed by a lottery and grants of land. At the commencement 
of the Revolution it was the only incorporated educational institution in 
the colony. In 1784 its name was changed to Columbia College; and 
in connection with it an extensive scheme of education was devised, in 
|which the college was to be the center of the system, and subordinate 
Ibninches were to be established in different parts of the State, — the 
whole to be under the control of a board denominated "Regents of the 
University. '* This board was to consist of the priuoipal State officers, 
two persons from each co., and one chosen by each religious denomi- 
nation. The number of the Regents was afterward increased by add- 
ing 33 others, 20 of whom resided in N. Y. City, This whole scheme 
was found to be impracticable; and by act of April 13, 1787, it was superseded by a system which 
has continued without essential change to the present time.' By this act the Governor, Lieut.-Gov- 
ernor, and 19 persons therein named were constituted 

Regents of the University, and required to visit and inspect all colleges and academies, 
and report their condition, annually. They might appoint presidents of colleges and principals 
of academies for one year, in case of vacancy, and incorporate new colleges and academies, pro- 
viding the revenue of the latter should not exceed the value of 4,000 bushels of wheat annually. In 
1842 the Secretary of State, and in 1854 the Superintendent of Public Instruction, were made ex 
officio members of the Board of Regents. Vacancies are filled by the Legislature in the same manner 
that U. S. Senators are appointed; and Regents hold their office during life, unless they resign or 
forfeit their place by removal from the State, by accepting the office of trustee in an incorporated 
college or academy, or by accepting a civil office the duties of which are incompatible with their 
duties as Regents:^ but the members maybe removed by concurrent resolution of the Senate and 
Assembly." They receive no pay. Under a special act of 1791, the Regents appoint the faculty 
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of N. Y. and confer degrees upon its gradu- 
ates.* They confer the honorary degree of M.D. upon four persons annually, upon recommenda^ 
tion of the State Medical Society, and may grant any honorary degree. They have exercised 
this right by conferring the degree of LL.D. upon 12 persons since their first organization.^ 

In 1821 they were authorized to incorporate Lancasterian and select schools.® In 1844 the Regents 
were made trustees of the State Library, and, with the Superintendent of Schools, were charged 
with the supervision of the State Normal School. In 1845 they were made trustees of the Stata 
Cabinet of Natural History, and in 1856 were intrusted with what remained of the publication of 
the colonial history. Their secretary and the Secretary of State are commissioners to superintend 
the completion of the publication of the natural history of the State. 

The Regents annually apportion $40,000 of the income of the Literature Fund' among academies, 
in proportion to the number of students pursuing the classics or the higher English branches; 

I The authorahip of this syfltpm has been generally ascribed to 
Alexander Hamilton, then in ttio Assembly. The original drafts 
of the act. still preserved, and the legislative journals of that 
period, show that Ezra rHommedieu, then in the Senate, was 
prominently concerned in its passage, if not the original mover. 
The bill w;i3 introduced in the Senate upon a petition from Clin- 
ton Academy, in Suffolk co, 

• What these offices are does not appear to have been settled. 
Onsoveral occaaif^nsan appointment to the bench of the Supremo 
Court has created a vacancy. Non-attendance at the meetings 
of the Board during one year haa also been consti-ued to vacate 
the seat of a Regent. 

' This power has never been exercised by the Legislature. 

* A similar power existed with regard to the Western College 
of Physicians and Surgeons at Fairfield, during its existence, 

6 The honorary degree of M. P. had been conferred upon 120 
persons previous to 1S59. Resolutions wpre passed, Oct. 14. 1851, 
for conferring the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of 
Literature ; but none have been granted. 

*This ritjht has been exercised four times, viz.: — 

Select School at Ilenrietta. Monroe co., July 2, 1S27. 

Lewiston High School Acadi-niy, Niagara co., April 16, 1S28. 

Fabius Select School. Onondaga co., Feb. 27, 1841. 

Hunter Cbissical School, Orecne co., June 23, 1851. 

Lancasterian schools were incorporated by special acts, as 
follows : — 

Albany, Lancaater School Soc., May 26, 1S12. 



Catskill, Lancaster School Soc, March 14, 1S17, Repealed April 
20. 18.30. 

Hudson, Lancaster Soc., April 1.5, 181". 

Schenectady, Lancaster School Soc, Nov. 12, 1816. 

Poughkeepsie, Lancaster School Soc. 

7 This fund originated with certain tracts of Land reserved for 
literature, and was largely increased by four lotteries, granted 
April 3, 1801. by which $100,000 were to bo raised for the joint 
benefit of academies and common schools, but chiefly for the 
latter. In 1816. the avails of the Crumhorn Mountain Tract, 
amounting to $10,416, were given from tli** cneral fund to aca- 
demies and common schools; and in 1S19 the arrears of quit- 
rents, amounting to $53,380. were also thus equally divided. In 
1827. $150,000 was given to this fund bv the Legif^lature; and on 
the 17th of April, 18.38. the sum of $2S,0(>0 was sot apart annually, 
from the incomi of the U. S. Deposit Fund, for distribntion 
among academies. The sum previmisly applird for this purpoeo 
was $12,000 annually ; and since 1S34 a small part of the income, 
aside from this, hna been applied, from time to time, to the pur 
chase of apparat us. 

This fund was managed by the Regents until, by act of Jan. 
25. 1832, it was transferred to the Comptroller for investment,- ■ 
the Legislature appropriating the proecfds annually, and the 
Regents designating the scale of app'Tiionmetit. 

The principal of the fun<l amounted, Sept. 30, 185S. to $269,952 
.12, aside from the U. S. Di-posit Fund, and was invested chiefly 
in stocks and Comptroller's bonds. 

m 



125 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



designate such academies as shall receive aid in establishing classes for instructing teachers of 
common schools; conduct exchanges of books and documents with other States and countries; 
maintain a system of meteorological observations at certain academies; and make full reports 
annually to the Legislature upon the condition of the colleges and academies of the State, the State 
Library, and the Cabinet of Natural History. 

The officers of the Regents are, a chancellor, vice-chancellor, and secretary. They appoint a 
librarian and assistants to the State Library, and a curator to the State Cabinet. Six members 
form a quorum for the transaction of business. Their annual meeting is held on the first Thurs- 
day of January, in the Senate chamber, and is adjourned for short periods during the session of the 
Legislature. Most colleges report annually to the Regents, but are not uniformly subject to visita- 
tion, nor do they share in the income of the Literature Fund. They have generally been assisted 
by grants of land or money from the State. 

Colleges and Academies are entrusted to boards of trustees, who possess the usual 
powers of corporations, and usually fill all vacancies occurring in their number.* They appoint 
professors and instructors, and remove them at pleasure, unless employed by special agreement. 
All degrees in colleges, whether honorary or in due course of study, are conferred by the trustees. 

By an act passed April 12, 1853, the Regents were required to establish general rules under 
which colleges, universities, and academies might claim incorporation, subject to such limitations 
and restrictions as might be prescribed by law, or which, by the Regents, might be deemed proper; 
and institutions thus formed should possess, in addition to the powers thus vested in them, the 
general powers of a corporation, under the Revised Statutes of this State. The trustees of academies 



J Genesee College. N.Y. Agricultural College, People's College, 1 tees of Union College; and the Mayor and Recorder of citio 



UniviTsity of Buffalo, and Uuiversity of the City of N. Y., are 
owned l-y ghart-hol'lers, who elect trustees, or officers analogous, 
for liMted terms. The principal State officers are ex oj/icio trua- 



are. in some cases, trustees of medical colleges. The principal 
facts concerning colleges and professional schools may be classed 
as follows :— 



Literary and Medical Colleges. 



Name. 



Alfred University 

Columbia College 

Elmira Female College.. 
Qeneaee College 



Hamilton College 

Ilobart Free College.. 



Ingham University.. 



Madison University 

N. Y. Central College Assoc. 

N. Y. State Agric'l College 

People's College" 

St. John's College 

St. Lawrence University... 



Troy University.. 
Union College...., 



University of Albany 

Univ. of the City of N. Y.... 

University of Rnchestcr 

University nf Huffiilo 

Albany Medical Colle^'e'' ... 
College of Pharmacy of City 

of New York 

College of Physicians and 

Surgeons of N. Y 

Medical Inst. ofGencvaColl. 

Metropolitan Medical Coll.,* 
New York Medic:tl College, 
Univ. of Buffalo. Med. Hep.,** 
University of the City of 
New York, Med. Dep.«.... 



Alfred 
New York 
Eloiira 
Lima 

Clinton 

Geneva 

Le Roy 

Hamilton 
McGrawville 

Ovid 
Havana 
Foi'dham 
Canton 

Troy 

Schenectady 

Albany 
New York 
Ri'chester 
Buffalo 
Albany 

New York 

New York 
Geneva 

New York 
New York 
Buffalo 

New York 



« , «. . How Inror- 

Date of Charter. pirated. 



Mar. 28,1857 
Oct. SI, 1754 
April 1.3, 1855 
Feb. 27, 1849 

May 26, 1812 

April 5, 1824 

April 3,1857 

Mar. 26,1846 
AprU 17, 1851 

April 15. 1853 

April 12, 1853 

April 10, 1840 

AprU 3, 1856 

AprU 12, 1855 

Feb. 25,1795 

April 17, 1851 
April 18.1831 
May 8, 1846 
May 11, 1846 
Feb. 16, 1839 

AprU 25,1831 

Mar. 10, 1807 
AprU 8, 1835 

Mar. 27,1857 

1S50 

May 11,1846 

Feb. 1, 1837 



Law 
Patent 
Law 
Law 

Regents 

Regents 



Law 
Law 

Law 
Law 

Law 
Law 

Regents 

Regents 

Law 
Law 
Law 
Law 
Law 

Law 

Regents. 

Trusts, of 

G. Coll, 

liHW. 

Law 
Law 

Law. 



Remarka. 



Seventh-day Bap., 33 trustees. 

Piot. E., 24 trustees. Formerly King's College. 

Changed from Elmira Collegiate Institute. 

Meth. E., 28 to 30 trustees, elected for 5 years by 
classes. 

N. S. Presb., 24 trustees. Changed from Hamilton 
Oneida Academy. 

Prot. E.. 24 trustees. Originally Medical Dep. con- 
nected. Changed from Geneva College, April 10, 
1852. 

N. S. Presb., 24 trustees. Changed from Ingham 
C-oilegiatc Institute. 

Bap., 27 trustees. Theological Depart, conneoted. 

Located on a farm. Students not excluded on ac- 
count of sex or color. | 

10 tnistees. In course of erection. See Ovid. 

24 trustees. In course of erection. Capital, $250,000. 

R. C, 9 trustees. Theological Depart, connected. 

Universalist, 25 trustees. Theological Department 
connected. In course of organization. 

Methodist E., 64 trustees. Charter conditioned to 
$1011,000, which is obtained. Organized. 

15 trustees, besides those ex officio. Changed from 
Schenectady Academy. 

Law Department only organized. 

32 trustees. Medical Department connected. 

Bap., 2il tnistees. Theological Depart, connected. 

Medical Department only orgaDXzed. 



For education of druggists. Does not report. 



Mayor and Recorder ex officio trustees. 

Meilical Dep. only one organized. Full univ. charter. 






" Trustees elected for 6 years. Students and teachers expected 
to labor from 10 to 20 hours each week. Located on a farm of 
200 acres. 

f> Mayor and Recorder of Albany ex njfici/t trustees. Building 
erected for Lancasterian school, and leased by the city at a 
nominal rent. 

" A college of similar name, incorp. March 28, 1827, did not 
organize, See Reyents^ Heport, 1858, p. 108. 



<* Capital limited to $100,000. Proprietors elect councU of 16 
for 4 years, besides which each department elects one to the 
council to hold at their pleasure. 

« The council nf the University of the City of New York con- 
sists of 32 shareholders elected for 4 years, besides the Mayor of 
New York and 4 of the Common CouncU designated for the 
purpose. 



COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 



127 



possessing a capital stock may be elected by the proprietors for such terms as shall be fixed. The 
capital stock of an academy may not exceed ^50,000, and that of a medical college formed under 
the general law cannot be less than $50,000, nor more than $200,000. All such charters, except- 
ing those containing provisional conditions, are perpetual . 

Theological Seminaries in the State of New York,'^ 



General Theological Seminary of P. E. Church 

Hartwick Semiuary (Theological Department) 

Martin Luther CoIIefre H'heological Department) 

Rochester Theological Semioary 

St. Joseph's Theolo^rical Seminary 

St. Lawrence University (Theological Dop.) 

Theological Department Madison University 

Theological Seminary of Aubarn 

Theological Seminary of Associate Reformed Church.. 
Union Theological Seminary 



New York 

Hartwick 

Bviffalo 

Rochester 

Fordham 

Canton 

Hamilton 

Aubui-n 

Ncwburgh 

New York 



Denomination. 



P. E. 

Lutheran 

Lutheran 

Baptist 

R. C. 

Universaliat 

Baptist 

N. S. Preab. 

A. R. Presb. 

N. S. Presb. 



Date of E^tab- 

lisltineiit. 



1817 
1816 

Not. 4, 1850 
184 ft 
1868 
1820 

April 14, 1820 
1836 
1S30 



11 



11,963 
1,250 



5,500 



7,500 

0.000 

3,200 

18,000 



a Mostly upon authority of the American Almanac of 1859. 
Several of these possess liberal endowments, and defray the per- 
Bonal expenses of the students attending them. Tuition fees 



are, it is believed, in no cases required from those receiring in- 
struction. Alt the above are now in operation. 



The following institutions have been projected^ but have not been established^ or have ceased 

to exist : — 



Name. 



Albany College 

Auburn University 

Auburn Female University 

Brockport College 

Cayuga College.. 

Central Medical College and Syracuse Medical ) 

College ; 

Clinton College, Fairfield 

College of Physicians aurt Surgeons of Wes- ) 

ti-rn District, Fairfield J 

Flushing College 

Ithaca College 

Kingston College 

Medical Department of Columbia College 

N. Y. College of Dental Surgery, Syracuse 

Richmond College. Richmond co. 

St. Paul's Colletie, College Point, Flushing, L.I. 

Trov Medical Ci^Uege 

University of Western N. Y., Buffalo 

Washim^cton Collei^e, Uichmond co 

Westminster College, Buffalo 



Date, of Ineorp. 



Feb. 26,1826 
Jan. 29, 1852 
March 4, 1830 

1849 
Mar. 25, 1816 
June 12, 1812 

Aprii"iori822 

1793 

April 13,1852 
AprUlS, 1838 
May 9, 1840 

April 8, 1836 
Jiin. 27, 1827 
April 17, 1851 



Applications were made for a college in 1795, but refused. 

Provisions of charter not complied with. 

Never organized. 

Never organized. 

Applications made Feb. 15, 1802. Refused. 

( After a few courses of lectures, these institutions were 

\ abandoned. 
Conditions not complied with. 

(Courses of lectures were held until 1840, the Regents con- 
\ ferring the degrees. 
Applications refused Feb. 20, 1845. 
Conditions not complied with. 
Applications refused in 1779, 1804, and 1811. 
Discontinued in 1814. 
Discontinued in a short time. 
Never organized. 
Closed in a short time. 
Application refused, Feb. 16, 1824. 
Never organized. 
Conditions not complied with. 
Never organized. 



Besides these, several institutions bpariog the name of col- 
leges have been established, but of which no general statistics 
have been obtained. Among them are the '■ Martin Luther Col- 
lege." at Buffalo, the '• College of St. Francis Xavier," (K. 0..) in 
New York ; "■ Franciscan College and Convent." inaugurated Oct. 
^1858, at Allegany. Cattaraugus co.; the "De Vcaux College tor 



Orphan and Destitute Children," incorporated April 15. 1853, 
and locati'd at Suspension Bridge. Niagara co. ; and the "St. 
Pi-ter"s College," (R. C) in course of organization, at Troy. 
Most of these are unincorporated, none of tln^m posHt-j^s the right 
of granting degrees, and they generally partake more of the 
character of academies than of colleges. 



Tabular Summary of Colleges as reported Jan. 1859, /or the year previous. 



Albany Medical College 

College of Physicians and Surgeons, N.Y 

Columbia Coflcge 

Genesee Coll'-ge 

Hamilton College 

Hobart Free College 

Madison Tlnivr-rHity 

Medical Institute Geneva College 

Medical Department of University of N. Y 

Medical Department of University of BulTalo.. 

Metropolitan Medical College 

New York Central College 

New York M.dical College 

St. John's College 

Troy University 

Union College 

University of City of New York 

University of Rochester 



1 


^S' 


Is 


ir 


■S => 


1? 


ta 


*a 


u~ 


>e 


•^^ 


>? 








^,5 


^•i 


^^ 


9 


121 


S« 


9 


173 


50 


12 


1S3 


25 


fi 


9B 


15 


fl 


134 


27 


7 


92 


20 


9 


119 


2;! 


7 


31 


8 


7 


347 


128 


9 


3« 


9 


fi 


18 


10 


9 


If. 


4 


12 


99 


37 


27 


49 


S 


4 


fiS 




IB 


297 


89 


in 


1 •.!.=, 


10 


8 


149 


22 



^11 



90.000 
114336 
S4.S0O 
125.000 
35,000 
18.700 
16,049 
70,000 
14.000 

30.006 
50.000 
74,2>I0 

100.000 
70,993 

200,000 
38,201 



ll 



6,616 



1.464 

Free. 
2,402 



1,497 



10,177 
12,207 
6,360 



44,150 
6.250 
8,019 
4,695 
7,286 



4,000 

12.161 
11,160 
10,836 



$606 
636 



199 
1.736 



84 
335 



$1,120 
1,325 



160 
3,840 



132 

1,110 



128 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Statistics of Academies frnm the Regents' Report of 1859. 





■£ 1^ 






s 






























c; ti 


;. 










'^^ z 


e..S 




















K 


% ^ 




•s. 


^i 


^.§ 


^ 


6f 


S-3 


R 


131 


92 


4 


ISl 


110 


10 


242 


116 


13 


200 


136 


3 


224 


133 


13 


476 


365 


7 


168 


125 


2 


80 


67 


4 


46 


36 


.1 


99 


71 


.t 


136 


95 


1 


41 


18 


2 


226 


101 


2 


113 


33 


3 


1S2 


101 


7 


S51 


148 


2 


95 


71 


19 


607 


240 


10 


159 


82 


3 


172 


69 


4. 


1S6 


98 


6 


145 


87 


2 


129 


69 


f. 


210 


106 


6 


107 


87 


3 


148 


76 


9 


210 


64 


3 


90 


29 


3 


133 


98 


2 


111 


47 


14 


433 


367 


4 


127 


70 


7 


67 


22 


6 


394 


344 


4 


234 


161 


3 




306 


10 


225 


186 


9 


2(1 


205 


3 


139 


61 


4 


230 


106 


3 


60 


53 


3 


210 


113 


3 


103 


62 


10 


3S9 


308 


11 


383 


191 


1 


66 


41 


3 


,168 


105 


7 


264 


167 


3 


287 


145 


4 


170 


148 


4 


281 


171 


3 


166 


91 


9 


103 


99 


4 


235 


146 


11 


687 


495 


7 


210 


104 


5 


218 


168 


13 


921 


43 


2 


103 


46 


4 


233 


127 


7 


266 


60 


6 


340 


156 


7 


90 


71 


1 


43 


23 


6 


136 


106 




77 


48 


1 


86 


26 


2 


193 


93 


3 


130 


67 


6 


168 


117 


2 


88 


88 


4 


264 


100 


2 


100 


52 


« 


345 


216 


3 


1S6 


120 


4 


165 


126 


3 


205 


119 


S 


216 


153 


2 


168 


126 






■=;'£,«. 



Total Values. 



C^ 



■fe. 



|3 



I 



Academy af Little Fall'* 

Academy of iHitchessCo 

Albany Academy 

Albany Female Academy 

Albion Academy 

Alfred Academy 

Ameiiia Seminary - 

Ames Academy 

Amsterdam Female Seminary 

Argyle Academy 

Anl-'Urn Academy 

Augusta Academy 

Aurora Academy 

Ball Sen)inary 

Binghamton Academy 

Brix^kpnrt CoUepiate Institute 

Brnoktield Academy 

Brooklyn College & Polytech. Inst.. 

Buffalo Female Academy 

Cambridge "Wa-shington Academy... 

Canajobarie Academy -. 

Canandaigna Academy 

Canton Academy _. 

Gary Collegiate Seminary 

Cayuga Academy 

Cliamplain Acjndemy 

Cherry Valley Academy 

Chester Academy _. 

Cincinnatus Academy -. 

Clarence Acadeuiy 

Claverack Academy & H. R. Inst... 

Clinton Grammar School 

Clinton Lilieral Institute 

Cortland Academy 

Cortlandville Academy -. 

Dansville Seminary _. 

Deaf and Dumb Institution _... 

Delaware Academy -. 

Delaware Literary Institute 

De Ruyter Institute 

Dundee Acad'-my 

East Bloomfield .\cademy 

Ellington Academy 

Erasmus Hall ,\cadcmy 

F.airfield Academy 

Falley Seminary 

Farmers' Hall Academy -. 

Fort Covington .Academy 

Fort Plain Seminary and Female 

Collegiate Institute - . 

Franklin (^Lalon?) Academy 

Franklin (Prattsburgh) Academy.. 

Fredonia Academy 

Friendship Academy 

Oalway Academy 

Oonesee Conference Seminary 

Genesee Wesleyau Seminary 

Genesee and Wyoming Seminary... 

Genespo Academy 

Geneva Union School 

Gilbertsville Academy & Coll. Inst. 

fllf-ns Fjdis Academy 

Gloversville Union Seminary 

Gonverneur Wesleyan Seminary.... 
Grammar School Columbia College 

Grammar School Madison Univ 

Grammar School N. Y. Cent. CoU... 

Granville Academy 

Greenville Academy 

Groton Academy 

Hamilton Academy 

Hamilton Female Seminary 

Uartwiek Seminary 

HoUey Academy 

Hudson Academy 

Ithaca Academy 

Jamestown Academy 

Jefferson County Institute 

Johnstown Academy 

.Jonesviile Academy 

.Tordan Academy 



$178.52 
213.44 

225.68 
263.89 
26S..57 
688.84 
234.79 
•130.21 

64.03 
137.77 
170.75 

34.93 
195.98 

62.09 
194.54 
2S7.68 
131.94 
461.81 
169.11 
133.89 
190.18 
16S.S1 
114.48 
20.3.74 
lOS.Sl 
147.47 
124.18- 

66.26 
1S4..34 

91.20 
712.12 
133.89 

42.69 
667.40 
313.40 



693.76 
360.91 
397.78 
124.18 
206.69 
100.90 
219.26 

97.02 
697.64 
870.62 

79.66 
203.74 

S24.64 
281.36 
287.18 
331.81 
176.68 
192.10 
283.30 
960.49 
201.80 
326.98 
83.44 
89.26 
238.67 
116.42 
302.70 
137.77 
36.86 
201.80 
93.14 
60.44 
180.46 
130.00 
213.44 
170.75 
194.04 
100.90 
419.12 
238.85 
244.49 
2.30.90 
296.88 
242..52 



$10,200 

11.000 

90.000 

33,347 

7.100 

17.266 

18.600 

2,440 

9.000 

3.100 

8.214 

2,4S7 

2.900 

3,810 

6.500 

30.000 

3,000 

69,754 

66,000 

4,250 

6.580 

12,.500 

3,500 

15.140 

10.000 

6.504 

13.000 

2,9.i0 

3.1S3 

5.000 

36.330 

2,(00 

30,300 

6,000 

2,S0O 

3,043 

26,000 

21.000 

8.800 

2.3S0 

6.000 

3,660 

9,500 

20,200 

17,800 

3,.'160 

2,160 

24.000 
8.(100 

10,000 
4,600 
3,125 

27,600 
8,681 

11,200 

10,000 
4,600 
4,600 

17.497 
6,800 



2,900 
2,500 
6,S50 
3,775 
8.613 
7.800 
2,900 
3.200 

12.600 
4.400 

11.060 

s.ono 

9.662 
3,800 



$361 
310 

1,631 

1,028 
606 
6,80 

1,696 
275 
400 
242 
332 
368 
610 
197 
400 

1,022 
170 
367 
360 
650 
260 
690 
440 
,646 

3,027 
342 
223 
370 
174 
182 
173 
200 

1,775 

1,000 
711 
164 

1,183 

1,053 

426 

267 

568 

228 

2.604 

1,044 

655 

681 

205 

152 

3.18 

1.151 

2,111 

214 

""iin 

2,366 
864 
708 

1.000 
668 
240 
160 
432 
650 

"260 
233 
261 
441 
823 
410 

1,679 
243 
177 
4,37 
283 

1,445 
240 
441 
209 



$684 

081 

2,917 

2,416 

360 

1,376 

1,267 

200 

405 

1.50 

600 

289 

400 

485 

438 

377 

156 

1,876 

1,742 

666 

244 

1.346 

327 

600 

879 

652 

762 

284 

206 

151 

846 

176 

475 

1,000 

600 

170 

630 
396 
642 
178 
478 
160 
497 
1.280 
1.062 
223 
262 

456 
416 
457 
762 
168 



162 
2,319 
702 
600 
616 
465 
385 
168 
939 
222 



250 
45 
160 
625 
473 
368 
2(12 
228 
200 
900 
740 
1,666 
282 
366 
350 



$1,295 
3.116 
6,717 
6.662 
2,139 
12,124 
10,302 

742 

674 
1,.330 
1,478 

260 
1,601 

507 
1,612 
3,204 

700 
30,4.53 
6.970 
1.700 
1,284 
3,139 
1,094 
4,078 
1,622 
1.440 
4.768 
1.1.80 
1.2.32 

836 
13.214 
6.069 
1.6,i3 
3.973 
1.762 

674 

2.286 

4,144 

1,101 

2,.30S 

713 

971 

2.196 

14.307 

4.e32 

649 

1,049 

3,169 
1,767 
2,280 
2,177 
1,198 
3,417 
1,393 
4,603 
1,906 
3,699 
6,4.34 
1101 
1,215 
2,631 
2.449 
6.990 

611 
1,403 

443 

816 
1,602 

774 
4.906 
1.813 
1,761 

702 
3,328 
1,317 
21.36 
1.530 
6,447 
1,6S3 



$1,195 
2.928 

10,062 
7,608 
2,1.38 

10,989 

10,301 

712 

760 

1,319 

1,477 

260 

1,412 

614 

1,611 

3,244 

700 

30,313 
6.078 
1,695 
1.406 
3,189 
1,094 
4,078 
1,665 
1,440 
4,768 
1,196 
1,066 
776 

11,385 
6,166 
1,553 
4.208 
1.819 
720 

8,250 
3,975 

991 
2,440 

713 

964 
1,858 
13,024 
4,632 

641 
1,017 

4,359 
1,819 
2,645 
2,459 
1,198 
3,339 
1,475 
4,644 
1,SS5 
3,923' 
4.440 

702 
1,216 
2,6.31 
2.134 
4,167 

600 
1,404 

473 

768 
1.330 
1,341 
4,862 
1,734 
1,751 

705 
3,181 
1,317 
2,136 
1,629 
6JI47 
1,584 



COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 



129 



Staiisiics of Academies from ike Begenis' lieport of 1859, coniimied. 



Keeseville Academy 

Kiuderbook Academy 

Kingsboro' Academy 

Kingston Academy 

Liberty Norniul Institute 

Lockport Union School 

Lowville Academy 

Lyons Union School 

Macedon Academy 

Manlius Academy 

Marion CoUej^iate Institute 

Mayville Academy 

Medina Academy 

Mexico Academy 

Middlebury Academy 

Monroe Academy 

Montgomery Academy 

Mout ice Uo Academy. 

Moravia Institute 

Mount Morris Union Free School., 

Mount Pleasant Academy 

MuQio Collegiate Institute 

New Paltz Academy 

New York Conference Seminary.... 

New York Free Academy 

North Oianville Female Seminary. 

North Hebron Institute 

North Salem Academy 

Norwich Academy 

Nunda Literary Institute 

Ogdeusburph Academy 

Oneida Conference Seminary 

Onondaga Academy 

Ontario Female Seminary 

Oswego High School 

Ovid Academy 

Owego Academy 

Oxford Academy 

Packer Collegiate Institute 

Palmyra Classical Union School.... 

Peekskill Academy 

Perry Academy 

Peterboro' Academy 

Phelps Union Classical School 

Phipps Union Seminary 

Plattsburgh Academy 

Pompey Academy 

Poughkeepsie Female Academy..., 

Prospect Academy , 

Pulaski Academy 

Randolph Academy 

Red Creek Union Academy , 

Rcussetaerville Academy 

Richburgh Academy 

Rochester Female Academy 

Rogersville Union Seminary 

Rome Academy 

Rural Seminary 

Rushford Acndi'my , 

Rutgers Female Institute , 

Sag Iliirbor Institute , 

St. Lawrence Academy 

Saugerties Academy , 

Sauquoit Academy 

Schenectady Union School 

Schoharie Academy , 

Schuylerville Academy , 

Seneca Falls Academy 

SoduB Academy , 

Spencerto\vn Academy 

Springville Academy 

S. S. Seward Institute 

Starkey Seminary 

Susquehanna Seminary 

Troy Academy 

Troy Female Seminary 

Trumansburgh Academy 

Unadilla Academy 

Union Hall Academy 

Union Literary Society 

Union "Village Academy 











Total Taidi: 
















"5 -S 












:0 




















g 


■2 S> 


&S 


i-l 


1 


& 


^ 


% 


s 

^ 


C 


t-^ 


oS 


1'^ 




i 


^ 


■§ 




•fe. 


41 








•5. 


"fe. 


S 


1 




4 


378 


246 


^61,81 


$3,600 


$227 


$200 


$2,328 


$2,328 


231 


4 


106 


67 


130.00 


4,000 


600 


624 


1,294 


1,294 


680 


H 


«6 






3.700 


417 


555 


670 


567 


285 


.■) 


209 


114 


219.26 


16.000 


667 


400 


3,176 


3,058 


620 


2 


115 


9 


17.46 


1.260 


185 


164 


701 


683 


189 


9 


491 


181 


361.21 


13,000 


259 


600 


4.459 


4..522 


144 


4 


2B7 


176 


279.42 


7.600 


860 


627 


2,170 


2,016 


1,119 


4 


12S 


68 


131.94 


15.000 


745 


403 


1,757 


1,807 


986 


4 


2W 


179 


347.03 


6,066 


207 


736 


2,482 


2,471 


177 


H 


99 


26 


48.61 


3.000 


410 


200 


978 


812 


417 


i 


168 


74 


141.66 


11.600 


248 


692 


1,646 


2,603 


196 


•I 


78 


49 


95.08 


3,750 


194 


206 


889 


910 


186 


5 


171 


164 


318.22 


6,200 


350 


235 


1.839 


1,967 


349 


4 


223 


169 


308.62 


14.000 


630 


826 


2,001 


2,083 


627 


5 


229 


142 


275.64 


6,500 


930 


499 


2,016 


1.976 


862 


4 


162 


75 


146.63 


5.466 


158 


160 


1.369 


],,368 


141 


•I 


77 


28 


60.45 


6.000 


200 


300 


811 


806 


480 


1 


163 


60 


116.42 


4.350 


251 


170 


2,359 


2.443 


216 


•1 


122 


63 


102.S4 


2,200 


362 


361 


830 


630 


366 


4 


98 


70 


1S5.S3 




222 


193 


710 


710 


316 


7 


82 


69 


114.48 


17,000 


1,467 


300 


7,033 


6,660 


1,,376 


3 


134 


95 


182.40 


21,600 


869 


719 


1.639 


1.256 


722 


2 


61 


33 


62.09 


7,900 


486 


663 


9S1 


980 


447 


H 


460 


226 


438.53 


20.000 


3,'iO 


250 


19,939 


20.473 


350 


25 


613 


667 


1,100.70 


117,324 


9,296 


8,988 


69.783 


60.071 


6,528 


13 


114 


132 


266.14 


19,000 


228 


375 


13,372 


10.034 


368 




"60 


■32 




2.400 
3.000 


40 
536 


137 
250 


110 
487 


110 
440 


112 

202 


1 


32.98 


5 


311 


222 


430.77 


8.400 


400 


899 


2,123 


2.114 


600 


5 


309 


241 


467.64 


2.900 


174 


184 


1,902 


1.703 


171 


3 


161 


116 


226.68 


11.000 


601 


679 


4,686 


4.449 


1.248 


8 


351 


268 


600.62 


26.000 


2.327 


2,694 


4.321 


4.602 


1,946 


1 


128 


116 




12.700 
20,000 


610 
931 


306 
924 


4,865 


4,864 


636 
896 


13 


211.60 


3 


121 


80 


155.33 


11,000 


2.500 


600 








8 


273 


196 


350.91 


16,600 


350 


600 


3.784 


3.625 


470 


4 


249 


109 


211.50 


5,000 


601 


180 


2.373 


2.344 


402 


6 


300 


105 


318.22 


9.350 


053 


790 


2.131 


2,149 


1.286 


24 


673 


375 


727.76 


121.766 


1,338 


1,596 


30,574 


24.474 


1,138 


5 


282 


134 


225.58 


12.000 


574 


260 


2,438 


2.386 


1,094 


3 


101 


60 


97.02 


17,000 


646 


446 


2,387 


2,185 


609 


5 


127 


49 


85.38 


16.750 


567 


210 


1,226 


1,735 


347 


1 


42 


14 


27.17 


4.628 


207 


174 


334 


319 


184 


6 


408 


91 


176.58 


5,200 


315 


201 


1,996 


2.0.53 


604 


10 


217 


176 


r.10.46 


10.200 


471 


212 


8,674 


3.673 


405 


4 


215 


160 


310.46 


6,600 


229 


474 


1,948 


1,948 


146 


2 


43 


39 


76.67 


6.400 


351 


160 


602 


613 


366 


8 


119 


98 


190.18 


16.963 


678 


760 


4.497 


4..597 


C34 


1 


87 


24 


38.81 


2,900 


312 


325 


294 


317 


376 


3 


170 


61 


118.36 


9,028 


301 


175 


2.567 


2.514 


293 


4 


184 


87 


16S.S1 


6,420 


388 


278 


1.263 


1.2ii3 


320 


6 


250 


158 


291.66 


9,060 


176 


175 


1.560 


1,5.59 


200 


2 


91 


30 


58.21 


2.610 


203 


166 


375 


V,b 


223 


3 


86 


61 


9314 


3,200 


172 


185 


927 


855 


132 


4 


122 


62 


120.30 


6.000 


186 


170 


2.234 


2.224 


171 


4 


96 


76 


147.47 


7,850 


160 


174 


939 


939 


120 


3 


233 


110 


213.44 


10,600 


420 


350 


2.060 


2,131 


606 


3 


122 


77 


149.41 


4.100 


647 


237 


1,081 


1.081 


678 


2 


201 


141 


273.00 


5.963 


283 


837 


1.631 


1,631 


162 


IS 


278 


186 


302.70 


27,600 


2,314 


3.138 


10.397 


12.272 


3,032 


2 


320 


CI 


118.36 


2,400 


210 


187 


1,.546 


1.621 


206 


b 


293 


125 


236.73 


10,000 


784 


493 


2,484 


1.925 


936 


3 


179 


60 


97.02 


6.000 


152 


1.86 


1,117 


1,347 


180 


3 


116 


87 


168.81 


2.500 


192 


1.86 


712 


743 


92 


5 


206 


143 


260.61 


41.000 


4.000 


200 


19.278 


19.532 


2,904 


3 


112 


91 


176.58 


4.000 


361 


161 


1.306 


l..'i:i7 


331 


3 


169 


12:i 


238.67 


2.8,10 


211 


400 


1.073 


1.094 


215 


4 


193 


98 


168.81 


3.000 


496 


600 


1.S79 


1,803 


293 


4 


129 


72 


131.94 


3.300 


184 


283 


919 


1,106 


133 


b 


78 


62 


102.84 


2.7.50 


192 


210 


993 


971 


240 


2 


166 


8li 


166.87 


3,600 


200 


410 


1,002 


961 


160 


B 


Ibl 


101 


195.98 


10,000 


2(,2 


150 


4.045 


2.108 


129 


5 


161 


112 


217.32 


10.360 


863 


658 


1.220 


1.4S3 


1.268 


V 


232 


192 


364.79 


37.000 


1.58 


4.57 


2.376 


2.479 


138 


5 


46 


28 


64.32 


7.576 


240 


275 


2.486 


2.409 


244 


21 


819 


212 


411.36 


12.100 


1,374 


903 


8.743 


8.270 


1,066 


2 


16S 


34 


65.97 


4,300 


163 


160 


766 


1,061 


200 


2 


80 


21 


40.76 


3,560 


256 


151 


030 


629 


206 


9 


220 


148 


277.48 


16.400 


6,';4 


369 


S.6S6 


3.532 


667 


6 


209 


173 


336.69 


10.,500 


731 


481 


2,778 


2.414 


604 


4 


215 


140 


271.66 


4.681 


306 


187 


1,938 


1,941 


373 



130 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Statistics of Academies from the Regents' Report of 1859, continued. 



Names. 



■S >^ 
Is 

if 



s^s 



Total Valxtes. 



IS 



1^ 






I 



Utica Academy 

Utica Female Academy 

Vernun .Academy 

Wallliill .\cadcmy 

Walton .\cademy 

Walworth Academy 

Warsaw Union School 

Warwick Institute 

Washinirton Academy 

Washinston Co. Seminary & C. I 

Waterloo Union School 

Waverly Institute 

Webstrr Academy 

Weetfit'ld Aciidemy 

West Winfield Academy 

Whitehall Ac;idemy 

Whitestown i-eminary 

Wilson Collegiate Institute 

Windsor Academy 

Yates Ac4id'.-my 

Yates Polytechnic Institute 

Total 



188 
179 
162 
198 
l,fl 

84 
150 
112 
124 
777 
608 
176 

92 
260 
357 
187 
400 
232 

59 
167 
251 



110 

73 

•36 

137 

62 

63 

612 

27 

43 

47 

113 

166 

77 

286 

138 

36 

43 

109 



$308.62 

133.89 

186.28 

213.44 

141.66 

67.91 

265.83 

91.20 

122.24 

993.98 

62.39 

83.44 

91.20 

219.26 

293.50 

149.31 

664.95 

267.77 

69.85 

83.44 

211..50 



$7,000 

23,000 
4.000 
6,610 
3.429 
8.440 
4,800 
6.300 
6.000 

14.100 
6,500 
7.364 
4.300 
4,300 

10,000 
3.660 

12,500 
2.685 
3.780 
2,760 

10.000 



$313 
189 
464 
340 
409 
200 
279 
160 
271 
646 
436 
165 
166 
640 
778 
260 

1,305 
786 
4.88 
480 
242 



$760 
257 
683 
190 
473 
7 89 
461 
150 
700 
947 

' 475 
178 
163 
300 
925 
603 

1,236 
646 
190 
619 
358 



$3,947 
3.861 

891 
2.S11 
1.899 

998 
1,396 
1.382 
1.109 
9.192 
3.090 
1,391 

743 
1,216 
3,142 
1,058 
3.636 
1,210 

606 

796 
3,182 



$3,944 
3,728 

890 
2,811 
1,688 

856 
1.396 
1,320 
1,103 
9,191 
3.372 
1,680 

738 
1,161 
3,142 
1.040 
3,612 
1,209 

578 

840 
3,182 



169 
127 
630 
423 
222 
130 
231 
104 
366 
549 
789 
166 
112 
610 
600 
220 
1,193 
790 
689 
382 
296 



35,009 20:812 $39itll.66 $2,009 076 $111,438 $101,693 $596,125 $582,136 93,969 



Academies incorporated since the organization of a State Government in 1777. 



Name. 


Location. 


hicorp. by 


Incorp. by 
Regents. 


Ranarls. 


Academy of the Sacred ITeart.. 
Academic Department of Union 

School 

Adama Collegiate Institute 

Addison Academy 


Rochester, Monroe co 


April 11, 1849 


Jan. 11,1855 
April 22, 1866 
Feb. 8, 1849 
Mar. 4, 1813 
Jan. 29, 1828 
April 16, 1828 


Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Sold, fall of 1868. 

Not organized. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Merged in Packer Inet. 
Not organized. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Diss, by act Apr. 21, 1846. 












Albany Female Academy 

Albany Female Seminary 

Albany Pearl Street Academy. 




Feb. 16,1821 
April 9,1828 
April 23, 1836 
May i; 1837 
May 6, 1834 


Albany, Albany co 

Albany, Albany co 


Feb. 27, 1841 
Feb. 5, 1839 
Jan. 31, 1843 
Mar. 29, 18,36 
Feb. 6, 1839 
Feb. 16, 1841 

Feb. 1. 1856 
May 4. 1841 
Feb. 13, 1844 
Feb. 14, 1815 
Feb. 11, 1S40 
Feb. 28,1842 
Jan. 29, 1S39 
Feb. 27, 1841 
April 11, 1843 
Mar. 21, 1808 
Feb. 6, 1839 


Alexander Classical School 


Alexander. Genesee co 


Amenia Seminary 

Ames Academy 

Amsterdam Female Seminary.. 

Angelica Academy 

Antwerp Liberal Lit. Inst 






Ames, Montgomery co 

Amsterdam, Montgomery co 

Angelica, Allegany co 


April 22, 1837 
Mar. 29, 1S39 
May 12,1836 






Astoria Institute 










Auburn Female Semin-iry* 


Auburn, Cayuga co 


April 18, 1838 


Aurora Academy'' 




April 30, 1833 
April 30, 1836 




Ball Seminarv" 


Hnosick Falls. Rensselaer co 

Balldton. Saratoga co 


Ballston Academy 

Batavia Female Academy 




Mar. 6, 1838 
April 8, 1S26 
Mar, 8, 1833 
Mar. 29, 1841 




Bernvillo Acad. & Fem. Sem... 






Feb. 28,1842 
Ang. 23, 1842 
April 1, 1811 
April 16, 1828 
Feb. 16, 1,842 
April 17, 1847 
April 7,1864 

Jan. 14,1847 

Jan. 10, 1860 
Oct. 14, 1851 






Blooming Grove Academy 






Bridgewater. Oneida co 


April 8,1826 


Brockport Collegiate Institute. 




April 23, 1829 
May 8, 1S46 
April 30, 1839 


Brooklyn Coll. & Polytech.lns. 
Brooklyn Coll. Inst, for Young 






Brooklyn Female Academy 


Brooklyn, Kings co 

Union, Broome co 


Brownville Female Seminary... 

Buffalo Female Academy 

Buffalo Female Seminary 

Buffalo Literary k Sci. Acad''.. 






Buffalo, Erie co 

Buffalo, Erie Co 


April 23, 1831 
April 17, 1827 







• a Jan. 29, 1S52 and July 21, 1853. The Institution had be- 
eome extinct under its first cliarter. 

6 Incorp. aa the *' Aurora Manual Labor Sominary." Name 
cbanged April 16, 183S. 



Named from L. Chandler Ball, principal founder of the In- 
stitution. 

<i Incorp. as the " Buffalo High School Association." Name 
changed. 



COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 



131 



Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. 



Nahe. 


Location, 


Incorp. by 
Legislature. 


Incorp. by 
Hegents. 


ICemarks. 


Cambridge Washington Acad... 


Cambridge, Washington co 

Canajoharie, Montgomery co 




Mar. 30, 1815 
Feb. 26,1828 
Mar. 4, 1795 
Jan. 23. 1840 
Oct. 20. 1853 
May 16, 1845 
Mar. 12, 1S04 

Mar. 23, 1801 
Aug. 23, 1842 
Jan. 15,1857 
July 9, 1857 
Feb. 8, 1796 
Feb. 27,1844 
April 21, 1857 
Oct. 12, 1864 
Mar. 17, 1835 
Feb. 5, 1839 
June 14, 1854 
Feb. 26,1839 
Nov. 17, 1787 
Feb. 27, 1826 
Mar. 29, 1836 
Feb. 15,1842 
Feb. 23,1849 


Extinct, 

Not organized. 

Provisional charter. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Not OEganized. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Provisional charter. 

Extinct. 

Extinct 
Extinct 

Extinct 
ProTisiona] Charter. 

Provisional Charter. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Provisional Charter. 
Merged in Genesee Coll. 

Merged in Geneva Coll. 


April 13, 1826 


Canandaigua Academy 




April 24, 1837 


Carlisle Seminary 

Cary Collegiate Seminary 










Catskill Female Seminary 

Cayuga Academy 

Champlain Academy 

CharlotteviHe Seminary 

Chautauqua Coll. Inst 




Mar. 24, 1820 






CharlotteviHe, Schoharie co 

Stockton, Chautauqua co 






Chester Academy 











Clarence Academy 

Clarkson Academy 








Claverack, Columbia co. 


Apiil 25, 1831 


Claverack Acad. & Hud. R. Ins. 

Clermont Academy 

Clinton Academy 

Clinton Grammar School 

Clinton Liberal Institute. 


Clermont, Columbia co 


April 26, 1834 


Clinton, Oneida co 


Mar. 28, 1817 
April 29, 1834 


Clinton, Oneida co 


Clover Street Seminary 

Collegiate Inst. City of N. Y... 
Collinsville Institute 


Brighton. Monroe co 

New York City 

West Turin. Lewis co 


April 7,1848 
July 10, 1851 
May 2, 1837 


Columbia Academy 

CooperstowD Female Academy 
Cooperstowu Seminary and Fe- 
male Coll. Institute 


Mot. 13, 1797 

June 14, 1854 
Feb. 2, 1819 


Cooperstown, Otsego co 


April 15, 1822 






Cortland Female Seminary 

Cortlandville Academy 

CoxBiickie Academy 

Dansville Seminary 


Cortlandville, Cortland co 


April IS, 1823 


Jan. 31, 1843 

Feb. 5, 1839 
Jan. 14, 1858 
AprU 13, 1842 
Feb. 2, 1820 
Jan. 29, 1839 
Jan. 30, 1838 
Dec. 3, 1847 

Mar. 22, 1855 

Feb. 1, 1792 
Jan. 23,1840 


Coxsackie, Greene co 


May 5, 1837 






Delaware Academy. 

Delaware Literary Institute 








AprU 23, 1835 
Mar. 30, 1836 








Dover Academy 

Dundee Academy 

Dunkirk Academy 

Dutchess County Academy 

East Bloomfield Academy 

Eastern Coll. Inst. City of N.Y. 

Ellington Academy 

Elmira Academy 

Elmira Collegiate Seminary.... 
Erasmus Hail 


Dover, Dutchess co 

Dundee, [Starkey] Yates co 

Dunkirk, Chautauqua co 


May 9, 1835 


May 1, 1837 


East Bloomfield, Ontario co 

New York City 


April 9,1838 
May 7, 1844 


Feb. 11, 1853 
Mar. 31,1840 
Oct. 20, 1853 
Nov. 17, 1787 
Mar. 6,1838 
Mar. 15, 1803 
Feb. 5, 1839 
Jan. 21, 1791 
Feb. 5, 1839 
April 21, 1857 

Oct. 11,1845 

Oct. 20,1853 
AprU 28, 1831 
Feb. 23, 1824 
Feb. 23,1830 
Feb. 8, 1849 
Jan. 26, 1830 
Jan. 29,1839 
Oct. 11, 1845 
Feb. 1,1866 

Jan. 8, 1857 
Mar. 9, 1836 
Mar. 27, 1846 
Feb. 7, 1829 
Mar. 29, 1813 

Feb. 4, 1847 
May 4,1841 
Jan. 12, 1842 
Jan. 11, 1855 
Feb. 19,1829 
















Westport, Essex co. 


May 1, 1834 




Falley Seminary*" 

Farmer's Hall 


Fulton, Oswego co 


May 24,1836 


Fayetteville, Onondaga co 


May 4, 1837 

Juiy'"9,"i86i 
May 11, 1835 
April 16, 1827 
May 13, 1845 
April 21, 1831 


Fayetteville Seminary 

Fem. Acad, of the Sacred Heart 

Fishkill Education Society 

Flushing Institute 

Fonda Academy 

Fort Covington Academy 

Fort Plain Seminary and Fe- 
male Collegiate Institute 

Franklin Academy^ 

Franklin Academy. 

Fredonia Academy 

Friendship Academy.. 


New York City 

Fishkill, Dutchesa co 

Flusliing. Queens co 

Fonda, Montgomery co 

Fort Covington, Franklin co 

Fort Plain, Montgomery co. 








Nov. 25,1824 




Gaines, Orleans co 

Galway, Saratoga co 


April 14, 1827 
May 26,1836 


Gal way Academy 


Genesee Conference Seminary... 
Genesee Manual Labor Sem«... 




Bethany, Genesee CO 

Batavia, Genesee co 


AprU 13, 1832 
May 11,1835 


Genesee Valley Seminary 

Genesee Wesleyan Seminary'*... 
Genesee k 'Wyoming Seminary 


Lima, Livingston co 

Alexander, Genesee co 


April 30, 1833 
Mar! 10,1827 






Geneva Union School 

Genoa Ac.ademy 

Gilbortsville Acad. & Coll. Inst. 

Glens Falls Academy 

Gloversville Union Seminary... 
Gouvemeur Wesleyan Sem/.... 




April 15, 1853 




Gilbertsviile. Oteego co 






Gouvemeur, St. Lawrence co. 


April 5,1828 



* Incorp. as "Fulton Female Seminary;" name changed to 
"Fulton Academy." April 11.1842; to the " Falley Seminary 
of the Ulack River Conference," April 11, 1849; and to the name 
given fibove. March 5, 1857. 

* Charter made perpetual June 23, 1851. 



" See act of March 27, 1834. <* See act of March, 1888, 

" Incorp. as the *' Livingston County High School." Namo 

changed May 13, 1846. 
/Incorp. as the "Gouverneur High School." Name chanc^ 

April 24, 1840. 



132 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Jncorp. by 
Lfgislature. 


Incorp. by 
Jiegents. 


Serruxrks. 


itrammar School Ct.luni. CoU.a 

Grammar School Madison Uni. 

Grammar School Univereity 

of Citv of New York" 






April 17, 1838 
June 17, 1863 

April 17, 1838 

April 16, 1830 
Feb. 27, 1841 
Feb. 27, 1810 
Jan. 29,1839 
Feb. 14.1851 
Feb. 23, 1824 
Jan. 17, 1866 
Jan. 29,1793 


Extinct. 
Sold in 1869. 

Merg. in Ham. CoU., 1812. 

Extinct. 

Now a private institatiOD. 
Provisional charter. 
Extinct. 
ExUnct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Merged in Ingbam Univ. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Merged in Public SchooU. 

Now a private institution. 

Merged in Ing. Coil. Inst. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Private School. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Provisional charter. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Changed to Mcnro CoU- 
Inst. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 






New York Citv 




Gram. School of N. Y. Cen. Coll. 


McGrawville, Cortland co. 


Mar. 31,1828 
April 25, 1831 


Greenbush & Schodack Acad... 

GreenviJlw Academy 

("Proton Academy 

Half Moon Academy 

Hamilton Academy 

Hamilton Female Seminary,,,. 

Hamilton Oneida Academy 

Harlem Lit. & Sci. Academy... 

Hartwick Seminary 

Ileddiug Literary Institute 

Hempstead Institute 

Hempstead Seminary 


East Greenbush, Rensselaer co... 

Greenville, Greene co 

Groton. Tompkins co 

Half Moon, .Saratoga co 


May 6,1837 








Kirkland. Oneida co 

Harlem, New York City 




Jan. 24,1829 


Aug. 13. 1S16 
Oct. 12,1864 
.T.an. 14, 1858 
Jan. 29, 18.39 
Feb. 11,1840 

Jan. 23, 1840 

Mar. 28, 1850 
Feb. 14, 1850 
Mar. 3,1807 






Hempstead, Qoeens co 




Hempste.'id. Queens co 

Herkimer, Herkimer CO 

Fishkill, Dntchess co 


May 2,1836 


Herkimer County Academy 

Highland Grove GvmnaBium... 

Hobart Hall Institute 

Holland Patent Academy 

HoUey Academy 

Hubbardsville Academy 

Hudson Academy 


April 11. 1831 
Mar. 16, 1839 
April 24, 1834 


Trenton, Oneida CO 

Holley. Orleans CO 

Hubbards Corners. Madison CO... 






Hudson River Agricult. Sem.,. 
Ingham Collegiate Institute^.. 
Ithaca Academy" 


Stockport. Columbia CO 

Le Roy, Genesee co 


May 6,1837 
April 6,1862 
Mar. 24, 1823 
April 16, 1836 
Nov. 27, 1824 
May 25, 1836 


Jan. 28, 1863 

Feb. 6, 1830 
Jan. 22.1833 
Jan. 30.1838 
Jan. 27,1794 
Oct. 26. 1860 
Jan. 12. 1842 
Feb. 6, 1839 
Feb. 19, 1828 
Feb. 6, 1839 
Feb. 3, 1796 
Feb. 16,1842 

Jan. 22, 1846 
Feb. 8, 1796 
Mar. 17, 1854 
Feb. 16. 1841 
April 16. 1S2S 
Sept. 20, 1849 


Jamestown Academy 


Jamestown. Chaut-iuqna co -. 


Jefferson County Institute^ 

Johnstown Academy 

Jonesville Academy 

Jordan Academy 

KeciM-ille Academy 

Kinderhook Academy 


"VVatertown. .Tefferson co 

Johnstown. Montgomery co 

Clifton Park, Sarjitoga co 

Jordan. Onondaga CO 

Keesevilie. Clinton co 

Kinderhook. Columbia co 


AprU 1,1850 


May 4, 1S35 
April 3,1824 


Kingston Academy 








May 9, 18.37 
AprU 23, 1836 


La Fayette High School 


La Fayette. Onondaga CO 






Lansingburgh, Rensselaer co 




Laurel Bank Seminary 

Le Koy Female Seminary 

Lewiston Hi<:h School Acad.... 

Liberty Normal Institute 

Literary & Sci. Inst, of York... 
Little Falls, The Academy at... 












Liherty. Sullivan co 


April 10, 1849 
Mar. 27, 1839 




Oct. 17,1844 

Oct. 26.1850 
Mar. 21, 1808 

.Tan. SO, 1845 
Jan. 29,1839 


Lockport, Niagara co 


May 26,1841 
Mar. 18, 1850 


Lockport Union School 

LowTille Academy 






Mar. 29, 1837 

April 11, 1842 
April 13, 1835 
Mar. 16, 1849 
Mar. 27, 1839 

April 24, 1834 
April 10, 1850 
April 20, 1836 
April 13, 1826 


Lyons Union School « 








Manlius. Onond.-iga co 


Mansion Square Female Sem... 






Feb. 5, 1839 
April 26. 1851 
Feb. 6, 1S.39 
Feb. 26,1828 
Jan. 26,1819 
Feb. 10, 1S41 
.Ian. 21,1791 
April 1,1S52 
.Tan. 23, 1840 
Feb. 16,1841 


:\larion Collegiate Institute 

Mayville Academy 

Medina Academy 


Marion. Wayne CO. 


Medina. Orleans co 

Mendon, Monroe co 

Mexico. Oswego Co 




Middlebury Academy 

Millville Academy 


Millville, Orleans co 


AprU 25, 1840 


■ Monticello Academy 












Moriah, Essex co 

Mount Pleasant, Westchester co.. 
Mount Pleasant. Westchester co.. 




Mount Pleasant Academy 

Mount Pleasant Academy 

Mount Pleasant Female Sem... 
Monroe Academy 


Mar. 2i, 1820 


April 3,1827 
M.av 10.1836 
July 2,1827 
Feb. 7. 1S43 
April 23, 1839 

Feb. 13.1844 
Mar. 3,1806 
AprU 29, 1836. 
Oct. 11,1845. 






















May 11,1835 












New Paltz Academy 




April 12, 1833. 






New Rochelle, Westchester 


April 13, 1826 
Mar. 15, 1822 
May 2,18.'!4 


Newtown Feni.ile Academy 

New Woodstock Academy 

New York Conference Sem 

New York Free Actderay 








Charlotteville, Schoharie co 

New Y'ork City 


Oct. 26, 1850 


May 7, 1847 


Oct. 31,1849 



« See act of above date. 

* Changed to the Ingham University. April 3, 1S57. 
« Entitled to share in Literature Fund, by act of April 17 
IS26. 



d Incorporated ae the " Black Kiver Literary and Theological 
Institute." Name changed May 12, 1846. 

* Again incorp. by statute May 7, 1840. 

/ Incorp. as the *' Rensselaer Oswego Academy." Name 
changed May 14, IS45. 



COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 



133 



Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. 



New York Inet. Deaf & riimb" 
North (iranville Female Sem... 

North Iltbron Institute 

North Saleni Academy 

Norwich Acadomy 

Norwich Union Seminary 

Nuiula Literary Institute. 

Ogdeusburgh Academy' 

Olean Academy 

Oneida Conference Seminary".. 
Oneida Inst, of Sci. & Industi-y 

Oneida Seminary 

Onondaga Academy 

Ontario Female Seminary. 

Ontario High School 

Orleans Academy 

Oswegutchie Academy 

Oswego Academy 

Otsego Academy 

Ovid Academy 

Owego Academy 

Oxford Academy 

Oyster Bay Academy 

Packer CoHegiate Institute 

Palmj'ra Academy 

Palmyra High Scnool 

Palmyra Classical Union School 

Peekskill Academy 

Pembroke & Darien Class. Sch. 

Penfield Seminary 

Perry Academy 

Perry Center Institute 

Peterboro Academy 

Phippa Union Seminary 

Piermont Academy 

Plattsburgh Academy 

Pompey Academy 

Poaghkeepsie Coilegiate School 
Pouglikeepsie Female Academy 
Poughkeepsie Female Seminary 

Prattsville Academy 

Preble High School 

Princetown Academy 

Prospect Academy 

Pulaski Academy 

Randolph Acad. ABsociation,.... 

Red Creek Academy 

Redhook Academy 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.... 

Rensselaerville Academy 

Rhinebeck Academy 

Richburgh Acadomy 

Richmondvillo Union Seminary 

A Female Collegiate Inst 

Ridgebury Academy 

Riga Academy 

Rochester Cnllegiate Institute.. 

Rochester Female Acadomy 

Rochester High School 

Rochester Inst. General Educ, 
Rochester Inst. Practical Educ. 
Rockland County Female Inst. 
Rogersville Union Seminary.... 

Rome Academy 

Rome Academy 

Royalton Center Academy 

Rural Academy 

Rushford Academy. 

Rutgers Female Iiistitute** 

Rye Academy 

Sag Uarbor institute 

St. Lawrence Academy 

St. Paul's College, The Propri- 
etors of. 

Baud Lake Academy 

Saratoga Acad. & Sci. Inst 

Saugerties Academy 

Sauquoit Acj^deray 

Schaghticoke Seminary. 

Schenectady Academy. 

Schenectady Lyceum A Acad/.. 
Schenectady Young Ladies' Sem 
Schoharie Academy 



New York City 

Granville, Washington co 

Hebron, Washington co 

North Salem, Westcheater co 

Norwich, Chenango co, 

Norwich, Chenango co 

Nunda, Livingston co 

Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence co 

Olean. Cattaraugus co 

Cazenovia, Madison co , 

Whitesboro'. Uneida co 

Oneida, Madison co 

Onondaga, Onondaga co'. 

Canandaigua, Ontario co 

Victor, Ontario co 

Orleans. Jefferson co _ 

Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence co- 
West Oswego, Oswego co 

Cherry Valley, Otaego co , 

Ovid, Seneca co 

Owego, Tioga co 

Oxford, Chenango co 

Oyster Bay, Queens Co.. 

Brooklyn, Kings co 

Palmyra, Wayne co 

Palmyra, Wayne co 

Palmyra, Wayne co 

Peekskill, Westchester co , 

Pembroke. Darien, Genesee co.... 

Penfield, Monroe co 

Perry, Wyoming co 

Perry Center, Wyoming co 

Peterboro, Madison co 

Albion, Orleans co 

Piermont, Rockland co 

Plattsburgh. Clinton co 

Pompey, Onondaga co 

Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co 

Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co 

Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co 

Prattsville, Greene co 

Preble, Cortland co 

Princetown, Schenectady co 

Prospect, Oneida co 

Pulaski, Oswego co 

Randolph, Cattaraugus co 

Red Creek. Wayne co 

Redhook, Dutchess co 

Troy, Rensselaer co 

RensselaeiTille. Albany co 

Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co 

Richburgh, Allegany co 



Richmondville, Schoharie co.. 

Minisink, Orange co 

Riga, Monroe co 

Rochester, Monroe CO 

Rochester, Monroe co 

Rochester, Monroe co 



Rochester, Monroe co 

Rochester. Monroe co 

Orangetown, Rockland co... 

Rogersville. Steuben co , 

Rome, Oneida CO 

Rome. Oneida co 

Royalton, Niagara co 

Montgomery. Orange CO.... 

Rushford, Allegany co 

New York City 

Rve. Westchester co 

Sag Harbor, Suffolk co 

Potsdam, St. Lawrence co.. 



Incorp. by 
Leyiskiture. 



April 15, 1817 

Ma'r!"i6,*1837 
April 20, 1835 
Aprii 6, 1825 



April 14, 1825 
April 6,1830 

April 26,* 1833 
AprU 25, 1833 

Aprii*i3,"l826 



Mar. 19, 1853 
April U,1S42 
Mar. 2S, 1829 
April 7, 1S57 
April 16, 1838 
April 6, 1838 



April 21, 1828 



May 26, 1836 
May 10, 1836 
Mar. 19,1834 



April 34, 1834 



June 4, 1853 



Mar. 27, 1839 
April 23. 1823 
May 8, 1837 



April 30, 1839 



April 21, 1837 
Mar. 15, 1827 

April 19, 1828 
April 14, 1832 



April 28, 1835 
Jan. 28, 1S4S 
April 9, 1839 



April 10, 1838 
April 13, 1826 



May 9, 1840 
April 28, 1835 



Flushing. Queens co 

Sand Lake, Rensselaer co 

Saratoga Springs 

Saugerties. Ulster CO. 

Sauquoit, Oneida co i] 

Schaghlicoke, Rentiselaer co. May 4, 1830 

Schenectady, Schenectady co 

Schenectady. Schenectady co Mar. 21, 1837 

Schenectady. Schenectady CO Mar. 22. IS.37 

Schoharie, Schohitrie co I April 28, 1837 



Jncorp. by 
Heg'nus. 



Yfh. 


10 


ISM 


Mar 


IT 


lti64 


Kfib. 


)» 


17!)n 


I'eb. 


14 


1843 



Jan. 30, 1845 
Feb. 5, 1839 
AprU 11, 1863 
Jan. 29, 1828 
Mar. 24, 1829 
July 9,1857 
April 10, 1813 
Jan. 29, 1828 

Feb. 5, 1851 



Feb. 8, 1796 
Jan. 26,1830 
AprU 16, 1828 
Jan. 27,1794 
Mar. 15, 1803 
Jan. 11, 1855 

July 2,1833 

Feb. 5, 1839 



Oct. 


8, 1867 


April 7,1864 


Jan. 


31, 1843 


Jan. 


23, 1863 


Feb. 


11, 1840 


Mar 


15, 1S42 


Mar. 


4, 1829 


Mar. 


11, 1811 


Feb. 


9, 1839 


Feb. 


28, 1837 


Jan. 


31, 1850 


Oct. 


20, 1853 


Jan. 


24,1861 


.Tan. 


24, 1851 


Feb. 


6,1846 


Feb. 


23, 1829 


Feb. 


5. 1846 


Jan. 


30, 1846 


Feb. 


23, 1841 


April 


12, 1880 


Feb. 


10, 18.54 


Feb. 


11, 1840 


May 


11, 1846 


Feb. 


26, 1S39 


Feb. 


6, 1839 


April 


19,1831 


Oct!' 


i2,'l855 


Jan. 


28, 1853 


Mar. 


15, 1849 


AprU 


1, 1852 


Mar. 


4, 1852 


Jan. 


23,1840 


Jan. 


20, 1848 


Mar. 


26, 1S16 


Feb. 


19,1846 


April 


7, 18.54 


April 


6,1849 



.Ian. 29, 1793 

Feb. 5, 1S39 

Feb. 6, 1839 

Feb. 5. 1839 



Remarks, 



Extinct. 

Merged in Public Scbopl). 



Extinct. 
Provisional Chanel 



Extinct. 
Extinct. 



Extinct. 



Provisional Charter. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 



Extinct. 

Not organized. 

Extinct. 



Extinct. 

Became private inst. 1855. 

Extinct. 



Extinct. 

Merged in Rocheeter Col- 
legiate Institute. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Provisional charter. 

Extinct. 



Not organized. 



Extinct. 
Extinct. 



Extinct. 

Merged in Union Coll. 1795 

Extinct. 



• Entitled to a share of the Literature Fund by act of April 
15, 1S3(>. ' ^ 

6 Merged in the Public School System of Ogdensburgh bv 
act of April 13, 18.57. 

« Incorp. as tho " Seminary of the Genesee Conference ;" name 



changed to "Seminary of Genesee and Oneida Conference** 
March 24, 1829. iind to the present name May 8, 1835. 
''Charter amended March 16. 1858. 

• Revived by act of April 17. 1818. See alsoact of April 25, 1831* 
/Allowed to educate females by act of March 28, 1839. 



1 



134 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 
Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. 



Naub. 



Iv^orp. by 
Lcgislaturt. 



Jncryrp. by 
Kegmts. 



Semarki. 



Schuyleryille Aciidemy 

Scientific * Military Academy 

of Western District 

Seneca Falls Academy • 

Seward Female Seminary of 

Rochester 

Sherburne Academy 

Skaneateles Academy 

Rodus Academy 

Sonthold Academy 

Spencertown Academy 

Springville Academy 

S. S. Seward Institute 

Starkey Seminary 

Steuben Academy 

Stillwater Academy 

Stillwater Seminary 

Sullivan County Academy 

Susquehanna Seminary 

Syracuse Academy 

Ticonderoga Academy 

Troy Academy 

Troy Episcopal Institute 

Troy Female Seminary 

Trumausburgh Academy 

Turin Academy 

Unadilla Academy 

Union Academy 

Union Academy 

Union Hall 

Union Literary Society 

Union Village Academy 

Utica Academy 

Utica Academy 

Utica Female Academy 

Vernon Academy 

Victory Academy ■••••• 

Wallabont Select Gram. School 
of the 7th Ward in the City 

of Brooklyn 

Wallkill Academy 

Walton Academy 

Walworth Academy 

Warnerraie Union Seminary 

& Female Institute 

Warsaw Union School 

Warwick Institute 

Washington Academy 

Washington Academy 

Washington County Semmary 

4 Collegiate Institute 

Waterford Academy 

Waterford Female Academy.... 

Waterloo Academy 

Waterloo Union School 

Watertown Academy** 

Waverly Institute 

Weedsport Academy 

Westfield Academy — 

West Hebron Classical School.. 

Westtown Academy 

West Winfield Academy 

Whitehall Academy 

Whitehall Academy 

White Plains Academy 

Wbitesboro' Academy 

Whitestown Seminary 

Wilson Collegiate Institute 

Windsor Academy 

Windsor Academy 

Vates Academy •■••:■■ 

Yates County Academy & Fe- 
male Seminary 

Yates Polytechnic Institnt' 



Schuylerville, Saratoga Co.. 



Wbitesboro', Oneidaco.... 
Seneca Falls, Seneca co. 



Rochester, Monroe co 

Sherburne, Chenango CO 

Skaneateles, Onondaga co 

Sodus, Wayne co 

Southold, Suffolk CO 

Spencertown, Columbia CO 

Springville, Erie co 

Florida, Orange CO ^ 

Starkey, Yates CO 

Steuben, Oneida co 

Stillwater, Saratoga CO 

Stillwater, Saratoga co 

Bloomingburgh, Sullivan co 

Binghamton, Broome co 

SjTacuse, Onondaga co 

Ticonderoga, Essex co 

Troy, Rensselaer co 

Troy, Rensselaer co 

Troy, Rensselaer CO 

Ulysses, Tompkina co 

Turin, Lewis co 

Unadilla, Otsego co. 

Stone Arabia, Montgomery Co.. 

Granger, Allegany co 

Jamaica, Queens co 

Belleville, Jefferson co 

Union Village, Washington CO.. 

Utica, Oneida CO 

Utica, Oneida co , 

Utica, Oneida co 

Vernon, Oneida co 

Victory, Cayuga co 



Jan. 23, 1840 



April n 
AprUa 



, 1S26 
,1837 



AprU 5,1839 

Apriii4,"i829 

Aprii2V,"i837 
May 13,1845 
Mar. 19, 1827 
May 7, 1847 

Aprii'i7,"i826 

April 6,"i828 
Aprii 28,"i835 



9,1829 
6, 1839 



11, 1840 
23,1840 



Jan. 11,1855 



Jan. 

Feb. 



Feb. 
Jan. 



Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Feb. 



3,1847 
26, 1830 

4, 1848 
25, 1848 
29, 1828 
29, 1839 
25, 1848 



May 6, 1834 
April 13, 1839 
May 6, 1837 

Aprii 30, 1839 



AprU 13, 1826 



Mar. 31, 1831 
April 7,1854 
Feb. 6, 1839 
AprU 8,1858 
Feb. 6, 1839 

Jiin. 30,1838 
July 6, 1854 



Extinct. 



Extinct. 

Merged in Public Schools, 



Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 



Brooklyn. Kings co 

Wallkill, Orange CO 

Walton, Delaware co.... 
Walworth, Wayne co... 



Warnerville, Schoharie co. .. 

Warsaw. Wyoming co 

Warwick, Orange co 

Salem, Washington CO 

Warwick, Orange co 



May 26,1853 
April 28, 1S37 
April 18, 1838 
May 21,1836 

May 4, 1839 
May 26,1841 

iil^y'iiiiisii 



AprU 1,1852 
Mar. 31,1795 
Jan. 11,1855 
Feb. 29,1792 
Jan. 6, 1830 
Jan. 23, 1840 
Mar. 14, 1814 



Feb. 
Feb. 



6,1839 
6, 1839 



Extinct. 
Provisional charter. 



Merged in Public Schools. 



April 28, 1834 
Aprii'il,'i842 
May"'2,"i835 



Fort Edward, Washington co 

Waterford, Saratoga co 

Waterford, Saratoga CO 

Waterloo, Seneca co 

Waterloo. Seneca co 

Watertown, Jefferson CO 

Waverlv, Tioga CO I ;— ••.;'ii"'iaia 

Weedsport, Cayuga CO April 18, 1838 

Westfield. Chautauqua CO May 6, 18oi 

Hebron, Washington CO 

Westtown, Orange CO 

West Winfield, Herkimer co 

Whitehall, Washington co 

Whitehall, Washington co 

White Plains, .Westchester co 

Whitesboro', Oneida CO - 

Whitcbboro*, Oneida co 

W ilBon, Kiagara co 

Windsor, Broome co 

Windsor, Broome co 

Yates Center, Orleans co 



April 18, 1839 
Aprii 20,"i839 
Aprii 19,1828 

May 16,1837 



Penn Tan, Yates co 

Chittenango, Madison Co.. 



April 17, 1828 



Feb. 13, 1842 
Feb. 10, 1854 
AprU 19, 1843 

.Tan. 27,1864 
Jan. 11, 1S55 
Mar. 17,1854 
Feb. 16, 1791 
Mar. 25, 1811 

July 6,1854 
Feb. 6, 1839 
Mar. 19, 1819 
Aug. 23, 1842 
Oct. 11,1865 

Jan. 21,1858 

Feb. 6. 1839 
Mar. 22, 1865 
Jan. 30,1840 
Feb. 14,1851 

6ct'.'"27',"i848 
Jan. 26,1830 
Mar. 23, 1813 
Mar. 27, 1845 
Feb. 19, 1846 

Mar'."i6,"i849 
Aug. 23, 1842 

Jan. 25.1830 
April 11. 1S63 



Extinct 



Not organized. 



Extinct 

Extinct. 

Merged in Union School. 



Extinct 
Extinct. 



Extinct. 
Extinct. 



Extinct, 



Extinct. 



. Charter repealed Feb. 19, 1S41. Merged in Black River Literary and ReligiouB Institute. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 




Ample provisions have been made by the State for the establish- 
ment and support of public schools throughout its borders. To 
this end the whole inhabited portions of the State have been divided 
into convenient districts, in each of which a school is taught some 
portion of the year and is open to all and within the reach of all. 
These schools are supported in part by money derived from the 
State, in part by a rate bill collected from parents of children 
attending school, and in part by a tax upon the property of the 
district.^ 

Scliool Districts are formed and altered by school com- 
missioners. These districts are so formed as to best accommodate 
all the inhabitants of the various localities and at the same time 
secure efficiency in school organizations. Each district has a schoolhouse and a library. Its 
monetary affairs are arranged, and its officers elected, at annual meetings of all the taxable in- 
habitants. Its officers are trustees, a clerk, a collector, and a librarian.^ 

School Commissioners are elected in each of the Assembly districts of the State outside 
of the cities, and have the general supervision of schools. They examine and license teachers, 
visit the schools, and in every possible Avay endeavor to advance the general interests of education. 
They report annually to the State department of education. 

Tlie State Superintendent of Public Instruction is the administrative officer 
of the school department. He has an office in the State Hall at Albany, and has a deputy and 
the necessary number of clerks. He hears and decides appeals from the school officers and Com- 
missioners, and has the general supervision of the common schools, Indian schools, the Institution 
for the Deaf and Dumb, and all similar institutions in the State. He is ex officio a member of the 
Board of Regents of the University, is chairman of the Executive Committee of the Normal 
School, and a trustee of' the State Asylum for Idiots. He also apportions the school fund among 
the several counties and districts as the law directs. 

The school fund of the State, derived from a variety of sources, in 1859 yielded a revenue of 
$264,500.^ This sum, and the amount derived from the J mill tax, is divided among the schools 
as follows: — One-third is divided among the districts in proportion to the number of teachers 
employed, and the remaining two-thirds are distributed to the several counties in proportion to 
their population, and thence distributed to the districts in proportion to the number of children 
between the ages of 4 and 21. 

District JLibraries were established in 1838 ; and from that period to 1851, with few inter- 
missions, the sum of ^55,000 was annually appropriated for the purchase of books.* These 



1 In 1859 the amount divided by the State among tlie several 
districts was $1,316,607.18. Of this sum $1.062,1U7.1.H v.'na de- 
rived from the J mill State tax, and $264,500 from the interest of 
the common school fund. 

A record ia kept of the attendance of each pupil, and the 
amount due for teachers' wages above that received from the 
State is assessed in proportion to this attendance. Cost of 
fuel, repairs, and the amount of rate bills abated to indigent 
parents are met by a tax upon the property of the district. 

2 District Meetings decide upon questions of building and re- 
pairing eohoolhouses, furnishing them, providing fuel aud facili- 
ties for teaching, within tlie limits of the law. The annual 
meetings for the election of officers are held on the second Tuesday 
of Oct. throughout the State. The Board of Trustees, consisting 
of 1 or 3 at the option of the district, constitute the executive 
officers of the district. The Trustees engage teachers, properly 
furnish the srhoolhouse. provide fuel, and execute the wishes of 
the district as expressed in the district meetings. They have 
also the care of the district library. The Clerk preseiTcs the 
records of the district and calls district meetings. 

* The school fund was chiefly derived from the following 

sources ; — 

1799, Seven-eighthB of four lotteries of $100,000, aggre- 
gate $ 87.500 

1801, One-half of lotteries of $100,000. aggregate 50.000 

1805, Proceeds of 500,000 acres of land sold. 
" Stock subscribed in Merchants* Bank, and in- 
creased in 1807 and '08. 

1816, One-half of the proceeds of the Crumhorn Moun- 
tain Tra*;t of 6,944i acres, amounting to 5,208 



1819, One-half of the arrears of quitrents 

" An exchange of securities between general and 
common school fund, by which the school fund 

gained 

" Proceeds of escheated lands in Jlilitary Tract given. 

1822, By the Constitution, all public lands, amounting to 

991,659 acres, were given to the school fund. 

1827, Balance of loan of 1786. amounting to 

" Bank stock owned by the State 

" Canal '■ " " " 

1838, From the revenue of the United States deposit 

fund, annually 

An additional sum from the same fund for libraries 



$26,690 
161,641 



33,616 
100,000 
150,000 

110.000 
55,000 

The sum of $25,000 from the revenue of the United States 
deposit fund is annually added to the capital of the common 
school fund ; and the capital of this fimd is declared by the Con- 
stitution to be iuviolate. 

In directing the sale of the public lands, the State reserved 
certain lots in the 10 Towns of St. Lawrence co. and in theCho- 
nango 20 Townships, for gospel and school purposes. The pro- 
ceeds from the sales of these lands have formed a local fund for 
the benefit of the towns in which they lie. Many uther tuwna 
have small funds, derived from fines and pcnultied, ai'plicable ta 
schools. See p. 47. 

* The following directions are given in the selection of books :- • 

" 1. No works written professedly to uphold or attack any 
sect or creed in our country claiming to be a religious one shall 
be tolerated in the school libraries. 

"2. Standard works on other topics shtUl not be ezcloded 

i;;5 



136 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



libraries, free to every person in the district, generally comprise books on scientific and literary 

subjects and affording means of information which would otherwise be unattainable. 

The State IVormal School -was established in 1844, for the instruction and practice of 
teachers of common schools in the science of education and the art of teaching. It is supported 
by an annual appropriation from the literature fund, and is under the immediate charge of an 
executive committee appointed by the Regents of the University. Each county in the State is 
entitled to send twice as many pupils to the school as it sends members to the Assembly. The 
pupils receive tuition and the use of textbooks free, and also receive a small amount of mileage. 
The school is located at the corner of Howard and Lodge Streets, Albany.^ 

The law makes provision for the establishment of Union Free Schools wherever the 
inhabitants may desire it, and for the formation of Colored Schools in districts where the 
presence of colored children is offensive to a majority of the people of the district.^ 

Previous to the Revolution no general system of education was established. All the schools 
that had been founded were of a private character or the result of special legislation. The 
necessity and importance of common schools had not been recognized, and education was princi- 
pally confined to the wealthier classes. At the first meeting of the State Legislature, in 1787, 
Gov. Clinton called the attention of that body to the subject of education, and a law was passed 
providing for the appointment of the Regents of the University. In 1789 an act was passed appro- 
priating certain portions of the public lands for gospel and school purposes. In 1793 the Regents 
in their report recommended the establishment of a general system of common schools ; and in 
1795 Gov. Clinton in his message to the Legislature strongly urged the same.* On the 9th of 
April of that year a law was passed "for the purpose of encouraging and maintaining schools in 
the several cities and towns in this State, in which the children of the inhabitants of the Stat« 
shall be instructed in the English language, or be taught English grammar, arithmetic, mathe- 
matics, and such other branches of knowledge as are most useful and necessary to complete a good 
English education." By tiiis act the sum of £20,000, or $50,000, was annually appropriated for 
5 years for the support of these schools,* 

The beneficial result of this system, imperfect as it was, became at once apparent; and from time 
to time measures were taken to increase the funds and to improve the system.^ The successive 
Governors nearly all strongly recommended the passage of new laws for the encouragement and 
support of schools f but nothing definite was accomplished until 1811, when 5 commissioners were 



because they incidentally and indirectly betray the religious 
opinions of their laithorB. 

"3. Works, avowedly on other topics, which abound in direct 
and unreserved attacks on, or defense of. the character of any 
religious sect, or those wliich hold up any religious body to con- 
tempt or execration by .singling out or bringing together only 
the darker parts of its history or character, shall be excluded 
from the school libraries. In the selection of books for a dis- 
trict library, infurniation, and not mere amusement, is to be 
regarded aa the primary object. Suitable provision should, 
however, bo ninde fnr the intellectual wants of the young, by 
furnishing them with boohs which, without being merely 
juvenile in their charactiT.may be level totheir comprehension 
and sufiBciently entertaining to excite and gratify a taste for 
reading. It is useless to buy hooka which are not read." — Code 
ofPiiMic Tii^t., 1856. p. .328. 

1 Males are admitted at 18 and females at 16 years of age; 
and upon entering; each one is required to sign a pledge that 
he intends to become a teacher. The number of graduates up 
to the close of the thirteenth year. 1S5&-57, was 999, and the 
number of pupils at that time was 22.3. The school for several 
years occupied the building near the head of State Street, now 
known as "Van Vechten Hall." In 184S tlie present building 
was erected, at a cost of $25,000. The experimental school 
taught by the graduating class numbers somewhat over 100 
pupils. These pay tuition, and are elected or appointed by the 
Executive Committee. 

2 Under the Union Free School law a large number of schools 
have been established in different parts of the State. These 
schools are supported by a direct tax upon the property of the 
district, and the rate bill system is discarded. Free schools are 
established iu all the cities and in most of the larger villages in 
the State by special laws. In most cases the free schools are 
graded, and comprise 3 or 4 distinct departments, furnishing 
instruction from the primary to a full academic course. Being 
entirely free and within the reach of all, they afford to every 
child, regardless of his position in life, an opportunity to secure 
a thorough English education. These free schools rank among 

• the best public schools in the country; and they have tlius far 
proved superior to those in which the rate bill system is retained. 

3 Is his message Governor Clinton uses the following lan- 
Fuagft. — '"While it is evident that the general establishment 
and liberal endowment of academies are highly to be com- 
mended and ai'e attended with tht most beneficial cousequcuces, 



yet it cannot be denied that they are principally confined to the 
children of the opulunt. and that a gieat portion of the commu- 
nity is excluded from their immediate advantages. The esta- 
blishment of common schools tliroughout the State is happily 
calculated to remedy this inconvenience, and will therefore en- 
gage your early and decided consideration." 

* The principal featui'es of the system inau^rated by this act 
were as follows : — 

1. The public money was to he appropriated to the several 
counties in the proportion of their repre*entation in the Legis- 
lature, and to the towns in proportion to theuumber of taxable 
inhabitants in each. 

2. The Bo-irds of Supervisors ^were required to raise by tax 
one-half as much as they received from the State. 

3. Each town was to elect not less thau 3 nor more than 7 
commissioners, to take general charge of the schools, to examine 
teachers, and to apportion the public moneys in the several dis- 
tricts. 

4. The people in each district were authorized to elect 2 or 
more trustees, to employ teachers, and to attend to the special 
interests of the school. 

5. The public money was to be divided among the various 
districts In proportion to the number of days' instruction givea 
in each. 

6. Annual reports were to be made from the districts, towns, 
and counties. 

The returns of 1798 show a total of 1,352 schools organized 
and 59,6e0 chddren taught. 

6 An act was passed in 1799 authorizing the raising of $100,000 
by 4 lotteries. $S7.500 of which wa'^ appropriated for the support 
of common schools. In ISO! ^lOO.OOiT more was raised by lottery 
for school purposes, of which sum $50,000 was devoted to com- 
mon schools. In ISOO a bill aj)propriating $50,000 to the sup- 
port of common schools passed the Assembly, hut was defeated 
in the Senate. 

« Gov. Jay, in 1800, Gov. Geo. ainton, in 1802, Gov. Lewis, in 
1804 and '05, and Gov. Tompkins, in several successive years, 
urged upon the Legislature the necessity of revising the school 
laws and of making nmre liberal appropriations for the support 
of scho<,"»ls. Several bills weie introduced into the Legislature; 
but they were all defeated in either the S'-nate or Assembly. In 
the mean time the scbool moneyB gradually increased, and were 
funded by the Comptroller, laying the foundation of the present 
large school fund. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



137 



appointed to report a complete system for the organization and establishment of common schools. 
The commissioners made a report, accompanied by a draft of a bill, Feb. 14, 1812. The report was 
accepted by the Legislature, and the bill became a law.^ Under this act, Gideon Hawley was ap- 
pointed Superintendent, and continued in office from 1813 to 1821. The great success which this 
Bystem met with, and the firm hold which it speedily attained, is mainly due to the administrative 
abilities and indefatigable exertions of Mr. Ilawley. Several important changes were made in the 
law dui-ing his administration, all of which tended greatly to improve the schools. In 1821 the 
office of State Superintendent was abolished, and the superintendence of schools was made au ap- 
pendage to the department of Secretary of State. Every successive year the Governor and Secre- 
tary of State urged upon the Legislature the necessity of systematizing the schools and of 
correcting obvious defects in the existing laws.^ In 1835 a law was passed providing for the esta- 
blishment of teachers' departments in 8 academies, 1 in each of the Senatorial Districts of the State.^ 
In 1838 the District Library system was established by law ;* and in 1841 the office of Deputy Su- 
perintendent was created.^ In 1843 the Board of Town Inspectors and School Commissioners was 
abolished and the office of Town Superintendent was substituted. May 7, 1844, an act was passed 
for the establishment of a State Normal School; and the school was opened at Albany on the 18th 
of Dec. following.^ 

Ou the 13th of Nov. 1847, the Legislature abolished the office of County Superintendent, — al- 
though the act was strongly resisted by many of the best friends of education in the State.' During 
the same session Teachers' Institutes, which had existed for several years as voluntary associa- 
tions, were legally established.^ 

On the 26th of March, 1849, an act was passed establishing free schools throughout the State. 
By the conditions of this act the rate bill system was abolished, and the whole expense of the 
schools beyond the State appropriation was made a tax upon the property of the district. This act 
was submitted to a vote of the people and was sustained by a majority of 3 to 1. In consequence 
of the inequality of the laws in regard to taxes, it was found that the Free School system did not 
work well in practice. Remonstrances poured in upon the next Legislature from ail parts of the 



1 These commissioners, appointed by Gov. Tompkins, were 
Jedediah Peck, John Murray, jr., Samuel Kussel, liogcr Skin- 
ner, and Samuel Macomb. Tho principal features of thia bill 
were, — 

1. $50,000 was annually to be divided among the counties of 
the State. 

2. The Boards of Supervisors were obliged to raise an equal 
sum, to be iliatributed among the towns and districts. 

3. Three commissioners were to be appointed in each town to 
superintend the schools and examine teachers. ' 

4. Three trnstees were to be elected in each district to engage 
teachers and otherwise provide for tho local necessities of the 
school. 

5. The whole system was to be placed under the charge of a 
State Superintendent. 

* In 1813 the olfice of School Commissioner was created, and 
from 3 to 6 school inspoctora were annually elected in each 
town, with the same powi^rs and duties as school comrab^sion- 
ers. Bills were introduced from time to time to place the whole 
system again under the charge of a distinctive oflRcer. to pro- 
vide for more efficient supervision of schools, to secure more 
competent teachers, and to establish a seminary for the instruc- 
tion of teachers: but they all failed of receiving the necessary 
support. In 1828 the number of inspectors was reduced to 3. 
Tho laws that were passed corrected tho most obvious abuses ; 
but no great step was taken in advance until 1S38. 

8 Erasmus llall Academy in Kings co., Montgomery Aca- 
demy, Orange co., Kinderliook, St. Lawrence, Fairfield, Oxford, 
Canandalgua, and Middlebury Academies, were the institutions 
in which this department was established. 

4 On the 13th of April of this year, the foundations of the 
District School Library were laid by "an act authorizing the 
taxable inhabitants of the several school districts to impose a 
tax not exceeding $20 for the tirst year and SIO for each suc- 
ceeding year, for the purchase of a district library, consisting 
of such books as they shall in their district meeting direct." 
This bill was ably advocated in the Senate by Col. Young, of Sa- 
ratfjga, and the Hon. Levi Beardsley, of Otsego; and its friends 
were indebted for its success to the untiring exertions and ex- 
tensive influence of .James Wadsworth. of Cenepeo. By aft ol 
July 9, 1851, the law was modified, giving to supervisors of 
towns a discretionary power of levying a tax for library pur- 
poses. 

In 1838 an act was passed requiring $55,000 of tho school 
moneys to bo distributed among the school districts and ex- 
ptiQded by the trustees in the purchase of suitable books for 
district libraiies, and the residue for the payment of the w.iges 
of duly qualified teachers. An equal amount was also requned 
to bo raised by taxation on the several counties and towns and 
Applied to tbo some purposes. 



The first definite proposition to establish district librariea 
was made by A. C. Flagg, in his report of la30. 

6 In 1S39, .!ohu C. Spencer, Superintendent of Schools, recom- 
mended a plan of county supervision, which " was urged upon 
the department and the Legislature; and under the strong re- 
commendation of the Superintendent, backed by the exertions 
of several of the most eminent friends of popular education,^ 
among whom may be enumerated the Hon. Jabez 1). llammund, 
who as early ns 1835 had given to the public the details of a 
plan essentially similar; the Itev. Dr. Whitehouse, of Koch- 
ester; Francis Dwight, Esq., editor of the District tfchoul Juur- 
ual, then of tieneva; Profc-ssor Potter, of Union College; and 
James Wadsworth, Esq., of Geneseo, — this project became, in 
lh41, by the nearly unanimous action of the Legislature, incor- 
porated with our syntem of common schools." — JiandaWs Ojm- 
nwn School iSystemj p. 44. 

c The establishment of a Normal School for the professional 
education of teachers was strongly advocated by several Super- 
intendents, and had been a favorite measure of many distin- 
guished friends of the cause for many years. The bill fur tho 
establishment of tho Korniai School was introduced March 22, 
1844, by Hon. Calvin T. Hurlburd, of St. Lawrence. The bill, 
as passed, appropriated SU,600 fur the first yeai*, and $10,OUO per 
year for five years, for the support of the school, under the di- 
rection of the State Superintendent and Kegents of the Uni- 
versity. The Superintendent of Schools, (Sauiutl Young.) KttV. 
Alonzo Potter, Kev. VI. II. Campbell, Uon. Gideon Hawley, and 
irancis Dwight, Esq., wore appointed an executive committee 
to attend to the interests of tho school. The committee pro- 
ceeded to organize the school by the appointment of David P. 
Page, Principal; Frederick I. llsley, Teacher of Music; and 
J. B. Howard, Teacher of Drawing. Only 29 pupils were in at- 
tendance the first day; but tho number speedily increased to 
loo, and since that time the school has been an uninterrupted 
success. 

7 This oflBce had become very unpopular in some sections of 
the Stitte, in consequence of appointments having been fre- 
quently made by the Board of Supervisors up^n political con- 
siderations merely, without the kast regard to the qualifica- 
tions of the appointees. Under tho supervision of the County 
Superintendents the schools had progressed more rapidly than 
ever belbre, in the same period ; and after the aboli^ihment of 
that otfice they steadily retrograded fur several years. 

« The first Teachers' Institute in the State was held at Ithaca, 
Tompkins co.. April 4, 1843. under the direction of James S. 
Deuman, County Superintendent. Immediately afterw.ird. in- 
stitutes were held in other counties; and in a few jwirs they 
became a lixed institution. Jn 1847 they were recognized by 
the Legislature, and appropriations were made for their sup- 
port. 



138 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



State ; and in 1850 the law waa again submitted to a vote of the people and again sustained, — though 
by a decreased majoi-ity. In April, 1851, the Free School Act was repealed and the rate bill system 
was reinstated.' 

During the session of 1853 a law was passed allowing Union Free Schools to be established 
under certain conditions.^ On the 30th of March, 1854, the office of Superintendent of Public In- 
struction was created, — thus substantially restoring tlie original system of general supervision.' 
On the 13th of April, 1855, a law was passed allowing the Regents of the University to designate 
certain academies in the several counties in which a teachers' class might be taught free, the State 
allowing SIO for each pupil so taught, to a number not exceeding 20 iu each academy. 

1 At the time of the repeal of the Free School act a provision 
was made for raisiuK $800,000 auDually by a State tax, which 
in many of the rural districts practically made free schools. 
This tax was afterward made a i mill tax upon all the property 
of the State, producing a sum somewhat larger in the aggregate, 
and one increajiiug with the wealth and wants of the State. 

2 The law for the creation of Union Free Schools was a recog- 
nition of the free school principle and an important step in the 
progress of education. 



3 "While the School Department waa a subordinate branch of 
the Department of State, it was impossible to give to it that 
character and efficiency necessary to the best interests and wel- 
fare of the schools. Since the change, every department of edu- 
cation has felt a new impulse and has been constantly improv- 
ing. The administration of the schools has been much more 
perfect, the reports have been more regular and reliable, and 
the standard of teaching has materially advanced. 



School Statistics from tJie Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1859.' 



Alb.any 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus... 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua... 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia. 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kinga 

Lewis 

Livingston.... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery . 

New York 

Niagara. 

Oneida 

Onondaga. 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego , 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer .... 
Richmond .... 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence, 

Saratoga 

Schenectady.. 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

W.ayne 

WestcheMer . 
Wyoming .... 
Yates 

Total 



170 
252 
211 
25.3 
248 
S05 
114 
274 
182 
187 
1S2 
332 
213 
326 
180 
156 
110 
146 
163 

28 
193 
373 

47 
176 
193 
238 

120 
95 
171 
397 
297 
207 
184 
134 
298 
319 
65 
75 
199 
24 
39 
464 
257 
63 
203 
112 
104 
3.50 
148 
169 
159 
165 
219 
130 
238 
219 
169 
191 
106 







169 


243 


2.i9 


262 


214 


221 


265 


256 


247 


278 


307 


Sis 


116 


127 


277 


2S6 


182 


189 


188 


199 


182 


183 


337 


3:i7 


217 


247 


327 


497 


187 


1S2 


157 


156 


111 


113 


151 


161 


IM 


172 


33 


29 


199 


203 


375 


398 


47 


366 


17 S 


179 


196 


207 


239 


254 


244 


336 


126 


129 


95 


1,350 


163 


197 


408 


458 


296 


369 


204 


224 


179 


201 


132 


143 


297 


344 


320 


320 


65 


6S 


76 


HI 


210 


273 


24 


38 


41 


43 


4r4 


4S2 


230 


245 


68 


83 


203 


204 


112 


112 


102 


117 


365 


3-,4 


1.50 


161 


163 


163 


159 


166 


lli5 


1S3 


223 


231 


1.32 


123 


2-n 


247 


219 


26-2 


148 


211 


189 


197 


106 


110 



No. of chil- 
dren between 
4 and 21. 



No. of vol'- 
umes in dis- 
trict library. 



39,559 
16,411 
13,610 
16,121 
19.4,38 
19,935 
10.641 
14.747 
18,327 
10,503 

9.264 
15.696 
21,446 
60.773 
11,400 
11,299 
10..561 
10,044 
11.6,S9 

1.046 
14.136 
26.757 
60.772 
10,368 
14.055 
15.664 
34.370 
12,033 
200,000 
18.051 
38,455 
32.478 
15.375 
21.661 
10.614 
27.248 
18.027 

6,489 
17,058 
28.372 

8,1.33 

6.939 
31.219 
18,146 

7,281 
12.024 

7,108 
10.164 
25,717 
1.5,192 
12,280 
10.S74 
11.993 
25.758 

7,812 
16,296 
17.062 
27,738 
12.072 

7,636 



Apportionment 

of Siatemoneys 

for 1859. 



27.018 
20,196 
17.314 
20,859 
46.109 
33,260 
11,571 
31.941 
18.203 
21.719 
18,588 
28,075 
33.915 
45.445 
17,393 
11,.S68 
12,308 
17.842 
21.051 

1.454 
24.676 
41,636 
37,629 
15.628 
28.040 
30.445 
36,618 
18,048 

4,000 
23.764 
64,588 
44.978 
27.248 
32,929 
16.082 
31.341 
36.009 

9,064 
2.3,023 
30.382 

7,025 

9,365 
42.898 
31.228 

9..537 
22.578 
13,092 
16.347 
32.010 
23.999 
12.519 
17,872 
21,088 
32.632 

9,896 
30.743 
26.240 
31 .803 
2.5,114 
12.170 



$.34,758.46 
18,443.07 
16,680.38 
17,669.93 
21,647.28 
22.937.75 
10,727.63 
18.622.61 
16,448.91 
17.196.20 
11.686.07 
19.703.21 
22.672.83 
49,440.52 
12.252.48 
11.12618 

9,236.79 
12..312.75 
12.793.84 

1.516.11 
15.766.92 
28.164.96 
68,798.02 
11,580.04 
16,664,48 
18.430.01 
34,972.62 
11,649.24 
207.332 96 
18.105.71 
41.891.72 
33,261.15 
17,391.78 
21,434.10 
11..302.71 
28,152.08 
21,994.48 

5.319.28 
15.261.77 
28,962.64 

6,617.81 

6.311.17 
33,173.93 
19.624.40 

7.394.20 
14,506.61 

7,912..37 

9.968.63 
26.672.33 
16,123.09 
12.004.20 
11.737.21 
13,272.69 
24,249.37 

8.832 63 
18:526.88 
19,301..57 
26,908.02 
13.924.49 

8.263.32 



11.666 I 11,617 I 14,286 I 1.240,176 | 1,448.113 | $1,316,607.18 



Total receipts. 



$122,068.91 
28.818.61 
24,123.23 
27,noi .80 
48.635.41 
40,7S5.66 
19.119.92 
29.341.34 
23,629.05 
34,767.79 
17,255.54 
28,767.16 
46,222.93 

138.417.98 
19,337.32 
16,637.73 
14,102.19 
23,487.48 
22.016. i'9 
2.10.3.87 
27.3r.5.25 
49,18.5,46 

246.461.75 
17,348,67 
26.052,77 
31,.594.17 

112,104.41 
23.4.30.67 

961,178.40 
37,960.86 
72,376.15 
80,114,54 
36,443.60 
53,077.70 
19,239.56 
72,476.06 
32.171.15 
9,103.17 
42.506.25 
14,029,12 
lli.S71.53 
12.205.00 
6S.331.46 
34.026.32 
17.979.08 
21,844.73 
13.528.71 
24,109.69 
42,912.11 
38,765.60 
19.238.68 
19.627.49 
24.2,So.06 
4:!,7lS.f4 
12,953.77 
31,963.60 
37.833,48 
S4,IUS.40 
21.756.20 
19,089.09 



Total expenses. 



$124,673.71 
32,258.36 
27,529.85 
33,362.17 
69,294.60 
45,440.26 
20.558.93 
32.606.47 
26,198.33 
36.898.14 
20,937.05 
33,603.46 
61,889.61 

197,466,83 
21.271.35 
20,802.87 
18,713.68 
28,726.67 
27.027.94 
2.364.82 
33,533.20 
68,063.32 

230,877.31 
19,408.54 
34.072.68 
34.847.48 

107.480.67 
23,430.67 

961,178.40 
37,950.86 
72,376.15 
80,114.64 
36,443,60 
63,077.70 
19,239,66 
72,476,06 
32,171.15 
9.103.17 
42,506,25 
14,029.12 
16.871.53 
12,295.09 
68,331.45 
31,626.32 
17.979.08 
21..S44.73 
1,3,5-28.71 
24,109.69 
42,912.11 
38,766.60 
19,238.58 
19,627.49 
24,285.06 
43,763.04 
14.063.80 
36,966.24 
45,994.11 
9.5,156.04 
27,744.76 
16,417,96 



,277,256.14 $3,792,948,79 



o The above Table embraces returnfl from Jan. 1 to Oct. 1, 1858, except the last column, which is for the year 1857. 



CHURCHES. 



139 



The office of School Commissioner was created by law April 12, 1856, and by the same act the 
office of Town Superintendent was abolished. This substantially reinstated the office of County 
Superintendent, the abolishment of which in 1847 was so disastrous to the interests of education.' 
On the 15th of March, 1856, an act was passed directing that the school laws should be digested and 
codified.^ By act of April 12, 1858, the school year was changed so as to commence Oct. 1, and 
tlie annual district school meetings were directed to be held on the second Tuesday of October. 

mercantile Colleges, especially adapted to instruction in opening, conducting, and closing 
business accounts of every kind, and an elucidation of the laws and customs that have been esta- 
blished concerning them, have within a few years been opened in most of our cities. They de- 
pend entirely upon individual enterprise for support, and instruction is usually given by oral illus- 
trations, lectures, and examples.' 



CHURCHES. 

The various church organizations in the State are independent of each other and are supported 
entirely by private contributions. The aggregate amount of church property in the State, and the 
amount annually raised for religious purposes, are immense. The following is a list of the diflferent 
denominations, arranged in alphabetical order : — 

TUe African Metbodist Epii^copal (Zion) Cliurch was formed in 1820. The 
State of New York forms one conference, having in 1S52 1,028 members. 

Tlie American ISwedenborg^ian Association was formed in 1857, and has its 
office in New York City. A Printing and Publishing Society of this denomination, formed in 1850, 
collected in the year ending in 1858 $3,108.25. It owns the stereotype plates of all the theological 
writings of Swedenborg, 

Tlie Anti I>Iission or Old Scliool Baptist, in 1855, had in the State 18 churches and 
1,101 members. 

Tlie Associate Presbyterian Cliurcb, in 1855, had 26 churches and 3,926 members, 
and The Associate Relornied PresbyterianCburcb 3S churches and 5,634 mem- 
bers. These two denominations united in May, 1858, under the name of Tlie United Pres- 
byterians. 

Tlie Baptist Cliurcb has in the United States 565 associations, 11,600 churches, 7,141 
ordained ministers, 1,025 licentiates, and 923,198 members. Of these 43 associations, 812 churches, 
738 ordained ministers, 90 licentiates, and 84,266 members are in New York. Its general Benevo- 
lent Associations are the ** American Baptist Missionary Union," "American Baptist Publication 
Society," "American Baptist Historical Society," "American Baptist Home Mission Society," 
"American and Foreign Bible Society," "American Baptist Foreign Mission Society," "Southern 
Baptist Convention,*' 1845, and "Southern Baptist Publication Society," 1847. It has in this State 
2 colleges and 2 theological seminaries, and has 5 periodicals devoted to its interests.* 



1 The School Conimissionera have generally succeeded in 
awaktiiinjr ft new interest iu their respective districts by per- 
sonally visiting the schools and tefichei-a, by enconrngiiig the 
formation of tenchors' associations and institutes, and by re- 
quiring a higher Ptamiard of qualification on the part of teachers. 
The schools under tlifir supervision are steadily improving. 

s The expense of this codification of the school laws was de- 
frayed from the Hbi*ary fund. 

^Thege institutions ai'e almost indispensable in every mer- 
cantile community. They aflord instruction upon every depart- 
ment of business accounts, and incidentaliy upon methods of 
conducting business generally. Courses of lectures are usually 
given, in which are unfolded the laws relating to all business 
matters, and a vast amount of information is given relating to 
all departments of commercial transactions. The most extnn- 
Bive of these coUegeB are those of Bryant A Stratton. 7 in num- 
ber, of which 3 are in this State, — 1 at Buflalo, 1 at Albany, and 
1 at New York, — Eastman's Colleges, at Itoche.Kter and Oswego. 
and Bassett's College, at Syracuse. Tliere are various other 
institutions of the kind in the ^tate, of good local repute, and 



of great value to the villages and towns in which they are ea- 
tablished. 

4 The Missimmry Union was formed in 1S14; its receipts for 
1857-58 were $97,808.77. It has 19 missions, 80 missionaries, 
and over 300 churches. The headquarters of the Society are at 
Boston. The Baptist Publicatimi Society was fonned in 1824, 
and has its depository at Philadelphia. It supports 53 colpor- 
teurs, and its receipts for 1867-58 were $60,585.12. The Amer- 
ican Baptist Home Jllissionary x<ociefy was formed in 1832. and 
has its office in New York. It emjdoys 99 missionaries and 
supplies about 250 stations. Its receipts for 1S57-58 were 
§52,093.33. Tite American and Ibreign Bible Society, formed in 
1838, has its office at New York. Its receipts for 1857-58 were 
$57,049.98. Madison University, at IlumiUon, and the University 
of Rochester are Baptist institutinns; and attached to each is a 
theological seminary. The papers published by this denomi- 
imlion are, — The New York Kxamiuer, New York (Chronicle, 
American Baptist, (newspapers.) and the Home Mission Kecord, 
and Mothers' Journal, (magazines,) all published iu New York 
City 



140 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



The Christian Connexion' divide the State into the New York Eastern, Ne^ York 
Central, New York Western, Northern, Black River, and Tioga Christian Conferences, each having 
distinct boundaries. They have in the U.S. and Canada over 1,500 ministers and commu- 
nicants. The census reports 85 churches in this State and 9,825 persons usually attending them. 

The Congreg'ational Churchet^ of the Union number about 2,900, with 2,400 ministera 
and 240,000 members. Of these, 425 churches, 400 ministers, and 25,000 members are claimed 
within the State of New York.* 

The Congreiratlonal Methodists' were first composed of seoeders from the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, in 1820. They have 3 churches in the State. 

The Disciples of Christ have in the Union over 1,700 churches, 1,100 ministers, and 
130,000 members.* In New York they reported, in 1S55, 28 churches and 2,015 members. The 
New York State Convention embraces, besides the State, parts of Connecticut and Vermont. 

The Evangelical LiUtheran Church embraces 35 synods in the U. S., of which 25 are 
connected with a general synod. It numliers 1,083 ministers and 1,920 congregations,^ and has of 
general societies the Parent Educational, Home Missionary, Foreign Missionary, Church Extension, 
Lutheran Historical, and Lutheran Publication, for the purposes indicated by their respective titles. 
It has within this State a Theological Seminary and Academy at Hartwiok, Otsego county, and 
Martin Lutlier College, with a theological department, at Buffalo. 

The Free Will Baptist Church in the U. S. has 28 yearly and 129 quarterly meetings, 
1189 churches, 957 ordained and 104 licensed preachers, and 55,209 communicants.* This State 
comprises 5 whole yearly meetings and parts of 2 others. As no attention is paid to State lines 



The Fifty-Firat Annual Report of the Baptist Mis.sionary 
Convention of the StJUc of New York (Oct. 1858) giycs the fol- 
lowing statistics of this deuomiDatiou in New York. The dates 
of organization are from the Baptist Almanac : — 



Associations. 



Bhick River 

Broome & Tioga 

Buffalo 

Canisteo River 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chemung River «... 

Chenango 

Cortland 

Deposit 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex & Ch.implaiu.... 

Franklin 

Genesee 

Genesee River 

Harmony 

Hudson River North.. 
Hudson River South... 

Lake George 

Livingston 

Madison 

Mohawk River 

Monroe 

New York 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga. 

Ontario 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Bensselaerville 

Saratoga 

Seneca 

Stephentown 

Steuben 

St. Lawrence 

Union 

Washington Union.... 

Wayne 

Worcester 

Yates 



1808 
182.'! 
1816 
18.35 
1S35 
1800 
1842 
1832 
1827 
1854 
1834 
1847 
1S34 
1811 
1811 
1S2S 
1838 
1851 
1861 
1809 
1812 
1808 
18.37 
1827 
1791 
1824 
1820 
1822 
1814 
1843 
1832 
1795 
1799 
1805 
1821 
1832 
1817 
1813 
1810 
1834 
1834 
1830 
1842 



S 



32 
25 
21 
10 
23 
19 
20 
29 
19 
15 
20 
19 
14 
17 
17 
15 
20 
29 
41 
11 
10 
19 
10 
24 
35 
14 
23 
21 
19 
11 
16 
17 
12 
23 
15 
12 
19 
23 
15 
23 
16 
17 



35 
19 
21 

9 
IS 
17 
17 
21 
18 
11 
19 
13 

7 
12 
16 
13 
16 
21 
57 
10 



19 
33 
12 
28 
17 
19 
9 
13 
16 
11 
25 
13 
10 
21 
20 
15 
IS 
13 
12 



2.958 
2.756 
2,612 

381 
1.5S4 
2.106 
1.866 
2,571 
2.188 

092 
1.738 
1,344 
1.079 
1.702 
1,908 
1.4.35 
1.868 
4.985 
9,013 

646 

693 
2,290 

731 
3,056 
6.632 
1,663 
2,.'.49 
1.866 
1,544 
1.061 
1,670 
1,398 
1.372 
3,268 
1,797 
1,139 
2,149 
2,168 
2,282 
3,691 
1,728 
1,286 

804 



1 Otherwise named " Unitarian Baptists." They originated 
between 1793 and 1801, in secessions from Baptists, Methodists, 
and Presbyterians, Each church is independent in government ; 
and full statistics are not accessible. 

- Tfif General ji.';.iociftiion of New TorJc inclndes the Oneida, 
Black River, Esses, St. Lawrence, Western New York, Long 



Island, New York & Brooklyn, Ontario, Susquehanna, Albany, 
and Puritan of Wyoming & Allegany Associations. The Ameri- 
can Congregational Union has for one of its objects the aid of 
feeble churches. In the year ending in 1858 it expended 
$6,154.05 fur this purpose. 

3 Otherwise known as "SlihvdWi^s." 

*. Sometimes known as "Canipbellites," from Rev, -Alexander 
Ciimi)bell, the founder,— JVjj d HnyCs Quad, if.y,, 1852, p. 263. 

6 From the Luthei-an Almanac, 1859. The synods embraced 
in New York are as follows : — 



Synods. 


When 
formed. 


Ministers. 


Congre- 
gations. 


New Y'ork Ministerian 


1785 
1830 
1S38 
1839 


69 
25 
24 
16 


65 
33 
30 
16 









Of these the last two are not connected with the General 
Sj'nod. 

These synods have no definite boundaries, bnt overlap each 
other, and in some instances extend into neighboring States. 

The Kirchliches Informatorium and Historische Zeitblatt, of 
Buffalo, and Der Lutherische Herold, of New York, are the 
officinl organs of this denomination. 

6 The Free Will Baptist Begister for 1859 gives the following 
statistics. To those extending partly into neighboring States 
a star is prefixed; and those entirely out of the State are in 
Italics. 



ANNUAL 
BiBETINGS. 


Quarterly 
Meetings. 


1 


11 


ll 


S 
£.2 

it 

2,170 

1,666 
1,262 

246 

488 
826 

2,163 


Holland Pur- 


Cattaraugus. Catta-' 
rangus Center, 
Cha'utauqna.Erie, 
*French Creek, 

and Genesee 

'Rochester, Monroe,' 
- Union, Wayne, - 
Freedom ^ 

■*Owego, Gihsfm/ 
Spafford, *Wal- - 
ton 

Yates and Steuben,' 
*PotterCo.,Bra<f- 
ford and Tioga, 

*Tu8carnra 

Lawrence, Jefferson 

JMcDonough. Che-) 
nango, Otselic 

Whitestown, Os-' 
wego, Rensse- 
laer, *Otsego, 
Lake George 


43 

38 
37 

34 
16 
17 

40 


43 

30 
29 

22 

7 
13 

36 


7 

3 
8 

10 

3 
3 

2 




♦Susquehanna... 
*New York and 


St. Lawrence 


Central N.Y 



CHURCHES. 



141 



in these divisions, the exact numbers in the State cannot be determined from the reports. Its 
general institutions are 3 mission societies, an anti-slavery society, a biblical school and insti- 
tution at New Hampton, N. H., and a seminary in this State. 

Tlie Friends or Qtiakers have, since 1827, been divided into 2 distinct branches, known 
as " Ilieksite" and " Orthodox." The Hicksites Iiave a general meeting for the United States and 
Canada, which is divided into G yearly, 33 quarterly, and 138 monthly meetini^s in the U. S., and 
2 half-yearly and 6 monthly meetings in Canada. This State is embraced within the New York 
and the Genesee yearly meetings, the former of which extends into New Jersey and the latter into 
Canada. There are of the New York yearly meeting in this State 7 quarterly and 31 monthly 
meetings ; of the Genesee yearly meeting 2 quarterly and 8 monthly meetings. 

The Orthodox Friends divide the United States and Canada into 8 yearly, 1 half-yearly, 65 
quarterly, and 222 monthly meetings. The New York yearly meeting comprises 1 half-yearly, 
15 quarterly, and 43 monthly meetings, of which 9 entire and a part of 1 other quarterly and 
28 monthly meetings are within the State, the remainder being in adjoining States and Canada.' 

Tlie German Metbodists^ originated in the year 1800, and number about 20,000. They 
have in New York about 15 churches and 3,000 members. 

TUc Mennonites have in the Union 300 churches and 36,280 members: of these, 6 
churches and 442 members were reported in Western N. Y. in 1855. 

TUe Methodist Episcopal Cliurcli in the Uqited States was divided in 1844 into the 
Church North and the Church South, forming two independent organizations, differing only upon 
the question of slavery. The Church North embraces 49 annual conferences, 5,365 traveling, 769 
superannuated, and 7,169 local preachers, and 820,514 members and probationers. The 
total number of preachers in both divisions is 20,644, and of members 1,476,291. This State 
embraces 5 entire and parts of 4 other conferences, which are subdivided into districts and t;ir- 
cuits, each with definite boundaries. The Sunday School Union of the M. E. Church North re- 
ports 11,229 schools, 120,421 officers and teachers, 639,120 scholars, and 2,054,253 volumes in S. S. 
libraries. Its Tract Society has auxiliaries in each conference, and distributes large quantities of 
tracts and a small paper called " The Good News." Its Missionary Society supports 44 foreign mis- 
sionaries and 76 helpers, and 302 missionaries and 214 helpers among the Indians and foreign 
populations. Its " Book Concern" carries on an amount of publication equaled by that of few 
private firms in the country, including books, papers, and magazines. This denomination has 
within the State 1 college and 10 seminaries, in connection with annual conferences.' 

Tlie Methodist Protestant Church was formed Nov. 1830. It divides the Union 
into conferences, stations, and circuits. The census reports as belonging to this denomination in 
this State, in 1855, 46 churches and 1,605 members. 

Tlie Presbyterian Church existed as one body until 18.37, when it was divided int» 
"Old School" and " New School," which form two distinct organizations, with similar professions 
of faith but different views of discipline. The Old School General Assembly of the U. S. report 
33 synods, 159 presbyteries, 2,468 ministers, 3,324 churches, and 259,335 communicants. During 



T*^** missionary societies under tlie charge of this society are 
the Free Will Baptist Foreign Mission Society, which supports 
S missionaries and their families at Arissa. India, the Free 
Will liuptist Homo Mission Society, and the Free Will Baptist 
Female Missionary Society. The Whifestown f^eminary, occu- 
pying the premises erected for the Oneida Institute, formerly a 
maniial laljor school, is under the auspices of this denomination. 

1 Tho names of quarterly meetings within the State, with the 
number of monthly meetings in each, according to Foulke^s 
Pi-iends^ Almanac for 1858, are, in tho New York yearly meet- 
ing, Westhury, 6, Purchase, 3. Nine Partners, 3, Stanford, 4, 
Kaston. 5, Saratoga. 5, Duanesbufgh, 5; in the Genesee yearly 
meeting. Farmington, 5. Scipio, 3. 

The (juarterly meetings within the yearly meeting, according 
to Wood'^i Book of Mexiings, 1858, are as follows, with the date 
of establisbnient and number of monthly meetings in each: — 
Westbury. (1676.) 2; Purchase, (prior to 1746,) 3; Nine Part- 
ners, (17S3,) 3; Stanford, (1800.) 3; Ferrisburgh, (partly in Ver- 
mont, 1S09,) 1; in New York, 2; in Vermont, Farmington, 
(1810.) 5; Butternuts, (1812, under tho name of Duanesburgh, 
changed in 1838,) 3; Saratoga, (1793, in 1795 changed to Easton, 
in 1815 divided into Saratoga and Kaston, and in 1S35 the latter 
was discontinued,) 3; Scipio, (1825,) 2; Le Kay, (1830,) 3, The 
first meeting within New York was established at Oyster Bay, 
by Richard Smith and others who were banished from Boston 
in 1656. The persecutions of that colony drove others to Ehodo 
Island and Long Island, and meetings were established at Oys- 
ter Bay, Gravesend, Jamaica, Hempstead, Flushing, and otiier 
places, at an early period, 

* Correctly known aa Evangelical Association, or Albrights. 



8 The following is a summary of tho Conferences in New 
York. Those marked with a star are partly in other States. 





is 

6«, 


Pbeachers, 


Members in Society, 


S 2 


Conference. 


1 

1 

1 


1 

1 






1 

1 


1 


New York 




207 
110 
147 
165 
168 
167 
160 
142 
93 


38 
14 
34 
60 
30 
26 
33 
45 
11 


161 
102 
142 
177 
159 
206 
139 
176 
134 


26.666 
9.511 
16,380 
22,990 
16,972 
20,306 
16,861 
22.236 
11,652 


4,477 
1,1.33 
2,134 
3.382 
3,128 
2,607 
2.257 
3,029 
2,486 


31,143 
10.644 
18,514 
26,372 
20,100 
22,913 
19,118 
25,265 
14,137 


15,245 

3,883 

108 

11,532 
3,542 
6,445 
4,693 

27.289 
3,226 




1810 
1829 
1833 
1836 
1836 
184S 
1849 
1862 


Oneida 


*Troy 


Black River 


East GencBee 

*\V\r York East 
♦Wyoming 



The districts within the State of New York forming the above 
Conferencea arc : — 
Neva JorA-— Poughkeepsie. Ehinobeck, Prattsville. Mnnticfllo, 

N. Y. Germaa Mission, Kocheattir, uud German Mia- 

sioD. 



1^ 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



the year ending May, 1858, §2,544,692 was raised for various religious and benevolent objects. Its 
general objects of promotion and extension are conducted by Boards ; and it has various funds for 
special objects. The State of New York embraces the greater part of 3 synods.* 

The :\e^T Scbool Presbyterian General Assembly of the United States reports 26 
synods, 120 presbyteries, 1,612 ministers, 1,687 churches, and 143,510 communicants. During 
the year ending May, 1858, $273,965.90 was raised for domestic and foreign missions, education, 
and publication. It has several committees for the promotion of its general objects, and has in this 
State 2 theological seminaries and several pe-riodicals.^ 

Tlie Primitive ^lettiodists have 2 churches and about 500 members in this State. They 
have in the Union over 1,200 members. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church embraces in the Union 31 dioceses and 4 mis- 
sions, 1,995 parishes, 39 bishops, 1,979 clergymen, and 127,953 communicants. Total contribu- 
tions for missionary and charitable purposes, $1,265,642.96. Its general institutions are the '* Gene- 
ral Theological Seminary," New York, the '* Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society," the 
"General Protestant Episcopal Sunday School Union and Church Book Society," the "Protestant 
Episcopal Historical Society," the "Western Church Extension Society," and the " Prot. E. So- 
ciety for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge." 

The Diocese of ]Vew YorR' embraces all e. of the e. lines of Broome, Chenango, Madi- 
son, Oneida, Lewis, and Jefferson cos., and comprises 275 parishes, 321 clergymen, and 22,411 
communicants. 



Gene&te — Buffalo, Niagara, GeneBee, "Wyoming, and Olean. 
Oneida — Oueida, Chenango, Cortland. Auburn, and CazenoTJa. 
Troy — Troy, Albany, Saratoga, Plattsburgh. and 3 in Vt. 
l^ick River — Rome, SynicuBe, Oswego, Adams, Watertown, 

Ogdeneburgb, and Potsdam. 
Erie — Fredonia. The remainder in Ohio and Penn. 
East GeiKsee — Geneva, Rochester, West Rochester, Bath, Corn- 
ing, Elmira, and Lima. 
JVcw York East — New York, (B. diBtrict,) Long Island, and 2 

in Conn. 
TTyomm 17— Bingham ton and Owego, in part ; the remainder in 
Penn. 
The offices of the several Miesionary Societies and of the Book 
Concern are at 2W Mulberry ?t., N. Y. The periodicals iBsued 
frnm that establishment are the Christian Advocate and Jour- 
nal, a weekly newspaper; the Quarterly Review, the National 
Magftzine, and the Ladies' Repository, octavo magazines; and 
the Sunday School Advocate, The Good News, and tlie Mission- 
ary Advocate, small newspapers. The Northern Christian Ad- 
vocate, at Auburn, is also an official publication of this denom- 
ination. Under the auspices of this Churi'h are the Genesee 
CiiUege, at I-ima. Livingston co. ; the Amenia Seminary, 
Dutchess CO. ; Ashland Collrgiate Institute, Greene co. ; Char- 
lotte Boarding Academy, Schoharie co.; Falloy Seminary, Pul- 
ton, Oswego CO. ; Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, Lima. Livingston 
CO.; Gouverneur Weeleyan Seminary, St. Lawrence co. ; Jones- 
TiUe Academy, Saratoga co. ; New York Conference Seminary, 
Charlotteville, Schoharie co. ; Oneida Conference Seminary, 
Cazenovia. Madison co. ; and the Susquehanna Seminary, Biag- 
Iiamton. Broome co. Besides these, a large number of institu- 
tions, including several of the incorporated academies, are 
owned and patronized mainly by members of this denomination. 
1 The names of presbyteries and statistics of churches of this 
branch in the State are reported in the Old School Presbyterian 
Almanac for 1859 aa follows : — 



Synods. 



Albany.., 

Buffalo... 



1803 
1843 



Presbt/teries. 



Londonderry, Troy, Al- 
bany, Mohawk 

Ogdensburgh, Genesee R., 
Buffalo City. Michigan, 
Rochester City 

Hudson, North River, 
Bedford, Long Island, 
New York, New York 
2d, Canton, Nint:po. 
Connecticut, Nassau, 
Western Africa. 



^ 


. 




•S 














f^ 





99 


64 


60 


62 


169 


130 



7,756 
5,028 



17,495 



77ie Board of Domestic Musio/is has 610 missionaries and 
990 churches and missionary stations. Receipts for the year 
ending March 1. 1858, $105,277.52. Its oflBcea are located in 
Philadelphia and Louisville. 

The Board of Education is divided into ministerial education 
and education in schools, academies, colleges, and parochial 



schools. Under the auspices of this denomination are 22 col- 
leges, 60 academies, and 100 parochial schools. The receipts for 
1S57 wero $56.492.0ti. Its office is at Philadelphia. 

The Board of Fon:ign Missions has 69 ministers, 30 male and 
90 female assistant missionaries, and 23 native teachers. The 
receijits for 1S57 were $223,977.79. Its office is at the corner of 
Center and Reade Sts., N. Y. 

The Board of Publication issues tracts, books, newspapers, 
and other periodicals in great numbers. Its receipts for 1857 
were $126,960.28. Its office is at Philadelphia. 

2 The following summary of the New School Presbyterian 
Churcli in New York is from the American Presbyterian Al- 
manac for 1859, and other authentic sources : — 



Albany 

Utica 

Geneva 

Onondaga — 
Susqueh'nna 

Genesee 

N. Y. &N.J. 



1803 

1829 

1812 
1855 
1863 

1821 

1788 



Presbyteries. 



Champlain, Troy, Albany, 
Columbia, CatskiU 

St. Lawrence, M'atertown, 
Oswego, Utica 

Onondaga 

Otsego, Chenango, Dela- 
ware 

Genesee, Ontario, Roch- 
ester, Niagara, Buffalo, 
Angelica. 

Hudson, North River, 
Long Island, New York 
3d, New York 4th, 
Brooklyn, and 4 others 
not in the State 



228 155 24,905 



8,257 

7,106 
9,725 
7,769 

3,989 
12,371 



The various societies under the care of this denomination are 
in chari^e of the Presbyterian Publication Committee, Foreign 
Mission Committee. Permanent Committee on Education, and 
Church Extension Committee. Young men preparing for the 
ministry are educated at the Union Theological Seminary, of 
New York City, and Auburn Theological Seminnry, of Cayuga 
CO. The newspapers of the denomination are the Evangelist, of 
New York, and the Genesee Evangelist, of Rochester. 

8 Its institutions are the " Society for the Promotion of Re- 
ligion and liearning," the " Corporation for the Relief of Widowe 
and Children of Clergymen.'* the "Prot. E. Tract Socie^," the 
"New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society." the 
" New York Prot. E. City Mission Society," the '* Prot. e'. Chris- 
tian Mission Society for Seamen in the City and Port of New 
York." the " Prot. E. Brotherhood of New York," the *■ Northern 
Missionary Convocation," the " Bible and Common Prayer Book 
Society of Albany and its Vicinity," the "Brotherhood of St. 
Barnabas," (Troy.) "Columbia College," "Trinity School." 
(N. Y.,) "St. Luke's Hospital." (N. Y.,) "St. Luke's Home for 
Indigent Christian Females," the "Church Charity Founda- 
tion," (Brooklyn,) and the " Pastoral Aid Society." 



CHURCHES. 



H3 



The Diocese of Western IVew York' embraces the remainder of the State, comprising 
149 parishes, 129 clergymen, and 10,551 communicants. 

TUe Reformed 9Ietliodists originated in 1814, in Vt. Their church gorernment ie 
Congregational. They report in the State 8 churches and about 500 members. 

The Reformed Presbyterians, or Covenanters, is derived from the church of the 
same name in Scotland. In 1855 it numbered in the State 15 churches and 2,274 members. 

The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of the State belongs to the General 
Synod of the Ref Prot. Dutch of N. A. It is subdivided into the particular Synods of New York 
and Albany, the former embracing 16 and the latter 14 classes, of which 29 are entirely within the 
State and 1 partly in New Jersey. In 1855 it reported 364 churches, 348 ministers, 130,120 per- 
sons attending congregations, and 38,927 communicants. Of these, 260 churches, 259 ministers, 
21,027 families, 97,553 total of congregations, and 31,208 communicants, were in this State. 

The Roman Catholic Church divides the Union into 7 Provinces, 46 Dioceses, and 3 
Vicarates Apostolic. The Province of New York comprises the New England States, New York 
and New Jersey, and the dioceses of New York, Portland, Burlington, Boston, Hartford, Brook- 
lyn, Albany, Buffalo, and Newark. Four of these are within this State. There are 3 theological 
seminaries, 1 preparatory seminary, 2 colleges, and a large number of benevolent and educational 
institutions belonging to this denomination within the State, and 8 periodicals devoted to its 
interests.' 

The Seventll Day Baptists have in the United States 67 churches, 70 ordained ministers, 
and 7,250 members. Of these 36 churches are in New York. In 1835 the denomination was 
divided into associations, of which the Eastern, Central, and Western are embraced wholly or in 
part in this State. De Ruyter Institute and the Alfred Academy are under the patronage of this 
denomination. 

Shatters, or the " United Society of Believers," otherwise called the " Millennial Church," 
numbers in the Union 18 communities and about 6,000 members. They live in "families," and 
in New York they are principally located at New Lebanon, Watervliet, and Groveland. 

The Unitarians number in the Union 253 clergyman and 250 societies, mostly in Massa- 
chusetts. They have within this State 10 societies. Their only periodical within the State is the 
"Christian Inquirer," a weekly newspaper in New York City, published under the auspices of 
the "Unitarian Association of the State of New York."' 

The Universalists United States Convention is composed of clerical and lay delegates from 
each State and Territorial Convention, and meets on the third Tuesday of Sept. annually.* The 
denomination has a Historical Society, composed of all preachers and laymen in good standing 
who sign the constitution. It also has a General Reform Association, that meets in Boston on the 



' ' Its institutions are Hobart Free College, at Geneva; and De 
■Veaux College, at Suspension Bridge. There are besides several 
incorporated and private academies supported by members of 
this denomination. — Church Almanac for lS59,7)p. .32. 47. 

2 The following statistics are upon the authority of the Catholic 
Almanacs of 1S59. 

General Statistics for 1859. 



Churches 

Chapels 

Stations 

Clergymen on the Mission... 
" otherwise em- 
ployed 

Seminaries 

Clerical students 

Colleges 

Convents 

Academies for Boys 

Select schools for Boys... 

" " " Girls 

Free schools for Bovs 

" " " Girls 

Hospitals 

Houses of protection 

House of the Good Shepherd 
Parochial and other schools.. 

Orphan asylums 

Pupils in Free schools, about 





i5^ 


5^ 




113 
6 


36 


47 


6 


50 


14 


99 


86 


39 


24 






1 






36 


23 


21 


2 


■■; 




2 


1 






7 


1 




21 






23 






1 






1 






1 


15 




4 


6 


2 


12,000 










35 
13 



The Diocfse of New YorTc, formed in 1808, comprises Dela- 
ware, Dutcheaa, New York, Orange, Putnam, Richmond. Rock- 
land. Sullivan, Ulster, and Westchester countlf?s. The. Dioc^^e 
of Brookhpiy formed in 1853. comprises Kin^rs. Queens, and Suf- 
folk counties. The Diocese of Albany, {uvmed ii 1847, comprisea 
the reniiiinder of the State E. of the west lines of Cayuga, 
Tompkins, and Tioga counties. The Diocese of Buffalo, formed 
in 1847, comprises the counties w. of the west lines of Ca- 
yuga. Tompkins, and Tioga. 

The distinctive Fchools under the patronage of this denomi- 
nation are the St. John's College, at Fordhain, Westchester co. ; 
CfiUege of St. Francis Xavier, New York City; St. Joseph's 
Theological Seminary, Fordham; Ecclesiastical Seminary. Buf- 
falo; Franciscan Convent. Allegany; and Preparatory Seminary 
of Our Lady of the Angels, Niagara. 

Tlie Catholif papers in the State are The New York Freeman's 
Journal and Catholic Register. The New York Tabh-t.The I'ilot, 
{N. Y. and Boston.) Katholische Kirchpn Zeitun^r, weekly, of 
N. Y.; The Buffalo Sentinel, weekly: Catholic Institute Maga- 
ziue, Newburgh ; Brownson's Quarterly Review, N. Y. ; Ameri- 
can Catholic Almanac and Clergy List ; and the Six Cent Cath(v 
lie Atraanac and Laity's Directory, of N. Y. 

» Yiar Bonk of the 'Unitarian Omg. ChurcheSjl%7. 

* The N'-w Yorl- State Oytivention embraces the Central, Nia- 
gara, Cayuga, Buflfalo, Mohawk River, Ontario, Genesee, Black 
Hiver. St. Lawrence, Otsetro, Allegany, Steuben, Cbautau<iua. 
Chennngo. Hudson River, and New York A9sociatIons,and con- 
tains 220 societies, 194 church edifices, and employs 107 preachers. 
It has a State Educational Swiety, with :^4i1.000 subscribed, 
and $25,000 invested for the Theological School in Canton ; 
and has in charge the Clinton Liberal Institute. The Uni- 
versatist Paper and Book Kstablishment has assets amount- 
ing to $1.1,796. and unredeemed stock to the amount of iM.lfiS. 
The profits of the concern are applied to the purchase of the 
shares, which will thus become the property nf the .^tate Con- 
vention. It has a relief fund for aged and disabled prenchers. 
The Young Men's Christian Union, formed Jan. 1S56, and the 



144 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



last Tuesday in May. This denomination lias organizations in 32 States and Territories, in 19 of 
which State Conventions are held. It has 4 educational, 9 missionary, 1 tract, and 4 Sunday 
school associations, 1 relief fund, and 1 book and newspaper establishment, — all of which are of a 
State character. It has 85 associations, 1,334 churches or societies, 913 church edifices, 655 
preachers, 18 periodicals, and 9 institutions of learning. 

The Wesleyan lUetliodists.^ This denomination in the United States was formed by 
seceders from the M. E. Cliurch, May, 1843. 

Besides these, there are churches in the State known as Bethels, Evangelical, German Evangelical 
Reformed, Jewish, Cahinistic Methodists, German Methodists, Moravians, Frenph Evangelical 
Presbyterian, Protestant Community of Inspiration, Second Advent, True Dutch, Free, and Union, 
numbering in the aggregate a large number of church edifices and communicants.^ 



RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

Societies of a religious, humane, and benevolent character began to be formed in considerable 
numbers about 1822-25. The objects of these societies enlisted the co-operation of members of the 
different religious denominations and of other philanthropic persons, and annual meetings were 
hold in New York for the several objects. 

The time of meeting has been usually in the second week in May, and the appointments were 
so made that the same persons could attend several -of them in succession. These societies have 
become numerous, and "Anniversary week" thus becomes a season of interest to thousands. The 
assembling of so large a number of persons from distant sections of the Union has led reformers 
of every degree to appoint the anniversary meetings of their societies at the same time and place ; 
and there is scarcely a society for the promotion of religion, morality, charity, or civil and social 
reform that is not tins annually brought to public notice, its operations exhibited, and its 
claims urged. 

The societies exclusively under the control of a single denomination are noticed under the reli- 
gious sects. 

The princlp.al societies of a general character are as follows: — 

Tile American Bible Society, formed by a convention of 60 persons, mostly clergy- 
men, May 8, 1809, has for its object the publication and distribution of the Bible and parts 



N. T. City Jlissionary Society aro connected with this denom- 
ination. Its periodicals are ttie Christian Ambassador, at 
Auburn and New Yorlt. and a montlily periodical by the female 
department of the Clinton Liberal Institute. 
1 The M. E. Church in England and Canada is thus known. 



The church of this name in the U. S. differs from the others in 
rejecting the classification of the mlnistiy as bisliops, elders, 
and deacons. Their official organ is the True Wesleyan. 

2 The following table shows the general statistics of churches 
in the several counties : — 



Church Statistics, 





■> 










Counties. 


J^^ 


r-si 




s t 


IS| 




^<i 


e€l 


Alh:iny 


129 


$1,273,025 


Alleerany 


7b 


122.360 


Itroome 


63 


207,564 


?attaraugns.. 


81 


112,370 


-Jiyuga 


100 


311.620 


Chautanqua . 


106 


225,250 


r.'henmnf^ 


■i-i 


1.50.750 


Chonango 


111 


2.32,030 


[Clinton 


4.1 


1.37,975 


Columbia 


K.'S 


276,650 


Cortland 


51 


IIS-OOO 


Delaware 


VI 


183,565 


Dutchess 


V.Vi 


693,650 


Erie 


Ti*! 


1,176,285 
121,600 
66,195 




51 
36 


Franklin 



CODNTIES. 



FuUon 

ftenpaee 

Greene 

Hamilton .... 

ITcrkimer 

Jefferson 

Kinga 

Lewis 

Livingston..., 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgompry. 

New York 

Niagara. 

Oneida 

Onondaga 



■> 




s| 


!---^ 




-5 b & 


t^-g 


e^l 


39 
61 


$ 96..350 
164.300 


74 


168,325 
1.400 


B 


85 


173,600 


127 


346,785 


149 


2,840,700 


hi 


66,845 


SB 


263,260 


94 


202,.580 


141 


804.230 


.52 


141..300 


262 


V2.W1.1M 


74 


■J ' 1 J( 1 ■. 


201 


(.;:;,. '.iuii 


142 


663,610 II 



Counties. 



Ontario 

Orange , 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego , 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 
Richmond — 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence. 

firatoga 

I lienectady. 

< Imharie 

< Imyler 



■fe. 



S^-a 



"fe. 



• o a. 



S2S3.730 
443,855 
228,600 
234.715 
231,962 
S5.000 
492,135 
746.640 
285,100 
130.300 
2K!.4S5 
313.975 
17.3.710 
129.830 
99,125 



CotTNTUS. 



Seneca. 

Steuben 

Suffolk. 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington. 

Wayne 

Westchester.. 

Wyoming 

Yates 



Total. 



II 



4S 
105 
112 
46 
45 
66 
100 
33 
96 
80 
148 
74 
48 



K'S 



$144,333 
161,438 
278,260 

60.000 
106,700 
183,690 
409,350 

57,250 
287,120 
272,000 
868,260 
169,365 
133,650 



6,077 31,480,144 



RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 145 

thereof without note or comment.' Auxiliary to the American Bible Society are numerous county 
and local societies, through which the greater part of the funds are raised.' 

The American Tract Society was instituted in 1825, by the several evangelical de- 
nominations, for the purpose of disseminating tracts and books upon moral and religious subjects.' 
Several of the religious denominations have tract societies of their own. 

TUe American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was formed 
iu 1809, for the purpose of supporting missions in foreign lands. Its central office is in Boston ; 
but it has auxiliary societies throughout this State. It is chiefly supported by the Congregational 
and New School Presbyterian societies.* 



1 The firat society within the State for the gratuitous distribu- 
tion of the Scriptures was the N. Y. Bible and Common Prayer 
Book Society, formed in 1809. A large number of co. societies 
uas formed within the next five years. The present society, 
formed in 1S16. h;ta gradually increased in wealth and influence, 
UQtil its operations have extended to almost every section of 
the globe. It has a Bible house in Now York. — one of the most 
extensive publishing houses in the world. Its books are gra- 
tuitously di.stributed, or sold at cost ; and "the total number of 
volumes issued up to Jlay, 1858. was 12,80-1.014. These are 
produced in great varieties of style and iu upward of forty 
different languages. The society has also published the Bible Ln 
English with raised characters for the blind. 

The Baptist .and I'rotestnnt Episcopal denominations have 
separate societies for publishing the Scriptures, although many 
members belonging to both of those co-operate with the Ameri- 
can Bible Society. 

2 The following table gives the names of these societies, the 
date of their organization, and the amount of their douations 
and remittances up to May, 185S; — 



NiJis. 



Albany Co 

Allegany Co 

Amity Female 

Ausjihle Valley. 

Brooklyn City 

Broome Co 

Buffalo City 

Caledonia 

Caledonia Female 

Carlton 

Cattaraugus Co 

Cayuga Co 

Chautauqua Co 

Chemung Co 

Chenango Co 

Clinton Co 

Cold Spring 

Columbia Co 

Cortland Co 

Delaware Co 

Dutchess Co. Female 

Dutchess Co 

Erie Co 

Essex Co. 

Floyd and Western Welsh 

Franklin Co 

Fulton & Hamilton Co.... 

Geneva 

Genesee Co 

Genoa 

Greene Co 

Greene 

Herkimer Co 

Hudson Female 

Jasper 

Jefferson Co 

Lewis Co 

Lewis Co. Welsh 

Livingston Co 

Long IsLand 

Madison Co 

Blr>ntgomery Co. 

Monroe Co 

Newburgh 

New York Female 

New Y'ork Calvinistic 

Welsh 

New York Marine 

New York 

Niagara Co 

North Brooklyn 

North Seneca. 

Nyack Kef D. Ch. Female 

Oneida Co 

Onondaga Co 



May, 1816 
April, 182.') 
Sept. 1816 
Dec. 184,"^ 
Feb. 1849 
Feb. 1817 
Nov. 1847 
April, 1818 
May, 1817 
Jan. 18.15 
Aug. 1829 
June, 1817 
April, 1820 
July, 1828 
Nov. 1826 
April, 1821 
Aug. 1838 
Oct. 1817 
Aug. 1816 
July, 1816 
Oct. 1817 
Oct. 1839 
April, 1848 
Jan. 1817 
April, 1864 
June, 1S21 
Dec. 1816 
April, 1,846 
July, 1818 
April, 182.'^ 
Sept. 1816 
Mar. 1855 
May, 1817 
Oct. 1816 
Aug. 18.56 
Jan. 1817 
April, 1828 
May, 1850 
May, 1824 
Sept. 1817 
Oct. ISIB 
Dec. 1816 
Oct. 1821 
Sept. 1818 
June, 1816 

Sept. 1844 
Feb. 1817 
Mar. 1829 
May, 1830 
May, 1810 
July, 1852 
May, 1842 
Jan. 1817 
April, 1832 



Donaiions. 



$19,621.00 
1,626.49 
329.15 
370.04 
6.683,-6 
l,9ljl).01 
2,339.91 
3,366.72 
1,673.97 



127,06 

3.738,99 

1,397.13 

2.949,36 

6,638.99 

718,50 

101.01 

10,835,30 

4,320,90 

1,460,75 

4,764,87 

15,930,45 

098,06 

909.14 

60..30 

381.95 

21.1S2.49 

1.117.86 

3,169.47 

972.15 

6,477,23 

25.00 

3,268,27 

1,970.60 



3,936,37 

644.51 

341.68 

fl.542.59 

20.786,70 

5,701,51 

300.00 

22,828,47 

3,-84,74 

102,926.12 

646.23 



42.091.43 

2,457,41 

1,726,16 

582.19 

W,30 

16.226.06 

7,694,IX) 



Remit- 
tances fffr 
Bibles. 



$16,386,20 

3,326.92 

130.85 

804,05 

10.054.75 

5.171.46 

6,329.05 

111.28 

232,50 

lil,,^ 

l.,879,62 

7.S07.61 

7.547.60 

3.404,26 

6,634.34 

4,291,26 

324.39 

6.131.77 

6,830.78 

5,341.42 

3.985.20 

6.355.39 

4,163.76 

4,244,35 

81,70 

3,385.60 

11,237.37 

2,280.75 

6,950.40 

1,072,20 

6,746,56 

175.00 

4,699.15 

805,32 

87,00 

12,274,47 

2,997.44 

147.65 

6,482,53 

30.7S5.72 

0,814.87 

1,345,11 

19.282,30 

3.768,00 

17,369.47 

72.86 

6.013.89 

264.911.73 

6,401.51 

1.726,20 

767.73 

7.20 

20.521.48 

12,8U6„50 



Name. 



Ontario Co 

Orange Co 

Orleans Co 

Oswego Co 

Otsego Co 

Peekskill Female 

Poughkeepsle Fem. Union 

Putnam Co 

Kemsen Steuben Welsh 

and Vicinity 

Ren-iselaer Co. 

Rockland Co 

Sandy Hill and Fort Ed 

ward 

Saratoga Co 

Schenectady Co 

Schoharie Co 

.Schuyler Co 

Seneca Associate Ref. 

South Seneca 

South Steuben 

Steuben Co ! 

St. Lawrence Co 

Sullivan Co 

Tioga Co 

Tompkins Co 

Ulster Co. 

Utica Welsh and Yia 

AVarren Co 

Washington Co 

Wat.'rviiet 

Wavne County 

Welsh B. S. of Nelson 

Welsh B. S. of Rome 

Welsh B. S. of Holland 

Patent 

Westchester Co 

Wyoming Co 

Yates Co 



Date. 



Mar. 1817 
June, 1816 
July, 1830 
Mar. 1826 
. une, 1816 
Feb. 1817 
Sept. 1860 
May, 1S28 

Jan. 1817 
June. 1816 
July, 18i6 

Nov. 1848 
July, 1816 
May, 1823 
Jan. 1817 
Feb. 1866 
May, 1846 
Feb. 1846 
June, 1848 
Feb. 1817 
AprU,1820 
Aug. 1826 
June, 1823 
M.ay, 1828 
Nov. 1816 
Jan. 1317 
Sept. 1821 
Miir. 1817 
Jan, 1849 
April, 1847 
Sept. 1856 
Mar. 1856 

May, 1865 

Aug. 1827 

Feb. 1860 

Dec. 18271 



$ 8.405.15 
24,141,22 
3.2.30.82 
2,488.15 
3,116,79 
713.59 
1,080.,81 
120.00 

3,893,68 
35,452,61 
1,985,72 

164,64 
12,779.61 
2,741,66 
3,934,40 

358,60 

319,71 
1,735,67 
1,267,85 
2,085.38 
2,115.40 
2,388,90 
4,272,81 
4,044,04 
^1,145 91 
4,479 71 

194 44 

19,092,11 

3,720 58 

3,731.43 

12,00 

228,08 

184 48 
19,614.17 
2,310 82 
4,372,10 



Remit- 
tances/or 
Bibles. 



$ 4.870,93 
6,426.71 
4,058.68 
7,286.94 
7,673,77 
106.76 

316.16 

2,141,06 
22.289.21 
2,289,64 

243.93 
7,277.96 
4,454.40 
3,982.19 

513.23 
16,08 
1,077.02 
1.264.36 
6,201,34 
14,193,70 
3,166,16 
5,373,82 
6,249,34 
2,191,24 
2,460,12 
2,300,38 
7,468,51 
2,117,34 
4,776,31 
63,35 

132.73 

77.40 
6,977,71 
4,634.73 
3,468,60 



10 



8 This society has a largo property vested in a publishing 
hou.se and grounds, corner of Nassau and Spruce Streets, New 
York, and in the stock, machinery, alid matcri.als used in tho 
manufacture of books and tracts. Its fiscal affairs are managed 
by a finance committee. It has 31 auxiliaries in the State cf 
New Y'ork. Tho receipts up to May, 1858, were $rj 856,711.05,— 
about three-fifths of which were derived from sales, and the rt* 
mainder from donations. Previous to May, 1868, this society 
had circulated 13,098,013 volumes, 188,971,408 publications, 
4,75,3,741,573 pages; including 149,761 volumes (9,831 .sets) of 
the Kviuigelical Family Lilirary, 94,026 volumes (2,0S<, iets) of 
the Christian Library, 48.638 volumes (1,990 sets) of the Reli- 
gious or Pastor's Library, 319.323 volumes (4.657 sets) of tho 
Y'outh's Library, and 160,921 volumes (20,044 sets) of the Youth's 
Scripture Biogr.aphy. The society publishes an Almanac, the 
American Messenger, (in English and German,) and Child's 
Paper, in largo editions ; and issues books and tracts in the Eng- 
lish, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Welsh, 
Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Hungarian languages. It operates 
through bnanch and auxiliary societies, general agents and su- 
perintendents, and paid and volunteer colporteurs. The Ameri- 
can Tract Society of Boston, which formerly co-operated witll 
this, is now a distinct organization. 

Societies of kindred character were formed in the State pre- 
vious to this. — the more important of which was the New York 
Religious Tract Society, formed in 181'2, with auxiliaries in vari- 
ous parts of the country. 

* This society lias es'tidilishod 27 missions. 121 stations, and 
101 out stations in Africa, Gret^ce, Western and Southern Asia, 
China, Sandwich Islands, Micronesia, and among tho North 
American Indian Tribes, It employs ,373 missionaries and as- 
sLstnnt**, and 6*24 native pastors and assistants, has 8 printing 
presses, and up to 1868 had issued 1,080,481,083 pages of tracts 
an,l religious books. These missions numbered 318 churches, 
and 27,740 members; and the educational department embraced 



146 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Tlie American Home Missionary Society was formed May 12, 1S26, for the pur- 
pose of supporting the ministry in feeble and destitute Presb. and Conj;. churches in the U. S.^ 

Tlie American Sunday Scliool Union was formed in 1824, for the purpose of en- 
couraging the establishment of Sunday schools and of supplying them with books. Its central 
ofSce is at Philadelphia. The New York Sunday School Union, auxiliary to this, was established 
in 1816, and has numerous local subordinate societies in different parts of the State.^ 

Tlie American Seamen's Friend Society was formed in 1828, and endeavors to 
carry out the intentions expressed in its title by distributing Bibles and tracts, supporting the 
ministry, and otherwise promoting the moral welfare of seamen.^ 

Tiae American Betiiel Society was instituted in 1836, for the purpose of opening 
chapels fur boatmen and mariners, distributing tracts, and extending other means for their moral 
improvement. It established a magazine named the *' Bethel Flag ;" and has auxiliaries in many 
places on the lakes, rivers, and canals. 

Tlie American and Foreigrn Christian Union was formed in 1849, for the special 
object of counteracting the influence of the Romish and other churches opposed to the class usually 
denominated "evangelical."* 

Tlie Central American Education Society was formed for the purpose of 
assisting young men preparing for the ministry. In 1858 the society aided 111 students. 

Tlie American Colonization Society was formed at Washington, Jan. 1817, for 
the colonization of free colored persons in Africa. Tlie IVe'W YorK State Colonization 
Society was formed at Albany, April 9, 1829, and has had numerous auxiliaries in the State.^ 

Tbe JVational Compensating^ Emancipation Society, formed in 1857, has for 
its object the purchasing of slaves for the purpose of giving them freedom. 

The American Anti Slavery Society was organized Dec. 4, 1833.^ 

Tlie American Missionary Association was formed Sept. 1846, as a Home and 
Foreign Missionary Society. Business office in N. Y. City. Keceipts for first 12 years of its exist- 
ence, S;421,001.98, Present monthly income, ^3,000 to $,5,000. It has a slaves' Bible Fund, 
and labors for the extinction of slavery. The association publish The American Missionary (paper) 
and American Missionary Magazine, both monthly. 

Young Men^s Christian Associations have been formed in most of the cities and 



6 seminarieit, 17 other boarding schools, 619 free schools, (of 
■which 312 were supported by the Hawiuian Government.) and 
17,020 pupils. The receipts in the year endin;^ July 31, 1858, 
were $334,01S,48, the principal part of which was derived fiom 
dionatiQus.— Forty-Ninth Report A. B. 0. F. M., 1858. 

1 This society was formed by the union of two societies pre- 
viously formed by the Presbyterian and Reformed Protestant 
Dut^li Churches. It is supported by the Cong;rej;ationalists and 
New School Presbyterians, and to some extent by the Keforraed 
ProtestJint Dutch, Lutheran, and German Reformed Churches. 
la 1858, 1,012 persons were connected with this society or its 
ftgencies and auxiliaries, of which 133 are within this State. 
The number of congregations and stations fnlly or statedly sup- 
plied is 2.034; Sabbath school scholars, 65.500; contributions to 
benevolent objects, £24.272.23. The receipts in 12 mnnths were 
$175,971.37; the payments in the same time were $190,735.70. 
Total receipts in 32 years, $3,456,082; total years of labor, 
18,871 ; totiU additions to churches, 150.275. 

There aie a central and a western agency in this State, — the 
oflSce of the former of which is at Utica and of the lattfr at 
Geneva. The number of missionaries aided within the year was 
133. Total contributions, S39.347.96. 

- This movement was supported by most of the evangelical 
denominations ; but several of them have since established Sun- 
day school organizations among themselves. The American 
Sunday School Union had, in 185S, expended about S2. 500.000 in 
books, and Si. 000,000 more in organizing; Sunday schools. Its 
receipts for the last year were $65,076.14; and it had formed 
1,524 new schools, with 57.787 pupils and 9.694 teachers. The 
New York Sunday School Union had. in 1858. 210 schools, re- 
porting 60,000 pupils, 4,825 teachers, 82.294 books in libraries, 
and $13,089 raised by contributions. Sunday schools in some form 
are supported by nearly every religious denomination, and are 
chiefly for Biblical instruction. A State Sunday School Teachers' 
Convention, formed in 1855, meets annually. Its third report, 
made Oct. 1858, gave a total in the State of 1,895 schools, 22,263 
officers and teachers, and 212.312 pupiU. 

3 This society has 15 stations in various parts of the world, 
and grants aid to various Bethel operations not connected with 
it. The receipts for the year ending in 1858 were $25,230.20; 
and the total expenses in the seamen's cause about $100.000 ; 
2.257 mariners had been received at the Sailors' Home in New 
York, and the whole number received into that institution from 
\U eHtabliahment was 52,353. 



* The association has 61 home laborers; and its receipts in the 
year ending in 1S58 were $76,603.22. Its expenses in the same 
time were $79,604.33. It has agents, and supports chapels in 
several foreign coontries. 

6 The slave trade was abolished in 1807, and after Jan. 1, 
1808, the cargoes of captured slaves were to be sold for the bene- 
fit of the State where they might land. By an act of March 
3, 1819, the General Government appropriated $100,000 for the 
restoration of a large number of Africans to their native coun- 
try. By the co-operation of the Government with this Society 
a purchase was made in Dec. 1821. in the neighbi^rhood of Cape 
Menpurado, on the w. coast of Afi'ica, from which has grown 
the present Republic of Liberia, under the special patnmage of 
this society. Formal possession was taken April 28, 1822. 

Several of the subordinate State societies have been merged 
in anti-slavery and other more radical societies for the termi- 
n.ition of .slavery. In the y^ar ending in 1S5S the receipts of 
the New York Colonization Socipty were $15,624.62. 

« The expenses of the society for the year ending in 1858 were 
$17,052, including those of the Anti Slavery Standard, its prin- 
cipal organ. Receipts, $15,200 from the paper and donations, 
and $17,355 by auxiliaries. 

A New York State Anti Slavery Society, with numerous aux- 
iliaries, was forme^i about 1834-36, and its friends soon organ- 
ized themselves into a political party. The highest State vote 
of this party was in 1S44, when it amotmted. on the Governor's 
ticket, to 15.136. Slavery existed under the Dutch, and waa 
continued through the English period of our colonial history. 
An act was passed March 31, 1S17, declaring that every child 
born of a slave in this State after July 4. 1799, should be free at 
the age of 28 if a male, or at 25 if a female. Every child born 
after the passage of the act was to become free at the age of 21. 
and measures were orden^d for the education of children held 
in service. The importation of slaves was prohibited. The first 
emancipation under this law, therefore, took effect July 5, 1827, 
as the law fixed the period as after instead of vpon the 4th of 
July, as was perhaps intended. The 5tli of July has sometimes 
been celebrated as their anniversary of independence ; and hence 
arises the slang expression of '• Fourth of July one day aWer." 
Tho.<!e bom before the above date remained slaves till their death, 
and the census of 1855 reported one such as living in the State. 
The number of slaves in New York at different periods has 
been as follows: — 

1790 21.324 I 1810 15,017 I 1820 10,046 1 1840 4 

1800 20,613 1 1814 11,480 | 1830 75 1 1850 — 



RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 147 

large villaj2;es in the United States and British Provinces. They form a general confederation, 
the State of New York forming the fourth district. These associations embrace within their 
objects a library, reading room, lectures and prayer meetings.^ 

Tlie Youn^ Men's Cliristlan Union of New York is supported by the Unitarian and 
Universalist denomiDations principally. 

Youngr Men's Associations for mutual improvement have been formed in various parts 
of the State and under various names. The plan of organization is essentially alike; and it 
usually includes a library, reading room, cabinet, lecture course, and debating club. Most of 
these associations have been organized by special acts, and their affairs are managed by executive 
committees chosen annually by the members. They can hold a limited amount of property for 
the special objects of their organization.^ 

In most of the large villages, associations have been formed for the support of lectures at stated 
intervals in the winter months. They are generally of a temporary character, are re-organized 
every season or are attached to academies or other existing institutions. 

Tlie ]\'ew Yorli. State Temperance Society was formed April 2, 1829. Its objects 
were to suppress intemperance and limit the traffic in intoxicating liquors. It received the support 
of a large number of the best and most philanthropic citizens, and its influence spread rapidly 
throughout the State.* Since the formation of the first society, efforts to suppress intemperance 
have been made upon an extended scale, and the strong arm of the law has been invoked to pro- 
hibit the traffic in alcoholic liquors. 

Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons. "The Ancient and Honorable Fra- 
ternity of Free and Accepted Masons" of the State of New York is under the government of a 
Grand Lodge> composed of its Grand Officers and the representatives (the Master and Wardens) 
of every lodge in the jurisdiction. As at present constituted, the Grand Lodge dates from 1785, 
when Chancellor Robert R. Livingston was elected Grand Master, and continued in office till 1801.* 
In 1859 there are 430 chartered lodges in the State, (numbered to 474,) with about 33,000 mem- 
bers, numbering among them a very respectable class in all the walks of life. There is at least 
one lodge in every county in the State, (except Hamilton ;) 93 of the lodges are in the city of New 
York ; and a lodge is located in every considerable town and village. The annual receipts of the 



1 In July, 1858, associationa of this kind were in active ope- 
ration in Albany, Albion, Black Rock, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Cats- 
kill, Flushing. Hudson. Jiimestown, New Yovk, Osivego. Pou^li- 
keepsie, Roudoiit, Saratoga Sjirings. Stapldon, Troy, Utica, and 
Waterford. Those iu italics belonged to the confederation. 

* The ftrst organization of this lund in the State wa8 the Al- 
bany Young Slen's Association, formed Dec. 13. 1833, and in- 
corp. March 12, 1835. The following is a list of these associa- 
tions in the State formed under special acts: — 



Name aito Location. 



Albany, Albany co 

Buffalo, Erie co 



" (German) 

Elmira, Chemung co.... 

Fulton, Oswego CO 

Geneva, Ontario co 

Port Byron, Cayuga co. 

SacketB Harbor, jeflfor- 
son CO 

Saratoga Springs, Sara- 
toga CO 

Frauklia Institute,^ 
Syracuse, Ononda- > 
gaco J 

Schenectady, Schenec- 
tady CO 

Troy, Kcnaselaer co 

Utica. Oneida co 

Watertown.Jefferaonco, 



Date, of 
inco-rporalion. 



March 12, 

March 3, 

May 12, 

April 11, 

May 13. 

April 17, 

April 10, 

March 2, 

May- 14, 

Dec. 



1835 

1843 

1846 

1842 
1846 
1S39 
1844 

1843 

1840 

1849 



March 9,1839 
April 10, 1S.35 
March 25. 1837 
April 17, \U\ 



JRemarJcs. 



Fully organized. Li- 
brary 7,000 vols. 

Library in 1855, 7,600 
vols. 

Library in 1855, 1,800 
vols. 



Closed. 



J Library in 1859, 
( about 3,000 vols. 



Fully organized. 

Closed. 

Burned out in 1849. 



« Tlie fourth report of the State Society, in 1838, gave 1,538 
societies and 231.074 members. Its principal organ, tlio Temper- 
ance Recorder, waa begun March 6. 1832, at Albany, and issued 
many years. It also published almanacs, tracts, and circulars 
to a large extent. The American Society for tho Promotion of 
Temperance, formed in 1827, was in 1836 succeeded by the 
"American Temperance Union." The latter, in the year ending 
in 18r)8, received $1,987.20. It'* principal organ is the Journsil 
of the American Temperance Union, at New York. Both this 



and the State Society are sfill in operation. About 1841-45 tha 
'' Wasbingtonian" temperance movement, originating among 
reformed inebriate?, spread over the State, and several thousand 
independent societies were formed under it, — most of which, how- 
ever, died out with the enthusiasm under which they wera 
created. The secret orders of "Kechabites" and *' Sons of 
Temperance"' originated in New York, about 1842, and subse- 
quently those of "Cadets of Temperance," "Daughters of Tem- 
perance." ** Good Samaritans," " Daughters of Samaria," 
'* Knights Templar." '* Social Circles," and other associations of 
a similar class were formed for the avowed purpose of pro- 
moting temperance reform. Numerous lodges or encampments 
were formed, and these societies at one time embraced large 
numbers of members. Several of them have been given up en- 
tirely ; and it is believed none of them are increasing. They 
required a form of initiation and pledge of secrecy, had fixed 
dues payable at regular intervals, pro\ided money to assist tho 
sick and bury the dead, and gave certificates of membership, 
which, with passwords and other tokens of recognition, might 
enable a memberto claim assistance among strangers belouging 
to the order. 

The License question was submitted to the popular voto May 
5, 1840, with the result of 111,8^4 /f>/-, and ll7,(i^Z'igainst licens?. 
The operation of the law was deemed by many to be unequal ; 
and its effect upon the temperance cause was unquestionably 
adverse. In 1847 the majorities fur license were large in most 
of the towns. The " Maine Law," or prohibition movement, 
began in 1851, and was urged by its friends with great forco 
during several sessions of the Legislature. A prohibitory law 
waa passed, but was declared unconstitutional by the Court of 
Appeals. The present law regulating the sale of intoxicating 
liquors, passed April 16, 1857, provides a Board of Exciee C'Om- 
miseioners in each county for granting licenses and prosecuting 
violations of the law. 

* At tho close of hia term there were 94 lodges in the State, 
of which tho oldest was St. John's. No. 1. (yet iu active exist- 
ence.) established in tho city of New York iu 1757. Gen. Jacob 
Morton was Grand Master "from I'^Ol to 1806, De Witt Clinton 
from 1S06 to 1820, and Daniel D. Tompkins from 1S20 to lii22, 
when tho (Irand Lodge became divided. In 182ti. at the com- 
mencement of the Anti-Masonic excitement, (see Genesee co.,) 
there were about 360 lodges iu tho State, (numliered to f»07,) 
with alKmt 22,000 members. In 1836 the number of lodgos had 
been reduced below 75, with a corresponding membership, — aay 
4,000. 



148 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Grand Lodge are about Sl6,000; and during the year ending in June, 1859, the amount expended 
for charitable relief by the Grand Lodge and its immediate agents was about §3,000 ; and probably 
three times more than that sum was expended for the same purposes by lodges and individual 
Masons. There is in the Hall and Asylum Fund, raised for charitable and educational purposes, 
about S25,000, controlled by trustees chosen by the Grand Lodge, (it not being incorporated;) and 
this sum is constantly being increased from various sources, — a portion of it arising from the 
stated revenues of the Grand Lodge. The fraternity are now all united in one body, under the 
jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge and its subordinates, and are in a sound and flourishing condition. 
The ofiioe of the Grand Secretary and place of business of the fraternity is in Odd Fellows Hall, 
corner of Grand and Center Sts., New York. The Grand Lodge is in correspondence and direct 
communication with all the Grand Lodges and Masonic fraternity throughout the world.' 

Independent Order of Odd Felloivs. This order was introduced into the United 
States from Manchester, England ; and the first regular lodge was opened at Baltimore, in 1819. 
The Grand Lodge of the U. S. includes 42 subordinate Grand Lodges in the States and Territories, 
Canada, and the Sandwich Islands. There are 2 Grand Lodges and 623 subordinate lodges in 
this State." 

Sons of Malta. This order embraced in this State, on the 1st of July, 1859, the Grand 
Lodge of the State and 8 subordinate lodges, with an aggregate membership of 12,680. 



MEDICAL SOCIETIES. 

The formation of County Medical Societies was authorized by an act passed April 4, 1806. 
They were empowered to grant licenses to practice medicine in the State and to collect of the 
members a sum not exceeding $3 annually. Delegates sent from each co. society, in number 
equal to the representation of the co. in Assembly, were to constitute a State Medical Society, 
which had the power of granting diplomas to practice medicine and to decide upon cases appealed 
from the co. societies. Although local societies were formed under this act in most of the counties 
then existing, several of them have ceased to exist ; and there are at present but about 40 county 
societies that are represented by delegates. The State Society was formed Feb. 5, 1807, and ia 



1 The stated festivals of the fraternityare on the 24th of June 
and 27th of December, usually styled St. John's days. The offi- 
cers of the Grand Lodge and of the subordinates are elected 
annually ; and the time and place for the *■' Annual Communica- 
tion" of the Grand Lodge is on the first Tuesday of June, in 
the city of New York. 



The elective Grand Officers of the Fraternity are Grand Master, 
Deputy Grand Master, Senior Grand Warden, Junior Grand 
Warden, Grand Treasurer, Grand Secretary, and 6 Grand Chap- 
lains. 



' Siaiistics of the Odd Fellows for the year ending Jan. 30, 1858. 



Lodges, or Subordinate 
encampments 

Number of initiations.... 
" « rejections.... 

" died 

" " members 

« " « re- 
lieved 

No. of widows and fami- 
lies relieved 

Amount paid for relief of 
members 

Amount paid for relief of 
widowed families 

Amount paid for educa- 
tion of orphans 

Amount paid for burying 
the dead 

Amount of annual re- 
ceipts 



Lodges. 



^1 


Grand Lodge 
Northern 
New York. 


t . 

11 = 


3,390 

16.649 

1.713 

1,739 

176,700 


493 

690 

61 

82 

11,783 


130 

44S 

or 

118 
8,475 


23,161 


716 


1,346 


2,705 


113 


393 


$294,992.91 


$11,263.80 


$29,663.62 


66,614.55 


3,186.18 


6,645.17 


11,284.06 


207.29 


38S.09 


67,364.70 


2,250.00 


5,091.17 


1,223,685.03 


44,766.78 


69,981.18 



5 S 



$40, 



7; 

114 



623 

1,138 

78 

200 

20,258 

2,060 

606 

,927.42 

,730.36 

596.98 

,341.17 

,787.96 



ENCA.MPMENTS. 



c 2 S 



651 

2,765 

79 

220 

22,319 

902 

93 

$28,171.10 

3411.60 

10.00 

6,377.24 

110,166.64 



.§£■1 

•118 



10.00 

40.84 

2.019.92 



s s J: 



71 


13 


66 


60 


2 




8 


4 


979 


487 


22 


32 




1 


$211.00 


$363.00 




3.00 



90.00 
2,426.75 






84 

116 

2 

12 

1,466 

64 

1 

$674.00 

MO 

10.00 

90.84 

4,446.67 



MEDICAL SOCIETIES. 



149 



now composed of delegates from co. societies, 1 delegate from each medical college, 5 from the 
New York Academy of Medicine, honorary members by virtue of office or by election, and per^ 
manent members elected after 4 years' service as delegates. The annual meetings of the society 
are held on the first Tuesday of February. The State Society has maintained a regular organization 
from the beginning; and since 1848 its proceedings have been reported annually to the Legisla- 
ture and published with their documents.^ 

Homeopathic Medical Societies may be organized in the several counties under an act of April 
13, 1857; and such have been formed in Kings, Livingston, New York, Oneida, and perhaps other 
counties.^ 



County Medical Societies. 



County. 



Albany 

Allegany 

Broome , 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua 

Chemung , 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Krie 

Essex , 

Franklin 

Fulton and Hamilton 

Genesee 

Greene 

II*^rkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis » 

Livingston 

MadisoD 

Blonroe 

Montgomery 

New York 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer 

Kichmoiid 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence 

Saratoga , 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Schuyler , 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Westchester 

Wyoming , 

Yates , 



Date of 
Organuati(tn. 



July 29, 1806 
Nov. 6, 1823 



Aug. 



June, 
Aug. 



Oct. 



1S36 
5, 1806 

1806 
10, 1808 
1806 
1806 
1815 

1809 



Ang. 5, 1806 
Dec. 17, 1800 
March 2,1822 

1808 

May 29, 1821 

" " 27, 1806 

9. 1821 

3, 1806 

1, 1806 



July 
May 
July 
July 



July 

July 

July 
July 



1806 
1, 1806 

1, 1806 

17, 1821 
1, 1806 



July 18, 1806 



May 
Oct. 



Oct. 
Dec. 



18, 1850 
14, 1807 

1857 
29, 1857 



July 22, 1806 



July 1, 1806 
May 8, 1797 
March 4, 1823 



First President. 



Wm. McClelland.. 
Chester Lusk 



Lemuel Hudson . 
Tracy Robinson... 



Wm. Wilson 

Lewis S. Owen 

Joshua H. Brett 

Samuel Bard 

JoBiuh Trowbridge.. 

Records lost. 



Andrew Proudfit 

Archibald Macdonald.. 
Joshua Loe 



First Secretary. 



Charles D. Townaend.. 
Ammi Doubleday 



Asa R. Howell.. 
Geo. Mowrey .... 



Wm. Bay 

Geo. W. Bradford... 

Adam J. Doll 

Van Kleefe . 






Westel Willougbby,jr. 

John Dm-kee 

Cornelius Low 

Records Imrned 

Charles Little 

Israel Farrell , 

AlexandtT Kelsey 

Alexander Sheldon.... 
Nicholaa Romayne 

Amos G. Hull 

John H. Frifibia 

Jonathan Sweezey 

Benjamin Coe 

Joseph White 

Bei^amin Woodward. 

John Demarest 

Joseph W. Smith 

S. B.Wells 

Nelson Wintou 

David Conklin 



Andrew Farrell 

Hugh Henderson 

Andrew Vanderze 

Organization abandoned, 

Cyrus Wells 

Elijah Pratt 

Frederick F. Backus 

Stephen Reynolds 

Edward Miller 

David Hasbrouck 

Walter Colton 

Nathaniel Elmer 

Luther Cowen 

Caleb Richardson 

Ira M.Wells 

Charles Whipple , 

W.Noble 

C. C. Van Dyck 

Thomas Shannon 



D. Moses Blachely 



Wm. Livingston 
Watson Smith... 
John Hat maker. 



First No. 

of 
Members. 



20 
10 



9 

13 
9 



20 

20 

8 

106 

29 
11 



7 
14 



11 
6 



10 
7 



12 



Present 

No. of 

Members. 



45 

20 



15 
40 

27 
22 
40 

35 
95 



32 
46 
94 
20 
45U 

90 
62 



30 
37 



14 



28 
41 

25 



5 The first act regulating the practice of physic and surgery 
in New York was passed June 10, 1760. It was amended in 
1792 and 1797. and under the latter the judges of State courts 
and courts of Common Pleas and Masters in Chancery were, 
upon proof of two years' study of medicine, authorized to license 
persons to practice as physicians. By the act of 1806, medical 
societies mi^ht be formed in each co. by securing five or more 
members: and where there were less than five physiciaus in a 
CO. they might unite with the society of a neighboring en. 

The restrictions upon practice without a diploma were fin.illy 
abolinhed in 1844 ; and the law now makes no distinction between 
the different classes of practitioners. Those assuming to act as 

Ehysiciaus become responsible for their practice, and, if not 
coased by a county or the State Society or regularly graduated 



at a medical school, can collect pay according to the time em- 
ployed, but they cannot collect the specific fees, implying pro- 
ieasional skill, which are recognized by the established usages 
of the profeyfiion. 

2 The number of homeopathic practitioners in the State is 
about 600, of whom 150 are in New York and Brooklyn. The 
Central, Bond St., and Northern Homeopathic Dispensaries in 
New York, the Ilomeopatliic Dispensary of Brooklyn, the 
Hahnemann Academy of Medicine of New York, and the Homeo- 
pathic Medical Society of Northern N. Y.. are sustained V>y this 
class of physicians, nnd the North American Uomeopathio 
Journal, (quarterly.) the Homeopathic Review, (mo,,) and the 
Homeopathic, (semi-mo.,) all published at New York, are de- 
voted to their interests. 



150 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Population, Classified hy Color, Political Relation, Nativity, &c., according to the State 

Census of 1855. 



COCNTIXS. 



Albany 

Allegany — 

Broome 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua. 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer .... 

Jeflferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 
New York.... 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga .... 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer... 
Richmond.... 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence 

Saratoga 

Schenectady . 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga , 

Tompkins , 

Ulster 

Warren 

"Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westchester . 
Wyoming .... 
Yates 

Total 



103,681 
42,910 
36.660 
39,630 
63.571 
63,580 
27,2S8 
39,915 
42,4.S2 
44.341 
24.575 
39,749 
60,635 

132.331 
28,639 
25.897 
23,284 
31.532 
31,137 
2,643 
38,566 
65.420 

216,356 
25,229 
37,943 
43,087 
96,324 
30.808 

629,810 
48.282 

107,749 
86.675 
42,672 
60,868 
28,435 
69,398 
49,736 
13,9.34 
46.266 
79,234 
21,389 
19,611 
74,977 
49,379 
19,672 
33,519 
18,777 
25,.358 
59,099 
41.066 
29,487 
26,962 
31.516 
67.936 
19.669 
44,405 
46,760 
80,678 
32,148 
19,812 



3,466,212 3,420,921 



102,84: 
42,729 
36,136 
39.401 
63,171 
63, 
26,826 
39,701 
42,351 
43,13: 
24,547 
39,566 
68,806 

131,473 
28,403 
25,460 
23,124 
30,94S 
30,326 
2,639 
38,394 
65,2-23 

211,876 
25,186 
37,734 
43,362 
96,835 
30.40' 

618,064 
47,880 

107.134 
86,073 
42,088 
68,720 
28,325 
69,030 
49.618 
13,805 
4.3,216 
78.340 
20,799 
19,014 
74,875 
48,737 
19,261 
33,063 
18,701 
25,190 
62,567 
39,018 
29,377 
26,732 
31,267 
66,510 
19,589 
44.185 
46.516 
78,750 
32,119 
19,716 



J,2 



839 
181 
616 
129 
390 
109 
463 
214 
131 

1,254 
28 
194 

1,829 

858 

136 

17 

160 

86 

812 

4 

172 

197 

4,480 
43 
209 
325 
489 
401 
11,840 
402 
616 
602 
684 

2,148 
110 
368 
217 
129 

3,050 
894 
690 
497 
102 
642 
311 
466 
76 
168 
408 

1,888 
110 
2.30 
249 

1,426 

70 

230 

245 

1,928 
29 
97 



Political 
Relations. 



18,616 

9.884 

8;282 

8,637 

11,621 

11,912 

6,859 

9,700 

6,374 

9.412 

5,902 

9.065 

12,498 

21,743 

6,662 

4,462 

6,066 

6,477 

6,952 

699 

8,578 

14,206 

32,62: 

6,284 

8,136 

9,974 

17,272 

6,786 

88,877 

8,257 

20,946 

16,933 

9,147 

11,301 

6,704 

14,609 

12,177 

3,0.37 

8,187 

14,933 

3,796 

3,580 

13,984 

10,377 

3,790 

7,376 

4,377 

6,.395 

14,151 

7,939 

5,727 

6,181 

7,456 

13,197 

4,165 

9,356 

10,205 

14,245 

7,0m 

4,474 



20,2.8: 
2,032 
2,056 
2,645 
4,863 
4,7 
1,191 
977 
8,404 
3,800 
704 
1,632 
6,861 

37,274 
2.994 
3.739 
1,559 
4,107 
1,522 
168 
3.955 
6.377 

66,636 
2,751 
4,329 
3,232 

22,837 

2,688 

232,678 

10.327 

18,472 

73,649 
4,767 
7,956 
3,813 
7,372 
1,640 
1,216 
8,618 

14,921 
6,078 
3.457 
9,916 
6.748 
2,943 
874 
687 
2,153 
3.606 
3,083 
3,606 
979 
1,160 
9,487 
1,6*3 
4.822 
4,767 

16.741 

2,827 

942 



45,286 662,3221632,746 2,222,321 



Natitities. 



64,705 
32,826 
27,874 
28,918 
40,720 
37,966 
19,983 
32,402 
26,222 
36,500 
19.989 
33,576 
48,073 
66,945 
19,067 
14,583 
19,632 
20,339 
27,338 
l,r - ' 
30,283 
60.103 
94,122 
17..683 
26.141 
34,060 
63,939 
25,762 
262.156 
27,753 
68,302 
67.689 
30,666 
46.339 
19.841 
60,731 
42,206 
11,628 
33,092 
61.667 
14,094 
13,512 
47,991 
37,423 
14,596 
31,195 
15,379 
19,253 
48,737 
34,983 
21,608 
20,760 
25,587 
63,136 
14,632 
33,297 
35,077 
52,035 
22.438 
16,083 






70,407 
39,160 
32,921 
34,629 
46,033 
46.444 
24,075 
37,728 
29,279 
39,141 
23,139 
36.072 
60,724 
77.620 
23,799 
19.258 
20,811 
24,920 
28,755 
2,226 
32,607 
66,471 

115,246 
19,669 
31,166 
39,336 
63,048 
26,714 

303,721 
33,206 
76,868 
66,126 
36,639 
49,718 
23,303 
66,895 
46,674 
12,338 
34,800 
67,447 
16,441 
16,030 
69,667 
41,305 
15.217 
32,117 
17,648 
22,498 
66,489 
36,807 
23,186 
25,028 
29,538 
64,735 
17.122 
37.482 
39,380 
67.401 
26,978 
18,277 



33,247 
3,153 
3,225 
4,006 
6,854 
6,797 
2,876 
1,747 

13,021 
5.107 
1,380 
3,664 
9,707 

64.267 
4,684 
6,622 
2,448 
6,427 
2,261 
310 
6,803 
8,630 
100,206 
5.470 
6,649 
4.351 

33,276 

3,880 

322.469 

14,717 

30,354 

20.949 
6,803 

10.761 
4.966 

12.024 
2.770 
1,694 

11,135 

21,445 
5,883 
4.436 

16,016 
7,937 
4,303 
1,294 
966 
2,763 
2.196 
4,211 
6,138 
1,697 
1,849 

13,162 
2,479 
6,791 
7,103 

23,133 
6,060 
1,408 



538,444 917,708 



3,231 

636 

611 

496 

890 

749 

675 

273 

4,449 

1,069 

246 

283 

1,667 

2,315 

1,164 

1,323 

631 

436 

616 

63 

608 

991 

8,924 

723 

376 

848 

2,106 

625 

26,858 

976 

3.06: 

2,160 

670 

1,241 

736 

1, 

569 

425 

1,588 

3,080 

245 

980 

2 272 

l,'27r 

269 

601 

219 

366 

870 

681 

655 

436 

271 

2,997 

348 

1,030 

668 

3,130 

266 

281 



18 
18 
18 
21 
17 
14 

8 
17 
20 
20 

7 
18 
19 
36 

7 
16 
12 
16 
11 

"21 

41 

45 

8 

13 

27 

27 

26 

411 

11 

48 

24 

21 

18 

13 

33 

24 

6 

21 

19 

3 

7 

26 

18 

7 

9 

4 

6 

21 

12 



46 
20 
3: 
31 
39 
21 
11 
34 
18 
34 
25 
29 
43 
66 
16 
1 

20 
30 
27 
1 
37 
62 
16 
21 
14 
43 
56 
14 
316j 656 

14 

42 

28 

10 

14 
4 

24 

18 
2 
9 

13 

12 
2 

23 

13 



96,489 1,422 1,136 2,742 1 1,812 



Percentages of the Several Classes to the Total Population. 



White males 49.23 

" females 49.47 

Colored males 0.61 

" females 0.69 

Total males 49.84 

■• females 50.16 

Single 60.08 

Married 36.16 

Widowers 1.02 

Widows « 2.75 

Kative voters 14.90 

^'aturalized voters 3.91 



Aliens 18.54 

Owners of land 10.41 

Over 21 years who cannot read and 

write 2.78 

Ages under 5, males 6.86 

" females 6.74 

Aged 5 and under 10, males 6.73 

*' " females 5.64 

Aged 10 and under 15, males * 5.46 

" " females 5.35 

Aged 15 and under 20, males 4.91 

" " females 6.46 



Aged 20 and under 30, males 9.43 

" " females 10.44 

Aged 30 and under 40, males 7.28 

" " females 6.78 

Aged 40 and under 50, males 4.79 

" " females 4.39 

Aged 60 and under 60, males 2.91 

" " females 2.70 

Aged 60 and under 70, mules 1.55 

" " femalof! 1.56 

Aged over 70, males 0.84 

^^ females 0.85 



POPULATION. 151 

Summary of Population at different periods in the several Counties, as now organized. 



Counties. 


1790. 


1800. 


1810. 


1814. 


1820. 


1825, 


1830. 


1835. 


1840, 


1845. 


1850. 


1865. 




13,717 


25.155 


34,661 


33,885 


38,116 


42,821 
13,184 


63,620 


69.762 


68,693 


77,268 


93.279 


103.681 


Allegany 




1,443 


2.20- 


6,520 


20.238 


27,295 


30.264 


31,402 


37.808 


42.910 


Broorae 


45 


2,730 


6,481 


7,423 


11.100 


13,893 


17..579 


20,199 


22,338 


25.808 


30.660 


36,050 


Cattaraugus.. 






458 


637 


4.090 


6,643 


16,724 


24,986 


28.872 


30.169 


38.C50 


39,630 


Cayuga 




l6,8i7 


29,843 


33,609 


38.897 


42,743 


47.948 


49,202 


60.338 


49.603 


65,458 


63.671 


Chautauqua... 






2.381 


4,2.i9 


12.568 


20.639 


34.671 


44.860 


47.976 


46.548 


60.493 


63.380 


Chemung. 


2.931 


1.848 


2,862 


3.115 


4,2-2 


8,011 


11,562 


14.439 


16.483 


17.742 


21.737 


27.288 


Chcuaugo 




6.500 


21.704 


24.221 


31,215 


34,216 


37,238 


40,762 


40.7S5 


39.900 


40.311 


39.915 


Cliutou 


1,036 


3,916 


8.802 


7,764 


12,070 


14,486 


19,344 


20,742 


28.157 


31,278 


40.047 


42.482 


Culumbia 


27,732 


35,322 


32,390 


33.979 


38.330 


37,970 


39,907 


40,746 


43.252 


41,976 


43.073 


44,341 


Cortland 




982 


8.879 


10.893 


16.507 


20.271 


23,791 


24.168 


24.607 


25,081 


25.140 


24.675 


Delaware 


2,745 


10,228 


20.303 


21.290 


26.5S7 


29.666 


33,024 


34,192 


36.396 


36.990 


39.834 


39.749 


Dutchess 


36,334 


37,909 


41,190 


43,707 


40.616 


46.698 


,50.926 


60,704 


62.39S 


65.124 


68,992 


60.635 


Erie 


'"57s 


4;i57 


4,667 
9,477 


6,201 
9,949 


10.S34 
13.811 


24.316 
16.993 


35,719 
19,287 


67,594 
20,699 


62.465 
23,6:54 


78.036 
25,102 


100,993 
31,148 


132.331 

28.639 


Essex 


Franlcliu 




443 


2.719 


2,568 


4,439 


7,978 


11,312 


12,501 


16.518 


18,692 


25,102 


26.897 


Fulton 




6,931 


16,048 


14,491 


15.723 


17,006 


20,4.51 


21,597 


18.049 


18,579 


20,171 


23.284 








3,660 
19,636 


9,435 


1S..578 


20.708 


26,008 
29,525 


29,145 
30.173 


28 705 


28 H^ 


28 4.'^8 


31..532 


Greene 


7,02s 


12,584 


20,210 


22.996 


26.229 


30.446 


31,957 


3,3,126 


31.137 


Hamilton 






466 


556 


1.251 


1.290 


1,325 


1,0.54 


1,907 


1.882 


2.188 


■i-fiK 


Herkimer 


2,827 


16,332 


24.742 


23,726 


31,017 


33,040 


35,870 


36,201 


37.477 


37.424 


38.244 


38,566 


JefiersoD. 




262 


15,140 


18,564 


32,952 


41,650 


48,493 


63,088 


60,084 


64.999 


68,163 


65,420 


Kiugs 


4,495 


6,740 


8,303 


7,665 


11,187 


14,679 


20,635 


32,0,57 


47.613 


78.6:il 


13S,SS2 


216.365 






1,362 


6,433 
10.526 




9,227 






16,093 
35,683 








26,229 
37,943 


Livinii^iton. ... 




2.448 


13,181 


21,006 


26,731 


27,729 


42.498 


38.389 


40.876 


Madison 




8,036 


25,141 


26,276 


32,208 


3.5,646 


39,038 


41,741 


40,008 


40.987 


43,072 


43,087 






1,192 
13,015 


4,683 


11.178 


27,288 


39.108 


49,855 


58,085 
25,108 


64.902 
36.818 








Montgomery.. 


18,261 


23,007 


22.705 


21,846 


22.600 


23,264 


24.643 


31,992 


30,808 


New York 


33,131 


60.489 


96,373 


95.519 


123,706 


166,086 


197,112 


268,089 


312.710 


371.223 


616.647 


629.810 


Niagara 






1,465 


1.276 


7,322 


14.069 


18,482 


26,490 


31,132 


34,550 


42.276 


48,282 


Oneida. 


1.891 


20.839 


.30.634 


45.627 


60,997 


67,847 


71,326 


77,518 


85,310 


84,776 


99.666 


107,749 


Ononilaga 




6.434 


26,495 


30,020 


41,467 


48.435 


58,973 


60.908 


67.911 


70.175 


86.890 


86,676 




1,075 


8.406 


22,088 


22,812 


35,292 


37,422 


40,288 
45.366 












Orange 


22,809 


29.368 


34,347 


34,908 


41,213 


41.732 


45.096 


60.739 


62.227 


67.145 


60.868 








1,164 
3,889 


1,524 


5.349 


14.460 


17,732 


22.893 


25127 


25 845 


28 501 


28,436 
69 398 






S4S 


6,382 

41,687 

9.353 


12.364 


17.875 


27 119 


38 246 


43.619 


48,441 


62 198 




1,702 


21,636 


38,802 


44,S56 


47,898 


61,372 






49,736 
13,934 


Putnam 


8.932 


9.836 


10,293 


11,268 


11,866 


12.628 


11,5.50 


12.825 


13.258 


14.138 




16.014 


16.893 


19,336 


19,269 


21.619 


20,331 
44,065 


22,460 


25,130 
66,515 


30,324 
60,269 


31,849 
62.338 


36 833 


46,266 
79.234 


Rensselaer 


22,428 


30,442 


36.309 


36.833 


40.153 


49.424 


73.363 


Richniontl 


3.835 


4 563 


5,347 


6.602 


6.135 


6,932 


7.082 


7,691 


10,905 


13.073 


16,061 


21.3.89 


Rockland 


6,001 


0,.353 


7,758 


7.817 


8,837 


8,016 


9,388 


9,696 


11,975 


13.741 


16,962 


19,611 


St. Lawrence. 




454 


7,885 


8,252 


16.037 


27,595 


36,354 


42,047 


66,706 


62.354 


68,617 


74,977 


Saratoga 


17,077 


24.483 


33,147 


31,139 


36,062 


36.295 


38.679 


38,012 


40,553 


41.477 


45,646 


49,379 


Schenectady. . 


5,698 


8,8S8 


10,205 


11,203 


13,081 


12,876 


12.347 


16,230 


17,387 


16,630 


20.054 


19,672 


Schoharie 


2,073 


9,808 


18.945 


19,323 


23,154 


25.926 


27,902 


28,608 


32,358 


32,488 


3;i,548 


33,619 


Schnvler 




286 


3.609 


5.652 


10,411 


13.773 


13,764 


15,163 


16,388 


17.327 


18.619 


18,777 


Semca 




4,0.57 


11,306 


13,935 


17,773 


20.169 


21,041 


22,627 


24.874 


24.972 


25,441 


25,.358 


Steuben 




1,788 


6.036 


8.983 


18,068 


20.282 


28.012 


34.961 


40,661 


46.203 


68.358 


69,099 


Suffolk 


16.440 


19,4i>4 


21,113 
6,10s 


21,368 


24,272 


23 695 


26 780 


og 074 


32 469 


34 679 


36 9'^2 


41 066 


Sullivan 


1,7 6:i 


3,222 


6.233 


8.900 


10..373 


12,364 


13,755 


16,629 


18.727 


25.088 


29,487 


Tioga 




2.034 


6,860 


6.188 


7,966 


9,988 


13,426 


16,534 


20,627 


22.456 


24.880 


26,962 


1'ompkind 




927 


6,1.53 


9,816 


22,167 


27,951 


31,333 


32.345 


32,296 


32.2W 


32.094 


31,616' 


tlster 


16,297 


21,033 
4,825 


26,676 
7,565 


26,428 
7,838 


30.934 


32 015 


36 650 


39 960 


45 ^^'^ 


48 907 


59 384 


67 936 


Warren 


1,080 


9.453 


10,906 


11,796 


12,034 


13,422 


14.908 


17,199 


19,669 


Washington... 


20,497 


30,982 


36,724 


.36.359 


38,831 


39,280 


42,635 


39,326 


41.080 


40.554 


44.780 


44,405 


Wavne 




1,410 
27,347 


6,575 
30.272 


11.220 


20,309 


26,761 


33 643 


37 788 


42.057 
48.686 


42 516 


44 953 


46 760 


Wetitchester... 


24,003 


26,307 


32,638 


33,131 


36,4.56 


38,789 


47.394 


68.203 


80,678 


Wyoming 






2,736 


5.411 


16.149 


22,307 


29,047 


32,771 


34,245 


30.691 


31.981 


32,148 






1,702 


4,867 


6,434 


18,026 


15,313 


19,009 


19,796 


20,444 


20,777 


20,590 


19,812 


Total -. 


340,120 


588,603 


961,888 


1.035.910 


1,372,812 


1.614.458 


1.913,131 


2,174,617 


2,428,921 


2,604.495 


3.097.394 


3,468,212 



Abstract from the Census of the Indians residing on Reservations in 1855. 



Reseevations. 



Allegany 

CatUraugus ".. 



On(^i(Ja* 

Onondaga*..., 

St. Regis' , 

Shinnecock... 
Tonawauda.. 



Tuacarora — 



Where located. 



Cattarawgua co 

Cattaraugus, Erie, & Chau- 
tauqua cos 

Madison and Oneida cos 

Onondaga co 

FranliUn co 

Suffolk CO 

Genesee, Erie, and Niagara 
COS. 

Niagara co. 



Total'* 1,947 



376 

676 

88 

173 

206 



290 
160 



378 

604 
73 
176 
207 
71 

312 

166 



1,987 



163 

2 91 



48 



1,714 

3.032S 

354J 

2.063J 

l,426i 



2.616 
3,092 



729 

43 

141 

161 

16 

261 
»49 



464 10 350 13,8675 2.089 1,094 673 236 2,806 



<Se 



203 

3.89 
20 
49 
95 
14 

144 

180 



626 

1,064 

36 

142 

142 

32 

409 
464 



"The total number reported was, from neglect of the mar- 1 ^ In the returns of the last State census 235 Indians (102 males 



Ahtd. too small. In May, 1855, 1,388 were returned as entitled 
to share in annuities. 

* The returns of civil condition are too indefinite to be re- 
lied on. 

• The larger part of this village ia in Canada. 



and 133 females) not residing on reser^-ations wore enumerated 
and reported with the population of the towns in which they 
live. These, added to the numbers in the above table, mako 
2.049 males and 2,120 females, or a total of 4,llj9 Indians i-e- 
siding in the State in 1566, 



152 



NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 

Persons engaged in tJie varicms Professions, Trades, and Occupations 



Counties. 



Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cuttaniugus.. 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua- 
Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware , 

Dutchess 

Erie , 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

LivingstoiL.., 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 
New York.... 

Ni.agara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 

Richmond 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence. 

Saratoga 

Schenectady. 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan. 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington... 

Wayne 

Westchester... 

Wyoming 

Yates 

Total 



601 
242 
196 
160 
289 
290 
166 
206 
185 
221 
136 
1.93 
292 
704 
159 
109 
111 
195 
132 

10 
240 
356 
735 

84 
224 
■2ii 
618 
165 
2,611 
230 
670 
461 
268 
340 
153 
303 
332 

92 
189 
404 

80 
133 
319 
208 
132 
160 
113 
126 
336 
149 
164 
139 
172 
3,i2 

79 
2.'i7 
228 
342 
162 
117 



218 
177 
163 
338 
298 
126 
200 
182 
252 
159 
183 
351 

1,050 
105 
97 
117 
150 
153 
3 
249 
379 

1,816 
102 
236 
269 
878 
108 

6,745 
235 
726 
660 
243 
299 
167 
338 
281 
133 
285 
666 
86 
178 
329 
183 
149 
161 
89 
133 
2&i 
231 
127 
146 
169 
270 
63 
269 
265 

1,665 
181 
124 



So 

6«S 



214 
69 
33 
44 

107 

115 
44 
52 
30 
49 
27 
38 

147 

227 
19 
26 
24 
37 
43 
1 
41 
95 

466 
29 
76 
73 

183 

27 

2,606 

60 

221 

107 
48 
69 
23 
97 
66 
9 
37 

112 
34 
20 
62 
39 
37 
39 
16 
26 
66 
27 
24 
25 
63 
31 
16 
45 
65 

182 
45 
S3 



1,202 
466 
422 
326 
647 
691 
413 
353 
200 
490 
272 
377 
703 

2.023 
223 
212 
297 
382 
234 
14 
404 
763 

2,935 
218 
427 
484 

1,381 
352 

7,204 
441 

1.4S7 

1,132 
410 
667 
209 
768 
680 
230 
679 
947 



700 
608 
212 
379 
218 
289 
632 
602 
306 
318 
387 
698 
168 
465 
561 
1,389 
334 
212 






1.148 

107 

137 

79 

238 

202 

140 

62 

127 

204 

77 

64 

209 

1,085 

72 

60 

61 

98 

82 

2 

156 

213 

4,708 

64 

145 

136 

668 

103 

13,897 

272 

683 

651 

163 

298 

111 

308 

129 

37 

198 

624 

134 

59 

267 

185 

137 

60 

37 

89 

156 

117 

49 

91 

97 

267 

27 

171 

192 

369 

75 

73 



24,804 ] 6,656 40.731 30.359 4,810 7,135 



87 
80 
67 
64 
89 

104 
38 
86 
47 
67 
66 
72 
88 

167 
31 
37 
24 
61 
58 
1 
62 

116 

313 
35 
76 
86 

141 
37 

393 
61 

174 

133 

103 

102 
54 

112 
93 
25 
63 
98 
31 
32 

110 
79 
26 
42 
33 
42 

104 
80 
35 
43 
62 
68 
39 
67 
83 

138 
64 
41 






ell 



244 

105 

70 

57 

137 

166 

69 

104 

71 

113 

60 

67 

156 

289 

64 

42 

44 

144 

63 

1 

78 

144 

265 

46 

106 

129 

277 

67 

767 

77 

258 

216 

112 

198 

75 

101 

1.54 

18 

104 

151 

19 

41 

109 

66 

42 

79 

41. 

74 

147 

82 

45 

62 

107 

171 

26 

121 

126 

204 

93 

72 



204 
62 
87 
62 

148 

121 
50 

103 
30 
33 
46 
48 
90 

311 
32 
27 
43 
53 



53 

144 

533 

59 

102 

101 

519 

34 

1,018 

125 

184 

394 

101 

78 

83 

698 

88 

19 

21 

126 

16 

20 

157 

69 

8 

81 

36 

114 



14 

60 
62 

283 
64 
61 

166 



^S 






767 

24 

92 

28 

186 

170 

108 

61 

68 

168 

48 

68 

262 

385 

28 

SO 

36 

64 



134 
1,734 

44 
119 
144 
418 
111 
7,436 

87 
483 
206 

82 
298 
118 
147 
167 

36 
132 
480 



87 
94 
41 
27 
72 
64 
213 
32 
36 
82 
164 
14 
119 
146 
322 



5,728 
7,364 
6,861 
6.855 
8,223 
9,249 
2,848 
7,457 
3,925 
6,260 
4,836 
7,448 
6,691 
10,182 
3,782 
4,410 
2,899 
6,607 
4,190 

611 
6,321 
7,000 

476 
4,975 
4,774 
7,019 
7,957 
3,131 

193 
6,606 
11,880 
9,079 
6,333 
6,456 
4,067 
8,667 
9,986 
1,967 
3,598 
6,824 

674 
1,323 
11,427 
6,960 
2,234 
6,372 
3,409 
3,033 
9,696 
3,942 
3,616 
4,145 
5,038 
6.703 
2,088 
7,204 
7,494 
4,239 
6,328 
2,794 



321,930 



498 
49 
34 
36 
98 
60 
57 
32 
30 
49 
12 
16 
30 

370 
17 
4 
11 
18 
26 

61 

53 

1,199 

6 



265 

106 

4,079 

104 

190 

139 

53 

78 

41 

110 

16 

7 



64 
12 
56 
53 
41 

8 
22 
47 
37 

4 
10 
27 
22 
92 
10 
60 
66 
142 
22 
16 



122 
66 
26 
39 
49 
86 
26 
48 
32 
60 
26 
39 
62 

108 
21 
16 
21 
36 
34 

33 

89 
226 
27 
66 
61 
93 
60 
709 
63 
131 
102 

at 

85 
19 
63 
78 
4 
46 
86 
68 
15 
59 
56 
31 
42 
17 
31 
43 
26 
43 
20 
35 
96 
18 
32 
43 
97 
32 
14 



9,056 I 3,765 



4,216 

892 

477 

643 

1,362 

1,200 

662 

442 

2,006 

2,021 

260 

671 

2,608 

5,367 

918 

254 

1,156 

1,057 

687 

49 

855 

1,045 

7,044 

664 

2,167 

1,338 

4,901 

1,722 

19,748 

2,692 

4,487 

3,168 

1.269 

2,695 

1,618 

1,976 

642 

639 

2.316 

3.477 

728 

423 

1,349 

1,293 

2,912 

1,613 

174 

608 

629 

1,179 

1,466 

692 

502 

S,461 

520 

1,258 

1,172 

4,151 

320 

491 



115,800 



Nativities of the Population of Neio York. 

The following Table shows the nativities of the population of the State, as reported by the census of 1855 : — 



TTTiere bom. 



New York 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts.... 

Vermont 

New Hampshire. 

Rhode Island 

Maine 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania.... 



Number. 


Per cent. 




2,222,321 


64.077 




63,691 


1.863 




67,086 


1.648 




64.266 


1.565 




14.941 


.431 




11,7.37 


.339 




6.818 


.168 




40,391 


1.164 




31,472 


.907 





Wtiere barn. 



Ohio 

Michigan 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Indiana 

Southern States 

Other States 

Foreign Countries 

At sea and unknown. 



Number. Per ceni. 



6,256 

S,413 

1,255 

1,163 

606 

13,124 

183 

922,019 

17,749 



.151 
.098 
.036 
.033 
.017 
.378 
.005 
26.685 
.512 



PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS. 
in the several Counties, as reported hy the State Census of 1855. 



153 















£" 






1" 


1 


:S 




g 










j 


■§ 


It 


« 




C 


1. 


i 




1 


li 


*« 




■13 




i 


S 




1 


e 

1 


li 


1 


1 






1 




1 


11 


li 


1 






S 




1 


212 


338 


468 


634 


88 


183 


399 


174 


178 


103 


1.37 


136 


1,070 


64 


364 


162 


92 


490 


62 


2S 


82 


184 


69 


64 


39 


86 


23 


46 


45 


11 


166 


74 


171 


43 


20 


24 


46 


28 


133 


200 


66 


60 


65 


68 


26 


134 


46 


22 


185 


110 


136 


31 


32 


9 


33 


22 


64 


137 


3+ 


37 


27 


74 


11 


69 


29 


4 


112 


65 


99 


27 


17 


14 


73 


161 


192 


176 


96 


99 


132 


114 


73 


77 


73 


17 


428 


45 


168 


31 


39 


98 


67 


90 


108 


226 


62 


111 


88 


126 


41 


145 


66 


12 


309 


72 


239 


36 


50 


60 


46 


62 


128 


93 


46 


68 


71 


62 


22 


66 


36 


8 


203 


44 


100 


14 


23 


20 


64 


19 


68 


164 


40 


63 


46 


77 


17 




43 


2 


166 


63 


124 


4 


23 


24 


36 


71 


86 


170 


34 


32 


28 


44 


18 


67 


39 


7 


105 


35 


86 


116 


16 


11 


65 


SO 


105 


216 


71 


77 


98 


83 


43 


66 


39 


15 


271 


24 


165 


47 


36 


148 


20 


8 


67 


99 


61 


42 


36 


49 


8 


12 


33 


4 


117 


34 


116 


9 


21 


8 


41 


6 


61 


200 


37 


67 


26 


70 


14 


3 


30 


2 


118 


97 


205 


20 


12 


17 


76 


171 


205 


3So 


124 


67 


166 


103 


42 


104 


63 


8 


28S 


64 


201 


72 


59 


185 


196 


176 


687 


714 


141 


1.11 


438 


218 


210 


118 


146 


180 


1,063 


187 


313 


100 


157 


68 


44 


17 


66 


112 


33 


31 


24 


34 


10 


1 


22 


3 


48 


34 


76 


99 


14 


8 


12 


7 


35 


88 


22 


19 


20 


29 


8 


28 


16 


3 


67 


14 


72 


1 


14 


26 


25 


2 


76 


112 


22 


36 


49 


32 


3 




22 


4 


99 


193 


71 


44 


16 


11 


33 


13 


128 


149 


74 


27 


73 


76 


19 


46 


66 


22 


124 


31 


108 


8 


14 


8 


29 


19 


54 


156 


63 


62 


36 


47 


6 


3 


2fi 


46 


141 


60 


115 


36 


15 


65 




3 




6 


1 






1 






1 


1 


3 


43 


10 


13 


1 




33 


62 


99 


123 


63 


61 


62 


62 


20 


23 


61 


32 


152 


111 


125 


23 


26 


47 


68 


84 


173 


329 


139 


153 


104 


126 


28 


66 


86 


27 


414 


109 


210 


40 


60 


39 


864 


666 


1,628 


2,649 


37 


411 


1,150 


336 


676 


102 


163 


643 


2,481 


122 


290 


147 


340 


69 


11 


3 


64 


74 


25 


32 


37 


42 






•2S 


11 


88 


8 


89 


9 


12 


5 


64 


66 


97 


137 


86 


44 


67 


73 


16 


16 


60 


13 


160 


18 


128 


20 


10 


10 


43 


61 


105 


175 


60 


84 


97 


88 


22 


13 


67 


16 


301 


41 


189 


38 


32 


79 


140 


401 


666 


394 


234 


183 


358 


197 


109 


248 


109 


70 


858 


88 


281 


149 


100 


43 


44 


16 


78 


162 


60 


44 


42 


47 


14 


23 


36 


61 


139 


24 


99 


39 


14 


28 


1,112 


1,V14 


3,631 


6,001 


130 


1,685 


3,400 


1,252 


1,901 


623 


884 


1,765 


12,609 


228 


l,2e« 


160 


897 


689 


41 


41 


260 


165 


75 


6S 


99 


75 


17 


32 


60 


67 


207 


20 


113 


27 


39 


12 


147 


226 


412 


480 


116 


190 


290 


200 


115 


136 


117 


97 


988 


146 


334 


118 


103 


121 


118 


122 


365 


342 


142 


123 


275 


131 


68 


146 


126 


92 


488 


42 


260 


76 


63 


63 


49 


66 


137 


164 


101 


61 


95 


102 


23 


67 


65 


6 


183 


6 


108 


40 


32 


11 


69 


87 


239 


308 


92 


99 


109 


89 


37 


228 


64 


42 


367 


47 


191 


118 


61 


77 


32 


9 


76 


99 


66 


69 


61 


60 


21 


12 


32 


12 


104 


20 


94 


9 


19 


5 


74 


92 


231 


241 


171 


84 


125 


113 


38 


14 


66 


25 


281 


76 


246 


87 


33 


24 


62 


82 


94 


197 


68 


100 


82 


89 


26 


1 


78 


7 


263 


38 


172 


23 


23 


17 


13 


84 


34 


68 


26 


IS 


25 


12 


1 


12 


9 


18 


64 


2 


44 


21 


12 




36 


76 


174 


187 


45 


26 


106 


49 


17 


12 


40 


16 


167 


2 


125 


2 


78 


86 


99 


301 


330 


629 


77 


108 


226 


121 


46 


434 


90 


65 


612 


98 


232 


210 


70 


IS 


36 


7 


137 


217 


12 


3 


81 


17 


35 


2 


9 


18 


79 


11 


36 


8 


20 


2 


12 


72 


62 


67 


14 


IS 


40 


23 


7 


87 


26 


9 


88 


5 


36 




25 


11 


86 


40 


120 


245 


79 


91 


82 


61 


23 


87 


67 


10 


216 


64 


243 


17 


39 


19 


64 


105 


89 


218 


46 


68 


90 


101 


37 


62 


30 


19 


150 


29 


141 


28 


21 


74 


30 


189 


63 


120 


S 


62 


51 


37 


11 


96 


16 


4 


216 


12 


66 


16 


7 


12 


39 


13 


81 


138 


61 


63 


33 


68 


10 


2 


32 


2 


■ 147 


28 


169 


9 


18 


12 


18 


12 


48 


69 


42 


39 


33 


46 


10 


2 


26 




107 


32 


95 


21 


3 


12 


33 


97 


67 


107 


68 


54 


66 


49 


6 


14 


26 


18 


124 


16 


77 


17 


19 


47 


51 


80 


164 


230 


79 


66 


74 


76 


27 


97 


65 


11 


152 


68 


117 


32 


28 


9 


24 


6 


95 


263 


41 


61 


76 


48 


23 


28 


24 


8 


234 


7 


133 


8 


27 


17 


15 


1 


66 


102 


24 


33 


15 


36 


7 


13 


17 


4 


91 


120 


82 


42 


13 


3 


16 


26 


60 


88 


40 


28 


31 


49 


10 


64 


23 


5 


106 


33 


94 


4 


19 


2 


123 


46 


78 


128 


81 


67 


86 


61 


16 


43 


38 


8 


148 


26 


124 


17 


7 


17 


66 


27 


186 


315 


102 


73 


95 


76 


30 


3 


47 


96 


326 


163 


164 


133 


35 


24 


12 


6 


33 


69 


16 


16 


20 


32 


4 


29 


15 


10 


52 


90 


62 


11 


.1 




62 


36 


97 


202 


49 


99 


86 


76 


16 


30 


61 


34 


214 


36 


148 


62 


31 


23 


43 


44 


161 


186 


67 


in;) 


83 


116 


14 


39 


85 


21 


267 


46 


203 


17 


49 


7 


127 


113 


625 


631 


64 


102 


304 


114 


62 


121 


68 


314 


437 


30 


303 


108 


87 


241 


36 


14 


72 


147 


65 


42 


63 


69 


13 


28 


66 


9 


127 


34 


114 


4 


20 


8 


21 


9 


41 


82 


46 


37 


36 


39 


13 


8 


32 


5 


126 


20 


96 


6 


8 


9 


4,642 


6,309 


13,781 


20,664 


3,917 


6,862 


10,081 


6,010 


4,339 


4,006 


3,895 


4,076 


29,236 


3,416 


9,969 


2,825 


3,160 


3,141 



7^ total number of persons reported in 1855 as engaged in pursuits other than the foregoing was 

as follows : — 



Actors 325 

Agents 2.340 

Af;ri. Implement Makers 386 
Apothecaries and Drug- 
gists 1,438 

Apprentices 1,421 

Arcliitccts 261 

Artificial Flower Makers 2.37 

Artists and Designers 751 

Auctioneers 220 

Authors 58 

Ax Makers 2S3 

Bakers 6,136 

Bankers 432 

Bank Offlcere 639 

Barbers 2,142 



Barkeepers 

Basket .Makers 

Bell Founders 

Bellhangers and Lock- 
smiths 

Bellows Makers 

Billiard Makers 

Bill Posters 

Bird Cage Makers 

Blacking Makers 

Block Makers 

Boarding House Keepers 

Boat Builders 

Boatmen and Watermen. 

Boiler Makers 

Bookbinders 



987 
783 



669 

24 

6 

7 

7 

32 

391 

1,680 

693 

9.136 

708 

2,121 



Booksellers and Station- 
ers 

Bottlers _. 

Box Makers 

Brass Workers 

Brewers and Distillers. 

Brickmakers 

Bridge and Dock Builders 
Britannia Ware Makers.. 

Brokers 

Broom Makers 

Brusbmakers 

Builders 

Butchers 

Button Makers 

Cadets 



544 
14 

379 

766 
1,176 
1,627 

142 

13 

1.233 

183 

622 

1,081 

6,308 

61 

201 



Calico Printers 

Calkers - 

Card Makers 

Carpet Makers and Deal- 
ers 

Carters and Dra.vnK'n 

CarTers and Gilders 

Case Makers _ 

Cattle Dealers 

Cement Makers 

Chandlers and Soap 
Makers 

Charcoal Burners and 
Dealers 

Chemists 

Chimney Sweeps 



28 

6.i9 

47 

3.% 
7,360 
1,125 
32 
13 
264 

622 

656 

163 

18 



15 i 



NEW YOKK STATE GAZETTEER. 



Professions and OccupaiionSy concluded: 



Chronomtter Makers 4 

Civil Kngineers 249 

Civil Officers 1,427 

Clock Makers and Ke- 

pairera 164 

Clothiers 1,0S4 

Cloth Manufacturers not 

apecifird 123 

Coal Dealers 138 

Coflee. Spice, and Mus- 
tard Makers. 25 

Collectcrs 222 

Comb Makers 229 

Confectioners 1,088 

Contructora 699 

Cooka 1,424 

Coopers 7,5.":19 

CopptTsmiths 409 

Cork Cutters 45 

Cotton Manufacturers.... T5 

Custom House Officers... 346 

Cutlers 249 

Dairymen .and Milk 

Dealers....! 1,050 

Dealers not otherwise 

specified 1,668 

Demists 761 

Dock Keepers 54 

Drivers, Coachmen, &e... 3,253 

Drovere 362 

Dyers and Bleachers 470 

Editors 384 

Klectrotypists 11 

Embroiderers 218 

Enamelers 3 

Engineers 3,180 

Engravers 761 

Envelope Makei-s 29 

Expressmen 4'22 

Factory Operatives 2,477 

Farriers 150 

Feather Dressers S 

Ferrymen 6 

File Cutters 358 

Fire Engine Makers 6 

Firemen 416 

Fish Dealers 165 

Fishermen 905 

Fishing Tackle Makers... 14 
Flax Dressers and Work- 
ers 66 

Fortune Tellers and As- 

trologists 4 

Forwarders 274 

Frame Makers 164 

Fringe. Tassel, and Gimp 

Makers 155 

Fniit Dealers..... 322 

Fumacemen 1,807 

Furriers 227 

Gamblers 7 

Gardeners and Florists... 3,269 
Gas Fitters and Fixture 

Makers 527 

Gas Makers 132 

Gas Meter Makers 8 

Gatekeepers 499 

Geologists and Mineralo- 
gists 5 

Glass Cutters 80 

Glass Makers 466 

Glass Stainers 52 

Glovers 166 

Glue Malcers 37 

Goldbeaters 134 

Gold and Silver Smiths.. 820 
Orate Makers and Set- 
ters 98 



Giindstont and Millstone 

Makers 23 

Gunsmiths 496 

Gutta Percha Manutuc- 

turers 3 

Hair Cloth Makers 17 

Hair Workers 89 

liame Makers 69 

Hardware Dealers 426 

Hat and Cap Makers 2,928 

Hemp Dressers 11 

Horse Dealers 102 

Hose Makers 6 

Hosiers 28 

Hunters 59 

Ice Dealers 152 

Importers 409 

India Rubber Manufac- 
turers __. 73 

Ink Makers 61 

Inspectors 295 

Instrument Makers 172 

Insurance Ofticfrs 319 

Intelligence Officers 3 

Inveiiti^rs and Patentees 30 

Iron Mongers 44 

In.n Workers 990 

Ivory Black Makers 17 

Ivory Workers 5 

Japanners 73 

Jewelers 2,0.55 

Junkshop Keepers 321 

Keepers and Wardens of 

Prisons. &c 284 

Lace Makers 61 

Lampblack Makers.. .. 6 

Lamplighters 18 

Lamp M.ikt-rs 51 

Lapidaries 17 

Last Maker? 98 

Lath Makers 11 

Laundresses 3,557 

Lecturers 35 

Librarians 5 

Lighthouse Keepers 30 

Lime Burners 129 

Linguists 10 

Lithographers 176 

Livery Stable Keepers.... 741 
Looking Glass Makers.-.. 53 
Lumbermen and Dealers 2,933 
Mail Agents and Carriers 231 
Manufacturers (not spe- 
cified) 1,448 

Map Makers 11 

Marble Dealers 66 

Market Men and Women 205 

Mat and Hug Makt-ra 83 

Match Makers 223 

Matrons of Asylums. Ac . 37 
Mechanics (not other- 
wise specified) 3,837 

Mid wives _. 47 

Military Equipment Ma- 
kers 5 

Millwrights 1.262 

Mineral Water Makers... 117 

Miners 415 

Model Makers 8 

Modelers 1 

Morocco Dressers 250 

Mouhlere 3,114 

Mould Makers _... 42 

Musical Instr. Manufec.. 130 

Music Dealers 37 

Musicians 1,177 

Music Teachers 621 

Nail Makers 433 



Xatmalists 

Needle Makers 

Newsboys 

Nurserymen 

Nurses 

Oculists 

Oilcloth Makers 

Oil Makers 

Opticians 

Organ Builders 

Ostlers 

Overseers and Superin- 
tendents 

Oyster Men and Dealers- 
Packers 

Paint and Color Makers.. 

Paper Dealers 

Paper Hangers 

Paper Makers 

Paper Stainers 

Patent Leather Makers... 

Patent Medicine Makers. 

Pattern Makers 

Pavers 

Pawnbrokers 

Pearl Workers 

Peddlers 

Pen Makers 

Pencil Makers 

Perfumers 

Photographers and Da- 
guerreotypists 

Piano Makers 

Pickle and Preserve Ma- 
kers 

Pilots 

Pin Makers 

Pipe Makers 

Plaster Figure Makers... 

Plate Printers 

Platers -. 

Plumbers 

Pocket Book Makers...... 

Policemen 

Polisher:* and Burnishers 

Porcelain Makers 

Porters 

Portfolio Makers 

Portrait Painters 

Postmasters 

Pot and Pearl Ash Ma- 
kers 

Potters 

Powder Makers 

Produce Dealers 

Professors 

Publi-shers 

Pump Malcers 

Pursers 

Pyrotechnists 

Quarrymen 

Ragpickers 

Razor Strop Makers 

Reed Makers 

Refiners and Assayors... 

Keporters 

Restaurant Keepers 

Riggers 

Roofers and Slaters 

Rope and Cord Makers... 

Runners. 

Safe Makers -. 

Sailmakers 

Sailorsond Mariners 

Saleratus Makers 

Salesmen 

Saloon Keepers 

Salt Makers 



10 

1 

197 

240 

968 

17 
133 
124 

63 

81 
948 

475 

458 

112 

21 

20 

196 

914 

87 

10 

59 

427 

341 

20 

4 

4,131 

61 

49 

35 



1,076 

11 

387 

5 

26 

4t 

31 

269 

958 

212 

1,513 

578 

12 

3,916 

6 

37 

184 



287 

27 

526 

188 

160 

40 

10 

22 

1,031 

250 

5 

16 

91 

59 

288 

469 

175 

663 

150 

88 

563 

9,720 

15 

723 

871 



Sandpaper Makers 3 

Sash and Blind Makers.. 1,004 

Saw Filers 45 

Saw Makers 228 

Sawyers 3,724 

Scale Makers 69 

Scavengers 41 

Screw Makers 8 

Sculptors 86 

Sealing Wax Makers 1 

Servants 58,441 

Sextons 147 

Shingle Makers 217 

Ship Carpenters, Mast 

and Spar Makers 3,632 

Shirt and Collar Makers 434 

Shoe Peg Makers 7 

Shot Makers 9 

Showmen 15 

Silk Workers 81 

Soldiers and Military 

Officers 709 

Speculators 487 

Spinners 463 

Spring Makers 26 

Stage Proprietors 174 

Starch Makers 40 

Stave Makers 20 

Steel Makers 9 

Stereotypers 47 

Stevedores 280 

Stewards 281 

Storekeepers 1,120 

Stove Makers 160 

Straw Workers 131 

Students v 4,184 

Sugar Refiners 144 

Surgeons 48 

Surgical Instr. Makers... 38 

SnrA-eyore 382 

Telegraph Operators 258 

Tobacconists 3,744 

Tool Makers 404 

Toy and Fancy Dealers 

and Makers 164 

Tradei-s 115 

Trimmers 308 

Turners 909 

Turpentine Makers 5 

Type Cutters 21 

Type Founders 155 

Umbrella Makers 374 

Undertakers 213 

Upholsterers 1,106 

Varnish Makers 267 

Victualers 57 

Vin<-gar Makers 25 

Watchmakers and Re- 
pairers 813 

Watchmen 412 

Wax Bleachers 2 

Whalebone Workers 122 

Whip Makers 61 

White Lead Midlers 46 

flliilewashers 262 

Window Shade Makers... 31 

Wine and Liquor Dealers 749 

M'ire Drawers 15 

Wire Workers 91 

Wood Cutters 240 

Wotid Dealers 75 

Wooden Ware Makers.... 41 
Wool Carders and Comb- 
ers 282 

Wool Dealers— 49 

Woolen and Worsted 

Workers 147 



ALBANY COUNTY. 




This was an original county; formed Nov. 1, 1683, and confirmed 
Oct. 1, 1691.' 

Tryon and Charlotte (now Montgomery and Washington) counties 
iA were taken off iu 1772, Columbia in 1786, Rensselaer and Saratoga in 
1 1791, a part of Schoharie in 1795, a part of Greene in 1800, and Sche- 
I nectady in 1809. The Manor of Rensselaerwyck was erected into a dis- 
I triot March 24, 1772, and subdivided into east and west districts soon 
after the Revolution. The county lies on the west bank of Hudson 
River, about 150 miles from its mouth, and contains an area of 544 
square miles. Its surface is undulating and hilly, and it has a general 
inclination toward the southeast. A narrow intervale extends along 
tie course of the river, bounded by a series of steep bluffs from 100 to 180 feet high, from the sum- 
mits of which an undulating and slightly ascending plateau stretches westward to the foot of the 
Helderbergh^ HiUs, where it reaches an elevation of about 400 feet above tide. This range of hills 
rises from 400 to 800 ftet above the plateau, and 800 to 1200 feet above tide. Their declivities are 
very steep, and sometimes precipitous, on the east, but more gradually sloping upon the west. 
Several other ranges of hills, inferior to them in height, extend iu a general northerly and southerly 
direction through portions of the county. The highest point is the summit of thellelderberghs.in 
the northeast corner of the town of Bern, and is 1200 feet above tide. All these ranges of high- 
lands may be considered as outlying spurs of the CatskiUs, which, in turn, are but a northerly 
continuation of the Allegany Mountains, and a part of the great Appalachian system. 

The geological formations of this county belong to the Upper Silurian system, and comprise 
nearly all the rooks of the " New York System," from the Utica slate to the corniferous limestone. 
Above tlie rocks, in tlie eastern part of the county, are thick deposits of drift, consisting of sand, 
gravel, and clay; and along the river intervales are rich alluvial deposits. The lowest rock, 
cropping out on the Hudson, Normans Kil, and Mohawk, is the Utica slate. Nest above is the 
graywacke and shales of the Hudson River group, appearing in the valleys of all the streams 
tliat flow into the Hudson, and apparently underlying the entire eastern part of the county. This 
stone is quarried for building stone and flagging.' The red rocks that form the base of the 
Helderberglis evidently belong to the Medina sandstone series, though they have sometimes been 
confounded with the red shales of the Onondaga salt group. Next above, forming the first terrace 
of the mountains, is the water-lime group, from 50 to 200 feet in thickness, furnishing both water 
and quick-lime. Next in order is the pentamerus limestone, 50 feet in thickness, consisting of 
impure gray and black limestone mixed with slate and shale. Overlying this is the CatskiU lime- 
stone, from 50 to 180 feet in thickness, consisting of thick, compact masses of limestone alternating 
with thin layers of shale. It is used for building stone and lime. The Oriskany sandstone is 
next developed, in a strata only 2 feet in thickness, followed by the cauda-galli grit, from 50 to 
60 feet in thickness. This last has a fine grit, and resembles black or gray slates, but is easily 
disintegrated, and crumbles upon exposure to the air. Next in order come the Onondaga and 
corniferous lunestones, the latter crowning the summits of the mountains. These rocks furnish 
both a superior quality of lime and an excellent building stone. The surface of the eastern 
part of the county is covered with immense beds of clay, gravel, and sand. The highlands west 
of Albany City are covered 40 feet deep with sand, which rests upon a bed of clay estimated to be 
100 feet deep. In this drift are found small beds of bog ore and numerous chalybeate and sul- 
phuretted springs. In the limestone regions are numerous caves, sink holes, and subterranean 
water courses, forming a peculiar and interesting feature of the county. 

The principal streams are, — the Hudson River, which forms the eastern boundary; the Mohawk, 
which forms a part of the northern boundary ; the Patroon Creek, Normans Kil, Vlamans, Coey- 



1 The county by these acta embraced " the Manor of Rena- 1 prise every thing within the colony of New York north and west 



eelaerwyck. Schenectady, and all the villagea, neigliborhoiids. 
and Christian plantations on the east side of Hudson's River, from 
Koelofle .Tansen'a Creek ; and on the west side, from Sawyer's 
Creek to the outermost end of Saraghtoga." The Manor of Liv- 
ingHton was annexed to Dntchesa co. May 27, 1717. and by sub- 



iequent statutes the county of Albany was also made to com- are not found in the county. 



of present limits, and at one time tlie whole of Vermont. 

3 Signifying ''Clear Mountain," from the fine prospect from 
their summit. 

8 Several of the intermediate series of rocks, including tlia 
gray sandstone, Clinton, Niagara Falls, and Onondaga salt groupai 



155 



156 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



mans, Haanakrois,andCatskill Creeks, and their branches. Nearly all the streams that flow into 
the Hudson have worn deep gulleys in the sand and clay. Many of these gorges are 100 feet deep, 
and extend from one-fourth of a mile to one mile from the river. The streams farther west gene- 
rally flow through narrow, rocky ravines bordered by steep banks. These streams are mostly 
very rapid, and subject to extremes of flood and drouth. There are several small lakes among the 
hills, but none of special importance. 

The soil upon the intervales is a deep, rich alluvial loam. In Watervliet, Albany, and the 
eastern parts of Guilderland and Bethlehem, it consists of almost pure sand, with strips of clay 
along the banks of the streams. A belt of land lying between the sandy region and the foot 
of the Ilelderberghs is principally a clayey and gravelly loam, and very productive. Upon the 
Helderberghs the soil consists of alternate layers of clay, slate, and gravel, generally with a sub- 
soil of tenacious clay called " hard-pan." Patches in this region are also stony, and much of it 
is wet and cold, and only moderately productive. Pitch pine, oak, and chestnut are the principal 
kinds of timber that grow upon the sandy region. In the most barren parts these trees are 
mere dwarfs, and the region has much the appearance of a desert. In the southeast corner of 
the county is a limited amount of red cedar. West of the sandy tract are found the usual trees 
of this northern climate, including both the deciduous and evergreen.' 

In the farming districts the people are principally engaged in raising spring grains, dairying, 
the raising of stock, and in gardening for the markets of Troy and Albany. The people of Albany, 
West Troy, and Cohoes are principally engaged in manufactures and commerce. 

The city of Albany is the county seat and State capital. The county buildings are commodious^ 
and the county institutions are well organized. The City Hall- at Albany, erected at the joint 
expense of the city and county, contains the principal city and county offices. The Albany County 
Penitentiary' is a fine building in the western part of the city. Persons convicted of certain 
crimes, and sentenced to short terms of imprisonment, are confined here; and prisoners are re- 
ceived from Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer, Washington, Saratoga, and Schenectady counties. 
The county has no poor-house, but contracts with the city for the support of its paupers. 

Albany is 145 miles above New York, upon the Hudson. The tide rises about one foot in the 
river.* In low water, navigation is obstructed, except for vessels of light draught, by the " over- 
slaugh," or bar, near Castleton, and at other points ; and considerable sums have been expended in 
. attempting to deepen the channel, by dredging, and building a long stone dike below Albany.' 
The most important works of internal improvement in the county are, — the Erie Canal,' the New 
York Central, and the Albany, Vermont, and Canada Railroads, all terminating in the city of 
Albany. Connected with these lines, and terminating at Greenbush, directly opposite Albany, are 
the Hudson River, Albany and West Stockbridge,' Harlem, and Troy and Greenbush Railroads. 
A company has been chartered to build a R. R. from Albany in a s. w. direction to Binghamton, 
and the work upon it is now in progress. A pier has been built in the river in front of Albany, 
for the benefit of navigation.' 

Hendrick Hudson is supposed to have ascended the river as far as Albany in 1609. During the 
next three or four years, several Dutch traders commenced a traffic with the Indians, and small 
trading houses were built at Manhattan and Albany. In after years these stations were fortified, the 
one to protect from invasion by sea, and the other against incursions from the French settlements 
in Canada. The principal military work at Albany (built in 1623) was known as Fort Orange. 
The station at Albany remained a mere trading post until 1630, when agricultural improvements 
began. The Dutch West India Co. was formed in 1621, for promoting settlement in " New Nether- 
lands," as the Dutch possessions in America were then called. In 1629, this company granted to 
Killian Van Rensselaer, one of the commissioners, (a pearl merchant of Amsterdam,) a charter 
conferring upon him privileges similar to those enjoyed by the feudal barons of Europe. His 



1 A geological and agricultural survey of Albany co. was made, 
in 1820, by Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, for the Co. Ag. Soc, and was 
tbe first enterprise of the kind in the state. — J/em. Bd. Ag., j. 367. 

! See page l(iO. 

8 This penitentiary was built in 1845—16, and opened for 
prisoners in April, 1846. It was organized under the direction 
of Amos Pilsbury. in 1848, and has since continued under his 
direction and that of his son, Louis D. Pilsbury. It has 300 
cells, and the average number in confinement lias been 220. The 
convicts are principally employed in the manufacture of cane- 
eeat chairs and saddlery hardware. During the first 8 years the 
total receipts were $115,082,and the total expenditures $104,680. 

* The tide rises here 6 h. 34 m. behind time of the moon's 
BOQthing. t &na^Z?oc. 40, 1857,;j. 171. 



* The Erie Canal terminates in a basin at Albany, and com- 
municates with the Hudson at West Troy. It crosses the 5Iobawk 
River, above C<)hoes Falls, upon a stone aqueduct. A company 
has been incoi'p. for building a ship-canal from Albany to New 
Baltimore, a point below the bars which obstruct navigation. 

5 Leased by the Western (Mass.) R. K. Co. 

8 The pier is built across a curve in the west shore, and opens 
into the river at both ends. It is divided for tbe accomuKHiation 
of the railroad ferries, and isl^ miles long. It was formerly closed 
by locks. The basin inclosed within the pier atfords a secure 
harbor, during winter, for river vessels and canal boats, which 
otherwise would be exposed to destruction from ice. The pier 
is owned by an incorporated company. 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



157 



ftgents^ made large purchases of land lying on both sides of the Hudson, near Albany,^ in 1630-37, 
at which last date the manor embraced a territory 24 mi. n. and s. and 48 mi. e. and w., including 
nearly all of the present counties of Albany and Rensselaer.^ By the terms of the grant the 
charter would be forfeited unless the lands were settled in 7 years by at least 50 persons over 15 
years of age. A ship load of emigrants was forwarded in 1630, and others in each of several suc- 
ceeding years. The emigrants were furnished with stock, seeds, and farming implements, and 
the land was leased at an annual rent, payable in grain, beeves, and wampum, or a share of the 
products.* The proprietor received the title of Patroon, and in him was vested authority in 
civil and military affairs subordinate only to the West India Co. and the States General. He had 
his forts, soldiers, cannon, and courts of justice; and, although the laws allowed an appeal from 
the decisions of the local courts, he required every person who settled within his jurisdiction to 
pledge himself never to exercise this right. Altercations soon arose between the agents of the 
patroon and the officers of the garrison at Fort Orange, in regard to the land immediately around 
tlie fort ; and the controversy was not settled until after the English conquest.^ The settlement 
formed under Van Rensselaer gradually acquired importance as a trading post, and a considerable 
hamlet was built under the guns of Fort Orange.® Mills were built on several of the streams, and 
a church was erected. By the surrender of the colony to the English, in 1664, the personal rights 
of the colonists were secured, and a new charter was granted to the patroon, restricting his civil 
power, but confirming the relations existing between landlord and tenant.^ The feudal tenure was 
finally abolished in 1787.^ 

The leasehold tenures, from an early period, excited discontent among the tenants.^ The late 
patroon, by his indulgence, had secured their regard ; and when he died, in 1839, the course that 
would be pursued by his successor became a matter of solicitude. A committee of respectable 
men, appointed by the tenants to wait upon him and confer upon subjects of mutual interest, were 
treated with marked coldness and disdain, which quickly led to the organization of armed resistr 
ance to the enforcement of civil processes in the collection of rent. In Dec. 1839, the excitement 
was so great in the w. part of the county, that the Governor issued a proclamation, and sent an 
armed force to assist the civil officers. The people finally dispersed, and no collision ensued. For 
many years the anti-rent question greatly excited the public mind in all sections of the State 
where the leasehold tenure prevailed.^** Within a few years, much of the land has been conveyed in 
fee to the lessees ; and probably in a few years the whole question will be amicably arranged in 
this manner." There are 17 newspapers and periodicals now published in the county .^^ 



1 Janeor Krol and Derick Coraelissen Duyster, commisBary 
and under commissary at Fort Orange. 

2 The tract first purchased, w. of the Hudaon, extended from 
Bt>eren (Bear) Island— called by the Indians *' Passapenock" — 
np to Sneackx Island, and ''of a breadth of two days' jour- 
ney." 

* On the 1st of Oct. 1630, a copartnership was foimed between 
Van Rensselaer on the one part, and Saml. Godyn, Johannea do 
Loet, Saml. Bloemmaert, Adam Eisaela, and Toussaint Mous8art 
on the other, by which the latter were constituted co-directora 
of Rensselaerwyck, and were boxind to do homage and fealty to 
the lord of the manor. 

i The patroon reserved the right to trade with the Indians. 
For several years this trade was carried on by the settlers, who 
received goods from the patroon's Btoro, and aent the peltries 
which they received to be aold by him in Holland. This busi- 
ness afterwards foil into the hands of local traders. 

6 So active did this controversy become, that at one time Gov. 
Stnyvesant sent an armed force to Albany to support the rights 
of the company against the proprietor. 

* This pl.'ice soon became the seat for holding all great councils 
with the Indian tribea. Among the curious things mentioned 
in the annals of the " old colonic" is the fact that, during an almost 
unprecedented freshet in the epring of 1646, a whale 40 feet long 
came up the river and stranded on an island near the mouth 
of the Mohawk. Four others stranded the same season, 40 
Dutch mi. above New Amsterdam. 

^ For a concise view of the changes made by this charter, see 
Barnard's Hist. Sh(t':h of Bcnssdaerwyck, p. 107. 
8 The manorial title has descended as follows : — 
KlLUAN Van Rensselaek, first Patroon. died in 1647, at Ametei^ 

dam, leaving the property with his two sons. 
Jobanm:3 and Jebemuh. Each of these had a son named 
KiXLU-v, the former of whom died without issue in 1687, 
leaving the title with 
Knj.iA.N , son of Jeremiah. Dongan's patent was confirmed to 
the two cousins Nov. 5, 1685, and all other claimants 
released to the survivor in 1695 ; to whom also Queen 
Anne's patent of confirmation was granted May 20, 
1704. Ue willed the property to his eon, 
Jeremiah, and to the male heirs of his body ; but, dying without 
iasuc, the title passed to hia younger brother, 



Stephen, who had a son (sole heir under the will above men- 
tioned,) named 
Stephen, who died in 1769. leaving the title with 
Stephen, the late patroon, who was bom in 1764, and died 

In 1839. The entail ended with this person, who, in his 

will, gave the w. part of the manor to his son, Stephen, 

the present proprietor, and the E. part to his eon, . 

WauAM P., of New York. 
The " Quarter Sales," as they were technically called, h 
which the landlord claimed a part of the purchase money at 
each transfer of a lease, was particularly obnoxious. In 1860 
the Quarter Sales were declared unconstitutional by the Su- 
preme Court. 

w This movement led to the adoption of Art. 1, Sec. 14. in thti 
constitution of 1846, prohibiting the lease of agricultural lands 
for a longer period than 12 years. 

n The relative amount of the land held by lease and in fee in 
the county is now nearly as follows : — In Waterrliet, nearly all 
held in fee; in Gnilderland, three-fourths; in Bethlehem. Coey- 
maus. and New Scotland, two-thirds; in Knox, Rensselaerville, 
and Wesferlo, half; and in Bern, one-third,— the remainder 
being held by lease, 

^ The following list is imperfect, but is supposed to include 
all the more important newspapers ever published in the Co 
Wo are indebted to Joel Munsell, printer, for assistance, and tho 
use of hia immense collection of specimen numbers, in the prepa- 
ration of this class of statistics. 
7'he Albany Gazette was first issued in Nov. 1771, by Alex, and 

Jamea Robertson, who joined the loyalistsin N. Y. in 

1776. 
TTie New York Gazetteer or JSorthem InteUigencp.r, in 1782, by 

Solomon Balantine and Charles R. Webster. In 1784 

the name was changed to 
The Albany Gazette, and in 17S8 a semi-weekly edition was 

issued. In March. 1S17, united with the Albany Daily 

Advertiser, and took the name of 
The AJhavy Gazette and Daily Advertiser, continue<' until 1845. 
The AU/avy Jourval, or Montgomery, Tfashingt^n, and Chluvv- 

bia Jnt'lligi'ncer. semi-w. in winter and w. in siimmor * 

was started in Jan. 1788, by Chas. R. & Geo. Webstflr, 

and published in connection with the Gazette. 
ThA Albany Daily Advertiser, Sept. 1815, by Theodore Dwight 



158 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



T*. j^J" 181" W. L. Stone nnited it with the Albany Gazette 
ntAm^r,canJ,.ur„cJ of. Science and Art. Thos. McKee eS' 
rS^^ftmy^^sterwa^puMiahed by John Rarber from 1788 
Ti t. J'" l'"^' "'"' ^y ^- Sonthw1,k till 1817. 
The Fchral ncrald. by Cl«ton k Babcock, brought from 
Th, jm^fr*^.^^ '° ''?''• "'*• "'"' "S"'" returned thitber. 
The Repubhcan On^. liackus 4 Whiting and Isaac Mitchell 

were successively publishers. 
The Albany ChmmrU was commenced in 1797 bv John McDo- 
nald. Joseph Foy and Henry C. Southwick were after- 
ward Its editors. It was discontinued in 179;i 
Tht Gim-iwii, 1807 Van Benthnvsen & Wood. 2 years. 
JIte Jiulance. and Ana Fork .State Journal, semi-w., 1808-11 
Ti. ,„'-''"''";''"f^'''"'y ='■'""<"■<="*''■»" Hudson. ' 

ineAlbann hnmbhcan was started in April, 1S12, by Samuel 
H. Drown.— Rnmaine succeeded the next year, "and after 
Th. siJ" J,''}\^,"J'^ meT%<!i in the Saratoga Patriot. 
TJe «r<»;yfr, 1813-14, 8vo. John Cook, pub. 
The Albany Argns was established as a semi-w, tri-w.. and w 
Jan. 1, 1813, by Jesso Buel; and d., semi-w., and w' 
editions were issued in Oct. 1825. Edwin Croswell was 
Xh^ * ?■"■'■ ^'"'^'J 'i' Puhlisl'er. Feb. 15, 1866, merged in 

""My,"pub ^^'"' ""■' «<=™-»--. ""d w. CoiSik 4 
rAe^i6™yJ(/a., da., semi-w., and w., was started in lf41 by 
Th. ChruZl V^f ">,'•" ji" 1856 it was united with the Argns^ 
int. thr,stm,i r.sitant, 4lo, was begun June 3, 1M5, bv S 
T,. -, .>'™»l>™k, and continued 2 years. ■>. "J 0. 

2Ae J-wnd^Svo. mo,, was begun in 1816 by D. & S. A. Abbey. 

TU plTT' n"""'' ""^ - ^^'^"'- '""^""■'^ •» N.T. in 1818. 

2L,7 "'^ f^',^'^ ^'"' I'y '^"'"■"o" Southwick, 

TA, ^twJi^, « "'^'l^P'""" of Henry Homespun. 

rif A-^"-" ^"^™«°Pe. 1820, hv Chas. Galpin, continued till 184'' 

Tl^ J\<aumal Democrat, published at AlUany and N Y 'a"s 

The RduSfu^^r "' '^"- "^^o™'"- «-<i^eon,i„ued 1 'year 
-lae ««,£,,«« jU„„^or, mo., Wiia commenced in May, isoi bv 

Th, P...,,v "°'^'''' .T'''"^''- 1' '«°ow published in Philadelphia 
TAe ^'^'■X^orMas.nncand MisceUan.ous Albun,, w.as stSlLd 
r»„ A^IZ ,.^ ^- ^'"'''- l'"' "aiie was changed to 
The ^""^|ra» ilasmiic Record, and was pub. by E. B. Child for 

TU American ll.isonic Stgi.'^ttr was pub. 5 y. by L G Hoffman 
The IS,atu,nalOb,en,cr, w. and semi-w., was^starte;! in Sry 
Ti, .,,''™-™'P"''''°'' 'Continued 4 years: S. .Southwick ed 
Tht ^^f"^!!^^'^^raph_a,>d CkriUia,! Regi^Ur was stSd in 

Th. ^ W^«5^"^^^ L. G. Homnan, pub,, and J. R. 

27,c Albany B.iil:/ Chronicle was started April 22, 1826 and 
T* n. P;'''''"'f '' a *0"-t time by Galpin & Cole. ' 

rL «w "'5' '"'Bun Aug. 4, 1827. B. McOlashan, ed. 
ftv,„f^^ »,?■'" P"'''-s''ed in 1827 by Matthew d>le. 

* -^Noy f kSTm pfl °'^'- ^'l' "^' ••'-'' 'liscontinued 
T-A^ ^^«r; ' '■ l';*l."=^""=''''"i.P">>"S-DoW.Bloodgood,ed 

^ ^"S'thS,^eS!'- '" ''''• ''^'^'"^ * ^""d- p""-;^^: 

rV Jtr^yrmng Chroiicle d.a., and TAe Albany Chronicle, semi-w , 
rv .^.,1 P"'; 'f ^ji '" 1828 by Beach, Denio, & Richard ' 
The Age was published m 1S28 by Galpin 4 Slurtevant. 
. Tl.e AWany Tunes andLit„ayy Writer was started Dec. 27, 
7-fc. ,,.1 .'•'>J'J''>s.McGlashan:Bloodgood4 Van.Schaick eds 
TAe^Waiiiaj^semi-mo., was started Jan. 30, 1828, by ArthS 

The Albany Minen-av:,a published in 1828 by J. Munsell 

M?rcTfs'5n^T,*""'S,r'""^"'^l^- commenced 
Tl nrfoi w- I'' "?' PV'--''=''<^'J '■? B- !>■ Po'-Sard i Co., 
Ihurlow Weed, ed. A w. and a semi-w. journal are 

The Farmers Mcchamcs, and Working Men's Advocate da was 
started m 1830 by McPherson 4 McKercher ' The m! 
lowing year it appeared as »<tuer. lue lol- 

T-l. ii^ "^"^''"^ -Ifen's Cliampim, and was pub. 1 or 2 yrs 
The MbaniiBee da., was started in April, 1830, by J. DuffJ^, V S 
McOuUoch, and Charles Angus -i-uiny, vy.j. 

Th. ^'"Spe'a^rSoStT" "" """'"'' " '''' "^ '"^ ^''"^ 
T^c J(6o»,j.(j™,-terfi,,8vo. Commenced in 1832 by the Alb 
Ti. n ? n r.- 'l'^- K-^ndSam'l. M.Wilson, eds. 1 vol nub 
The ^"''vCrafU-man^.s removed from Rochester in IMl! 
t. J. Roberts 4 Henry James, publishers 

cliangk to ""°" ■'■' ^*°^- '''"' *" '■'"• "'"^ 

T-Ae Si3t iror™ and Si^ar Manual, devoted in part to sugar 

beet culture. It was di.scontinued in 1838 ^ 

The An^r^a,, f-f;v^^g.Va,a..>,. was commenced Feb. 

''*'^''S?rd"ocrf''lS36'''''"'P^°''^P='''"-"^'bany,was 

""^*ri8lrrG™"umS*"'"'^'"°-'"-''"'"-''^d 

»•*<; -«*any m.ig was commenced in 1834. by J. B. Van Schaick 

4 Co., as the weekly of The Body Adrertis^ u%fs 

soon merged in The Albany Gazette, a semi-w. paper 

issued from the same office. ^ 



The Ci/mmon School Assistant, mo., was pubhshed in 1836 by J 

Urville Taylor. ^ 

The Associate Presbyterian Magazine. Svo, mo., Rev. P Bnl- 

hous, ed. Pub. from 1838 to 1842 i- oai 

S" ,,',!■*■■'* ■f''™^ Nexosimpcr was published in 1638 
1 he JeJJersoman was published by Horace Greeley durine the 

campaign of 1838. * 

The Cultivator, mo., was commenced in March, 1839, by 

Jesse Buel. It was afterward published by W. Gaylord 
Th. 7V„^ ; ^'^<=}"> >">d now by L. Tucker 4 Son. 
The ^^'fT'p "''■^,^-"^'»'^9 Kmfe was published a short time. 
The Albany Pa not was started in 1840 by Jas. C. Jackson. 

and continued 4 years. * 

The rnicmisl.Ja., was jrablisbed by J. Mnnsell. and 
The Rough^Hewer by Theo. M. Burt, during the campaign of 

The District SfM Journal mo., was established at Geneva in 

1840, Irancis Dwight, ed. Removed to Albany in 1841. 

and continued by the State School Den. until 1852. 

The Examiner was published in 1841 by 6. Galpin. 

I he American Magazine, Svo, mo., started in 1841 by J. S. 4B. 

Wood. 3 vols. pub. j".o. «.i>. 

The Irishman was published seven weeks in 1843 by H 

O Kane, J. Munsell, printer. 
The New Tca-k State Mechanic was started in 1842 by J 
Ti .- "V'nsell, and continued eighteen months. 
The Northern Star and Freeman's Advocate w.as started in 
T,.. o , i^ w ''• S'™''"-' aud Charles 8. Morton. 
The Sunday Tickler was publi.^hed in 1842 by C. W. Taylor 
I tie Albany Switch was commenced in 1842" by H. J. HastinES 
T,. x- 1", li*» '^<l"'^'l Leslie became its editor. 
The Youth s Temperance Fnterjmse. mo., started Nov. 13, 1842 by 

"'■.''''•uley Smith, ed. and pub., and continued 3 years. 
The American ntizen. da. and w., was started in 1S43 by Stons 

4 Henley, and ed. by J. S. Smith. ' 

TUe Albany Knickerbocker, da. and w., was com- 
T?„ j„ '"'"'f.''' !?« ^'y H- J- Hastings, and is still continued. 
Tie Albany Daily Patriot was published in 1843 byC. T Torry 
The Subterranean was started Mar. 23. 1843, by Jas. Duffey 
I he Albanian, da., was published in 1844 
Tlie Albany Religious Spectator was started in 1844 by J. Mnn- 

btir^f R ?■ ^''"'^•- ^''\''«' y-'' " passed into th^ 
Tlic R,v„, , i / ,*^- Komaine, who continued it untU 1857. 
T,ie Brrn^Adrocat^ rSdw^ '""■ ""'"' '"" ^■'^"'""^ 

r?! -^1"^""^' ^^j"*"^* t.v Thos. A. Devyr Aug. 16, 1845. 
1 he Albany Freeholder was started April 9, 1845, by Thok 

Devyr, and continued until 1854. 
Tlie American t^uaHerly Journal of Agriculture and Science, 

J„,l i n I "?." ™' P"''- monthly by E. Emmons 

and A. Osborne It was sold to Ch. Bement in 1848. 
and discontinued in Dec. of the same year. ' 

The Gavel, mo., published in 1845 from Munsell's pre,s 

The .*o;<r,e was published in 1845 by Woodward 4 Packard. 

The Vesper Bell, da , a few numbers pub. by Abbott 4 Crosby. 

T lie Albany BeraldA^.<,ni tri-w.. was commenced in 1846 br 

Ti . nr It °''°''"' """^ '" ^'"'- " took the name of 

The Mormng Telegraph, and in March, 1847, of 

The Statesman-, edited by W. M. Watson. 

The Balance was published in 1846. 

The Mechanics' Advocate, 1846, J. Tanner, pub., continned 1 yr 

The Mechanic^ Journal, 1846, Mnnsell 4 McFarlan, pub wL. 

issued 1 year. ' ^'^'^•i **"*" 

The Borticulturist, and Journal of Rural Art and Rural 

Taste, ^-im commenced in July, 1846: A. J. Downing, 

ed.,L. Tucker, pub. The Sth vol. was removed to 

Rochester. In 18oo it was pub. at Philadelphia by R. 

P. Smith ; John .T Smith, ed. In Jan. 1858 removed to 
ir, „ "-Y-; Saxton. pub., J. J. Smith, ed. 
Tlie Mechanics' Mirror, Svo, was published in 1846 from Mun- 

sell s press. -"uu 

Tlie Son of Temperance and Rcchabite. Svo, mo., waa pub in 

Aug, 1846 by J. Stanley Smith 4 Co. 
The Albany Castigalor was issued in 1847 by M. J. Smith 
The Amrncan Literary Magazine, mo., started July 1847 T 
^1 r., ""'»''' ^.'"'"^"'•P*- removed to Hartford. June. IsV 
The Clirutmn Palladium, J. Hazen, ed., was brought from FultOT 

<=o.inlS4, or'48.andremovedtoIrvington.N J Oct IS'iS 
The Busy Bee. E. Andrews, ed.. was pub. from 1848 to'lMO 
The Odd Rllttws' Literary Magazine was pub. in 1848. W. K. 

The Telegraph and Temperance Journal, mo., was commenced 

in lh4« by S. Myers, and continued 4 years 
The Daily Artizan was pub.a short time in 1S49 by Tanner 4 Stow 
The Albany Dady Messenger was pub. 1849 by B. F. Homaine 
The American Cliristian Messenger was commenced byTasper 
Hazen Jan. 17, 1841. ' .'"oper 

Transactions of N.Y. State Institute of CivO Engineers, 4to, with 
V.7. „P'a'e«. was pub. Feb. 1849. Two nos. Lued. ' 

The Christian Herald and Messenger was issued Feb 10 1849 
by J. Hazen, and afterward removed to Irvington N i' 
It was in part successor to the Ch. Messenger, piib at 
Newburyport. Mass.. many years, and is the oldest re- 
hgious newspaper in the country. 
The Courier and Jotu-nal was started Feb. 10 1849 

and 18 now published by J. T. Hazen ' 

The Albany Dutchman and The Albany Sunday Dutchman 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



150 



AL.1SAJVY CITY^— was incorporated by patent July 22, 
1686,^ having previously enjoyed divers rights and privi- 
leges, under the names of ''^ Beverwicky^ ** William Stadiy^ 
and Albany. The Dutch styled it ''New OrangeJ' The 
part of the city north of Patroon and Quackenboss Streets, 
known as the *' Colonie^^ was incorp. March 31, 1791 ; and 
again, March 30, 1801. It was made a village April 0, 
1804; and was erected as a town April 11, 1808. The 
town was divided, and merged in Albany and Watervliet, 
Feb. 25, 1815. The city lies upon the w. bank of the 
Hudson River, a little N. of the center of the county; 
and embraces a strip of land about one mile wide, extending 
13J miles in a n. w. direction to the n. boundary of the 
county. A narrow intervale of low land lies along the 
course of the river, bounded by steep banks from 150 to 250 feet high, where a barren 
region commences, rising toward the w., and broken by numerous sand hills and ridges. 
The banks which form the declivities of this tract are separated into several distinct ridges 
by the deep gulleys worn in the clay by the streams which flow through them. The soil, 
except near the river, is a light sand, not adapted to cultivation without the aid of costly 
artificial means. A mineral spring was obtained on Ferry St. in 1827, while boring for 
water.' Albany is situated near the head of navigation upon the Hudson, and at the eastern 
terminus of the Erie Canal.* The several railroads before mentioned render it a place of con- 
siderable commercial importance.^ It is the largest barley market in the U.S., and immense 




were started in 1S49 by GrifBn k Farosworth, and sub- 

eequently removed to N.Y. 
Thz Temperance Chui'ier was commenced Feb. 10, 1849. by J. T. 

Hazen. and subsequently pub. by J. Hazen & Son. 
The Waskinfftonian arid R&chahxte was issued in 1849 by J. 

T. liazeu. and in 1855 united with The Omrier. 
Florence Oneida Tfkgraph was printed at Albany in 1849. 
Tfie Albanrj Afnrning Erpress was started in 1850 by Stone & 

Henley. In 1854 it passed into the bands of Munsell 

& Co.. and in ls.56 its title was changed to 
Tlie Dally Statesman, now published by J.B. Swain & Co. 
The Albany Skdc lifjistiT. da., eemi-w., and w., was started in 

1S50 by Fuller & Seward. S. H. Hammond and C. D. 

Brigham were afterward eds., and iu 1856 it was re- 
moved to N.Y. 
The Albany Daily Times commenced Feb. 16, 1850. Five nos. 

were issued. 
Th". New York lifformer, John Abbott, ed., Munsell, pr., was 

pub. 10 mos. 
The State Military Gazette, C. G. Stone, pub., was 

commenced iu 1S58, and was soon after removed to N.Y. 
The Half-Dollar Monthly was pub. in 1850 by B. F. Komaine. 
TUe Journal of tlie ST. T* State Agricultural 

Society, mo., was started in May, 1850. 
The Daily Albany Eagle was started Sept. 1, 1851, by John 

Sharts. and continued 4 months. 
The American Mechanic was started Jan. 4, 1851, by J. M. 

Patterson. 
The Oarsnn League, published by J. T. Hazen & T. L. Carson, 

was removed from Syracuse in March, 1853. 
Tfie Albany Mirror and Literary Cabinet was published in 

1851 bv J. H. Canoll and W. M. Colburn. 
Tlie Cithern was started Oct. 11, 1851. Warner k Rooker, pnb. 
The Northc>-n Light, mo., conducted by Dix, Hawley. Dean. Beck, 

Olcott, and Delavan. and subsequently by A. B. Street, 

was started in 1^51, and continued about 3 yrs. 
Deutsche Frele Blaetter^ tri-w., was started in 1852. 

Hi^nry Bemii'r and Augustus Miggael, present pub. 
The Family Intelligencer was commenced by Jasper 

U;i/.en. Sept. 11. \y-:yl. now pub. by J. T. Ila/.en. 
The New Yorlt Teacher, mo., the organ of the N.Y. 

State Teachers' Association, was started in 1852, and is 

now conducted by James Cruikshank. 
The Evening Transcript, da. and w., commenced Jan. 31, 1853. by 

Cuylor k Henry, was last published by Snyder k Ell3. 
The Country Gentleman, started bv J. J. Thomas and 

I. kL.n. Tucker in 1853, is now pub. by L. Tucker k Son. 
The Prohibitionist, mo., ed. by A. McCoy, the organ of the N.Y. 

State Temperance Society, was started in 1854, and in 

1857 united with the Jour, of the Am. Temp. Union. 
The F<tmily ZhnVd Journal, mo., was pub. in 1854 by D. C. Kstes. 
The State Police Tribune was st.arted July 21. 185.'). by S. H. H. 

Parsons and K. M. Griffin. Kemoved to New York. 
The Albany Morning Times was started in 1856, and 

is publisbi'il I'V Barnes k Godfrey. 
Tfte Albany Evejting Vni<m., edited by J. McFarlan, and subse- 
quently by John New, began 1856, and ended 1857. 



The Albany Vnllcsblatt w.as published in 1856 by Geo. Herb. 
The Albany Mornings f^xpress was started in 1856 

by Stone & Henley, and edited by J. C. Cuyler. 
The Albanian, senii-mo., boys* paper, commenced June, 1857. 
The H'lur and the Man, da." and w.. Geo. W. Claike, pub., John 

Thomas, ed., commenced Aug. 1S58. 
The MfTcantile Hirrti, w., was pub. gratis Oct. 1858. 
Thp Voi'y of the Pfople.. Bepublican campaign of 1858. 
The Albany Evening Standard, da., waa begun 

Dec. 1S58. U. M. Griffin k Co., pub. 
The Independent Pref^s. da., started Dec. 1S5S, was pub. a few mo. 
Astronomical Notices was started at Ann Arbor. Mich., 

in 1858. Since the 7 th no. it has been pub. at Albany. 

Prof. Brunow, ed. 
Tfie American Magazine, mo., by J. S. & B. Wood, was pub. li yr. 
Tlie Gavd, mo., was published by John Tanner 2 year?. 
The Albany Literary Gazettewas published by John B.Germain. 
Tlie Rural Folin was started at Rensselaer\ille in Jan. 1828, by 

0. G. k A. Palmer, and continued 2 years. An Anti- 
Rent paper has also been published. 
The Zodiac, mn., w.xs published about 1S36 by Gen. De Coudrey 

Udlstein. 
The "West Troy Advocate was commenced at West 

Tmy in Oit. 18:i7, by Wm. Uollands, and is now pub- 

liubcd bv his widow and son. 
Watervliet Dally Democrat waa started at West Troy 

Jan. 20. 1859. Allen Corey, ed. 
Tlie Cohoe.s Adtm-ti.'ier was started at Cohoes in 1845 by Winants 

k Apnes. Tn 1849 its name was clianged to 
The Cohoes Cataract* J. H. Masten, publisher. 

I The name Albany was derived from the Scotch title of the 
Duko of York, to whom the province was granted. 

- The charter conveyed municipal jurisdiction over the terri- 
tory bounded E. by the low water mark on the Hudson ; s. by a 
line drawn from the southernmost end of the pasture at the n. 
end of Martin Gcrritsen's island, and running back due N. w. 16 
miles into the woods to a certain creek called Sandkil; N. by a 
line parallel to the former, about 1 mile distant; and w. by a 
straij^ht line drawn from the western extremities of the N. and 
s. lines. This charter embraced the right of certain public 
buildings and fields, the ferry, all waste land within their 
boundaries, the right of fishing in the Hudson within the county, 
and of purcluising of the Indians 500 acres of meadow land at 
"Schaatcogue" on the N., and 1,000 acres at "Tionuonderogo"' 
(Fort Hunter) on the w., in the Sluhawk country, on which to 
plant colonies as barriers against hostile incursions. The quit- 
rent was fixed at one beaver skin, payable at Albany on tho 
2oth of March annually forever. 

*This boring was commenced to obtain water for a brewery. 
At a depth of 480 feet, sparkling water, of a saline taste and im 
pregnated with carburetted hydrogen gas, wjia obtained. The 
boring was continued to a depth of 617 feet without any chanea 
in the character of the products. A few rods distant a second 
well was bored, with similar results. One of the wells waa 
ruined by placing a pump in the other. ■* See page 156. 

6 Besides the river, canal, and railroads, there are 6 plank 
roads aud 2 turnpikes terminating in tho city. 



160 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



quantities of this grain are here manufactured into malt and beer.' Albany, Troy, and West Troy 
are the largest lumber markets in the State. "The Lumber District" in Albany is along the canal, 
above the little basin, where extensive -wharves and slips have been built for transferring lumber 
from canal boats to vessels and barges upon the river.- The manufactures of the city are varied 
and estensive.' Among those that may be considered specially important are the stove-founderies 
and breweries. The city is amply supplied with water from works erected at public expense.* The 
water is obtaiued from several creeks w. and N. of the city. The main reservoir (Rensselaer Lake,) 
is 5 miles w. of the City Hall, and is elevated 262 feet above the river. It covers 39 acres, and its 
capacity is 180,000,000 gallons. A brick conduit conveys the water to Blocker Reservoir, on Pa- 
troon St., whence it is distributed through the portion of the city w. of Pearl St. This reservoir 
has a capacity of 30,000,000 gallons. The lower portion of the city is supplied from Tivoli Reser- 
voir, on Patroon Creek, covering 20 acres, and has a capacity of 30,000,000 gallons. These works 
are under a Board of Water Commissioners, and the rents are charged to property owners and col- 
lected with the taxes.^ Pop. 57,333. 

The State buildings at Albany, including the Capitol, State Hall, State Library, Geological and 
Agricultural Hall, Normal School, and State Arsenal and Armory, have already been described 
under the head of State Institutions.^ Besides these, there are several buildings and institutions 
worthy of a particular notice. 

The Ciii/ Hall is situated on Eagle St., fronting the e. end of Washington Avenue. It is an 
elegant structure, faced with Sing-Sing marble, and surmounted by a gilded dome,— the only 
one in tlie U. S. It was built at the joint expense of the city and county, and it contains most of 
the city and county offices.' The jail is in Maiden Lane, near the City Hall. 

The Albany Exchange, a massive granite building, is situated on Broadway, at the foot of State 
St. It was erected in 1839 by a joint-stock company, and contains the pos1>office, the general 
offices of the New York Central R. R. Co., and a variety of other offices. 

The Public Schools^ have hardly kept pace with the progress of other institutions of the city, or 
with the public schools of other cities in the State. Until within the last few years, the whole 
public school interest was under the charge of a Board of Commissioners, appointed by the Regents 
of the University. The people, having no power over school matters, took but little interest in 
them, and the schools languished in every department. There was a great deficiency in school- 
houses, in the number of teachers employed, and in the general supervision of schools. This 
system has been changed of late, and a series of improvements have cormnenced which bid fair to 
soon place the schools of Albany on a par with those of her sister cities. In 1857, there were 13 
school districts, employing 53 teachers, 10 males and 37 females. The number of children between 
4 and 21 was 18,359, of whom G729, or 37 per cent., were in attendance some portion of the year.' 
There are 70 private schools, reporting 3827 pupils. 

The Albany Academy, (for boys,) fronting on Eagle St., opposite the State Hall, is a flourishing 
institution. It was chartered by the regents, March 4, 1813: the corner-stone of the present 
building was laid July 29, 1815, and it was opened for students Sept. 1, 1817. Dr. T. Romeyn 
Beck was its principal for 31 years ; and under him the school obtained a deservedly high reputa,- 
tion. The building is an imposing structure, of red Nyack freestone, in the Italian style, fronting 
on a park of 3 acres.'" 



1 Id 185G, the receipts of barley at tide water exceeded 2,000,000 
bushels. 

2 In 1S58 there was received at Albany by canal, principally 
from the N., 267,406,411 feet of boards and scantling, 11,949.700 
feet of timber. 31,823 M. of shinerles, and 07,505 tons of staves, 

3 The directory of 1858 gives the following aggregate of the 
Dianufacturing estabhshments in the city : 4 ag. implement facs. ; 

8 boiler and steam-engine shops ; 9 bookbinderics; 10 breweries; 

9 brick yards ; 17 carriage and car fac. ; 1 car wheel fac. ; 6 
distilleries ; 4 drain tile fac. ; 9 flour mills ; 13 harness shops ; 
8 hat fac, ; 13 iron founderies ; 11 machine shupa ; 14 malt houses ; 
15 printing offices; 3 safe fac; 5 sawing and planing mills; 2 
type and stereotype founderies ; 13 stove manufac. ; and 4 piano 
factories. There are about 60 commission merchauts ; 60 dealers 
in ilour and grain ; and 50 lumber dealers, 

* In 1790 the corporation wjis empowered to construct wat^r 
works, but nothing was done. Afterward the enterprise was 
completed by a private company, who obtained their supply of 
water from Maezlandt Kil, N, of the city. This supply not being 
Bufflcient, an act was passed in 1850 for the constniction of pub- 
lic water works. The vote in the city stood, " For water," 4405 : 
"No water," 6; "Brandy and water, strong," 1. The works of 
tlie old company were purchased and the present works built, 

* The original cost of construction was $860,000 ; and the total 
cost up to Jaa, 1, 1858, $1,018,495. The main pipes measure 



42 78-100 miles. The receipts for the year ending Oct, 31, 1857, 
were $75,560, The revenues are sufKcient to pay the interest on 
the debt for construction and the cost of maintenance, and leave 
a considerable balance to form a sinkiug fund for the tinal 
liquidation of the debt, 

6 See pages 27, 44, 136, 

I This building is 109 feet front by 80 feet deep. In front it 
has a recessed porch, supported by 6 Ionic columns. In the 
center of the hall, in the second story, is a statue of Hamilton, 
by Hewes : and in the common council room are portraits of the 
first 13 Governors of the State, 

8 A. LancAsterian School Society was incorp. May 26, 1S12. a 
school having been maintained jor some time previous. The 
members of the common council were es-officio members of the 
society, and those giving $25 were entitled to a scholarship. In 
1617, the society erected the building now occupied by the Al- 
bany Medical College, for the use of the school, which continued 
to be occupieil until 1834, when the school was superseded by 
the public school system of the State, Wm, Tweed Dale was 
principal of the school for 23 years, 

» The total expenses of the schools for 1857 were $44,310 10. 
Total receipts, the same. No. of volumes in Dist. Libraries, 9285. 

10 The late Henry W. Dclaran bequeathed $2000 to this insti- 
tution, the income of which is devoted to the education of indi- 
gent youth. 




NEW YORK STATE CAPlTOL 
ALBANY 



ALBANY COUNTY. IGl 

The Albany Female Academy, on N. Pearl St., was established in 1814, and iucorp. in 1821, and 
the present building was completed May 12, 1834. The institution has uniformly borne a high re- 
putation. The building is in Grecian style, with an Ionic portico.' 

The Albany Female Seminary, situated un Division St., was incorp. April 9, 1828. It is under 
the charge of the Mcth. denomination. 

The Albany Institute, a society for the promotion of science and art, was iucorp. Feb. 27, 1829 
by the union of Society of Arts and the Albany Lyceum of Natural History.^ It has three depart- 
ments, devoted to — Ist, Physical Sciences and the Arts; 2d, Natural History; and 3d, History 
and Gen. Literature. During the winter months it holds semi-monthly meetings. It has a valu- 
able library, and an extensive cabinet of minerals and of specimens of natural history.' 

The Young Men's Association was formed in 1833, and incorp. March 12, 1835. It supports a 
lecture course during the winter, and has a library of above 7000 vols., and a reading room supplied 
with 70 papers and 15 other pei-iodicals. It is the oldest institution of the kind in the U. S., and 
has about 1000 members. 

A Catholic Young Men's Association has sustained a course of lectures for several winters. 

The Albany Industrial School, erected by the city in 1857, for vagrant children, is not completed. 
It is located in the rear of the Penitentiary. The Albany Mercantile College (Bryant, Stratton & 
Co.) is located on Broadway. (See p. 748.) 

The Dudley Obserratorij, on an eminence in the N. border of the city, was founded through the 
munificence of Mrs. Blandina Dudley and other liberal patrons of science. It was incorp. April 
2, 1852, and its management intrusted to 15 trustees. The building is admirably arranged, and 
furnished with instruments, several of which are the largest and most delicate ever constructed. 
It was dedicated Aug. 28, 1856, and placed under the charge of a scientific council, to be employed 
by the coast survey in the determination of longitudes, and other purposes connected with that 
great national enterprise. It has a special library of about 1000 volumes.* 

The Albany Medical College, located upon Eagle St., was incorp. Feb. 16, 1839. Two courses of 
lectures are held annually ; and the institution has secured a deservedly high reputation in the 
medical profession. It has an extensive medical museum, and a choice library of 5000 vols. 

The Law School of the University of Albany was instituted under the university charter of April 
17, 1851. Two courses of lectures are annually held in rooms attached to the medical college 
building. This school has obtained an excellent reputation. 

The Albany Almshouse, consisting of a poor house,^ insane asylum,* and a fever hospital,' is 
located upon a farm of 116 acres, IJ miles s. w. of the city, and is entirely owned and managed by 
the city authorities. These departments are supplied with commodious and appropriate buildinge. 
The Industrial School building is located upon the same farm. 

The Albany City Hospital, located on Eagle St., was incorp. April 11, 1849. It was founded by 
private subscription, and the present building' was opened for the reception of patients Aug. 8, 1854.' 

The Albany Orphan Asylum, on Washington St., at the junction of the Western Turnpike, was 
incorp. March 30, 1831, at which time it had been in practical operation for nearly two years. It 
was commenced as a private enterprise, and the present building was erected by subscription and 
the product of several ladies' fairs. It is now supported by funds received from the State, the 
interest on its endowment, and the proceeds of an annual fair. 

The St. Vincent Orphan Asylum was incorp. in 1849. The female department, situated on N. 
Pearl St., is under the charge of the Sisters of Mercy. The male department, 2 mi. w. of the capitol, 
is under the care of the Christian Brothers. 

The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1640. Rev. Johannes Megapolenses was settled 
as pastor in 1642, under the patronage of the patroon. A regularly organized Lutheran churcli 
existed in 1680, but the date of its formation is unknown. It was reorganized Aug. 26, 1784. 



1 The Albany Library, kept in this building, was incorp. Feb. 
U. 1792. It contains about .5,000 vols. 

s Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, read his first 
seientitic papers before this association, and performed his first 
original experiments while a pupil at the Albany Academy. The 
Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufictures, 
was established in 1791, incor. 1793, and expired in 1S04, by 
limitation of charter. Revived as the Society fnr the Promotion 
of Useful Arts: incor. 1S04. Tliese were State Institutions, and 
thw latter became local on the establishment of tlie Biiard of 
Atiriculture, in 1S19. and continued a city institution until its 
union with the Albany Lyceum of N.itural History in 1^-9. ! 80 inmates. 

8 The libriiry and cabinet are kept in the Albany Acad, building. ' Cost l-SOOO. 

* The building is in the form of ji cross, 86 by 70 feet. Among 8 xhis building was erected by the city tbr a jail. 
the instruments is a calculating engine, made by C. Schoutz, a ^ The whole cost of the institution has been about $50,000. 

11 



Swede, and purchased by John F. Rathbone. It is the only onft 
in existence. A large class of calculations is performed by it.s 
use, and the results are impressed upon leaden plates, ready to 
electrotype and print. This institution has been involved in on 
unhappy controversy between the trustees and council, which 
hiis embarrassed its plans; but it is now in active operation 
under cheering auspices. 

*> The city contracts to support county paupers at $1.25 per 
week each. A school connected with this institution is kept 
thro\ighout the year. 

8 Huitt at an expense of $12,000, and witll accommodations for 



Ib2 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



The first Prot. E. Church (St. Peter's) was erected in 1715, on a site granted by the governor of the 

colony. It stood in the center of State St., opposite Barrack (now Chapel) St., and was demolished 
in 1802, and the present edifice built by Philip Hooker. The communion plate of this church was 
presented to the Onondagas by Queen Anne. The most imposing and costly church edifices in 
the city are the Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, corner of Eagle and Lydius Sts., 
and St. Joseph's (R. C.) Church. There are now (1858) 48 churches in the city.^ 

At an early period Albany acquired much importance from being the principal center of the 
Indian trade, and afterward the place where the great military expeditions against Canada were 
fitted out.^ Its importance as a military station led to its being fortified at an early period; and, 
although it was often threatened with invasion, no hostile army ever reached it.' It became the 
permanent seat of the State government in 1797. For 30 years after the Revolution, Albany was 
the seat of the entire trade of the western part of the State, the produce being brought in by sleighs 
in winter. The first great impulse to its commercial prosperity was given by the successful trip 
of the Clermont,* the first steamboat of Fulton, in 1807, and the improvements in steam navigation 
which immediately followed. The steamboats now upon the Hudson River are among the very 
largest that navigate any inland waters.^ The completion of the Erie Canal, in 18-5, and 
of the various lines of railroads since that time, have each essentially added to the growth and 
prosperity of the city.® Business is principally centered upon Broadway, State, S. Pearl, and 
Washington Sts. The Dutch language and customs, which continued until long after the English 
conquest, have almost entirely disappeared. Very few families retain any characteristics of their 
origin, although many occupy the same lots that were conveyed to their ancestors two centuries ago. 
The peculiar Dutch architecture has now nearly disappeared, and within the limits of the city there 
are not more than a dozen houses with the sharp gables fronting even with the street, the tile roof, 
and antiquated appearance, so common but a few years ago. The city has been visited by several 
disastrous fires,' and the lower part has often been inundated by water.® 

BER]\® — was formed from Rensselaerville, March 17, 1795. Knox was taken off in 1822. It 
lies near the center of the western border of the county. The Helderbergh Mts., 1200 feet above 
tide, form the eastern border. Grippy and Irish Hills, two broad mountains, with steep declivities 
and rolling summits, 900 to 1000 feet above tide, occupy the center. The s. and w. parts are hilly, 
and the x. rolling. The principal streams are the Foxen Kil and the Switz Kil. These streams 
flow N. w. through narrow valleys bordered by steep hill sides. "Werners and Thompsons Lakes, in 
the N. E., are small sheets of water. In the lime rock, in the N, E. part, are numerous small caves 
and sink holes.^" There are several sulphur springs in town. The soil is a sandy and gravelly 
loam interspersed with clay. Bernvllle (Bern p.o.) contains 50 houses;" E, Bern^^ (p.v.) 
15; S. Bern (p. v.) 15; and Reidsville (p. v.) 12. Peoria is a small village on the line of 
Knos. Settlement was begun about 1750 by a few German families. In 1777, a company of 85 
militia were raised in this town, of which the captain and 63 men joined the British, and the 
remainder the Americans at Saratoga. Bernville, then called ** Beaver Dam,'* was fortified during 
the war, and sentinels were posted at night to prevent surprise by the Indians.^* The place at one 



1 Of these there are 8 Meth. E.. 7 Bap^ 5 Prot. E.. 5 Pr^sb., 5 
R. C, 3 Ref. Prot. D., 3 Jewish Syn., 3 Evaug. Luth, 2 Wes. 
Metfa.. Cong.. Evang. Ger. Abso., Evang. Prot. Ger., Asao. Presb.. 
Friends, Uuita., and Univ. 

* On the 19th of June, 1754. the first Congress of the colonies 
aariembled at AU>any, to devise a general plan of union and 
measuree of defense, in view of the French and Indian ho.«tiIities, 
then just commencing. This Congress consisted of delegates 
fromN. H.,Mass., R.I.. Conn., N. Y.. Penn., and Md. The "plan 
of union" drawn up by Dr. Fraaklin was adopted, but it was 
afterward rejected by the British government ae being too demo- 
cratic, and by the coioniestt* giving too much power to the king. 

* The first fort was built by the Dutch, in 1614, on the island 
below the city, which is hence called Castle Island. In 1617 a 
fort was built at the mouth of tlie Normans Kil: and in 1628 
another was erected near the present steamboat landing, in the 
8. part cf the city, and named Fort Grange, in honor of the 
reigning prince of Holland. A qiiadranevlar fi^rt, called "Fort 
Frederick,*' was afterward built on the bipifc gronnd, now State 
St., between St. Peters Church and the GeoJogical BnW, with 
lines of palisades extending down Steuben and llndson Sts. to 
the river. Those fort iJi rations were demolished soon after the 
Revolution, and the only evidence of their existence now re- 
maining is the curved outlines which they have given to the 
streets in the older parts of the city. 

* The Clermont was ItXt feet long. 12 feet wide, and 7 feet 
deep. The first voyaire to Albany was accomplished in 2S hours 
and 4o minutes. This boat was afterwards cnlai^ed, and her 
(Uune changed to the '■ North River." _ 



6 As a contrast to the "Germont," it may be stated that the 
" Isaac Xewton." of the People's Line of Steamers, is 404 feet 
long. 76 wide, and 47 deep, and has sleeping accommodations for 
more than 700 passengers. 

* The sloop "Experiment." of 80 tons. Capt. Stewart Bean, 
sailed in the fall of IJSS from Albany to China. This was the 
second vessel from the U.S. to Canton. She was absent 18 
months, and returned with a cargo of teas, nankeens, damask 
silks, and 13 sets of China ware, to order, for family gifts. 

' A fire in 1797 burned 96 dwellings, and rendered 150 fami- 
lies housele'58. Aug. 17, 1S4S. a most destructive fire broke out, 
which destroyed a considerable portion of the commercial part of 
the city bordering upon the river,and alsomany iKMits in the basin. 

8 Upon the breaking up of the ice in the river. Feb. 9. 1857, 
the water completely submerged the lower part of the city, and 
came up so high that it covered Broadway in front of the Kx- 
change. The damage to property was immense. 

9 Named from the native place of Jacob Weidman, first settler 
and milt owner. 

10 In one of these caves, during the war. a notorious tory and 
spy named Salisbury was couc-'aled for some time, but was at 
last arrested. The place is still known as ''Tory's Hole." — 
Simnis's ScJtobarie^ p. 525. 

11 In 1825 an extensive ax fectory was erected here; bat it 
was soon after removed to Cohoea. 

13 Formerly called "Philadelphia," and still locallv kuown as 
» Philla." 

13 The family of Johannes Beitz, consisting of S persons, wer» 
murdered by the Indiajis. — Simms's Sviwharit^ p. 4S»9. 



ALBANY COUNTY. 163 

time became a rendezvous for tories.' The Ret Prot. D. Church of Beaver Dam was formed in 
Jan. 17C3. The first settled pastor was Johannes Schuyler, in 176".- 

BETDLiEnEM— was formed from VTatervliet, March 12, 1793. New Scotland was taken off 
in 1832. It lies on the bank of the Hudson, e. of the center of the county, and includes the islands 
w. of the main channel of the river. Its surface consists of a rolling upland, ending upon the river 
in steep bluffs 100 to 150 feet high. Near tlie center of the town are a few sand ridges and rocky 
knolls. The principal streams are Coeymans Creek, Vlamans Kil and Normans Kil. The declivi- 
ties of the upliuid are broken by numerous deep gulleys worn by streams flowing into the Hudson. 
There are two small caves, several sulphur springs, and quarries of coarse brown sandstone, iu 
town. The soil is sand and clay.' Groesbcck is a suburb of Albany. Pop. 1,232. Ken- 
^TOOd, a village near the mouth of Normans Kil, contains an extensive mill, and a manufactory 
of woolen and cotton knit goods. I'pper IIoIIow, Adanisville, A'ornianskill. (p. o.,) 
Betiilebeni Center, (p. o.) Beckel■^4 Corners, Cedar nUl, (p. o.,) and S. Betli- 
lebeni are hamlets. Callanans Corners, in the x. w. corner, is a p. o. On the hills 
overlooking the Hudson below Albany are several fine country seats. The first settlement waa 
made upon Castle Island,* in 1614, and a fort erected the same year. As this island was liable to 
overflow, in 1617 another fort was buUt at the mouth of Normans Kil.° Agricultural improvements 
commenced in 1630, by tenants under Van Rensselaer. Mills were buUt on the Normans Kil and 
Beaver Kil at a very early period. A part of the house kno^vn as "Whitehall," near the Delaware 
Road, was built by Gen. Bradstreet, and during the Revolution is said to have been a secret rendez- 
Tous for tories. Cherry Hill, just out of Albany, on the river road, was the residence of Gen. Solo- 
mon Van Rensselaer. A Ref. Prot. D. church was formed in colonial times, and in 1794 S. Van 
Rensselaer gave the society 100 acres of land, known as the parsonage farm.' 

COEY>I A^VS — (Quee'mans) was formed from Watervliet, March 18, 1791. A part of Westerlo 
was taken off in 1815. It was named from the patentee. It is the s. E. corner town in the county, 
and includes the Barren islands in the Hudson. Its surface consists of an upland, 200 to 400 feet 
above the river, broken by ridges and hills rising 100 to 400 feet higher. The principal streams 
are the Coeymans' and Haanakrois Creeks. In the former, at Coeymans village, are two falls at 
which the stream descends, in the aggregate, 75 feet. Lawsons Lake is a small sheet of water in 
the N. w. part of the town. A stratum of marble or limestone extends through the town 3 or 4 mi. 
from the river. In the s. e. part are two caves, the largest extending 40 rods into a perpendicular 
ledge. Feuri-Spruyt Kil, a small stream in the x. part, disappears, and flows for half a mi. in a 
subterranean passage, coming to the surface again in New Scotland. At the place where the stream 
disappears it falls perpendicularly into a deep cavity, forming a considerable water power. Another 
brook, in the w. part, flows in a similar manner under ground for 40 or 50 rods. There are several 
mineral springs in town, impregnated with sulphate of magnesia. In the E. the soil is sand mixed 
with clay, and in the w. it is gravel and clay. The fossil remains of a mastodon were found on 
thefarmof Mr. P. Gidney, 6 mi. w. of the river. Large quantities of hay are sent annuaUy from this 
town to the New Y'ork market. Coeymans Landing, (Coeymans p.o.,) on the Hudson, is a 
village of considerable trade. Pop. 650. Coeymans Hollo-fv, (p.o.,) Stephensville, 
and Indian Fields (p.o.) are small villages in the valley of the Haanakrois. Keefers 
Corners is a p.o. Barent Peterse Coeymans, an emigrant from Utrecht in 1636, settled under 
the patroon as miller, and leased the mills upon the Patroon Creek and Normans Kil. In 1073 
he bought the territory included in this town of the Catskill Indians, and a patent was granted 
him April 17, 1673, by Gov. Lovelace. Van Rensselaer had previously bought the same lands 
of the Mohawks ; and a conflict of titles ensued. The matter was finally settled in 1706, by Coey- 
mans agreeing to receive title under the patroon and pay a small annual quit rent.' Settlement 
commenced early in the last century.' The first mills were erected by the patentee at Coeymans 



1 Cornelius Schennerhom kept a tory reDdezvous, and at one 
time an absconding paymaster from fiurgoyne's army is said to 
have been mnrdered at his bouse. 

* A parsonape fiirm was given to this church by S. Van Rens- 



island, and on some old maps, it is called Martin Gorriteen's 
Island. 

* A map dated 1630 gives the name of "Godyns Kil" to this 
stream. The Indian name was Ta-wal-sou-th.'u The present 



eelaer. midway between Bemville and Peoria, and a church was i name is derived from Albert .\ndriessen Bradt de Xo-jrman. the 



erected upon it. In 1835 the societj' was divided, and a new 
edifice wa.^ erected at each of the villages, the farm being btld 
in common by both societies. The census reports 13 churches 
in town ; 4 M. K., 3 Christian, 3 Ref. Prot. D., and one, each,- Bap., 
Evang. Luth., and Friends. 

• Tbe proximity of this town to Albany has afforded an ex- 



Icssee of the falls at an early period, and one of the first settlers. 

• There .are churches:! T. It.Ch. 3 K. P. D, 2 M. E., 1 Pn^h. 
^ The Indian name of this creek is said (o have l>een 0-nis-ke- 

thau. and of the flats at Coeymans Hollow Ach^que-tuck. 

* This arrangement was confirmed by patent fr^jm Queeu 
Anne. Aug. 6, 1714. 



cellent market for produce, and much of the land h-is been do- i • Andreas and Lendert Whitbeck were early settlers near 

voted to the production of milk, butter, aud culinary vegetables. L\ch-que-tuck ; Daniel Travor and Balthus Keefer near Keefers 

*lu 1668 Martin Uerritsen Van Bergen had a leas« of this i Corners ; and A. Serls, Jno. &T. Witbeck near Indian VioldB. 



164 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



Falls. The first church (E. M.) was built in 1792, 2 mi. west of Coeymans Landing. This 
church was organized March 1793, Kev. Freeborn Garrison first pastor.' 

CUILDERIiAlVD — was formed from Watervliet, Feb. 26, 1803. It lies near the center of the 

northern border of the county. Its surface is greatly diversified. In the w. rises the precipitous 
wall of the Helderberghs to a height of 800 feet above the general level of the valleys. The central 
part is undulating, and the eastern is occupied by numerous sand ridges. The Normans Kil with 
its branches, the Bozen Kil,^ Black Creek, Wildehause Kil, and Hunger Kil, are the principal 
streams. The lower course of the Normans Kil in this town is through a narrow ravine, with 
steep clayey banks. The soil is light and sandy in the B., and gravelly loam mixed with clay in 
the w. A mineral spring is found upon the farm of Wm. McGowan. HaniiltonvlIIe, (Guilder- 
land p.o.,) formerly known as the "Glass Ilouse,"^ is situated on the old turnpike, 8 mi. w. 
of Albany. Ouilderland Center, (p.v.,) locally known as "Bangall," contains 18 houses. 
Uunnsvllle,* (p.o.,) Knowersville,* (p.o.,) and Frenclis Mills,^ on the Normans 
Kil, are small villages. During the Revolution, a portion of the inhabitants sided with the British ; 
and the feuds which grew up between families and neighborhoods have not yet entirely subsided.' 
The Ev. Luth. church (St. Jame's) was organized Oct. 13, 1787. Heinrich MoeUer was the first 
pastor.' 

KIVOX — named from the celebrated Col. Knox — was formed from Bern, Feb. 28, 1822. It is 
the N. w. corner town of the county. Its surface consists of a high plateau region broken by a few 
small hills. Its eastern part constitutes a portion of the Helderbergh region ; but the declinties are 
BO gradual that they only serve to give to the town a moderate inclination towards the N. and w. 
The Bozen Kil, forming a part of the e. boundary, with its tributaries, and the Beaver Dam Creek, 
are the principal sU-eams. There are two caves, supposed to be of considerable extent, about IJ 
mi. N. of Knoxville. The soil is principally gravel and clay, with hard pan underneath. Knox- 
ville' (Knox p.o.) contains 23 houses. TT, Township, (p.o.,) E. ToiTnsbip, and 
Peoria, on the line of Bern, are small villages. This town was settled by Germans before 
the Revolution. During the war the people became divided in politics, and after the defeat of 
Burgoyne many of the tory families went to Canada.'" Saml. Abbot and Andrew Brown, from 
Conn., settled in town in 1789 ; and soon after 20 to 30 families came in from the same State. 
The first church was a Kef. Prot. D." 

IVEW SCOTIiA]*I> — was formed from Bethlehem, April 25, 1832. It is the central town 
of the county. The eastern and central parts are high and rolling, with occasional isolated hills 
and ridges ; and the western border is occupied by the Helderbergh Mountains. The principal 
streams are Normans Kil, A'lamans Creek, and Coeymans Creek, (or Oniskethau Kil.) and several 
of their tributaries. Upon the side of Bennett Ilill, in the s. w. part, is a strong sulphur spring. 
Near Clarksville are two eaves, extending respectively i and J mi. under ground. Streams flow 
through each of them. The outlet of Lawsons Lake, in thcN.w. part, about 1 mi. from the lake, 
falls into a deep cavity and flows J mi. in a subterranean passage, and in its course it receives a 
considerable tributary." At the northern foot of Copeland Hill, near the same locality, are remark- 
able sink holes, 5 to 8 feet in diameter, and extending down through the soil and lime rock to a 
depth of 10 to 20 feet. A subterranean stream connects the bottoms of these cavities." The soil 
is a gravelly loam mixed with clay. ClarLLSville (p. v.) is situated at the foot of the Ilelder- 
berghs, on Coeymans Creek, and contains 211 inhabitants. Me»V Salem (p. v.) contains 27 
houses; and ]¥ew Scotland (p. v.) 15. Unionville, (Union Church p. o.,) Feurlbusb, 



since the RevolutioD, a small number of Indians belonging to 
the Oneida tribe lived in this town. They removed, but re- 
turued for a short time in 1S12. An acct. of £10 was audited in 
1792. for building stocks and a whipping post. 

t The census reports 6 churches in town ; 3 M. E., R. P.T)., 
R. C. and Union. 

s From "Boos," angry, because of its rapid descent and severe 
freshets. 

8 A iilasB factory vpas erected here in 1792 ; and in 1793 the 
State loaned the proprietors £3000 for 8 years. — 3 years without 
interest and 5 at 5 per cent. In 1796 the project was conceived 
of establishing here a m-anufacturing town, and the ground was 
laid out into streets and lots, under the name of Hamilton. To 
encourage the project, the company and workmen wore exempted 
from taxation for 5 years. The works were discontinued in 1815 
for want of fuel. — litttnsdVs Antials, vol. III. p. ICi". 

* Named from Christopher Dunn, original owner ; locally 
known as " Hardscrabble." 

6 An inn was kept here dnring the Revolution by Jacob Aker. 
\t was the Beat of a factory in 1800. 



6 Named from Abel French, who built a factor}' her« in ISOO. 
A clothing works was erected here in 1795, by Peter K. Broeck. 

7 The news of Eurgoyne's surrender was celebrated by the 
whigs by burning a hollow chestnut tree on a hill. A barrel of 
tar had previously been turned down the hollow trunk and 
branches. 

8 A R. P. D. church was formed Dec. 14, 1793. The census 
reports, besides those already mentioned, 3 churches ; 2 Presb. 
and 1 M. E. 

» Knoxville was formerly known as " Union Street," and is still 
locally called "The Street." 

to Capt. Jacob Van Aernden was an active leader of the whigs 
of this section during the w.ar. 

n The census reports 6 churches ; 3 M. E., R. P. D., Luth., and 
Bap. 

12 This cavity has been explored, and in it are found beautiful 
stalactites, and thousands of bats clinging to the roof. 

18 This passage has been explored, and is fonnd to contain 
several rooms of considerable size. Some .years ago a notorious 
thief used this cavity as a depository for stolen goods, and for » 



ALBANY COUNTY. 165 

and Onisketliau (locally known as "Tarrytown") are hamlets. Teunis Slingerland, from 

lIolhuKl, -was the first settler on the Oniskethau flats. He purchased 9874 acres, and built a dwelling 
near the center of the tract, and erected the first mills.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was 
organized at New Salem about 1780.^ 

REHSSELAERYILLK — named from the Van Rensselaer family — was formed fromWatei^ 
vliet, March 8, 1790. Bern was taken off in 1795, and a part of Westerlo in 1815. It is the s.w. 
corner t<)wn of the county. Its surface is mostly upland, broken by parallel ridges extending n, 
and s. and rising 400 to COO feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Catskill Creek and 
its tributaries, Scrub, Fux, Ten Mile, and Eight Mile Creeks, and Willow Brook. The valleys 
of these streams are narrow, and are bordered by steep hill sides, and the streams are rapid, 
and subject to sudden and destructive freshets. Upon Ten Mile Creek, near Rensselaerville, is a 
fall of 100 feet; and upon AVillow Brook is another of 40 feet. Bog iron has been found in the e. 
part. There is a sulphur spring 2J miles n. e. of Preston Hollow. The soil is clay and gravel, 
underlaid by hard pan. Rensselaerville^ (P*v.) contams an academy.* Pop. 501. Will- 
iamsburgli, on the w. border of the town, contains 18 houses ; Preston Hollow^ (p-^'-) 
40; and Medusa^ (p-v.) 30; Potters lIollOTV^ and Cooksburg^ are post-offices.^ 
The town was mostly settled by emigrants from New England soon after the Revolution. Michael 
Brandt, a German from Schoharie, lived in town during the war,^" Daniel Shay, the leader of the 
revolt known as Shay's Rebellion, moved to this town in 1795. Maj. John Edmonds, a Revo- 
lutionary officer, was also a settler in this town. The first church (Presb.) was formed in Nov. 
1793, and the edifice erected in 1796.^^ Rev. Samuel Fuller was the first pastor. 

WATERTIilET — was formed March 7, 1788, and included the w. district of the manor 
of Rensselaerwyck.*^ Rensselaerville was taken off in 1790, Coeymans in 1791, Bethlehem in 
1793, Guilderland in 1803, and Niskayuna in 1809.^' It lies at the junction of the Hudson and 
Mohawk, in the n.e. corner of the county. Its surface is mostly an upland, 200 to 300 feet above 
the river. The declivities of this upland are broken by numerous guUeys worn by the small 
streams. A fine intervale, nearly half a mile in width, extends along the Hudson. At Cohoes, on 
the Mohawk, the river flows over a rocky declivity 78 feet in height, of which 40 feet is perpen- 
dicular.** The banks, both above and below the falls, are high and precipitous. The Erie Canal 
rises, by a series of 18 locks, from the Hudson, through the village of Cohoes, to the most northerly 
angle of the town 3 mi. above, and 188 feet above tide. At this point it crosses the river into Sara- 
toga CO., in a stone aqueduct ll37Jfeet long, 26 feet high, and resting upon 26 piers. The soil is a 
deep, rich alluvial upon the river intervale, and a light, sandy loam upon the upland. Sulphur 
and chalybeate springs, and bog iron ore, are found in town. The quarries of graywacke furnish 
an excellent flagging and building stone. This is the most populous town in the State. West 
Troy, (p.v.,) iucorp. April 30, 1836, is a commercial and manufacturing village opposite the city 
of Troy. Pop. 8306. It is especially noted for the extent of its lumber trade, and for beiiig the seat** 

long time eluded the vigilance of those who were searching for ] Truman Beman was the first paetor. A Bap. church was 
him. At length he was tracked to his hiding place, and the formed at Preston Hollow in 1800 ; a Friends meeting at Totters 
existence of the cavity was made known. I Hollow in 1808; and Trinity Church (P. E.) was organized in 

1 Among the other first settlers were William Pangbnrn and [ 1816. There are besides, in town, 2 M. E. cfaurches. 
Wra. Vanattan at StoneyHill; Ebcnezer Wands, John Watt, | 12 The manor was divided into the East and West T)iBtricts, 
~ " " " " " March 5, 1779. the river being the separating bouniia. This 

district, as defined by act of March 2-4, 1772, embraced .^11 
that part of the manor north of an e. and w. line from Beeren 
Island north to Cumberland co., except the city of Albany. 

13 It includes the former village of " GibbfmKville," (iucorp. 
April 23, 1S23,} and places known as *' WashinyUm" and *'Fort 
Schuyler." 

w The cascade is in full view from the R. R. bridge, a few rotl« 
below Cohoes. The Champlain Canal crosses the Mohawk a 
short distance below, in a pond formed by a dam 1650 feet long 
and 7 feet high, and unites with the Erie Canal 2 mi. 8. of thia 
point. 

16 The arsenal grounds occupy about 100 acres, located be- 
tween the Troy and Albany turnpike and the Erie Canal, tho 
latter furnishing wafer-power for the machinery of the arsenal. 
The grounds are inclosed by a high wall, excepting the part be- 
tween the river and the turnpike. This is the principal govern- 
ment manufactory of gun carriages, machines. cquipmentH, 
ammunition, and militarj' supplies for the troops and forts of 
the United States. Tho building of this establisbment waa 
begun in 1S14, under Col. Geo. Bomford, of the Ordnance de- 
partment, and it was for many years under tho charge of Maj. 
Jas. Dalliba. The Watervliet Arsenal now consists of more 
tlian thirty buildings, of brick and stone, mostly largo nhops 
and storehouses. — the former of which will accommodate, in 
case of need, more than 500 workmen. The stores deposited 
here exceed $1,500,000 in value. A company of soldiers of the 



Geo. Swan, and Wm. Kirkland, Scotch emigrants, near New 
Scotland; and Geo. Reed, John Patterson. Saml. Kamsey and 

Bons. James McMullin. David Allen, Wra. McCulloch, and 

Brandt in otherparts of the town, also Tunis Iloughtaling. 

2 There .ire in town 8 churches ; 4 Ref. Prot. D., 3 M. E., Presb. 
Tho Friends organized a meeting in 1812. 

» Samuel Jenkins, the first settler, located here February 22, 
1788. * Opened Jan. 17, 1847. 

6 Named from the family of first settlers, who came in soon 
after the Revolution. 

« Formerly called " Halls NtVs," or " Halls Hollow:' 

' Named from Saml. Potter, who, with his sons and brothers, 
were first settlers. 

8 Nann^d from Thomas B. Cook, who purchased land hero in 
Hnticipatiou of business from the Catskill and Canajoharie U. R., 
which wae completed to this place from the Iludsou. The road 
was run two years, when the rails were taken up. 

* Upon the farm of Ezra Lester, in a place known as Willow 
Glen, formerly stood a village, known as " Pcckham Hollow," 
conaisting of 2 stores, 2 smith's shops, and 14 houses. For a 
time it was a rival of Rensselaerville; but now not a vestige 
of it remains. 

i*> At the time of the Indian incursion into Bern, Mr. B, had 
gone to Catskill Tjanding, leaving his family alone. On their 
return, the savages passed close by with their scalps, prisoners, 
knd plunder, but offered no molestation. 

u A Bap. chuich was formed at Rensselaerville in 1797 ; Rev. 



166 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



of an extensive U. S. arsenal. It has a bank, printing office, 8 churches,^ and extensive manu- 
factures of woolen goods, bells, butts and hinges, castings, carriages, and malt. The annual 
aggregate value of manufactured products is about ^51)000,000.^ Oreen Island (p. v.) 
was incorp. Oct, 14, 1853. Pop. 1,324. It contains 2 churches,^ a car factory, brass, malleable 
iron, and 2 iron founderies and R. r. machine shops. It is also the seat of considerable lumber 
trade.* Coboes, (p. v.,) incorp. under general act, is a manufacturing village upon the 
Mohawk.^ Pop. C106. A dam is here erected across the Mohawk,^ and the water is con- 
ducted by canals to convenient places for factories. The whole fall is 103 feet, and the water 
is used 5 times from canals of diflerent levels. The annual aggregate of manufactured products 
is nearly §2,000,000.'' The village contains two banks and six churches,® and a large number 
of stores, shops, Sec. Bo^bt^ (p-v.) contains 15 houses. The Eef. Prot. D. church of this place 
was organized April 14, 1784, by Rev. E. Westerlo. Liisbas Kil, ]VewtoiivilIe,*^ and 
Ireland Corners^^ are hamlets and p. offices. I^ondonrille is a hamlet, 2J miles from 
Albany. Tivoli Uollo'iv, on Patroon Creek, adjoining Albany, has extensive manufactures 
of ag. implements, bolts, and holluwware. IVortb Albany lies on the river, north of the city, 
and contains 40 houses. It includes a portion of the " Lumber District" and several manu- 
factories. SpencervillCj or West Albany^ is the name applied to the recent establishments 
of the N. Y. C. R. K., 3^ mi. n. w. of the city, including the cattle and wood yards and car and 
engine houses of the company. The Sbaker Settlenient,^^ in the w. part of the town, 
consists of about 300 persons, living in 4 distinct families, in a manner peculiar to that people. 
Tow^n House Corners is a populous neighborhood near the center of the town, where town 
business has usually been transacted. Watervliet Center (p. o.) is a hamlet. The Albany 
Rural Cemetery^^ was incorp. April 20, 1841, and the site selected April 20, 1844. The premises 
were dedicated and consecrated Oct. 7 of the same year. Haver (Dutch for "Oaf) and Van Schaicks 
Islands, in the Hudson above Green Island, are separated from each other and the mainland by the 
*' Sprouts" of the Mohawk. Upon the approach of Burgoyne, in the summer of 1777, Gen. Schuvler 
retired to these islands and threw up fortifications to check the advance of the enemy expected 
from both the n. and w. Upon the retreat of St. Leger from the siege of Fort Stanwix, no further 
trouble was apprehended from the direction of the Mohawk Valley ; and Gen. Gates, upon assuming 
the command of the northern army, advanced into Saratoga County. The traces of the fortifica- 
tions are still visible. 

"WESTERLiO^"*— was formed from Coeymans and Rensselaerville, March 16, 1815. It lies 
upon the center of the southern border of the county. Its surface is broken and hilly, with a 
general southerly inclination. The highest point in the northerly part of the town is 800 feet 
above tide. The hills are very steep and irregular, and the valleys are mere narrow ravines. The 
streams are Ilaanakrois, Basic, Wolf, Fly, and Eight Mile Creeks and their branches. These are 
all rapid streams, and are liable to severe freshets. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, inter- 



Ordnance department forms the guard of the arsenal, and the 
men are also employed in the shopa. Moat of the employees are 
citizen mechanics. A large number of trophy canuan are de- 
posited npon the premises. 

1 Bap. org. 18-27 ; Kef. Prot. D.. 1844 : P. E., (Trinity.) 1835: 2 
K. C. (St. Patrick's. 1839, and St. Bridget's. ISSl.) and 2 M. E. 

2 The village ia built on land formerly lield l>y the Bleecker 
family. It waa purchased by a company of Troy capitalista and 
laid out as a village, and has mostly grown up since the com- 
pletion of the canals. * Presb. and M. E. 

* It is situated upon an island in the IluJgon directly op- 
posite the city of Troy, of which it forms a suburb. 

6 The Cohoes Co. waa incorp. March 28. 1826, T\'ith a capital 
of .$250,000. afterward increased to $500,000. This co. built 
the dam, and constructed the canals, for the purpose of leasing 
the water power. 

c Thi.s dam is half a mile long, and the canal 2 miles long. 

' The following manufactories were reported here in the census 
of 1855 : 

6 knitting mills, value of product $&47,100 

2 cntton factories 618.000 

1 ax and edge tool factory 210.000 

2 bedstead factories 45,000 

1 veneering factory 42.000 

2 mills 28.000 

1 machine shop and foundery 34,200 

1 tobacco factory 21,450 

1 shoddy mill 21.840 

1 wheel factory 9.000 

1 straw paper factory 9,000 

1 bobbin shop 6,000 

There are now a considerable number of manufactories not in- 
cluded in the above list. 



8 M. E., Kef Prot. D., Presb., P. E., {St. John's,) Bap., and R. 
C. (St. Bernard.) 

* The Dutch for " bend," in reference to the bend in the Mo- 
hawk; sometimes called "'Groesbeck Corners," from Vm. G. 
Groesbeck. One of the earliest settlements in the county was 
made in this ueigliborhood. 

J" Named from J. Jl. Newton. 

11 Named from E. II. Ii-eland. innkeeper. 

12 This community was formed in 177fi, by Ann Lee and her 
followers, by whom sho ia regarded as the spiritual mother of 
mankind. It is the oldest of the kind in the U. S., and now 
owns 3.000 acres, incluiling about 300 acres of alluvial land on 
the Mohawk at tlie mouth of the Schoharie Creek and on 
Shaker Island, which are annually fertilized by the floods of the 
Mohawk, and chiefly devoted to the raising of broom corn. The 
whole number of buildings in liie aettlement is about 150, 
several of which are of stone or l>rick. They have a commodious 
church, (built in 1848,) 3 offices, 1 schoolhouse, 8 dwellings, 
(suitable for 50 to 100 persons each.) 2 grist mills. 3 saw mills, 
3 machine shopa, for turning, sawing. Ac, and numerous other 
shops and storehouses. Their pursuits are agriculture, horti- 
culture, the manufacture of brooms and medicines, and such 
mechanical trades as their own wants require. The females are 
employed in household work, dressmaking, spinning, weaving, 
braiding whiplashes and bonnets, and in making small salable 
articles. They keep 40 to 50 horses. hX) cows, 16 yoke of oxen, 
500 sheep, and young stock in proportion. '' Mother Ann" (us 
their founder is affectionately named) was buried in the cemetery 
near the church family. 

1" This cemetery is located npon ths hills west of the Troy 
and Albajiy Koad, 4 miles from the city. The grounds are tastft- 
fully laid out, and contain many elegant monuments. 

14 Named in honor of Kev. EUardus Westerlo, of Albany. 



ALBANY COUNTY. 



167 



spersed with clay and underlaid by hardpan. There are several fine quarries of flagging stone in 
town. Cliesterville* (Westerlo p. o.) contains 196 inhabitants. DorniausvlUe,^ (p. o.,) 
SoutU I'Vesterlo, (p. o.,) Laiubs Corners, and Tan LeuTens Corners,^ arc ham- 
lets. Settlement commenced before the Revolution.* A Bap. church was organized, about 1800, 
at Chesterville ; Roswell Beckwith was the first pastor.^ 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Scliools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural ProductSj and Domestic Mamifactures of Albany County, 



Names of Towns. 



Albany 

Bern 

B(;tblehom 

Coeymana 

GuUderland 

Knijx 

New Scotland.-, 
Rensselaer ville.. 

Watervliet 

Weaterlo 

Total 



Acres op Land. 










"S 


p 


















1 


£ 


2,958 


l,630i 


31,171 


8,116J 


26,604} 


6,616J 


22.Sti3 


10,066 


32,590 


9,70U 


21,136 


6,1161 


19,012 


8,114 


31,601} 


6.603 


26.897 i 


8.193} 


29,101 


6.721 


,242,736 


7Q,777i 



Valuation of 1858. 



9.486.071 


6.477,850 


3S5.3S7 


86,575 


1.842,115 


186,650 


1.017,475 


202.273 


719.950 


79.039 


256.250 


07 .885 


1.083.216 


110,400 


627,760 


170.825 


4.921.325 


831.100 


692,966 


97,844 



26,963.922 
471,962 

2,02.S,706 

1,219,748 
798.989 
323,136 

1,193,615 
798,675 

6.762.425 
690,510 



27,001 
1,578 
2,646 
1.486 
1.5S7 
939 
1.680 
1.607 

10,240 
1,327 



29,672 
1,628 
2,605 
1,477 
1,001 
949 
1,647 
1,681 

10.643 
1.321 



30.931,604 8,310,141 39,241,646 i60,667 53,024 13,591 16,983 7,478 169 30,659 



6,386 
676 
796 
660 
402 
362 
612 
684 

2,734 
601 



8,636 
674 
981 
664 
664 
344 
613 
682 

2,736 
499 



2,767 
476 
476 
343 
411 
312 
263 
466 

1,626 
440 



21,600 
1,300 
1,806 
1,134 
1,288 
730 
1,337 
1,126 
8,407 



Names op Towns. 



Albany 

Bern 

Bethleliem 

Coeymanfl 

Guilderland 

Knox 

New Scotland... 
UensselaervlUe. 

Watervljet 

Westerlo 

Total 





Live Stock. 














•0 


t1 


s 


», 


w 


tq 




is 


« 


^ 


1.224 


297 


640 


144 


860 


1.172 


1,618 


1.772 


6,686 


2.002 


1.1.56 


927 


1,629 


1.722 


.3,593 


790 


931 


699 


1.767 


1,943 


1,416 


1,180 


1,691 


2,824 


3.835 


790 


959 


1,032 


6.246 


1.1891 


749 


682 


966 


1,914 


2.563, 


962 


1,463 


1,632 


12,003 


2.602; 


1,724 


884 


1,912 


1.034 


3.306: 


972 


1,074 


1,469 


3,716 


2.242| 


10,964 


9,915 


13,332 


37,054 


24,036 



AORICDLTCRAL PRODUCTS. 



Bosa. op Gbun. 



3.714 

6,S70i 
39,910 
26.836 
50.273 S 

6.620 
30.677 

6..6.39 
16,0.)9 
10.692 



193,991 



9,4.84 
99,8424 

123,045 
42,6S3J 

150,411 
83,686} 
60,387 i 
71,780} 

101,31.'! 
65.497 



808,031 



426} 
5..31U 
8,927i 
6,016i 
7.9524 
3.0364 
5 73S4 
4.421 
6,22s 
7,522 



54.679J 



15.236 
18.875 
94.586 
9,104 
46,929 
10,6304 
1.3.768 
1.3,449 
143.023 
10.167 



376,6544 






7S6 
22.016 
16,239 
19,977 
38.004 
18.092 
20,260 
37.176 
17.273 
44,432 



234,261 



Daisy Products. 



^-fe 



7.126 
162.166 
124.210 

93,25: 
165.666 

90.530 
100.050 
171.440 
124.7.51 
144,448 



1,17,1,527 



■SS" 



4,099 

100 

410 
l,2S6l 
2,606 

472i 
11,63.51 
6.563,' 
8.7901 



*-5 






2,706i 

1.665 

1,106 

2,9514 

2,9264 

2,479 

874} 
1,618 
1.744 



36,520i il7,960i 



1 Named in honor of Rev. John Cheater, former pastor of 2d 
Presb. Ch. of Albany. 

2 Named from Daniel Dorman. former inn and store keeper. 

* Named from Isaac Tan Leuven. Firat called " S'trkds 
0>m^rs" from Jas. Sacket. and afterward '' Prestons Oorners" 
from an innkeeper named Preston. 

* Anions tlip e:irly settlers were Nicholas Stoddard, Philip 
Meyer, and Loduwyck Hayues. ApoUus Moore, afterward first 



judge of the county, taught school in 1788. Kobt. 0. K. Bemet 
taught a school in 1790. Grant & Eadie kept a store and made 
potash at Cliesterrille in 1798. I,obdeU k Baker built the first 
mill, about 1796. 

& The Kef. Prot. D. Ch. was formed about the same timo. 
Em.innel Church. fP. K..) at S. Westerlo. Wiis firmed in 1854. 
There are also 1 Christian and 2 M. E. churches, and a society 
of Friends, in town. 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Genesee, April 7, 1806. A portion 
of Steuben co. was annexed March 11, 1808. Portions were set 
off to Genesee in 1811, to Wyoming and Livingston in 1846, and to 
Livingston in 1856. It lies upon the s. line of the State, w. of the 
center ; is centrally distant 220 miles from Albany, and contains 
1,033 sq. miles. The surface is mostly an upland, separated into 
ridges and broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The highest 
summits, in the s. part, are 500 to 800 feet above the valleys and 
2,000 to 2,500 feet above tide. The declivities are usually too 
steep for profitable cultivation. Toward the N. the co. gradually 
loses its mountainous character and spreads out into a hilly 
region. The Genesee River flows in a n. e. direction through 
near the center of the co., forming a deep valley bordered by abrupt hillsides. The main ridges 
— parallel to the river and about 10 mi. distant from it — form watersheds, dividing the waters 
flowing N. from those flowing s. The streams e. of the E. ridge are tributaries of the Susque- 
hanna, and those w. of the w. ridge of the Allegany. Narrow valleys break the continuity of 
these ridges, and in numerous instances streams flowing in opposite directions take their rise 
within a few rods of each other. The principal tributaries of the Genesee are Wigwam, Angelica, 
Philips, Vandemark, Dike, Chenunda, and Cryder Creeks on the E., and Fords, Knight, Van 
Campens, White, Black, Caneadea, and Six Town Creeks on the w. The streams flowing e. from 
the E. border of the co. are Canaseraga and Sugar Creeks, Canisteo River, Karr Valley, McIIenry 
Valley, and Whitney Valley Creeks ; and the streams flowing w. from the w. border are Oil, 
Wolf, Dodges, Deer, and Little Genesee Creeks. 

The rocks of the co. belong to the shales and sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups, — 
the former appearing in the deep valleys in the N. part, and the latter covering the tops of the s. 
hills. At various localities the sandstone furnishes an excellent building material ; and in Rush- 
ford it is quarried for grindstones. The shales in the s. w. part are highly charged with bitu- 
minous matter; and many of the springs have a strong bituminous taste and smell. From a 
spring in Cuba petroleum, or rock oil, issues in considerable quantities. Iron pyrites are found to 
some extent associated with the shale. Drift deposits are found in some portions of the co., 
though not in large quantities. The soil upon the uplands is generally a heavy clay, de- 
rived from the disintegration of the shales, and in most sections largely mixed with undeeom- 
posed fragments of the rocks. In the valleys the soil is mostly a gravelly loam and alluvium. From 
the nature of its surface and geological formation, the co. is best adapted to grazing; and, although 
wheat and the spring grains are successfully produced, stock and wool growing and dairying 
form the principal branches of agricultural pursuit. The manufacture of lumber has formed the 
leading interest for a long series of years, and facilitated the occupation and cultivation of the 
lands ; but as the primitive pine forests have disappeared the pursuits of the people have become 
more and more exclusively agricultural. A considerable portion of the s. part of the co. is yet 
covered with forests, and lumbering is still pursued to some extent. 

The county seat is located at the village of Angelica.* The courthouse is an old, dilapidated 
brick building, built in 1819, and now entirely inadequate to the comfortable accommodations 
of the courts. The jail is a wood structure, erected in 1849. It has no facilities for the proper 
classification of prisoners, and no means of ventilation.' The clerk's office is in a separate 
building, contiguous to the courthouse. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 180 acres in 
Angelica, 2 mi. B. of the courthouse. It is a stone building, affording ample accommodations for 



^ By the act erecting ttie county in 1806, courts were 
directed to be held at Angelica on the 2d of June, 1807. By an 
act of March 11. 1808, the county Beat was permanently located 
at Angelica, and a courthouse and jail were authorized to be 
erected, under the direction of Moses Carpenter, John Gibson, 
and Wni Iliggins. The jail was built soon after; butthecourts 
continued to be held in private rooms until 1819. when the 
present courthouse was erected. The old jail continued to be 
occupied until 1849, when it was superseded by the present 
16S 



structure. An act was passed, April 2, 1858, providing for the 
immediate removal of the county seat s. to the line of the 
N. Y. & Erie K. R. ; but the execution of the law has been ar- 
rested and restrained by legal proceedings now pendiii-; in the 
state courts. The first co. officers were Philip Chiircli. First 
Judgt^ : Jacob S. Holt, County VUrk; John Gibson, Sheriff; and 
Luke Godspead, Surrr.fiat*- . 

2 The jail has an average number of 6 inmates, supported at 
a weekly cost of $2.75 each. 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



160 



the inmates, but is destitute of means of ventilation. The average number of inmates is 57, 
supported at a weekly cost of $1.03 each. The farm yields a revenue of $1,000.^ 

The Genesee Valley Canal extends s. from the n. boundary of the co. along Genesee Paver to 
Belfast, thence up the valley uf Black Creek to New Hudson, and thence across to the valley 
of Oil Creek, and down the valley of that stream to the w. bounds of the co. The N. Y. & Erie 
R. R. extends from Steuben co. up Whitney Valley Creek ; thence across to Dyke Creek, and 
down the valley of that stream to Genesee River; thence down the Genesee to Belvidere ; 
thence up Van Campens Creek to Friendship Village; thence across to the valley of Oil Creek, 
and down that stream to the w. bounds of the co. It passes through xVlmond, Alfred, Andover, 
"Wellsville, Scio, Amity, Friendship, and Cuba. The Buffalo & N. Y. City R. R. extends through 
Burns and Grove, in the n. e. corner of the co. 

Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

The two western tiers of towns in this co. were included in the Holland Land Purchase, and the 
remaining part belonged to the Morris Reserve. John B. Church became the owner of 100,000 
acres of this tract. His son, Judge Philip Church, subsequently became the proprietor of one- 
half, or 50,000 acres, and the pioneer settler of the tract at Angelica, in 1804. A few settlers had 
previously located at different points in the valley of the Genesee; and the settlement of the co. 
may be said to have commenced with the century. The roughness of the surface, and the superior 
richness of the lands further n., had a tendency to retard the development of this co.; and for 
many years comparatively little progress was made. The construction of the Genesee Valley 
Canal and of the Erie R. R. gave an impulse to improvement and afforded an opportunity to 
convey the rich products of the extensive pine forests to a profitable market. Agricultural im- 
provements have slowly followed the retreat of the forests ; and now nearly one-half of the co. is 
under improvement to some extent. 



ALFRED — was formed from Angelica, March 11, 1808, A part of Angelica was annexed in 
1816. Almond and Independence were taken off in 1821, a part of AVest Almond in 1833, and a 
part of Ward in 1856. It lies upon the e. border of the co., a little s. of the center. Th j surface 
consists of deep, irregular hills separated by narrow valleys. The highest summits are 500 to 800 
feet above the streams. Whitney Valley Creek flows to the n. e., and Dyke Creek to the s. The 
soil upon the hills is a clayey or shaly loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam, Alfred 
Center (p. v.) contains a church, the Alfred Academy and University,' and 177 inhabit- 
ants ; Bakers Bridge, (Alfred p. o.,) in the n. e. corner, contains a church, fiouriug 
mill, and 134 inhabitants. It is a station upon the Erie Rail Road. Tip Top Sum- 
mit is also a rail road station. The first settlement was made near Alfred Center, in May, 



iTuthe report of the Senate committee of 1857. this institution 

IB reported ae poorly kept. Lunatics were confined for weelia 

together without attendance and without having their colls 

cleaned; and it was a custom of the keeper to flog the inniateu 

with a raw hide. 
2 Th&Anijdica Rfipublican was started in Oct. 1820. hy Frank- 
lin Cowdery,and was continued 2 years. In 1827 it was 
revived aa 

The JUegany Republican, puhlished by Samuel P. Hull. In 
1S32 it was changed to 

The Angelica Rfpublican and Farmers and Mechanics' Press, 
issued by U. F. Smcad. During the same year it was 
again changed to 

The AUcgany Republican and InUrnal Improvement Advncotfi, 
and published by Peter Cherry. In 1830 it wiis issued as 

The Angelica Republican and AUegany Whig. It soon after passed 
into the hands of Wni. Pitt Angell, who changed it to 

The Angelica R:p(rrterand Allegany Republican. It soon passed 
into the hands of Samuel C. 'Wilson, and was issued for 
several years as 

Tlie Angelica Reporter. In 1841 it waa published by Ilorace E. 
Piirdy and Hiaa. Ilortoa; and in 1J?44 Mr. ilorton be- 
came solo proprietor. In 1S5G he purchased The Ad\o- 
CJite and Whig, and published the combined paper ni* 

Tlie Angelica Reporter and Angelica Advo- 
cate and Whig, under which name it is still 
issued. 

The Republican. ^Tigis and Allegany Democrat was published at 
Angelica in 1S30. 

The Allegany Gazette was issued at Angelica in 1840. 

Tlie Allegany O). Advncat-' was started at Angelica in Jan. 1842, 
by Erastus S. ralmer. It was successively issued by 
Ellroy & Churchill. PeterS. Norris. and Wm. H. A C. M. 
Beei'her. In 1802 it was united with The Cuba Whig 
and issued as 



The. Advocate and Whig. In 1856 the Beechers sold to Charles 
Horton, who united the paper wiib The Reporter. 

The Republican Era was started at Angelica in 1S44 and issued 
a short time. 

The Republican Era waa started at the village of Oramel in 
184G by Hnrace E. Purdy. Its publication was con- 
tinued by different persons until 1857. 

The Cuba Advocate was commenced at Cuba, Oct. 29, 1838, by 
Isaac C. Sheldon, and was continued several years. 

The Political Jnimtigator (mo.) wiia published at Angelica a 
short time in 1S4S. 

The Ammran Banner was commenced at Cuba in Feb. 1855. by 
Hatch & Pratt. In July, 1857, the name of the paper 
was changed to 

The Southern Tier, and its publication continued byC. 
Pratt. M. li. Champlin, editor. 

The Almond Heruhl was commenced at Almond in 1853 by R. 
Deuton. who published it 1 year, when it was suspended. 
In about ti months it was resuscitated bj' Melvin Uydo 
and Isaac Busby, and appeared under the name of 

The AUegany Sentinel. Subsequently it passed' into the hands 
of Pruner k Spencer, by whum the paper was published 
until ls50. 

The Genesee Valley Free Press was commenced at 
Belfast in Jan. 1853. by A. N. Cole. In March follow- 
ing, the paper was removed to Wellsville, where the 
publication is continued by Mr. Colo. 

The Rural Budget was commenced at Wellsville in Oct. 
1850, by I'.ichard 0. Shant, by whom the publication iH 
continued, 
s The academic part of this institution was incorp. in 1^4'J. and 

the university in iSo". The erection of the university biiilomg 

has been commenced. It is under the cliargf of tlie Seventh 

Bay Baptists. The building occupied by the female deptirtmeut 

was burned Feb. 14, lS58. 



170 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



1807, by Clark Crandall, from Rensselaer co.' The first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was formed 
in 1816. There are now 2 churches in town ; both Seventh Day Bap. 

AL.I.E1V — was formed from Angelica, Jan. 31, 1823. A part of Bird.sall was taken off in 
1829. It is an interior town, situated north of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly 
upland, divided into ridges by the valleys of the streams. The highest summits are 500 to 700 
feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Wigwam, Plum, and Bakers Creeks. The soil 
upon the uplands is clay underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. 
Allen, (p. o.,) in the e. part, and Allen Center (p. o.) are hamlets. There are no stores, 
taverns, doctors, or lawyers in the town. A few small settlements were made about the com- 
mencement of the century, but the principal settlements were made subsequent to 1820.^ The 
first religious services were conducted bv Rev. Robert Hunter, (Presb.,) in 1821; and the first 
church (Presb.) was formed in 1830.^ 

A1.MA — was formed from Willing, Nov. 23, 1854. It is the central town on the s. border 
of the CO. The surface is broken and mountainous. Iloneoye Creek and its branches, flowing 
in deep, narrow ravines, form the drainage. The greater part of the surface is yet covered 
with forests. The soil upon the uplands is a clayey and sandy loam, and in the valleys a gravelly 
loam and alluvium. Lumbering is the principal pursuit; and large quantities of pine lumber are 
annually manufactured. Alma, (p. v.,) in the w. part of the town, contains a steam sawmill 
and 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1833, by Warren Huff, from Quebec, Canada.* 
The first religious services were performed by Rev. Reuben Kent, in 1838; and the first and only 
religious association (M. E.) in town was formed in 1850. There is no church edifice in town. 

ALiMOlVD — was formed from Alfred, March 16, 1821. A part of Birdsall was taken off in 
1829, and a part of West Almond in 1833. It lies upon the e. border of the co., a little N. of the 
center. Its surface is mostly an upland, separated into several distinct ridges by the deep valleys 
of Canisteo River and the Karr Valley, McHehry Valley, and Whitney Valley Creeks. The 
highest summits are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam. Quar- 
ries of good building stone, and sulphur springs, are found in various localities. Almond, 
(p. V.,) near the E. line, contains 2 ihurehes, 2 flouring mills, several manufactories, and about 
1,000 inhabitants. Center Almund, in Karr Valley, and IVortli Almond are p. ofliees. 
The first settlement was made at Karr Valley, by Rev. Andrew Gray, Wm. Gray, Jos. Rathbun, 

and Vandemark, all from Peun., in the spring of 1790.* The first religious meeting was 

held at Karr Valley, by Rev. Andrew Gray, (Presb.,) in his own house. May 1, 1797; and the 
first church was formed, the same year, by Mr. Gray." 

AMITY — was formed from Angelica and Scio, Feb. 22, 1830. A part of Ward was taken 
off in 1856. It is an interior town, lying a little s. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly 
and broken, the summits rising 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. Genesee River flows n. w. 
through the w. part and receives as tributaries Van Campens and Philips Creeks. The valleys 
of these streams are narrow and are bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is principally a clayey 
and sandy loam. PIlilipsTille, (p. v.,) on the Genesee, was incorp. Feb. 21, 1853. It con- 
tains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, a flouring mill, and about 1,000 inhabitants. It is a station upon the 
rail road. Belridere, (p. v.,) on the Genesee, at the mouth of Van Campens Creek, in the 
N. w. corner of the town, contains 3 sawmills and 181 inhabitants. It is also a rail road station. 
The first settlement was made in 1804, near Belvidere, by John T. Hyde.' The first religious 



1 Nathan Green, from Madison CO.. settled <at Bakers Bridge in 
]S07. Tlie first child born was Rebecca Stillman. in 180S; the 
first marriage, that of Luke Maxson and Susan Oreen; and the 
first death, that of Chas. H. Clark, who accidentally shot liim- 
.•ielf. Nancy Teater taught the first school, in 1S15 ; John Teater 
kept the first inn, in 1S18; and E. S. Davis built the first saw- 
mill, in 1S*21, and the first {rristmill, in IS'24. 

2 The first school was taught near the 8. line, in 1S20. The 
first inn was kept by Mrs. Armstrong, near the s. line, in 1^27. 
The first sawmill was erected by Asher Miner, on Wigwam 
Creek, in 1825. 

3 The census reports 3 churches ; Cong., Bap., and M. E. 

< The first child born was Emeline, daughter of Azor Hurl- 
hut, Sept. 1, 1836; and the first death, ttiat of .Tohn Barley, in 
1S38. The first school was taught by Clarinda Kent, in 1839. 
Azor Hurlbut kept the first inn, in 1837. Sam'l J. Peet the fii^t 
store, in 1844; and John W. Post erected the first sawmill, in 
1S43. 

6 Maj. Moses Van Campen, Capt. Henry McIIenry, Walter, Jos., 
and Sam'l Karr, Silas Ferry, Steptaen Miyor, Benj. Van Campen, 



Matthew McIIenry, Jos. Coleman, and Geo. Lockhart, all from 
Luzerne co.. Penn., settled in the town in 1797. The first child 
born was Wm. iMclIenry. in 1799; the first marriage, that of 
Peter Putnam and Polly Waters, in 1804 : and the first death, 
that of Matthew McHenry, in 1801. The first school was taught 
at Karr Valley- by Jos. A. Rathbun. in Dec. 1802. Beiy. Van 
Campen kept the first inn. at Karr Valley, in 1805 ; and Phineaa 
Stevens built the first sawmill, in 1806, at Almond VUKago, and 
Asa CTark the first gristmill, in ISIS. 

6 The census reports 3 churches ; Presb., Bap., and Wea. 
Meth. 

' Harry Pavis. from Hampshire CO.. Mass., settled near Philips, 
ville in 1S06. The first child born was Hannah Hyde, Nov. 4, 
1804; the first marriage, that of Loamliil Asthley and Rachel 
Baker, in 1807 ; and the first death, that of Harvey Manning, in 
1806. Polly Baker taught the first schnnl. in 1810; Ebenezer 
Hyde kept the first inn, at Belvidere, in 18ii9; .\lvin E. Parker 
the first store, at Fhilipsville, in 1830; and Philiji Church built 
the first sawinill, on Genesee River, in ISOu, and the first grist- 
mill, in 1608. 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 171 

meeting was held at the house of Samuel Van Campen, by Rev. Robert IlubbarJ, (Presb.,) in 
1814 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Jonathan Post, in 181C.' 

AMDOTER — was formed from Independence, Jan. 28, 1824. A part of Independence was 
taken off in 1824, and a part of Wellsville in 1855. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. of the 
center. The surface is very hilly and still retains some of the orif^iual pine forests. Dyke Creek 
flows s. w., receiving several small tributaries. The soil is chietiy a heavy loam resting on hard- 
pan. The primitive forests had a large proportion of pine ; and the manufacture of pine lumber 
— for many years a leading pursuit — is still carried on to some extent. Audover, (p. v.,) near 
the center of the tovrn, contains 4 churches, a grist and saw mill, and 374 inhabitants. It is a R. r. 
station. Shoemakers Corners (Elm Valley p. o.) is a hamlet on the w. line of the town. 
The first settlement was made in the spring of 1705, by Nathaniel Dyke, from Tioga Point, 
Penn., — originally from Ccnn.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Mr. Dyke, 
by Rev. Silas Hubbard, in 1808; and the first church (Cong.) was formed by Rev. Robert llub- 
bard, July 4, 1824.' 

ARfGELiICA* — was formed from Leicester, (Livingston co.,) Feb. 25, 1805. Alfred and Cane- 
adea were taken off in 1808, Allen and Soio in 1823, a part of Amity in 1830, and a part of West 
Almond in 1833 ; and a part was annexed to Alfred in 1816. It lies a little n. of the center of the 
CO. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Genesee River flows 
across the s. w. corner, and its tributary. Knight Creek, through the center. The soil is a clayey 
loam upon the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Allgrellca, (p. v.,) on Kniglits 
Creek, a little n. of the center of the town, was inoorp. May 2, 1835. Besides the co. buildings, it 
contains the Angelica Academy, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several mills and 
manufactories. Pop. 846. The first settlement was made on the site of the village, in 1802, by 
Philip Church.' The first church (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Robt. Hubbard, in 1811.° 

BEIiFAST — was formed from Caneadea, March 24, 1824, as " Orrinshnrgh." Its name was 
changed April 21, 1825. A part of Caneadea was annexed in 1831. It lies a little N. w. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, separated into distinct ridges. Genesee River flows 
across the n. e. corner. Black and White Creeks, the other principal streams, flow through narrow, 
irregular valleys bordered by abrupt hillsides. The highest summits are COO to 800 feet above 
the streams. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. 
Belfast, (p.v.,) on the Genesee, near the mouth of Black Creek, contains 3 churches, the 
Genesee Valley Seminary,' and several mills. Pop. 801. At this place considerable commerce 
is carried on by means of the Genesee Valley Canal. Rockville," (p-o-.) in the w. part, and 
Transit Bridge, (p.o.,)in theE., are hamlets. The first settlement was made on Genesee 
River, in 1803, by Benjamin, Elisha, Calvin, and David Chamberlin, brothers, from Penn.' Rev. 
Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) held the first religious meeting, at the house of Nath'l Reynolds, in 
1806, and formed the first church, in 1807-08.'" 

BIRDSAliLi" — was formed from Allen and Almond, May 4, 1S29. It is an interior towTi, 
lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is principally a hilly upland, separated into several 
distinct ridges. The declivities are usually very abrupt, and the highest summits are 500 to 800 
feet above the valleys. Black Creek and its branches form the principal drainage. The soil is 



1 The census reports 4 clmrcbes; Bap., Cong.. M. E.. and Univ. 

* Mr. Dyke was oducaled at Y.ale C^iIIege, served as an officer 
during the Revolutionary War, was attached to the staft'ofGcn. 
Wavren at Boston, and subsequently to that of Gen. Washing- 
ton. Stephen Cole settled on lot adjoining Dyke, in 1796. and 
Bcnj. Brookings and John T. llyde, from Vt.. near the same 
place, soon after. The first child born w.-is Daniel Cole. Feb. IS, 
1797; the first marriage, that of Isaac Dyke and Pamelia GiL)- 
Bon. in lb02; and the first de.ath, that of Zeri.ah, dangliter of 
James Dyke, Jan. 21, 1798. Robert Heed taught the first school, 
in 1820; Luther Strong built the first saw and grist mill, in 
1819, and kept the first inn, in 1820; and Asa S. Allen kept the 
first store, in 1823. 

* The census reports 4 churches; B.ap., Cong., M.E.,and R. C. 
< Named from Angelica, wife of John B. Church and eldest 

daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler. 

''Mr. Church was son of John B. Church and grandson of Gen. 
Schuvler. Evert Van Wickle, John Gibson, and John Lewis 
Bettled in the town in 1802, and John Ayers in 1803. The first 
child born was Catharine S. Mullender: the first marriage. that 
of Sylvanus Russel ami Esther Van Wickle. in 1S0.5 ; and the first 
death.thatoflraSt.phens, Sept. 20, 18113. Widow S.Smith taught 
the first school, in 1804-0.'); Philip Church built the first saw and 
Crist mill, in 1802-03, and kept the first store, in 1803; and Jos. 



Taylor kept the first inn, in 1804. Hyde de Neuville— an exilo 
during the Government of the Empire, and minister to the U. S. 
upon ihe restoration of the French monarchy from 1S16 to 182*^ 
— resided at Angelica in 1807-08, Victor Diipont, also a distin- 
guished French exile, was an early settler at Angelica. 

* Tile census reports 6 churches; Presb, Prot E,, Bap., M, E,, 
Ilef Prot. !).. and 11. C. 

' This institution was chartered in 1856 and opened Dec. 2, 
1857. It will accommodate 300 students, and is under the charge 
of the M.E. Church. 

8 Named from a grindstone quarry in the vicinity. This 
quarry is not now worked. 

' Jedediah Nobles, from Elmira, settled on the river, and Beiy. 
Littleton, from the same place, ou Wigwam Creek, in 1 805. Tho 
first child bom wjia Moses V. Chamberlin ; and the first mar 
riage, that of Johu Sanford and Mary Collar, in 1806. Elijah 
Reynolds taught the first school, in 1S07 : Jos. S. Raymond kept 
the first inn, near the village, in 1821, and Sam'l King the first 
store, in 1S24, David Sanford erected the first saw and grist 
mill, on the river, near the village, in 1809, 

w There are 5 churches in town ; Bap., Cong., M. E., Univ., 
ami 11. C. 

u Named from JudgeJohnBirdsall, Circuit Judge of tho Eighth 
Judicial District in 1828-29. 



172 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



a clay loam underlaid by hardpan. Birdsall^ (p. o.,) in the n. w. part, and Birdsall Cen- 
ter, (p.o.,) are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Josiah Whitman, on Lot '24, in 1816. 
The first religious meeting was held at the house of Wm. Day, in 1823,^ by Rev. Robert Hub- 
bard; and the first church (M. E.) was formed by Rev. Eleazur Day, in 1825.'' 

BOIjIVAR — was formed from Friendship, Feb. 15, 1825 ; and a part of "Wirt was taken ofiP in 
1838. It lies upon the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is a broken, moun- 
tainous upland, in some parts too steep for profitable cultivation. The streams are Little Genesee, 
Honeoye, and Horse Creeks. The soil upon the hills is a reddish clay loam, and in the valleys a 
gravelly loam. Bolivar, (p. v..) n. of the center, contains a church, flouring mill, and 157 
inhabitants. Honeoye Corners (S. Bolivar p. o,) is a hamlet near the s. border. Timothy 
Cowles, from Otsego co., settled in the w. part of the town in 1819.* The first religious services 
were held by Austin Cowles, (M. E.,) in 1820 ; and the first church (M. E.) was organized in 1828.* 

BURJVS — was formed from Ossian, (Livingston co.,) March 17, 182G. It lies upon the e. 
border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is very hilly and broken, the highest summits 
being 400 to 700 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Canaseraga, South Valley, 
and Slader Creeks. Canaseraga,^ (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches, the Canaseraga 
Academy,^ several mills, and about 200 inhabitants. It is a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R. 
Burns^ (p. v.,) on the e. line of the town, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. It is also a r. r 
station. WBiilneys Crossing* is a p. o. in the w. part. The first settlement was made at 
Whitney A' alley, in 1S05, by Moses and Jeremiah Gregory, John Gaddis, and Samuel Rodman.^ 
The first religious meeting (M. E.) was held at the house of Moses Gregory, by Robert Parker, in 
1800 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed at Whitney Valley, by Rev. Jesse Braman, in 1817.® 

CA^'EABEA — was formed from Angelica, March 11, 1808. I'riendship was taken ofi" in 
1815, Rushford in 1816, " Orrinshurgh'' (now Belfast) in 1824, and a part of Belfast in 1831. It 
is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is divided into two ridges 
by Genesee River, which flows in a northerly direction through the center. The soil upon 
the highlands is a gravelly and clayey loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. 
Upon Caneadea Creek is a valuable stone quarry. Oraniel, (p. v.,) upon the Genesee, in the 
s. part, was incorp. June 9, 1856. It is an important canal village, and contains 2 churches, 
1 several mills, and 733 inhabitants. Caneadea, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Caneadea Creek, con- 
tains 1 church, 3 mills, and about 400 inhabitants. lEouglaton Creeh. is a p. o. in the n. 
part. The first settlement was made about the commencement of the century, by a Mr. Schoon- 
Over, from Penn.^ The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held by Elder Ephraim Sanford, in his 
own house, at Oramel Village, in 1804.^** 

CEMTERVII.I4E— was formed from Pike, (Wyoming co.,) Jan, 15, 1819. It is the n. w. 
corner town of the co. Its surface is a moderately hilly upland. Six Town Creek and its branches 
form the principal drainage. The soil is a heavy clay loam. Centerville (p- v.) contains 2 
churches and about 150 inhabitants. The first settlements were made by Jos. Maxson, of R. I., 
in April, 1808, and by James Ward, in tlie fall of the same year.^^ The first religious meeting 



1 James Ulathewg, from N. J„ settled on Section 21. near the 

center, in ]S18. Previous to this, Vance, Wni. P. Schaanck, 

from N. J., Jeremiah Viia Wormer, and Wm. Day, from Cayuga 
CO., had locatt'ii in town. The first child horn was James E. 
>Iathow5, March 7, 1820; and the first marriage, that of Sani'l 
Van Wickle and Harriet Freeman, in 1S21. Hannah Scott 
taught the first school, in 1^22. Josiah Whitman kept the first 
inn, in 1820, and Joseph B. Welch the first sforo. in 1828. The 
first sawmill was erected on Black Creek, by KUas lluU and David 
Peterson, in 182.3. 

2 There are 3 churches in town ; M. E.. F. W. Bap., and R. C. 
8 Christopher Tyler settled io 1819, Austin and Asa Cowles in 

1820, in the w. part of the town, — all from Otsego co. The first 
birth was that of Almond W. Cowles, in 1820; the first mar- 
riage, that of Daniel Kellogg and Sopiiia Hitchcock, in 1825; 
and the first death, that of a child of Lutber Austin, in 1823. 
The first school was taught by Austin Cowles, in 1820-21. Hollis 
B. Newton kept the first inn. in 1831, and Newton & Cowles the 
first store, in 1825. The first sawmill was built by Asa and 
Austin Cowles. near the village, on Genesee Cretk, in 1822, and 
the first gristmill by Asa Cowles, at the village, io 1824. 

4 The ceusus reports 3 churches; 2 M. E. and Bap. 

6 Formerly called " Whitnry VaU-i'y." 

6 This institution was formed in 1856, and is in charge of the 
Bap. denomination. 

7 Wm. Carroll and Wm. Hopkins settledat South Valley. Elijah 
%nd Daniel Abbott, Elias Van Scoter, and Thos. Quick, all from 



Penn., at De Witts Valley, and Sam'l Boylan. at Whitney Val- 
ley, in 1806. The first cliild born was Lewis W. Carroll, Aug. 1, 
1807 : the first marriage, that of John Gregory and Betsey Doty ; 
and the first deaths, those of Jeremiah Gregory, who was killed 
by the fall of a tree, April 4, 1812, and his twin-brotlier, killed 
in the same manner, Sept. 17 of the same year. The first school 
was taught at Canaseraga, by Wm. Crooks, in 1810. S. Do Witt 
Brown kept the first inn, at '^'Dc Witts VdlJey" (now Burns Vil- 
lage,) in 1820, and Isiiac N. Town the first store, at Canaseraga, 
in 1828. Daniel Schull erected the first gristmill, in 1810, and 
David McCardy the first sawmill, in 1813. 

8 There are 5 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap., Presb., 
Prot. E., and M.E. 

8 Ephraim Sanford. jr., Zephaniah nuflf, David Sanford, and 
Nehemiah Sears settled in 1803, and Ezra Sanford and others 
soon after. The first children born were Mosos V. Chamberlain 
and Betsey Sanford, both in 1806. The first school was taught, 
near the center, by Asa Harris, in 1811. The first inn was kept 
by Widow Bradley, from Penn., at the center, in 1810; and the 

first store, at the same place, by Hunt, in 1S12. Jnhn Hoyt 

erected the first sawmill, at the mouth of Caneadea Creek, in 
1816. and David Hitchcock put the first carding machine in 
operation, in 1810, on Caneadea Creek. 

10 The census reports 2 churches; Cong, and M. E. 

11 Calvin P. Perry, from Berkshire co., Mass., settled near Mr. 
Maxson in 1S09. Abraham and David Jolatt. brothers, were the 
next settlers in the order of time; and nextwere Zaecheus, Thos., 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



173 



(Bap.) was held by Rev. John Griffith. 
Rev. Silas Hubbard.^ 



The first church (Presb.) was formed in July, 1S24, by 



CE<ARH.STIIjIjE — was formed from Cuba, May 11, 1835. It lies upon the w. border of the 

CO., s. of the center. Its surface is a mountainous upland, divided into several steep ridges by 
the narrow valleys of the streams. The highest summits are 700 to 1,000 ft. above the canal at 
Cuba. Dodges Creek and its branches form the principal drainage. The soil is principally a 
heavy clay loam. Considerable pine lumber is still made in town. Clarksville Coi'uers, 
(West Clarksville p. o.,) near the center, contains a church, sawmill, and 12 dwellings. The first 
settlement was made a little s. of the center, in 1822, by John and Horatio Slayton, from War- 
saw, AVyoming co.^ The first religious meeting (M. E.) was held at the house of Nelson Hoyt, 
in 1828, by Rev. Mr. Cole, from Friendship; and the first church (Bap.) was organized by Rev. 
Holden E. Prosser, in 1842, and is still the only church in town. 

CUBA — was formed from Friendship, Feb. 4, 1822. Genesee was taken ofi" in 1830, and 
Clarksville in 1835, It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a broken 
and mountainous upland, divided into irregular ridges by steep and narrow valleys. Oil Creek 
and its branches form the principal drainage. The canal and r. r. both extend through the narrow 
valleys of this town.^ The highest summits are 000 to 800 ft. above the level of the canal. The 
soil is a clayey and gravelly loam.* Cuba, (p. v.,) on Oil Creek, incorp. Nov. 11, 1850, contains 5 
churches, a newspaper office, and several mills and manufactories. Pop. 816. IVoi'tli Cuba, (Sey- 
mour p. 0.,) in the n. part, contains 20 houses, Cuba Summit is a r. r. station. Settlement waa 
commenced in 1817, by Salmon Abbott, — Freer, and — Hall, from Conn.^ The first religious meet- 
ing was held by Rev. Robt. Hubbard, in 1818 j and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1824.® 

FRIEIVDSmP— was formed from Caneadea, March 24, 1815. Cuba was taken off in 
1822, Bolivar in 1825, and a part of Wirt in 1838. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. 
of the center of the co. Its surface is broken by high, mountainous ridges, the summits of which 
are 600 to 800 feet above the valleys. It is drained by Van Campens Creek and its branches. 
The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Friendship, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 4 churches, 
the Friendship Academy, 2 flouring mills, 25 sawmills, and about 800 inhabitants ; IVile, (p. v.,) 
in the s. part of the town, contains a church, 3 mills, and 40 dwellings. The first settlement was 
made in Nov. 1806, by Richard Frair, from Kingston, Ulster co.'' The first religious service was 
held in a barn, by Samuel Vary, in July, 1810; and the first church (Presb.) was formed by 
Rev. Robert Hubbard, in the spring of 1813.® 

GEIVESEE — was formed from Cuba, April 16, 1830. It is the s. w. corner iovrn in the co. 
Its surface is very broken and mountainous; and the highest summits are 1,000 to 1,400 feet above 
the valleys.^ The streams are Little Genesee, Dodges, Deer, Windfall, and Oswaya Creeks, — all 
flowing through narrow, mountainous ravines. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. A con- 
siderable portion of the surface is still covered with pine, and lumbering is extensively carried on. 
l.i<tle Genesee^ (P-v.,) in thes. e. part of the town, contains a church, sawmill, and 30 

situated upon the Indian Oil Spring Reaervation. It is a dirty 
pool, 20 ft. in diameter, and baa no outlet. Tiie water is mixed 
with bitumen, which collects upon the surface. There are 
several quarries of good building stone in town. 

6 .Tobn Bennett, Andrew Hawley, and Stephen Cole cume about 
the 8arae time. The first de.tth was that of Andrew Hull. Tho 
first school was taught by David Kow, )nlS22. Stephen Cole 
kept the first inn, near the center, in 1814, and King & Gravea 
the first store, in 1821 or '22. The first sawmill was built by 
Wm. Dovner, on Oil Creek, in 1815; and the first gristmiU, by 
Cadv & BiUdwin. on the same stream, in 1822. 

6 The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., Presb., Plot. E., M. E., 
and K. C. 

J John Harrison and Simon and Zebulon Gates settled in June, 
1S07. The first birth was that of Sherman Ilaskins, in a sugar 
camp, in March. 1808; the first marriage, that of Jas. Sanford 
and Sally Harrison, in Dec. 1809; and the first death, that of 
Hattie Frair, in Dec. 1806. The first school was taught by Pela- 
tiah Morgan, in the winter of 1810-11. Simon Gates opened the 
first inn, in May, 1808, and Stephen Smith the first store, in the 
spring of 1818. Sylvanus Meriman and Aaron Axtell built the 
first gristmill, in 1810; and Ebenezor Steenrod the first sawmill, 
in 1815, and a mill for wool carding and cloth dressing, in 1810. 

8 The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., Seventh Day Bap., 
Cong.. M. E., and Univ. 

^ tJpon a high summit near the center is a locality known 
as "Rock City." It consists of a tract of 40 acres covered with 
conglomerate, composed of milkwhite pebbles broken into 
regular layers, forming alleys and atroeta. 



and Strong Warner, Perkins B. Woodward, from Ashford, Conn., 
settled a little N. of the center, Sargent Morrell, from Vt., in the 
b. pai't of the town, in Is-lU, and henj. Blaucbard. from Vt., on 
Lot 25, in ISll. The fir at birth and the first death in town were 
thnfloofflchildofCalvinP.P.'riy. in.Iuiie.lsQ^; and the first mar- 
riage, that of Wm. Foy and Ruth Morrill, in 1811. Perkins IJ. 
Woodward taught the first school, inthe winter ofl81.'i-14; Benj. 
and Mark Blanchard and Eber Hotchkiss erected the first saw- 
mill, on Six Mile Creek, in 1813, and Russl-H Iliggins and Pack- 
ard Bruce the first gristmill, in 1817, on the same stream. —^ 
Thatchf r kept the tirst inn, at the center, in 1810, and Sparrow 
Smith the first store, at the same place, in 1820. 

• The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Presb., Cong., and M- E. 

* James McDougal, from Steuben co., settled a little e. of the 
center, and Jabez Survey near the same place, in 1827. The 
first child born was Jos. P. Slayton. in 1826 ; the first marriage, 
that of Van Rensselaer Dolivan and Harriet Palmer, in 1827 ; 
and the first death, that of Mrs. Sally Olds, in 1831. The first 
school was taught by Maria McDougal, E. of the center, in 1827. 
Daniel S. Carpenter kept the first inn. near the center, in 1828; 
and Samuel King erected the first sawmill, on Dodge Creek, in 
1832. 

« The R. B. crosses the Genesee Valley Canal in this town, near 
the reservoir built to feed the summit level of the canal. The 
reservoir — built, at a cost of $150,000, by the erection of a dam 
across Oil Creek— is 60 ft. high. It raises a pond that covers an 
area of 600 acres, and finds an outlet near its head, so that no 
water runs over the dam. Its capacity when full is estimated 
to l>e equal to 200 mi. of canal. 

*The celebrated Oil Spring, in the w. nart of this town, is 



174 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



dwellings; and Ceres, (p. v.,) on the s. line, a church and 12 dwellings. The first settlement 
was made on Genesee Creek, on Lot 3, in the E. part of the town, in 1823, by Jabez Burdick, from 
Rensselaer co.' The first religious services (Seventh Day Bap.) were held by Rev. John Green, 
in 1820 ; and the first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was organized, in 1827, by Rev. Henry P. Green." 

GRAIVGER — was formed from Grove, as "West Grove," April 18, 1838. Its name was 
changed March G, 1839. It is the central town upon the N. border of the co. It is a hilly upland, 
divided into several distinct ridges. Genesee River, forming a portion of the w. boundary, ia 
bordered by abrupt hillsides 600 to 800 feet high. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a 
gravelly loam in the valleys. Sliort Tract is a p. o. in the s. part of the town. Granger a 
p. 0. in the N., and Grove a p. o. in the e. The first settlement was made near Short Tract, in 
Feb. 1816, by Reuben Wilcox, Isaac Smith, and Rufus Trumbull, from Vt., and Elias Smith, from 
Otsego CO.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Elias Smith, in 1818, by Rev. 
Mr. Hill, (M. E.;) and the first church (M. E.) was organized about 1830.* 

GROTE — was formed from Nunda, (Livingston co.,) March 8, 1827, as "Church Tract." Its 
name was changed in 1828, and Granger was taken ofi" in 1838. It lies upon the N. border of the 
CO., near the N. E. corner. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. A 
valley in the E. part is known as Chautauqua Valley. Branches of Black and Canaseraga Creeks 
form the drainage. The soil upon the hills is a clay loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the 
valleys a gravelly loam. 8ATaiusviIIe is a p. o. on the R. R., in the E. part of the town, and 
C'liautaiiqiia Valley a. p. o. on the r. r., in the n. e. part. Grove Center is a hamlet. 
John White, from Herkimer co., made the first settlement, in May, 1818, in the N. w. part.^ The 
first religious meeting (M. E.) was held at the house of Mr. White, by Rev. Cyrus Story, in 1820; 
and the first church (M. E.) was formed in the White Settlement, in 1821.? 

HUME — was formed from Pike, (Wyoming co.,) Feb. 20, 1822. It lies upon the N. border 
of the CO., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland. Genesee River flows through the s. E. 
corner and forms a portion of the E. boundary. It is bordered by al:irupt hills rising to a height 
of 400 U> 700 feet. The other principal streams are Six Town and Ctjld Creeks. The soil is a 
gravelly and clayey loam. Cold Creek, (Hume p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 2 
churches, a saw and grist mill, and about 300 inhabitants ; Fillmore, (p. v.,) a canal village at 
the mouth of Cold Creek, contains a church, a saw and grist mill, and 372 inhabitants. 'Wis- 
coy, on Wiseoy Creek, and Mill's Mills, in the n. ^art, are p. ofiices. Mixville, at the 
mouth of Wiseoy Creek, contains a church, saw and grist mill, and 200 inhabitants. An immense 
water-power at this place is but little used. The first settlement was made at Mill's Mills, in 1807, 
by Roger Mills, from Montgomery co.' The census reports 5 churches in town.* 

IIVDEPEIVDEIVCE— was formed from Alfred, March 16, 1821. Andover was taken ofi" in 
1824, and a part of Willing in 1851. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. The surface is a moun- 
tainous upland, broken by deep, narrow valleys. The highest summits are 800 to 1,200 ft. above 
the valleys. The streams are Cryder and Chenunda Creeks. The soil is principally a gravelly 
loam with sections of sand. Whitesvllle, (p.v.,)s.E.of the center, contains 2 churches and several 
mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 220. Springs Mills, (p. v.,) in the s. e. corner, 
contains several mills and 14 dwellings ; Greens Corners, (Independence p. o.,) in the N. part, 
contains a church and 10 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1798, by John Cryder, who 
built a house, a sawmill, and made other improvements, and soon after abandoned them and left 
the country. The first permanent settlement was made by Samuel S. White, from Madison co., 



1 Roswell Strw ter. from Rensselaer Cf>.. settlefl in 1825. and 
Ezekiel Crandtll and Joseph Wells, from R. I., in 1826, on Wind- 
fall and Genesee Creeks. Joseph Maxson, from R. I., and John 
Cook, settled in the w. part in 1827. The first cliild born was 
Kdward \\\ Burdick, in 1826; the first marrLoge, that of Joseph 
Allen and Phebe Ma.\son, in the same year ; and the first death, 
that of Arvilla Burdick, in 1824. The first school was taufrht 
by Henry P. Green, near the mouth of Windfjill Creek, in the 
winter of lS2t>-27. Lewis P. Coon kept the first inn. in 1842. at 
Genesee Valley, and Albert LauRWorthy the first store, in 1831. 
The first sawmill was built on Genesee Creek, by Newmar, Crab- 
tree, in 1820. No liquor license has ever be^ granted in the 
town ; and it is claimed that no inhabitant has ever been sent to 
tt prison or a poorhouso. 

3 The census reports 3 churches: all Seventh Day Bap. 

* The first birth was that of a child of Elias Smith, in March, 
1817; and the first death, that of Olive Linee. in 1817. The first 
fr-iiool w)is tauj^ht in the Smith Settlement, by Miss Williams, in 



1819. Elias Smith kept the first inn, in 1819, and the first store, 
in 1820. Isiiac Van Nostraud erected the first gristmill, in 1831, 
and the first sawmill, in 1823. 

* The census reports 2 churches ; M. E. and Wes. Meth. 

6 In the same year Alex. Bailey, from Vt., settled near Mr. 
White. The first child born was Laura Bailey, Dec. 2-5, 1820; 
and the first marriage, that of Elijah White and Lucy Danji. iu 
1822. The first school was taught by Emily Pago, in 1826. 
Ilenry Andrews kept the first inn, in 1828, in the N.w. corner, 
and Thayer & Smith the first store, at or near the same place, in 
1825. John S. Culver erected the first sawmill, in the N. part. 

* There are 4 clmrches in town; 3 M. E. and Bap. 

' The first school was tauirht in the barn of Roger Mills, jr., m 
the summer of 1812. by Caroline Russell, from Montgomery co. 
Geo. Mills kept the first inn. at Mills Mills, in 1815, and Elisha 
Mills the first store, at the same place, in 1809. Roger Mills 
erected the first sawmill, in 1807, and the first gristmill, iul808. 

« Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., and Wes. Melh. 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



175 



in the spring of 1819, at Whitesville.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Sam'l 
S. White, by Rev. Daniel Babcock, (Seventh Day Bap.,) Jan. 1, 1820.^ 

KEW IirDSOIV— was formed from Rushford, April 10, 1825, as "Halrjld." Its name was 
changed April 4, 1837. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., a little n. of the center. The surface 
is a hilly upland, broken by valleys extending n. e. and s. w. The principal streams are Black, 
Oil and Rush Creeks. The soil is a gravelly or clayey loam. McGrawvUIe, (Neiv Hudson 
p. 0.,) on the N. line, contains a church, 2 sawmills, and 20 dwellings; ]Vew Iludson Cor- 
ners, (Black Creek p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. IVortll Val- 
ley is a hamlet near McGrawville. The first settlement was made on Lot 49, in the s. part, by 
Spencer Lyon, from Waterbury, Vt., in 1820.' The first religious meeting was held by Rev. 
James Eastwood, (M. E.,) at his own house, in 1821. The first church (Presb.) was formed with C 
members, by Rev. Robert Hubbard, June 4, 1822.* 

RUSIIFORD — was formed from Caneadea, March 8, 1816. New Hudson was taken off in 
1825. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided 
into two distinct districts by Caneadea Creek, which flows E. through near the center. The 
valleys of several smaller streams, tributaries of the Caneadea, divide the highlands into narrow 
ridges. The soil is a shaly loam underlaid by hardpan. Quarries of building stone, several 
sulphur springs, and a brown mineral paint resembling ocher are found in town. A woolen 
factory upon Caneadea Creek manufactures about 12,000 yds. of cloth annually ; and a pineapple 
cheese factory turns out 70,000 lbs. of cheese annually. Rlisliford, (p. v.,) at the center of the 
town, contains 4 churches, the Rushford Academy, and several manufacturing establishments. 
Pop. 654. £a$t Rusllford (p. v.) contains several mills and 40 dwellings. The first settle- 
ment was made on Lot 30, in 1808, by Enos Gary, from Vt.* The first religious meeting was held 
by Rev. Mr. Sanford, (Bap.,) in 1813; and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1815, by Rev. 
Nathan Peck, a missionary from Boston.* 

SCIO — was formed from Angelica, Jan. 31, 1823. A part of Amity was taken off in 1830, a 
part of Willing in 1851, and a part of Wellsville in 1855. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of 
the center of the county. Its surface is a mountainous upland, the highest summits being 700 
to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. Tlie streams are Genesee River and Knight and Vandemark 
Creeks. The soil is principally a sandy loam. Scio, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, contains a church, 
several mills, and 496 inhabitants. The first settlement was made at the mouth of Knights 
Creek, in 1805, by Joseph Knight and his son Silas, from Oneida co.' The census reports 5 
churches.® 

WARD — was formed from Alfred and Amity, Nov. 21, 1850. It is an interior town, lying s.E. 
of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 500 to 800 feet 
above the valleys. The streams are Philips and Vandemark Creeks. The soil is a clayey loam 
upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Pliilips Creeli, (p. v.,) in the N. part, 
contains 2 churches and 16 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Abraham Wald- 
ruff, from Ontario co.' The first church (M. E.) was organized at an early period. There are now 
2 churches ; M. E. and Univ. 

WELI.STIL1I1E — was formed from Scio, Andover, and Willing, Nov. 22, 1855. It is an 



1 In the spring of the eame year John Teater. from Dut<?besB 
CO., Da\'id Wilson and Stephen Hoyce, from Ma-fs., settled in or 
near Whitesville. The first child itorn was Dugald C. White. 
Oct. 2-3, 1819 ; the first marriage, that of Daniel Uemiugton and 
Eliza Eaton, Jan. 1, 1824; and the first death, that of fnni'l W. 
Ooodridge. Jan. 2", 18'.I2. The first school was tauj^ht at Whitee- 
vUle, by Deborah Covel, in the summer of 18'22. Sani'l S, White 
kept the first inn, in 1827, at Whitesville, and Josiah W. (Ireen 
the first store, at Cireens Corners, in 1S22. Natli'l Covel erected 
a sawmill on Cryder Creek, in lf322; and Jas. Maxwell the first 
gTlstmitl, at Spring Mills, in 1820. 

* The census reports 5chui'ches; Bap., Seventh Day Bap., 
Presb., M. E., and Univ. 

* James Eastwood, John C. McKeen. and Jas. Davidson, from 
N. H., settled in the s. part in 1821. The first birth waa that of 
Mary McKeen. in June, 1821 ; the first marriage, that of Earl 
Gould and Catharine Eastwood, in June, 1822. The first school 
wastaught by Mrs.OrahamMcKeeo,inthesnmmerof 1821. Wra. 
Andrews kept tlje first inn. near Black Cieek Corners, in 1820, 
and Nelson McCall the first store, near tlie same place, in 183(i. 
The first sawmill was erected by James Davidson, ou Black 
Creek, in 1829. 

* The censtis reports 4 churches ; 2 Cong, and 2 M. E. 

* Chaa. Sniff, Ab«l Belknap, Aiuoa lUwe, and Joshua Wilson, 



from New England, were settlera in the town in 1800-10; Levi 
Beiijamin, from Windsor, Vt.. settled on Lot 30, near Rushford 
Village, in 1813. lietbiali Belknap, born in the spring of 1810, 
and Sam'l Gordon. June 12, 1810. were the first births in town ; 
Wm. Kawson aud Lawrence Swift were the first married, in 
1811. Flina Bannister taught the first school, near the center, 
inthe winter of 1813-U. Levi Bergamiu kept the first inn, a littlo 
N. of Rushford Village, in 1813, and Jas. McCall the first store, 
at the same place, iu 1814. The first sawmill was built by Mat- 
thew P. Cady. on Caneadea Creek, in 181,'j; and the first grist- 
mill, by Jas. McCall, on the same stream, in 1818. 

« The census reports 4 churches ; Bap.. Cong., M. E., and TJniv 

7 Silas Bellamy and Silas Palmer settled in 1809,— the former 
at Scio Village and the latter iu the n. part of the town. Polly, 
daughter of Silas Knight, was the first child born, in 1806. and 
the first one that died, in 1808; the first marriage was that of 
Silas Bellamy and Betsey Knight, in ISO!). The first school waa 
tauj^ht by Lucy Moore, "near the village, in IMG. Alfred John 
son kept the first inn, in 1821. The first sawmill wjis erected iu 
1822, and the first gristmill in 1823, by Benj. Palmer. 

« 2 H.C., Cong., Bap., and M. E. 

* Daniel Hart and Uezekiah Waril settled in the N. part, iu 
1817-18. Geo. Waldrufi' kept the first inn, at Philips Creek ViV 
lage, and WaldrulT k Cartwrigbt the first stum. 



176 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



interior town, Ij'ing s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is very broken and mountainous, 
the higlicst summits being 800 to 1,200 feet above the valleys. The declivities are too steep for 
profitaljle cultivation. The streams are Genesee River and Dyke and Chenunda Creeks, all flow- 
ing in narrow and deep valleys winding among the almost precipitous mountains. The soil is 
mostly a sandy loam. Considerable pine lumber is still manufactured in town. TVcHsville, 
(p. V.,) on Genesee River, was incorp. Oct. 12, 1857; it contains 4 churches, 2 weekly newspaper 
offices, 2 flouring and 3 saw mills. Pop. 1,286. The iirst settlements were made in the valley of the 
Genesee, about the commencement of the century.' There are 4 churches in town.^ 

WEST ALIWOHID— was formed from Angelica, Almond, and Alfred, April 15, 1833. It is 
an interior town, lying a little N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a broken and elevated 
upland. The streams are Angelica, Black, Philips, and Karr Valley Creeks, — all flowing in 
narrow ravines bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is principally a clay loam underlaid by 
hardpan. fVest Aliuoud (p. v.) contains a church and 15 houses. The first settlement was 
made at the center, in 1810, by Daniel Athertou.' The first religious meeting was held by Rev. 
Robert Hubbard, (Presb.,) at the house of Daniel Dean, in 1823; and the first and only church 
(Bap.) was formed in 1824. 

WII.1.L1VG — was formed from Independence and Soio, Nov. 19, 1851. Alma was taken off in 
1854, and a part of Wellsville in 1855. It lies upon the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Ita 
surface is a broken and mountainous region, the highest summits being 800 to 1,200 ft. above the 
valleys. The streams are Genesee River, Cryder, Chenunda, and Fords Creeks, all flowing in 
narrow valleys bordered by steep mountain declivities. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. A 
considerable part of the surface is still covered with forests, and lumbering is extensively carried 
on. Beaiivllle, (Shongo p. o.,) on Genesee River, in the s. part of the town, contains a church 
and 61 inhabitants ; and Halls Port, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, a sawmill and 64 inhabitants. 
Elijah Robinson, from Brookfield, Madison co., settled on the Genesee, adjoining the State line, 
in 1825. He built a sawmill, made other improvements for four or five years, when he became 
deranged, and left the town.' The first religious meeting (Prot. Meth.) was held at the house 
of Daniel Baker, by Rev. Seneca Fish, in 1834.' 

WIRT — was formed from Bolivar and Friendship, April 12, 1838. It is an interior town, 
lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a wild, mountainous upland, divided into three 
general ridges extending n. and s. The streams are headwaters of Van Campens, Little Genesee, 
and Dodges Creeks. Ricllbur^h, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, the 
Richburgh Academy,^ 2 steam gristmills, 2 sawmills, and 50 dwellings. W^irt is a p. o., near the 
center of the town. The first settlement was made in the n. part of the town, in 1812, by Benj. 
Crabtree and Levi Abbott, from Amsterdam, Montgomery co.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) 
was held at the house of Benj. Crabtree, in 1816, by Rev. Jonathan Post. The first church 
(Bap.) was organized in 1826.' 



1 The first child bom was Rachel Dyke, in 1805 ; and the first 
death, that of Thos. Brink, in 1807. The first school was taught, 
near the E. line, by Ithiuner Brookings, in 1814. Nath"! Dyke 
built the first grist and saw mill, in 1S03, on Dyke Creek, near 
the E. line. 

- Cong.. SI. E., Bap., and R. C. 

3 Jason Bixby, Isaac Pray, and Daniel Hooker settled on the 
road leading from Almond to Angelica, and .Tohu .\lfred, from 
N. .T.. near the N. line, all previous to 1818. The first child born 
was Jerusha, daughter of Daniel Atherton, in the fall of 1817 ; 
and the first death, that of .Tason Bixby. in the spring of 1S18. 
The first school was taught, in the E. part, by Jasper White, in 
1S18. Daniel Atherton kept the first inn, in 1S17, at the center, 
and Samuel M. Eddy the first store, at the same place, in 1832. 
The first sawmill was erected by Enoch Hawks, on Angelica 
Creek. in 1833. 

< The first death was that of a child of Austin Butler, in 1837. 
The first school was taught near Beanville, in 18315, by Betsey 



Lovell. Allen Giflbrd kept the first inn, in 1838, at Beanville. and 
.las. R. Wood the first store, at the s.ame place, in 1839. El^ah 
Robinson erected the first sawmill, near the Penu. line, on the 
Genesee. 

6 There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Univ. 

« This institution has lately been incorp. with the common 
school system. 

' Azel" Buckley, from Unadilla, Otsego co., settled in 1814, and 
Daniel Willard. from Mass.. in 1815. Mr. W. is the oldest settler 
now living in town. The first child born was Benj. Crabtree, jr., 
in 1813; and the first m.arriage, that of Hyra Axdell and Lucy 
Crabtree, in 1814. The first school was taught, in the N. part of 
the town, by Sophia Hitchcock, in 1620. Alvan llichardson erected 
the first sawmill, in 1824, and the first gristmill, in 1S25. on Gene- 
see Creek, near Richburgh. Mr. Richardson also kept the first 
inn. in 1824, and Francis Ij. Leroy the first store, in the same year. 

3 There are 4 churches in town ; Bap., F. W. Bap., Seventh Day 
Bap., and M. E. 



ALLEGANY COUNTY. 



177 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Sehools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Allegany County. 



Nahss of Towns. 



Alfred 

Allen 

Alma 

Almond 

Amity 

Andover 

Angelica 

Belfast 

Birdsall 

Bolivar. 

Burns 

Caneadea, 

Centerville 

Clarksville. 

Cuba 

Friendship , 

Genesee 

Granger 

Grove 

Hume 

Independence- 
New Hudson .. 

RusMord 

Scio 

Wardl 

Wellsville" 

West Almond. 

Willing 

Wirt 

Total 



Acres of Land. 



17,V33 

11,1264 

926i 

2,'i,249 

11,2104 

10,4«4 

9.417 J 

9,42,1} 

7,324 

4,203} 

8,7C0i 

6,415 

14,488 

4,836 

13.3024 

11,107 

3,73.iJ 

8,()85 

6,431 J 

12,951:4 

11,9124 

11.282 

13,9434 

7,223 



11,404 

3,9UIJ 

12,5264 



270,035 



11,000 
11,6144 
22,174 
8,051 
23,032 
13.045 
18.0364 
13.250} 
16.764 
17.736 
7,5264 
11.7844 

7,883 

17.464 

8.911 

9.9.18 

15,S42 

7.380 

11,069 

10,3884 

9.252 

9,0034 

8.278 

24,1894 



10,.572 
7.767 
9.937 



341,5491 



Valuation of 1858. 



■0 




1 


e* 


^ 


|t 






5 


feS 


ft^ 


ft. a. 


$327,639 


$76,899 


221,612 


9,648 


102,584 


1,000 


400,866 


70,283 


3IM.341 


10.700 


308,243 


10.100 


377,891 


46.730 


360,660 


19,000 


160,807 


6,037 


179,210 


14.100 


274,883 


44.817 


3.39,626 


10,160 


316,350 


29,180 


174,725 




594.310 


110,895 


420.245 


78.060 


168,730 


9,975 


215.011 


12,656 


223.750 


850 


354,906 


29,200 


223.046 


76,605 


269,290 


9,250 


433,860 


86.400 


304.668 


3,860 


163.370 


3,876 


272,835 


24.000 


289.577 


24,848 


135,331 


750 


280,760 


10,925 
828,872 


8.267.696 



e 



J403.r.38 
231,200 
103,684 
471,149 
375,041 
318,:«3 
424,621 
388,660 
165,344 
193.310 
319.700 
349,776 
345,630 
174,725 
705,205 
498,205 
178,705 
227,066 
224,600 
384,106 
299,661 
278,640 
620,250 
308,808 
167,215 
296,835 
314,426 
136,(H1 
291,OT5 



9,006,463 



859 
518 
243 
993 

l,a39 
807 
929 

1,077 
462 
603 
666 

1,237 
674 
421 

1,120 
900 
449 
630 
595 

1,070 
685 
761 

1,005 

1,667 



608 
6S7 
797 



21,372 



848 
608 
169 
969 

1,318 
868 
903 

1,0,53 
386 
482 
821 

1,163 
675 
360 
996 
938 
446 
688 
623 

1,024 
661 
700 
990 

1,527 



464 
540 
727 



S 

_i_ 

343 
191 
73 
348 
506 
339 
307 
414 
156 
189 
201 
474 
256 
168 
388 
367 
169 
250 
212 
42.6 
224 
276 
391 
620 



185 
218 
291 



7,968 



372 
203 
74 
384 
822 
340 
330 
414 
166 
195 
211 
493 
264 
164 
421 
386 
175 
266 
285 
428 
227 
274 
404 
639 



194 
226 
299 



1_ 
328 
173 
37 
323 
384 
285 
264 
266 
126 
156 
165 
272 
242 
140 
330 
331 
164 
196 
185 
296 
218 
246 
372 
415 



94 

203 
286 



^1 



6,483 259 16,381 



."2 ^ 



527 
417 
212 
729 
840 
630 
662 
754 
329 
364 
412 
991 
606 
266 
886 
695 
391 
602 
441 
755 
476 
628 
410 
699 
619 
361 
446 
657 
807 



Names of Towns. 



Alfred 

Allen 

Alma 

Almond 

Amity , 

Andover 

Angelica 

Bellast 

Birdsall 

Bolivar 

Burns 

Canead.^a 

Centerville .... 

Clarke viUd 

Cuba 

Friendsbip — 

Genesee , 

Granger 

Grove 

Hume 

Independence. 
New Hudson. 

Rusliford 

Scio 

Ward' 

Wellsville" 

West Almond. 

■Willing 

Wirt 

Total 



674 
436 
63 
696 
406 
3.65 
365 
484 
281 
167 
400 
312 
663 
163 
546: 
490: 
183 
391 
287 
765 
432 
509 
641 
345 



1,388 

1,152 

248 

1.947 

1,179 

1,208 

996 

1,006 

943 

48S 

883 

9 

1,273 

664 

1,290 

1,033 

601 

934 

723 

1.416 

1,384 

1.233 

1,191 



1,222 

488 

1,181 



1.131 
630 

997 
698 
777 
612 
716 
4.36 
28' 
478 
644 
1,449 
336 
041 
734 
293 
636 
449 
934 
706 
1,043 
1.667 
641 



661 
267 
709 



27,652'l8.569 



03 



11,183 
7,716 
166 
8,236 
3,697 
3.190 
4,219 
3,220 
1,681 
1.499 
3,077 
1.484 
4..39: 
2.518 
7,001 
3.647 
2.207 

s.no 

2.067 
6.414 
3.047 
3,417 
2.685 
2,213 



3,177 

828 

6,657 



102,153 



698 
387 
141 
919 
616 
483 
427 
617 
320 
216 
4231 
450] 
486 
226 
6251 
662: 
241| 
4.32 
4661 
730I 
457 
610 
566 
384 



414 
251 
604 



AORICDLTURAL PROPUCTS. 



Bush, op Grain. 



790 

1,147 

184 

9.293 

3,547 

67 

2,833 

3,6874 

851 

114 

8.822 

7,737 

741 

1,275 

750 

3,323 

387 

3.427 

1.213 

13,3.52 

201 

481 

604 

072 



1,962 

3684 
2,470 



47,934} 
42,226 
4.9794 
65,003 
47.486 
48,448} 
27,281 
25,65fii 
34.5264 
27.9474 
29.1234 
32.998} 
43,735 
24.0.37 
63.546J 
43.417 
16.685 
44.8.S9 
31.23:i4 
48.6611} 
28,403} 
38.5224 
31.2614 
28,761 



47,7684 
9.099} 
04,682 



3,652 
3,024 

1904 
3,0884 
2,439 
1,6234 
2,025 
1,9434 
1,919 
1,032 
1,295 
1,4584 
3,797; 
1,123 
2,S61J 
1,937 
1,0064 
1,823 
1,256 
2,580} 

925i 
2,5734 
.3,426} 
1,439} 



2,4214 

496} 

2.290 



990.213 63,fi38} 






8,134 
3,4.50 
10,226 



202,231 



23.694 

6,691 

176 

22.144 

11.609 
3,751 
3,780 
6,837 
2.527 
1,452 
4.643 
7,260 

14.6S3 
1,4.80 

11.S33 
9.009 
1..342 
4,761 
2.253 

15.721 
7,315 
7,150 

16,866 
4,684 



4,480 

816 

15.316 



Daibv Proddctb 



0. q 



81.224 

63,540 

7.960 

106,930 
57.895 
81,430 
43.510 
58.565 
48.168 
35.484 
44,420 
60,901 

103,337 
29.466 

105.360 
77.200 
33,715 
60,001 
49.325 
86.334 
63.805 
81.530 
96,435 
38,400 



65.360 
29.301 
72.799 



211,271 1,662,085 



176.260 

10,170 

340 

4.699 
15,750 
13,870 

1,835 
14.964 

1.270 

1.237 
20,125 

221,075 
880 
42.840 
10.S2i 
3,0.50 
4.410 
2.62; 
12,266 
62.070 
93.308 
317,955 
2,660 



11,368 

410 

6,885 



<5.5 



2,633 

710 

100 

1,033 

1,6984 

1,654 

1,146 

l.OSl 

214 

1,139} 

618} 

468 

1.6,53 

1,036 

2.062 

2,342 

647 

.699 

7624 

665 

1.0514 

1,245 

694 

643 



1,180 

967 

2^854 

307084 



' Formed since 1866. 



BROOME COUNTY. 




Tnis county was formed from Tioga, March 28, 1806.' Owego and 
Berkshire were annexed to Tioga co. March 21, 1822. It is situated 
near the center of the s. border of the State, centrally distant 110 mi. 
from Albany, and contains 706 sq. mi. Its surface is greatly diver- 
sified, consisting of rolling and hilly uplands, broad river intervales, 
and the narrow valleys of small streams. The hills extend from the 
i Penn. line northerly through the co. They are divided into 3 
general ranges by the valleys of the Susquehanna and Chenango 
Rivers. The first range lying e. of the Susquehanna forms the E. 
border of the co. Its highest summits are 400 to 700 feet above the 
Delaware and 1,400 to 1,700 feet above tide. The declivities of the 
hills are usually steep, and the summits spread out into a broad 
and hilly upland. This ridge is divided by the deep ravines of a large number of small streams ; 
and in several places it rises into peaks. The second ridge lies in the great bend of the Susque- 
hanna, and is bounded by the valleys of that river and the Chenango. The highest summits are 
300 to 500 feet above the Susquehanna and 1,200 to 1,400 feet above tide. The hills are generally 
bounded by gradual slopes, and the summits are broad, rolling uplands. The southern portion of 
this ridge is high above the valleys ; but toward the N. the hilly character subsides into that of 
a fine rolling region. The third ridge lies w. of Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. Its summits 
are a little less in elevation than those of the second ridge ; and the general characteristics of the 
two regions are nearly the same. The wide valley of the Susquehanna divides it into two distinct 
parts, the southern of which is more hilly than the northern. The hills in the central and western 
parts of the co. are rounded and arable to their summits. The narrow valleys that break the 
continuity of the ridges are usually bordered by gradually sloping hillsides. 

The rocks of this co. all belong to the Chemung and CatskiU groups. The former — consisting of 
slaty sandstone and shales — occupy all the N. and w. portions of the co. ; and the latter — consisting 
of gray and red sandstone, red shale, and slate — crown all the summits in the s. and w. portions. 
Drift — consisting of sand, gravel, clay, and hardpan — covers a large share of the more level parts 
of the CO., the rocks only cropping out upon the declivities and summits of the hills. The valleys 
throughout the co. appear to have been excavated by the action of water, showing that a force 
immensely greater than any now in existence must once have swept over this portion of country. 
Weak brine springs were early found, extending for several mi. along the valley of Halfway 
Brook, in the N. part of this oo.^ Several excavations have been made for coal, but without suc- 
cess, as all the coal measures are above the highest strata of rocks found in the co. 

The principal rivers are the Susquehanna,' Delaware, Chenango, Tioughnioga,* and Otselic. 
The Susquehanna enters the co. from the n., and flows in almost a due s. direction through Coles- 
ville and Windsor to the Great Bend in the State of Penn., whence, turning N., it again enters the co. 
in Conklin, flows through that town in a N. w. direction, and thence westerly to the w. border of the 
CO. In the upper course of this river the valley is narrow and bordered by high and steep declivi- 
ties ; but further w. it expands into broad intervales bordered by gradually sloping hillsides. The 
whole valley is celebrated for its beauty. The majestic river, with its strong current of clear, 
sparkling water, the deep, rich intervales, and the beautiful slopes crowned with forests, all to- 
gether form a landscape rarely equaled for beauty and quiet repose. The Delaware forms a small 
portion of the e. boundary. It flows through a deep, rocky valley bordered* by steep and often 



1 Named from John Broome, of N. Y., then Lieut. Gov. of the 
Stat*. For the compliment Lt. Gov, Broome presented the co. 
with a handsomely executed silver seal, appropriately designed 
by himself, emblematical of the name. 

2 A few years since, a boring was commenced in Barker, on the 
site of an old deer lick, and was continued to a depth of more 
than 400 feet, without any practical result. The theory of the 
oneratorB was, that the Bait came from the same source as the 

1!S 



Onondaga brine, and that, to obtain w.iter of the same degree 
of saltness, all that was necessary would be to bore to the geo. 
graphical level of those wells. Sulphur springs have been 
observed in Nanticoke, 14 mi. from Binghamton. and at Bellon.1, 

8 Called by the Indiana Ga-wano-wa-na-ueb, at the Great 
Island. 

* Indian name, 0-nan'no-gi-is'ka, Sbagbai k hickory. 



BROOME COUNTY. 



179 



precipitous hills. Chenango River enters the co. from the n. and flows in a general southerly direc- 
tion until it enters the Susquehanna at Binghamton. A broad intervale extends along the lower 
part of this river, but farther n, the high ridges shut close in on either side, confining the valley to 
very narrow limits. The Tioughnioga enters the co. from Cortland and flows s. e. until it unites 
with the Chenango at Chenango Forks. The valley of this river is very narrow, and is bordered 
by high and steep hillsides. Otselic River, also from the N., flows through a similar narrow 
valley and unites with the Tioughnioga at Whitneys Point. The other principal streams are 
Oquaga Creek, a tributary of the Delaware, Okkanum, Little Snake, Little and Big Choconut, and 
Nanticoke Creeks, tributaries of the Susquehanna, and Castle Creek, tributary of the Chenango. 

The soil along the river intervales is generally very fertile, consisting of deep, sandy and gravelly 
loam mixed with disintegrated slate and vegetable mold. The narrow valleys of tlie smaller 
streams are also fertile. The soil upon the n. and w. hills consists principally of gravelly loam 
intermixed with clay and disintegrated shale, and is well adapted to grazing. The declivities of 
the s. and e. hills are similar to the last in character, but their summits are generally covered with 
clay and hardpan. The large proportion of upland and the unevenness of the surface render this 
00. best adapted to pasturage. While all branches of agriculture are pursued, fruit raising, and stock 
and wool growing, in connection with the products of the dairy, form the leading interests. A 
limited amount of manufacturing is carried on at Binghamton and several other places. 

The CO. seat is located at Binghamton, at the junction of the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers.* 
The courthouse, situated at the head of Chenango St., fronting Court St., is a fine stone and brick 
edifice, with a Grecian portico in the Ionic style. It contains the usual co, offices, and in many 
respects is a model building." The jail is on Hawley St., at a little distance from the court- 
house,' A fireproof co. clerk's oflice is situated adjacent to the courthouse. The co. poorhouse is 
located upon a farm of 130 acres 3 mi. n. of Binghamton. The average number of inmates is 
45, kept at a weekly cost of %1 08 each, exclusive of the products of the farm, which are estimated 
at $800 per annum. The children are sent to the district school, and when of proper age are bound 
out. No religious instruction is afibrded. The sexes are kept in separate buildings, and the general 
arrangement of the institution is such as to secure the health and comfort of the inmates. 

The principal works of internal improvement are the Chenango Canal, connecting the Susque- 
hanna River at Binghamton with the Erie Canal at Utica; the N. Y. & Erie R. R., and the 
Syracuse, Binghamton & N. Y. R. R.* These various routes furnish all necessary facilities for 
traveling and commercial purposes, and bring the agricultural lands of the co. into close proximity to 
the great Eastern markets.^ Several plank roads have been built ; but they are now mostly abandoned. 

There are 6 newspapers published in the co.® 



1 Binghamton (then "Chenango Point") was a half-shire of 
Tioga CO. previous to the erection of Broome co. The co. was 
divided into 2 jury diatricts in 1801, and a courthouse was built 
in 1802. Previously the courts had been held a part of the time 
at the house of J. Whitney, in Binghamton. A courthouse 
was built in 1826. which was superseded by a new and elegant 
brick edifice in 1857. The first co. officers were John Patterson, 
fHrst Judge; James Stoddard, Amos Patterson, Daniel Hudson, 
Geo. Harper, and Masou Wattles, Associate Judges; Ashbel 
Wells, O: Clerk; and Wm. Woodruff. Sheri^. The first court 
was held on the 2d Tuesday of May, 1806. 

2 This building was erected in 1S57, at a cost of S32,000. It 
is 96 feet long by 58 wide. The front is ornamented by a portico 
fiuppnrted by 4 Ionic pillars 6 feet in diameter and 36 feet high. 
The basement is built of stone and the upper stories of brick. 
The rooms are all large, convenient, and well ventilated. 

* The portion of the jail containing the cells was built in 1858, 
ftt a cost of $15,000. In its construction due provisions were 
made fur the safety, health, and classification of prisonei-s. 

* The Albany & Susquehanna R.R.. now in pmcess of con- 
struction, extends from Binghamton n. e. through the co. to 
Albany. This road will probably be compl^'ted in a few years. 

6 The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. It. connect.*! with 
the N. Y. and Erie R. R. at Great Bend St.ition. just s. of the 
line of this co., thus forming a direct counnunication with the 
coal mines of e. Pcnn. Large quantities of this coal are sent 
over the Erie and the S. B. & N. Y. R.R., supplying the sjitt 
works at Syracuse and the markets in the w. part of the State; 
and a considerable amount is shipped on the canal at Bingham- 
ton. m 

* TIte Jm^can GmstiUation was pub. at Union Village (then 

in Tioga en.) in lisOO. 
The Broomt Oi. Patriot was commenced at Binghamton in 1812, 

by Chauncey Morgan. In 1815 it was changed to 
The P?tCEniXy and was published by Morgan & Robiuson. In 

1S19 it was discontinued. 
T!ie Jiepufiliain Uf_rald was commenced in 1818, and successively 

publishe/l by Morgsm A Ilowaid, Abraham BuiTell, and 

Durepbus Abbey, until 1622. 



Tlie Broome Republican was established at Bing- 
hamton in 1SJ2, liy Maj. Augustus Morgan. It was 
published by Morgan until 1824, by Morg.iu k Canoll 
until 1828. by Evans & Canoll until 1835, by Canoll k 
Cv>oke until 1839, when it passed into the hands of 
Davis & Cooke, it was continued by T. Cooke until 
1848, and by E. R. Colston until 18^19. It subsequently 
became the property of \Vm. Stuart, and is now pul> 
lisbed daily and weekly. 

The. Evening Express, d., was issued from the Republican office 
in 1848. 

The Daihj Iris wa.s started in 1840. by Wm. Stuart and E. T. 
Evans. It W!i3 sonn after changed to 

TUe Blngbamtou Daily Republican, and is still 
published by Wra. IJLusirt. 

The Broome Co. Oiurier was started in 1831, by J. R. Orton. and 
was continued by him until 1^37. It'tlien successively 
passed into the h;inds of Sheldon & Marble; I. C. Shel- 
don; E. P. Marble; E. P. & J. W. Marble; and Marble 
& Johnson. In 1843 it was changed to 

The Binghamtmi Courier and Broome Oi. Dtinocraty and was 
published by J. & C. Orton. In 1846 it passed into the 
hands of N. S. Davis. In 1S49 it pjussed into the hands 
of J. K. Dickinson and was changed to 

The Binghamton Democrat. It is now published 
by'Adams & Lawyer. 

The Iris, semi-mo., was started iu July, 1839. by C. P. Cooke. 
In July, 1841. it was purchased by Edwin T. Evans, and 
by him it was enlarged, and puldislud weekly until liijS, 
when it was merged in the JJiiighamton Kei)tiblican. 

The Binghantfon Standard was started in Nov. 1853, 
by J. Van Valkenljurgh,andiastill pulilished. 

T/ie Binghamton Mt:rcury, semi-mo., was issued a short time by 
Chester Del I art. 

The SmqiwJianna Jnumal, started in Oct. 1S53, by W. II. Pearne, 
was merged in the Broome Kepublican in ISS.'t. 

Tfie Broome Oj. American was started iu May, 1855, by Ransom 
Bostwick. 

The Union News v&a established at Uuion iu 1851, bj 



180 



BROOME COUNTY. 



By a treaty held at Fort Herkimer, June 28, 1785, between the Governor and Commissionera 
of Indian Affairs in behalf of the State, and the Oneidas and Tuscaroras, the latter for ^11,500 ceded 
all their lands, bounded n. by an e. and w. line from the Chenango to the Uuadilla, 10 mi, above the 
mouth of the latter, e. by the Line of Property,* s. ])j Penn., and w. by the Chenango and Susquehanna. 
At the Hartford Convention, in 1786,a tract of 230,400 acres, between the Chenango and Tioughnioga 
on the E. and Owego River on the w., was ceded to Massachusetts.^ This tract was afterward known 
as the ** Boston Ten Towns," and was sold by Mass. (Nov. 7, 1787) to 60 persons for £1500.^ It ia 
embraced in Broome, Tioga, and Cortland cos. The Indian title to this tract was extinguished in 
1787, and the remaining Indian titles within the co. were extinguished by the treaty of Fort Stan- 
wix in 1788. The s. and e. parts of the co. were granted to Hooper, Wilson, Bingham, Cox, and 
others, several of whom resided in Philadelphia.* 

The first settlements in the co. were made in the valleys of the Susquehanna and Chenango, in 
1785, The settlers were people who had traversed the region in the Revolution; and they located 
while the country was still threatened with Indian hostilities, and before Phelps and Gorham had 
opened the fertile lands of "Western N. Y. to immigration. The early settlement was retarded by a 
remarkable ice freshet in 1787-88, which destroyed most of the property of the settlers upon the 
river intervales. Scarcely less calamitous to life and property was the scarcity that followed in 
1789. Oquaga, on the e. branch of the Susquehanna, was a noted rendezvous of tories and Indians 
during the Revolution.^ Most of the invasions into the Schoharie and Mohawk settlements, as well 
as those upon the frontiers of Ulster and Orange cos., were by way of the Tioga and Susquehanna 
Rivers from Niagara; and this war path, with its sufferings and cruelties, has been often described 
in the narratives of returned captives. 



BI]V€rOAMTO]V — was formed from Chenango, Dec. 3, 1855. It lies at the junction of the 

Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers, and extends s. to the s. line of the co. The surface is hilly in 
the s., but the n. part embraces the wide and beautiful intervales extending along the two rivers at 
and near their junction. The hills are 300 to 400 feet above the river, and are generally arable to 
their summits. The soil in the valleys is a deep, rich, alluvial and gravelly loam, and upon the 
hills it is a fine quality of slaty loam. Binghauiton^ (p. v.) was incorp. April 2, 1813. By a 
subsequent charter, passed May 3, 1834, its limits were enlarged and its territory was divided into 5 
■wards. It is beautifully situated on the n. bank of the Susquehanna at its junction with the 
Chenango. It contains the State Inebriate Asylum,' the Blnghamton Academy, and the Susque- 
hanna Seminary,^ 3 female seminaries,^ a commercial college,^'' 2 water cures," 9 churches,^^ 5 
newspaper ofi&ces, and several manufactories. The village is an important station upon the Erie 
R. R.. and is connected with Syracuse by the S. B. & N. Y. R. R, It is also the s, w. terminus of 
the Chenango Canal and of the Albany & Susquehanna R. R. It ia the center of a large trade, 



A. F. Quinlan. It was subsequently sold to Cephas 
Benedict and Ebenezer M. lietts, and is still published. 
Tlie Broome County Gazette was communced at 
Wliituc-ya Point, in July, ly58, by G. A. Dudge, its 
present publielier. 

1 This liue was agreed upon at Fort Stanwix in 17G8, and was 
surveyed by Simon Metcalf the next year. It forms the e. 
boundary of this co. 

2 The s. bounds of this tract were to be the N. line of the tract 
granted to Daniel Cox and Robert Lettice Hooper, and it was to 
extend aa far n. as waa necessary to iuclude tbe above quantity 
of laud. Upon survey it was found to overlap the Military 
Tract by 17,264 acres, which was allowed, and an equivalent 
was granted to the claimants under the latter in Junius, Seneca 
CO. — Balloting Bonk, pp. 20, 23, 

s The partition of apart of this tract by lot was legalized 
March 3, 1789, in an act reciting the names of the CO associates. 
^Laws of N. K, f^>l. Ed., \2tk Sess., p. 76, Nap JS^u. 148, State 
Engineer and Surveyor's Office. 

* A tract of moo acres on both sides of the Susquehanna was 
sold to Jacob and John Springstead, Josiah, David, and Daniel 
Stow, David Hotchkiss, and Joseph Beebe. Other tracts were 
gold to Wm. Allison, James Clinton, Isaac Melcher. Abij;Ui Ham- 
mond, and others. The islands in the Susquehanna were bought 
by Jaa. (!linton, at 4 sliilHngs per acre. 

6 This place is sometimes found written On-oh-ogh-wa-ge and 
Ogh-qua-ga. There is here a hill or mountain on both sides of 
the river, gently sloping from a beautiful vale of 3 or 4 mi. in 
h-ngthand a mi.' to a mi. and ah:df wide. When first settled, it 
bore evidence of bavins long been occupied by the luJiatis. Apple 
trees of great age were found growing, and traces of furtificjttions 
existed, supposed to have been erected by Gen. Clinton. Mission- 
ary Lnbora were directed to this locality about the middle of the 
la!itc«ntury, audin 1753 the Kev.Uiduon Hawley was sent hither 



from Mass. — Doc. Hist., III. 1031 ; WilJdnsnn's Bi7ig7iamfon. p.142. 

6 Binghamton was originally called " Clie.nango J'oiiit." Its 
present name was given in honor of William Hinghiim. the 
origiual puicliaser of a large tract of land Ij'ing on both sides of 
the Susquehanna, and including the site of the village. He made 
liberal donations of land to the village. 

^ The Kew York State Inehriiite Asylum was incnrp. in 1854 
for the tern) of 50 years. It is designed for the medic;d treat- 
ment and restraint of inebriates. It owes its ori;;in mainly to 
the persevering efforts of Dr. J. Edward Turner. Kvery i>frfjon 
donating $10 is deemed a subscriber and stockholder. The build- 
ing is located e. of the village, on a beautiful siie. 240 feet above 
the water. It is 3Co feet long by S2 feet broad, built of stona 
and brick in the Tudor Ciistellated style of architecture. Tho 
citizens donated a farm of 250 acres, upon which the buildings 
are erected. 

8 This institution is under the charge of the M. E. denomina- 
tion, and is designed for a large boarding school. The building 
ia a 4 story brick edifice, plesifiiintly located n. w. of the village 
upon an eminence overlooking the valley. 

Biver Side Seminary, estallished in 1848 by 5Iiss R. S. In- 
galls; Miss Barton's Seminary, established in 1857; and Harmony 
Retreat Seminary, established in 1857 by Misses March. 

10 Lowell & Warner's Commercial College. 

11 Binghamton Water Cure, established in ISS^by O. V. 
Thayer; and the Mt. I'ro.spcct Water Cure, undeWbe super- 
vision of J. U. North. 

12 2 M. E., and 1, each, Bap., Prcsb., Cong., Prot. E., Univ., R. 
C, and Af. Metli. 

13 There was transhipped from the Del., Lackawanna & Western 
R.R.cars to the Chenango canal bo;its, iu 1S57, 5I.70Ugruss tons 
of cold, and from these boats to the cars 26,&95 tons uf Clinton 
(Oneida eo.) iron ore. 



BROOME COUNTY. 



181 



and is an important point for the transhipment of coal." Pop. 8,818. Ilawleytoil (p. o.) is 
a hamlet in the s. part, near the Penn. line. The first settlement was made in 1787, by emigrants 
mostly from New England.' The first religious services wore conducted by Rev. Mr. Ilowe, 
(Bap.,) in 1788. lion. Daniel S. Dickinson is a resident of this town. 

B ARK1i)R' — was formed from Lisle, April 18, 1831. A part of Greene was annexed April 28, 
1840. It lies upon Tioughnioga River, n. w. of the center of the co. The surface consists of a 
high, broken plateau divided into two distinct parts by the valley of the river. The declivities of 
the hills are in some places very steep ; but their summits spread out into a broken region 
generally covered with timber and adapted to pasturage. The highest point, in the N. w. part 
of the town, is about 1400 feet above tide. The river valley is very narrow, but the limited amount 
of intervale is excellent land. Hallway Brook flows through a narrow valley in the E. part 
of the town. In this valley brine springs have been found ; and here also the unsuccessful boring 
for salt was made.' The soil in the valley is a rich alluvium and gravelly loam, and that upon the 
hills is a clayey loam mixed with disintegrated slate and shale. Cbenango Forks (p. v.) is 
situated mostly in this town, at the fork of Chenango and Tioughnioga Rivers. It is a station 
on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. Pop. 506,— in Barker 287, in Chenango 127, and in Greene (Chenango 
co) 92. Barker is a p. o. in the central part of the t<iwn. The first settlement was made in 
1791, by John Barker, from Branford, Conn.* There are 3 churches in town.^ 

CHEjVASJGO— was formed Feb. 16, 1791. Windsor was taken off in 1807, Conklin in 
1824, and Binghamton and Port Crane in 1855. A part of Union was annexed Feb. 26, 1808, and 
a part of Maine, Nov. 27, 1856. It lies upon the w. bank of Chenango River, a little w. of the 
center of the co. Its surface consists of the river intervale and several high ridges extending in a 
N. and s. direction and separated by the narrow valleys of small streams. The declivities of the 
hills are steep, and their summits are 300 to 600 feet above the valleys. Castle and Kuttel 
Creeks, tributaries of Chenango River, are the principal streams. The former was named from 
the location of an Indian castle near its mouth, and the latter from a family of early settlers. The 
eoil upon the N. hills is a gravelly loam mixed with disintegrated slate and underlaid by hard- 
pan, but farther s. it becomes a deeper and richer gravelly loam. It is productive, but, from its 
moist character, it is largely devoted to grazing. Stock growing and dairying form the leading 
branchssof agricultural interest. Castle Creek (p. v.) is on the creek of the same name, in 
rhe w. part of the town. Pop. 185. Glen Castle, (p. o.,) on a branch of the same stream, is 
in the central part. Cbenan^O, (p. o.,) on Chenango River, is a station on the S. B. <fc N. Y. 
R. R. Kattclville is a hamlet on Kattel Creek. The first settlement was made in 1787, by 
Thos. Gallup.' There are 4 churches in town.' 

C01(ESVI1.I.E' — was formed from Windsor, April 2, 1821. It lies upon the Susquehanna, 
E. of the center of the co. Its surface consists principally of a high and broken upland divided 
into 2 parts by the deep valley of the river. The summits of these ujilands are 400 to 700 feet 
above the valley, and considerable portions are still covered with forests. The soil upon the 
river bottoms is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam, and upon the summits of the hills it consists of clay 
and slate. It is generally much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. Ilarpersville, (p. v.,) 
on Susquehanna River, contains 3 churches and has a pop. of 230. Center Village,' (p. v..) 
on the Susquehanna, has a pop. of 147. IVewOhio, (p.o.,) in the N. part of the town, Osborne 
Dollotv, (p.o.,) in the w. part. West Colesvlllc, (p.o.,) in the s. w. part, Colcsville, 
(p. 0.,) s. of the center, Ouaquagra, (p.o..) and IVincvell, (p.o.,) on the Susquehanna, 
are hamleta. Tallonia Springs and Unitaria are p. offices. The first settlement'" 



1 Among HieeiirI.v8ettlPrswercC.ipt. Joseph Leonnnl. Col. Wm. 

Koae, tlie two brotliers Wliitney. Lyon, .lesse Tlmyer. Peter 

and Tho3. In;;em)ll, Sainl. ITjinlnvi, Caft- .Tohn Siiwtell, 

Bntler, and Solomon Moore. The first liirlh was that of Amasa 
Loon:iril, .Sept. 2^1, ITSS; the first niarria;;e. that of Kzekiel 
Crocker anti Polly Henton; and the first death, that of Mrs. 
Blunt. il|.17S7. Lewis Keeler opened the first inn, and Delano & 
Monroe tne first store. K/.ekiel Crocker erected the first grist- 
milL in 1791. TIk* first school was taught by Col. Wm. Itoso, in 
17*J-1. For details of early history Bee WitlLinstm's Annais of 
liittjjhnmlfm. 

s .\iuiieil fr;*m .lohn Karker, the first settler. 

» F«e p. 178. 

* Simeon Ko^ers. John Allen. Asa Beach, and Stil. Rose, from 
Conn , ttcttlud iu town ia 1792. Thu first luurriago waij 



that of Simeon Ro^rs and .1 datlf^hter of John Barker, in 1792; 
the first hirth. that of Channcey. a son of .^^imeon Itogcrs. it. 
1793; and the first death, that of Thos. (lallop, the a-ime year. 
Simoon Kopers opened the first inn, in 179r>, kept the first store, 
and hnilt the first mill. The first school waa taught by Ihos. 
Cartwrisht, in 1795. 

'2M. K. nndCiMiK. 

* Stephen P.almer and .Tared Page wpi^ nmonp: the carliefil 
selllers. The first birth w.ts that of Sally Smith, in 1791. 

' .■! M. E. and 1 Itap. 

8 Nameil from Natlianiel Cole, one of the first setUers. 

' At this place ia li tannery, which turns out 60,000 sides ot 
leather per annum. 

1" I*mue1 and Nath'I KadgerandCasperSprincsetHedni th« 
town iu 1780; Nathaniel and Vena Cole, Uaniel I'icket. Jul. 



182 



BROOME COUNTY. 



■was made in 1785, by John Lampliere, from "Watertown, Conn. The first religious services were 
conducted by Rev. Joseph Badger, in 1793. There are 10 churches in to^vn.' 

COIVKLiIK'— was formed from Chenango, March 29, 1824. A part of Windsor was taken off 
in 1831, and a part was annexed from Windsor in 1851. It lies upon the Susquehanna, s. 
of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the tine broad intervale of the river and high, broken 
uplands which rise upon each side. The summits of the hills are 400 to GOO feet above the valley. 
The declivities upon the w. side of the river are very steep, but upon the e. they are generally more 
gradual. Little Snake Creek flows in an easterly direction through the s. w. part. Its valley 
is narrow and is bordered by steep hills. The soil upon the summits of the hills is a hard 
clayey and gravelly loam largely intermixed with fragments of slate. In the valley the soil is a 
deep, rich alluvium and gravelly loam. Kirktvood (p. v.) is situated on the e. bank of the 
Susquehanna, in the s. part of the town. It is a station on the Erie R. R., and contains 25 houses. 
Conklin Center and Corbettsvllle are p. offices, and Millburu and C'onkliu are 
hamlets. At Millburn are extensive pyroligneous acid works. The settlement of the town was 
commenced in 1788, at the mouth of Snake Creek, by Jonathan Bennett, Ralph Lathrop, and 
Waples Hanoe.' The first religious services were conducted by Revs. David Dunham and John 
Leaoh, Methodist missionaries. There are 4 churches in town ; M. E., Presb., Bap., and Christian. 

lilSLiE* — was formed from Union, April 7, 1801. Nanticoke, Barker, and Triangle were taken 
off in 1831. The line of Berkshire was altered in 1812, and a part was annexed to Union in 1827. 
It is the N. w. corner town of the co. The surface is mostly a hilly and broken upland, divided by 
the valley of Tioughnioga River into 2 unequal parts. The summits of the hills are 400 to 700 feet 
above the river, and their declivities are generally steep. Dudley or Yorkshire Creek flows easterly 
through near the center of the town, its narrow valley breaking the continuity of the w. ridge. 
The soil along the valley is a rich, gravelly loam, but upon the hills it consists of clay and a slaty 
gravel underlaid by hardpan. The declivities of the hills are usually too steep for easy culti- 
vation, and the soil upon the summits is a moist clay loam, better adapted to grazing than grain 
growing. I.isle (p. v.) is situated on the w. bank of the Tioughnioga. It is a station on the S. B. 
& N. Y. R. R., and contains about 30 houses. The old Catskill & Ithaca Turnpike, built in 
1796, crossed the river at this point. Yorkshire, (Center Lisle p.o.,) near the center of the 
town, contains about 30 houses. Killawog', (p.o.,) in the n. part, on the Tioughnioga, is a 
station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1791, by emigrants from 
N. E.* The first religious services were conducted in 1795, by Rev. Seth Williston. There are 5 
churches in town.' 

MAIjVE — was formed from Union, March 27, 1848. A part of Chenango was taken off in 
1856. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface consists of ranges of hills 
divided by numerous narrow valleys, the principal of which extends in a N. and s. direction. 
These hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valley of Chenango River. The principal streams are 
Nanticoke, Bradley, and Crocker Creeks. The soil is a gravelly loam largely intermixed with the 
underlying slate. Maine, (p. v.,) situated on Nanticoke Creek, w. of the center, contains 3 
churches. Pop. 220. East Maine is a p. o. The first settlement was made in May, 1797, by 
Daniel Howard, Alfred and Russell Gates, and Winthrop Roe.' There arc 4 churches in town ; 2 
M. E., Bap., and Cong. 

BfAKTICOKE'— was formed from Lisle, April 18, 1831. It lies upon the w. border of 
the CO., N. of the center. Its surface consists of an upland broken by a few narrow ravines. 



RTertrhant, Bateman S. Dickinson. Wihnot, Daniel Crofoot. 

and Titus Hnmiston, in 1795 ; John Ruggles and Is.iac Tyrell. in 
1796 1 and Eli Osborne and Peter Warn, in 18(J0. Tlie first birth 
was that of Louisa Badger, May 28, 178S ; the first death, that of 
John Lamphere, the same year; and the first marriage, that of 
I!enj. Bird and flira. John Lamphere, in 1794. Benj. Bird kept 
the first inn, in 1794, and Bateman S. Dickinson the first store, 
in 1R05. The first school was tauglit bv Job Bunnel. 

■ 4 M. E., 2 Bap,, 2 Union, Prot. E.. P'resb. 

2 Named from Judge John Conklin, one of the early set- 
tlers. Kirkwood \v.h8 taken off in 1859. 

* Among the early settlera were Gerret Snedaker, David 
Bound, Daniel Chapman, Peter TVentz, Asa Rood, Nathaniel 
Tagot, Asa Squires, John Bell, Silas Bowker, Joei Lamoreaux, 
Abraham Snedeu, David and Joseph Compton, Abraham Miller, 
Ebenezer Park, Noel Carr, and Thos. Cooper. The first birth 
was that of William Wentz, Feb. 18, 1795 ; the first marriage, 
<hat of Noel Carr and Sally Toualer. in 1803; and the first death, 
that of Silas Bowker. The first gristmill was built at " Fitchs 



Creek," in 1790. The first school was taucht by George Lane, in 
ISOl. - .- 1- 

* Named from Lisle, in France. 

* The first settlers were Josiah Patterson, Ebenezer Tracy, 
Edward Edwards, David Manning, Eliphalet Parsons, and 
Whittlesey Gleason. The first birtli was that of Uenrv Patter- 
son, in 1793; the first marriage, that of Solomon Given nnd 
Sylvia Cook; and tlie first death, that of Wright Dudley. The 
first gristmill was built in 1800, by Jacob Hill. The firat store 
was kept by Moses Adams, and the first tavern by 0. Whcaton 
in 1799. ' 

* 2 Bap., Cong., Presb., and M. E. 

7 Benjamin Norton settled in the town in 179S. The first birth 
was that of Cynthia, daughter of Wiutlirop Roe, in July, 1797, 
The first school was taught by Betsey Ward, in 1S02, Daniel 
Iloward built the first gristmill, in 1810; JaredKetchum kejit the 
first store, in 1825, and Oliver Whitcomb the first tavern, in 1S29. 

8 This name is derived from the Indi.an name of Nanticoke 
Creek, 



BROOME COUNTY. 



183 



The summits of the highest hills are 100 to 300 feet above the river and 1,200 to 1,400 feet above tide. 
fcThe town is drained principally by the two branches of Nanticoke Creek, which flow s. through 
the central portion of the town. The soil upon the hills is a slaty loam underlaid by hardpan. 
The settlements are principally confined to the valleys. Lianibs Corners, in the central part 
of the town, contains about 12 houses. IVantlcoke Springs, in the s. part, and Glen 
Aubrey, are p. offices. The iirst settlement was made on Nanticoke Creek, in 1793, by Philip 
Counselman and John Beachtle, from Luzerne co., Penn., and Henry Stoddard, from Conn.' There 
are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 

PORT CRAWE'' — was formed from Chenango, Dec. 3, 1855. It lies upon the e. bank of 
Chenango River, extending from the central portions of the co. N. to the borders of Chenango. Its 
surface consists principally of a high and rolling upland region. The valley of the Chenango is 
very narrow, and the hills rise steeply to an elevation of 500 to 700 feet above the river. Page 
Brook flows in a southerly direction through the center of the town, dividing the uplands into 2 
distinct ridges. The soil upon the hills is a clay and slaty loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the 
vallevs it consists of a fine, rich gravelly loam and alluvium. Port Crane, (p. v.,) on 
the Chenango Canal, in the s. part of the town, has a pop. of 193. Doraville, (p. o.,) in the N. 
part, is a hamlet. Settlement was commenced in 1788, by Elisha Pease.' The first religious ser- 
vices were conducted by Rev. John Camp, in 1798. There is a M. E. church in town. 

SAWFORD — was formed from AVindsor, April 2, 1821. It is the s. e. town of the co., bor- 
dering upon Delaware River. Its surface is principally occupied by the high, mountainous range 
that extends between Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers. The summits of the hills are 600 to 900 
feet above the valley, and the declivities are usually very steep.* The deep, narrow valley of 
Oquaga Creek, flowing s. through the center of the town, separates the highlands into 2 parts. 
This valley and that of Delaware River are both bounded by nearly precipitous mountain declivi- 
ties. In its course the creek has numerous falls, furnishing an abundance of water power. The 
soil in the valleys is a fertile, gravelly loam, but upon the hills it is a cold, clayey loam underlaid 
by hardpan. Considerable portions of the central and s. parts of the town are still unsettled. 
Lumber and leather are largely manufactured. Deposit (p. v.) is situated partly in this town 
and partly in Tompkins, (Delaware co.) The depot, several hotels, and about half of the dwellings 
are in this town. Pop. 1249, — 656 in Sanford, 593 in Tompkins.* Sanford, in the central 
part of the town, TS. Sanford, in the n. part, and Oulf Summit, in the s., are p. offices. 

Settlement commenced in 1787, by Wm. McClure, from N. II., Whitaker, and C'apt. Nathan 

Dean.' There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., and R. C. 

TRIA1VGL.E' — was formed from Lisle, April 18, 1831. It is situated in the extreme n. part 
of the CO., bordering upon both Cortland and Chenango. Its surface consists of a hilly and rolling 
upland divided into ridges by the valleys of Otselic River and Halfway Brook. The summits of 
the hills are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, better 
adapted to grazing than to tillage. Whltneys Point,* (p. v.,) situated at the Junction of 
Otselic and Tioughnioga Rivers, contains 3 churches and has a pop. of 205. Upper Lisle, (p. v.,) 
on the Otselic, in the N. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 35 houses ; and Triangle, 
(p. V.,) on Halfway Brook, in the s. e. part, 3 churches and 175 inhabitants. The first settlement 
was made at Whitneys Point, in 1791, by Gen. John Patterson, from Berkshire co., Mass.' The 
first religious services were conducted by Deacon Josiah Lee, in 1792; and the first sermon was 
preached by Rev. Seth Williston, in 1795. There are 9 churches in town.'" 



1 The first birth was that of Betsey Stoddard. .luly 1,179-1, and the 
first death, that of Sally Bird, sisterof Mrs. Stoddard, Jan. 16,1809. 

s Nnnit-d from Jaaon Crane, one of the engineers on the 
Chenango CanaL 

3 Jared ra^ii and Vining were among the first settlers. 

The first birth was that of Chester Pease, in 17S3; the first 
inarriagi', that of Gardner Wilson and Polly Rugg, in ISOO: and 
the first (ii;itb. that of Mrs. Pease, in 1789. Elisha Pease erected 
the first sawmill, in 1797, and Thomas Cooper kept the first 
store, in 18l:j. The first school was taught by Oziaa M:i8ch, in 
1800. 

* The highest point between the two rivers, by the State 
Koad Sun'ey, is 1688 feet above tide. 

^ See page 265. 

6 Among tlie first settlers were Daniel Race, Noah Carpenter, 
Nathan Austin, Simeon -Vlex-ander, Russpl Famham, S. P. Oreen, 
Anthony West, Joseph Page, .Tohn Pinn-^y, .T. P. Api)I,.'ton, Silns 
Seward, Capt. Parker, Isaac Denton, and Dexter May. The first 
marriage was that of Conrad Edict and Klizabeth Whitaker, in 



April, 1787; the first birth, that of Phebe Edict, in 1788; and 
the first dejith, that of Stephen Whitaker. Oct. 2.3, 1793. Capt, 
Dean built the first sawmill, in 1791, the first gristmill, in 1792, 
opened the first store, in 1794, and kept the first inn. The first 
school was taught by Hugh Compton, in 1793, 

' This name wa-s applied to the tract s. of the Military Tract 
and "Twenty Towns" and between the Chenango and Tiough- 
nioga Rivers. It was bought by Col.Wm. Smith, at Sshillings 
3 pence per acre, Ttie Chenango Triangle embraces Smithville 
and part of Greene in Chenango co., and Triangle and part of 
Barker in Broome, 

s Named from Thos. Whitney, 

fi In 1792, David Seymour and family settled at Wliitncys 
Point; and between 1794 and 1797, Timothy Shepherd, Asa 
Rodgers. Benj. and Hendrick J, Smith, and John Landers, set- 
tled at Upper Lisle, The first death was that of Mrs, Hannah 
Lee, in 1791. The first school was taught by Martha Seymour, 
in 1193. 

" 4 Bap., 2 M, E., 2 Cong., and 1 Univ. 



184 



BROOME COUNTY. 



UIVIOIV — was formed Feb. 16, 1791. A part of Norwich and Oxford (Chenangoco.) were taken off 
in 1793, a part of Greene (Chenangoco.) in 1798, Tioga (Tioga co.) in 1800, Lisle in 1801, a part of Che-, 
nangoin 1808, Vestal in 1823, and Maine in 1848. Apart was annexed from Tioga, (Tioga co.,) April 
2, 1810, and apart from Lisle, April 11,1827. It lies upon the N. shore of the Susquehanna, s.w.of the 
center of the co. The surface consists of the Susquehanna intervale and the hilly region n. of it. 
The highlands are nearly centrally divided by the deep valley of Nanticoke Creek. The soil in 
the valley consists of a mixed clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam and alluvium, and is very pro- 
ductive. The hills have a rich soil of slaty and gravelly loam, and are cultivated to their summits. 
Ilnioil, (p. V.,) situated near the Susquehanna, in thes. partof the town, is a station on the N. Y. &E. 
K. R. The Union News is published at this place. Pop. 520. Union Center, (p. v.,) on 
Nanticoke Creek, partly in this town and partly in Maine, contains 2 churches and about 40 houses. 
Hooper, (p. o.,) in the s. part of the town, is a station on the Erie R. R. The first settlement 
was made in 1785, by Joseph Draper, Nehemiah Crawford, Bryant Stoddard, Nathan Howard, 
Jabesh Winchop, Caleb Merriman, and Winthrop Roe.' The first church (Ref Prot. D.) was 
organized in 1789, at Union Village, and Rev. John Manley was the first settled preacher. There 
are 4 churches in town.' 

VEST,41i — was formed from Union, Jan. 22, 1823. It lies upon the s. bank of the Susque- 
hanna, and is the s. w. corner town of the co. The surface consists of the river intervale and the 
hilly region immediately s. of it. The soil upon the hills is a fine quality of slaty loam, and in the 
valley it is a deep, rich, gravelly loam and alluvium. It is adapted to both grain raising and 
grazing. Vestal, (p. v.,) near the mouth of Big Choconut Creek, contains 1 church and 
about 45 dwellings. Vestal Center, (p. v.,) on the same stream, 1 church and about 20 houses, 
and Tracy Creeli, (p. o.,) in the w. part, 1 church and about 10 houses. Settlement was com- 
menced in 1785, Ijy emigrants from New England.^ The M. E. church at Vestal was the first 
religious organization in town.* 

■WIIVDSOR* — was formed from Chenango, March 27, 1807. Colesville and Sanford were 
taken off in 1821, and a part of Conklin in 1851. A part of Conklin was annexed April 18, 1831. 
It lies upon the s. border of tlie co., s. E. of the center. Its surface is principally occupied by 2 
high ridges separated by the valley of the Susquehanna. Upon the E. side of the valley the hills 
attain an elevation of 400 to 800 feet above the river, and culminate in several sharp ridges ; on 
the w. the hills are less elevated, though the highest summits attain an elevation of 400 to 800 feet 
above the valley.' The declivities of these hills are generally quite abrupt. Oquaga Hill, in the 
N. E. part of the town, is one of the highest peaks, and it has some historical "notoriety. (See 
p. 180.) The valley of the river is generally narrow. The soil is a deep, rich, gravelly 
loam in the valleys, and a slaty loam underlaid by clay and hardpan upon the hills. Considerable 
portions of the E. and s. parts of the town are yet uncultivated. TVindsor, (p. v.,) situated on 
the Susquehanna, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches and AVindsor Academy. Pop. 
339. Stillsou Uollow (West Windsor p.o.) contiiins about 20 houses. Randolph Cen- 
ter' (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made on the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Doo- 
little Creek, in 178G, by John Doolittle, from Conn.' The first church (Cong.) was organized Aug. 
15, 1793, by Rev. Jlr. Judd. There are 5 churches in town.* 



' Amonjr the fnrly settli^rs wpro .Tosltna nn'l .Tohn Mereerean. 
Gen. 0. Stoddar-I. Nehrmiah Ppniildinff, W.itfrrSnbin.Cipt. Wni. 
Brink, ^To8 B ClinnilKTs, E'/f-liiel and Oliver rn^ker, .lercmiah 
and Brni. Brf>wn. Amns Pntti^rson. Al)npr Rnckwell, and Mpdad 
and EliBlia R. Uradlny. Tlie f rst death w.is that of Mary ,1. 
Fisk, .Tnne 1^, 1789. .tamea Rnas and .TabeBlt Winchop built the 
first gristmill, in 1791, and the latter opened the first tavern, 
the BHHie year. The first schiiol wjis tauftht by Flavel .'•'abin. 
In 1787. Tlio tlrst birth was that of Joseph Chauibcrs, J uly 4, 1790. 

S'iPresb. and 2.11 E. 

8 Sanniel and Daniel Seymonr, David Barney, Daniel Price, 

Wm. Coc, l!np:^IeB Winchel. and As.a('anip, were the first set- 

Ilorn. Sanil foe kept the first inn. in 1791, and H. Winchel bnilt 

^ the first pi-i>t mill, iu 1786. The first school wad taught by John 

lllutcb, in I79o. 



* The censns reportaS churches; Bap., M. E., and Ref. Meth. 

* Named fioni Windsor. Conn. 

^ The surface of the Susquehauna in this town in about 910 
feet above tide. 

' So called from its hein<; the center of Randolph's Piitent. 

B David Amaphad and Cyrus llotcbkiss. John tinrnaey and 

Swift, settled in town in 1787. The first birth was that of 

David Doolittle, Dec. 27, 1786; the first niariiage, that of Capt. 
Andrew English and Miss Rachel Moore; and the first death, 
that of Mrs. Ashley, the intei'proter at the Oquaga Missien, in 
Aiig. 1787. JosiiUi .^tow opcucil the first inn and stole, in 1738, 
and Nathan Lane bnilt the first griaUniil, in 1797. The first 
school was taught by Stephen Scyni'iur, in 1T89. 

ft 2 M. K, and 1 each F. W. Bup,, Rap., aud Presb. 



BROOME COUNTY. 



185 



Acres of handy Yalnation^ Populatiorij DwcUhtgSy FamilieSj Freeholders ^ Schoohj Live 
Stocky Agricultural ProductSy and Domestic Manufactures, of Broome County. 



Names op Towns. 



lljukcr 

liirighamton*. 

Chenango 

OilesviUe 

Conklin 

Lisle 

Maine 

Niinticokc 

Port Crane*... 

p'anford 

Triangle 

Union 

VcKtal 

Windsor 

- Total 



Acres of Land. 1 




•g 


-e 


g 


£ 


fe, 






s. 


•g 




e 


13,165 


9,299 


29,4«6 


21.040J 


27.023i 


20,102 


10,0-m 


19,613 


13,493 


10.963 


13,S79i 


17,001J 


6,020 


8,424 


14.3501 


40.509} 


16.830 


8,676 


14,167 


6,061 


12,026 


13,919 


22.367J 


29,801 


198.8391 


205.20SJ 



Valuation op 1858. 



c 




« 


a* 


^ 


|fc 






s 


Be 


05 
$305,712 


O-tt. 


$13,410 


1,829,290 


606,609 


326,076 


20,100 


636,669 


30,806 


608.901 


22,160 


373.229 


18.260 


317,916 


22,620 


119.695 


1,7.60 


198,867 


1,600 


478.620 


3,640 


344724 


30,150 


634,699 


33.3S6 


345,150 


14.161 


492,960 


30,086 


6.710,609 


847,717 




7,568,32f 



639 

6,026 
1.013 
1,340 

925 
1,008 

426 

1,604 
912 

1,259 
997 

1,337 



118,686 



_5_ 
683 

6,.502 

1,522 

1.199 

890 

971 

393 

1,456 
872 

1.204 
970 

1,300 



266 

1,943 

706 
466 
263 
393 
162 

656 
340 
477 
378 
619 



<i 

257 



2,305 
644 
483 
876 
406 
160 

569 
374 
498 
370 
630 



234 

1,362 
660 
403 
362 
366 
129 

434 
283 
3S3 
863 
480 



ScnooLS. 



6,348 212 12,483 



2,876 

470 

1,234 

1.032 

744 

784 

277 

1,160 

362 

696 

1,046 

872 

930 



Names op Towns. 



Uarker 

Uiughaiutou* 

Chijiuin^o 

CVlesviile 

CunklJD 

I.i.<le , 

Maiue.; 

Nanticoke.... 
Port Craoe*. 

Sanford.^ 

Triangle 

UniOD 

Vestal 

Windsor 

Total .. 







1 


■csa 


284 


1,379 


1,230 


2.669 


740 


2,738 


624 


1,722 


460 


1,442 


396 


l.,521 


173 


642 


S44 


1.630 


603 


1.868 


44S 


1,264 


369 


953 


627 


2,610 


6.998 


20,428 



1,326 

2,705 
2,207 
1.233 
1.212 
1,131 
670 

1.067 
1.745 
1.260 
644 
2,016 

17.116 



2,910 

7,116 
6,18; 
4,626 
3.148 
3,091 
629 

2,366 
1,858 
2,240 
1.700 
6,125 



741 

2,192 

1,342 

1,194 

688 

742 

286 

673 
922) 

1,322 
90S( 

1,241 



40.894!l2.161 



Agricultural Products. 



Bush, of Osaim. 



39,504 . 

183,403 
39.049J 
78,212 
64.705 
62.0165 
18,202i 

36,299 
36,800i 
77.24Si 
41.806 
169,1161 



767.463Ji 



3,874 

7.844 

7.730i 

6,206 

4,162 

3.774i 

1,713 

4,9371 

3,871} 

2.032 

7,941 



9,822 

25.207 
20,226J 
11.293 
10.763 
14.667 
4,433 

11.998 
10,552 
18,568 
10.197 
12.805 



160.420i 



19,154 

28,023 
28.248 
17.474 
21.640 
9.926 
4,955 

7.766 
22,286 
23.029 

9.899 
32.064 



Dairy Products. 



224,463 



47,727 

212,788 
201.069 
153,614 
119,700 
111.265 
66,000 

238.360 
208.1 
145.251 
67,562 
192,024 



1,763,417 









1,390 

8,232 
4,436 i 
1,422 
1,947 
1,684 
496 

3.I89J 
1,084' 
661 
3,066 
2,865 
27,261 



KIRK.WOOD— was formed from Conklin, Nov. 23, 1859. 
old town of Conklin w. of the Susquehanna. 



It includes all of that part of tbo 



« f ormed Bincc 1856. 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 




This county vras formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. It lies 
upon the Penn. line, near the s. w. corner of the State. It is 260 
rui. from Albany, and contains 1,334 sq. mi. The surface is a hilly 
upland, forming the N. spurs of the Alleghany Mts. The upland is 
separated by deep valleys into distinct ridges, haying a general N. 
and s. direction. The valleys deepen toward the s., and the hills 
rise abruptly to a height of 800 to 1,300 feet above them and 2,500 
to 3,000 feet above tide. Nearly the whole co. is very broken; and 
many of the hills, though arable to their summits, are too steep for 
profitable cultivation. Toward the N. border the extreme moun- 
tainous character is somewhat modified, and the summits of the 
hills spread out into high, rolling uplands. Allegany River enters 
the s.E. corner of the co. from Penn., flows in a n. w. direction to near the center, thence s.w. to 
the s. border. It receives Four Mile, Trout, Tunegawant, Red House, Tunessassa, and Split Rock 
Creeks from the s., and Oswaya, Dodges, Haskel, Ischua, Five Mile, Mill, Wrights, Little 'V'alley, 
Cold Spring, and Bone Run Creeks from the N. Cattaraugus Creek, forming the N. boundary, 
receives Buttermilk and South Middle Branch Creeks. Connewango Creek, draining the w. border, 
flows into Chautauqua co. Upon all these streams are numerous falls, furnishing an abundance 
of water-power. 

The rocks of this co. belong mostly to the shales and sandstones of the Portage and Chemung 
groups. The former are exposed along Cattaraugus Creek, and the latter in the valleys in the 
central and s. parts of the co. The summits of the southern hills are covered with Catskill con- 
glomerate. These rocks afford a good building stone in a few localities, but generally they are 
too easily acted upon by the elements to be very valuable. Drift deposits are found to some extent, 
scattered over the co. ; and beds of clay, alluvium, and muck are found in limited quantities in 
the valleys.' The only lime in the co. is derived from small, isolated beds of marl and tufa. 
Springs of sulphur, weak brine, petroleum, and carburetted hydrogen are found in different 
localities. The "Oil Spring" of Freedom, yielding petroleum, is a place of considerable note. A 
very small amount of bog iron ore has been discovered in the swamps, but not in sufficient quanti- 
ties to be profitably worked. The soil in the valleys is a yellowish loam, composed chiefly of dis- 
integrated sandstone and shale ; upon the uplands it is clay alternating with sand and gravel and 
underlaid by hardpan. The whole region is best adapted to grazing. For many years lumbering 
has been extensively carried on, and it still is a leading branch of business in the s. part of the co. 
The pine lands now remaining are exceedingly valuable ; and the revenue derived from them forms 
no inconsiderable portion of the wealth of the co. Stock and wool growing and dairying form the 
leading pursuits in the other parts of the co. 

The county seat is located at Ellicottville.- The courthouse is a brick edifice, situated near 
the center of the village, upon ample grounds donated by the Holland Land Company. The clerk's 
office is a fireproof brick building, adjacent to the courthouse. The jail is a stone building, amply 
provided for the accommodation and classification of prisoners. The poorhouse is located upon a 
farm of 200 acres in Machias, 16 mi. n. e. of Ellicottville. The average number of inmates is 35, 
supported at a weekly cost of .?1.40 each. The farm yields a revenue of about $1,000.' 

The N. Y. & Erie R. R. enters the co. from the e., and extends along Oil Spring and Ischua 
Creeks to Olean, thence along Allegany River to the mouth of Little Valley Creek, thence up the 
valley of that creek about 9 mi., and thence in a N. w. direction to the w. border of the co. It 
passes through the towns of Hinsdale, Olean, Allegany, Carrolton, Great Valley, Bucktooth, Little 
Valley, Mansfield, New Albion, Persia, Dayton, and Perrysburgh.* The Genesee Valley Canal 



J The superficial deposits and alluvium of the N. and s. por- 
tions of the '■o. are essentially different. The hillsides and valleys 
of the N. are covered with hemlock, and those of the a. with pine. 

2 Upon the organization of the Co., in 1808. Jonas Williams, 
Isaac Sutherland, and Asa R;insom were appointed commissioners 
to locate the county seat. They fixed upon the site of Ellicott- 
ville, then a wilderness, and erected a largo iron-wood post to 
indicate the spot. Up to 1S17 the co. was merged in Niagara, 
The first co. courts were held at Olean, July 3, 1S17. Tlie first 
CO. officers were Timothy H. Porter, J^irst Judge; James Brooks, 
186 



Ashbel Freeman, and Francis Green, Cownfy Judges; Sands 
Boughton, County Clerk; Israel Curtiss. Sheriff; and Jeremy 
Wooster, Surrogate. The first courthouse and jail was erected 
at Ellicottville, in 1817-18. It was burned in 1829, and the 
present buildings were soon after erected. 

3 This establishment is represented by the Senate Committee 
of 1857 as being in bad repair and indifferently kept. The food 
supplied was plain and wholesome : but the house was old and 
dilapidated, and little atteution was paid to cleanliness. 

* Several railroads have been sui-veyed through the CO., and upon 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 



187 



extends through Hinsdale and Glean, uniting -with Allegany River at the latter place. An exten- 
sion of this canal 7 mi. up the Allegany to the Penn. line is in process of construction. 

Five weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

This CO. was included in the territory ceded by the Six Nations to the Holland Land Co. in 1797. 
Three reservations made within the limits of the co. are held by the Indians at the present day. 
The Oil Spring Reservation, containing 1 sq. mi., is partly in Ischua, Cattaraugus co., and partly 
in Cuba, Allegany co. The Allegany Reservation, containing 42 sq. mi., extends from the Penn. 
line 25 mi. n.e. along Allegany River. The tract is, on an average, about 2 mi. wide, and em- 
braces nearly all of the river intervale, — the finest agricultural region in the co. It embraces por- 
tions of Allegany, Carrolton, Great Valley, Bucktooth, Cold Spring, and South Valley. A small 
portion of the Cattaraugus Reservation lies in the n. part of Perrysburgh.^ The Philadelphia 
Quakers established a mission on the Allegany Reservation, in what is now South A^alley, as early 
as 1798. The first permanent settlement was made at Glean, by Maj. Adam Hoops and his bro- 
ther Robert, from Albany, in 1804. For many years a large share of Western emigration was by 
way of the Allegany River and Pittsburgh; and, being at the head of boat navigation upon the 
river, Glean speedily became a place of importance. Upon the completion of the Erie Canal travel 
was diverted from this route and improvements advanced very slowly. The completion of the 
N. Y. & Erie R. R. gave a new impulse to enterprise and industry; and the co. is now rapidly pro- 
o-ressine; in all the elements of wealth and civilization. 



AI^IjEGAXY — was formed from Great Valley, as ^^ Burton,^' April 18, 1831. Its name was 
changed March 28, 1851. Humphrey was taken off in 1836. It lies upon the s. border of the co., 
E. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of Allegany River, which 
extends e. and w. through the center. The declivities of the hills are steep, and their highest 
summits are 700 to 900 feet above the valleys. The streams are Four Mile, Five Mile, and Mill 
Creeks, tributaries of the Allegany. About nine-tenths of the town is still covered with forests. 
The soil is a shaly and sandy loam on the hills, and a clayey and gravelly loam in the valleys. 



some of them considerable labor haa been expended. Tlie Erie 
k N. Y. City R. U. extenda w. from the N. Y. & Erie R. R. at 
Bucktooth to Erie, Penn. A large portion of this road is graded. 
The Buffalo k Pittsburgh and the Attica & Allegany Railroads, 
both to terminate at Clean, have been surveyed ; but work upon 
them has been indefinitely postponed. 
1 The Allegany Merctiry, the first paper in the co., was started 

at " Hamilton" now Olean, in 1S18, by Benj. F. Smead. 

In 1S19 Franklin Cowdery became interested in its pub- 
lication, and the name was changed to 
The Hamilton Recorder. It was continued but a few years. 
Tfu Western Ojurier was started at Ellicottville in 1826 by 

Richard Hill. In 1827 it was cbanged to 
The CottaraufiH^ Gczetfe, and was continued about 2 years. 
The Lodi Pioneer wae started at "Lodi,^* now Gowanda, in 1827 

by Lewis B. Edwards. At the end of 3 years it was 

changed to 
Tfte Lodi Freeman and Messenger, and issued by G. N. Starr. 

In 1833 it passed into the hands of Eliakim Hough, and 

was cbanged to 
The CaUarangus Freeman, under which name it was continued 

until 1844, when it was changed to 
The Peoplt^'s Advocate and Lodi Bantta: In Oct. 1850, it passed 

into the hands of Henry M. Morgan, and its name was 

changed to 
The Cattaraugus Chronide. It was soon after changed to 
The Jndepf~ndent Chrnnicle. under which name it was published 

4 years. In 1654 John JI. Henry became interested in 

ita publication, and it was changed to 
The Oowanda Chronicle, and was continued until the oflBce was 

burned, April 30, 1856. 
The Ellicottville Eepuhlican was commenced in May, 1833, by 

Delos K. Sill. In 1834 it passed into the hands of K. H. 

Phankland. and wa? changed to 
The Cattaraugus Republican. In 1855 it became 

the property of I'red. A. Stanton, by whom it is still 

published. 
The AUeganxi Mercury was started at Olean in 1835 by Q. W. 

Cutler. In 1836 it was changed to 
The Olean Advocate, and was issued by Rufus W. Griswold for 

about 1 year. In 1837 Carlos Woodcock had charge of 

it; and in lS3Sitpassed into the hands of Dudley Bryan 

and was changed to 
The Olean Times. It was afterward published by A.M. Badger 

until 1841. 
The HinsdaU Democrat was started at the rillngo of Hinsdale 

in 1836 by Joseph T. Lyman. It soon passed into the 

hands of Edward Hughs & Co., and was continued 2 

years. 
The Peopte'« Gazette was started at Hinsdale in 1840 by Geo. C. 



Smith. In 1842 it was removed to Geneseo, Livingston 

CO. 

The Oattaravgns W7iig\vas started at Ellicottville in July, 1840, 
by Delos E. Sill. It was continued by him untU 1854, 
when its name was changed to 
The Cattaraugus Freeman, under which title it is 

still issued by Sill & Beecher. 
The Randolph Herald was started at Randolph in March, 1842. 
It was successively issued by Wm. Mason, Lorenzo and 
Julius Marsh, and Fletcher & Russell until 1S45, when 
it passed into the hands of J. J. Strong, who continued 
it 2 years. Strong then joined the Mormons, and re- 
moved the establishment to Nauvoo, 111. 
The Prennan and Messejiger was started at Hinsdale in 1843 by 

L. E. Smith. Its name was soon changed to 
TJie Expositor, and it was issued by Edwin and Allen C. Fuller 

until 1846. 
The Gowanda Whig was started at Gowanda in Nov. 1850, by 
James T. Henry. In the following Feb. it was removed 
to Ellicottville, and its name changed to 
The Whig and Union; soon after it appeared as 
The Anterlcan Union, under which title it is now pub- 
lished by Robert H. Shankland. 
The Gowanda Phoenix rose from the ashes of the great fire of 
April, 1856, and was issued 1 year by Louis S. Morgan, 
when it was removed to Bradford, Penn. 
The QUtaraugus Sachem, was started at Randolph in June, 1851. 
and was continued about 1 year, when the presa was re- 
moved to Olean. 
The Randolph Whig was started at Randolph in July, 1852. by 
C. K. Jndson and Benj. F. Morris. In 1S57 its name 
was changed to 
The Randolph Reporter, and it was issued by Morris until July 
5, 1858, when it was removed to Gowanda and changed 
to 
The GoTvanda Reporter* It is now published by X. 

W. Henry and Frank Stebbins. 
The Olean Journal was started at Olean in 1853 by Chas. Aid- 
rich. In June, 1856, it passed into the hands of James 
T. Henry, who changed its name to 
The Olean Advertiser, under which title he still issues 

it. 
The Neosophic Gem, mo., was started at Randolph in 1S48 by A. 
M. Shattuck, and was continued 4 years. 
• The Indian titles to these lands have been questioned ; but 
both the State and U. S. courts have decided them to be original, 
absolute, and exclusive. By an act of Feb. 19, 1857, the Legis- 
lature formally renounced all right upon the part of the State 
to tax these lauds. The Indians are mostly engaged in agri- 
cultural pursuits, in which tboy have made considerable progress 



188 CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 

Lumbering is extensively pursued. Allegany, (p. v.,) upon Allegany River, e. of the center, 
contains a tannery, door and blind factory, 3 churches, and 70 houses. It is a station on the N. Y. 
°c E. R. R. The Franciscan College is located near the village.^ Five niilc Run is a p. o. 
The first settler was Ebenezer Reed, from Conn., who located near the mouth of Nine Mile Creek 
in 1820.^ The first religious services (Bap.) were held at the house of James Strong, by Elder 
Bonj. Cole, in 1823. The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1829.' 

ASIIFORD— was formed from Ellicottville, Feb. 16, 1824. It is centrally located on the N. 
border of the co. The surface is hilly, with ridges extending generally in a n. and s. direction. 
The highest points in the s. part are 300 feet above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek, forming the 
N. boundary, and Buttermilk Creek, are the principal streams. The soil is a slaty loam intermixed 
with gravel and clay. Maple sugar is largely manufactured. Ashrord, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part 
of the town, contains a grist and saw mill, 2 churches, and 36 dwellings; East Ashford (p. o.) 
contains 2 churches and 11 dwellings. The first settlers were Uenry Frank and his two sons An- 
drew and Jacob II., from Herkimer co., who located on Lot 56, in 1816.* The first church (F. W. 
Bap.) was organized in 1821, by Elder Richard M. Gary. There are now 6 churches in town.* 

BUCK.TOOTII— was formed from Little Valley, Nov. 19, 1854. It lies upon the s. border 
of the CO., w. of the center. Its surface is mostly a broken and mountainous upland, the highest 
summits being 800 to 1,000 feet above the valleys. Allegany River flows w. and s. w. through the 
N. part. The other principal streams are Red House, Little Valley, and Bucktooth Creeks, and 
Sawmill Run. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. A large share of the town is yet covered with 
forests; and lumbering forms the leading pursuit.' Rucktooth isap. o. in the N. part. A 
few settlements were made previous to 1812; but they were abandoned during the war. The first 
permanent settler was James Rosenbury, who located in town in 1816.' The only church (M. E.) 
was formed about 1830. 

CARROl,TO]«9— was formed from Great Valley, March 9, 1842. Partof Allegany Reservation 
was annexed in 1847. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. Ball Ilill, in the s. e. part, 
is 800 feet above the valley. The Allegany flows N. w. through the n. part, receiving as tributaries 
Tunegawant and Windfall Creeks. The soil is a clay and shaly loam upon the uplands, and a 
gravelly loam in the valleys. Lumbering is the leading pursuit. L/iinestone,° (p. o.,) in the 
s. part, and Tuna, (p. o.,) in the n., are hamlets. Charles Foster, Horace Howe, and Marcus 
Leonard located upon Lots 28 and 29 in 1814.'° The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held by 
Rev. Aaron Kellogg, at his own house, in 1831 ; and the first church (M. E.) was organized in 1843. 
The census reports 2 churches ; M. E. and R. C. 

COI^O SPRIIVG— was formed from Napoli, March 20, 1837. Parts of South Valley were 
taken off in 1847 and '48. It is an interior town, near the s. w. corner of the co. The surface 
is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being 400 to 500 feet above the vallevs. The 
Allegany flows s. w. through the n. e. corner, and receives from the N. Cold Spring Creek, which flows 
through the center. The soil is a clay and slaty loam upon the uplands, and a sandy and gravelly 
loam in the valleys. A sulphur spring is found in the N. e. part. There is no village, p. o., or 
church edifice in town. Lumbering is extensively carried on. The first settlements were made by 
Chas. Crook, with his 3 sons Chas., jr., Ira, and Nathan, from Vt., on Lot 32, and Joshua Basson, 



1 This institution is under th? control of tlio Fr.iTiciscan (K. C.) 
ABSociatitin. Tile ItuililiuRs .ire now in |iroreS8 of erection. 
Tv'icliola^ Devereux donated to the associution, for the in&titute, 
2(J0 acres of land nnd J5.000. 

* Anions tlic otlier curly settlers were Andrew L. Allen. Iliram 
■Wood. Jnnies .Sfronsr. Tsiuvc EgRleston, Amos H. and Cavid OrtoD, 
who located on Five Mile Creek in 1R21. The flret child born 
wa.s NalhiHi Tteed, Oct. 2. 1R20; the first nianiage, that of M'm. 
B. Fox Hud Sally Strong, in 1825 ; and the first persons who died 
were children of Isaac Kggilcston, in 1S23. Leonard Cionkhite 
tauKhl the first school, in a house of James Strong's, in the 
winter of lS25-2fi; Kbenc/er Eeed kept the first inn. in 18;;0 ; 
Aaron Wheelei-, the first .store, in IS.'jo; and lieuhen Lamberton 
erected the lii-st sawmill, on Five Mile Creek, in 1826. 

' The ci'iisns reports 4 chniches ; IJap,, Cong., M. K.. and R. C. 



6 2 Hap., F. W. Bap., Cong., M. E.. and Wes. Melh. 

* This town rontains an areaof47.C20 acres, of which lessthui 
1,000 acres were under cullivation in IS.'iS. 

I Among the other early setllei-s were .Tames Green. Adam 
.Tohnsou, and .Tohn Hoiitell. The first birtli was that (.f a child 
of David Hathaway, in ].'^.3i; and the first marriage, that of An- 
drew Mills and Sslly Ilndly. Leister Granger taught (lie first 
school, in 1.^34; Adam .lolmson kept the first inn. in If 32. anti 
.John Boardman the first store, in U.14. Tlie first sjiwuiill was 
hnilt by the Indians, in IS13. on Sawmill Knn. 

* Named from fJ. Carrelton. one of the original proprictora. 

9 Upon the flats near Limestone are the remains of an ancient 
fortification. It is in the shape of a fl'^ine S, the remains of tho 
ditch and earlhwoiks being plainly visible. 

l» John anil Wni. Bloore. i;iias Stiaie, I'eter ZelulT, no- 



* Among the other earlv settlers were John floodemote, Saml. I cock, Isaac Farr. Aaron Kellogg, and Wm. Smith settled on TnnA 



Flagg. Cridin and Pavid Wyley, Anms. D.avid. Thomaa. and 
Haley Sampson. Ilaviil O.ver, Augustus Van Slyke, Calvin Wood- 
rufi'. Marcem Itrooks, .Tacob and Mieh.ael lloughstadcr, John 
Quackeni'ush nnA his son Peter, all fi'om Ileikimer and Mont- 
gomery COS., ami all of wlami located In town in ISl.*!. The first 



Creek in 182S. The fii-st hirlh was that of Jlerit Zelnff. in Jnue, 

bS29 ; the first marriage, that of IJiown aiul Kmeline Fuller, 

in 1K28; and the first death. Hint of Fncjeli Fuller, in 1S2S. Tlw 
first school was taught bv Millon Northrop. at Limestone, in tho 
winter of 1S:10-.11. l.lias Stone kept the first inn. iM'ar th» 



iiiith was tjiat of t:li/.ahe(h. daugliter of J:icob II. Frank, in the moutli of Tuna Creek, in lfi2S. and (has. Lewis the first store, 
fall of \^M : and the first death, that of IMia?l>e, a rhild of An- in IS32, The first sawmill wofl built Ly Edarcua Icouurd, in 
dr"W Frsnk. Aug. 31). l^l-i. Danl. Thomas and Norman B. Car- 1826. 
(er Ua-hl the firat schools, in 1S22-23. | 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 



189 



from Mass., on Lot 22, in 1820.^ The first religious meeting (Cong.) was held in 1823, by Rev. 
Win. J. Wilcox. 

COMlVEWAIIfGO— was formed from Little Valley, Jan. 20, 1823. Randolph was taken off 
in 1826, and Leon in lSo2. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface in 
the s. w. and w. parts is level and swampy, the Counewango Swamp being 30 to 50 feet below the 
bed of Allegany River at its nearest point. The remaining parts are hilly. It is drained s. by 
Connewaugo, Little Connewango, and Clear Creeks, and other small streams. The soil on the 
uplands is clay and gravel, and on the flats a gravelly loam. Rulledge, (Connewango p. o.,) 
in the N. w. part, on Connewango Creek, contains a church and 17 dwellings. Clear Creek 
(p. V.) is on the line of Chautauqua co. Axville is a hamlet. Settlement was commenced in 1810, 
by Eliph. Follet, near Rutledge.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized at Rutledge, in 181G.* 

OAYTOIV— was formed from Perrynburgh, Feb. 7. 1835. It lies upon the w. border of the 
CO., N. of the center. Its surface is generally a rolling and hilly upland. The highest elevations 
in the n. part are about 300 feet above the r. r. at Dayton Station. It is drained s. by two branches 
of Connewango Creek and other small streams. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Lumber- 
ing is an important branch of industry. Daytou, (p- v-,) on the N. Y. & E. K. R., in the n. e. 
corner of the tovra, contains 13 dwellings; and "West Dayton, (Cottage p.o.,) in the n. w. 
corner, a church, 2 sawmills, and 14 dwellings. Sociality is a hamlet, in the s. E. part. The 
first settlement was made by Silas Nash and Simeon Bunce, from Otsego co., in 1810.* The first 
religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Joshua Webb, in ISIG, by Rev. Klnathan Finch; 
and the first church (Bap.) was organized in March, 1818, at the house of Mr. Webb.^ 

EAST OTTO— was formed from Otto, Nov. 30, 1854. It lies upon the n. border of the co., 
w. of the center. The surface is hilly and broken; Mt. Tug, the highest summit, being 300 feet 
above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek forms the n. boundary ; and South Middle Branch flows w. 
through the town, s. of the center. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, favorable for both grain 
and grass. Otto Corners, (East Otto p.o.,) a little s.w. from the center, contains 3 churches 
and 17 dwellings. The first settlements were made by Joseph Bates, on Lot 20, and Horace "Wells, 
near Otto Corners, about 1816.® The first religious meetings were held at the house of Tyler M. 
Beach, in 1821. The first preaching (M. E.) was at the same house, by Rev. Ira Brownson, in 1822.' 

EI.L,ICOTTVIL.I.E8— was formed from "Ischua," now Franklinville, April 13, 1820. Ash- 
ford was taken ofi" in 1824. It is an interior town, lying a little n.e. of the center of the co. The 
surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep and narrow ravines of the streams- The principal 
stream is Great Valley Creek, flowing s. through near the center. The soil upon the hills is a clay 
loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Ellicottville, (p. v.,) on the creek, in the s.w. part 
of the town, was incorp. April 1, 1837. Besides the co. buildiugs, it contains 4 chuiches, 3 news- 
paper offices, and an iron foundery. Pop. 695. Plato and Asli Park are p. offices. The 
Qrst settlements were made in 1815, by David Waldo, from Oneida co., and Orin Pitcher, from 
Mass,* The first religious meeting was held at the house of Wm. Vinton, by Rev. John Spencer, 
m 1818. The first church (Presb.) was formed Sept. 10, 1822.^° 



1 Eastman Prescott and hia father settled in the s. part, and 
Ifiaac Morrill in the N.w. part, in 1821. The first birth was that 
of Martha, daughter of Ch.irlr'S Crook, jr.. in the spring of 1S24; 
and the first d.:-ath. that of Miss Jones, in thn fall of 1S21. Miss 
E. Sanf inl taught the first schonl. in the summer of 18.'U. Phi- 
Icnus Uall kept the first inn and the first store, in 1822. Chaa. 
Crook and Josliua Basson erected the first sawmill, in 1S20, on 
Oohl Spring Creek. 

8 Sampson Crooker. from Cairo, Greene en., settled near Rut- 
liMlfio in 1S18; and Calvin Treat, H. Camp, Wm. Holbrook, and 
John Darling about the same time. The first school was taught 
by Olive Cheeney, in the summer of 1819. Eliphalet Fultet kept 
the first inn, in 1817, near Hutlcdge, and H.Camp and \Vm. 
Ilolbrnok the first store, in 1S22. at Olds Corners. The first 
sawmill was erected by Sampson Crookei", on Mill Creek, in 1S19, 
and the first gristmill by Calvin Treat, near the center of the 
town, in 1S21. Mrs. Crooker. wife of Sampson Crooker, killed a 
wildcat at her hen roost with a pair of tongs, in the winter of 
1819. 

8 The censnq reports 3 rliurches; Presb., Bap., and M. K. 

* Joshua Webb, fmni Madi.'fon co., settled on Lot 50. Lemiin IT. 
Pitcher, on Let 6S. in the s.w. part; Ralph Johnson, llenian and 
Anson Merrill, and Timothy M. Shaw in the N. E. part.— all in 
1815. The first child born was Amos Nash, in Juno, 1811 ; the 
first marriage, that of Benj. Parsell and Mary Redfi<*ld, in March, 
1818; and the first death, that of De Witt, son of Silas Naub, in 
Feb. 1813. Caleb Webb kept the first inn, in 1827, at West 



Dayton, and Wm. H. Leland, the first store in 18.3.3, in the s.e. 
part of the town. Silas Nash erected the first Bawmdl, in 1817, 
at West Dayton. 

6 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., nnd M. E. 

« Soon after. Moses T. and Tyler M. IJeacli. Justice Kartliolo- 
mcw. Abraham Gibbs, and Sa'ml. Tuttle settled in the town. 
The first children liorn were Arzan and Brittaina,— twins, — sen 
and daughter of Justice Bartliolomew; the first marriage wua 
that of Mosea N. heland and Brittaina Wells, in 1825: and the 
first death of an adult, that of Mrs. John Darling, in Dec. 1S24. 
riezekiah Scovel kept the first inn. near Otto Corners, in 1823, 
and Vine Plumb the first store, near the s.inie place, in 1.S24. 
Mosea T. Beaeh built the first sawmill, in 1S:23, and the first 
gristmill, in 1824, on South Middle Branch, in the E. part of tlio 
town. 

' The census reports 3 churches ; St. V... Cono:., and Bap. 

8 Named from Joseph KUicott. agent of tli'- Holland Land Co. 

* Grove Hurlbut huilt tbe fiist house, in ISl.'i, un Lnt ;.7, and 
settled in March. 1816. Kicknrtson Burlinganie and i:pliriiim 
Fitch settled in 1S16. The first child born was Orlanilo V. Pit- 
cher, in June, 1816. The first school was langht by Knriico 
Carpenter, at the house of Orin Pitcher, in the suuinter i<{ IS17. 
Baker Leonard kept the first inn. iu 1S17, and tne fuvt stoie, m 
1818. Orin Pitcher erected the first aawniill, in 1821, on Great 
Valley Creek. 

^'* The census reports 4 churches; Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and 
R.C. 



190 



C A T T A R A r G U S COUNT Y. 



FARMERSVII.I>E— was formed from " Ischiia," now Franklinville, March 29, 1821. If 
lies on the e. border of the co., N. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, forming the water- 
shed hetween the streams flowing n. w. into Lake Erie and those flowing E. into Genesee River 
and s. into Allegany River. The highest point, near the center, is 800 to 900 feet above the R. R. 
at Olean. Mud Lake, in the n. part, covering an area of about 30 acres, discharges its waters N. ; 
and Ischua Creek flows s. through the w. part. On the uplands the soil is chiefly a vegetable 
mold resting on clay, shale, and slate; in the valleys, a gravelly loam. Farmersville, (p. v.,) 
near the center, contains 2 churches and 17 dwellings. Fairvie»V is a p. o. The first settle- 
ment was made by Peter and Cornelius Ten Broeck and Richard Tozer, — all from Otsego co., — on 
Lots 4 and 36, in 1817." The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Eliab Going, (Bap.,) at the 
barn of Levi Peet, in 1821. The census reports 2 churches; Bap. and M. E. 

FRABIKL,IIVTIL,L,E— was formed from Olean, June 16, 1812, as " Eehe." Its name was 
changed to '-Ischua," April 17, 1816; and to Franklinville, March 3, 1824. A part of Perrys- 
burgli was taken ofi" in 1814, Ellicottville, Freedom, and Yorkshire in 1820, Farmersville in 1821, 
and Lyndon in 1829. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of the center of the co. Its surface is un- 
dulating and hilly. It is drained s. by Ischua and Great Valley Creeks and several other small 
streams. The soil is clay and gravelly loam. Franklinville, (p. v.,) on Ischua Creek, in the 
N.E. corner of the town, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, and 370 inhabitants; Cadiz (p. v.) a 
church and several mills. Pop. 165. The first settlement was made at the village of Franklin- 
ville, by Joseph McClure, originally from Vt., in March, 1806.^ The first church (Bap.) was 
formed in 1823. There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. E. 

FREEDOM— was formed from " hchua," now Franklinville, April 13, 1820. A part of 
Yorkshire was taken off in 1844. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. The surface is a rolling 
or moderately hilly upland. Clear Creek and the s. branch of Cattaraugus Creek are the principal 
streams. Beaver Lake, in the s. part. Fish Lake, in the e., and Scum and Laws Lakes, in the 
center, are small ponds. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Several quarries of good build- 
ing stone are found in different parts of the town. Sandusky, (p. v.,) on Clear Creek, in the N. 
part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 175. Elton, (p. v.,) near the s. w. 
corner, contains a church and 14 dwellings. Freedom is a p. o. The first settlements were 
made in 1811, by Warren Stanley, Ezekiel Reynolds, from N. II., and Earl Lawyer, Rufus Met- 
calf, and Enoch Ilowlett, from Vt.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Rufus 
Metcalf, in April, 1813, by Elder P. Root. The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1820.* 

GREAT TAEEEY— was formed from Olean, April 15, 1818. "Burton," now Allegany, 
was taken off in 1831, and Carrolton in 1842. Part of Allegany Reservation was taken off in 
1847. It is an interior town, h'ing a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a mountainous 
and hilly upland. The highest summit, near the s. w. corner, is 1,300 feet above the river. The 
declivities are generally very abrupt, and many of them are too steep for cultivation. Allegany 
River flows through tlie s. w. corner, and receives as tributary Great Valley Creek. The soil upon 
the highlands is a hard clay mixed with disintegrated slate and shale ; and in the valleys a gravelly 
loam. Lumbering is the leading pursuit, five-sixths of the surface being still covered with forests.' 
Great Valley (station, (Killbuck p. o.,) at the mouth of Grea,t Valley Creek, in the s. part, 
contains 18 dwellings ; and Peth (Great Valley p. o.) 11. Settlement was commenced at the 



1 Levi Peet and Peleg Robins, from Otsego co.. settled on Lots 
36 and 3. in 1817. The first cliild born was Addison, son of 
Richard Tozer. in 1S17 ; the first niari-iaKe, that of Peter Ten 
Broecli and Polly Tremain; and the first death, that of Mrs. 
Magdalene Adams, No%'. 7. 1820. The first inn was kept in 1817, 
by Richard Tozer, and the first store by Jacob Conistock, in 
1828. .Tames Wordeu erected the first sawmill, in 1824, on the 
outlet of Mud Lake. 

2 Mr. SlcClure was an agent and sun-eyor of the Holland Land 
Co., and located his lot in 1S05. He was a leading man in the 
town for many years, filled the principal town offices, serTed 
with the rank of captain on the Niagara frontier in the War of 
1812. and represented the co. in the Assembly of 1814-15. Ilis 
brother David settled in the town in 1806, Thos. Morris and 
Henry Conrad in 1S07, and Timothy Butler, Jereniiali Bur- 
roughs, and Danl. Cortwright, soon after. — all in the valley of 
Ischua Creeli. The first child born in the town and co. was 
Hiram W., son of David McClure, April 30, 1806. John McClure 
tauglit the first school, in 1809: Joseph McClure kept the first 
Inn. in 1806, and Thos. Morris the first store, in 1816, at or near 
Franklinville Village. Ilcnrv Conrad huilt the first gristmill, in 
1808, and sawmill, in 1809. at Cadiz. 

» These settlers made improvements and put up log houses in 



1811, jind moved in with their families in the spring of 1812. 
The first child born was Rufus Metcalf, jr.. Dec. 24. 1812; and 
the first death of an adult was that of Peter Davis, Dec. 17, 1816. 
Elihu Daggart and Sally McKee, and Sylvester Davis and Miss 
Daggart. were all married at the same time, in 1S17. The first 
school was taught in 1816, by Jemima Clark. P)noch Ilowlett 
kept the first inn and the first store, in 1824. He also erected 
the first sawmill, in 1821. on Clear Creek. Dr. Elihu Cruttenden 
erected the first gristmill, on the same stream. In 1822. 

* The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Bap., F. W. Bap., Calv. 
Meth., and Univ. 

5 On Lot 19. about 1 mi. E. of the center of the town, is a place 
known as the " Breathing Well." About ISoO, Nicholas Flint 
attempted to dig a well ; but, after reaching a depth of 25 feet 
and obtaining no water, he abandoned the undert-aking, but 
stoned up the well, hoping that water might come. Noticing a 
current of air proceeding from the well, he inserted a pump log 
in it. and covered it up. except the end of the log. A current 
of air is continually blowing either into or out of the well : and 
a whistle placed in the bore of the log has been heard half a mi. 
The current is sometimes steady in one direction fur a whole 
day, and sometimes it chiinges every hour. 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 



191 



mouth of Great Valley Creek, by Judge James Green, in 1812.' The first religious meeting was 
held at the house of Orin Pitcher, by Rev. John Spencer, in 1815. The first religious association 
(Cong.) was formed, with 8 members, in 1817. There is now no church edifice in town, and but 1 
church, (M. E.) 

HIIVSOALiE— was formed from Clean, April 14, 1820. Ischua was taken off in 1846. It 
lies on the E. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. The 
hills are 500 to 600 feet above the valleys and are bordered by abrupt declivities. The highest 
points, on Lots 23 and 24, are 500 feet above the R. R. at Hinsdale Village. Reservoir Lake is a 
small sheet of water near the s. e. corner. Ischua and Oil Creeks — the former from the n.e. and 
the latter from the N. w. — form a junction near the center, and thence the united stream takes the 
name of Clean Creek, flowing s. through the town. The soil upon the uplands is chiefly clay, and 
in the valleys a gravelly loam. Iliusdale, (p. v.,) at the junction of Ischua and Oil Creeks, 
contains 2 churches and several mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 255. It is a canal 
village and a station upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Scotls Corners, in the n. part, contains a 
church and 13 -houses. Haskel Flat is a p. o. The first settlfr^ were Horace Noble, Chas. 
Foot, and Thos. Lusk, who located near the present site of the village in ISOO.'-' The first religious 
meeting was held at the log barn of Zachariah Noble, in June, 1807. The first regular preacher 
was Rev. Reuben Aylesworth, (M. E.,) in 1820, who organized the first religious association in 1821.' 

HIIMPHREY*— was formed from "Burton," now Allegany, May 12, 1836. It is an interior 
town, lying a little s. e. of the center of the co. The surface is a broken and hilly upland, the 
highest summits being 600 feet above the R. R. at Clean. Its streams are Great Valley, Five Mile, 
Wrights, and Sugar Town Creeks. The soil upon the hills is mostly clay, occasionally intermixed 
with sand, and in the valleys it is a gravelly loam. Humphrey Center is a hamlet. 
Huinplirey and Sugar Town are p. ofiices. The first settlement was made in the N. w. 
corner, on Lot 56, by Russel Chappell, in 1815.' The first religious association (M. E.) was formed 
in 1834.« 

ISCHUA — ^was formed from Hinsdale, Feb. 7, 1846, as "Eke." Its name was changed March 
27, 1855. It lies upon the E. border of the CO., a little s. of the center. Its surface is a broken 
and hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the valleys. Ischua Creek flows s. 
through the town and receives several tributaries. The soil is chiefly clay, with a thin surface 
mold and some gravelly loam. Quarries of good building stone are found in the town. Iscbua, 
(p. v.,) formerly called "Rice," on Ischua Creek, in the N. part, contains a gristmill and 19 dwellings. 
The first settlement was made on Lot 45, on the creek, by Abraham M. Farwell, from Mass., in 
1812.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Mr. Farwell, by Rev. John Spencer, 
in 1815; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in 1827. 

IiEOIV — was formed from Connewango, April 24, 1832. It lies on the w. border of the co., a 
little N. of the center. Its surface in the w. and N. w. is level and marshy, and in the remaining 
parts moderately hilly. It is drained s. by Connewango Creek and its tributaries. The soil is a 
clay, sandy, and gravelly loam. Leon, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 18 
dwellings. East L.eon is a p. o. Ttaompsonville is a hamlet in the s. e. part. Settle- 
ments were made on Mud Creek, in 1819, by Jas. Franklin and his son James, from Riga, Monroe 
CO., and Abner Wise and his son Abner W., Thos. W. Cheney, and Ed. Dudley, from Otsego cp.' 



^ Among the other early settlers were Danl. McKay, Judge 

Renj. Cliamberlin, and Ilibbard, who located in 1813: Lewis 

Worcester and Laurin Norton, in 1814. The tirst child born 
was Ira Green, in 1813 : and the first death, that of Mrs. Ilib- 
bard, the same year. The first school was tangbt at the house 
of James Green, by Joel Fairbanks, in the winter of 1817-18. 
James Green kept the first inn, in 1813, at the mouth of Great 
Valley Creek, and Lewis Worcester the first store, in 181,^, at 
Peth. The first sawmill was erected by J.ime3 Green, in 1813. 

2 Zachariah and Seymour Noble also settled in 1806. All the 
Bottlers at this time were from Ontario co. and originally from 
Mass. The first child born was Clarissa, daughter of llorace 
Noble, in the fall of 1808; and the first death, that of Bibbin 
FoUet, in 1809. Rachael Turner taught the first school, at 
Scotts Corners, in 1818. Elihu Murray kept the first inn, near 
ninsdale Village, in ISIO, and Emery Wood the first store. In 
1825. The first sawmill was erected by Lewis Wood, in 1815; 
and the first gristniill, by Henry Conrnd, in 182.S. 

* The census reports '2 churches; Bap., and M. E. 

* Named from Charles Humphrey, of Tompkins Co., Speaker 
of the Assembly at the time of the formation of the town. 

6 Among the other eaily settlers were Alonzo Berry, Abgab 



Rowley, Nathan Howe, Thomas Scott, and Stephen S. Cole. Tho 
first school was taught by John Howe, at Sugar Town, in 1820. 
Mr. Howe has since been a member of Congress from Penn. 
Russel Chappell kept the first inn, in 1824, and Averill Lawyer 
the first store, at Humphrey Center, in 1S4S. The first sawmill 
was erected by Foster B. Salisbury, on Wright Creek. 

6 There are 4 churches in town"; Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., ana 
K. C. 

' Seymour Boughton, from Westchester CO., settled at the vil- 
lago in 1815, and William Kimball, Amos Pitcher, and Jontl. 
than Davis about the same time. The first child born was C. 
Adehne, daughter of A. M. Farwell. in 1816; and the first death, 
that of Henry Boughton. by the fall of a tree, in 1811. The first 
school was taught on the prennses of Mr. Farwell, by Caroline 
Putnam, in the summer of 1821. Mr. Farwell erected the first 
sawmill, on Lot 45. in 1814. and Cook & Tyler the first grlst- 
mill, fn 1826. both on Ischua Creek. The first store was opened 
by Albert Lawrence and Henry Stephens, in 1832, aud the first 
inn by Seymour Boughton. in 1816. 

> Robert Durfee, from R. I., settled on Lots 50 and 67, in 1819, 
where he still resides ; and John Fairbanks and John Battles, in 
1819-20. The first birth was that of Edward Dudley, July 20, 



192 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 



The first religious meeting was held at the house of Abner Wise, in 1820, by Elder Uadlcy ; and 
the first church (Ref. Metli.) was formed by Rev. Ezra Amadon, in 1822.' 

L.ITTL,E TAl,L,ET— was formed from "Perry," now Perrysburgh, April 10, 1818. Conne- 
wango and Napoli were taken oS' in 1823, Mansfield and New Albion in 1830, and Bucktooth in 
1854. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a 
hilly upland, divided into two principal ridges by the deep valley of Little Valley Creek. The 
highest summits are 500 to 600 feet above the creek. Upon Lot 77, in the s. E. part of the town, is 
a peculiar rock formation, known as " Rock City."^ The soil is a hard, clay luam upon the hills, 
and a gravelly loam in the valleys.' Little Talley, (p-v.,) in the N.w. corner, contains a 
church and 30 dwellings. It is an important station upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Little 
Valley CreeK, near the center, contains a church and 11 dwellings. The first settlements 
were made in the valley, in 1807, by John Green, Judge Benj. Chamberlin, and several other 
families, who left during the War of 1812.* The first church (F. W. Bap.) was formed by Elder 
Richard M. Cary, Oct. 8, 1820.* 

L.Y]VDOiV — was formed from Franklinville, Jan. 24, 1829. Its name was changed to "Elgin" 
April 7, 1857, and back to Lyndon April 16, 1858. It lies on the E. border of the CO., N. of the 
center. Its surface is hilly, the highest ridges, near the center, being about 500 feet above the 
R. R. at Olean. It is drained by Oil Creek and branches of Ischua Creek. The soil is chiefly 
clay covered with a light vegetable mold upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. 
Elgin, (p. 0.,) near the center, and Ra'\TSOn, (p. o.,) in the e. part, are hamlets. The first 
settlement was made by Solomon and Wm. Rawson, who located upon Lots 6 and 7 in 1808.' 
The first religious services (F. W. Bap.) were conducted by Seth Markham, at his own house, in 
1810. The first church (F. W. Bap.) was organized in the e. part of the town, in 1816, by Elders 
Jeremiah and Abraham Folsom.' 

MACHIAS — was formed from Yorkshire, April 16, 1827. A part of Yorkshire was annexed 
in 1847. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The surface forms a portion 
of the elevated table land dividing the waters of Allegany River from those of Cattaraugus Creek. 
Lime Lake, in the N. E. part, 1,100 feet above Lake Erie, discharges its waters N. into Cattaraugus 
Creek. Ischua Creek flows s. into the Allegany. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, mostly 
of good qualify. Maple sugar is largely produced. Macllias, (p. v.,) in the N. e. part, con- 
tains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and 30 dwellings. L<lme Lake is a hamlet at the head 
of the lake of the same name. Timothy Butler and Jeremiah Ballard, from Me., located on Lots 13 
and 14, on the creek, below the village, in 1813.* The first religious services were performed by 
Rev. John Spencer, a missionary from Conn.; and the first church (M. E.) was organized in 1822.' 

MA1V.SFIEL.D— was formed from Little Valley, Feb. 23, 1830. It is an interior town, a little 



1820; the first marriagie, that of Abner "W. Wise and Laura 
Davison, in 1823; and the first death, that of Laura, daughter 
of Capt. John Fairbanks, io 1821. Richard Outhout tauglit the 
first school, in the winter of 1822-23. Asa Franklin kept the 
first inn, in 1823, and Jnhnaon Noyes the first store, in 1828. 
Ebenezer Collar erectfd the first sawmill, in 1824, on Mud Creek ; 
and Jabez Thompson, the first gristmill, on the same stream, in 
1832. 

1 There are now 3 churches in town; Bap., M. E., and United 
Bretliren. 

2 Rock City is situati^d upon the nearly level summit of a hill 
400 feet above the valley and 2.000 feet above tide, and rovers 
an area of about 100 acres. The rock, consisting of Catskill con- 
glomerate, is arranged in regular blocks, with sharp angles aud 
pprpendicalar sideH, presenting the appearance of courtyards or 
squares in the midst of numerous streets and alleys. In a more 
minute description of the place. Prof Hall, in bis " Genlogy of 
New Fwfc," says, "The large trees which stand upon the top 
of the immense blocks have often sent their roots down the sides, 
where they are sustained by the deep soil, sujiporting the huge 
growth above upon an almost barren rock. The rectangular 
blocks, composed of pure white pebbles conglutinated, are from 
30 to 35 feet in thickness, and, standing regularly arranged 
along the line of outcrop, present an imposing appearance.'* 

8 A successful experiment in domesticating the American elk 
has been made in this town by Mr. Lorenzo Stratton. Tliis 
gentleman purchased a pair in 1853, and subsequently 3 more, 
from the head branches of the Missouri, and placed them in a 
pasture of 125 acres of well fenced woodland. By frequent at- 
tention and feeding, the animals have become so domesticated 
Ihat they are driven to tlie annual co. fairs without trouble. 
Hid original numl>or of 5 have increased to 15. including a pair 
of 5 year olds sold for $1,000 for shipment to England, in 1S57, 
and a 3 year old buck elaughtered July 4, 1858. 



* Among the first settlers before the war were Luther Stewart, 
Wm. Gillmore. David Powers, and Alpheus Bascom. After the 
war, Stephen Crosby, from Madison co., located on Lot 30, in 
Feb. 1816; and Noah Culver, Enoch, David, and Alvin Chase, 
and John Stratton. from New England, soon after. David 
Powers built the first saw and grist mill, in 1809, on Little 
Valley Creek. 

6 The census reports 3 churches; F. W. Bap., Cong., and Prot. 
Meth. 

6 Among the other early settlers were J. Simons. David, Seth, 
and Jephtha Markham. fiom Penn., who settled on Lot 7 in ]809. 
The Markhams were originally from Conn. The first child born 
was Nattclla, daughter of f^oiomon Rawson, in Aug. 1S09; the 
first marriage, that of Wm. Markham and Rachel Phillips, March 
1. 1815 : and the first death, that of James Markham, the father 
of the 3 Markhams among the first settlers, in 1811. Sally 
Osborne taught the first school, in the summer of IS15, in the E. 
part of the town. The fii-st inn was kept by Wm. Rawson, in 
the E. part, in 1825, and the first store by Charles Gillmore. at 
the center, in 1827. The first sawmill was built by Jasou Sher- 
man, in 1843. 

'The census reports 4 cburchea; F. W. Bap., Wes. Meth., 
Asso. Presb.. and Asso. Ref. Presb. 

8 Joseph Kinney settled In 1815; Obadiah Vaughn in 1818; E. 
T. Ashcraft. Chas. Button, Chas. II. Briggs. and Wiggen M. F.ar- 
rer soon after. The first marriage was that of Brigham Brown 
and Polly Mason, in April. 1823: and the first death, that of 
Esther Ashcraft, in Dec. 1819. Nathl. Bowen taught the first 
srhool. in 1819. on Lot 25. Andrew McBuzzell erected the first 
sai\Tnill, in 1822. and Danl. Potter the first gristmill, in 1823,— 
both on the outlet of Lime Lake. The first store was kept at 
the same place, by Howard Perk and Alva Jeffer&on ; and the 
first inn, on Ischua Creek, by Widow Freeman, in 1820. 

9 The census reports 2 churches; M. E. and Christian. 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 



193 



N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly, the highest elevations, in the s. e., being about 
300 feet above the N. Y. & E. R. R. where it crosses the s. w, corner of the town. The s. branch of 
Cattaraugus Creek flows w. through the n. part, and several small streams s. into the Allegany. 
The soil is a hard, clay loam on the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Eddyville, 
(p.o.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, and 11 dwellings. The first settler was 
Amos Morgan, who located in the s. part in 1817.* The first church, (Bap.,) formed in 1828, has 
since broken up.^ 

IVAPOLI — -was formed from Little A^alley, Jan. 20, 1823, as ** Cold Sprinr/." Its name was 
changed April 15, 1828 ; and the present town of Cold Spring was taken off in 1837. Its surface 
is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the valley. The principal stream is 
Cold Spring Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. IVapoli, (p. v.,) s. of the center, 
contains a church and about a dozen houses. The first settlement was made on Lot 27, by Major 
Timothy Butler, in 1818.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. John Spencer, in 1820. 
The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1820.* 

1VE"W AL.BIOIV— was formed from Little Valley, Feb. 23, 1830. It is an interior town, 
N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland. It is drained by streams flowing into 
Cattaraugus Creek on the n. and into the Allegany on the s. The soil is a clay loam on the hills, 
and a gravelly loam in the valleys. IVew Albion, (P-'^'O a little s. of the center, contains 20 
dwellings; Cattaraugus,^ (P-'^-O i^ ^^^ n. part, contains a steam flouring mill and 50 dwell- 
ings. It is an important station upon the N. Y. & E. R. R., and has grown up since this road was 
completed. The first settlement was made on the s. w. corner of Lot 57, by Matthew Dimmick, in 
1818.® The first religious association (M. E.) was organized in 1830. There are 3 churches in 
town, but no church edifice.' 

OLEAX — was formed March 11, 1808, and at first included the whole territory of Cattaraugus 
CO. " Ischiia," now Franklinville, was taken off in 1812, a part of Perrysburgh in 1814, Great 
Valley in 1818, Hinsdale in 1820, and Portville in 1837. It lies upon the s. line of the co., near 
the s.E. corner. The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distinct parts by the valley of 
the Allegany. The highest points are 500 to 600 feet above the valley. Lumbering is the leading 
occupation. Olean, (p. v.,) on the Allegany, at the mouth of Olean Creek, was incorp. in 1854. 
It contains 6 churches, the Olean Academy,® a newspaper office, a flouring mill, foundery, tannery. 
and 3 sawmills. Pop. 994, It is a station upon the N. Y. & E. R. R., and an important commer- 
cial point upon the river; and it was for some years the southern terminus of the Genesee Valley 
Canal,® The first settlement was made prior to 1805. In that year Robert Hoops, agent of Adam 
Hoops, and David Heusten were residents near the river on small improvements, and must have 
settled as early as 1804.io The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1820." 

OTTO^-— was formed from Perrysburgh, Jan. 29, 1823. East Otto was taken off in 1854, a 



1 Among the other early settlers were Nathaniel Fish, Sewell 

Gunn. and Bennett, wlio located in the 8. part in 1817 ; 

and Samuel L. Ilollister, from Great Valley, who located in the 
V. E. part in 1S22. The first child born waa Wahala Fish, Dec. 
9, 1820; and the first marrintre, that of Prince W. Fish and Lois 
Qrover. Jan. 1, 1824. The first school was taught hy I^fo Cliase, 
in 1821. Nathaniel Fish kept the first inn. on the old Johnson 
Road, in the s.E. part, in 1818, and Thos. IT. McKay the firet 
store, in 1S48. at Eddyville. The first sawmill was erected by 
George and Munson Clark, in 1637, on the s. branch of Catta- 
raupuF Creek. 

2 The census reports 3 churches ; M. E.. F. TV. Bap., and Univ. 
' In 1819. Geo. Hill located on Lot 29, Harvey Parmaleo and 

Harlow Butler on Lot 51, Sargent Morrill on Lot 50. and Timo- 
thy Boardman on Lot 43. The first child horn was .loseph Foy, 
in June, 1820; the first marriage, that of Dr. Noble and Slatira 
Canfield, in 1821 ; and the first death, that of a child of Timothy 
Butler, in 1820. The first school was taught by Fanny Board- 
roan, in the summer of 1819. Moses Cook kept the first store. 
in 1826, and Eastman Prcscott the first inn, in 1831. James 
Wait erected the first sawmill, in 1829, on a branch of Cold 
Spring Crei'k. 

* There are 4 churches in town ; Cong., Bap., F. "W. Bap., and 
M. E. 

6 Joseph Plumb, the owner of the lands on which the village 
in built, deeded the lots with the condition on penalty of for- 
feiture that no intoxicating litiuors should be eold on the pre- 
mises. It i**, of course, a temperance village. 

* David Hammond, jr. Incatud on Lot 33. and Jonathan Kinne- 
cutt on Lot 10, in ISIS; A. Smith Waterman on Lot 25, and 
James Godard on Lot 9- about the same time; Benj. Chamberlin 
on Lot 1, and David Unl and John A. Kinnecutt on Lot 18, in 



Dec. 1820; Itobert and Timothy P. Gay subse^ueotly located on 



13 



Lot 33. The first birth was in the family of Matthew Dimmick, 
in Dec. 1818. Capt. Rosecrantz, an Indian trader, froze to death 
in this town in the winter of 1810, while on his way from the 
month of Cattaraugus Creek to Olean. The first inn wa.s kept 
by Jas. Godard. on Lot 9, iu 1819, and the first store by Eraetus 
Hooth, in 1833, at the center. Matthew Nealy built the first 
sawmill, on a s. branch of Cattaraugus Creek, and Charles Sib- 
ley the first gristmill, on Lot 49, in 1S3G. 
^ M. E., Wes. Meth.. and Prot. Mcth. 

8 The academic buildings were burned April 1.1856. The now 
buildings are neRrly ready for the reception of students. 

9 An act was passed in 1856 authorizing the extension of this 
canal 7 mi. to the Penn. line. The work is now in progress; 
and. when completed, it will, in connection with elackwater 
navigation upon the river, open a direct communication with 
the coal mines of Penn. 

*o .Icibn BrouUs, James Green, Cornelius Brooks, Wm. Shepard, 
and Willis Thrall located in 1806. Jas. G. Johnson was the first 
Hettler in the village, in 1S0>^. The first lumber was rafted down 
the Allegany in 1807, by Bibbins Follet. Jed.-.iiah Strong, and 
Dr. Bradley. The first birth in town was that of Olean, daughter 
of Wm. Shepard, Mav 22. 1S07: and the first death, that of Wm. 
B. Shepard, Sept. 21. 1809. Sylvanua Bussell kept the first inn. 
in 1808, at Olean Point, and Levi Gregory the fla-st store, in 
1811. at Clean Village. Wm. Shepard and Willis Thrall erected 
the first sawmill, in 1807. on Olean Creek; and Adam Hoops, 
the first gristmill, in 1809, at the mouth of the Creek. Mr. 
Hoops was a proprietor of lands and a pioneer settler. He had 
served with distinction in the Continental army, — at one period 
as aid to Gen. Washingt^-n. 

" There are now 7 churches in town; 2 Evan. Luth., M. E., 
Prot. E.. Preeb^ Bap., and R. 0. 

^ Named from Jacob S. Otto, ageat of the IIoUaDd Land Co. 



194 



CATTARADGUS COUNTY. 



part of Perrysburgh in 1823, and a part of Ashford in 1835. It lies on the n. lino of the co., w. 
of the center. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. It is drained w. by Cattaraugus Creek, 
which forms its n. boundai-y, and several tributaries, the principal of which is the South Branch, 
forming the w. boundary. The soil is chiefly a hard, clay loam, -with occasional spots of gravelly 
loam. 'Waverly, (Otto p. o.,) in the s. part, contains a church, woolen factory, and gristmill. 
Pop. 277. The first settlement was made on Cattaraugus Creek, in 1816, by Joseph Adams and 
his son Bina, and Joseph Bartlett.' The first church (Christian) was formed about 1826.' 

PERRYSBURGU'— was formed from Clean and "Ischva," now Franklinville, April 13, 
1814, as "Perry." Its name was changed April 10, 1818. Little Valley was taken off in 1818, 
Otto in 1823, and Dayton and Persia in 1835. Part of Otto was annexed in 1823. It is the N. w. 
corner town in the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. Cattaraugus Creek forms the 
If. boundary. The streams are small branches of Cattaraugus and Silver Creeks. The soil is a clay 
and gravelly loam. Perrysburgll, (p. v.,) s. of the center, contains a church and 23 dwellings. 
It is a station on the N. Y. & E. R. R. Tersailles, (p. v.,) on Cattaraugus Creek, in the n.e. 
part, contains a church, 2 flouring mills, and a tannery. Pop. 274. The rapid descent in the 
creek at this point affords an extensive water-power. The first settlement was made in 1815, by 
John Clark.* Religious meetings (M. E.) were held in 1820; but the first church (Bap.) which 
drew the lands granted by the Holland Land Co. was formed in 1821.^ 

PERSIA — was formed from Perrysburgh, Feb. 7, 1835. It lies on the N. line of the CO., w. of 
the center. The surface is a billy upland,' with a general inclination toward the N. The highest 
points are about 650 feet above Lake Erie. The principal streams are Cattaraugus Creek, forming 
the N. boundary, and South Branch. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Gowanda,^ (P- v-.) 
on Cattaraugus Creek, in the N.w. corner, w;xs incorp. Dec. 7, 1847. It contains 2 churches, a 
newspaper office, a large flouring mill, 2 sawmills, and various other manufacturing establishments. 
Pop. 908, of which 520 are in Persia and 388 are in Collins, (Erie co.) The first settlement was 
made a little above Gowanda Village, in 1811, by John Russell, from Vt. Upon the breaking out 
of the War of 1812, he left with his family and never returned. In 1814, Ahaz Allen, from Vt., 
settled permanently on the lot left by Russell.' The first religious meetings were held by Elder 
Elnathan Finch, (F. W. Bap.,) in 1815-16. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1826, at 
Gowanda. 

PORTVIliliE — was formed from Olean, April 27, 1837. It is the s. E. corner town of the 
CO. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, the highest summits being 500 to 600 feet above the 
valleys. The Allegany River enters the town upon the s. border, flows N. to near the center, and 
thence n. w. to the w. border. It receives as tributaries Oswaya, Dodges, and Haskel Creeks. 
The soil is a sandy loam ; and the flaUs were originally covered with a magnificent growth of white 
pine. Lumbering is the leading pursuit. Portvillc, (p. v.,) on the Allegany, contains 2 
churches, 2 sawmills, and a gristmill. Pop. 287. Mill Grove, s. of Portville, on the Allegany, 
contains 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and 18 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1805, by 
James Green, on Haskell Creek, in the n. part of the town.' The first church (M. E.) was formed 
in 1824. The census reports 2 churches; M. E., and Presb. 

KAlVDOIiPII — was formed from Connewango, Feb. 1, 1826, and named from Randolph, Vt. 
A part of South Valley was taken off in 1847. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the 
center. Its surface is an undulating and hilly upland, the highest summits being about 400 feet 
above the valleys. Little Connewango Creek is the principal stream. The soil is mostly a clay 

I Stephen, Tsaac. and Benj. Ballartl, from Vt.. and Kphraiin 
Brown, settled in 1S18, in ditToient parts of the town. D.tvid S. 
Elliott Uept tlie fii-st inn, and Vine Plumb the first fitoie, in 
1828, at Waverly. The first sawmill was erected by Isaac W. 
Sherman, in IS'22; and the lirst gristmill, by Stephen Rogers, in 
182S. at Waverly. 

* There are now 3 churches in town ; Christian, M. E., and Presb. 

5 Named from Commodore O. il. Perry. 

* Amonj; the other early settlers were Edward Rnssell, Phineaa 
Spencer, IIuj;li Campbell. Ralph Griswold. Wm. Cooper. John 
Sprague. and Simon Waterman, who came in about 1S16; and 
Elish? Ward. Stephen Crocker, and Freeman Edwards, who 
located near Peri-ysburgh Village in 1817. The first school was 
tanglit by Olive Barto. in the summer of 1S19. Beiy. Waterman 
kept the first inn, in 1816, and Cobb. Cook A Pelton the first 
store, at the village, in 1827. The first sawmill was erected on 
the branch of Silver Creek, by Isaac Balcomb; and the first 
frristmill, at Versailles, about 1820. 

6 The census reports 4 clmrches ; 3 M, £., and Bap. 

* Formerly called " Lodi." 



7 Thomas Farnsworth located in 1814, and ilcrrill Aldrich 
and Daniel Wheeler in 1815. The first child born was Anice 
Farnsworth, in the summer of 1S15. The first schotil was taught 
by Polly Redfield, in 1 M7. Ahaz Allen erected the first sawniill, 
in 1814; the first clothing works, in 1S21; and fii-st gristmill, in 
182.1, on Cattaraugus Creek. Phineas Spencer kept the first 
store, about 1.^25, at Gowanda. " Point Peter" is the name given 
to a locality If mi. above Gowanda that marks the site of an 
ancient fortification. 

8 There are 2 churches in town : Presb. and M. E. 

* The first child born was Hannah Green, daughter of Jaa. 
Green, April 28, 1807 ; the first marriage was that of Jonathan 
Dodge and Eunice Atherton, in 1809; and the first death, that 
of David Ileusten, killed by the spring of a tree v,'liile getting 
out spars, in the spring of 1807. Anna Carpenter taught the 
first school, near Portville Village, in the summer of 1822. I.u- 
man Rice kept the first inn, in 1822, and Allen Itife the flrat 
store, in 182.3. The fiist sawmill was erected by James Gri-en 
and Alpbeus Dodge, on llnskel Creek, in 1807 ; and the first 
gristmill, by Samuel King, on Dodges Creek, in 1830. 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 



195 



and gravelly loam. A sulphur spring is found J mi. n. of East Randolph. Randolph, (p-v.,) 
on Little Connewango Creek, in the N. part, contains a sawmill, 3 churches, and about GOD inhabit- 
ants ; East Randolpll, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner contains 2 churches, a grist and saw 
mill, a furnace, machine shop, tannery, and about 700 inhabitants. Randolph Academy is situated 
upon an eminence about midway lietween the villages. The first settlement in town was made at 
Randolph Village, by Edmund Fuller, from Oneida co., in 1820.' The first church (M. E.) was 
organized in 1823.^ 

SOUTH TAIiliET— was formed from Randolph and Cold Spring, April 2, 1847. A part 
of Cold Spring was annexed in 1848. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. The surface is 
mountainous and broken. Allegany River flows s. w. through the town and receives as tributaries 
Split Rock, Ilotchkiss, Tunessassa, Pierce, Sawmill, and Bone Run Creeks. The soil is a clay loajm 
on the hills, and a rich, gravelly loam in the valleys. Lumbering is the principal occupation of 
the people.' Onoville is a p. o. The first settlement was made, under the auspices of the 
Friends' Mission, upon the Allegany Indian Reservation. The Mission was established in 1798, 
by the Yearly Meeting of Philadelphia Friends ; and Joel Swayne, Holliday Jackson, and Chester 
Simmons, from Chester co., Penn., settled upon the Reservation, in the n. part of the town.' It 
does not appear that any other religious association has ever been formed in the town. The Presb. 
missions on the Reservation, however, have an extensive range in the valley of the Allegany. 

TORRSHIRE— was formed from Franklinville, April 13, 1820. Machias was taken off in 
1827. A part of Freedom was annexed in 1844, and a part of Machias was taken off in 1847. 
It lies upon the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a rolling and hilly 
upland. Cattaraugus Creek forms the n. boundary. South Branch flows through near the center 
and receives several tributaries. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. A large amount of maple 
sugar is annually produced. Yorkshire Corners, (Yorkshire p.o.,) on Cattaraugus Creek, 
contains 38 dwellings. Yorkshire Center, (p. v.,) a little e. of the center, contains 2 chui-ches, 
2 sawmills, a gristmill, and 42 dwellings. liVest Yorkshire, (p. v.,) on the n. line, at the 
junction of the South Branch with Cattaraugus Creek, contains a gristmill, sawmill, carding 
machine, and 14 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1810, on Lot 1, in the n.e. corner, 
by Abner Bomp, from Vt.' The first church (M. E.) was formed about 1814.* 



> The first child horn was James Fuller, in Jnne, 1822; and 
the first death was that of Zaimon C. Smith, June 17. 1824, while 
at worlt OD mills of Cliauucey C. Helms. The double marriage 
of David Salisbury and Clement Russell with dtiughtel-s of Thos. 
Harvey, at the same time, was the first in town. The first 
school was taiipht by Sally Morton, at Eandulph Vill.oge. in the 
summer of 1822, Benj. Clark kept the first inn. in 1823, and 
Kohert Uelnrs the first store, in 18,37. Thos, Harvey erected 
the first aawinill, in 1823 ; Chauncey C, Helms, the first grist- 
mill, in 1826 ; and Jonathan Wood, the first carding and cloth 
dressing mil!, in 1827, 

* There are 5 churches in town ; M, E,, Bnp,, F, W, Bap., Cong,, 
and R, C, 

8 The extensive pine forests which grew in town are nearly 
exhausted ; and the lumbering is now mostly confined to the 
coarser kinds of lumber. The town lias an area of 37,749 acres, 
of which only about 2,000 acres are under improvement, 

* Soou after the first settlement the Yearly Meeting at Phila- 



delphia purchased 300 acres of land of the Holland Laud Com- 
pany and built a saw and grist mill. The mills did work for 
white settlers on the usual terms, and furnished lumber and 
ground com for the Indians free. The Indians were also in- 
structed in agriculture and the arts of civilized life. The mills 
were built by Jacob T.aylor and Jonathan Thfimas. Robert 
Clendenon, from Chester co„ Penn., occupied the Mission Station 
in 1812, It is said that descendants of Sir Wm, Johnson are 
now residing on the Allegany Reservation, 

6 Benj, and Wm, Fetch, Edward Bomp, Thoe, Dow, and Luther 
Thompson were anions the first settlers, Saml. G, Sutton and 
Robert Steel, from N, H,. settled in 1818. and are now the oldest 
residents in town. The first store was kept by Henry L, B;dcer, 
In 182;i, and the first inn by Prescott M'illiams, in 1820, — both 
at Yorkshire Corners, Isaac M'illiams erected the first griat 
and saw mill, in 1814. on Cattaraugus Creek, 

* There are now 3 churches in town ; M. £., Bap., and Univ. 



1% 



CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 



Acres of Land, Valuafiony PopvJatwn, Dwellings^ Families^ Freeholders^ Schools, Live 
Stockj Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cattaraugus County. 



Names of Towns. 



Allegany 

Aflhford 

Bucktootb.... 

Carrolton 

Cold Spring... 
CoDnewango.. 

Dayton 

East Otto 

EUicottviUe... 
Farmers ville. 
FranklinTiUe. 

Freedom 

Great Valley^ 

Hinsdale 

Humphrey.... 

Ischua 

Leon 

Little Valley.. 

Lyndon 

Machiaa 

Mansfield 

Napoli 

New Albion.. 

Clean 

Otto 

Perrysbiu'gh.. 

Persia. 

Portville 

Randolph 

South Valley. 
Yorkshire 

Total...., 



AceesofLand. I 




■s 


1 1 


1 


1 & 


•5 




e 


4,09Si 


40,677 


12,138} 


16,423 


794 


4.617 


l.mei 


22,809i 


2.3195 


15.497 


10,954^ 


9,512i 


10.108, 


12,5S-i 


10,76S 


11.619 


9,3S4r 


17.722J 


19..'>76j 


13,456i 


13.972 


17.401 


15.874i 


9,398 


4,586i 


26,285 


7,762i 


15,232 


10.378i 


6,348 


7.394 


12.56ei 


11,740 


9.226} 


6,073i 


13,21Si 


10,289i 


9.627 


10,683 


9,604J 


11.30U 


11.267i 


10,332 


11.361i 


11,270} 


10,272} 


2.618 


9.219 


11,049J 


8,487} 


12,3325 


6,55U 


6,483S 


6,166J 


8.189 


18,823} 


V,206i 


13.214t 


1,714} 


33,074J 


11,059 


11.361 
432,620* 


266,4351 



Valuation of 1858. 



.s 






■Si- 


fi 


Si 




§ s^ 










« 


n.o< 


$198,096 


$760 


280.728 


1.270 


90,065 


9.400 


81,600 


600 


94495 


260 


176,719 


13,000 


212,610 


17,600 


202.064 


13.480 


251,493 


67,700 


261,458 


36,260 


270,898 


36,460 


364.360 


10..500 


133.284 


6,200 


188.342 


13,650 


183,080 


4,000 


155.987 


1,300 


258.499 


14,457 


115,015 


6,050 


166,190 


6.550 


202.767 


17,070 


197.341 


8.200 


240.771 


11,800 


219,823 


10,962 


302.129 


33.550 


335,216 


29,119 


269.261 


37,800 


223.441 


34,200 


186,637 


14.700 


284.530 


18,500 


128,650 


5,000 


232.619 


14,275 
499,323 


6.508.9.58 



$198,846 
281.998 
99.466 
82.100 
94745 
188,719 
230.110 
216.644 
319,193 
300,708 
307,348 
374,850 
139.484 
201,992 
187,080 
157,287 
272.956 
1211.065 
172,740 
219.837 
205.541 
262,671 
236,776 
335,679 
361,336 
306.761 
267,641 
200,337 
303,030 
133,650 
246,894 



7,008.281 20.211 19.319 



763 
947 
209 
255 
313 
671 
658 
624 
917 
682 
841 
700 
690 
1,030 
364 
618 
648 
384 
630 
097 
649 
633 
763 
772 
631 
729 
684 
654 
881 
204 
818 



297 
359 
84 
81 
110 
207 
217 
227 
350 
266 
816 
2S5 
224 
409 
147 
204 
201 
168 
226 
256 
213 
229 
305 
337 
211 
276 
240 
204 
318 
92 
348 

7.616 



89 
119 
276 
226 
242 
343 
267 
334 
300 
236 
434 
l.'il 
204 
264 
100 
220 
226 
257 
243 
310 
310 
213 
288 
185 
213 
327 
111 
338 



7,646 



228 
337 
38 
69 
80 
228 
157 
2Zr 
152 
244 
348 
261 
183 
229 
130 
107 
283 
142 
220 
210 
185 
231 
241 
223 
189 
24S 
240 
173 
226 
72 
312 



I 



Si 



6,263 2.5.^ 16.12: 



NAK28 OF Towns. 



Allegany , 

Ashford 

Bucktooth 

Oarrolton 

Cold Spring.. 
Connewango.. 

Dayton 

Kast Otto 

EUicottTille .. 
Farmersville.. 
FranklinviUe 

Freedom 

Great Valley.. 

Hinsdale 

Humphrey.... 

Ischna 

Leon 

Little Valley.. 

Lyndon 

Machias. 

Mansfield 

Napoli , 

Now Albion.. 

Olean 

Otto 

Perry sburgh. 

Persia. .'. 

Portville 

Randolph 

South Vftlley. 
Yorkshire 

' Total.... 



Live Stock. 


Ageicultcbal Products. 1 




Hi 

489 








Bush. 


OP Grain. 


1 

<• 


>■ ■ 


■5. 


Dairy Probccts. 


l| 


a 


i 

882 


~183 


1 
610 


1 


11 


^5 

11; 


1^1 

tt, 05 


Pounds 

0/ 
Cheese. 


121 


296 


20.4034 


l,187i 


9,327 


1.686J 


31.175 


1,046 


475 


1.804 


1,304 


2.880 


721 


1,021 


67.371 


2,824i 


14,679 


9,358 


113.313 


144,876 


35 


186 


94 


136 


49 


40 


3.656 


224J 


2.540 


220 


9.805 


620 


36 


236 


137 


94 


194 


10 


4.699 


283 


2.866 


90 


8,905 


600 


104 


2,S6 


170 


,573 


162 


15 


10.107 


561i 


3.980 


1.829 


12.813 


376 


434 


2.282 


1,019 


1.922 


732 


314 


49,097 J 


3,086J 


10.086 


9.6,50 


107.9.88 


14,245 


344 


1.241 


1,007 


1.415 


456 


866 


36.522 


2.3654 


8.691 


11.641 


61.016 


113,814 


331 


1.203 


1,610 


1.381 


358 


323 


38.908 


2.556 


8,453 


7.657 


86.099 


266,000 


251 


1.083 


691 


2.040 


440 


209 


38.311i 


1.5694 


14,4864 


2.518 


44.846 


22.195 


621 


2.665 


1,774 


4.360 


695 


686 


66.400 


4,758 


18,700 


11.244 


161.746 


161,539 


477 


2.103 


999 


4.303 


667 


1,761 


66.4.34i 


3,567 


18,021 


6,235 


77.870 


78,710 


635 


1,749 


1,604 


3.272 


645 




66,672i 


3.8674 


13.219 


7,356 


162.942 


37,890 


220 


630 


396 


1.259 


347 


208 


20.662 


1.1384 


10.015 


1.730 


34.957 


240 


366 


1,045 


624 


2.828 


676 


857 


57.502i 


2,041 


10.393 


6.665 


68.200 


10.640 


203 


888 


422 


1,822 


268 


216 


30,189 


1.3874 


8.636 


1,800 


35,464 


9.900 


306 


1.277 


642 


2,603 


486 


1.724J 


46.342 


1.903 


8.078 


6,488 


44.640 


5.S70 


369 


1,450 


1,021 


2,314 


695 


1,346 


42.760i 


3.1404 


10.961 


16.060 


69.314 


114,475 


166 


668 


238 


698 


216 


206 


11.646i 


1,030 


6,421 


2.387 


38.636 


9,310 


356 


1.350 


826 


4,063 


601 


909 


40,480J 


2,502 


13.055 


3.W7 


77,700 


46,370 


380 


1,325 


840 


3,446 


531 


641 


65,932 


1.749 


12.351 


3,183 


76.694 


10.644 


312 


1,190 


954 


2,.560 


421 


290 


47,614i 


2.0094 


11.013 


6.269 


72.703 


199,500 


402 


1,225 


790 


2.165 


4S8 


135 


65.350J 


2.486 


12,068 


11.377 


91.776 


5.550 


3S3 


1.557 


1,079 


2,688 


006 


661 


48,655J 


2,643 


11,840 


4,743 


90.4,i8 


77.166 


155 


249 


286 


228 


326 


364 


12.690 


634 


3.905 


1.426 


6.310 


660 


336 


1,167 


1.229 


1,410 


462 


S90S 


41.776 


2,540 


6.6864 


9.186 


77,8'23 


208,476 


425 


1,466 


1,215 


2.437 


713 


4,279 


89.334 


3.4304 


10..334 


9.718 


91,875 


128.994 


240 


826 


6,58 


760 


324 


3.777 


25,679 


1,4604 


7,202 


6.260 


42,666 


38.666 


193 


336 


323 


8.54 


3.54 


178i 


16,561 


789 


9,474 


3,069 


27,983 


2,895 


434 


1.139 


617 


1,2.53 


676 


318 


28,129 


1,9614 


7,479 


6,200 


49.090 


4,616 


88 


314 


171 


4«6 


136 


364 


4.859 


6134 


2.370 


800 


15,366 




400 


1.S29 


S68 
23,633 


2,703 


615 


1,088 


46,646J 
1,118,979} 


2,193} 


13,019 


9,781 


88,925 


12,904 


9,407 


34,766 


69,726 


13,834 


24,094J 


62,646} 


300,245} 


177,1734 


1,967,183 


1,717,484 



38,072} 




CAYUGA COUNTY. 

This county was formed from Onondaga, March 8, 1799. Seneca 
was taken off in 1804, and a part of Tompkins in 1817. It is a long, 
narrow co., 13'ing w. of the center of the State, and extending from 
Lake Ontario s. to near the head of Cayuga Lake. It is centrally 
distant 14C mi. from Albany, and contains 756 square mi.' It has a 
general northerly inclination, and is divided geographically into 
two nearly equal parts by a line extending eastward from the foot 
of Cayuga Lake. The N. half is level, or gently undulating, and 
contains numerous marshes. Some portions of its surface are 
covered with small, isolated drift-hills 50 to 75 ft. high. The 
surface of the s. half is rolling, and gradually rises until it attains 
an elevation of 500 to 800 ft. above the level lands of the N. 
These highlands are divided into two general ridges, the first lying 
between Skaneateles and Owasco Lakes, and the second between Owasco and Cayuga Lakes. 
The summits of both ridges are rolling, and have an elevation of 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide. 
Their E. declivities are often precipitous, forming high, bold bluffs upon the shores of the lakes, 
but their w. declivities are more gradual, generally sloping gently down to the very edge of the 
waters. The s. part of the w. ridge is divided near its center by the valley of Salmon Creek, 
which is bordered by steep banks 50 to 200 ft. high. Among the most peculiar of the natural 
features of the co. are the three long, narrow lakes which extend from the level regions of the n. 
between the parallel ridges far into the highlands of the s. Skaneateles Lake, upon the B. line, 
is 840 ft. above tide, and is bordered by bluff shores within the limits of the co. Owasco Lake, 
near the center, is 770 ft. above tide, and its shores are generally bold, and in some places pre- 
cipitous. Cayuga Lake, on the western border, is 387 ft. above tide, and along nearly its whole 
extent in the 00. the land slopes beautifully and evenly upward from its surface to the summits 
of the ridges. The water of these lakes is clear and transparent, and may be taken as the very 
type of purity. This lake region, with its beautifully rolling surface and rich and productive 
soil, with its green lawns apparently stretching upward from the very bosom of the water, and 
with its highly cultivated farms, presents one of the finest landscapes in the country. Seneca 
River flows eastward through near the center of the lowlands which form the N. half of the co. 
It receives Cayuga and Owasco Outlets from the s. and numerous smaller streams from both the N. 
and 8. A swampy region, known as the Montezuma Marshes, extends along the whole course of the 
river.' The streams that drain the central ridges are small creeks and brooks. Upon the level 
land in the n. part of the co. are a series of small, shallow lakes and ponds, the principal of which 
is Cross Lake. 

The rocks in this 00. generally lie in nearly horizontal layers, but in some places they are 
disrupted and broken. Their edges appear one above the other, forming the declivities of the 
hills that rise toward the s. The lowest formation is the Medina sandstone, which outcrops upon 
the shore of Lake Ontario and covers the n. half of Sterling. Above this successively appear the 
Oneida, conglomerate, and Clinton groups in the s. part of Sterling ; the Lockport group in 
Victory ; the red shale of the Onondaga salt group in Cato, Brutus, Conquest, and Mentz ; the 
gypsum of the same group in Auburn, Aurelius, and Springport, and for a distance of 10 miles 
along Cayuga Lake ; the waterlime and Oriskany sandstone in Owasco, Auburn, Fleming, and 
Springport; and, successively above the Onondaga and corniferous limestone, the Marcellus and 
Hamilton shales, TuUy limestone, Genesee slate, and the Portage and Ithaca groups, the last 
occupying the summits of the southern hills. Weak springs of brine are found in the Medina 
sandstone upon the borders of Lake Ontario, and also in the red shale of the salt group along the 
course of Seneca River. In the central part of the co., and along the shores of Cayuga Lake, are 
numerous quarries, which furnish a good quality of waterlime, quicklime, and gypsum. The red 
sandstone and the Onondaga and corniferous limestone are quarried extensively for building 
stone. Thin layers of corniferous limestone and of sandstone are extensively quarried along 
Cayuga Lake, and make an excellent quality of flagging. 

The soil in the n. half of the co. is generally a fine quality of sandy or gravelly loam, inter- 

1 Exclusive of 160 eq. mi. in Lake Ontario. I raarahes, and largo Fums have been expended. A portion only, 

*Sevcral efforts have been made by the State to drain these liuwever, has yet been redeemed. 

197 



198 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



mixed with clay, muck, and alluvium ; and in the s. it is a gravelly and clay loam and very pro- 
ductive. The whole co. is well adapted to either grain raising or pasturage. Until within a few 
years wheat has been the staple production ; but it has been nearly superseded by rye, oats, barley, 
and corn. Wool growing and dairying are also extensively pursued. The cultivation of fruit, to 
which the climate and soil are admirably adapted, is beginning to receive considerable attention. 
The manufactures of the co., mostly confined to Auburn, are extensive, though comparatively 
less than in 1810.^ 

The county seat is located at the city of Auburn.^ An elegant and substantial courthouse 
was built in 1807-09.* It is located upon a commanding site in the s. w. part of the city, and 
contains rooms for the usual co. offices. A fireproof clerk's office is situated adjacent to the 
courthouse. A substantial stone jail was erected in 1833, in the rear of the courthouse.* The 
county poorhouse is located upon a farm of 90 acres in Sennett, 3 mi. n. e. of Auburn. It is a 
poor, old, dilapidated building, containing about 30 rooms. The average number of inmates is 
about 100, supported at a weekly cost of 70 cts. each. A school is kept during a portion of the 
year.^ The Cayuga Orphan Asylum, located in the city of Auburn, was incorp. in April, 1852. 
It receives orphans and destitute children and has an average attendance of 30. The institution 
is well managed, and the children receive good care and instruction. The Erie Canal extends 
through Brutus, Mentz, and Montezuma. Cayuga Lake and Outlet are navigable, and form a 
connection with the canal at Montezuma. The direct branch of the N. Y. Central K. R. from 
Syracuse to Rochester extends through Brutus, Mentz, and Montezuma, and the Auburn branch 
through Sennett, Auburn, and Aurelius.® 

Two daily, 7 weekly, and 3 monthly papers are published in the co.'^ 



i"The number of looma in the co. were 1,360, producing 
340.870 yds. of cloth annually; there are 19 tanneries, 47 dis- 
tilleries, 48 asheries, 11 carding ma<-hines. 11 cloth dressing- 
mills, 3 oil mills, an air furnace, triphammer, several nail facto- 
ries. 6 earthen ware factories, and several hatters' ehops. About 
2,500 skeins of silk and 60,000 bushs. of salt are made annually. 
Thf! inhabitants clothe themselves principally in the products 
of their own families, and were it not for the exorbitant num- 
ber of their distilleries, I should add. are very temperate and 
industrious, — the character given them by correspondents." — 
Spaf"r(r$ Gazetteer, ed. 1813. 

2 When organized in 1799, Cayuga included Seneca co., the 
territory lying between the Cayuga and Seneca Lakes ; and, as 
central to the thin population, the first courthouse was located 
at Aurora, on the e. shore of Cayuga Lake. It was built of poles 
and covered with brush. In 1803 a circuit court and court of 
Oyer and Terminer was held at this place by Daniel D. Tomp- 
kins, at which an Indian by the name of John was tried and 
convicted of the murder of Ezekiel Crane, jr., and sentenced to 
be hung. He urgently requested that ho might be shot, — a pri- 
vilege, of course, not granted by our laws, A log building at 
Cayuga Village was authorized to be used as a jail March 25, 
1800. In 1804 an act was passed, authorizing John Tillotson. 
Augustus Chidsey, and John Grover, jr., commissioners to build 
a courthouse on the b. e. corner of Lot 46 of Scipio, (now Auburn,) 
This act was afterward repealed. On the 6th of March, 1805, 
Edward Savage, of Washington co., Jas. Burt, of Orange, and 
Jas. Hildreth, of Montgomery, were appointed commissioners to 
locate the site of a courthouse. The commissioners neglected 
to fix the site; and. April G, 1808, John Glover, Stephen Close, 
and Noah Olmstead were appointed to superintend the finishing 
of the courthouse at Auburn. 

3 The first co. officers were Seth Phelps, Fimt Judge ; William 
Stuart, District Attorney; Benjamin Ledyard, County Clerk; 
Joseph Annin, Sheriff; Glen Cuyler, Surrogate. 

* This building is 45 by 65 feet, 2 stories high, with 2 double 
and 26 single cells, arranged in the center of the building, with 
a hall on three sides, open to the prisoners in daytime. 

6 No means are provided for ventilating the rooms or for 
classifying the inmates. The insane are sometimes confined 
in dark cells not provided with means of warmth; and the 
whole estiiblishment aod its management are by no means 
creditable to the intelligence and humanity of the citizens of 
the CO. 

6Tlie Ontario, Auburn & N.T.R.K., extending from Little 

Sodus Bay 8. to Ithaca, has been surveyed through the co. and 

partially graded; but work upon it has been suspended. 

J 77ie Levana Chisetf*; or Onondaga Advertiser, the first paper 

published in Cayuga co.. was established July 20, 1798, 

at Levaua, in the town of Scipio, (then Onondaga co.,) 

by R. Delano. 

The Western Luminary was published at Watkins' Settlement, 

in Scipio, in 1799. 
The Aurora Gazette was established in 1799 by 11. & J. Pace, 
and continued until 1805, when it was removed to 
Auburn and changed to 
The. Whtn-n Federalist. It was published as 
The Auburn Gazette by Skinner and Crosby in 1816. 
I'fte Cayuga Ihcsin was commenced at Union Springs in 1812 
by E. T. Chamberlain. It was soon after removed to 



Auburn, and continued by different persons until 1847, 
when it was united with the Cayuga Patriot. 

The Cayuga Patriot was started at Auburn by Samuel R. Brown 
in 1814. Isaac S. Allen, Ulysses F. Doubleday. and 
others, were afterward interested in its publication. 
In June, 1847, it was united with the Tocsin, the joint 
papers taking the name of 

The Cayuga New Era. It was successively published by Mer- 
rill, Stone & Co.. Stone. Hawes & Co., Finn & Ilallett, 
and William L. Finn, and was discontinued in 1857. 

T7u Advocate of the People was commenced at Aubuin in Sept. 
1816, by Henry C. Southwick. 

The Cayuga EepuhHcan was commenced in 1819 by A. Buckin- 
ham, and was afterward published by Thomas M. Skin- 
ner. In 1833 it was united with the Free Press and 
issued as 

The Auburn Journal and Advertiser by Oliphant & Skinner. 
Skinner subsequently withdrew, and the paper waa 
continued by Oliphant. In 1846 it was i.ssued as 

Tlie Auburn JouriiRl ; and the same year 

The Aubui'U Dally Advertiser, the first daily paper 
published in the co., was established in connection with 
it. In the fall of the same year, Oliphant sold out to 
Henry Montgomery, by whom the papers were con- 
tinued until 1850. when Knapp & Peck, the present 
publishers, became proprietors. 

ThA Auburn Free Press was commenced by Richard Oliphant 
in 1824 and published by him until 1829. It was then 
sold to Henry Oliphant, and in 1833 it was united with 
the CajTiga Republican. 

The Gospel ^fss':w*7''r fl'rot.E.) was established at Auburn by 
Rev. Dr. Rudd in 1827. It was removed to Utica d few 
years after. 

The Diammid was published in 1830. 

The Gospel Advocate was published in 1830. 

The Cayuga Democrat was published by Fred. Prince in 1833. 

The People's Friend was published in 1836 by Ohphant A 
Skinner. 

The Western Banner was published in 1836 by Francis S. 
Wiggins. 

The People's Library., mo., was published in 183G by F. S. Wiggins. 

The Primitive Oiristian waa published in 1830 by Silas E. 
Shepard. 

The Conference Record was published in 1837 by Rev. J. S. 
Chamberlain. 

Tfie Northern Cliristian Advocate (M.E.) was commenced in April, 
1841, by Rev, John E. Hobic. It was edited by Rev. F. 
G. Hibbard and Rev. Wm. Hosmcr until May, 1S44, 
when it was purchased by the Meth. Genl. Conference 
and clianged to 

nplie Nortliern Advocate* It was edited Fuccessively 
by Rev. Nelson Rounds and Wm. Hosmer, and is now 
under the editorial charge of Rev. F. G. Hibbard. 

The Star of Temperance was published in 1845 by L. H. Davey. 

Auburn's Favorite was published in 1849 by Newton Calkins 

The Cayuga Chief was commenced at Auburn in January, 1849, 
by Thnrlow W. Brown, and continued until 1857. 

The Auburn Daily Bulletin was published in 1849 by Stonp. 
Hawes & Co. 

The Masonic Union, mo., was published in 1850. 






CAYUGA COUNTY. 



199 



This CO. formed a portion of the Military Tract, and included the original townships of Cato, 
Brutus, Aurelius, Scipio, Sempronius, and parts of Miltou and Locke. Sterling -was included in 
the lands granted as a compensation for portions of the original grants, -which upon survey were 
found to belong to the Boston Ten Towns. Before the advent of the whites it formed the chief 
hunting grounds of the Cayuga Nation. The people of this nation were more migratory in their 
habits than those of the Onondaga and Seneca nations, and they had fewer towns and villages. 
Tiie principal town or place of council of the tribe was upon the shore of Cayuga Lake, near 
the present vilhige of Aurora, The first white settlers were soldiers, who had served during the 
Revolution and who drew lots upon the Military Tract, or those who had purchased soldiers* 
warrants. The first immigration was by the way of Oneida Lake and River, and from the s. by 
way of Cayuga Lake; but in 1796 a State road, extending from Whitestown to Geneva by way 
i>f Auburn, was cut through ; and in LSOO the celebrated Cayuga Bridge^ was built, the new 
route speedily becoming the great highway of Western emigration. The population steadily and 
rapidly increased from 1700, a great impulse being given to it by the completion of the Erie 
Canal in 1825. The first inhabitants were principally from New England and the eastern cop. 
of New York. 



AUBURN CITY — was formed as a town from Aurelius, 
March 28, 1823. It was incorp. as a village April 18, 1815, and 
as a city March 21, 1848. It lies upon Owasco Outlet, near the 
center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with an inclination 
toward the n. Owasco Outlet, flowing n. w. through near the 
center, descends 120 ft., and furnishes an abundance of water- 
power, which is mostly improved. Along its course are valuable 
quarries of waterlime, Oriskany sandstone, and Onondaga and 
corniferous limestone. The city is finely laid out upon both 
sides of the creek, most of the streets having a gentle inclina- 
tion. It is situated in the midst of a rich farming country, and 
it has a large share of internal trade. Its manufactures are 
extensive and important, consisting principally of woolen goods,' paper, agricultural implements, 
books, flour, and machinery. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 12 churches,^ 3 banks, and 
many other fine public and private buildings. Seven weekly, 2 daily, and 2 monthly papers arc 
published in the city. Pop. 9,470. 

The Puhlic Schools are under a Board of Education, consisting of 4 members, elected annually. 
The schools, 5 in number, employ 23 teachers, — 5 males and 18 females. In 1858 the number of 
children between the ages of 4 and 21 was 3001, of whom 2187, or 73 per cent., attended 
school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for 1858 were ^13,231.19. 
Ttie number of volumes in the district libraries is 3986. 




The Clirlstlan Ambassador (Univ.) was commenced 

in Jan. 1851, and is now editc-d by John M. Austin. 
The S2>irif'iiil and Moral Instructor was pubUshed in lf^51 by 

Pelog 8. Collrell A Co. 
Tlie A«bum American, d. and w., was established in 

Fell. 1855, by Wm. .T. Moacs. In 1S59 the namo of tho 

d;iily w:ifl chrtnged to 
rUe Daily Uniou, Mose3 k Vail publislKrs. 
The Journal of Specific HomeopatKy, mo., was 

stJJ-rted in M^iich. 1S55, iind i.^ piili. by K. Iluiuplireys. 
riie Spiritual Clarion, cumimncfd Nov. 15, 1851), is 

published weekly by Urifth CI. irk. 
TUe Northern Independent w.is ostab. in Au^. 1S56, 

l-ya. pub. com. of till- IM. K. Ch.; Hov.Wm. llosmer, ed. 
Tlie Orphans* Friend, int)., njnuneuced in Feb. 1^.07, is 

pub. by the m;in;if;iTs olthr Cayuga Orphan Ayylum. 
The t'u'/uga F'lrmcr ami Mechanic w:ui commenced iii Sf-pt. 

1H50. by P. J. Becker. In Dec. 1857 its namo wua 

changed lo 
The Teachers* Educational Journal) it ia still 

ir'suod by its oricinal proprietor. 
The Auburn Democrat was establishwl in Aup;. 1857, 

by Stone and Ilawes, by whom it is slill published. 
Tlie W'-f-fi'<pnrt A'lnr/isrr was published in 1827. 
The Northern PhtrviT was published at Weedsport in 1830 by 

p'rederick Prince. 
The, Gi-nnn Spy was pnbti;jhcd in ISW by Gtdim Ilino. 
The Port lii/rov }hral(i was first published at Port Byron in 

Oct. 1844. by Frederick I'rhict;. 
TJk Part Byrrm GazHtc wns started in 1S51 by Oliver T. Baird, 

and continued until 1857. 



The Cayuga 'Megraph was published at Union Sprin^js in 1850. 
The Meridian Suii was started in 1854 by Arthur White. It 

was afterward published as 
TJi^ Meridian Advertiser by W. II. Thomas. 
The P'amily Scrap Book, nio., was jmblished at Victory Center 

in 1855-50. 

1 The Cayuga Bridge was finished Sept. 4, 1800. by the Man- 
hattan CoDipany. It was 1 mi. and 8 rods long, 22 ft. wide and 
22 ft. between trestles. It was built in IS mouths, and cost 
$150,000. The Cayuga Bridge Company, consistiiij; of John 
Harris, Thos. Morris, Wilhelmns Mynderse, Charles Williamson, 
and Jos. Annin, was incorp. in 1797. The bridge was de.Kfroyed 
in 1808, but afterward rebuilt. For a gieat number of years 
the Cayuga bridge was considered one of tho greatest public 
improvements in tho State, and it was taken as the dividing 
line between the E. and w. The bridge was abandoned in 1857; 
and tho lake is now crossed by a ferry. 

2 The Auburn Woolen Mills give employment to 175 liands 
and manufacture 250.000 yds. of doth per annum. The Auburn 
Paper Mills employ 50 hands and luanufaclure $80,000 worth 
of paper annually. The founderieg and machine shops give em- 
ployment to a huge number of men, and turn out work to tho 
amount of $100,000 annually. The N. Y. C. R. K. Repair Shops 
employ 52 hands exclusively in repairing passenger cars. Forj* 
number of years books were very extensively manufactured; 
but of l«to much of this branch of business has been removed 
to other cities. Besides these, there are hi tho city a card lactoiy, 
belting factory, carpet factory, distillery, rulling mill, and 2 
grist mills. 

8 2 Presb., 2 M. E.. 2 R. C, Prot. E., Af. McUi., Bap., Secoiw 
Advent, Univ., and Disciples. 



200 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



The Auburn Academy is a fine stone edifice on Academy St. It was first erected in 1811, but 
was burned in 1816, and the present building was soon after erected. 

The Auburn Female Seminari/, a private institution, is in the building erected for a city hall, at 
the junction of Mai-ket, Franklin, and North Sis. 

The Auhui'u Theological Scminari/^ a Presb. institution, was established by the Synod of Gene- 
see in 1819. It was iucorp. in 1820 and opened in 1821. The building is located upon a com- 
manding site, fronting Seminary St., in the n. e. part of the city. 

The Cayxiga Orphan Asylum, an institution for the care of orphan and destitute children, is 
supported by State and co. appropriations and private contributions. 

The Auburn State Prison is situated on the n. bank of Owasco Outlet, n. of the center of the 
city. The site, containing 10 acres, is surrounded by high walls, and within this inclosure arc the 
prison proper* and the various workshops in which the convicts are employed. Tlie main building, 
fronting upon State Street, is 3 stories high and 276 feet long, and is flanked by two wings 42 feet 
wide and 242 feet deep. 

The Asylum for Lunatic Convicts, situated upon a lot of 10 acres, formerly the prison garden, in 
the rear of the prison, is a fine brick building, faced with cut stone. It contains 64 cells, and 
rooms for physicians, attendants, &c.^ 

Fort Hill is a beautiful rural cemetery, located upon the site of an ancient fortification and 
Indian village. It contains a monument to the memory of Logan, the celebrated Cayuga chief.^ 

The first settlement at Auburn was made in 1793, by Col. John Ilardenburgh, from Ulster co.* 
Hon. Wm. H. Seward resides in this city. 

AUREIjIUS— was formed Jan. 27, 1789. Brutus, Cato, Owasco, and '^Jefferson" (now Mentz) 
were taken ofi" March 30, 1802, Auburn and Fleming and a part of Springport in 1823, and a 
part of Throop in 1859. It lies upon Cayuga Lake, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its 
surface is undulating, with a slight inclination toward the n. and w. Owasco Outlet flows through 
the N. E. corner; and upon its course are several fine mill privileges. Cayuga Brook, Crane Creek, 
and several other small streams take their rise in the town. The soil is mostly a heavy clay and 
gravelly loam. Ca.yug'a^ (p-v-O upon Cayuga Lake, 2 mi. s, of the outlet, was incorp. in 1858. 
It is an important station upon the Central R. R., and is connected with Ithaca by a daily line of 
steamers. It contains 2 churches and 400 inhabitants. Fosterville, (p. v.,) in the n. part, 
contains a church and 12 dwellings ; and Aiirelius, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, a church and 12 dwell- 
ings. ClarkSTille, on the e. line, is a manufacturing village, and forms a suburb of Auburn. 
It contains a paper mill,^ gristmill, hoe factory, woolen factory, and 300 inhabitants. The first 
settlement was made at Cayuga in 1788, by John Harris, from Harrisburgh, Penn.® The first 
church was formed in 1804, by Rev. David Higgins.' 

BRUTUS— was formed from Aurelius, March 30, 1802. Sennett was taken off in 1827. It 
lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. In the n. and w. its surface is level, with an 



1 Tho cells of the prison are built in a block 5 stories high, 
separated from the exterior walla by aa open space and sur- 
rounded by galleries. Kach cell is 7 feet long by 3^ wide and 
7i high, closed by an iron grate. Breakfast and dinner are 
eaten at narrow tables, so arranged that the convicts cannot 
excliange looks or signs. Supper is eaten in the cell:^. The 
workshops form a rangeof nearly 1000 feet, built against the 
outer wall and lighted from the roof and inner sides. Water- 
power is afforded by the Owasco. These prison buildings were 
commenced in 1816 and completed in 1819, by the State, at a 
cost of $300,000, exclusive of the labor of convicts upon them. 
The general control is vcst'-d in a Board of Inspectors: 54 offi- 
cials, including a guard of 20 men, a chaplain, a physicia'n, and 
'2 teachers, arc employed in the management and government 
of the establishment. The average number of convicts is about 
700. Their earnings in 1857 were $70,000, and tho current ex- 
penses of the establishment about $72,000. 

2 This building was erected by the State in 1S5S, at a cost of 
$60,000. 

3 This ancient fortification was evidently the work of a people 
who occupied the country prior to the advent of tho Indians. 
The monuments left by this people, the remains of the language 
still existing, and tho traditions of the Indians, all show that 
they belonged to the same general stock as the aborigines of 
Mexico. They are known aa the " Mound Builders," and in 
history are generally called the "Alleghana." The fort at this 
])lace was probably built prior to tho discovery of America by 
Columbus, and was occupied by them for several hundred years; 
but they were finally driven out by the Cayugas. It was named 
by them Osco or Was Kough, and became the principal village 
nf tho nation until the advent of the wln'tes. The celebrated 
Indian chief, Logan, was born here about the commencement of 



the last century. He afterward emigrated to Penn.. and finally 
to Ohio. He was always known as a peacemaker and friend to 
the whites until his wife and children were murdered by Col. 
Cresap, after which he took up the hatchet and became one of 
the most noted of the Indian warriors. His address to the 
Peace Commissioners at the close of the war has scarcely ita 
parallel in history for true eloquence and pathos. This ancient 
work is particularly described in the Smithsonian Cantribiitions, 
Vol. JT, Art. VI, p. So. 

1 Among the other early settlers were Col. BrinkerhofT, Dr. 
TIackcliat Burt, Wm. Bostwick, Barnabas Caswell, and Lyman 
Paine, who came about 1795. John Hardenburgh built the first 
gristmill, in 1794 ; and Wm. Bostwick kept the first inn. in 1796. 
The place was called *^ Ilardt'tihurgh Comers" until 1805, when 
its name was changed to Auburn. 

6 The Auburn Paper Milt was incorp. here Feb. 17, 1848, with 
a capital of $50,000. It gives employment to 40 hands, and 
manufactures paper to the amount of $150,000 annually. 

6 Mr. Harris established the first ferry across Cayuga Lake. 
Wm. Harris and John Richardson came in the same year. The 
first marriage was that of John Harris and Mary Richardson, in 
17S9; the first birth, that of John Harris, jr., in 1790; and the 

first death, that of Depuy. in 1797. Hugh Buckley taught 

the first school, in 1797 ; John Harris kept the first inn. in 1790, 
and the first store, in 17S9. The celebrated Cayuga Bridge, 1 
mi. 8 rods in length, was built in 1797, by Swartwood A Deman, 
of New York City, and Joseph Annin and others, of Cayuga. It 
fell in ISOS, but was rebuilt in 1812-13, and was abandoned in 
1857. After it was built, the road across it was the great high- 
way of emigration until the canal was finished. The coun*T 
scat was located here at the first organization of the co. 

7 There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Prosb., and 2 M. E. 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



201 



average elevation of not more than 10 feet above Seneca River, which forms its n. boundary. Tlie 
portions immediately bordering upon the river are generally swampy. In thes.E. the surface is 
rolling and broken by isolated drift hills 50 to 75 feet above the general level. The principal 
streams are Bread Creek and Cold Spring Brook, both flowing into Seneca River. The former is a 
canal feeder, and along its banks are outcrops of limestone and plaster, which are quarried to some 
extent. The soil is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay and alluvium. 
fVeedsport' (P-^-) '^^^ incorp. April 26, 1831. It is situated upon the Erie Canal, and is a 
station on the N. Y. Central R. R. It contains a bank, insurance office, union school, 4 churches, 
a foundery, a large distillery, and several mills. Pop. 1,220. Tho first settlement was begun in 
1800, by Wm. Stevens, from Mass, on Lot 76.^ The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1816.' 

CATO — was formed from Aurelius, March 30, 1802. Sterling was taken ofi"in 1812, and Con- 
quest, Ira, and Victory in 1821. A part of Ira was annexed in 1824. It lies upon the e. border 
of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is level in the s. and gently rolling in the N. The ridges 
extend n. and s., and their summits are about 50 feet above the valleys and 150 to 200 feet above 
Lake Ontario. Seneca River forms the s. boundary. Cross Lake, upm the E. border, is a shallow 
body of water about 5 mi. long, through which flows Seneca River. Otter Lake and Parkers Pond, 
in the n. part, discharge their waters through Otter Creek into Seneca River. The soil is a sandy 
and gravelly loam mixed with clay and disintegrated red sh.ale. l>Icridiail,* (p. v.,) in the N. 
part of the town, was ineorp. Oct. 17, 1854. Pop. 360. Cato, (p. v.,) on the line of Ii-a, in the 
N.w. corner, contains 3 churches and 53 dwellings. Seneca River is a p. o. The first setr 
tlement was begun in 1800, by Samson Lawrence, on Lot 32.^ The first church (Bap.) waq 
formed Oct. 26, 1810 ; Rev. Daniel Palmer was the first pastor." 

CO:»fQUEST'— was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. 
of the center. The surface is gently rolling, the ridges extending n. and s. The s. part along the 
course of Seneca River is marshy, and a swamp about one-fourth of a mi. wide extends n. and s. 
through the town along the course of the small stream which flows through Mud Pond. Duck 
Pond, in the N. w., is about 1 mi. in diameter. Howlands Island, in Seneca River, contains 2,700 
acres, one-third of which is swampy, and overflowed during high water. Tho soil is a sandy loam 
interspersed with clay and underlaid by red shale. Conquest Center (Conquest p. o.) con- 
tains 2 churches and 26 houses ; Pineville, in the w. part, contains 15 houses. The first settlers 
were George Snyder, from Schoharie co., who located on Lot 37, and Israel Wolverton, from Tomp- 
kins CO., on Lot 4, in 1800.^ Tlie first church (Prot. Meth.) was formed at Conquest Center, in 
1803 ; Rev. Joshua Beebe was the first settled preacher.' 

FliEMlBTG"'— was formed from Aurelius, March 28, 1823. It lies w. of the foot of Owaseo 
Lake, a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with an inclination toward the n. 
and E. The banks of the lake slope upward for about three-fourths of a mi. The highest portions 
are 150 to 250 feet above the lake, and 800 to 1,000 feet above tide. Wheeler and Crane Creeks are 
the principal streams. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with an occasional intermixture of 
clay and sand. Fleming', (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 clmrehes and 25 dwellings. 



1 Named from Elisha and Edward Weed, first settlers at the 
villoge. 

2 Among the other e.arly settlers were Caleb, Nathan, and 

Jonah Rood, and Powers, from Saratoga co., who located 

at and near Weedsport; John Hamilton, from Washington co., 
on Lot 64, in March, 1.S02; Kdward Ilorton, Peter Dnuf^liias. and 
Samuel Moore, from N. J., on Lot 8G ; Adam Helmer, from Herki- 
mer CO., on Lot 67. in ISoi ; and Van Dyck and Daniel Mil- 
ler, from N. J., on Lot 7fi. in 1805. The first child born was Bur- 
nett Stevens. Nov. 13,1801; the first marriage, that of Peter 
Douglass and Polly Hamilton, Jan. 12, 1S04 ; and the first death, 
♦hat of an infant child of Sunderland Sweet, in ISIJO. Harriet 
Phelps taught the first school, in 1806 ; Walter .and Elisha Weed 
kept the fir.^t store: and Lewis Putnam built the first sawmill 
and gribtmill, on Bread Creek. 

* Tlie census reports 4 churches ; Presb., Bap., M. E., and R. C. 

* Formerly " Cato Four Comers^ 

6 Among the other early settlers were Solomon Knajip, on Lot 
100, L. Sheldon, on Lot 84, Jacob Labei-taux, from Penn.. on 
I/Ot 67, in May, 1803; Jesse Elwcll and Abner Ilollister, at 
Meridian, in lf05. The first child born was Elvira Stoekwell. 
May 4, 1S05 ; the first marri.oge, that of Andrew Stoekwell and 
Sibyl Root, June 4, 1804; and the first death, that of Stephen 
Olcott, in 1R05. Solomon Knapp kept the first inn at Cato, in 
1803: and Jesse Elwell, the first at Meridian, in 1805. Daniel 
M. Bristol kept the first store, in l^Ofi; and Samuel Woodford 
erected the first gristmill, on the outlet of Otter Lake, in ISll. 

* The census reports 4 churches; Presb., M. E., Bap., and Ref. 
Prot. D. 



T Name given to commemorate the conquest achieved by those 
who favored the division of the old town of Cato over those who 
opposed it. 

8 Among the other early settlers were .Tames Perkins, from 
Onondaga co., on Lot 3, Ephraim Witlierill, from Tompkins CO., 
on Lot 4, Theopliilus Emerson, on Lot 27, aud Clement B. 
Emerson, on Lot 15, in 1802; Dijar Wilcox, from Saratoga CO., 
on Lot 74, Wm. McCollom and John CrowcU, from Newhurgh, 
on Lot 76, in 1805; and William Crowell, on Lot 77, in 1807. 
Tlie first child horn was Amos Wolverton, in 1803; the first 
ni.irri.age, that of Gilbert Perkins and Betsey Snyder; and the 
first death, that of a traveler and stranger, at Miisqnito Point. 
John Perkins taught the first school, at Conquest Center, in 
1SU7; Ephraim Wilherill kept the first inn. in 1803; Jonath.in 

Davis, the first store, at Coiniuest Center, in 1827 ; Twitchell 

erected the first sawmill, in 1808, and Abram Cherry the first 
gristmill, in 1810. This mill was long known as the " Pepper 
Mill,'' from tho fact that a store was at first kept in it. The 
first settlers joined in making a canoe which would hold 60 
bush, of grain; and in this they carried the grists of the whole 
neighborhood to Spriiigpnrt. by the way of Seneca River, to bo 
ground. The journey usually took 4 days. In 1813 John Fil- 
kins took a load of wheat to Altiany, hut was obliged to sell tho 
wheat and one horse to defray the expenses of the jnnrney. lu 
1804 Ja.s. Perkins built the first framed house, sawing out the 
whole lumber with a whip-saw. The building still stands (1869) 
a monument of persevering industry. 

* The census reports 3 churches ; 2 Prot. Meth. and M. E. 

10 Named from Qen. Qeorge Fleming, an old resident. 



202 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



Oirasco Italic is a p.o. The first settlements -were made in 1790-91.' The first religious 
services were held by Elder Daniel Irish (Bap.) about 1794.^ 

OI^iVOA — was formed as "Milton," Jan. 27, 1789; and its name was changed April G, 1808. 
Locke was taken off in 1802. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO., lying upon the e. bank of 
Cayuga Lake. The surface is a rolling region, gradually rising from the lake to a height of about 
600 ft. and divided into ridges by the valleys of Big and Little Salmon Creek, which extend 
through near the center.' The declivities that border upon the streams in some places are steep 
and 50 to 150 ft. high. The soil consists of a strip of clay along the banks of the lake, and a 
deep, rich, gravelly loam in the other parts of the town. Genoa, {p. v.,) on Big Salmon 
Creek, contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, a tannery, and a furnace and machine shop. Pop. 
300. IVortbville (Kings Ferry p. o.) ia situated in the n. w. part of the town. Pop. 200. 
Five Corners (p. v.) contains 35 dwellings. £ast Oenoa (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first 
settlements were made anterior to the organization of the co. Jabez Bradley wag the first settler, 
at Northvllle. The census reports 6 churches in town.* 

IRiV — was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821, and a part was annexed to Cato in 1824. It 
lies upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is rolling, the summits of the 
ridges being 50 to 75 ft. above the valleys and 225 to 275 feet above Lake Ontario. The streams 
are small brooks and creeks. The soil is a sandy loam underlaid by red sandstone, and is very 
productive. Ira Center, (p. v.,) the only village, contains 2 churches and 145 inhabitants. 
The first settlements were made by David, Eleazur, and Andrew Stockwell, 3 brothers from White- 
hall, on Lot 58, Wm. Patterson, on Lot 32, and Henry Conrad, (a German,) on the same lot, all 
in 1800.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed at Ira Corners, July 7, 1807, by Kev. Francis 
Pomoroy ; Rev. Silas Bai'nes was the first preacher.* 

liEW Y ARD' — was formed from Scipio, Jan.-30, 1823. It lies upon the e. bank of Cayuga Lake, 
s.w. of the center of the co. Its surface inclines toward the w.,its extreme E. border being elevated 
500 to 000 ft. above the surface of the lake. The slopes of the hills are generally gradual, but are steep 
in a few places. Its streams are small, rapid brooks, the principal of which is Paines Creek, flowing 
through a narrow ravine in the s. part. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, very fertile. Aurora, 
(p.v.,) incorp. May 5, 1837, is beautifully located on the E. bank of Cayuga Lake. Its fine situa- 
tion and the comparative mildness of its climate have made it a place of considerable resort; and it 
contains some of the finest residences to be found in the interior of the State. It is the seat of the 
Cayuga Academy.* Pop. 459. Talcotts Corners, (Ledyard p. o.,) near the s. E. corner, con- 
tains 2 churches and 12 dwellings. L.evaua (p. v.) is a steamboat landing, 2 mi. n. of Aurora. 
Pop. 106. Roswell Franklin, from Wyoming, settled at Aurora in 1789, and was the first settler in 
Cayuga co. Benj. Avery was the first settler at Talcotts Corners.' Rev. Seth AVilliston (Presb.) 
conducted the first religious services ; and Rev. H. Woodruff was the first settled minister.'" 

L.OCKE — was formed from " Milton," (now Genoa,) Feb. 20, 1802. Summer HiU was taken 
off in 1831. It lies upon the high ridges which border upon Owasco Inlet, in the s. part of the 
CO. The inlet flows through near the center in a deep, narrow valley bordered by steep hills 
rising 200 to 400 ft. above it. The summits of the hills spread out into a beautifully undulating 



1 Among the early settlers were Benj. Irish, Joseph (irover, 
Edward Wheeler, Ichubod and Abel Wilkinson, and James 
Herrington. The first child horn was Aurelius Wheeler, in 
1791; and the first death, that uf Mrs. West, in 1792. John 
Herring taught the first school, in 1794; Abel Wilkinson kept 
the first inn, in 1792 ; and Joseph Grover the first store, in 1797. 

2 There are 3 churches in town ; Ref. Prot. D., Eap., and M. E. 

3 The s. part of tlie town was settled by emigrants mostly 
from I'enn. and N. J., and the n. part by emi;^raot3 from New 
Kngland. In 1800 the town had a pop. of 3.553; in 1810 it 
rose to 5,425; in 1820, after its territory was reduced to its 
present limits, the pop. was 2,5S5 ; and in 1855, 2,352. 

4 Two I'resh., 2 M. E., Cong., and rniv. 

6 Among the other early settlers were Daniel Parker, on Lot 

69, John C. Barnes and Ilev. Silas Barnes, on Lot 70, and Zadock 
Barnes, on Lot 83, all from Mju-cellns. and Edward Wood, from 
Sennett, on Lot S9. in 1802: Archibald and Chas. Green, on hot 

70, in 1803; Eli Mattison and Ahr.iham Willey, from Conn., on 
Lot 34, Uonry Ferris and his son, Augustus, from Saratoga CO., on 
Lot 71, in 1804 ; and Thos. Barnes, from Washington co , at Ira 
Corners, in 1805. Dr. Squire, the first physici.an. taught the first 
Bchool, in 1805; David Stockwell kept the first irin, in 1800; 
Sam'l and Israel Phelps, the first store, at Ira Corners, in 1813 ; 
and John Hooker erected the first gristmill, in ISIS. The first 
child born was I'olly, daughter of David Stockwell, in April, 
1602; the first marriage was that of Eleazur Stockwell and Mar- 



g.iret Noble, March 7, 1802 ; and the first death, that of tho 
wife of Rev. Sil.as Barnes, in 1S02. 

6 Tho census reports 5 churches ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Bap., 
Presb., and Disciples. 

' Named from Benjamin Ledyard, agent and clerk for the dis- 
posal of the lands belonging to the Military Tract. The trace 
of an ancient fortification is found within this town. It stood 
upon a hilt between two ravines, and inclosed about 20 acres. 
— Smithsonian Cotttrilndions. Vol. 21, Dirt VI.p. 63. 

8 The Academy building st^rnds upon an eminence command- 
ing a fine view of the bay and lake. The institution has a well 
selected library, competent teachers, and is in a prosperous 
condition. The Gospel and School Lot No. 36 of this town hav- 
ing been given to Union College, Lot 89 was taken for school 
purposes, and assigned to this academj'. 

* Elisha Durkee. and Atwell and Edward P.aine, settled at 
Aurora in 1790. The first settler, Mr. Franklin, was in the battle 
of Wyoming, at which his wife was killed and his youngest child 
taken prisoner by the Indians. He died at Aurora in 1791, 
under the weight of his misfortunes. Betsey Durkee (now Mrs. 
Sweetland) wag the first child born in town. The first inn was 
kept by Joshua Patrick, at Aurora, in 1793. in a house still 
standing. Abiathar Hull kept the first store, and T. WTieeler 
erected the first mill, a little N. of Aurora. 

w The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Friends, 2 M. E., Presb., 
and Prot. E. 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



203 



region with a mean elevation of about 1,000 ft. above tide. The soil is a gravelly loam inter- 
spersed with clay, milan, (Locke p. o.,) situated on the s. branch of Owasco Lake lulet, con- 
tains 2 churches, 2 woolen factories, 2 gristmills, and several mechanics' shops. Pop. 180. Ccn- 
terville contains 18 houses. The first settlement was made by Ezra Carpenter, Jas. Cook, Ja.s. 
Durell, and Solomon Love, in 1790.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1819.^ 

MEIVTZ — was formed from Aui-elius, as "Jefferson," March 30, 1802. Its name was changed 
April G, 1808. Montezuma and a portion of Throop were taken off in 1859. It lies upon Seneca 
Kiver, N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is generally flat, with a few low sand ridges near 
the s. border. A swampy region extends along Seneca River. Owasco Outlet, flowing through 
the center, is the principal stream. Limestone, gypsum, and red shale are the underlying rocks. 
The soil is a clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam. I'ort Bj'roil, (p. v.,) incorp. March 2, 1837, 
is situated upon the Owasco Outlet and Erie Canal, near the center of the town. The N. Y. C. 
R. R. station is 1 mi. n. of the village. It contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, cabinet ware 
manufactory, and a flouring mill with 10 run of stones. Pop. 1,669. Ceiitei'port, a canal 
village on the e. line, contains 22 houses. The first settlement was made in 1797.* There are ?> 
churches in town ; Bap., M. E., and Presb. 

JMOIVTEZUM A— was formed from Mentz, April 8, 1859. It lies in the n. w. angle formed 
by the great easterly bend in Seneca River, on the w. border of the co. Its surface is mostly low 
and flat. An extensive swamp, known as the Montezuma Marshes, extends along the river. 
The only considerable stream ia Cayuga Brook. The soil is generally a clayey loam. Brine 
springs are found along Seneca River. Moiitezuma (p. v.) is located upon Seneca River, 
in the w. part of the town. The Seneca and Cayuga Canals here unite with the Erie Canal. Salt 
and some other articles are manufactured.' Pop. 650. The first settlement was made in 1798.' 
The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1803, by Rev. John Jeffries. There are 3 churches in town ; 
2 M. E. and Bap. 

itIORATIA — was formed from Sempronius, March 20, 1833. It lies upon Owasco Lake 
and Inlet, in the E. part of the co. The greater part of its surface is a rolling upland, broken by 
^ the deep and narrow valleys of Owasco Inlet and its branches.' These valleys are 300 to 400 ft. 
below the summits of the hills, and are bordered by steep and in many places nearly perpen- 
dicular sides. Upon the streams in their course through the ravines are several beautiful cas- 
cades, furnishing an abundance of water-power. Mill Brook, just below its junction with Trout 
Brook, flows over a precipice of 80 ft. Upon the E. tributary of the outlet, near the s. border, is a 
cascade known as Dry Falls, from the fact that in summer the stream ceases to flow. A little 
below this cascade is a circular recess in the face of the perpendicular precipice, 42 ft. deep, and sur- 
mounted by a limestone arch 55 ft. high and 125 ft. long. Upon this arch rises a lofty hill covered 
with primitive forest trees. A large spring of carburetted hydrogen gas, highly inflammable, is 
situated upon the lowlands near the lake. The soil among the hills is a gravelly loam mixed 
with clay, and in the valleys it consists of a deep, rich loam formed of gravel and disintegrated 
limestone and slate. Moravia (p. v.) is situated on Mill Brook, in the valley 3 mi. s. E. of the 
head of Owasco Lake. The rapids and cascades in the stream at this point furnish an abundance 
of water-power. The village is incorp., and contains 130 dwellings, the Moravia Institute, and 
several mills and other manufacturing establishments. Montville,' a small village 1 mi. E. of 
Moravia, contains 15 houses. The first settlement was made at Moravia Village, by John StoyeU, 
in 1791.* The first church (Cong.) was formed March 12, 1806.' 



1 A daughter of Jas. Durell was the first child born; Aaron 
Kellogg kept the first store, at Milan; James Cook, thefirat inn; 
Lyman Brown erected t\w> first factory, at Milan, in 1810, and 
Mr. Durell the first priBtniill. The traces of an Indian buryinp; 
ground, half a mi. w. of Milan, between 2 deep trulfs, covering 
about 'I acres, are still visible. The graves are r.inged in rows 
E. and w. 

* The census reports 3 churches; 2 M. E. and Bap. 

' Among the early settlers were Philip King, Seth Higby, 
from Sariitopa co.. on Lot 72, Josiah Patridge, from Mass., on 
I.^)t 73. in 1797; Charles Anoea, Aholiab and Elijah Buck, from 
Chemung co., on Lot 73. (now Port Byron.) in 1798; Dau'l Love- 
land, from Tt., on Lot 49, in 1799; Peter Kausier and Moses 
Lent, from Owego, on Lot 62, in 1800; James Dixon and Jo8<*i'h 
Ilannlton, from Washington co., Caleb Hopkins, from N. J., 
and Ira lloi'kins, fi-om Washington co., on Lot 85, from 1800 to 

* Salt was first manufactured in Montezuma about 179S; but 
the biiainess wae abandoiud about 1^40, in conf^equence of the 
brint^ becoming too weak to successfully compete with the salt 
Hprings of Syracuse and Saliua. Strong brine springs have 



lately been discovered, and the manufiictureof salt has been suc- 
cessfully resumed. These salt Fprings, like those of Onondaga, 
belong to the State. 

f> Among the early settlers were Peter Clark, from New York 
City, Comfort Tyler, and Abram Morgan, at Montezuma, in 
179S, who located there to manufacture salt. 

8 The Owasco Flats were in part cultivated by the Indiana 
anterior to the settlement by the whites, and still bear tracesof 
the ancient occupation. 

7 Ex-President Fillmore read law at this place with Judge 
"Wood. 

8 Among the other early settlors were Winslow Perry, Amos 
Stoyell, and Jabez L. Bottom, in 1793; Oiirshoni Morse, in 1794; 
and Cotton Skinner, in 1795. The first child born was Seth 
I'erry, in 1794; the first marriage, that of Jonathan Eldridge 
and Sally Perry, in 1795; and the first death, that of Cynthia 
Wriglit, in 179fi. Levi Goodrich taught the first school, in 
1797 ; Zadock Cady kept tli^ first inn. in ISOl, David Wright the 
first store, and Jnhu Stoyclt built the first mill. 

B The census reports 3 churches in town : Cung., Prot. £., and 
M.E. 



204 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



HflLiES — ^was formed from Sempronius, March 20, 1833. It lies between Owasco and Skane- 
ateles Lakes, s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is principally a rolling and hilly upland. 
The highest summits are 700 ft. above Owasco Lake. The declivities are gradual toward Owasco 
but more abrupt toward Skaneatelea Lake. Dutch Hollow Brook, flowing N. through near the 
center, is bordered by high, steep banks.' The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Kel- 
log'gsville, (p. V.,) in the extreme s. part, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings; New 
Hope, in the s. E. part, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 12 dwellings; IVIles, 
(p. 0.,) in the N. part, TVest Xiles, Twelve Corners, and Wine Corners, are ham- 
lets. Tho first settlements wore made in 1793.^ There are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Bap., 
and Univ. 

OWASCO— was formed from Aurelius, March 30, 1802. It lies e. of the foot of Owasco 
Lake, s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and inclined to the n. w. From the 
lake it slopes gradually upward, and the highest summits attain an elevation of 500 ft. Owasco 
Creek, flowing w. across the s. part, and Millers Brook, in the N. part, are the only streams. The 
soil is a clayey loam. Owasco, (p. v.,) in the s. x. corner, contains 3 churches and 45 dwell- 
ings. The first settlements were made in 1792.' The first church was formed in 1798, by Rev. 
Abram Brokaw.* Ex-Gov. Throop is a resident of this town. 

SCIPIO — was formed March 5, 1794. Sempronius was taken off in 1799, a part of Marcellus 
(Onondaga co.) in 1804, Ledyard, Venice, and a part of Springport in 1823. It lies on the w. 
shore of Owasco Lake, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, the highest summits 
being 500 ft. above the lake. A steep bluff, 20 to 50 ft. high, extends along the lake, and from 
the summit the surface slopes gradually upward for about one mi. The streams are mere brooks. 
The soil is a clayey loam. Scipio Center (Scipio p.o.) contains 2 churches and 80 inhabit- 
ants; Scipioviile, (p. v.,) near the w. line, 80 inhabitants; ShertVOOd, (p. v.,) near the 
s. w. corner, 80 inhabitants. Tbe Square is a p. o. in the N. w. part, and Bolts Corners 
a hamlet in the s. The first settlements were made in 1790.^ The first religious services were 
held by Elder David Irish, in 1794 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed the same year.' 

SEMPROjVinS — was formed March 9, 1799. A part was annexed to Marcellus (Onond.aga 
CO.) March 24, 1804, and Moravia and Nilcs March 20, 1833. It lies upon Skaneateles Lake, in 
the s. e. part of the co. From the valley of the lake and inlet the hills rise abruptly to a 
height of 800 to 1,000 feet, and from their summits the surface spreads out into a rolling and 
hilly upland. The highest points are about 1,700 ft. above tide. Mill Brook, flowing w.. Bear 
Swamp Brook, N., and Fall Brook, s., all have excavated deep valleys in the drift deposits 
and shales. The soil is a good quality of clayey, sandy and gravelly loam, mixed with disinte- 
grated slate and limestone. Dresservllle, (p. v.,) located on Mill Brook, in the s. part 
of the town, contains 30 dwellings ; Vansville, (Sempronius p. o.,) 15 ; Glen Ilaven 
(p. o.) is a noted water cure establishment near the head of Skaneateles Lake. Its situation is 
extremely beautiful, and it is supplied with pure, soft spring water. The first settlement was 
made in 1794, by Ezekiel Sales,' Jotham Bassett, and Seth Burgess. The first church (Bap.) 
was formed Feb. 29, 1798 ; Rev. John Lasure was tho first preacher. The census reports 1 
church (Bap.) in town. 

SEIVUfETT — was formed from Brutus, March 19, 1827 ; it was named from Judge Daniel 
Sennett, a pioneer settler. A portion of Throop was taken off in 1859. It lies upon the E. border 
of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is level or gently undulating, the ridges rising in long, 
gradual slopes 50 to 100 ft. above the valleys. The streams are all small brooks. The soil is a 
deep, fertile, clayey and sandy loam, and is under a high state of cultivation. Sennett, (p. v.,) 
a station on the Auburn branch of the N. Y. Central R. R., contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. 
The first settlement was made in 1794, by Ebenezer Healy, Jos. Atwell, Thos. Morley, and Thos. 



1 On the highest point of land, 3 mi. E. of Owasco Lake, is a 
quarry of fine flagging stone. 

2 Among the early settlers were Garret Conover and his eons 
John and Aaron. Is.Hac Selover, James Brinkerhotf, and William 
Bowen. The first child born was Sally Amerman, in 1798. 

8 Among the early settlers were Samuel and Benj. De Puy, 
Moses Cartwright. and Jacob and Roeliff Brinkerhoft". Cornelius 
DeKamater kept tlie first inn, in ISOO; James Burrows, the first 
store, in 1S07; and David Bovier built the first gristmill, in 1798. 

* There are 3 churches in town; M. E., Itef. Prot. D., and True 
D, Reformed. 

6 AmoD^ the early settlers were Elisha Burkee, Henry Wat- 



kins. Gilbert and Alanson Tracy, Sam"l Branch, Ebenezer Witter, 
and Gideon Allen. The first child born was Betsey Durkee. Dec. 
.S, 1790; and the first niarri.ige, that of Wni. Allen ami Betsey 
Watkins, June 25. 1793. Wm. Daniels taught the first school, 
in 170S, and Dr. Strong kept the first store, in 1808. 

fl There are 4 churches in town ; Bap,, Presb.. M. E., and Univ. 

' The first child born was Benj. Sales, in 1794; the first mar- 
riage, that of Sam'I Bice and Matilda Summerston ; and the fir«t 
death, that of Sam'l Bice. Cyrus Powers taught tlie first school, 
in ISOO; John Husted kept the first inn and store, and Arteiuaa 
Dresser erected the first mill. 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



205 



Morley» jr., from Conn., on Lot 21.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Sept. 12, 1799, by 
Rev. Mauasseh French, who was the first preacher. There are now 2 churches in town; Presb. 
and Bap. 

SPRIWTGPORT— was formed from Scipio and Aurelius, Jan. 30, 1823. It lies upon tht 
E. shore of Cayuga Lake, s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface rises in gradual slopes from 
the water to the e. border, where it attains an elevation of 400 to 500 ft. Waterlime, plaster^ 
and limestone used for flagging, are quarried along the shore of the lake and in the adjoining 
ravines. Two immense springs flow from the ground near the village, furnishing a valuable 
water-power.^ The soil is a superior quality of sandy and gravelly loam, in some places mixed 
with clay. The lake is so deep that it rarely freezes, and the warmth of the water essentially 
moderates the intensity of the frosts of winter.* Union Springs (p-v.) is beautifully situated 
upon Cayuga Lake, s. of the center of the w. border of the town. It contains several manufac- 
tories, a private academy, and many fine residences. Pop. 1,118. The first settlement was made 
in 1800, by Frederick Gearheart, Thos. Thompson, and Jas. Carr.* The first church (Cong.) was 
formed by Rev, Joshua Lane, the first preacher.^ 

STERliIlVCr — named from William Alexander, Lord Sterling, of the Revolution — was 
formed from Cato, June 19, 1812. It lies upon Lake Ontario, in the extreme n. part of the co. 
Its surface is rolling and has a slight inclination toward the N. The summits of the ridges in 
the s. are 200 to 300 ft, above the lake; and Big BluS", upon the lake shore, has about the same 
elevation. The streams are Little Sodus Creek and its branches, flowing into Little Sodus Bay, 
and Cortright Brook, flowing into Blind Sodus Bay.^ Little Sodus Bay is about 2 mi. long by 1 
mi. wide, and is one of the best harbors upon the s. shore of the lake. An extensive swamp, 
covering several hundred acres, extends along the lake shore, e. of the bay, and another lies on 
the s. border of the town. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam ; some portions of the surface 
are very stony and hard of cultivation. Outcrops of Medina sandstone' and Oneida conglomerate 
are quarried in this town for building stone. Sterling* Center (Sterling p. o.) contains 40 
dwellings; Fairliaven, (p- "^v) on Little Sodus Bay, 40; MartviUe^ (p. o.,) near the s. e. 
corner, 25; and Sterling* Valley 20. IVortli Sterling (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first 
settler was Peter Dumas, who located upon Lot 19 in 1805.® The first church (Asso. Ref. 
Presb.) was formed in 1818.^ 

SUimWER. niLili — was formed from Locke, as "P?a/o,'* April 26, 1831; its name was 
changed March 16, 1832. It is the s. e. comer town of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, 
1000 to 1100 ft. above tide. Fall Brook, the principal stream, flows s. through the e. part. Its 
valley is 300 to 400 ft. below the summits of the hills, and forms the only considerable break in 
the general level of the surface. Summer Hill Lake is a small pond in the n. e. part, discharging 
its waters into Fall Brook. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam, the clay predominating. 
Summer Hill, (p. v.,) in the s. part of the town, contains 115 inhabitants. The first settle- 



1 In 1795 Judge Dan'l Sennett, Amog Bennett, and Jacoh,Kufu9, 
aud Dan'l Sheldon, from Conn., settled on Lot 99. In 1797 Jacob 
Hicks, a Revolutionary soldier, w]io drew Lot 99, settled on it; 
Benj. Miller, also a Revolutionnry soldier, on Lot 17; and Jabez 
Kemmiogton and Hezekiah Freeman, from Vt., on Lots 21 and 
10. The first child born vraa Pally Smith, in 1795; the first 
marriage, that of Nebemiah Smith and Mindevill Morley, in 
1794; andtbe first death, that of Thos. Moiit-y, in 1796. Bwtsey 
Morley taught the first school, in 1795 ; Joseph Atwell kept 
the first inn, the same year; and Sheldon & Lathrop the first 
store. 

* These springs are about 10 rods apart. From the larger flows 
a stream of sufficient size to furnish water-power for running a 
flouring mill with 6 run of stones, a plaster mill, sawmill. 
and several other kinds of machinery. The stream from the 
smaller spring drives the machinery of a planing mill, sawmill, 
and tannery. From the springs the town and village both derive 
their names. 

8 Fruit growing:, to which the climate and soil are admirably 
adapted, begins to attract attention. The vine is successfully 
cultivated : and a single vineyard of 10 acres, devoted to grapes, 
produces fine crops. 

* Amoa Comely taught the first school, near Union Springs ; 
Thomas Collins kept the first inn; Laban Haskins and Walter 
Irf)w, the first store; Philip Winegar erected the first woolen 
factory. 

6 The census reports 9 churches; 2Friends, 2M. E., and leach 
Cong., Presb., Bap., Christian, and R. C. 
** Since work commenced on the Ontario, Auburn & N. Y. K. R. 



an effort has been made to change the name of this bay to On 
tario Bay. 

J This stone is much used for the underpinnings of houses nnd 
farm buildings. It has been observed that hogs are very fond 
of licking the stone whenever they have access to it; and in 
consequence they foam at the mouth, and can only be fatted with 
great difficulty. 

8 Mr. Dumas was a Frenchman, who came to this country with 
La Fayette and served during the Revolution- For his service* 
he received « lot in the Military Tract, nnd drew Lot 19, in 
Sterling. Capt. Andrew Rassmusen settled the same year on 
Lot No. 1. He was killed on board of an American vessel, on 
Lake Ontario, during the War of 1812. Francis Decamp located 
near Martville, in 1S06; M'm. Divine. Nathan Wilmot, and Jehiel 
Peck, on Lot 11, in 1807; Jacob Wilsey, from Saratoga co., on 
Tyot 14, in 1808; John Cooper, on Lot 12, John Duzeubury, on 
Lot 44. Curtis Stoddard, on Lot 19, John McFarland and* son, 
from Washington Co., on Lot 27, John and Matthew Ilarsho, 
from Wasliington co., at Martville, in ISlO; Wm. Coojjer, Jos. 
Bunnell, and John Turner, from Long Island, in IJiill ; and Geo. 
Cooper, from Saratoga co.. in 1812. The first child born was 
Isaac Hopping, March 16, 1807; the first marriage, that of Mat 
thew Uarsha and Charity Turner; nnd the first death, that ot 
Ezra, son of Peter Dumas, July 21, 1S06. The first schonl was 
taught by Benj. Clark, in 1812; Wm. Cooper kept the first Jnn, 
inl81D; John Cooper erected the first sawmill, in ISIO, uud the 
first gristmill, in 1815. 

* The census reports 6 churches; 2 M. K., and 1 cocb Assa 
Ref., Presb., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., and Ref. Prosb. 



206 



CAYUGA COUNTY. 



ment was made in 1797, by IIes:ukiah Mix, from Genoa, on Lot 37, near the village.* The first 
church (Bap.) was formed in 1807; Elder Whipple was the first pastor.^ 

TUROOP' — was formed from Aurelius, Mentz, and Sennett, April 8, 1859. It is an 
interior town, lying a little n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is generally level, broken 
in a few places by eand and gravel ridges 100 to 150 ft. high. Its principal streams are Owasco 
Outlet and Cayuga Brook. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Tlil'OopsTiUe, (p. v.,) 
on Owasco Inlet, s. e. of the center, contains 3 churches, a grist and saw mill, and woolen 
factory. Pop. IGO. The first settlement was made on Lot 2, in 1790, by Ezekiel Crane and his 
son Shadrach, from N. J.* There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., and Disciple, 

TEIVICE — was formed from Scipio, Jan. 30, 1823. It is an interior town, lying s. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, the highest summits being 300 to 400 ft. above 
Owasco Lake. Salmon and Little Salmon Creeks flow s. in deep valleys dividing the surface into 
distinct ridges. Owasco Lake borders upon the n. e. corner. The declivities bordering upon the 
lake and upon the w. bank of Salmon Creek are steep, but generally the hillsides are long, gradual 
slopes. The soil is a fine quality of clayey and gravelly loam. Venice, (p. v.,) in tlie n. e. part 
of the town, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings; and Poplar Ridg^e, upon the highest sum- 
mit in the n. w., contains a foundery and machine shop and 20 dwellings. East Venice (p. o.) 
and Venice Center (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1800.^ The first 
church (Bap.) was formed at Stuarts Corners, in 1800, by Elder Irish, the first preacher.^ Upon 
the ridge e. of Salmon Creek, near the s, border of the town, are the remains of an ancient fortifi- 
cation. Upon the creek, near the center of the town, were extensive cleared and cultivated fields 
at the first advent of the whites. Near these fields was an Indian burial ground. 

VICTORY — was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821. It lies upon the w. border of the eo., 

N.w. ofthecenter. Its surface is gently undulating, the highest points being scarcely 50 ft. above 
the general level. Little Sodus and Bed Creeks are the principal streams. The underlying 
rocks are red shale and blue limestone, covered deep with drift. The soil is a gravelly and sandy 
loam. A swamp in the s. w. part covers several hundred acres. Victory, (p. v.,) near the 
center of the town, contains 25 houses; and Westbury, (p. v.,) on the line of Wayne co., 50. 
The settlement of the town was commenced in 1800, by John McNeal, from Montgomery co., 
and John and Samuel Martin, from Ireland, on Lot 65.' The first church (M. E.) was formed 
in 1813, by Rev. Zenas Jones, the first preacher.^ 



1 AmonK the e,arly settlers were Nath'l Fillmore, (father of 
Millard Fillmore, Ex-Pres. U, S., who was born in this town,) 
Martin liarber, AVni. Webster, Jos. Cone, Wiu. IIoneywcH, Jas. 
Savage, Harvey Hough, nud Josiah Walker. The first school 
was tauf;lit by Nathl Fillmore, in 1S04. The first child born 
was Aljllard Fillmore or Anson Coue ; the first inarriag:e, that of 
Ebeuczer Crowl and Kosanna Mix, in 1803; and the first death, 
that of Amos Mix, killed by the falling of a troo in 1798. Jos. 
Cone kept the first inn, in 1S03; Cbas. Crane, the first store; and 
EbeneztT lieunett erected the first mill, in 1816. 

^ The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., Cong., and M. E. 

9 Named from lion. Enos T.Throop, Ex-Gov. of the State. 

* Among the ether early settlers were Isiiac Barnnm. Othniel 
Palmer, and his son. from Conn., Israel Clapp, from Mass., on 
Lot 16; JnH, Leonard and Wm. Durell, from N. J., on Lots 2 and 
4, Manonah Clark, from Oneida co.. on Lot 4, Jonas Ward and 
his son Caleb, from N. J., on Lot 92, in 1796; Chriptopher and 
Kev. JohD JelTrit-s, from Saratoga Springs, on Lot 16, Epliraim 
Wetby, from Dutchess co., on Lot 4, in 1799; Amos and David 
Codner. on Lot 14. in ISOl. The first marriage waa that of 
Shadrach Crane and Hannah Palmar; and the lirst birth, that 
of Ezfikitil Crane. Edward C;u-peuter tauglit tho first school, in 
ISOO; iBxael Clapp kept tha first inn, in 1800; Lather UardcD 



the first store, in 1804; and Prentice Palmer erected the first 
saw and grist mill, in 1798. 

6 Amou^ the early settlers were Henry Ilewit. Ezekiel Landon. 
Samuel Robinson, and Zadock Bateman, at Stuarts Cornera, 
Samuel ChikLsey, and Amos Itatbbun, at Poplar lUdgc, Luke 
Taylor, and Thomas Carman, all of whom came in between 179'^ 
and ISOO. The first child boru was Lemon Cole; and the first 

death, that of Herrick, one of the pioneer settlors: he was 

killed by the fall of a tree. The first inn was kept by Samuel 
Kobinson. The first mill was erected at Venice Village, in It^. 

* The censu^? reports 3 churches; 2 Friends and 1 Bap. 

' Patrick Murpby. from Ireland, settled on Lot 54. in Feb. 1806: 
Matthias Vanderhuydcn, from Albany co.. on Lot 62, and Asahel 
Carter, from Vt.. on Lot 66, in 1810 ; John Ramsey, and Wm. and 
Danl Griswold, from Herkimer co-, on Lot 25,in 1811 ; Jacob W. 
and Martin De Forrest, from Washington co,, Cr.nrad Phrozine, 
from Nowburgh, on Lot43, Maunsseh French, from Scipio, Judge 
C. Smith, from Saratoga co., on I^ot 40, I'hilander Phinncy, from 
Saratoga co., Silas Kellogg, from Brutus, on Lot 39, and Ebenewr 
Bird, from Onondaga co., on Lot 29. all inlSr2. Mrs. Jane Wood 
was the first child Ijorn in town, in 1S04; and the first death, 
waa that of John McNeal, in 1800. 

8 The census reports 6 churches; 2 M. E., Presb., Bap., and 
Christ iaiL 



CAYDGA COUNTY. 



207 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Scliools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cayuga County. 



NAUE3 OF Towns. 



Auburn 

Aurelius 

BrutuB 

Cato 

Conquest 

Fleming 

Genoa. 

Ira 

Ledyard 

Locke 

Mentz 

UoDtezumao. 

Moravia 

NUes 

Owiisco 

Scipio 

Seinproniua... 

Bennett 

Spring,]Oi-t ... 

Sterling 

Summer Hill. 

ThioopS 

Venice 

Victory 

Total..... 



Acres of Land. 



4,427} 
18,O03J 

9,395 
16,210J 
13,919} 
10,2S7J 
19,951i 
1.1,84.5 
17,;70i 
11,466 
21,331 

11.994} 

18,220i 
9,678 
18,975i 
11,278 
17,4.53 
11,313J 
14,134 
10,9414 

19,843} 
14,465i 



315.795} 



172 
8,298 
3,301 
6,159 
7.702 
1,806 
6,710 
6,039 
4,1614 
3,216 
0,197 

4,S30i 
6,035 
2,522 
3,608 
6,486 
3,684 
82,4774 
12,0204 
6,678J 

6,467 
6,9274 



lS7,237j 



Valdation op 1858. 



6) 
s 

_ »! 

$2,105,074 

1,031,666 
627,910 
646,665 
633,317 
449,145 

1,032,390 
619,001 
966,020 
868,805 

1,262,833 

432,926 
571,990 
429,340 
917,253 
291,191 
828,836 
797,264 
361,804 
261,200 

869,290 
436,048 

$16^821,228 






$1,630,869 
116,300 
1813,960 
41,950 
24,426 
41,700 
196,735 
83,060 
290,110 
89,600 
73,750 

115,028 
92,468 
74,340 

203,275 
34,640 
40,830 

108,480 
24,617 
32,300 

184,940 
64,235 



$3,689,492 



$3,736,643 

1,140,900 
814,809 
687,616 
657,742 
490,845 

1,229,125 
702,061 

1,246,130 
408,306 

1,326,683 

547,964 
664.468 
603,680 
1,120,528 
325,831 
869,666 
906,744 
S89.421 
293,600 

1,054,230 
489,883 



$19,510,720 



4,819 

1,367 

1,466 

1,164 

968 

604 

1,150 

1,064 

994 

636 

2,637 

906 

973 

636 

966 

614 

1,064 

1,107 

1,641 

600 

1,007 
1,025 



27,363 



4,657 

1,207 

1,341 

1,088 

904 

600 

1,202 

1,069 

9S2 

667 

2,421 

913 

939 

067 

930 

656 

1,028 

1,004 

1,483 

678 

932 
901 



1,514 
484 
613 
429 
300 
223 
472 
400 
369 
201 
918 

344 

385 
239 
369 
244 
386 
392 
667 
254 

377 
380 



1,644 
611 
409 
455 
314 
226 
489 
432 
393 
265 
794 

361 
319 

258 
370 
268 
389 
399 
679 
256 

389 
413 



1,122 
300 
335 
323 
280 
216 
363 
342 
266 
208 
694 

260 
279 
276 
268 
258 
298 
282 
492 
127 

306 

327 



7,661 



Schools. 



Nahss op Towns. 



Auburn. 

Aurelius 

Brutus 

Cato 

Conquest 

Fleming 

Geuoa 

Ira 

Ledyiird 

Locke 

Mentz 

Montezuma*. 

Moravia 

Niles 

OwHSCO..: 

Scipio 

Sempronius... 

Bennett. 

Springi)ort... 

Stirling 

Summer Hill. 

Throopl 

Venice 

Victory 

Total.... 





Live Stock. 






AORICDLTURAL ProDDCTS. 




1 


, 


||. 


§ 


^ 


!5 


BoBH. or Obain. 


•& 


1/ 




D-vmy Pkoddcts. 






lb 


1i 


1§ 


feo^ 


"3 


S 


g 


* 


6 


tqH. 
2,175 


^^ 


13,560 


iCS 


377 


128 


123 


471 


384 


831 


11,148 


393 


1,617 


200 


806 


1,094 


977 


6,923 


1.678 


20,376 


131,187 


3,1174 


0,260 


8,880 


93.290 


7,694 


627 


1,110 


656 


2,350 


1,412 


10,116 


80,7534 


2,073 


13,886 


22,624 


01,0SS 


12,085 


864 


1,672 


1,004 


3,311 


1.379 


21,2684 


147,5094 


2,01!.} 


17,393 


26,368 


93,410 


4,411 


791 


1,498 


998 


5.374 


1,713 


17,751 


133,6094 


2,457 


16,082 


21,137 


92,992 


4,851 


404 


481 


441 


3,483 


965 


.5,787 


87,2634 


1,485 


6.848 


14.758 


41,090 


4,536 


892 


1.371 


1,246 


7,748 


1,462 


11,769 


162,313 


3,462} 


10,698 


48,284 


161,586 


9,851 


957 


1,785 


1,227 


4,618 


2.024 


12,993 


129,0554 


2,9004 


16,877 


44,602 


128,399 


19,783 


6S0 


930 


6S4 


9,696 


1,132 


10,264 


105,9574 


2,155 


6,516 


10,212 


49,210 


8.629 


627 


1.212 


943 


1,901 


72S 


1,406 


62,395 


3,036 


5,249 


20,190 


105,008 


3.976 


1,153 


2,330 


1,629 


6,34S 


2,700 


27,171 


161,294 


6,613} 


20,905 


23,668 


131,664 


18,997 


544 


1.062 


968 


4.824 


935 


1,606 


62,163 


2,9604 


6,627 


41,624 


124,237 


9,519 


833 


1,393 


1,196 


4,369 


1,421 


2,958 


104,470 


2,8084 


8,2934 


31,147 


145,617 


16,273 


449 


649 


5S2 


3,067 


976 


2,073} 


67,3994 


1,861} 


10,828 


18,169 


62,037 


10,470 


812 


1,131 


864 


7,963 


1,261 


10,865 


127,173 


1,970J 


8,690 


28,968 


72,969 


7,139 


618 


922 


1,066 


1,617 


784 


72 


52,844 


3,2R6 


10,518 


29,080 


140,702 


6,064 


751 


1,6S3 


1,164 


6,286 


1.630 


0,1054 


116,12:14 


3,3404 


21,8.18 


27,430 


84,439 


29,646 


666 


703 


2 


4.720 


1.378 


10,770 


85,992 


1,383 


4,251 


9,134 


48,630 


3.775 


849 


1.490 


1,179 


4,192 


1,768 


9,622 


105,6264 


2,630 


27,027 


20,086 


112,872 


4,917 


492 


912 


912 


2,762 


634 


113 


48,369 


2,732 


0,942 


20,333 


124,670 


6,643 


773 


1.623 


976 


10,267 


1,239 


6,722 


137,404 


3,105 


10,077 


25,488 


101,676 


10,640 


860 


1.377 
26,366 


1,007 


3,081 


1,616 


11,402 


127,099 


2,413 


16,838 
261,718J 


23,262 


101,987 


3,236 


16,405 


19,822 


103,631 


29,081 


200,061} 


2,227,0894 


67,732 


622,761 


2,082,022 


199,333' 



_§.=_ 
148 
311 
156 
633 

1,943 
2.34 
672 

1,318 
20 

1,140 
313 

7244 
1,9904 

6514 

624 
1,227 

338 

1,1S0J 
1,074 

669 
1,5244 



• Montezuma w.i8 formed in 1859, and its statistics aro em- j * Throop was formed in 1869, and its statiatics are includel 
braced in those of the town of Meutz. | In tboso of Mentz, ^eunett, and Aurelius. 




CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 

This county was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. It lies 
upon the shore of Lake Erie, and is the s. w. corner co. of the State. 
It is centrally distant 288 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,099 sq. 
mi. The surface is mostly a hilly and rolling upland. A bluff, 
with a mean elevation of 20 ft., extends along the lake ; and from 
its summit the land spreads out into an undulating region, gradu- 
ally rising for a distance of 3 or 4 mi. This comparatively level 
tract is bordered by the declivities of a hilly upland, which occupies 
the center and s. part of the co. The highest summits are 1,000 to 
1,200 feet above Lake Erie and 1,800 to 2,000 ft. above tide. The 
uplands are broken by several deep valleys, the principal of which 
are those of Chautauqua Lake and Connewango Creek. The sum- 
mits- of the hills, 4 to 6 mi. s. of the lake shore, form the watershed which divides the waters of 
Lake Erie from those of Allegany Eiver. The declivities bordering upon the valleys are in many 
places too steep for profitable cultivation. 

Connewango Creek, flowing along the E. border and receiving Cassadaga Creek and Chautauqua 
Outlet, is the largest stream in the co. The other principal streams are Cattaraugus, Silver, Wal- 
nut, Canadaway, Little Cattaraugus, and Twenty Mile Creeks, flowing into Lake Erie ; French and 
Little Brocken Straw Creeks, tributaries of Allegany River ; and Prendergast Creek, flowing into 
Chautauqua Lake. Besides .these and their ti-ibutaries are numerous smaller streams flowing 
directly into Lake Erie. Chautauqua Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 18 mi. long and 1 to 3 mi. 
wide, occupying a deep valley in the highland region about 10 mi. s. E. of Lake Erie.' It is 726 
feet above Lake Erie and 1,291 ft. above tide. The hills that surround it are 600 to 800 ft. above 
its surface. Its outlet forms a branch of Connewango Creek, which latter stream is a tributary 
of Allegany River. Several other small lakes are located among the highlands, the principal 
of which are Bear, Cassadaga, Mud, and Findleys Lakes, all 700 to 900 ft. above Lake Eric. 

The rocks of this co. belong to the Portage and Chemung groups, — the former occupying the n. 
half of the co. and the latter the s. half. The summits of the highest hills in the s. are crowned 
with conglomerate, belonging to the Catskill group and affording the only good building stone in the 
s. part of the co. The sandstones of the Portage group are quarried to some extent in the N. part. 
Lime is obtained in limited quantities from limestone boulders and marl beds. One of the most 
peculiar geological features of the co. is the numerous springs of carburetted hydrogen gas found 
in various localities and especially along the shore of Lake Erie. It comes from the shales of the 
Portage group, and at various places is turned to profitable account. 

The soil upon the uplands is principally Clay mixed with disintegrated shale, generally known as 
flat gravel; and in the valleys it is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam mixed with allu- 
vium. Along the lake shore is a strip of productive clay loam. The uplands are arable to their 
summits, but are generally much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The various branches 
of agriculture form the leading pursuits of the people. Stock and wool growing, and dairying, 
are largely and successfully carried on. Spring grains and fruits are also largely produced. 

Manufactures are few and unimportant and are chiefly confined to the local wants of the people. 
Commerce — an important item in the business and wealth of the co. — is chiefly concentrated at 
Dunkirk, which is at once an excellent harbor upon the lake and the w. terminus of the Erie R. R. 
The county seat is located at Mayville, in the town of Chautauqua, at the head of Chautauqua 
Lake.' The courthouse is a fine brick edifice, erected in 1834, at a cost of $11,000. The jail is a 
brick building, with stone cells, on the opposite side of the street from the courthouse. The 
clerk's ofiice is a fireproof brick building contiguous to the courthouse.' 

The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 160 acres, near De Wittville, 3J mi. s. E. from Mayville. 



1 Near the middle this lake is contracted to the width of a 
few rods, giving it the appearance of two lakes connected by a 
narrow strait. 

* This CO. was united with Niagara from the date of its organi- 
zation in 1808 until 1811. The first court was held June 25. 
181). The commissioners to locate the co. buildings were Jonaa 
203 



Williams, Isaac Sutherland, and Asa Ransom. The first CO. 
officers were Zattn Cushin;;, First Jiidije ; M;itlhew Prondorga.st, 
Philo Orton. .Tonathan Thompson, and Wm. Alexander, Assncvite 
Judges; I>avid Eason. ,Shi:riff; and John K. Marshall, rV). Clerk. 
8 In 1858 the supervisors authorized the erection of a new 
clerk's office at a cost of $2,500. 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



200 



The average number of inmates is 130, supported at a weekly cost of 44 cts. each. A school ia 
taught G to 8 months in the year. The buildings are poor and dilapidated and are destitute of 
proper accommodations and means of ventilation. 

The N. Y. & Erie R, R. extends through Hanover and Sheridan and terminates at Dunkirk. 
This road opens a direct communication with New York, and, taken in connection with the con- 
necting raih-oads and vessels upon the lake, is one of the most important of the great thoroughfares 
between the Atlantic seaboard and the Valley of the Mississippi. The amount of freight carried 
over the road is immense ; and the business connected with it gives employment to thousands of 
men. The Buffalo & Erie R. R. extends along the lake through Hanover, Sheridan, Pomfret, 
Portland, Westfield, and Ripley. This forms another link in the great chain of Western travel, 
and connects with the Erie R. R, at Dunkirk and with the N. Y. Central at Buffalo. The proposed 
Erie & New York City R. R. extends through the s. part of the co., connecting Erie, Penn., with 
the N. Y. & Erie R.R. at Great Valley.^ 

Nine weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

In 17S2 a party of British and Indians, with a train of artillery and other munitions of war, 
spent the months of June and July around Chautauqua Lake in constructing canoes and making 
other preparations to navigate Allegany Kiver in a contemplated attack upon ^^ Fort Pitt," near 



1 The suiTeya of this b. r. have been made, and considerable 

work has been done in gvading. 
3 The Chautauque Gazette, the first paper published in the co,, 
was started at Fredoniaiu Jan.lSlT, by .Tas. Porcival. It 
waa afterward issued by Carpenter k Uull, and by ,Ias. 
IluU, until 1S22, when it waa suspended. In 1823 it was 
revived by Jas. Hull, and continued until 1S26, when it 
was united with the People's Gazette and its name was 
changed to 

TJu Frulonia Gazttte. It was issued a short time by Hull A 
Snow, when it was removed to Dunkirk b}- Mr. Hull 
and changed to 

The Dunkirk Gazett-e. In a few months it was remoTod to West* 
field and united with The Chautauque Phcenix. 

The People's Gazette waa started at Forestville in 1S24 by Wm. 
S. Snow. In 1826 it was removed to Fredonia and 
united with The Chautauque Gazette. 

The Chautauque Eagle waa commenced at Mayville in May, 1819, 
by Robt. .7. Curtia, and was continued about 1 j-ear. 

The Fredonia Censor waa commenced in 1S21 by Henry 
C. Friabee, who continued its publication for 17 years. 
In 1838 it passed into the hands of E. Winchester, and 
was published by him 2 years and by R.Cuuningtou 1 
year. In 1841 it was bought by Wm. McKinstry, and 
it is DOW published by W. McKinstry & Co. 

The Western Star was stnrted at Westfield in June, 1S26, by 
Harvey Newcomb, and was discontinued after 2 years. 
It was soon after revived, as 

Tff! Chautauque PUamij-. by Hull & Newcomb. In 1831 its 
name was changed to 

The Ame,ri(Xin Eagle, and it was issued by G. W. Newcomb. In 
1S3S it waa chan?;ed to 

The Wcatfield Oiiiricr. Rnd was issued a short time by G.W. Blios. 

Tlie J'amesto'vm Journal was commenced in June, 
182t), by Adolphus Fletcher, and was continued by him 
until I84t3. It was then issued by John W. Fletcher, 
a son of the original proprietor, for 2 years, when it 
passed into the hands of F. W. Palmer, who contioued 
at the head of the establishment until 1858, having had 
in the mean time associated with him as partners Francis 
P. Bailey, Ebenezer P. Upham, and C. D. Sackett. It is 
now issued by Sackett & Bishop. 

The Chautauque Repuhlican was started at Jamestown in 1828 
by Morgan Bates. Richard K. Kellogg, Lewis C. Todd, 
Chaa. McLean, Alfred Smith, and Wni. II. Cutler were 
successively interested in its publication until 1833, when 
it passed into the hands of S. S. C. Hamilton and iU 
name was changed to 

The RepiU'lican Banner. It was soon after removed to MajTille, 
and in a few months was discontinued. 

The Genius ff Liberty waa started at Jamestown in 1829 by 
• Lewis C. Todd, and was continued about 2 years. 

The Western Intdliqencer was published at Foix'Stville a short 
time in 1833. 

The MayvlHe Sentinel was started in TS3-4 by Timothy 
Kilby; and the next year it passed into the hands of 
Beman Brockway, who continued it 10 years. In I84.'> 
it was sold to John F. Phelps, by whom it is atill issued. 

The Chautauque Whig was started at Dunkirk in Aug. IS'U, by 
Thompson & Cai-penter. About 1844 its name wa.s 
changed to 

The Vunhrirk beacon, and it was discontinued a short time after 
ward. 

Tlie Wesiftdd L'tmim^ started in 1835, was issued a short tirao 
by Sheldon k Palmer. 

The Western Democrat and Literary Inquirer was started at 
Fredonia in 1835 by Wm. Verrinder. It was successively 
issued by Randall, Crosby & Co. and Arba K. Mayuard. 



U 



and by the latter it was removed to Van Buren Harbor 

in 1837 and issued as 
The Van Buren Ti7nes. It soon after passed into the hands of 

W. H. Cutler, and was continued about 2 „-car8. 
T/ie Western Farmer was started at Westfield in 18^6 by Bliss & 

Knight, and was continued about 2 years. 
The Settler was issued a short time in 1840 from the Fredonia 

Censor office by E. Winchester. 
Tfie Wesljield Advocate waa commenced in May, 1841, and waa 

discontinued in a few months. 
T/w Westfield Messenger was started in Aug. 1841, by C. J. J. & 

T. Ingersoll. In ISdI it passed into the hands of Edgar 

W. Denuison and was changed to 
TJie Westjield Transcript. In 1S556 Buck & Wilson became its 

proprietors, and continued it about 1 year. 
The Panama Herald was started at Panama in Aug. 1846, by 

Dean & Hurlbut. Stewart & Pray afterward became 

proprietors, and continued it until 1848. 
Tlie Frontier Exm-ess was started in June, 1846, by Cutler, 

Cottle A Perham. In 1849 it was changed to 
The Fredonia Express, and was published by J. P. Cobb A Co., 

and afterward by T. A. Osborn & Co. In 1850 it was 

changed to 
The Ciiajttaiique Union, and was published a short time by E. F. 

Foster. 
The Libert)/ Star was started at Jamestown In 1847 by Harvey 

A. Smith. In 1849 it passed into the hands of Adolphus 

Fletcher and was changed to 
The Northern Citizen. In 1853 John W. Flu„cher became pro- 
prietor; and in 1855 it was changed to 
The Chautauqna Democrat^ under which name it la 

now issued by Adoljihiia Fletcher and Jas. Parker. 
Tfie Silver Creek Mail was started at Silver Creek in 1S48 by 

John C. Tan Duzen. In 1852 it was changed to 
The Home Register, and was published by Jas. Long. In 1854 

Samuel Wilson became proprietor, and chauged it to 
The Silver Creek Gazrite, and continued it until 185t5, when it 

waa discontinued. In Aug. of that year it was revived, as 
The I^ake Shore Mirror, by H. M. Morgan, by whom it 

is still published. 
The Tocsin, a temperance paper, was published at Mayville by 

Lloyd Mills a short time about 1845. 
The Chautauque Journal was started at Dunkirk in May, 1850, 

by W. L. Carpenter. lu a short timo its name waa 

changed to 
The Dunkirk Journal, and it is still issued by tiio 

orit^inul propriL-tor. 
The Fredonia Advertiser was started July 4, 1851, by 

Tyler & Shepard. It ia now published by Levi S. Pratt 

& J. C. Frisbee. 
The Undt-Tcurrent was published at Jamestown a short time iu 

1851-52 by Harvey A. Smith. 
The Jamestoion Herald was started in Aug. 1852, by Dr. Asaph 

Rhodes. In 1S53 Joseph B. Nessel became i^oprietor^ 

removed it to Ellington Center, and changed its name to 
The EJliiigtim Luminarr/. It was discontinued in 185fi. 
The Philomathi'in Exponent was issued at Ellington by the 

students of the ac.idemy in 1852. 
The WestAeld Republican was commenced April 25, 

1855, by M. C. Kice & Co,, by whom It is still continued. 
T/ie Botanic Afedical Journal was pubUshed a short time at 

Fredonia. 
The Pantheon was published at Fredonia a short time. 
Tfie Wefitern Argus was started at Westflelil in isr>7 l)y John F. 

Young. In about 1 year it waa removed to Dunkiik, 

and changed to 
The Dunkirk Press and Argns, and is now isstcd 

by Howard & Young. 



210 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



Pittsburgh. Their plan was to build a dam across the outlet of the lake and descend the river 
upon the flood so created. The party finally returned without attempting the project. 

The first settlement in the co. was made at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek in 1797, by Amos 
Cottle.^ Soon after making the first improvements, Sottle left, and returned in 1801, with Mr, 
Sidney and Capt. Rosecrantz. At the time of the first exploration of the co. the only Indian 
settlement was on Connewango Creek, within the limits of the present town of Carroll, In 1802, 
Gen. Paine, agent fur the State of Connecticut, opened a wagon road from Bufi'alo to Chautauqua 
Creek, to enable emigrants to reach the Conn. Reserve lands in Ohio. This road was soon after 
finished to the Penn. line. In 1804 the town of Chautauqua was formed, and embraced the 
entire territory now included within the limits of the co. In April of the succeeding year the 
first town meeting was held, at which John McMahan was elected supervisor, and John Mc- 
Mahan, David Eason, and Perry G. Ellsworth were appointed the first justices of the peace.' 
In 1806 the first mail route was established between Buffalo and Erie, Penn.^ The lands in the 
CO. were included in the Holland Purchase. A tract of 60,000 acres in the s. e. part was sold to 
Levi Beardsley, James 0. Morse, and Alvan Stewart. In 1835 the Holland Land Company sold 
their outstanding contracts and unsold lands to Trumbull Cary & Co., of Batavia ; and the new 
proprietors imposed such conditions upon the extension of contracts that the settlers rose en 
masse and demolished the land office at Mayville and burned the records in the public high- 
way.* In 1838 the interests of the co. were transferred to Duer, Morrison & Seward, and the 
troubles were satisfactorily settled. 



ARKWRIGHT— was formed from Pomfret and A^illenova, April 30, 1820. A part of Pom- 
fret was annexed in 1830. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface 
is an elevated upland, broken and hilly in the s. w., and rolling in the n. e. The highest summit — 
near the center, said to be the highest land in the co. — is 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above Lake Erie. The 
principal streams ai*e Canadaway and Walnut Creeks. Mud Lake, on the e, border, covers about 
10 acres. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Upon Canadaway Creek, in the s. w. part, is a fine 
cascade with 22 ft. perpendicular fall. Ark^vrigllt 8uniiuit is a p. o. in the e. part of the 
town. Arli'tvriglit (p. o.) is a hamlet in the n. part. The first settlement was made m the 
N. w. corner, by Byron T. Orton, Benj. Perry, and Augustus Burnham, from the eastern part of 
the State, in 1807.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Aaron Wilcox, in 1810, 
by Rev. John Spencer. The first church (Bap.) was organized by Elder Thos. Grennel, in 1820.* 

BUSTI^ — was formed from Ellicott and Harmony, April 16, 1823. A part was annexed to 
Ellicott in 1845. It lies upon the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly and 
broken. It is drained by several small streams flowing into Chautauqua Lake, which lies along the 
N. border, and by others flowing e. into Connewango Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. 
Busti Comers (Busti p. o.) contains a church, gristmill, and sawmill. Pop. 201. The first 
settlement was made on Lot 61, in 1810, by John L. Frank, from Herkimer co.^ The first church 
(Cong.) was formed Aug. 30, 1819 ; Rev. Lemuel Smith was the first minister.* 



^ Elial T. Foote, (now of New Il.iven. Cnnu..) fT 20 years 
First Judge of Chaiitaiuma CO., eay9 that the fir,>*t scttloTuent in 
the CO. was made in 179-1, by several persons from Erie. PeiiD.; 
and araon^ them were the brothers Lou ry. These peisons had 
been induced to locate in Penn. by fraudulent representation a, 
^nd were afterward obliged to leave their improvements and 
commence anew in the wilderness. They settled within the 
limits of Chautauqua co. ; but the precise place is unknown. 

3 Previous to 1804 the whole of the present co. formed a part 
of the town of Batavia, in Genesee co. The elections were held 
at Batavia, nearly 100 mi. distant, to which place the electors 
were compelled to go if they voted. In 1812 the Board of Super- 
visors consisted of 2 members, representing the towns of Chau- 
tauqua and Pomfret. The county seat had been located at May- 
ville. much against the wishes of the people of Pomfret ; and. in 
consequence, the supervisor of Pomfret voted against the appro- 
priation of $1,500 to build the courthouse and jail. After re- 
peated attempts to effect the object, the question was temporarily 
laid aside. When the accounts of the town officers of Pomfret 
were presented, the Chautauqua member voted In the negative, 
and affairs came to a dead lock, but were finally st^ttled by 
a compromise, which allowed both the appropriation and the 
account to go throuj^h. 

3 Tlie first mail was carried by a man nanied Metcalf, who 
went on foot and carried the mail matter in a handkerchief. 

* The company demamled compound interest on al! sums due, 
md an 'ncreasv of one-third upon all extensions uf contracts. 



6 Aaron Wilcox settled in 1809, Xathan Eaton in ISIO. Uriah 
L. Johnson, Jonatlian and Benj. Sprague, from Otsego co., nenr 
the center, in 1811, and Simeon Clinton, from Otsego en., at the 
center, in 1813. The first child born was Horatio Nelson John- 
son. May 11,1811; the first marriage, that of Asahel Burnham and 
Luania Eaton, May 11, 1S15; and the first death, that of Augustus 
Burnham, in 1S13. The first school was taught by Lucy Dewey, 
near the cente* in the summer of 1813. Simeon Clinton kept 
the first inn, in 1S17 : and Benj. Orton built the first sawmill, in 
1818, on the E. branch of Canadaway Creek. 

6 The census reports 3 churches ; 2 M. E. and Christian. 

' Named from Paul Busti, of the Holland Land Company. 

8 Lawrence Frank settled on Lot 62 in ISIO, Heman Bush and 
John Frank, from Herkimer co., audTheron Plumb, from Mass., 
on Lot 60. in 1811. The first marriage was that of Zebrick 
Root and Polly Parmiter, in 1813; and the first death, that of 
Lawrence Fr.'iiik, in 1811. Eve Frank, a young lady, was carried 
off by the Indians in 1811, and was gone 3 years, when she re- 
turned home and wa.s married. Soon after, her husband was 
taken by the Indians and detained about the same length of 
time. These incidents are noted upon a tombstone in the grave- 
yard at Busti. The first school was taught by Olive Mfirph, on 
Lot 61. in 1813. Capt. Heman Bush kept thefirst inn and store, 
and erected the first mill, on Stillwater Creek, in 1S15. 

»The census reports 5 churches; Cong., Bap., M. E., Uni^- 
and Christian. 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



211 



CARROLL,'— was formed from Ellicott, March 25, 1S25. Kiantone was taken off in 1853. 
It is the s. E. corner town in the co. Its surface is broken and hilly in the n.e. and E., and rolling 
in the s. and s. w. The highest summits are 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The principal stream is 
Conncwango Creek, forming part of the vr. boundary. The soil is a clay loam in the n. and E., 
and a gravelly loam in the s. and w. Fre'»vsburst», (p-v.,) in the n.w. part, contains 2 
churches, a gristmill and sawmill. Pop. 400. FentoilvUle is a p. o. near the s. w. corner. 
Joseph Akins, from Rensselaer CO., the first settler in town, located on Lot 29 in Jan. 1807.' 
There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 

CUARLOTTE— was formed from Gerry, April 18, 1829. It is an interior town, lying n. e. 
of the center of the co. The surface is moderately hilly and divided into several ridges by the val- 
leys of the streams. North Hill and Lake Hill, the highest points, are about 1,000 feet above Lake 
Erie. It is drained by Mill Creek and several tributaries. The soil is chiefly a clay loam. 
Cliarlotte Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a good water-power with some manufactories, 
and 10 dwellings ; Sinclearville,' (Gerry p. o.,) near the s. line, contains 4 churches, 2 grist- 
mills, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 450. The first settlement was made near the center, in 1809, by 
Robt. W. Seaver and Wm. Divine, from Oneida co.* The first religious meeting (Presb.) was held 
at Sincleai'ville, in 1811; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in 1816. There are now 6 
churches in tovpn.* 

CDAUTAUQUA — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) April 11, 1804, and embraced 
all the territory now included within the limits of Chautauqua co. Pomfret was taken ofl' in 1808, 
Portland in 1813, Harmony in 1816, and Clymer, EUery, and Stockton in 1821. It is an interior 
town, lying a little w. of the center of the co. The surface is elevated and moderately hilly, oc- 
cupying the watershed between the waters of Chautauqua Lake and those of Lake Erie. Chautauqua 
Lake is on the e. border, and chiefly within the limits of the town. The soil is a clay loam of 
good quality. Mayville, (p. v.,) pleasantly located near the head of Chautauqua Lake, was 
incorp. April 30, 1830 ; it contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, the Mayville Academy, a news- 
paper oflice, and a flouring mill. Pop. 501. De 'Wittville, (p. v.,) in the E. part, contains a 
church, the co. poorhouse, and 133 inhabitants; Hartfield, (p. v.,) on the lake inlet, contains a 
church, gristmill, savnnill, and furnace. Pop. 123. Magnolia is a p.o. on the lake, near the e. 
line. The first settlement was made at Mayville, in 1804, by Dr. Alexander Mclntyre.^ The 
first church (Bap.) was formed at Mayville, in 1820, by Elder Wilson.' 

CIIERRY CREEK.— was formed from Ellington, May 4, 1829. It lies on the e. border 
of the CO., a little n. of the center. The surface is hilly in the n. w., and rolling iu the s. E. 
Along the s. border are several small swamps. It is drained by Connewango Creek and several 
tributaries, flowing s. The soil is clay and a gravelly loam. Cherry Creek, (p. v.,) in the 
s. E. part, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, and a gristmill. Pop. 240. The first settlement was 
made on Lot 15, in 1812, by Joshua Bentley, from Rensselaer co.' The first religious services 
were held at the house of AVard King, in 1817 ; the Rev. Mr. Hadley (Bap.) was the first preacher.' 

CLYMER'"- was formed from Chautauqua, Feb. 9, 1821. Mina was taken off in 1824, and 
French Creek in 1829. It lies upon the s. border of the Co., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly 
upland, broken by the valleys of Brocken Straw Creek and its tributaries. The soil is a gravelly 
loam. Considerable lumber is still manufactured. Clymer, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, con- 



1 Named in honor of Charlea Carroll, of Carrollton. 

' Lalian Case settled on Lot 31, Wm. Akios on Lot 21, in 1807 , 
Jas. Akius on Lot 13, in 1818 ; James Hall on Lot 11, in 1810 ; 
and Wm. Sears on Lot 11, in 1811. The first child born was 
Hamilton Tjlor, in 1810 ; the first marriage, that of Wm. Bowles 

and Jenisha Walton, in ISll ; and the first death, that of 

Woodcock, killed hy the fall of a tree in 1810. Stephen Rogers 
taught the first school, in 1813, on Lot 51. The first sawmill 
was built by John Fren and Thos. Russell, on Lot 61, in 1811, 
and the first gristmill by John Fren, on the same lot, in 1S17. 
William Soars kept the first inn. on Lot 11, in 1814, and James 
Uall the first store, on the same lot, in 1834. 

* The vill.igo derives its name from its first settler, M^. Sam'l 
Sittclear, wlio came in from Madison Co. in 1810. 

* John Picket, John Cleveland, Chas. Waterman, and Ilarvey 
0. Austin, from Eastern N. Y., settled in the w. p.art in 1800. 
The first school w.os taught at Sinclearville, in the winter of 
1811-12, by Wm. Gilmore. Maj. Sinclear kept the first inn, in 
1811, and Plumb, Edson & Winsor the first store, in 1817, at 
Sinclearville. Maj. Sinclear erected the first sawmill, In 1810, 
and the first gristmill, in 1811, on Mill Creek. 

' 2 M. E., 2 Cni¥., Cong., and Bap. 



* .Jonathan Smith settled about the same time, near the w. 
shore of the lake, and Peter Barnhart, from Pemi., on the E. 
shore; Martin Prendergast and Messrs. Griffith and Bemus, also 
on, the K. shore, in 1806. Judge Peacock was also an early settler. 
John Scott kept the first inn, at Mayville, in 1808, and J. A M. 
Prendergast the first store, in 1811. 

' The cen.sus reports 7 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. 
E.. and F. W. Bap. 

8 Jos. Kent settled on Lot 9, in 1815, and Willani Cheney on 
T/Ot 10, Wm. Weaver on Lot 16, Anson Hendrick on Lot 16, and 
Cogsdill Brown on Lot 15, in 1816. Reuben Cheney taught the 
first school, in 1818; Geo. H. Frost kept the first inn, in 1823, 
and Seth Orover the first store, in 1831, at the village. Wm. 
Kilbourn built the first sawmill, iu 1821, on Cherry Creek, uosir 
the village. The first death was that of Lydia Pago ; she was 
buried in the woods near the village. .Toshua Bentley lost a 
daughter, 2 years old, in 1817,— supposed to have been carried 
off by the Indians. 

* The census reports 3 churches ; 2 B.ip. and P. W. Bap. 

10 Named in honor of Geo. Clymer, one of the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence. 



212 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



tains 2 churches and 110 inhabitants. Clymer Center is a p.o. John Cleveland settled on 
Lot 58 in 1820.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Mr. Cleveland, in 
1820, by Elder Powers. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1830.' 

ELiliERY'' — was formed from Chautauqua, Feb. 29, 1821. A part of Stockton was taken off in 
1850. It is the central town in the co. The surface is hilly, the highest summits being about 400 
ft. above the valleys and 1,000 ft. above Lake Erie. Chautauqua Lake forms the s. w. boundary, 
and into it flow several small streams, which form the principal drainage. The soil is a clay loam 
upon the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Ellery Center (p. v.) contains a church 
and 16 dwellings. Ellery is a p. o. near the shore of the lake. The first settlements were made 
on the lake by Wm. Bemus and Jeremiah Grifiith, from Rensselaer co., in 1806 ; the former 
located at Bemus Point, and the latter farther s.* The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1809, by 
Elder Asa Turner, the first minister.' 

EliEICOTT'— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. A part of Busti was taken off in 
1823, Carroll in 1825, and Poland in 1832. A part of Busti was annexed in 1845. It is an in- 
terior town, lying s.E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, with a gentle inclina- 
tion toward the s. w. The foot of Chautauqua Lake extends into the s. w. corner ; and the outlet 
flows E. through the s. part of the town, receiving Cassadaga Creek as a tributary The soil is 
a sandy and gravelly loam. JamestovFU, (p. v.,) located on the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, 
in the s. part of the town, was incorp. March 6, 1827. It contains 7 churches, the Jamestown 
Academy, 2 newspaper ofiices, 2 banks, the ofBce of the Farmers' Insurance Company, 2 woolen 
factories, 2 furnaces, 2 flouring mills, and various other manufacturing establishments, and an 
ample water-power. Pop. 1,625. Fluvanna, (p. v.,) at the foot of the lake, near the w. line, 
contains a church and 14 dwellings. l<evant is a p.o., on the E. border, at the junction of Cas- 
sadaga Creek with the lake outlet. DextervUle is a hamlet. The first settlement was made on 
the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, in 1806, by Wm. Wilson.'' The first church (Cong.) was formed July 
6, 1816, by Rev. John Spencer, a missionary preacher from Conn. There are 12 churches in town.* 

EEEII^IGTOIV— was formed fiom Gerry, April 1, 1824. Cherry Creek was taken off in 1829. 
It lies upon the E. border of the co., a little s. of the center. Its surface is an undulating and 
hilly upland. Clear Creek flows through near the center, and, with its tributaries, forms the 
principal drainage. Connewango Creek flows through the N. E. corner. The soil is a sandy and 
gravelly lo.am. Ellington, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 4 churches, the Ellington Academy, 
and 2 gristmills. Pop. 487. Clear Creek, is a p. o. Jos. Bentley made the first settlement, 
on Lot 7, in 1814.' The first religious services were held at the house of James Bates, in 1817, 
by Rev. Daniel Hadley. The F. W. Bap. denomination organized the first church.'" 

FRENCH CREEK— was formed from Clymer, April 23, 1829. It is the s. w. corner town 
of the CO. The surface is hilly and broken by the deep valley of French Creek. The soil is chiefly 
a heavy clay loam. French Creek, is a p. o. in the n. part, and INtarvln a p. o. in the s. 
Andy Nobles, from Oswego CO., made the first settlement, on Lot 44, in 1812.'' The first religious 
meeting was held on Lot 46, in 1818, by Elder Ashford; and the first church (Bap.) was formed 
in 1821. There is no church edifice in town. 



1 Wm. Rice, from Washington co., settled on Lot 59, in 1821, 
Horace and .\nson Starkweatlier. from Tt.. on Lot 43, in 18*22. 
The first birth was tiiat of Patience Russell, in 1823 ; the first 
marria^'e. that of Walter Freeman and Roweucia Drown, in 1823. 
Alvin Williams kept the first inn, in 1S26, at the village, John 
Stow the first store, in 1823; and Peter Jacquins built the first 
mill. In 1825. 

2 The census reports 5 churches; 2 M. E., Bap., Germ. Evang. 
Ref.. and Ref. Prot. D. 

3 Named in honor of Wm. Ellery. a signer of the Declaration 
of Independence. 

* Isaac Young, from Genesee CO., settled on Lot 3. near the 
lake, in 1806. About the same time, or soon after, Dan'l Cheney, 
Alanson Weed, Abijah Bennett, John Putnam, and Nahum Al- 
drich settled in town. Clark Parker, from Washington co., 
located near the center, in 1810. The first school was taught by 
Dr. Gary, in the N. w. part, in 1808. Wm. Bemus kept the first 
inn, in 1811, erected the first sawmill, in 1808, and the first grist- 
mill, in 1811, on Bemus Creek. David Bellamy kept the first 
store, at the center, in 1830. 

6 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., M. E., and TTniv. 

8 Named from Joseph Elhcott, agent of the Ilolland Land 
Company. 

t Thomas R. Kennedy and Edward Works located upon the 
Outlet, in 1807, and Wilson EUicott, Ja,s. Culbertson, and Geo. 
W. Fenton, in 1808. Edward Works built tlie first sawmill, in 



1808, and the first gristmill, in 1809, — this being the first im- 
provement of the water-power of the Outlet. The first school 
was taught in the house of John Bloover, in 1815, by Rev. 

e 2 M. E., Cong., Presb., Prot. E., Bap., E. W. Bap., Christian, 
Wes. Meth., Luth., Univ., and R. C. 

* Among the other early settlers were Jas. Bates, from Mass., 
Sam"l McConnel, from Cayuga Co., and Joshua Bentley, jr., fri>m 
Rens.selaer CO., in 1816; Simon Lawrence, from Vt., Abner Bates 
and Ward King, from Mass., in 1817. The first child born waa 
Simon Lawrence, jr., in 1817 ; the first marriage, that of Kufus 
Hitchcock and Rauah Hadley, in 1817; and the first death, 
that of Sir. Hitchcock, who fell from a building and was killed 
six weeks after his marriage. Jas. Bates kept the first inn, at 
Ellington Village, in 181-1, and Lewis Holbrook the first store, 
in 1821. Ward King built the first gristmill, near the village, 
in 1821. 

to The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., Christian, Presb., 
M. E., and F. W. Bap. 

» John CSeveland settled on Lot 31, in 1812 ; Eoswell Coe on 
Lot 39, and Nath'l Thompson on Lot 9, in 1813; and Paul Col- 
bourn, from Oneida co., on Lot 44, in 1814, The first death was 
that of a son of Nath'l Thompson, drowned in French Creek. 
The first school was taught by — — Chitsey, in 1818. William 
Graves kept the first inn, and built the first gristmill, in 1822; 
and John Dodge opened the first store, in one end of the grislmill. 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



213 



GERRY'— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. Ellington was taken off in 1824, and 
Charlotte in 1829. It is an interior town, lying a little E. of the center of the co. The surface 
is a hilly upland, the highest summits, iu the n. e. corner, being 900 ft. above Lake Erie. It is 
drained by Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries, Mill Creek, and several smaller streams. The 
80)1 is a clay loam upon the uplands, and a sandy loam in the valleys. There are several sulphur 
springs in town. Upon Lot 44, s. w. of the center of the town, a gas spring has been found; and 
the owner, James H. Mix, uses the gas for lighting his house. Bucklins Corners, (Vermont 
p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 23 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1811, by John 
Love, jr. and Stephen Jones, in the N. w. part.^ The first religious meeting was held in the spring 
of 1818, by Elder Jonathan Wilson. The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1819, 
and drew the lot appropriated by the Holland Land Company for religious purposes. They 
erected a church a little w. from the center, the only one now in town. 

HANOVER— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. Villenova was taken off in 1823, and 
a part of Sheridan in 1827. It lies upon Lake Erie, in the N. E. corner of the oo. A part of Catta- 
raugus Indian Reservation lies in the N. e. part of the town. The surface along the lake is level 
or undulating, and in the center and s. it is hilly, with an inclination toward the N. Cattaraugus 
Creek forms a portion of the n. boundary. Silver Creek flows in a N. w. direction through the 
town into Lake Erie, receiving Walnut Creek at its mouth,' and several other tributaries. The soil 
is clay and gravelly loam. (Silver Creeli, (p. v.,) upon the lake shore, at the mouth of Silver 
Creek, was incorp. June 8, 1848 ; it contains 2 churches, a bank, a weekly newspaper office, 2 
mills, 2 tanneries, and various other manufacturing establishments. Pop. C52. Lake vessels 
were formerly built at this place,*— the first by Ira Fairchild, in 1816. Irving, (p-V.,) on Cat- 
taraugus Creek, near its entrance into the lake, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 2 sawmills. 
Pop. 404. At the mouth of the creek is a harbor admitting of the entrance of vessels. Smitll 
]>ItII»«, (p. V.,) a little s. from the center, contains a flouring mill, a distillery, and 22 dwellings. 
Forestville, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, was incorp. April 4, 1849. It contains 2 churches, 2 grist- 
mills, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 540. It is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. IVasbville, (p. v.,) in 
the s. E. part, contains 2 churches and 26 dwellings. HanOVer is a hamlet. Amos Cottle set- 
tled at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek in 1797.* The first religious meetings (Bap.) were held 
T^y Rev. Joy Handy, in 1811 ; and the first church (M.E.) was organized in 1816, at Forestville.^ 

H ARIttOWY— was taken from Chautauqua, Feb. 14, 1816. A part of Busti was taken off in 
1823. It lies upon the s. border of the co., a little w. of the center. The surface is a moderately 
hilly upland, the highest summits being about 900 ft. above Lake Eric. Chautauqua Lake forms 
the K. E. boundary. It is drained by Goose Creek and several smaller streams, flowing N. into the 
lake, and by Little Brocken Straw Creek, flowing s. to Penn. The soil is clay, yellow and gravelly 
loam. Quarries of a fine quality of sandstone for building purposes are found in several localities. 
Asliville, (Harmony p. o.,) on Goose Creek, near Chautauqua Lake, contains 3 churches, a grist- 
mill and sawmill. Pop. 247. Panama, (p. v.,) upon Little Brocken Straw Creek, near the 
center, contains 4 churches and 500 inhabitants. BlocUville (p. v.) contains 20 dwellings. 
Stednian is a p. o. in the n. part of the town. The first settlement was made on Lot 43, in 
1806, by Reuben Slayton, from Otsego co.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held in a 
schoolhouse at Blockville, by Rev. Simon Bowers.* 



1 Named from Elbridge Gerry, a signer of the Declaration of 
Independence. 

2 Jesse Dexter, David Cobb, and Iluph B. Patterson were 
Among the early settlers. The town settled slowly until after 
the close of the war in 1S15, when the settlements progressed 
rapidly. The first death was that of Alva Eaton, who was killed 
by the fall of a tree in the spring of 1S18. Jas. Bucklin kept 
the first inn, in 1820, and Howard B. Blodget the first store, in 
1826. at Bucklins Corners. John Hines and Wm. Newton erected 
the first sawmill, on Cassadaga Creek, in the 8. w. part, in 1819, 
and the first gristmill, iu 1822. 

* Named from a gigantic walnut tree that grew near its 
mouth. This tree was 9 ft. in diameter and 27 ft. in circum- 
ference. It Wius cut into sections and sold as curiosities. 

« The steamboat W. F. B. Taylor was built here in 1S36. 

t Among the first settlers were Wm. Sidney and Capt. Roso- 
crantz.inl801: Sylvanu9Maybee,Benj.Kinyon. and Amos Avery, 
at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, Nathan Cass, from Boston, Je- 
hiel More and .Tonae Green, at Forestville, in 180.^; Abel Cleve- 
land and David Dickerson. in 1802; John E. Howard, in ISOi); and 
ArtemuB R. Clothier, in 1809.— all at Silver Creek. The flr,«t child 
born waa Caroline Sidney, in 1804; the first mai-riage, that of 



Richard Smith and Sally Mack, in 1S07; and the first de.ata, 
that of Wm. Sidney, in Jan. 1807. John Mack kept the first 
inn, in 1807, at the mouth of Cattaraugus Ci-eek, and Parker 
Brownell the first store, in 1811. Abel Cleveland and David 
Dickersc n built the first sawmill, m 1804. and the first gristmill, 
in 1800, at Silver Creek. In 1805 Mr. Dickerson erected a saw 
mill at Silver Cl'eek, to which he attached a mortar and pestle, 

for the purpose of pounding corn for food. Moore erected 

a gristmill at Forestville about the same period. 

* There are 8 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 3 Bap., and Presb. 

T Daniel B. Carpenter, from Washington Co., settled on Lot 04, 
in 1800; Jonathan Cheney on Lot .i2,in 1607 ; Theron lily, from 
Otsego CO., on Lot 44, and Wm. Mattison on Lot 52, in 1811 ; 
and Jas. Carpenter on Lot 56, in 1816. The first child born was 
Thos. Slayton, in Nov. 1807 ; the first marriage, that of Reuben 
Slavton and Clarissa Slayton, in 1808: and the first death, that 
of Thomas Slayton, Nov. 26. 1807. Ebon Pratt taught the first 
school, in 1817; Jas. McCallen kept the first inn, in 1810, on I/Ot 
43; and Tihbcta k Kellogg the first store, on the same lot. in 
1818. Reuben Slayton built the first sawmill, on Lot 4.'t. in 1818. 

8 The census reports 9 churches ; 6 M. E , 3 Bap., and Preab, 



214 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



KIAIVTOIVE — was formed from Carroll, Not. 16, 1853. It lies upon the s. border of the co., 
E. of the center. The surface is undulating in the E., and hilly in the w. The highest summits 
are about 100 ft. above Chautauqua Lake. Connewango Creek forms the greater part of the e. 
boundary. Kiantone and Stillwater Creeks are the other principal streams. The soil is a clay 
loam intermixed with gravel. Kiantone (p. v.) contains about 20 dwellings. The fir.st settle- 
ment was made on Lot 1, in 1807, by Robt. Russel.' The first religious meeting was held at the 
house of -Joseph Akins, in 1814, by Rev. Mr. Smith ; and the first church (Cong.) was formed in 
1815. There are 3 churches in tovm ; Cong., M. E., and Univ. 

9II1VA — was taken from Clymer, March 23, 1824. Sherman was taken oflT in 1832. It is 
the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is rolling and hilly. The principal 
streams are French and several smaller creeks, flowing s. and w. Findleys Lake is a fine sheet 
of water in the s. w. part. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, mina Corners, (Mina 
p. o.,)a little E. of the center, contains 15 dwellings; and Findleys liake, (p. v.,) near the 
outlet of the lake, 20 dwellings. Friends is a p. o. in the s. w. part. The fii-st settlement 
was made on Lot 52, in 1816, by Alex. Finley, from Penn., originally from Ireland.^ The first 
religious services (Ref. Prot. D.) were held in the barn of Benj. Hazen, by Rev. Mr. Bradley, 
in 1826. The first and only church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1853, and the church edifice 
was erected in 1857. 

POLiAKD — was formed from Ellicott, April 9, 1832. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. 
of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. The principal 
streams are Connewango and Cassadaga Creeks, which form a junction near the s. line. The 
soil is a clay and sandy loam. Considerable lumber is still manufactured. Falconer,^ (p-'^'-i) 
on Connewango Creek, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 23 dwellings. Poland Cen- 
ter is a p. 0. The first settlement was made at Falconer, on the Connewango, in 1805, by Dr. 
Thos. R. Kennedy, from Meadville, Penn.* A church (Union) — the only one in town — is located 
at Falconer. 

POMFRET— was formed from Chautauqua, March 11, 1808. Ellicott, Gerry, and Hanover 
were taken off in 1812, a part of Shft-idan in 1827, and parts of Arkwright in 1829 and '30. It lies 
npon Lake Erie, a little E. of the center of the co. A strip of comparatively level land extends 
along the lake, and the remaining part of the surface is a rolling upland, the higher summits 
being 700 to 800 ft. above the lake. It is principally drained by Canadaway Creek and several 
smaller streams flowing into the lake. Several small branches of Cassadaga Creek take their 
rise in the s. part. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Quarries of excellent building stone 
are found along the lake shore. Dunkirli,'' (p. v.,) on Lake Erie, was incorp. May 15, 1837. 
It is a commercial port upon the lake, and the w. terminus of the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It has a 
Sue harbor, and commodious wharves and warehouses for the accommodation of the large amount 
of commerce that centers here during the season of navigation.* The R. R. company have also 
extensive warehouses, work and repair shops, and accommodations for an immense freighting 
business. The port is the most important one on the lake between Buffalo and Cleveland ; and 
regular lines of steam propellers run in connection with the R. R. The village contains a bank, 
4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a union school, several machine shops and furnaces, and a 
brewery and distillery. Pop. 4,754. Fredonla, (p. v.,) upon Canadaway Creek,' 3 mi. s. of 
Dunkirk, was incorp. May 2, 1829. It contains 4 churches, the Fredonia Academy, 2 banks, 2 
weekly newspapers, 3 flouring mills, 2 furnaces, and various other manufacturing establishments. 
The celebrated "Fredonia Garden Seeds" are raised and put up at this place.' Pop. 2,004. 

Woodard were also e.-irly settlers. Dr. T. R. Kennedy erected the 
first sawmill, in 1805, and the first pristmill, in ISOli. on the Con- 
newango. The first lumber rafted down the Allegany was 
made at Dr. Kennedy's mill. 

^ Formerly called ^Chadwiclcs Bay,^^ from the first settler. 

6 At this port were received, in 1S57, "242.957 bbls. flour, 38.532 
bhls. whiskev, 20.153 bbls. beef, pork, and bacon, 93,44.S bush, 
wheat. 114,65'2 bush. corn. 2,162,800 lbs. wooI.l,20S.400 lbs. butter, 
9,236 head of cattle, 10,7S2 sheep, and 10,865 hogs. 

I Upon the bunks of the creek — just below the bridge, in the 
village — is a spring of carburetted hydrogen gas, yielding about 
10,000 cubic ft. of gas every 24 hours. This gas is collected in 
a gasometer and di.stributed in pipes, aflbrding sufficient light 
for about one-half of the village. About one mi. E. of the village 
the gas oozes from the shale rocks on the banks of the creek over 
the space of an acre. The amount of gas escaping here is sup- 
posed to be much greater than at the spring in the village, and 
a company has been formed to collect it for use. 

8 Over GOO acres of laud are devoted to this business. 



1 James Hall settled on Lot 28, in 1810. The first school was 
taught by Stephen Rogers, in 1814. Jas. Ilall kept the first 
store, on Lot 28, and Wm. Sears the first inn, on Lot 11. Robert 
Russel built the first sawmill, on Kiantone Creek. 

2 Aaron Whitney, from Dunnville, Can-ida, settled on Lot 59. 
Zina Keckford on Lot 28. and Roger Ilaskill on Lot 50, in 1821 ; 
James Ottaway. from Kent CO., England, on Lot 14. in 1823. 
The first birth w-as thfit of a daughter of Nathaniel Throop. in 
1823; the first marriage, that of Isiuic Stedrnau and Nancy Wil- 
cox, in April. 1826 ; and the first death, that of the mother of 
Nathaniel Throop. in 1825. The first school was taught by 
Elisha More, near Finleys Mills, in 1826. Cullin Barnes kept 
tlie first inu, on Lot 20, in 1827, and Horace Brockway the first 
store, in 1824, on Lot 52. Alex. Finley built the fii^t mill, in 
1824. on the outlet of Finleys Lake. 

3 Formerly known as ^^Kennedyinlle" 

* Edward ShiUitto settled about the same time at the mills on 

the Connewango ; Amasa Ives, Isaac Young. Owens, 

Wijes, Jos. and Banlt-l Wheeler, Nicholas Dolloff, and Joshua 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 215 

Laona, (p. v.,) on Saw Creek, near the e. border, contains 2 churches, a paper mill, saw and 
grist mill, and 406 iuhalntants. Brl^ham, in the s. part, is a p. o. Sliumla is a hamlet, 
near the s. e. corner. David Eason and Thomas McClintock, from Penn., settled at Fredonia, in 
1804.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Oct. 20, 1808, at the house of Judge Cushing.^ 

PORTIjAIVD — was formed from Chautauqua, April 9, 1813. Ripley was taken off in 1817, 
and a part of Westfield in 1829. It lies upon Lake Erie, a little w. of the center of the co. Its 
surface is level along the lake shore, but broken and hilly in the center and w. Its streams are 
small creeks and brooks flowing into Lake Erie. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. 
Centerville^ (Portland p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 233 inhabitants; 
Saleui, (Brockton p. o.,) in the n. e. part, contains 2 churches and 258 inhabitants. The first 
settlement was made a little w. of the center, by Capt. Jas. Dunn, in 1805.® The first religious 
meeting was held at the house of Capt. Dunn, in 1810, by Rev. John Spencer, who afterward 
organized the first church (Cong.) in 1817.* 

RIPEjET^ — was formed from Portland, March 1, 1817. A part of Westfield was taken off in 
1829. It lies upon Lake Erie, in the n. \v. corner of the co. Its surface is level along the lake 
shore, and broken and hilly in the s. e. The highest summits are 800 ft. above the lake. It is 
drained by Twenty Mile Creek and its tributaries and a large number of small streams flowing 
into the lake. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Along the lake shore are several valuable 
stone quarries. Quiiicy, (Ripley p. o.,) about 1 mi. e. of the lake, contains 2 churches and 289 
inhabitants. State liine is a station on the B. &E. R. R. Josiah Farnsworth, from the e. part 
of the State, settled at Quincy in 1804. The first religious services (Bap.) were held at the house of 
Nathan Wisner, by Rev. Samuel Wisner, in 1806; the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1820.® 

8I1ERIDA1V — was formed from Pomfret and Hanover, April 16, 1827. It lies upon the 
shore of Lake Erie, e. of the center of the co. The surface is level in the n. w., and hilly in the 
8. E., with a gradual inclination toward the lake. A nearly perpendicular bluff, 50 to 200 ft. high, 
extends along the lake shore. It is drained by Scotts Creek, and several smaller streams, flowing 
into Lake Erie. The soil is a clay loam, mixed in some parts with gravel. 81ieridan Center 
(p. V.) contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. The first settlements were made on Lot 17, at the 
center, by Francis "Webber, from Mass., in 1804.'^ The first religious meeting (Presb.) was held 
at the house of Orsamus Holmes, by Rev. John Spencer, in 1807; and the first church (Presb.) 
was organized by Mr. Spencer, in 1816,^ 

SIIERMAW^— was formed from Mina, April 17, 1832. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the 
center of the co. The surface is rolling and hilly, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. It 
is drained by French Creek and its tributaries. The soil is clay and sandy loam. Considerable 
lumber is manufactured in the town. Sherman, (p. v.,) in the n., contains 4 churches, a grist- 
mill, sawmill, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 401. Center Slierman is a 
p.o. Pleasant Valley and Waits Corners are hamlets. In 1824,*** Alanson "Weed set- 



1 Low Minegar, Benj. Barrett, Zattu Gushing. Barnes, 

Cole, and Geer settled, in 1S04 and '05, at and near 

Fredonia. Timothy Goulding settled 1 mi. w. of the harbor, in 

11^08. Solomon Chadwick located at Dunkirk in 1809, and 

Gaylord. Daniel Pier, and Luther (Joulding soon after. Samuel 
Perry brought the first vessel into the harbor, in 1810. The 
first death was that of a daughter of Oliver Woodcock. VI years 
of age, killed by the fall of a tree in 180S. The first school was 
taught by Samuel Perry, at Fredonia. in the winter of 1808-09. 
Tho8. McClintock kept the first inn, in 1809, and E. Risley the 
first store, in 1808. at Fredonia. Baker. Berry & Co. built tho 
first sawmill and gristmill, in 1807. on Canadaway Creek. 

2 The census reports llchurches; 3 Bap., 2 Prot. E., iiPresb., 
2 M. E., Christian, and R. C. 

8 In 1806, Nathan. Elisha. and Nath'I Fay settled on Lot 25. 
Peter Kane on Lot 38, Johu Price on Lot 34. David Kaaon on Lot 
37, and Benj. Hutchins in tho same vicinity. The first birth 
was tliat of Ueorge W. Dunn, Jan. 18. 1807; the first marriage, 
that of Absalom Harris and Polly Kane, in 1810; and the first 
death, that of Mrs. Natlian F;iy, in 1807. The first school was 
taught by Anna Eaton, on the premises of Capt. Dunn, in the 
summer of 1810. The first inu was kept near Center\'ille, liy Capt. 
Dunn, in 1806, and the first store by Tlios. Clump, in 1817, in 
the w. part of the town. Moses Sage and Wni. Dunham built 
the first sawmills, near tho lake shore. The first gristmill was 
built at Salem. 

* Tho census reports 6 chnrchea; 2 Bap., 2 M. E,, Prot. Meth., 
and Cong. 

6 Named in honor of Gen. EleazurW. Ripley. Among the other 
early settlers were Perry G. Ellsworth, on Lot 12, near Quincy, 
Samuel Truesdail* near the Penn. line, Alexander Cochrane, on 



Lot 10, and Wm. Alexander, all of whom came in 1.804; Silas 
Baird settled on Lot G. and Ira Loomis in town, in 1806; Chas. 
Forsyth in 1808, The first school was tanght by Ann Riddle, a 
little w. of Quincy, in ISIO. The first inn was kept near th«i 
State line, by Sam'l Truesdail. in 1805. 

6 The census reports 6 churches; 2 Presb., M. E., Bap., anu 
Union. 

7 Jerrard Griswold, John Walker, Oraemus and Alanson 
ITolmes. and Uriah Lee, from Eastern New York, settled near 
the center in 1804-05; Wm. Griswold, from Conn., on Lot 35, iu 
1805; and Rev. John Spencer, from Conn., at the center, in 1807 
The first birth was that of Jos. Ellicott, son of Alanson Holmea. 
in the spring of 1805; the first marriage, that of Benj. Parrows 
and Betsey Stebbins. iu 1807-08: and the lirst death, that of 
Alanson Holmes, in tho fall of 1805. The first school was taught 
by Wm. Griswold, in the winter of 1808-09, at his own house 
Oraemus Holmes kept the first inn. w. of the center, in 1808, and 
Elisha Gray the first store, the same year. Haven Brigham built 
tho first gristmill, in 1807, on Brighams Creek. 

8 The census reports 3 churches ; Presb., Bap., and Wea. Meth. 
8 Named iu honor of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the 

Declaration of Independence. 

10 In the same year, Harvey W.Goff settled on Lot 30, Lester 
R. Dewey on Lot 31, Otis Skinner on Lot 32, and Hiram N 
Oleason on Lot 24. Tho first child born was Amasa Dormius, 
in 1824; the first marriatie. that of Lester R. Dewey and Fanny 

Patterson, in 1825; and the first death, that of Arnold, in 

182(>. Otis Skinner taught the first school, in his own house, iu 
1828. Josiah Keeler kept the first store and inn. on Lot 27, in 
1827. Alanson Wood erected the first mill, on Lot 30 in 1826. 



216 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



tied on Lot 31. The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Jonathan Reynolds, 
by Elder Spencer ; and the first church (Cong.) was formed in 1826.^ 

STOCKTOIV^— was formed from Chautauqua, Feb. 9, 1821. A part of Ellery was annexed 
in 1850. It is an interior town, lying a little n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling 
and hilly upland. Cassadaga and Bear Lakes, two small bodies of water near the n. border, give 
rise to Cassadaga and Bean Creeks. These streams unite in the s. part of the town. The soil 
upon the upland is a clay loam, and in the valleys a sandy loam. Delaiiti, {Stockton p. o.,) 
near the center, contains 3 churches, a grist and saw-mill, and 180 inhabitants. Cassadagra, 
(p.v.,) upon Cassadaga Lake, in the n. e. corner, contains a church, a sawmill, and 151 inhabit- 
ants, Soutb Stockton, in the s. e. part, and Oregon, in the s., are p. offices. The first 
settlement was made in the s. part of the town, in 1810, by Shadrack Scofield, David Waterbury, 
and Henry AValker, from Saratoga co.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in the s. part, in 
1815.* 

VIliLE^'OVA — was taken from Hanover, Jan. 24, 1823. A part of Arkwright was taken 
ofi" in 1829. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the 
s. e., and broken and hilly in the center and n. The highest summit is 900 ft. above Lake Erie. 
Two small lakes — one on the n. and the other on the w. border— form the sources of the two 
branches of Connewango Creek, which unite in the s.e. corner. The soil is a clay and gravelly 
loam. Omar, (Hamlet p. o.,) a little s. w. of the center, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw 
mill, and 181 inhabitants. Villenova is a p. o. at Connewango Forks, in the s. e, part. The 
first settlement was made in 1810, on Lot 3, by Daniel Whipple, from Herkimer co., originally 
from Mass.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Mr. Dunham; and the first church 
(M. E.) was formed in 1812. There are 3 churches in town; M. E., Wes. Meth., and F.W. Bap. 

"WESTFIEliO— was formed from Portland and Ripley, March 19, 1829. It lies upon Lake 
Erie, w. of the center of the co. The surface is level or rolling along the lake, and hilly in the 
center and s. It is drained by Chaiitauqua and Little Chautauqua Creeks and several smaller 
streams flowing into the lake. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Westfield,^ (p. v.,) upon 
Chautauqua Creek, about 2 mi. from the lake, was incorp. April 19, 1833. It contains 4 churches, 
2 banks, a weekly newspaper, the "Westfield Academy, an agricultural implement factory, a hard- 
ware factory, woolen factory, cotton mill, and 3 flouring mills. Pop. 1,433. Barcelona, 
(p. V.,) a port of entry upon the lake, contains 109 inhabitants. Tolusia is a p. o. in the s. part 
of the town. The first settlement was made in 1801, by Edward McHenry, from Penn.'^ The first 
church (Presb.) was organized in 1807, by Rev. John Linsley.^ 



1 The census reports 5 churches; Cong., Bap.,F.W. Bap., M.E., 
and Univ. 

- Named in honor of Richard Stockton, a signer of the De- 
clHi'atiou of Independence. 

3 The first child born was Wm. Walker, Aug. 25, 1811. Abigail 
Durft'y tauglit the first school, in the s. part, in the summor of 
1815. Thi.' first inn was kt-pt by Ichabod Fisher, at Cassadaga, 
ID 1811, and the first store by .lames Haywood, at Delanti. in 
1817. Hines, Lazell & Nelson built the first gristmill, at De- 
lanti, on Bean Creek, in 1819. 

< The census reijorts 6 churches; 3 Bap., Cong., Christian, and 
Univ. 

6 Among the other early settlers were Daniel Wright, from 
Herkimer co., on Lot 19, Villeroy Balcomh. John Kent, and Kli 
Arnold. The first child born was Klecta Whipple, May 6, 1812; 
the first marriage, that of .Tas. Maffit and Mary Djghton ; and 
the first death, that of John Arnold, in 1811. Mrs. Battles 
taught the first school, in her own house, near Wrights Corners, 
in 1815, Norris & Grover kept the first store, and Villeroy Bal- 
comb the first ina, at Wriuhts Corners, tu 1829. John Kent 



erected the first sawmill, in 1815, on the Connewango, below the 
Forks ; and a gristmill was attached in 1818. 

* The business of this place was ruined bvthe finishing of the 
N. Y. & Erie R. R. to Dunkirk. A lighthouse here is lighted by 
gas obtained from a gas spring, on the bank of the creek, about 
a mile distant. 

7 Among the other early settlers were Arthur Bell and James 
Montgomery, from Penn.,who located alittle w. of Westfield Vil- 
lage, Abraham Fredrick, from Penn., on Lot 71, and Dan'l Kin- 
kaid, on Lot 14, all in 1802 ; and Gen. John and Jas. McMahan, 
on the present site of the village, in 1803. The first child bom 
was John McUenry, in 1802; the first marriage, that of James 
Montgomery and Sarah Taylor, June 30, 1805; and the first 
death, that of Edward McHenry, drowned by the upsetting of 
a small boat on Lake Erie, in isu3. John McMahan elected the 
first sawmill and gristmill, in 1804, on and neiir the mouth of 
Chautauqua Creek. Edward McHenry kept the first inn, id 
1802, and Jas. Atkins the first store, in ISOS, at Westfield Vil- 
lage. The first school was taught by Wm. Murray, in 1803. 

8 The census reports 7 churches; 2 M. E., I'resb., Prot. E., 
Wes, Meth., Bap., and Univ. 



CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 



217 



Acres of Lamly Valuattonj Popniafwn, DicelUngs, Families, Freeholders , Sehoohj Live 
Stockj Af/ricullural ProductSj and Domestic Manufactures^ of Chautauqua County. 



Names of Towns. 



Arkwright.... 

Busti 

Carroll 

Charlotte 

Chautauqua... 
Cherry Creek. 

Clymer 

EUery 

EUicott 

EUingtou 

French Creek. 

Gerry. 

Hauover 

Harmony 

Kiantoue 

Mina 

Poland 

Pomfret 

Portland 

Bipley 

Sheridan. 

Sherman 

Stockton 

Villenova , 

Westfield 

Total 



Acres of Land. | 




■j 


•H 


g 


§ 


I 










« 


g 


12,250 


9,199 


18,399 


11,342 


6.712 


12,755 


12,696 


8.658 


25,318 


19.617 


11.090 


14,477 


9,260 


13,965 


19.59Si 


10,800 


9,'J51i 


9,2984 


li.171 


8,675 


6.6684 


16,4484 


11,917 


9,837 


21.011 


11,736} 


2S,72S 


26.805 


6,040 


4.234 


10,103J 


12.786 


8,6344 


13,386 


21,5SSi 


10,941J 


16,3304 


5,604 


16.696 


12.630 


15,6594 


6,719 


11,499 


12.038 


16.02S 


12,9001 


12.769S 


9,521 


18.1944 


10.272 


360,110 


294,1454 



Valuation of 1858. 



$287,734 
662,606 
271,874 
386,336 
784,050 
247,170 
229,812 
646,627 
750,119 
340,666 
190,616 
285,065 
962.119 
821,779 
208,446 
246,841 
252,535 

1,631,057 
607,222 
646,470 
630,236 
305,409 
439,836 
323,081 

1,082,696 



1,889,940 



$306,034 
583,215 
303,049 
459.991 
923.280 
256;620 
240,612 
678,677 

1,083,395 
404,806 
194,541 
30f3,076 

1,089,669 
939,369 
293,521 
266,316 
263,635 

1,961,697 
652,711 
729,070 
684,635 
339,009 
473,786 
369,231 

1,247,656 



649 
980 
710 
827 

1,267 
694 
667 
S93 

1,964 
ii.'S 

02'; 

2,044 

1,701 
233 
614 
623 

4,403 
988 
851 
828 
662 
819 
692 

1,663 
14,819,090 27,101 26.279 



661 
940 
69S 
846 

1,324 
632 
607 
972 

1,971 
972 
400 
635 

2.067 

1,742 
267 
622 
702 

4,754 
978 
852 
763 
662 
869 
721 

1,675 



202 
364 
267 
329 
620 
246 
234 
34« 
715 
874 
153 
242 
798 
713 
90 
199 
251 
1,627 
136 
319 
318 
268 
343 
290 
646 



9,988 10,566 



187 
339 
274 
327 
418 
234 
211 

409 
364 
146 
211 
641 
C21 
91 
192 
206 
1046 
303 
281 
295 
240 
319 
264 
682 



8,628 307 



el 



463 
675 
651 
677 

1,092 
437 
462 
649 

1,654 
941 
316 
489 

1,590 

1,405 
205 
600 
548 

3,063 
652 
699 
582 
441 
621 
493 

1,126 



20,091 



Names of Towns. 



Arkwright.... 

Busti 

Carroll 

Charlotte 

Cliautauqua.. 
Cherry Creek. 

Clymer 

Ellery 

Kllicott 

EHiogton 

French Creek. 

Gerry 

Hanover 

Harmony 

Kiantone 

Mina 

Poland 

Pomfret 

Portland 

Ripley 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Stockton 

Villenova...... 

■VV'estfleld 

Tobil 



391 
6.39 
266 
349 
861 
378 
303 
784 
413 
678 
240 
430 
S9S 

1,076 
168 
331 
290 

1,1.59 
iilO 
005 
481 
409 
45' 
46' 
685 



1,376 
2,040 
1,039 
1„617 
2,391 
1,367 
1,230 
1.902 

9.54 
1,648 

788 
1,381 
2.599 
3,710 

667 
1,.548 
1,196 
2,073 
1.427 
2,1 
1,1 

1.218 
1.398 
1.368 
2,198 



1,348 
1,925 

634 
1,429 
2,799 

981 
1,012 
2,033 

725 
1,168 

561 
1,165 
2,366 
3,312 

613 
1,002 

727 
2,748 
1.117 
1.267 
1.035 
1.260 
2 299 
1.461 
1.200 



13,047 40,844 36,046 90,154 



2,174 
5.748 
1,676 
1,001 
4,601 
2,077 
1,624 
3.813 
3,832 
4,895 
4.614 
3.323 
■ 4.659 
5.845 
1,660 
2,101 
1,941 
3,786 
5,204 
8,740 
4.331 
2,135 
1,097 
3,285 
6,094 



Agricultural Products. 



Bush, of GsAlM, 



646 

736 

1,480 

90 

1,456 

587, 

886, 

5,625 

1,6264 

289 

327 

282 

8.235 

2.978 

387 

38 

674 

6,936 

6,872J 

10,068 

10,010 

280 

435 

3255 

,001 



^ 



37,1294 

75.708 

26,429 

46,740 

71,190 

40,2434 

28,679i 

86,337} 

41,9074 

73,2934 

18,5054 

42,1585 

66,542J 

96.779: 

20,478 

28,2064 

32,801 

64,938 

49,098 

65.9684 

42.2684 

32.277 

47.402 

44.113 

48,875 



69,1575 1,217,968} 






2,900 

5,810 

2.642 

3,339 

8,250 

2,7.36 

2,612 

4.985 

2,697 

3,663 

1,745 

3.147 

6.6414 

8.586 

1,914 

3,246 

2,921 

6,7694 

4,7424 

5,371 

4,332 

S.6145 

4.41SJ 

3,492 

6,5114 



10,188 

15.196 

7,957 

10,686 

13,703 

9,088 

12,272 

13,091 

11,274 

13,,574 

6,038 

8,475 

17,706 

27,642 

3,632 

9,916 

11,029 

12,870 

7.411 

7,443 

8,288 

11,654 

11.243 

14,772 

7,.504 



11,262 
20,589 

7,219 
10,154 
26,196 
12.448 

3,915 
32,104 
12.454 
22,38' 

2,226 
16,667 
30,068 
28.352 

6,742 

6,007 

7,098 
19.037 
12,671 

9,016 
22,202 

3 24.3 
24.300 
14.529 

9,349 



Daiby Products. 



t, « 



99,029 
195.463 

50,460 
139.761 
279.574 

10.782 

95.669 
173,669 

64.694 
144.717 

58.050 
103.685 
229.772 
332.496 

56,630 
111,065 

71,910 
176,368 
131,S36 
122.800 
105,786 
143,745 
212.926 
168.087 
112.064 



105,672 1 282,451 308,116 3,.389.837 1,198,301 ' 35,268 



1^1 



120,51.) 
61,780 

4,700 
70,280 
116.272 
20,650 
16,741 
119,439 
12.884 
16,165 

2,;i8 
ei.'.'JO 
68,300 
83,172 
21,400 
10.610 

6.375 
91.509 

8,425 
17,426 
64,700 
14.100 
179,472 
36,609 

6,214 



=;.= 



1,784 

1.427 

1,765 

781 

726 

2,612 

1,931} 

1,865 

6494 

1,693 

1,002 

827 

2,201 

3.941 

136 

9,SS 

1,008 

848 

995 

1,221 

1.619 

1.497 

1.246 

2.990} 

615 



nUlVKIRK — was formed from Pomfret, Nov. 17, 1859, the division line being tlie north line 
of Lots 2, 9, 15, 21, 26, 31, 35, 38. 



CHEMUNG COUNTY. 



^^^^^P^^ 




Tnis county was formed from Tioga, March 29, 1836.' A portion 
of Schuyler was taken off in 1854. It lies upon the s. border of the 
State, is centrally distant 158 mi. from Albany, and contains 400 
sq. mi. Its surface is principally a hilly upland broken by the 
deep ravines of the streams. The highest points are 400 to 600 fl. 
i above the valleys and 1300 to 1500 ft. above tide. The ridges extend 
. in a general N. and s. direction, and have steep declivities and broad 
and rolling summits. A deep valley, extending s. from Seneca 
Lake, divides the highlands into two general systems, and forms an 
easy communication between the Susquehanna Valley and the cen- 
tral portions of the State. Chemung River flows s. e. through the s. 
part of the co. and cuts the ridges diagonally. Wide alluvial flats, 
bordered by steep hillsides, extend along nearly its whole course. Catharine Creek flows n. 
through the central valley and discharges its waters into Seneca Lake. The other principal 
streams, all tributaries of the Chemung, are Post, Sing Sing,^ Newtown, Goldsmith, Wynkoops,' 
and Cayuta Creeks from the N., and llendy and Seely Creeks from the s. The valleys of these 
streams are generally narrow, and are bordered by steep hills. The valleys of the smaller streams 
are mere ravines and guUeys. 

The principal rocks in the co. belong to the shales and sandstones of the Chemung group. In 
the N. part the rocks of the Portage group are exposed in the ravines. The sandstone is quarried 
in several places, and furnishes a good quality of stone for building and flagging. Bog iron ore and 
marl are found to a limited extent. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, intermixed in some 
places with clay. The valleys are covered with a deep, rich alluvium. The highlands are best 
adapted to pasturage. The people are principally engaged in agriculture. Until within a few 
years, lumbering has formed a leading pursuit ;' but since the disappearance of the fine forests this 
business has been mostly superseded by stock and wool growing and dairying. Since the com- 
pletion of the railroads and canals, commerce and manufactures have received considerable atten- 
tion, although they are still subordinate to the agricultural interests of the co. 

The county seat is located at Elmira, upon Chemung River.' The courthouse and jail are located 
near the center of the village, e. of the canal. The jail is poorly arranged, and in construction it 
meets neither the requirements of humanity nor the law. The average number of inmates is 12, 
kept at a cost of §2 50 per week each. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 180 acres in the 
town of Horseheads, on the line of Erin. The average number of inmates is 70, supported at a 
cost of $ .80 each per week. The farm yields a revenue of $1000.° The Chemung Canal extends 
s. from Seneca Lake through the central valley to Chemung River at Elmira, forming' a direct 
connection with the great chain of internal water navigation of the State. A navigable feeder 
from Corning, Steuben co., forms a junction with the canal on the summit level at Horseheads 
Village. Junction Canal extends several mi. along the Chemung, affording navigation at points 
where the river is obstructed by rapids and naiTows. The New York & Erie R. R. extends along 
Chemung River through Chemung, Southport, Elmira, and Big Flats. The Chemung R. R. extends 
N. from Elmira through Horseheads and Veteran. The Williamsport & Elmira R. R. extends s. 
from Elmira through Southport into Penn., forming a direct line to Philadelphia. 
Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published in this co.' 



1 Xame derived flrom the principal river, signifiea " Big horn," 
or " Horn in the water." It :8 called by the Delawarea Con-on- 
gue, a word of the same Bignification. These names were ap- 

f)lie4i to the stream in consequence of numbers of immense deers' 
iorns having from time to time been discovered in the water. In 
his " Views of Elmira," Solomon Southwick says that the Indian 
uame of the Chemung was Con-e-wa-wa, signifying " a head on 
a pole." 

2 Named from .Tohn Sing Sing, a friendly Indian. 
' Named from Wm. Wynkoop, an early settler. 

* For many years 10.000.000 ft. of pine lumber were floated 
down the Chemung and Susquehanna from Elmira annually. 

6 Upon the erection of Tioga co. Elmira, then " A'ewtoum,^' was 

made half-shire: and upon the erection of Chemung co. in 1836 

it was designated aa the county seat, and the old CO. buildings 

were taken for the use of the new co. The first co. officers were 

218 



Joseph L. Darling, I^rst Judge; Andrew K. Gregg, District At- 
timey: Is.iac Baldwin, County CUrk; Albert A. Beckwitb, 
Sheritf; and Lyman Co\ill, Surrogate. 

* The poorhouse is entirely inadequate for the comfort or 
health of the inmates. Many insane persons are confined, with- 
out proper care or medical attendance. No school is kept, but 
at proper age the children are bound out. 
' Tfte Telegraph, the first paper published in the co.. was estab- 
lished at '' Newtown" (now Elmira,) by Prindle & Murphy 
at an early period. In 1816 it was issued as 
The VidetU by Prindle. & Murphy, and subsequently by Wm. 

Murphy. 
The Investigator was commenced at Elmira, in 1820, by Job 

Smith. In 1822 its name was changed to 
The Tioga J^rgister. a-ad in 1S2S to 
Tlie Elmira Gazette^ and its publicatiou was continued 



CHEMUNG COUNTY. 



219 



la 1770, Gen. Sullivan and his army entered the co. from the s. by the way of Chemung 
River. Below ^^Neiviown Pui7it" (now Elmira) he encamped and threw up a breastwork, which 
was afterward called Fort Sullivan. At this point he first encountered the Indians and torlcs iu 
force, and on the 29th of Aug. a battle ensued. The Indians were commanded by Brant, and 
the tories were led by Cols. Butler and Johnson. After an obstinate engagement of two hours, the 
enemy gave way at all points and fled, and no more resistance was offered to the advance of the 
American army. The first settlements were made from 1787 to 1790, by immigrants from Pcun., 
who had accompanied Sullivan in his expedition. They located principally in the valley of the 
Chemung, at Elmira, Southport, and Big Flats. Soon after, settlements were made at Catlin and 
Veteran, by immigrants from Conn.; at Erin, by Dutch and Scotch from N.J. and Del.; and at 
Chemung, by immigrants from Lancaster co., Penn.* The portion of the co. lying s. of the Che- 
mung River was included in a royal grant made previous to 1775. The remaining parts of the co. 
were included in the Watkins and Flint purchase. 



BALiDTFI^^ — was formed from Chemung, April 7, 185G, It lies s. E. of the center of the 
CO., and a narrow strip extends to the e. border. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep 
valleys of Baldwin and Wynkoop Creeks. The soil upon the hills is a clayey and shaly loam 
underlaid by hardpan, and iu the valleys a gravelly loam. Hauinionds Corners (North 
Chemung p. o.) contains a church, tannery, and 18 houses. Henry Sice made the first settlement, 
a little N. of the village, in 1813, and Warren and Charles Granger settled at the village in 1814.^ 
The only church in town (Union) was formed in 1852, by Dr. Murdock, the first preacher. 

BIG FI-ATS— was formed from Elmira, April IG, 1822. It lies upon the w, border of the 
CO., s. of the center. Its surface consists of a broken upland in the n. and s., separated by a wide 
intervale or flat, which extends n. e. from the Chemung through the center and gives name to the 
town. Chemung River receives several small tril)utarie3 from the n., the principal of which is 
Sing Sing Creek. The soil is a slaty loam upon the hills, and a productive gravelly loam in the 
valleys. Tobacco is raised in considerable quantities upon the flats.'* Big Flats, (p. v.,) situ- 
ated in the valley near the w. border of the town, is a station upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Pop. 
180. The first settlement was made by Christian Miner, from Penn., in 1787.^ The first church 
(Bap.) was formed in 1807. Rev. Roswell Goff was the first preacher.^ 

CA1XI\ — was formed from Catharines, Schuyler co., April 16, 1823. It is the n.w. corner 
town of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 200 to 400 feet above the 
valleys. The principal streams are Post and Sing Sing Creeks and Hubbards Run. The soil is 
chiefly a gravelly loam, and is best adapted to grazing. There is no village or church in town. 



by Mr. Smith until 1831. It was successively issued by 
Brinton Paine, Cyrus Pratt, Pratt & Beardsley, Mason & 
Rhodes, Geo. W. Mason, and Wm. C. Mason, until lSr>7, 
when it passed into the hands of S. C. Taber, by whom 
it is still published. 

The Elmira RipuliUcan was commenced in 1820, and in 1828 it 
was changed to 

rA« Elmira Whig, and puhlfshed by James Durham. In 1829 
it was changed again to 

Tlu Elmira R'^puhlicany and issued by C. Morgan. It was soon 
after called 

Tht Elmira HepubUmn and Caiml Advertiser. In 1831 it passed 
into the hands of John Duffy, and its name was changed 
back to 

The Elmira Jifpuhlican. It was successively issued by Birdsall 
&. Iluntlev. Ransom & Birdsall, Polly & Carter, Polly 
k Couk. Polly & Huntley. S. B. & G. C. Fairman, G. C. 
Fairnian. Fairman & Baldwin, Baldwin k Dumas, and 
Calhoun, until 1857, when it was discontinued. 

T^ Elmira Daihj Jtepublican was issued a short time iu 1S46, 

The Daily Rcpubli':an w.is issued from the Republican office 
from the fall of 1851 to 1S55. 

The Elnilra Advertiser was commenced in 1S53 by 
Fairnian Brothers. In 1856 F. A. De Voe became in- 
terested in the publication, and the paper is still issued 
by Fairman & Df Voe. 

The Klmlra Dally Advertiser was commencpd 
pimultaneously with the weekly, and is still iGSued, by 
the 6,ime publishers. 

Tht Elmira DaUy Democrat was issued a short time in 1851 by 
J. Taylor & S.C. Taber. 

The Chemunri Patriot was published in 1837 at Horseheads by 
J. T. Bradt. 

TIu PhUoxophrr was commenced at Horseheads, April 7, 1855, 
by Sam'l C. Taber, and was continued until 1857, when 
it was merged in The Elmira GazeUe. 



The Daily Press was commenced in 185i^, byD-imas, Van 

Gelder k Paine, its present publishers. 
The Teviperance Gem (mo.) was published at Tllmira about 1850. 

1 Louis Philippe, the Dnke de Nemours, and the Duke de Berri, 
visited Elmira in 1797, having traveled on foot to that place 
from Canandaigua, a distance of 70 mi. They went down the 
rivi;)- to llarrisiiurgh upon an ark. 

2 Named from Baldwin Creek, which received its name fmni 
Isaac, Walter, and Thomas Baldwin, brothers, who setlleii at an 
early period at the mouth of the creek. It w.ss furmerly called 
Butlers Creek. They were attached to Gen. Sullivan's expedi- 
tion against the Indians in 1778-79, and Walter was wounded 
at the battle of Newtown. 

3 The first child born was Simeon Hanimond, and the first 
death was that of Thos. Wheeler, killed by the fall of a tree. The 
first school was taught by Polly Blandin,a little N.of the village. 
D. R. Harris kept the first inn, and Miles Covel the first store, h. 
of the village. 

* In 1850, Sanford Elmore, from Conn., commenced the ciilti- 
Tation of tobacco iu this town, and it has since become a staple 
product. In 1858 nearly 1000 acres were devoted to it, and 250 
tons of the Conn, seed leaf were produced. 

& Caleb Gardner and Henry Starell. from Penn., settled on 
the river below Miner in the same or the next year. Geo. Gard 
ner settled at the village in 1788, Clark Winans on the river 
in 1789, and John Winters, Jesse and Joel Kowlev, and Geo. 
Gardner, jr., all fi*om Penn.. in 1790. The first birth was that 
of Christian Miner, jr., in 1790; the first marriage, that of Wm. 
Applegato and Catharine Miner; and the first death, that nf T. 
Dolson. Cornelius McOinnis taught the first Fchnol. near the 
village; .lobn Hay kept the first store, and Capt. Geo. (birdner 
the first inn at the village. The first gristmill was erected by 
Robt. Miller, K. of the village. 

fl The cowrs reports i chiu-ches ; Baj-^ F. W. Bap., Presb., and 



220 



CHEMUNG COUNTY. 



Catlin Center and Post Creek, are p. offices. The first settlers were John Martin, from 
Tompkins co., and Aaron Davenport, from N. J., who located in the s. w. corner of the town.^ 

CHEMUIVG— was formed Feb. 28, 1789. Elmira was taken off in 1792, Erin in 1822, and 
Baldwin in 1856. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland broken by 
deep and narrow valleys. Chemung River flows s. e. through the s. part. AVynkoop Creek flows 
s. through near the center, in a deep valley bordered by steep hillsides. The soil on the uplands is 
a gravelly loam, and in the valleys gravel mixed with alluvium. Broomcorn and tobacco are 
largely cultivated. Brecltville, (Chemung p.o.,) on Chemung River, contains a church and 
57 dwellings. It is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Cbemung Center and Bald\%'iu 
are p. offices. The first settlement was made at Breckville, in 1788, by Elijah Breck, Capt. Daniel 
McDowell, and William "Wynkoop, — the first two from Penn.=^ The first church (Bap.) was formed 
in 1790, by Rev. Roswell Goff.» 

EI^IYIIRA — was formed from Chemung, as " Newiown," April 10, 1792, and its name was 
changed April 6, 1808. Catharines Schuyler co., was taken off in 1798, Big Fhits and Southport 
in 1822, and Horseheads in 1854. It is situated s. of the center of the co. Ranges of hills occupy 
the E. and w. borders, and a wide valley extends through the center. The declivities of the hills 
are generally steep, and their summits are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams 
are Chemung River, forming the s. boundary, and Newtown and Goldsmiths Creeks. The soil 
upon the uplands is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a productive, sandy loam, Elmira 
(p.v.) is situated upon the Chemung, near the center of the s. border of the town. Upon an emi- 
nence 2i mi. E. of Elmira Village are the remains of an ancient fortification. It is protected on one 
side by the river, and on the other by a deep ravine. An embankment 200 feet long, 14 feet wide, 
and Z\ feet high still extends along the rear of the fortification, and upon it large trees grew when 
tlie whites first occupied the country. It was incorp. as " Ncwtoum" March 3, 1815, and its name 
was changed April 21, 1828. The people are largely engaged in manufacturing* and in commercial 
pursuits,^ for which the location of the place is admirably adapted. Besides the co. buildings, the 
village contains 3 banks, 1 daily and 2 weekly newspaper offices, 8 churches, and a large number 
of fine and commodious commercial buildings. It is also the seat of the Elmira Female College,^ 
the Elmira Seminary,^ the Elmira Academy,^ and a large water-cure establishment.^ The public 
schools are graded and are in a flourishing condition. Pop. 8,308, of which 7,173 are within the 
limits of the town, and 1,135 in the town of Southport. The first settlement was made by Col. John 
Hendy and Christian Loop, who located on the present site of the village in 1788.^** Col. Ilendy 



1 Among the other early settlers were N. Swick, Homer Tup- 
per, Edward Beebe, Jacob Bucber. Alanson Owen, John Woolsey, 
and J. M. Barker, who located in the 8. part. Jacob Bucher 

kept the first inn on Post Creek, and Ostraudcr erected the 

first saw and gristmills on the same stream. Reuben Beebe 
died in the town inl8o4, at the age of 105. Hia widow, Hannah 
Beebe, was living. 1858, at the age of 105. Mr. Beebe served as 
a soldier in the Revolutionary army. 

2 The first marriage was that of Guy Maxwell and Nellie 
Wynkoop, and the first death, that of Wm . Boeworth. The first 
inn was kept by Wm. Wyukoop, on Wynkoops Creek, and the 
first store by Elijah Breck, at Breckville. Epinetus Owen erected 
the first gristmill, on Wynkoops Creek. Wm. Wyukoop was from 
Ulster CO., and settled at the month of the creek bearing his 
name. Samuel Wallace, the first school teacher, was killed by 
the Indians. 

s The census reports 4 churches; 2 Union, Bap., and Cong. 

* The principal of the manufacturing establishments are as 
follows : — The Elmira Woolen Manufactory, employing (j4 hands, 
and turning out 230,000 yds. of cloth annually ; the Phoenix 
Furnace Iron Works gives employment to 40 men ; the Elmira 
Ax Factory to 25 men; and a barrel manufactory to 50 men. 
Beaides these, there are several flouring mills, a planing mill, 
and other establishmeuts. 

6 An immense lumber trade is still carried on by means of the 
Chemung Uiver and Canal. The W. & E. R. R. opens a direct 
communication with the coal mines of Penu., and a large coal- 
trade is rapidly springing up. The village is also the center of 
an extensive trade. 

6 This institution was chartered in 1S55, with all the powers 
and privileges granted to the other colleges in the St,ate. It ex- 
tends to woman, opportunities for the highest culture. It is 
beautifully situated upon an eminence a little n.w. of the vil- 
lage. The building is 230 feet long, with an octagonal center "0 
feet in diameter and 4 stories high, flanked by 2 wings, each 80 
by 60 feet, and 3 stories high, all erected at a cost of $80,000. 
The catalogue of 1858 reports 188 pupils in attendance. 

T The Elmira Seminary for young ladies, a i>rivate institution, 
has been in successful operation for 11 years, under the nianage- 
mont of Miss C. Thurston. The catalogue of 1857 reports 205 
pupils. 



8 The Elmira Academy, once incorp., is now a private institu- 
tion. It has an endowment of $10,000. New buildings for the 
school are in process of erection. In 1S5S, 262 pupils were re- 
ported. 

9 The Elmira Water-Cure is situated on the hill 1 mi. e. of the 
village, commanding an extensive view of the valley and sur- 
rounding country. It contains accommodations for 110 patients. 

1*^ Anii>ug the earlysettlers were John Konkle, James Cameron, 
Wm. yeeley, Nathaniel Seely, John Muller. Caleb Baker. 

Marks, Thomas Hendy, and John J. AcMody. Cornelius 

Lijw kept the first inn, in 1791, at JVewtown Pointy and 
Cyms Ilallenbeck the first store, at about the same time and 
place. The first gristmill was built by Wm. Dunn and Brin- 
ton Parne, at the village in 1701, and the first sawmill, wool 
carding and cloth dressing mill by Gen. Matthew Carpenter, 
on the site of the present woolen factory. The following ac- 
count of the first birth in town was given in the N. Y. 
Commercial Advertiser: — "One Saturday afternoon, about 4 
o'clock, iu the summer of 17SS, while C-ol. John Ilendy waa 
working on his log bouse, a man and woman, both on horse- 
back, emerged from the Indian pathway and crossed the New- 
town Creek to his land. The man rode before, with a basket on 
each side of hia horse, and a child in each basket, while the 
woman brought up the rear, having on her nag the goods and 
chattels of the family ; for they were man and wife. The hus- 
band rode up to Col. H., inquiring with much anxiety if there 
was a doctor to be found in the vicinity. ' What is the matter ?* 
said the veteran. 'My wife has got hurt by the stumbling of 
her horse, and wants a doctor as soon as possible,' was the 
reply. *That is very unfortunate.' said the Col., 'for there ie 
no doctor in this wilderness.' He had no shelter nor resting 
place to offer them, save the ground, the pine trees, and the 
canopy of heaven. They rode on a few rods, and stopped — for 
they were obliged to stop — under the best shelter they coald 
find. On Sunday morning Col. Hendy met the man iu the 
woods, near the spot where they had conversed before, and, in- 
quiring how bis wife was, was answered, ' She is as well aa 
could be expected.' The Col. did not think again of the traveler 
till Monday, when he sent his son to look after them. The boy 
returned with the intelligence that they were getting ready tc 
Htart. 'But how is the woman, my hoy?' said he. 'The 



CHEMUNG COUNTY. 



221 



was the pioneer in the valley of the Chemung, and one of the most prominent of the early settlers. 
The first preacher (Presb.) was Rev. Nathan Culver.* 

ERIIV — was formed from Chemung, March 29, 1822. A part of Van Etten was taken off in 
1854. It extends from near the center of the co. to the n. border. Its surfiice is a hilly upland 
broken by the deep and narrow valleys of the streams. The principal streams are Winkoop, 
Bakers, Baldwin, and Newtown Creeks. Upon Bakers Creek, in the s. part of the town, is 
a fine sulphur spring. The soil is a medium quality of gravelly loam, and is best adapted to 
grazing. Considerable lumber is still manufactured, little more than one-third of the surface 
being under improvement. £rin, South £rin, and State Road are p. offices. The first 
settlement was made in 1817, by Kobert Park and John Bonfield.^ There are 2 churches in 
town; Presb. and M. E. 

IIOR8£IIE]ADS^ — was formed from Elmira, Feb, 17, 1854. It is an interior town, lying 
near the center of the co. The surface is rolling and level in the w. and hilly in the e. The 
summit level of the Chemung Canal at Horseheads Village is 443 ft. above Seneca Lake, and the 
summits of the hills are 200 to 400 feet higher. Its principal streams are Newtown Creek and its 
branches. The soil is generally a good quality of gravelly loam. Considerable attention is paid to 
raising tobacco, and, in 1857, 1000 acres were devoted to this crop. Horsebeads (p. v.) was 
incorp. May 15, 1837, as " Fairport,'' and its name was changed April 18, 1845. It contains 2 steam 
flouring mills, a plaster mill, a givng sawmill, and 3 churches. Pop. 1000. The Chemung navigable 
feeder from Corning intersects the canal at this place. Breesport (p. v.) contains 2 churches 
and 18 dwellings. The first settlement was made at Horseheads in 1788, by Nathan Huntington.* 
The first church (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Daniel Thatcher; the first settled minister was Rev. 
EUian Pratt.^ 

SOUTIIPORT— was formed from Elmira, April 16, 1822. It is the s. w. corner town of the 
CO. Its surfixce is mostly a hilly upland broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Chemung 
River, forming most of the n. boundary, is bordered by wide, fertile alluvial flats. Seely Creek, 
the principal stream, receives as tributaries South, Bird, and Mud Lick Creeks ; Hendy Creek flows 
along the N. border. The soil upon the hills is a slaty loam, and in the valleys a fine quality 
of gravelly loam, \f ellsbur^li, (p. v.,) on the Chemung, in the s. e. corner of the town, con- 
tains 2 churches and several mills and manufacturing establishments. It is a station on the N.Y. & 
E. R. R. Pop. 365, Soutliport (p. v.) contains 2 churches, 2 mills, a woolen factory, and 44 
houses. Webbs Mills (p. o.) is a hamlet, and Seely CreeU is a p. o. The 3d ward of El- 
inlra, containing a pop. of 1135, is on the s. bank of the Chemung in this town. The first settle- 
ment at "Wellsburgh was made by Green Bentley in 1788 and Abner and Henry Wells in 1789. 
Abraham Miller located at Southport in 1789,* The first church (Bap.) was formed at "Wells- 
burgh, in 1790; Rev. Roswell Gufi" was the first preacher.*^ On an eminence known as Fort Hill, 
near the Chemung, in the w. part, are the remains of an ancient fortification, supposed to have 
been French, 

TAIV ETTEM" — named from James B. Van Etten — was formed from Erin and Cayuta, April 
17, 1854. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland. Cayuta Creek flows 



woman, eh? oh, the woman hna got a haby; and I piiesg she 
wants another basket to put it in.'" The child whose birth is 
told above was Clark Winans, jr. The place was surveyed, in 
1788, by Jas. Clinton, Gen. John Hnthom, and John Cantine 
(>>ni8; and the first lands were boM at IS pence per acre. In 
1790, a council with the Indians was held under a tree on Lake 
St,, just E. of the present site of the courthouse. About 1200 
Indians were present. Nathaniel Seely, tlio first patentee, of 

Elmira Village, sold to Moses D'> Witt, who sold to White; 

and in 1794 White sold to Ouy Maxwell and Saml. Hepburn. 

* The census rt-oorts 8 churches; 2 M.E., Bap., Cong., Presb., 
Af. M. E., Prot. E.; and R. C. 

* Among the other early settlers were Jesse L. White, Isaac 
Shoemaker, Alexander and John McKay. Thomas Baker, Wm. 
and Robert Stewart, John and James Ilallenbeck, B. Sperry. 
Thomas Van Ilouton, Philip Thomas, J. Boyn, Robert McDowell 
and his son Barnum, and Andrew Austin, Joseph, Daniel, and 
Samuel VauK'^f'' The first death was that of Mrs. Thomas 
Baker. Tlie first school was kept on Ne\vtown Creek, and the 
first sawmill was erected at the same place by J. and J. McMillen. 

' This name was derived from the following incident. While 
Qon. Sullivan's army was encamped at this place, some 30 or 40 
worn-out hordes were shot. The Indians afterward gathered 
tho heads and arranged them on the sides of the path, and the 
Iticaliti; becune known aa the Horaeheads. 



■* John Breese (from N.J.) settled at the same place in 179U. 
and Jonathan S. Concklin. Nathaniel Huntington, Asa Guilder- 
sieve, and a family named Gilbert, in 1791. Soon after, a com- 
pany from Oran^o co., among whom were James, Ebenezer.and 
John Sayre, purchased a tract of 1400 acres, covering the site of 
tlie village, and settled on it. The first child born was Susanna 
Concklin, in 1792; the first marriage, that of Wm. Dunn and 
Mary Sayre; and the first death, that of Susanna Concklin. 
Amelia Parkhurst taught the first school at tin- village. Vin- 
cent Concklin kept the first inn. in 1822. and Westlick & Dunn 
the first store. The first gristmill was erected by Lewis Breeee, 
E. of the village. 

6 The census reports 5 churches; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., and 1 Preeb. 

6 Col. Abraham Miller was from Penn. He served with dis- 
tinction as a captain in the army of the Itevolution, aud was ap- 
pointed First Judge of Tioga co. by Gov. Geo. Clinton, in 1791. 
Tho first birth was that of Eunice Kelsey, and the first death, 
that of Stephen Kent. The first school waa taught by Caleb 
Baker ; the first inn was kept by Wm. Baldwin, and the first 
store by Wm. and Henry Wells, on tho river at Wellsbnrgh. 
The first sawmill was erected by Col. Abraliam Miller, on a 
branch of Seely Creek ; the first gristmills were erected by David 
Griswold and Solomon Bovier, and the first factory by Charles 
Evans, at Southjiort. 

7 The census reports 5 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., and Presb. 



222 



CHEMUNG COUNTY. 



s. E. through near the center, and receives as tributaries Jackson and Langfords Creeks from the n. 
and Bakers Creek from the s. The soil on the hills is a clay loam, and in the valleys a gravelly 
loam. Van Ettenville (p. V.) contains 3 churches and 20 dwellings ; Cayuta is a p. o. The 
first settlements' were made along the valley of Cayuta Creek in 1795, by Alexander and Benjamin 
Ennis, Peter, Jacob, Emanuel, and Isaac Swartwood, from N.J. The first church (Bap.) was 
formed by Rev. Ebenezer Jayne, the first settled preacher." 

VETEKAlV^was formed from Catharines, April 16, 1823. It lies on the N. line of the co., w. 
of the center. The surface is principally a hilly upland. Catharine Creek flows n. along the w. 
border, affording an abundance of waterpower.' The other streams are Newtovrn and Beardsley 
Creeks. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam of good quality. Millport (p. v. ) contains 2 churches, 
flouring and saw mills, and various manufacturing establishments. Pop. 706. Sullivanville, 
(p. V.,) in the s. part of the town, contains a church and 155 inhabitants. Veteran and Pine 
Valley are p. offices. The first settlements were made at about the commencement of the cen- 
tury, — in the N. part of the town by immigrants from Conn., and in the s. part by immigrants from 
Penn.* The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1817.^ 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Chemung County. 



Names of Tow^s. 



Baldwin*,... 
Big Flats.... 

Catlin 

Chemung.... 

Elmira 

Erin 

IlorscJioadg. 
Southport.. 
Van Etten.. 
Veteran 

Total.. 



AcitES OF Land. 



12,616J 
11,670 
1!),S64 
10,094} 
9,638 
12,490 
16,831} 
12,689 
16,326 



120.219} 



I 



11,125 

9,316 
20,364 

6,425 
18.169 

7.840 
16,960J 
12,083 

8,073 



110,3S5J 



Valuation of 1858. 



$641,430 
276.084 
661.100 

2,130,801 
141,873 
707,870 
903,644 
102,448 
482,471 



6,947,621 



It 



t.0. 



$54,576 
6,064 
64.600 
869,860 
3,227 
81,860 
34,960 
2,660 
24,600 



1,132,367 



e 



$696,006 
282.148 
615.700 

3.000,661 
146,100 
789,720 
938,494 
106,098 
607,071 



7,079,988 



POPDLATION. 



929 

769 
1,437 
4.137 

604 
1,356 
2,286 

781 
1,423 



13,711 



924 

769 
1.348 
4,349 

686 
1.292 
2,194 

741 
1,384 



342 
295 
493 
1,463 
229 
430 
814 
277 
674 



13.677 1 1 4,857 



353 
300 

498 
1,689 
231 
467 
869 
281 
668 



203 
245 
386 
1,023 
232 
314 
878 
208 
416 



3,665 116 10,621 



cs 



427 
666 
651 
929 

2,866 
644 

1,037 

1,833 
659 

1,061 



NAME3 OF Towns. 



Baldwin*... 
Big Flats.... 

Catlin 

Chemung... 

Elmira 

Erin 

Horseheads. 
Southport... 
Van Etten., 
Veteran 

Total. 



649 
603 
674 
627 
289 
670 
729 
348 
667 



4,856 



■^1 
I i 



1,422 
1,002 
1,961 
767 
1,025 
1,166 
1.473 
1.076 
1.318 
11.209 



959 
694 

2.1S3 
93S 
845 
995 

1,220 
684 

1,172 



9.690 



3,009 
3,630 
2,48; 
361 
1.632 
2.496 
1,408 
2.066 
4,374 



21,364 



« 



1,216 

809 

1,785, 

1,019; 

676 

1,232' 

1,542| 

6891 



Agricultural Products. 



BiTBB. OF GaAm. 



13.8673 
4,S63 
8,683 
6,778 
2,097 

10,S73i 
9,S13 
2,708 
7,129 



67.312 



132,203 
83,270 

117,986} 
76,813, 
81,960 

120.262} 
95,626} 
41,055 

109,4.30 



827,607 



2.664 

2,031 

4.866 

2,461 

1,898 

2.825} 

3.391 

1.868 

2,956} 

24,941 



^5 



12.101 
9.226 
15,189 
34,843 
8,947 
13.741 
15,626 
6.936 
14,685 



131.291 



16.771 
6.503 

19..')11 
6,870 
8.322 

13,916 
9,613 
8.964 

17.994 



107 J64 



Daibt Pboducts. 



1^1 

0, m 



86.702 
65.720 

209.735 
79,767 
72,140 

108,260 

118,899 
57,870 

126,662 



924,646 



860 
850 



2,770 
3,611 



7,861 



it's 



2S2 

1,128 
280 

l,fi87 
213 
192 

1,370 
658 



7,013 j 



* Formed since 1855. 



1 James Van Etten, John and David Hill, Isaac and Levi Decker, 
Som'I, James, Daniel, and Josliua Westbrook, John Lattimore. 
Johnson, and Crammer, all from Delaware River, set- 
tled on the Cayuta Flats, at and near Tan Ettenville, from 1795 
to 1800. Harmon White, (from Lit<:hfield. Conn.,) David Jayne 
and Gahriel Ogden, (from N.J.,) settled, in 1802, on a branch of 
Cayuta Creek. Most of these persons served as soldiers during the 
Revolution. James Van Etten and Isaac Decker were wounded 
by muaket balls, which they carried to their graves. Flanders 
& Skauts kept the first store, at Van Ettenville; Isaac Swart- 
wood erected thefirst gristmill, inlS03; Jacob Swartwood opened 
the first inn, in 1801. His old sign (still hanging) reads as fol- 
lows: — 

" You jolly topers, as you pass by, 
C^ll in and drink; for I know you are dry! 
And if you have but half a crown, 
Ton are welcome to my jug, Eit down ! 
Entertainment 

by 
J. Swartwood." 



2 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., and M. E. 

3 In the summer of 1S57 a sudden and destructive tlood oc- 
curred upon this stream, which swept away every dam upon it, 
and every lock on the canal from Horseheads to Seneca Lake. 
The whole valley was flooded ; and at Millport and other places 
the people were obliged to flee for their lives. 

< Among the e^rly settlors were E. Mallary and son, Eli and 
David Banks, and families named Meeker. Baldwin, and Parsone, 
from Conn. ; Theodore Valleau, D. Shaffer. N. Butsford, and B. 
Lockesby, from Penn. Daniel Parsons kept the first inn. on the 
middle road, and E. Crandeil the first st<jre, at Millport. The 
first sawmill waa erected by G. Bennett, on Catharine Creek, 
below Millport. 

6 The census reports 3 churches ; 2 M. E. and Presh. 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Herkimer and Tioga, March 15, 1798. 
Sangerfield (Oneida co.) was taken off in 1804, and JIadison co. 
in 1806. It is an interior co., lying s. E. of the center of the State ; 
is centrally distant 94 mi. from Albany, and contains 898 8q. mi. 
Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the 
streams. The highlands consist of two principal ridges, extending 
N'. and s., — the first lying between Unadilla and Chenango Rivers, 
' and the second between the Chenango and Otselic. These ridges 
are subdivided by numerous parallel and lateral valleys, and their 
declivities are often too steep for profitable cultivation. The sum- 
mits are broad and rolling, and of nearly uniform elevation through- 
out the 00. ; and the highest points are 600 to 800 feet above the 
principal valleys. 
Susquehanna River flows s. w. through the s. E. comer, receiving from the N. the Unadilla, which 
forms the greater part of the e. boundary of the co. The principal branches of the Unadilla and 
Susquehanna are Beaver Creek, Shawler, Great, Kent, and Kelsey Brooks. Chenango River flows 
in a generally southerly direction from the N. border of the co. to near the center, and thence s. w. 
to the s. w. corner. It receives from the E. Handsome Eddy, Padgets, and Pages Brooks, and from 
the w. Canasawacta, Fly-Meadow, Ludlow, and Genegantslet Creeks, and Pleasant, Fly, Cold, and 
Mill Brooks. Otselio River flows s. w through the N. w. corner, receiving from the E. Middletown 
Brook and Brackel Creek, and from the w. Manns, Buck, and Ashbel Brooks and Mud Creek. 
In basins among the hills, far above the valleys, are numerous small ponds. The valleys of the 
Susquehanna and Chenango are among the finest in the State. They consist generally of fer- 
tile and highly cultivated intervales of an average width of about 1 mi., usually bordered by steep 
and finely wooded hillsides. All the valleys of the co. seem to have been formed by the action 
of great currents of water, which have plowed deep furrows in the gently rolling region whidi 
probably once formed the general face of the country. 

The lowest rocks in the co., appearing upon the N. border, beiohg to the Hamilton group. Suc- 
cessively above these toward the s. appear the TuUy lioiestone, Genesee slate, the Portagi-, 
Chemung, and Catskill groups. The sandstone of the Portage group furnishes a good material 
for building and flagging. Several quarries have been opened along the Chenango Valley between 
Greene and Oxford. A quarry of the same stone a little below Oxford furnishes grindstones and 
whetstones. The rock which crowns the summits of the s. hills is the red sandstone of tbe Che- 
mung group. The soils are almost entirely derived from the disintegration of the rocks. In a 
few localities is fonnd a very limited amount of drift. Upon the hills the soil is principally a 
shaly loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of productive alluvium. 

The CO. is almost exclusively agricultural. Dairying is the leading pursuit, and is gradually 
gaining upon all the other branches of agriculture. Stock and wool growing are carried on to 
same extent. Grain is produced, though not in sufficient quantities for the wants of the people. 
Hops are cultivated to some extent along the river valleys. 

The CO. seat is located at Norwich.' The courthouse is a fine stone building, situated near the 
center of the village, fronting the public park.^ It is built in the Grecian style of arcliitecture, 
with a colonnade in front, supported by Corinthian columns. The jail is a stone building, con- 
tiguous to the courthouse. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building, upon the courthouse lot. 
The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 170 acres in Preston, 6 mi. w. of the courthouse. The 
average number of inmates is 90, supported at a weekly cost of 56 cts. each. The farm yields a 
revenue of $800. The house is poor and dilapidated, and the accommodations for the inmates are 
extremely poor. A school is taught 6 months in the year. 



* The CO. at firet had holf-Bhiros, the courts being; held al- 
ternately at Hamilton (now in Madison county) and Oxford. 
From the orf^nization of Madison Co.. in isuij. until lsn9, the 
oourt3 were held alternately at Oxford and North Norwich, liy 
act of March 6. 1807, the co. seat was located at Norwich. The 
new courthouse was built and first occupi&l in 1809. The first 
conrthouse was a wooden building. cri*ct<^d at a cost of 36-.iO0. 
The present courthouse was built in 18^7, at a cost of $16,000, 



under the direction of Wm. Randall, Wm. Knowlton, and Era.*. 
tU8 Lathrop, commissioners. The present .jail was erected irt 
1830. at a cost of $"2,00O. It is a two story building, containing 
10 cells and a house for the jailer. 

2 The first CO. officers were Isaac Voot, PirslJudr/e : .Toab Enos, 
and .Tosh u a Jji-Annd, Judf/e-^ : Oliver Norton and Klisha I'aync, 
Ax.-^isUtitt Ju.^tici:s ; Uri I'racy. Sheriff; Sidney S. Brecse, Clerk • 
and John L. Mersereau, Surrogate. 

2i3 



224 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 



The Chenango Canal extends along Chenango River through the co. It crosses the river below 
Earlville, below Sherburne, and below Greene, upon wood aqueducts, supported by stone piers. 
The Albany & Susquehanna R. R., now in process of construction, extends along the Susque- 
hanna through Bainbridge. 

Five weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

This CO. included 11 of the "Twenty Towns" or "Governor's Purchase," the "Gore" lying 
between them and the Military Tract, the Harper Patent of 16,000 acres, Vermont Sufferers* Tract 
of 40,960 acres,' Livingston Tract of 16,000 acres, the French Tract of nearly the same extent, a 
portion of the Chenango Triangle Tract, and several smaller tracts. The territory included within 
the Twenty Tovraships was ceded to the State by the Indians, in a treaty held with Gov. George 
Clinton, at Fort Schuyler, Sept. 22, 1788.^ This tract is sometimes called " Clinton's Purchase," 
and sometimes " The Governor's Purchase." 

The early settlers were principally from Vt., Conn., and the eastern part of the State. The 
settlers in the n, part of the co. came in by way of Rome, and those in the central and s. parts by 
way of Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. Many of the early settlers almost perished from want 
of food, at >times, during the first few years. A colony of French settled at Greene in 1792, but, 



* The Western OracU, the first paper published in the co..wa8 I 
commencod by A. Romeyn, previous to 1804, at Sher- 
burne I'our Corners. It was discontinued in 1808 j 
or '09. ] 

The Olive 5rancft was started at Sherburne in May. 1806. by 
rhinney & Fairchild. In 1808 John F. Faircliild became 

sole proprietor. Miller, Lot Clark, and John B. 

Johnson were succeesively interested in its publication. 
In 1812 or '13 Johnson changed its name to 

The Volunlrer. ]nl816 the press was purchased by John F. 
Hubbard, who commencfd 

TJie Norwich Journal. In 1844 it passed into the hands of La 
Fayette Leal and J. H. Sinclair, who merged it with The 
Oxford Kepublican in 1847 and changed tlie name to 

The Chenango Union. Harvey Hubbard purchased 
Leal's interest Oct. 20,1847,aDdSinclair'8 iuterestSept. 
1st 1859, and the paper is now published by Hubbanl. 

The Chenango Patriot was commenced at Oxford in 1807 by John 
B. Johnson, and its publication continued for 3 or 4 yrs. 

The PresUknt was published at Oxford in 1808 by Theophilus 
Fat on. 

The Rtpuhliciin Messengt^r was commenced at SherburnemlSlO 
by Petit & Percival. 

Tfie Oxford Gazi'tte was started in 1814 by Clianncey Morgan, 
who published it some years, when it was sold to tieo. 
Hunt, and afterward to Hunt & Noyes. Mr. Morgan 
again became i)roprietor in 1826, and after a few years 
the paper was discontinued. 

The Rfpuhlican Agriculturalist was commenced Dec. 10, 1818, by 

Thurlow Weed. It soon parsed into the hands of 

Curtiss, who continued it for a short time, when it was 
discontinued. 

The F^nple's Advocate was commenced at Norwich in 1824 hy H. 
P. W. Brainard. It passed into the hands of Wm. G. 
Hyer, and was discontinued in a eliort time. 

The Chenango Etpuhlican was cummencod at Oxf'ud in 1826 by 
Benj.Cory. In 1828 it was purchased bv Mack &Chap- 
nian. March 3, 1S31, Wm. E. Chapman and T. T. Flagler 
commenced a new series, and soon alter changed its 
name to 

The Ox/m-d Rcpuhlican. In 1838 Mr. Chapman became sole 
proprietor. It was successively published by J. Taylor 
Bradt, Benj. Welch, jr., R. A. Leal. C. E. Chambeilin. 
and La Fayette Leal. In 1847 it was merged witli The 
Oxford Journal and published as The Chenango Union. 

Tlie Anti Masonic Telegraph was commenced at Norwich in Nov. 
1829. by E. P. Pellet. In 1831 B. T. Couk became asso- 
ciated in its (publication. Its name was subsequently 
chanced to 

The Chenango Telegraph. In 1840. on the death of 
K. P. Pellet, it passed into the hands of his brother. Nel- 
son Pellet; and upon his death, in 18.^1, it was conducted 
for the estate by L. Max Leal and F. B. Fisher. In Sept. 
1855, it was purchased by Rice & Martin, by whom it is 
now published. 

Tin: Clietiungo Patriot was commenced at Greene in 1830 by 
Nathan Randall. It afterward passed into the hands 
of Joseph M. Farr. who changed its name to 

Tlt£ Clicnango Democrat, and in a short time it was discontinued. 

Tfie New Berlin, Herald was comnienced in 1831 bv Samuel L. 
Hatch. In 1834 it was published by Randall & Hatch. 
It soon after passed into the liamls nf Isaac C. Sheldon ; 
and afterward into the hands of Hiram Ostrandei-, who 
clianged its name to 

The New Berlin Sentinel. It was discontinued about 1840. 

'"he Chenango miig was publislied at Oxford a short time in 
1835. 

The Miniature, a small mo., was issued from the same office. 

The Sherburne was commenced in 1836 by J. Worden 

Marble. In 1839 it was removed to Binghampton. 



The Oxford Times was commenced in 1836 by a joint 
stock company. It was for some time conducted hy H, 
U. Cook. In 1841 it passed into the hands of E. H. 
Purdy and C. D. Brigham. In 1844 it was published by 
Waldo M. Potter: in 1845, by Potter & Galpin; and in 
184S J. B. Galpin became sole proprietor, and still con- 
tinues its publication. 

The Bainbridge Eagle was commenced in 1843 by J. Hunt, jr. 
In 1846 its name was changed to 

The Bainbridge Freeman ; and in 1849 it was merged in 

The Chenango Free Democrat, commenced at Norwich Jan. 1, 
1849, by Alfred G. Lawyer ; and J. D. Lawyer soon after 
became associated in its publication. It was then early 
removed to Cobleskill, Schoharie co. 

The New Berlin Gazette was commenced in 1849 by Jos. K. Fox 
and M. E. Dunham, and was published about 1 year. 

The Chenango Nnvs was commenced in 1850 by A. T. Boynton. 
J. M. Haight soon after became associated in its publi- 
cation, and subsequently became sole proprietor. Ho 
removed the press to Norwich, and. in connection with 
A. P.Nixon, commenced the publication of 

The Temperance Advocate in 1855, and published it 1 year, when 
it was discontinued. 

The Saturday Vii^it'rr was commenced in 1852 by Joseph K. Fox. 
Its name was soon after changed to 

Tlie Social Visitor, after which it was published about 5 years. 

The Spirit of the Age. was commenced at Berlin in 1S52 by J.K. 
Fox, J. D. Lawyer, editor. It was continued but a short 
time. 

The Oxford Transcript was commenced in 1853 by G. N. Carhart, 
and was published about 6 months. 

The Slterburne Transcript was commenced in 1855 by James M. 
Scarritt, and was published about 2 years. 

The Chenango American was commenced at Greene, 
Sept. 20, 1855, by Denison & Fisher, its present pub- 
lishers. 

The Daily If cporter was commenced at Norwich in 185" by G.H. 
Smith. In 1858 it was purchased by Rice & Martin, and 
was soon after discontinued. 

TJie Literary Indrpmdent -was commenced at Norwich in the 
fall of 1858 by E. P. Pellet, G. H. & J. E. Spry, It was 
pulilished abuut 4 months. 

The New Berlin Pioneer was commenced Feb. 19, 

1N59. by Squires &. Fux, its present publishers. 

2 This tract was grunted to relieve those persons who had 

purchased lands of the State of New York within the present 

limits of Vermont. These lauds were claimed by both New 

Hampshire and New York, and, alter an anirry and prutracted 

controversy, extending through several years, New York eur* 

rendered her claim to Vermnut. 
8 These towns were designated originally by their numbers 

only, and are now in the counties of Madison, Chenango, and 

Oneida, as foUows : — 



JVos. 


Present Tovms. 


Not. 


Present Tmrna. 


1 


Nelson, MadisoD co. 


11 


PhTnouth, Chenango co. 


'/. 


Eaton, " 


1'2 


Pharsalia, " 


3 


Madison. " 


13 


McDonough, " 


4 


Hamilton, " 


14 


Preston, " 


fi 


Lebanon, " 


■a, 


Norwich, " 


6 


Georgetown, " 


16 


New Berlin, " 


7 


Otselic, Chen.ingoco. 


17 


Columbus, " 


8 
9 


J^myrna, " 
.Sherburne, " 


IS 
19 


1 Brookfield, " 


10 


Norwich and^ (( 
New Berlin, j 


20 


'"S'etaLtjo-'^-- 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 



225 



from defect in title, most of them left. The greater part of the later immigration was also from New 
England. In consequence of the gradual change which has been going on for the last 20 years in 
the business of the co., and the substitution of dairying for all other branches of farming, the popu- 
lation of the CO. has gradually decreased, and is now no greater than it was 40 years ago. 



AFTOKT — was formed from Bainbridge, Nov. 18, 1857. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. 
Its surface consists principally of a rolling upland, separated into two nearly equal parts by the 
broad valley of the Susquehanua. The summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys, 
and their declivities are generally gradual slopes. The Susquehanna flows s. w. through near the 
center, in a broad and beautiful valley. It receives from the N. Kelseys and Harpers Brooks. 
Round Pond, one mi. N. E. of the village, covers an area of about 40 acres. It is 25 feet above the 
surface of the river, and without any visible outlet. The soil upon the hills is a shaly loam, and 
in the valleys a clayey loam and alluvium. Aftou, (p. v., ) upon the Susquehanna, near the center 
of the town, contains 4 churches and 270 inhabitants. Ayresllire, (p.o.,) upon Kelsey Brook, 
in the n. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made upon the Susquehanna, below Afton, in 
1786, by immigrants from Conn, and Vt.' There are 5 churches in town.'' 

BAIIVBRIDGE — was formed as part of Tioga co., by the name of "Jericho' Feb. 16, 1791. 
Its name was changed April 15, 1814. Parts of Norwich and Oxford were taken off in 1793, of 
Greene in 1798 and '99, and Afton in 1857. It lies upon the E. border of the co., s. of the center. Its 
surface is a rolling upland, divided into two parts by the Susquehanna, which flows s. w. through 
the center. The valley of the river is about one mi. wide, and is bordered by moderately steep 
hillsides. The highest summits are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. The soil upon \he hills is 
a gravelly and shaly loam, and in the valleys a clay loam and alluvium. Bainbridi^e, (p. v.,) 
upon the Susquehanna, was incorp. April 21, 1829. It contains 3 churches and 350 inhabitants. 
BennettsvlIIe, (p. v.,) upon Bennetts Creek, in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches, ;/ gristmill, 
sawmill, and about 20 houses. West Bainbridge is a p. o. in the N. w. corner, and East 
Bainbridg^e is a hamlet in the n. e. corner. The lands in this town were first claimed by Ro- 
bert Harper under a grant from the Indians ; but the title was repudiated by the State, and a por- 
tion of the lands was granted to settlers from Vt. who had suffered from failure of title to lands in 
that State granted to them by N. Y. The first settlements were made in 1785, by immigrants from 
Yt. and Conn.' The first church (Presb.) was formed about 1790, by Rev. William Stone.* 

COl,UMBlJS— was formed from Brookfield, (Madison co.,) Feb. 11, 1805. A part of Norwich 
was annexed in 1807. It is the n. b. corner town in the co., and occupies a portion of the high 
ridge between Unadilla and Chenango Rivers. The highest summits are 400 to 600 f'^et above the 
valleys. Unadilla River forms its e. boundary, receiving as tributaries Beaver Crtek, Shawlei 
Brook, and several other small streams. The soil is a gravelly and shaly loam.* Columbus 
Center, (Columbus p. o.,) upon a branch of Shawler Brook, contains 3 churches, a tainery, and 
25 houses. The first settlement was made upon Lot 44, in 1791, by Col. Converse." The first 
religious meeting was the funeral of Mrs. Dorcas Howard, conducted by Elder Campboli, (Bap.,) 
in 1797.' 

COTEIVTRT — was formed from Greene, Feb. 7, 1806. Parts of Oxford and Greene were an- 
nexed in 1843. It is situated centrally on the s. line of the co. The highest elevations, midway 
between the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers, are about 800 feet above the valleys. The hills 
are arable to their summits, and their slopes are generally long and gradual. Harpers and Kelseys 
Creeks, flowing into tlie Susquehanna, are the principal streams. The soil is a gravelly and shaly 



1 Among the early settlers were Seth Stone. Nath'l Benton, 
Isaac Miner, and Japhet Bush and sons, from Conn., and lleze- 
Kiah Stowell and sous, Orlando Bridgnian and sons, and Eben- 
e«er Church and sons, from Vt. The three last named families 
were " Vermont Sufferers." The first child born was Win. Bush, 

in 17S(5; and the firatdeath was that of I'oll.v. NathI Chiirch 

taught thefirst school, in 1790; Asa .Stowell kept the first inn. in 
1788, Peter Betts the first store, in 1805; and David Cooper and 
Isaac IVliner built the first sawmill, on Kelseys Brook. 

2 Two M. E., Cong., Bap., and Univ. 

8 Among the early settlers wereWm. Gutherie, Abraham Fuller, 
Reuben Kirby, and Oouid Bacon, from Conn.; St^'phen and .John 
htiles. Heath Kelsey, Chas. Bush, Ebon and Jos, Lander..*, and 
Jas. t^ratiam, Sam'l Bixby settled on Lot "ih. in 1788, and M-ij. 
Henry Evans on Lot SI), in 1789. The first birth was that of K. 
Landers.diiughterof Jos. Landers, in March, 1791; the first mar- 
riage, that of Charles Bush and Joan Harrington, in 1794; 
and the first death, that of Mrs, Reuben Kirbey, in 1792. Wib 
liom Gutherie kept the first inn, in 1793, on Lot 85, I'hineas 



IS 



and Reuben Bennett erected a gi-iatmiU on Bennetts Creek, in 
1789, 

* There are 7 churches in town ; 2 M, E., 2 Bap., F. W, Bap,, 
Presb., and Prot. E. 

^ The people are almost solely engaged in dairying. For 30 
years the population has been contiuually decreasing and tho 
dairies increasing. 

8 Among the other early settlers were Ilenry, Daniel, and Jae. 
Williams, from R. I., who located upon Lot 90, in 1792; Thos. 
Howard, from R.I., on Lot 89, Israel Greenleaf, from N. U., on 
Lot t>2, Gilbert Strong, on Lot 61, and Josiah Ratbbone, on T/it 
.54, in 1794, The first child born was Sally Williams; the first 
marriage, that of Joseph Medbery and Hannah Brown, in 17iH; 
and Uie first death, that of ^Irs. Dorcas Howard, in 1797. Nicho- 
las Pago taught the first school; Col. Converse kept the first inn, 
in 179.1; Amos C. Palmer, the first store, in 1797 ; and Job Vail 
built the fii-st sawmill, in 1794. and tlie first gristmill, in 179,5. 

' The census reports 6 churches in town; Bap., E. W.,, Bap.f 
Cong., M. E., and Univ. 



226 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 



loam, with occasional spots of a red, slaty loam. Coventry? (p. v.,) x. w. of the center, contains 
2 churches, a pocket-book factory, and 40 dwellings ; and Coventry ville, (p. v.,) 2 mi. e. of Cov- 
entry, a church, mill, and 25 dwellings. Ctaurcli llollo^v is a p. o. on the s. line. The first 
settlement was made near the center, by Simon Jones, in 1785.' In the e. part is a spoke factory. 
The first church (Cong.) was formed Nuv. 19, 1807. Rev. David Ilarrower was the first preacher.^ 

GERMAIV* — was formed from De Ruyter, (Madison co.,) March 21, 1806. Otselic was taken 
oflf in 1817, Lincklaen in 1823, and a part of Pitcher in 1827. It is located centrally upon the w. 
line of the co. The surface is hilly, and watered by several brooks, forming what is called Five 
Streams, which flow through the town in a s. direction. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, 
well adapted to grazing. JLiveruiore!^ Corners^ (German p. o.,) near the w. line, is a 
hamlet; and East German is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1795, by Benjamin 
Cleveland, from Oneida co.* The first church (Presb.) was formed at an early period, and a M. E. 
association was formed in 1815, at the house of Walter Oyshlenbank.^ 

GREEIVE^— was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "/eric^o," (now Bainbridge,) March 
15, 1798. A part of ^^ Jericho'* was annexed in 1799. Coventry was taken off* in 1806, and Smith- 
ville in 1808. A part of Barker (Broome co.) was taken ofii" in 1840, and a part of Coventry in 
1843. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. The hills 
rise 500 to 700 feet above the river, and are broken by the ravines of the streams. Che- 
nango River flows s. w. through the center of the town, in a broad valley about 1 mile in width. 
The Chenango Canal passes through the valley. Genegantslet Creek flows s. through the w. part 
in a wide valley, and joins the Chenango a few miles below the village of Greene. Pages Brook 
flows through the s. E. corner; and several small streams are tributary to the Chenango. The soil 
is a gravelly and shaly loam on the hills, and alluvium in the valleys. Greene, (p. v.,) near the 
center, was incorp. April 12, 1842. It contains 4 churches, a flouring mill, furuace, and 814 in- 
habitants. East Greene (p. v.) contains a church and 158 inhabitants. Genegantslet 
(p. V.) contains 1 church and 12 houses. Chenango Forks (p. v.) is partly in this town, S. 
Ketchum settled in 1792.*^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1795,® by Elder Nath. Kellogg. 



1 Wm.Gnodell and Andw. Clark settled uear Mr. Jones in 17S6, 
aod Benj. Jones at the same place In 1788. (Jzias Yale and 0. S. 
M. Stork LcJited a little n. of Co\eutiy in 1799, i-li^ba \A ari-en 
on Lot 2. in 1><04. and Mosea AIHs, and about 10 oth-r f;tmilies, 
soon after. The first birtU was that of Wui.. son of Moses Allis, 
in 1794; the tirst marriage, that of Simeon I'arker and Polly 
bpraguo; and the first death, that of a son of Koger Egertoii. 
in 1790. Sherman I'age taught ih<- first school; lit-nj. Jones 
kept the first inn. in 17S8. itnd Jotbam Tarkor the first Btore, 
in 1799. The first gristmill vv;ia erected by Capt. Parker, in 
1796, and the first carding and cloth drerfsing mill by Miles 
Doolittle, abuut the year lsl5. 

- The cenau-s reports 5 churches ; 2 Cong., 2 M. E., and Bap. 

8 Named from Gen. Obadiah German the nriijinal ctwner of 
the township. It was first named ^-Brakel Tf/wnship.'' 

* Abraham Livermore settled at Livermores C^irners. in 1796, 
with his wife and children. Abraham, jr.. Becka, Daniel, Polly. 
Abel, Cyrus. Hepaey, Sally, and Martin Livermore. From their 
isolated position in the wilderness — remote from any settlement 
— the Cleveland and Livermore families suffered grcit priva- 
tions and hardships during the first years of their settlement. 
In June. 1796, Mr. Cleveland set out for "Fort SLaitwix" for pro- 
Tisions, his family Ijeing entirely destitute. He inten-led to re- 
turn in 3 or 4 days, but was detained for some time. On the fourth 
day of his absence, his wife and children, who had e^t'-n nothing 
for 3 days except a few roots found in the woodsi. set out for their 
nearest neighbors, in Cincinnatus, on Otselic River, 4^ mi. dis- 
tant. When about a mile from home, they encountered a bear, 
and were frightened back. The next morning the mother was 
too weak to walk, and the two older children again set out for 
Mr. Raymond's, on the Otselic. Upon learning the suffering 
condition of the liimily, Mrs. Raymond made them a pudiling 
of bran, — the only food she had in the hou.-ie. This and a bottle 
of milk kept the family from starvation until relief came. At 
another time, when the ftimily were reduced to the last ex- 
ti'emity. two unmilked cows came to their house one n ight. and 
went away in the morning, furnishing them with milk for several 
days. It was never known where the cows came from or where 
they went to. Other families in the vicinity suffered in a similar 
manner. The first birth was that of Polly Cleveland, in 1796; 
the first marriai;e, that of Jonathan Head and Hepc^ey Liver- 
more; and the first death, that of — — Hartshorn. Abraham 
Livermore kept the firat inn: Jonathan Chandler kept the first 
Btore. and erected the first mill and tactory, on the e. branch of 
Otaelic River. 

6 The census reports 3 churches ; Presb., M. E., and F. W. Bap. 

« Named in honor of Gen. Nath'l Greene. That part of the 
original township of Greene lying e. of Chenango River was in- 
C^iidod in a purchaeeBiade by the State from the Oneida and Toa- 



carora Indians in 1785. Tliese lands were subsequently sold by 
the State to individual patentees. 

7 Mr. Ketchum located within the bounds of the present vil- 
lage of Greene. In the fall of 1792 a settlement was made by a 
company of French refugees. One of tbeir number, Chas. Felix 
De IJulogne. had preceded the main body, and m.-ide a ijurchaso 
of 15.000 acres lying on the e. side of Chenango River. The first 
party that came consisted of M. Bulo^ne, M. Shamont, M. Le 
Fevre. M. Bravo. M. Du Vernet, and M. Obre. A portion of them 
had families ; and several young ladies were among the party. 
In Otsego CO. Simon Barnot joined the p:\rty, and subsequently 
M. Dutremont, with bin family, settled with them. Before the 
disitersion of the colony they were joined by Jos. Juliand, who 
W!L« the only French emigrant that became a permanent resident. 
M.Bulogue, on his way to Philadelphia in the springof 1795, waa 
drowned while fording a creek mnch swollen by tliti floods. 
The untimely death of the leader of this adventurous band 
proved fatal to the future success of the settlement. The failure 
of the company to pay the balance of the purchase money dne 
on the tract caused the title to revert to the original patentees. 
After all the hardships and privations they had endured, the 
failure to secure a title to their land proved a signal for dis- 
persion. The majority of them left in the year 1796. In 1794, 
Talleyrand, the celebnited French diplomatist, visited his fellow- 
countrymen in Greene. Among the early permanent settlers 
were Nath'l Kellogg, Zopher Belts, Benajah Loomis, Cornelius 
Hill, and Daniel Tremaine. who located at East Greene in 1793. 
The first road that was cut through the town was called "TA* 
Chmango Road." It runs from the present village of BaiD- 
bridge to the mouth of Page Creek, on the Chenango, — a dis* 
tance of about 25 mi. The first settlers upon this road within 
the then limits of the town, commencing at the w.. were Nathan 
Bennett, Joshua Root, Eleazur Skinner. Thomas Elliott, Joab 
Elliott, Koswell Fitch, Aden Elliott, Philo Clemmons. Capt. Man- 
deville, Simeon and Benj. Jones, Hardin Bennett, Record Wilber, 
and Deacon Richards, who came in from 1792 to '95. The settlers 
who located in the S. part, w. of the river, were Jas. and Herman 
Terwilliger. Elisha and Noah Gilbert. Stephen Palmer, and Joe. 
and Cornish Messenger. as early as 1796. The fii-st birth was that 
of Johnston Rundall. son of .Tea. Rnndall, — for which honor the 
mothor subsequently received a deed of 50 acres of land from 

the Hornby Estate. Cartwright taught the first school, 

in 1794; Conrad Sharp kept the first inn, in 1794; Elisha Smith 
the first store, in 1801 Conrad Sharp built the firat sawmill, it 
1795. and Abraham Storm and Henry Vorse the first gristmill, 
in 1794. 

8 The census reports 9 churches ; 5 Bap., 2 M. E., Presb., un4 
Prot. E. 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 227 

and was the first church of that denomination in the co. Elder Kellogg continued its pastor ahout 
30 years. 

GUIE.FOIID — was formed from Oxford, April 3, 1813, as "Eastern." Its name was changed 
March 21, 1817. It lies on the E. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is hilly and 
broken, consisting of the elevated lands between Chenango and Unadilla Rivers, the hills rising 
200 to 700 feet above the valleys. It is drained by the Unadilla, which forms the entire E. boundary, 
Guilford Pond Creek,' and several other smaller streams. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, 
occasionally intermixed with clay. Oullford, (p. v.,) located in the valley of Guilford Pond 
Creek, contains 3 churches, an iron foundery and machine shop, and several mills ; pop. 203. 
Guilford Center (p. V.) contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. East Guilford, (p. v.,) 
in the s. e. corner of the town, contains a church, a mill, and 15 dwellings. IHount Upton, 
(p. V.,) upon the w. bank of the Unadilla, contains 4 churches, several mills, and other manu- 
facturing establishments; pop. 190. Rockdale, (p. v.,) on the river, 4 miles below Mount 
Upton, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlement was 
made in 1787, by Ezekiel Wheeler, a little n. of Mount Upton, on the farm now occupied by his 
grandson, Silas Wheeler, 2d.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder Orange Spencer, 
in 1803.' 

L.I1«CRL,AE1V*— was formed from German, April 12, 1823. Parts of Pitcher were taken off in 
1827 and '33. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly, broken upland, divided 
into ridges by narrow ravines extending N. and s. The declivities of the hills are usually steep, 
and the summits are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Mud Creek, a branch of the Otselic, flows 
s. through the w. part of the town. Ashbel Brook and several other small streams take their rise 
in the s. and E. parts. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam. Lincklaen, (p. v.,) on Mud 
Creek, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Burdick Settlement, in the N. part, contains 
a church and 12 dwellings. Bforth Lincklaen is a p.o. in the n.e. part. The first settle- 
ments were made about 1796. The first religious services were held by Rev. Seth Williston, in 
1798. The census reports 4 churches in town.' 

MACDOWOUGII^ — was formed from Preston, April 17, 1816. It is an interior town, lying 
w. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly, and in some places broken by deep ravines and 
sharp ridges extending N. and s. It is drained s. by Bowmans and Geuegantslet Creeks and 
several other streams. Genegantslet Lake lies near the w. border. The sod is a clay loam, better 
adapted to grazing than tillage. Macdonough, (p. v.,) on Genegantslet Creek, contains 2 
churches, several mills, and 168 inhabitants. East Klacdonougrll (p. v.) contains 1 church 
and 14 dwellings. The first settlements were made in 1795, by Nathaniel Locke, Loring and 
Emery Willard, Henry Ludlow, and others.' The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 
1798. The first church edifice (P. W. Bap.) was erected in 1831 ; Elder Steer was the first pastor." 

JVEW BERLIN — ^waa formed from Norwich, April 3, 1807, changed to "Lancaster" May 
9, 1821, and origin.il name restored March 22, 1822. A part of Sherburne was taken off in 1852. 
It lies upon the e. border of the Co., N. of the center. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, 
the ridges extending n. and s. Unadilla River forms its e. boundary ; and Great Brook flows s 



1 This stream h.ia a fall of 140 feet in passine through Guilford 
Village, alToniinc a fine and very valuable water-power. 

2 .Joshua Mercereau and liis brother ^Krenclinieu) eettlod at 
the utouth of Guilford Creek, and erected the firat mill in town, 

in 17^9. Jamea Phelps and Button settled neiir RocUdale 

in 1790; Robert McLeod, on Lot 1, and Isaiic Fuller, from GuU- 
ford. Conn., in 1701; I)an'l Savage, John Nash, and Nelson Kob- 
hius. from Ballston Spa, in 1702, at and near the old Four Cor- 
ners; John Secor, from Haveratraw, on Lot 2; Gurdon and 
Wyatt Chiimberlin. at Mount Upton; Wm.and Nathaniel Uyer, 
— all in 1703. Major Kichmond and his sons Joseph and tctli, 
Asa Haven, father of Hon. Solomon G. liaven, of BufliUo. lian'l 
T. Dickinson, father of lion. l>aniel S. Bickinson, of Uingh.nm- 
ton, Caleb Uurdick, Sam'l irmith, and i'aris Windsor were also 
among the pioneer settlers of the town. The first child born 
wtis I'rudcnce Fuller, in April. 1791; the first marriage, that 

of Powell and the widow of Isaac Fuller, in 170;i: and the 

first death, that of Isaac Fuller, in 1793. Ezekiel Wheeler kept 
the first inn, in 1796 ; and Sullivan Reynolds kept the first store 
and erected the first mill on the Unadilla, in 1790. The first 
school was taught by Nathan Bennett, in 1794. 

'The census reports 12 churches; 5 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Oong., 
Presb., Prot. E.. and Union. 

* Named from John Lincklaen, former proprietor of the town- 
lihip and several adjacent tracts. Among the early settlers were 



Guerdon Wells. Abel Fairchild, Elisha Catlin, Joseph Pullbrd, 
Backus, Nathaniel Gray, Wolcott Bennett, Joseph Dar- 
ling, Jesse Catlin. Aaron Feet, John Wilson, Etisha Blonnt, 

Christopher Shipman, and Walters. The first child born 

was Matilda Wells, about 1800; and the first death, that of a 
child of Christopher Shipman. Wm. Bly tnuglit the first school ; 
F;iiaha Catlin kept the first inn ; Fairchild Brothers, the firht 
store; Catlin .% Shipman built the first Ba^^^nill, and J. Pulford 
the first gristmill. 
6 Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Cong., and M. E. 

6 Nnmeti in honor of Commodore Macdonough. 

7 Edward Colbom, Benj. Ketchnm, Benj. Kenyon, Ephniill 
Fish, John Anderson, Nehemiah Dunbar, Jonah and Sylvanus 
Moore. Joseph and R.ansom Cook, Wm. Mead. Wni. Norton, 
Dunl.Wainwright, .Adam Oyshterbank, and M.Turner settled in 
town from 1795 to 1S08. The first marriage w.aa that of Sylva- 
nns Moore and wife; and the fii-st dt>ath, that of Mrs. jleuj. 
Ketchnm, The first school was taught by Capt, Joshua A, 
Burke. Sylvanua Moore kept the first inn, in 1799. and Henry 
Ludlow the first store, in 1802. Gates Wilcox eri'Ctcd the first 
gristmill, in 1818; John Nevins, the first paper mill, in 1828, «t 
Macdonough A'illage. Henry Ludlow built the first sawipill, oo 
the outlet of Ludlow Fond, in 1798, 

8 The census reporta 4 churches; Bap,, M, E., Presb., and 
Union, 



228 CHENANGO COUNTY. 

through near the center. Mathewson Pond is near the w. border. The soil is a shaly loam, occa- 
sionally intermixed with clay. MeiT Bci'lln, (p. v.,) upon the Unadilla, in the N. e. part of the 
town, was incorp. April 17, 1816. It contains 4 churches, the New Berlin Academy, a newspaper 
office, paper mill, cotton factory, tannery, and several minor manufactories. Pop. 740. Soutb 
IVew Berlin, (p. v.,) upon the Unadilla, in the s. E. part, on the line of Otsego co., contains 2 
churches, a large tannery, and 285 inhabitants. IIoIniC!4VilIe, in the extreme s. E. corner, 
contains a tannery and about 20 houses. Wew Berlin Center is a p. o. Ambler Set- 
tlement is a hamlet in the s. part. Daniel Scribner settled upon the Unadilla in 1790.' The 
census reports 8 churches.^ Hon. Henry Bennett, who has been elected to Congress five successive 
terms from this district, resides in New Berlin Village. 

WORTH IVORiriCH — was formed from Norwich, April 7, 1849. It is an interior town, 
lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the valley of Chenango River and the 
high rolling uplands which rise upon either side. The summits of the hills are 200 to 600 feet 
above the valley. It is drained by Chenango River, Cold and Fly Brooks, and several other small 
streams. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, in some places mixed with clay. IVortll IVor- 
wicll, (p.v.,) upon the Chenango, contains 3 churches, several mills, and about 150 inhabitants. 
It is an important village upon the Chenango Canal. Kin^s Settlement is a p. o. in the E. 
part; and Plasterviile, a hamlet in the s. w. Jos. Lothrop and A. Mead located on Lot 1, in 
1794.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1790; Elder Eleany Holmes was the first preacher.* 

NORWICH— was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "Jericho," (now Bainbridge,) Jan. 
19, 1793. Pharsalia, Plymouth, and Preston were taken ofi" in 1806, New Berlin, and a part of 
Columbus, in 1807, and North Norwich in 1849. A part of Preston was annexed in 1808, and a 
part taken off in 1820. It is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Its surface consists of 
two high, rolling ridges, separated by the valley of the Chenango. The highest summits are about 
500 ft. above the valleys. Chenango River flowss. through the w. part. It receives the Canasa- 
wacta and several other streams as tributaries. Unadilla River forms the E. boundary. The soil 
upon the uplands is a shaly and gravelly loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. 
Aiorwicla, (P-^-.) upon Chenango River, in the n. part, was incorp. April 16, 1816. It contains 
the CO. buildings, 5 churches, the Norwich Academy, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, a piano forte 
factory, 3 carriage factories, 2 tanneries, 2 blast furnaces, a hammer factory, planing mill, foundery, 
machine shop, 2 sash and door factories, and plaster mill. Pop. 2,430. Wllite Store, (p. o..) on 
the Unadilla, contains a church, gristmill, and 10 houses. The first settlement was made in 1788, by 
Avery Power.* The first religious services were held by Rev. Manasseh French, in 1793 or '94.* 

OTSEIilC — was formed from German, March 28, 1817. It lies on the ^f. border of the co., w. 
of the center. Its surface is hilly, consisting of high ridges 500 to 800 ft. above the vallev 
of Otselic Creek, which are broken by the ravines of the streams. Otselic Creek is the principal 
stream, and flows s. w. through the center of the town. Several small streams are tril)utaries of 
the Otselic. The soil on the hills is a shaly loam, and in the valleys alluvium. Otselic, (p. v.,) 
in the n. part, contains 100 inhabitants; Soutb Otselic, (p.v.,) in the s. w. corner, 1 church 
and 225 inhabitants. Settlement was commenced about 1800, by Ebenezer Hill.' The first preacher 
was Stephen C. Nicholas. There are 4 churches in town; 2 Bap., F. W. Bap., and Christian. 

OXFORD — was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "Jericho," (now Bainbridge,) Jan. 19, 



1 Among the other early SL'tth^rs were Nath'I and Joseph Med- 
hery, who located upon tireat Brook ; Thos. Sarle, who located 
on the Unadilla; Samuel Anderson, Silas Burliaganie. Jeremy 
G(X)ilrich, Levi Blakeslee, Chas. Knapp, and Joseph Mo3a, who 
located upon the present siteof the village. The first child born 



Cole, Wm. Smiley, Nicholas Pickett, Maj. Thomas Brooks, Israel, 
Cbas. and Matt. Uraves. Josiah Brown. John Wait, Wm. Hansford 
and sons Hascall and Wm.. jr.. .John Harris, Manasseh French. 
Joab Enos, Hezekiah Brown, Elisha Smith, Wm. andChaun- 
cey Gibson, Mark, Wm., and Stephen Steere. Stephen Collins, Jas. 



was Louisa Bancroft, in 1797 ; and the tirst marriage, that of IGilmore. lIosesSuow.JohuKandall, John McNitt, and I>avid and 
Dan'l Williams and Phila Parker, in 1794. Josiah Burlingame ;Jobn Shattuck. The first child born was Lucy Power; the first 
tauijht the first school; Dan'l Scribner kept the first inn; Levi male child, Marcus Cole; the first marriage in the town and co. 
Blakeslee the first store; and Job Vail built the first mill. [was that of Hascall liansford and Fanny Graves, July 12, 1792. 

8 2 Bap., 2 Cong., 2 M. E., F. W. Bap., and Prot. E. JBenj. Edmunds kept the first iuu; Jonathan Johnson was the first 



8 Among the other early settlers were Judge Joel Thompson, 
Jeremiah and Abner Purdy, and Benj. Ferris, from Dutchess co., 
in 1795 ; and Jesse Rnndell, Jacob Grow. Gon. Obadiah German, 
Ebenezer Hartwell, and James Purdy, in 179G, — all of whom 
settled at the village and along the valley of the Chenango. 
The first child born was Amos Mead, jr., Sept. 12, 1794 ; the first 
niaTri.ige, that of Ebenezer Hartwell and Rachel Mead, in 1795; 
and the first death, that of Mrs. Abner Purdy, in 1796. Thomas 
Brooks taught the first school ; Amos Mead kept the first inn, 
iu 1803, aud Gen. Obadiah German the first store. Benj. Hart- 
well built the first gristmill, in 1803. 

* The census reports 4 churches ; 2 M. E., Bap., and Univ. 

^ Among the other early settlers were David F'airchild, Silas 



physician; and Llisha Smith built the first saw and grist mill. 

* There are 6 churches in town; Bap., M. E,, Ct>ng., Prot. E., 
Union, and K. C. 

' An Indian name, signifying Plum Creek. 

s Among the early settlers were Reuben Buckingham, David 
Steadman. Wm. Fish, Jonah Wolcott, Wm. Cross, Wm. Hurl- 
but, aud Wm. Smith, in the N. part : Elias Benjamin, Buell 
Warner and his sons Oliver, Abner. and Bnell, jr., Bent'ui Ptarce. 
Lewis Cook, ^lineas Thompson, John and James Warner, Abra- 
ham Fairchild, and Wm, Greene, in the s, part. Hiinnah War- 
ner taught the first school. Ebenezer Hill kept the first inn, 
in ISIO, and built the first gristmill, in 1S20. G.K.Cooleykept 
the first store, in 1812. Jas. Kust built the first sawmill. 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 



229 



1793. Guilford was taken off in 1813, and a part of Coventry in 1843. It is an interior town, 
lying a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is divided into two parts by the valley of the 
Chenango. The hills bordering upon the river are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. Chenango 
River flows s. w. through the w. part in a valley averaging about 1 mi. in width. It receives Eddy 
and Padget Brooks from the E., and Fly-Meadow, Mill, and Ludlow Brooks from the w. The soil is 
a shaly loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys. Oxford, (p. v.,) 
upon the Chenango, in the n. part of the town, incorporated April 6, 1806, contains 6 churches, 
tlie Oxford Academy,' a hoe factory, sash and blind factory, carriage shop, grist and saw mill, and 
plaster mill. Pop. 1,218. Soutli Oxford is a p. o. in the s. w. corner ; and Cliestaireville 
a p. 0. near the s. line. The first settlements were made in 1790, by Benjamin llovey.' The tir.st 
preacher was Rev. Uri Tracy, (Presb.,) in 1792.' 

PIIARSAliIA — was formed from Norwich, as " Stoninglon," April 7, 1806. Its name was 
changed April 6, 1808. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a 
rolling and hilly upland, occupying a portion of the watershed between Chenango and Otselic 
Rivers. The latter flows through the extreme n. w. corner. Canasawaota, Genegantslet, and 
Brackel Creeks take their rise near the center. The soil is a shaly loam. Pliarsalia, (p. v.,) 
in the w. part, contains 12 houses ; East Pbarsalia, (p. v.,) in the s., 2 churches, 2 gristmills, 
a sawmill, and 15 houses. IVortli Pliarsalia is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced 
in 1797, by John Randall, on Lot 48.* John Peck was the first settled minister. There are three 
churches in town ; Bap., F. W. Bap., and Presb. 

PITCHER'— was formed from German and Lincklaen, Feb. 13, 1827. A part of Lincklaen 
was annexed in 1833. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface consists 
principally of two high ridges 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. Otselic River flows s. e. through 
the center. Brackel Creek flows 3. w. through the s. part. The ravines of the streams are narrow 
and are bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is a shaly and gravelly loam. Pitcher, (p. v..) 
upon the Otselic, s. w. of the center, contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, and 25 dwellings. 
Nortb Pitcher, (p. v.,) upon the Otselic, n. e. of the center, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, 
a hame factory, fork factory, and about 20 dwellings. Pitcher Springs (p. o.) is a hamlet E. 

of the center.' South Pitcher is a p. o. John Wilson and Schuyler settled in 1794 

or '95.' The first religious services were held by Rev. Seth Williston, in 1797.* 

PETMOUTH — was formed from Norwich, April 7, 1806. It is an interior town, lying n. of 
the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by deep ravines. Canasawacta Creek, 
and its e. and w. branches, flow s. E. through deep and narrow valleys and form a junction near 
the center of the town. Southwest of the center are 2 small ponds, covering an area of 100 to 
150 acres each. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Plymouth,' (p- v.,) n. of the center, 
contains 3 churches and 150 inhabitants; South Plymouth, (p. o.,) in the s. E., a gristmill 
and 10 houses. The first settlement was commenced about 1794, by some French families.'" The 
first church (M. E.) was organized about 1806 ; and the Rev. White was the first preacher." 

PRESTOST— was formed from Norwich, April 2, 1806. Macdonough was tarken off in 1816. 
A part of Norwich was taken off in 1808, and a part of the same town was annexed in 1820. 



1 This Institution for many years bore tlie Iiifiliest repiit.ition 
of any academy w. of the Hudson. Many distinguished citizens 
of the central portions of the State received their academic edu- 
cation at this place. 

2 Among tlie other early settlers were Elijah Blackman, Eben 
Eno3, John Bartle and 6 sous, i'eter IJurgot,.Iohn Church, Theo- 
dore Burr, Benj. Loomis. Samuel Karnham, Charles Hurst, John 
Uolmes, John -McNeil. Diui'l Tucker, Francis Balcom. Wm. and 
Heury Gordon, and Thos. McAlpine. The lirst child horn was 
Ellis Loomis, in May, 1792; tJie first marriage was th.at of Peter 
Bartle and Tabitha Loomis, in May, 179.'); the first death was 
that of a child of Peter Burgot, and the first death of an adult, 
that of Andrew Loomis. in 1893. Mrs. Philip Hartle taught the 
first school, in 1793. Philip Bartle built the first schooihouse, 
indiiidually, on "Panther Ilill" in 1793; John Bartle kept the 
first inn. on Bowmans Creek; Benj. Hovey kept the first store, 
And Peter Burgot built the first will, on .Mill Brook. 

* The census reports 7 churches in town ; Bap., F. W. Bap., 
M. E., Presb., Prot. E., B.C., and Univ. 

* .\mong the other c-u-ly settlers were Joseph Breed, on Lot 49, 
Sanfurd .Morgan, on Lot 3ti. John Weaver, on Lot 28. Daniel lleni- 
Bon.on Lot 70. Lo<iowick Weaver, on Lot 32, Joshua Weaver and 
David Davie, on Lot 69, — all from Cunu. The first birth was that 
of Denison R. Weaver; the first marriage, that of Jabesh Brown 
and Ketura Brown ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Nehemiah 
Lewis. Aruna Wioit taught the first school. The first tavern 
ftud store were kept by Santbrd Morgan, on Lot 36; the first 
mill was built by Asa Weaver, on Lot 27, on Cauaeawacta Creek. 



» .Named from Nathaniel Pitcher, Lieutenant Governor of the 
State. 

» Pitcher Springs, formerly quite a watering place, was named 
from the sulphur springs lociitcd there. It is now almost de- 
serted. 

' Among the other early settlers were Ebenezer Wakely, Benj. 
Fairchdd, Jonathan Chandler, George Taylor, Silas lleebo, .Tonas 

Hinman, Abijah Ithines, Simon Peet. Millard, and Elijah 

Fenton. nie first child born was a son of Sil.is Beebe, In Nov. 
179tj; and the first marriage, that of .Tohn Wilson and Polly 
Hinman, May 16, 1799. Ebenezer Walcelv taught tho first 
schwil; Benj. Fairchild kept the first inn. Hcuben Knot the first 
store, and John Lincklaen built the first mills. 

' The census reports 6 chmches in town ; 2 Cong., 2 M. E., 
Bap., and Union. 

* Formerly called '•FrankviW^." 

10 Among the i.urly settlers were ,Iohn R.iyiiorandO. D.Jeffrey, 
(Frenchmen.) James liumford. Nathan Wales, John Miller. Col. 
Wm. Munroe, Silas Holmes, Dan'l Prentiss. .las. Purdy, Juilah 

Bement, and K. D. Dill.iye. The first death was that of 

Blowers; Elizabeth Bowdish died about the same time. Clarissa 
Brooks taught the first school, in ISOl) or '01 ; Charles Bjibcok 
ke])t the first inn, and John Kavnor the first store. Col. WaMi.-r 
Prentiss built the first mill, and John Thorp the first woolen 
factory, at an early day. 

" There are 4 cliurches in town ; M. E., Bap., F. W. Ban, aud 
Cong. 



230 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 



It ie the central town of the co. Ita surface is a high, rolling upland, divided into two distinct 
ridges. The summits of the hilla are 200 to 800 feet above the Chenango A''alley at Norwich. The 
principal streams are Fly-Meadow Creek and Mill Brook, flowing s. into the Chenango. The soil 
is a gravelly and slaty loam, — in many places stony and hard to cultivate. It is generally well 
adapted to grazing. Preston Corners, (Preston p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches 
and 105 inhabitants. The first settlement was made on Fly-Meadow Creek, in 1787, by James 
Glover, who erected the first gristmill, in 1788-89.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1806, 
by Elder Haskall, the first preacher.^ 

SHERBURIVE — was formed from Paris, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1705. Smyrna was taken 
off" in 1808, and a part of New Berlin was annexed in 1852. It lies on the n. border of the co,, 
£. of the center. The highest summits are 200 to 500 feet above the valleys of the streams, 
Chenango River enters the co. from Madison and flows in a s. e. direction through the town, 
receiving Handsome and Mad Brooks and several other tributaries. The soil is chiefly a 
gravelly and slaty loam, but some portions of the valley lands are a sandy loam. The Che- 
nango Canal passes through the valley parallel to the river. On the bottom lands of the river 
hops are extensively grown. Sherburne, (p. v.,) on the Chenango, s. of the center, was incorp, 
April 16, 1830. It contains 6 churches, the Sherburne Academy, and several manufactories. Pop. 
about 1200. £arlTille, (P-^-O on the line of Madison co., contains 441 inhabitants, of whom 
208 are in this town. Joseph Gutherie settled in the valley of the Chenango, near Sherburne 
Village, in 1792, Major Brooks, one of the " Shay's men," is supposed to have been there a 
year or two earlier.' The first religious services were held by a number of families from New 
England, who purchased the s. w. quarter of the 9th township, (Sherburne,) and settled on it in 
March, 1703.* 

SHIITUVILIjE— was formed from Greene, April 1, 1808. It lies on the w. line of the co., 
s. of the center. The surface consists of high ranges of hills, with narrow valleys extending n. 
and s. It is drained s. by Genegantslet and Ludlow Creeks and their tributaries, and several 
other streams flowing into the Chenango. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam in the valleys, and 
a clay and slaty loam on the hilla. Sniitlaville Flats, (p-'^-O on Genegantslet Creek, in 
the s. w. corner, contains 4 churches, 3 sawmills, a gristmill, and 315 inhabitants, Hast Smith- 
Ville, on Ludlow Creek, near the e. line, contains 2 churches and 18 dwellings. The first settle- 
ment was made in the valley of the Genegantslet, in 1797, by Robert Lytle, from Ireland.* The 
first church (Bap.) was formed in 1805, by Elder Gray, the first preacher.^ 

SMYRIVA— was taken from Sherburne, March 25, 1808, as *' Stafford.'* Its name was 
changed April 6 of the same year. It is the central town upon the n. border of the co. Its sur- 
face is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. 
The principal stream is Pleasant Brook, flowing s.e. through near the center. Cold Brook and 
several other small streams flow through portions of the town. These streams mostly flow through 
narrow valleys bordered by hillsides, the largest portions of which are too steep for cultivation. 
The soil is a gravelly and shaly loam. Smyrna, (p-"^->) upon Pleasant Brook, near the e. line, 
was incorp. April 20, 1829. It contains 3 churches, a gristmill, 2 tanneries, and 320 inhabitants. 
The first settlement was made by Joseph Porter, in 1792,^ The first religious society (Friends) was 
formed at an early period.* 



1 David Fairchild and his sons John and Amns pottled nt Pres- 
ton Corners in 1795; Kandall EiUingsaud Silas Chnnipion, from 
Conn., at FreatonCentt^r. in 1790; Jonas Marsh, IVuni Muss., Cul. 
Gnrdon, and Dudley Hewitt, in 1799. Among the other early eet- 
tlere were Saml and Clark Lewis. Rev. Hazaid Burdick, David 
>.ccIeston, Jouiia Marsh, Champlam, \Vm. Packer, Abra- 
ham Avery, aud Wm. Walsworth. Ihe tirst child born wiw Fanny 
Billings, July 16. 1796; the first marriaRP. that of Capt. Lyon 
and Widow Crandall, in 179^; and the fir.st death, that of an 
inf:iiit child of Geo. Crary. The first school was tmipht I'y AVm. 
McAlpinc. who surveyed the Livingston Patent in 179S and sub- 
sequintly tlie Morris Tract. Jonaa Marsh kept the first inn, in 
IStiO; Jiis. Glover kept the first store and erected the first mill. 

' The censua reports 5 churches ; Bap., F. M'. Bap., Seventh 
Day Pap., Presb.. and Univ. 

3 A company from New England, consisting; of Nath'l Gray. 
Joel Hatch. Abraham. JimiPS, and Newconib Kayiiinnfl, .Tnseph. 
John, and Ele;tznr Loth rop. Cornelius Clark, and Juel Northiop, 
witli th(Mr families, settled in 1793. The deed of their purchase 
ifl dated in June of that year. 

* Purine the first week after their arriTal they erected a log 
Dieetinghuuse, and on the succeediug Sabbath met in it, after 
the example of the Pilgrim Fathers, to make pnlilic and united 
ackuowledfimonte for the protection and guidance of an over- 



ruling Power while on a perilous and tedious Journey through 
the wilderness to their new homes. The census reports 9 
chnrchee; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., F. W. Bap., Cong., Prot. E., Univ., 
and Union. 

sjos. Agard and Eppaphes Sheldon. IVom Litchfield. Conn., 
bouj^ht out tlie log house and improvement of Mr. Lytle in Feb. 
1798, moved in their families, and became the sole resitlents of 
the town. Tliey were joined in 179S-99 by Edward Loorais, who 
settled on Ludlow Creek, Simeon NeaJ. Robt. Williams. A8:i 
Stiuight. Dan'i Phillips. Capt. Samuel A.Slteel, John Yunng. and 
John Palmer. The first child born was Jane Loomis. May *2, 
1800; the first marriage, that of Jason Smith and Hannah liora- 
pnugh. in 1807: aJid the first death, that of a son of Georgo 
Shaddock, in 1799. Capt. John Palmer kept the first inn aiij 
store and erected the first distillery. Timothy Scoville built thd 
first sawmill, in 1805, and Nicholas Powell the first gristmill, in 
1S09. 

6 The census reports 4 churches: 2 M. E., Bap., ami Univ. 

^ Among the other early settlers were Jos. Collins. Jos. Bil- 
lings, Joshua Talcott, David Wilbur, and John Parker. Tho 
first griatmill and clothing works were erected by Collins & Bil- 
lings, in 1705. 

8 The census reports 5 chuixhes in town; Bap., F. W. Bap,, 
Cong., M. E., and Friends. 



CHENANGO COUNTY. 



231 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dioellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Chenango County. 



Names of Towns. 



Afton' 

Itainbridije. 

Ouluinliua 

Coventry 

German 

Greeue 

Giiill'oid 

Lincklaen 

Macdtinough .... 

New IWliiii 

North Nuiwich, 

Norwicll 

Otselic 

Oxford 

PhAi'Riilia 

Pitcher 

Plynioiith 

PreBt^Mi 

Shorburne 

Smitlivdlo. 

Smyriiii 

Total 



AcBES or Land. 



27.0801 

14,319 

■21,447 

10.003i 

2«.170i 

23.633 

10..'i44i 

13.1Sli 

19.942 

lil.lOlii 

lil sasi 

14.352 

19,159 

12.794 

13.3545 

1.5.10G 

15,936J 

20.702 

20..341 

l>V903i 



20,092 
7,393 

10.606 
6.035i 

14.0S2i 

10.963 
6,2(iU 
8,619 

10,046 
6,691 
6,477i 
9,871 

12,101 

12,248 
4,396J 
9,671 
6,361 
5,644i 
9,366J 
7,2SU 



Valuation op 1S58. 



$383,045 
386.550 
382,312 
464,715 
167,990 

1,031,905 
t>40,220 
149,740 
232,900 

1,223,675 
362,341 
646,761 
292,760 
627,600 
234,380 
241,090 
376,645 
277,010 
776,686 
400,665 
442.42S 



.347,S2SJ 182936 I 9,620,318 i 1.677.823 



$406,345 
409 250 
436,655 
498.165 
161,665 

1,364,470 
723,120 
158,440 
252,240 

1,734,111 
390,191 
603.706 
.308,010 
790,325 
247,380 
263,830 
415,945 
303,060 
891,786 
429,666 
610,792 



11,298,141 



POPOIATION. 


1 


^ 


1 


Set 




: 


, 


i 
1 


■5 




< 




13 












1,688 


1,689 


618 


643 


655 


14 


670 


661 


253 


292 


238 


fi 


842 


842 


333 


357 


214 


12 


406 


400 


146 


146 


133 


S 


1,880 


1,837 


697 


743 


628 


22 


1,272 


1,280 


492 


624 


443 


19 


649 


682 


214 


219 


194 


9 


701 


716 


279 


2S2 


262 


9 


1,224 


1,283 


479 


524 


354 


20 


686 


641 


210 


235 


194 


8 


2,005 


2,104 


761 


822 


683 


19 


887 


834 


339 


360 


077 


13 


1,619 


1,697 


029 


030 


621 


19 


594 


658 


210 


218 


209 


10 


662 


629 


260 


315 


260 


11 


769 


772 


299 


677 


603 


16 


612 


632 


ISO 


483 


279 


8 


1,307 


1,409 


632 


392 


297 


17 


837 


824 


311 


198 


176 


10 


920 


946 


370 


270 


230 


14 


19,879 


20,038 


7,002 


8,236 


6,435 


289 



? ?. 



G ° 
571 
668 
446 
640 
360 

1,283 
S92 
445 
621 
690 
444 

1,401 
729 

1,219 
462 
486 
620 
362 

1,029 
681 
698 



Names of Towns. 



Aftoni 

llaiubridgo 

Columbim 

Coventry 

GeriiiHii 

Greene 

Onilford 

Lincklacn 

MaedonongU ..., 

New Berlin 

North Norwich, 

Norwich 

Otselic 

Oxford 

Plmrsalia, 

Pitcher 

Plymouth 

Preston , 

Sherburne 

SmilhviUu 

Smyrna 

Total 



763 

464 

634 

290 

848 

697 

376 

374 

M5 

37 

«',2 

626 

736 

330 

446 

653 

349 

R41 

490 

711 



3.146 
1.106 
1.771 

826 
2.822 
2.206 

802 j 
1,009 
1.363 

986 
1.933 
1,278 
2,216 

812 
1.122 
1,386 
1,287 
1,856 
1,882 
1,744 



2,226 
1.807 
2.140 
1.160 
3;603 
2.721 
981 
1.535 
2.439 
1.061 
2.220 
1,4.33 
1.714 
1,31S 
1,269 
1,531 
1,497 
2,179 
2,620 
1,495 



03 



6,438 
2,835 
2,760 
964 
4,090 
3,756 
2 29' 
2J43 
2,097 
3,335 
7.287 
2,562 
5,835 
1,926 
4,487 
4,413 
6,793 
11,726 
2,290 
7,300 



V! 



1,361 
898 

1,0211 
361 1 

1,6401 

1,2961 
486' 
635' 

1,047 
727 

1,003 
676 

1,450 
606 
685 
643 
625 

1,189 

1,135 

1.018 



Agricultural Products. 



BCSH. OF GkaiN. 



3,1 86S 
136 
930 
286 

3.272J 

2,384 
64 
177 
675i 

1,464 
492 
21 

1.760 

166 

128 

679 

82 

1,601 
584 

1.128 



10,971131,452136,939 85,923 18,0921 19,089* 1.018,320* 117,370j 



93.411 J 
48.605 
60.962 
16.934 
88,2834 
68,908} 
30.134} 
18.274 
65,390 
46,291i 
46.446 
4S.310i 
60.623 
20.674 
29,81Ci 
47,884 
24,797} 
111,742J 
41,701* 
63,942 






30,609 

13.531 

16.795 

6.827 

22,634 

16,931 

6,160 

8,645* 

12,976 

13,314 

14,291 

13,612 

17.028 

9.186 

8.369 

13,291 

9,094* 

16.118 

11,399 

13,831 



-0,642 



40.714 
26.738 
31,330 
11,616 
41,208 
34,093 
13,358 
16.153 
30,227 
18,162 
31,889 
11,116 
43,924 
11,714 
21,682 
27,997 
35,265 
47,116 
32,689 
27,614 



653,654 



DAmr Products. 






225,645 
107.410 
250,270 
123.600 
451,433 
344.045 
95.785 
1(>4.9S5 
190.839 
136.381 
198,380 
141,505 
289,502 
114,048 
144,200 
155,603 
176.953 
208,415 
319,695 
146,210 



0,3 



=;-s 



14,000 

283.019 

6.510 

700 

17.7681 

29.226 

19.680 1 

1,805 

248,173 

99.200; 
107.32S| 

67.300; 

17.100; 

51.4.50; 

13,797; 

76,604; 

23.380 

92.7081 

13,660; 

39,186 



6,109 

1.360 

1,343 

2..358 

6,530* 

1,109 

1,682} 

3,44S, 

1,298 

347 
1,188} 
1,772 
2,297 
2,399 
1,412* 
1,062 
1476* 

694 
3,387* 
2,488* 



3,990.564 1,212,544' 42,662 



1 Formed since 1855. 



CLINTON COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Washington, March 7, 1788.' Essex 
was taken off iu 1799. St. Lawrence was provisionally annexed 
in 1801, and taken off in 1802; a portion of Oneida was annexed 
in 1801 ; and Franklin was taken off in 1808. It lies upon Lake 
Champlain, and is the n. e. corner co. of the State. It is cen- 
trally distant 143 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,092 sq. mi. 
The surface is generally hilly and broken, and in some parts 
mountainous. The Au Salile Range enters the s. w. corner from 
Essex CO. and extends in spurs and broken ranges through more 
than one-half of the w. part of the co. The highest peaks, along 
the w. border, are 3,000 to 4,000 feet above tide. These moun- 
tains have the same general characteristics as those further s. 
They are wild and broken, and their declivities and summits are so 
covered with ragged ledges of rocks that they can produce but a scanty crop of timber and are 
almost inaccessible. The uplands decline toward the N: ; and along the N. line of the co. is a wide 
tract nearly level. Along the lake shore the surface is level or moderately uneven; and from this 
tract it rises gradually but unevenly to the summits of the ridges in the interior. A large share 
of the central and w. portions of the co. is covered by the original forests, and is too rough to ever 
admit of profitable cultivation. The mountainous region in the s. w., comprising about one-third 
of the CO., is underlaid by gneiss, granite, and other primary rocks. A belt of Potsdam sandstone 
extends in a great curve around the primary region and occupies more than one-half of the re- 
maining part of the co. On the n. it extends nearly to Canada, but toward the s. it gradually 
diminishes, and on the s. line it is but a few miles wide. Surrounding this, and lying next above it, 
is a narrow belt of calciferous sand rock, outcropping on the surface, along the lake shore, between 
Au Sable and Salmon Rivers. The limestones next appear, occupying the n. e. corner of the co. 
and outcropping along the lake from Salmon River to Rouses Point. Tertiary clay is found in a, 
few places along the lake; and drift deposits are abundant in the n. and e. parts. Peat bogs are 
numerous in the N. E. part. The primitive region is exceedingly rich in minerals. Magnetic iron 
ore is found in inexhaustible quantities, and of a quality equal to the best in the world. '^ 

Au Sable River forms most of the s. boundary. North of this are Little Sable, Salmon, Sara- 
uao. Little Chazy, and Great Chazy or Champlain Rivers, all flowing into Lake Champlain. English 
River flows n. into Canada. Upon all these streams are numerous fills, furnishing an immense 
amount of water-power. In the western wilderness are numerous small lakes, the principal of which 
are Chateaugay and Chazy Lakes, and Sampson, Taylor, and Slush Ponds. The soil along the lake 
is clayey, and in the interior and w. a sandy loam, best adapted to pasturage. 

The people are principally engaged in stock raising, dairying, lumbering,' mining, and in the 
manufacture of iron* and starch. A large business is carried on in peltries, the wilderness still 
furnishing numerous valuable fur-bearing animals.' Fish are abundant in the mountain 
streams and lakes, although the salmon, once so abundant, have now nearly disappeared.* The 
Northern (Ogdensburgh) R. R. extends w. from Rouses Point, on Lake Champlain, through Cham- 
plain, Mooers, Altona, Ellenburgh, and Clinton. The Plattsburgh & Montreal R. R. extends N. 
through Plattsliurgh, Beekmantown, Chazy, and Mooers. 

The CO. seat is located at the village of Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain.' 



The courthouse is a 



1 N.imed from Geo. Clinton, then Governor. When orfijanized, 
it embraced all the land on both sides of Lake Chami>lain. as 
claimed by the State of New York. The claim E. of the lake 
was abandoned upon the recognition of Vermont .as an indepen- 
dent State, in 1791. 

- Clinton and Kssex are the two most important minine cos. 
in the State. The veins of iron, in extent and richness, svirpass 
those of any other piirt of the world. Ore was first discovered 
in the '* Winter" ore bed. in Au Sable, by Geo. Shaffer, in 1800, 
— although travelers had previously frequently noticed the im- 
mense quantities of iron s.ind upon the lake shore. Tlie prin- 
ripal veins now opened are the Arnold, RutRers, Finch, Winter. 
Indian, Cook, Battie, Mace, Jackson, and Mclntyre Mines, in 
' Au Sable ; the Palmer and Rutgers Mines, in Black Brook ; and 
the Skinner and Avei ill Mines, inDannemora. Veins of greater 
or lees richness are found in all the towns underlaid by the 
primary rocks. 

* Au Sable aud Saranac Rivers flow through valuable lumber 
232 



districts, and upon them are numerous sawmills. Immense 
quantities of logs are annually floated down these streams and 
worked up at the mills below. .Several important plank roads 
have been constructed in the wilderness for the special accom- 
modation of the lumber and iron business. 

* The iron manufactured is principally in the form of blooms. 

B Hunting is pursued as a business to somee.\tent: and during 
the summer large numbers of amateur hunters from the cities 
flock to the wilderness for recreation and amusement. 

6 So abundant were salmon that 30 years ago 100 bids, were 
annu.ally taken Id the co. ; and from its importance to the early 
settlers this fish was taken as a device for the first co. seal. 

I The first court was held Oct. 28, 17SS. A blockhouse erected 
at the time of the alarm occasioned by the defeat of St. Clair by 
the Indians was used for the first jail. A courthn.ise and jail 
of wood w.as erected in 1802-03, and burned in ISll by the in- 
vading British army. A new one erected soon after was burned 
in 1836, and the present one was erected on its site. The firsc 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



233 



Bubstantial brick building, with a stone basement, fi-onting the public square and the river. The 
jail, a stone building in the rear of the courthouse, affords no accommodations for the cUissification 
of prisoners, and is destitute of means of ventilation. The clerk's office is a fireproof building on 
an adjacent lot. The poorhouse is located in Beekmantown, 4 mi. n. of Plattsburgh. It has an 
average of 65 inmates, supported at a weekly cost of $1.00 each. The farm — 90 acres — yields a 
revenue of $800.^ Four weekly newspapers are published in the cc* 

The first white man that ever visited this co. was Samuel Champlain, in 1G09, under the auspices of 
the French. From that time until the final surrender of Canada in 17G0, the French claimed and held 
this region of country, and the lands were mostly occupied by parties holding title under French grants.' 

At the close of the war in 1700, settlement rapidly spread down the lake shore. By the terms of 
the treaty between England and France, the French settlers were to be secured in their rights ; but 
the Government of New York made conflicting grants, which gave rise to controversies and quarrels 
and seriously retarded the progress of settlement. A few families were scattered along the shore 
previous to the Revolution ; but the expedition of Burgoyne in 1777 broke up every settlement 
in the co. An important naval engagement took place Sept. 11, 1776, in the strait between Val- 
cour Island and the w. shore, between the British and American forces, without any decisive 
results. The conflict was renewed on the 13th, and the American vessels were nearly all run ashore 
on the Vt. side and burned.* 

Settlements were made at all the principal places bordering upon the lake within 10 years after 
the close of the Revolution. Point Au Fer was occupied by the British until 1706, when, in com- 
mon with several other posts along the n. frontier, it was surrendered to the Americans.^ During 
the same year the St. Regis Indians ceded their claims to the State. The embargo &f 1808 was 
openly violated, and many severe encounters took place between the revenue officers and organized 
bands of smugglers.^ Several attempts were made by lawless bands to seize the collectors and 
revenue officers, but without success. During the last war with Great Britain this co. was the seat 
of important military transactions, and along its frontiers and upon the adjacent waters of the lake 
many skirmishes and engagements took place.' 



CO. officers were Chaa. Piatt, First Judfff : Josiah Throop and 
Chas. Ih^y, Judges : Robt. Cochran, Peter Sailly. Wm. McAuley, 
and Pliny Moore, Assistant Justices ; Thendoru-* Piatt. Stirrofiate ; 
Beuj. Mooera, Shfirijf; and Melancthon Lloyd Woolsey, Clerk. 

J The Sonate Committee of 1857 report that ''this house is a 
very poor one, indifferently kept, and a disgrace to the co.'* The 
rooms were filthy and not at all ventilated; and the water sup- 
plied to the estal)lit<hment is furnished from springa into which 
drains from the barnyard and jirivies emi)ty. No school is 
taught; and the children are not admitted to tlie public si-hools. 
The Supervisors have authorized a loan of $4,000 for rebuilding 
this establishment. 
2 Tfie Ampj-ican ^f'm^tor was established at Plattsburch in 
lSo7 by W. Nichols and Sam'l Lowell, and continued a 
short time. 
The Plattsburgh Republican was begun in July, 

18U, by Reynolds. In 1813 Aznri.ih C. Flagg 

became publisher, and continued it until 1826. It was 
subsequently under the charge of 11. C. Milh_>r and Wm. 
Laud. In Aug. ISS.'l, it passed into the hands of Iloby 
G. Stone, l\v whom it is still continued. 
The Northern Ileruld was begun April 10, 1^13, by Fred. C. 

Powell. In 1815 it was changed to 
The Ptattshurgh Hn-ald, and soon after it was discontinued. 
Hie Northern Inti'Uiqtmcer was begun at Plattsburgh in May, 
1821, by Fred. R. Allen. In 1832 it was united with 
The Aurora Bormlis, which waa established in 1828, the com- 
bined piipers taking the name of the 
Plattsburgh Aurora. It was continued but a short time. 
The Democratic Press waa published at Plattsburgh in 1834 by 

J. K. Averill. 
The Whig was started at Plattsburgh in 1835 by Q. W. Piatt. 

In 1838 it was changed to the 
Clinton Count)/ Whig. After several changes of ownership, in 

'^ct. ISfj.S. it wiia changed to 
The Plattsburgh Kxpress, published by Albert G, 

Carver, and is still contiuued by him. 
The Berean Guide was published a short time at Beekmantown 

in 1837 by Rev. Mr. Bailey. 
The Free Democrat was pnblishi.'d in 184S by Oliver Hart. 
Tlie Northern Laifet. mo., wa-S bi'gun in 1849 by I)r. Horace 

Nelson. It WHS soon changed to 
The Lancrf, and was continued till 1856. 

The CJiamploin H-acon was commenced in 1850 by Kefchum 
& AveriU. In 1852 it was sold to D. Turner, of 
Ki-oflfvrlb'. who chiinged it to 
The Rouses Point Advertiser, under which name it 

is still published. 
Tfie Oottage. Gazette was published in IS.'il by Arthur C. Nelson. 
The American Sentinel waa stiirteri Jan. lb, 1855, by Warren 
Dow. It was soon changed to 



The Plattsburgh Sentinel, and ia still published. 

'^ The Governor General and Intendant. on the 10th. 11th, and 
l'2th days of April. 1733, granted 3 seigniories within the present 
limits of Champlain and Chazy, eacli 3 le.agnes in depth and 
fronting upon Lake Champlain. The first, granted to Huguea 
Jacques Pean. Sieur dt* Liviandi^re. cajitain in the marines, ex* 
tended from (,'liazy River 2^ leagues northward; the aecond waa 
granted to Sieur Migeon de la GauchitSre, also a captain in the 
marines, and the third to Sieur do St. Vincent, jr., an ensign 
in the marines; each grant being 2 leagues in front. These 
grants were assigned forever, in fief and seignii^ry, with the 
rightofsuperior, mean, and inferior jurisdiction, (/ant(f,Trto^cHTw, 
<t basse justice,') with the right of hunting, fishing, nnd Indian 
trade, subject to the performance of fealty and homage at the 
Castle of St. Louis, in Quebec, agreeable to the custom of Paris 
followed in Canada. They were conditioned to the preservation 
by tenants of the oak-timber fit for the royal navy, the reserva- 
tion of mim-a and highways to the crown, and the use of the 
be.iches to fishermen unless actually occupied by the seigni«>r. 
The pntentees miglit grant concessions to tonant^s, subject to tho 
customary cens H rrtiie.s and dues, for each arpeiit of land in front 
by 40 arpents in depth. If used for military purpost^s, materials 
for the erection of fortifications and firewood for the use of gar- 
risons were to be given without charge, and tho grant was to be 
submitted for the royal approbation within one year. The 
grantees having failed to make improvements on the 10th of 
May. 1741, all tiiese grants were declared to havt reverted to his 
majesty's domain. On the 1st of Nov., 1752, a beigniory of 2^ 
leagues in front by 3 in depth, and including Cha!,y River, waa 
granted to the Sieur Redou. counccllor in the Superior Council 
of Quebec, under conditions like those of Ftan.— Titles atid Dues, 
relating to the Seignorial Tenure. 

* This engagement was one of the most gallant fought during 
the war. and, although resulting disaatrously, it reflected no 
dishonor on the American arms. Tho American forces, com- 
manded by Benedict Arnold, consisted of 1 skwip. 2 schooners, 
4 galleys, and 8 gondolas, with 84 guns and 144 swivLds ; aud tho 
British force, commanded by Capt. Thos. I'ringles, of 1 ship. 2 
schooners. I razee. 1 gondola, 20 gunboats, and 28 long boats, 
with 89 gtina and 697 men. The American Into was 80 to I'O, 
and the British about the same. The Americana saved thnn- 
aelvea by rurming their veasela aground and swimming ashore. 

6 Judge Pliny :\Innre. who settled in Champhiiu in 17S5, waa 
visit,ed on (he Ist of every month by a British corporal and file 
of men. from Point An Fer. to notify him that his claim nnder 
the State woulil not be recognized ; but no attention waa pairl to 
these repeated warnings. — l\ilm*-r's Hi.<f. L<if:r n,(i,iiphjin.p.1lj'2. 

« In 1S08 two Government officers were killotl in attempting 
to seize a smugiiling vessel called the Black Snakt-. 

^ The following ia a brief chronological list of the most Im- 
portant events of the war conaected with this co. 



234 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



In the summer of 1814, Sir Geo. Provost, Gov. of Canada, made extensive preparations for an 
invasion of the country ah>ng Lake Cliamplain. Toward the last of Aug. a land force of 14,000 
men assembled on the frontier and commenced their march, supported by a formidable fleet under 
Commodore Dovrnie. Gen. Macomb, vrho commanded the Americans, had a force of less than 
3,000 ; but, as the invading army drew nigh, he was continually re-inforced by volunteers and 
militia.* The American fleet, under the command of Commodore MacDonough, took position in 
Cumberland Bay, awaiting the attack of the British. On Sunday morning, Sept. 11, a simul- 
taneous attack was made by the British land and naval forces, and a bloody and desperate battle 
ensued. At the end of 2 hours Commodore Downie's flag struck, and nearly the whole British 
fleet fell into the hands of the Americans.^ The cannonade was continued upon the shore until 
night, when the British slowly and sullenly retreated and in a few days returned to Canada.^ 
These engagements were justly considered among the most brilliant that occurred during the war, 



1812, Sept. 1.— Gen. Bloomfield, with 8,000 troops, prepared to 

attack Canada. 

" Sept. IG. — Tr<)np3 consisting of 3,000 regulars and 2,000 
militia, under <_ien.r>t'arl)orn, encamped with- 
iu a half mile of the Canada line. 

" Sept. 20. — Guardhouse at La Cole surprised; but, as 
plans of attack were fru'^trated, the troops 
retired to Plattsltiirgh fur winter quarters. 

1813, Feb.— Two brigades marcliud to Snckt-ts Harbor, 

Ie.iviDg the w. Bide of the hike entirely un- 
protected till Sept. 

" June 2. — Naval engagement near Ash Island, Canada, 
between an American fiTce. under Lieut. 
Sidney Smith, and several British gunboats, 
resulting in the loss of the American sloops 
Growler and Eagle and 112 men. The ves- 
sels wei-e subsequently I'e-captiired. 

" July 31. — A British force of 1,400 men. under C<.)1. Murray, 
made a descent upon Plattsbnrgh and de- 
stroyed a largo amount of public and private 
property. 

" Sept, 19. — A body of 3,000 American troops, under Gen. 
Uampton. concentrated at Cumberland Head 
and started on an expedition a^raiust Canada. 

** Sept. 21.— After remaining one day in Canada, the Gen. 
changed his plan, and, ostensibly on his way 
to Montreal, he marched to Chateaugay, and 
there remained idle 26 days. 

*• Oct. 1. — A small party of American militia surprised a 

picket guard at Odeltown, Canada. 

•* Oct. 11.— Col. Is.iac Clark, with 110 men. crossed the 
lake fiom Champlain, attacked a purty of 
British at Missisco Bay, killed 9, wounded 14, 
and took 101 prisoners. 

* Nov. — A party of Vt. militia crossed the lake and 

placed themselves under General Hampton. 
The Gov. of Vt. ordered them to return; but 
they refused to obey. 

" Dec. 1. — A British naval force, consisting of 6 armed 

galleys, under Capt. Pring, entered the lake 
and burned an empty storehouse near Rouses 
Point. In the report of Sir George Provost, 
this building was converted into a large 
magazine of stores at Plattsburgh. 

1814, Jan. 18.— A detachment of infantry from Plattsburgh 

arrived upon the frontier, soon followed by 
another body of troops, under Gen. Wilkinson. 

** March 30.— Uij.ler the direction of Gen. Wilkinson. Mnj. 
p.'rsyth attacked a gristmill at La Cole, but 
was repulsed with a loss of 104 in killed and 
wounded. The British loss was 56. 

** May 9. — A British naval force, consisting of 5 sloops and 

13 row-galleys, under Capt. Pring. were re- 
pulsed in an attack upon Otter Ci-eek. in Vt. 
On their retreat they entered Baquet Kiver. 
but were attacked by a body of militia, and 
nearly all the men in the rear galley were 
killed or wounded. 

" June 24.— Lieut. Col Forsyth, with 70 riflemen, entered 
Canada, and was attacked by a British force 
of 200 men. He effected his retreat with 
little loss, but a few days after was killed in 
another skirmish. 

" Aug. 29.— Gen. Izard, with the greater part of the Ameri- 
can force, left Chamjilain, leaving the im- 
mense amount of military stores at Platts- 
burf,'h in charge of Gen. Macomb, at the 
head of ,".400 men, 1,400 of whom were sick. 

« Aug. 30. — Gen. Brisbane, with the advance truard of the 
British army, took possession of Champlain. 

** Sept. 3.— Sir Geo. Provost, Gov. of Can.ada, at the head 
of 14.1100 men, advanced s. from Champlain. 
arriving within 8 mi. of Plattsburgh on the 
evening of the 6th. 

* Sept. C— Skirmish at Culvers Hill, and the iirst attack 
on Plattsburgh. in which the British lost 200 
men and the Americana 45. 



1814, Sept. 11. — Naval engagement in Cuml>erland Bay, result- 
ing in the complete victory of the Americans ; 
and an attack upon the American landworks, 
which was repulsed. The British army re- 
treated during the following night. 
" Sept. 24. — Last division of the British army retired to 

Canada, 
t Gov. Chittenden of Vt. issued a proclamation calling upon 
the militia to rally and repel the invasion ; and large numbere 
promptly responded to the call and repaired to the camp. The 
call upon Wiishington and Warren cos. was answered by 350 
more men than had ever mustered at an inspection or review. 

2 The c^imparative strength and loss of the two parties on the 
lake were as follows: — 

AMETilCAX, 



Vessels. 



Flagship Saratoga, Com. Macdonough... 

Brig Ei':7Je. Capt. Ilenlyn. 

Schooner ISfontUraga. Lieut. Cassin 

Sloop Pre.bk, Lieut. Chas. Budd 

Galleys Allen, Bui"rmos, Borer, Nettle, 
Viper, and Centipede (each 1 long 
24 and 1 CoUnnbian) 

Galleys Ludlow, M^mer, Alunn, and 
Ballard (each 1 12 pound) 



Total.. 







. 


e 

^ 


S 


i^ 


212 


26 


2S 


ISO 


20 


13 


110 


17 


6 


30 


7 


2 


210 


12 




140 


4 




862 


86 


49 



BRITISH. 

Frigate Confiance, Capt. Downie, 

Brig Ltii7i€t, Capt. Pring 

Sloop Chub, Lieut. McGhee 

" Finch, " Hicks 

Galleys Sir Jas. Tea, Sir Gen. Provost, 
Sir Sidney Bechwith, Broke, and 
Murray (each 2 guns) 

Galleys Wellington, Tfcumseh, Drum- 
mftnd, Simcoe, and 4 names un- 
known (each 1 gun) 



Total.. 



300 
120 
45 
45 


39 
16 
11 
11 


41 

10 

6 


255 


10 




S60 
1,095 


8 
95 


TT 



The action lasted 2} hours. The British galleys lowered their 
colors : but. not being pursued, they escaped, as did also a store- 
ship which lay near the point of Cumberland Head during the 
engagement. The loss upon the enemy's galleys was not ascer- 
tained, but was large; and the total British loss was one-fifth 
of their whole number. In their retreat the British left behind 
them a vast quantity of provisions, tents, camp equipage, and 
ammunition, together with their sick and wounded. The British 
and American officers were buried 8ei)avately near the center of 
the village cemetery; and the sailors and m.irines of both fleets 
side by side in one common grave, on Crab Island. Some time 
after, the sister-in-law of Com. Geo. Downie placed a tablet over 
his grave: and on the anniversarj- of the battle, in 1843, the 
citizens of Plattsburgh and the Clinton Co. Military Association 
erected plain marble monuments at the unmarked graves of 
Lieut. G. W. Runk, Lieut. Peter Gamble. Lieut. John Stansbury, 
Sailing Master Rogers Carter, Midshipman J. M. Baldwin, and 
Pilot Josepli Barrowof the American navy; andCol. Willington, 
Ensign J. Chapman, Lieut. B. Kingsbury, Boatswain Chas. 
Jackson, Capt. Purchase. Cnpt. Alex. Anderson, (marines.) Acting 
Capt. Wm. Paul, and Midshipmau V. M. Gunn, of the British 
army and navy. 

8 Sir Geo. Provost, in his official report, says, "This unlocked 
for event deprived me of the co-operntii-n of the fleet, without 
which the further prosecution of the service was become imprac- 
ticable. I did not hesitate to arrest the conrse of the troops ad- 
vancing to the attack, because the most conijilete success would 
have been unavailing, and the possession of the enemy's work« 
offered no advantage to compensate for the loss we mast haTO 
sustained in acquiring possession of them." 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



235 



and they served to partially obliterate the disgrace that attached to most of the movements that 
were planned and executed along the n. frontier. The immense snm.s of money expended within 
the CO. during the war greatly gtimulated it.s industry ; and although Plattsburgh was twice in tho 
hands of the enemy and partly burned, still business prospered. At the close of the war the ex- 
citement subsided, and a commercial re-action followed that entirely prostrated business. Upon 
the completion of the Champlain Canal in 1823, business again revived; and a new impulse has 
'again been given to it by the railroads and plank roads since constructed. In 1838-40 the co. 
shared the intense excitement attending the " Patriot Wars," and several encounters between the 
insurgents and the military authorities took place in the neighlx)ring parts of Canada. 

The lands in this co. were mostly granted in comparatively small patents. The w. portion embraces 
4 townships of the Old Military Tract. A tract of 231,540 acres in the n. e. and central parts of the 
CO. was included in the lands granted by the Legislature of New York to the refugees from Canada 
and Nova Scotia at the close of the Revolution.* These lands were divided into SO and 420 acre 
lots, except 5,000 acres, which was divided into 15 equal parts, which were granted to the officers 
and privates among these refugees. Considerable land lying along the lake was granted in small 
tracts to English officers who served during the French War. Among the principal remaining 
patents were Piatt's, Livingston's, Beekman's, Duerville, Dean's, and Graves. 



ALiTOXA — was formed from Chazy, Dec. 2, 1857. It is an interior town, lying n. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, with a slight inclination toward the n.e. The 
W. half is underlaid by Potsdam sandstone, and hundreds of acres are covered with the naked 
rock. Great Chazy River is the principal stream. The soil is light and sandy, and a large share 
of it is unfit for cultivation. A few settlements are scattered through the town, and the people 
are mostly engaged in lumbering. There is no village or p. o. in town. Cbazy, in the n. 
part, is a station on the N. R. R. Ellenbur^li Depot lies on the w. line. The first settler 
was Simeon Wood, who located in town in 1800.^ The town embraces parts of the Refugee Tract 
and Ducrville Patent. The first church (French Bap.) was formed Jan. 1, 1856, 

W SABIjE^^was formed from Peru, March 29, 1839. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. 
Its surface is neaidy level in the e., rolling in the center, and hilly in the w. The highest summits 
are 500 to 600 ft. above the lake. Au Sable River forms the s. boundary, and the Little Au Sable 
flows N. E. through the w. part. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, moderately fertile in the 
E. and center and nearly unfit for cultivation in the w. Upon the Au Sable where it breaks through 
the Potsdam sandstone is a beautiful cascade known as Birmingham Falls.* Iron ore of an excel- 
lent quality is found in abundance.^ Keeseville,^ (P-^-0 upon the Au Sable, 5 nil. from the 
lake, contains 7 churches, the Keeseville Academy, 2 extensive rolling mills, 3 nail factories, a 
machine shop, an ax and edge tool factory, a cupola furnace, an axletree factory, a horseshoe 
factory, a planing mill, 2 gristmills, and a nail keg factory.' Pop. 2,569, — of whom 1,999 are in Au 
Sable and 570 are in Esses co. ClintonTille, (p. v.,) upon the Au Sable, in the w. part of the 
town, was incorp. April 11, 1825. It contains 2 churches and an extensive iron manufactory.* 
Pop. 855. IVew S^veden, (p-^-i) upon the Au Sable, in the s. w. corner of the town, contains 
2 forges and 150 inhabitants. Birniingbaiii Falls, at the head of the rapids upon the Au 



1 The art making this grant bears date of May 11, 1782. The 
names of Canadian refugees were reported by Biig. Gen. Moses 
Hazen and Col. Jeremiah Throop, and those of the Nova Scotia 
refugees by Col. James Livingston. The small Iota were laid 
out in narrow strips fronting upon the lake, and the remainder 
in the rear. These lands were ilistributed among 252 piTSons. 
who drew the lots by ballot. The greater part of the tract was 
not occupied in the time specified by the act, and reverted to the 
State. 

2 Among the early settlers were Lyman Clothier, Eliphalet 
Haacall, Daniel and Robert Baker, Tbo,^. Cmlwnrth. Simon Good- 
speed, and Daniel Robinson. The (irst birth was that of Matilda 
K. Wood. >Iay 30, 1S02. Sarah Stockwell taught the first 
school, in 1S04; and Lyman Clothier ktpt the first ion. 

* Pronounced Au Saw'ble, a French name signifying river of 
fliind. The name is said to have been derived from a sandy bar 
at the mouth of the river. 

* This cascade is located about 2 mi. bplow Keeseville. From 
the face of the cliff the river has worn hack a ragged and irre- 
gular channel in the solid sandstone for a distance of nearly 2 
mi. and to the depth of 100 to 130 feet. The r.>cks that border 
it are perpendicular, and in some places overhanging, so that 
the water can scarcely be seen from tlie banks above. At several 
points this ravine is compressed to a width of less than 30 feet. 
Tlio river plunges into the cbiism in a perpendicular descent of 
TO feet, and struggles through the tortuou? channel, foimiing, 
whirling, and eddying over its rocky bed. 



6 The Arnold ore bed. 2^ mi. N. w. of Clintonvillo, was first 
opened in lb09. The shaft is 350 feet deep, and the ore is raised 
by steam. For many years the average annual yield has been 
I.UO.) tons; and for 5 years before IS.'^fi it was 1.500 tons. There 
are fi veins, with atotal width of 25 foet. yielding oresof different 
qu;tliti«'S. This mine has supplied tho forges of Jay. Wilmington, 
and Chesterlield. in F.ssex Co., and of Peru, Au Sable, and lilaclc 
Rrook. in Clinton co. Other ore beds are found, of which the 
Finrh vein, a continuation of the Arnold, is the only one now 
wniked. It has supplied the forge in Jay. The ore from this 
bed is a peroxid, and may be worked without washing or other 
sepai-ation. 

^ Named from Tllchard and Oliver Koose, sons of .Tohn Keese, 
one of the original proprietors. Tho two parts of tlie villago 
are connected by 3 bridgi-s, — one of stone, one of wood, and one 
an iron suspension foot bridge. The stone bridge is a single 
arch of 110 fet-t. 

7 About 3.500 tons of nails and 1,500 tons of merchant iron 
and 70.000 nail kegs are manufactured here annually. The flrat 
r'llling mill in the State was established here, in 1816. 

8 ITie Peru Iron Co. was incorp. Nnv. U. 1824. with a capital 
of .■$2110.000. The iron works built by thi-nt at Clintonville snb«f^ 
qiienHy passed into tho hands of Francis Saltiis, and are now 
owntd by him and his sons. In one building are 20 forge fires, 
and thf blooms made are entirely worktfl up into merchant iron, 
of which ".500 tons are produced amiuuUy. 



236 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



Sable, contains 20 houses. The Union is a hamlet, on the line of Peru, and contains two 
Quaker incetinj^houses, Edward Everett located upon the site of The Union in 1786.^ The first 
religious society ^Friends) was organized in 1799.^ 

BEEKMAXTOW:^^— was formed from Plattsburgh, Feb. 25, 1820. Dannemora was taken 

off in 1854. It lies upon Lake Champlain, near the center of the e. border of the co. The surface 
is level in the e. and moderately hilly in the w. Its streams are small creeks and brooks. St. 
Armands Cay extends into the s. e. corner. Point an Roche and Rams Head are capes upon the 
lake. The soil is a clay loam in the center and e., and a light sand in the w. A spring emitting 
sulphuretted hydr.);;-en and carbonic acid gases is found in town. Beek.mantO'VTn (p. o,) 
and East Beekniantoivu (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlers were Maj. Benj. Mooers and 
7 associates, who located at Point au Roche Aug. 10, 1783.* The British passed through the town 
in 1814, and on the 6th of Sept. a slight skirmish took place, in which several were killed.^ The 
census reports 4 churches ; 3 M. E, and 1 Presb. 

BliACK. BROOR*'— was formed from Peru, March 29, 1839. It is the s.w. corner town in 
the CO. Its surface is a rocky and mountainous upland, the highest summits being 1,500 to 2,500 
ft. above the lake. Among the mountains are several nearly level table lands 200 to 300 ft. above 
the general level. Ledges, crags, and boulders cover a large share of the surface. The forest 
trees are thinly scattered, and nearly the whole town is too rough and poor for cultivation. Sara- 
nac River flows across the n. w. corner, and the Au Sable forms a portion of the s. boundary. 
Great Black Brook and Little Black Brook, tributaries of the Au Sable, drain the central parts 
of the town. In the mountainous region are several small lakes or ponds, the principal of 
which are Mud, Sampson, Taylors, Slush, and Military Ponds. The soil is cold, wet, and unpro- 
ductive. Extensive beds of iron ore are scattered through the town.'^ The people are principally 
engaged in the manufacture of iron^ and charcoal, and in lumbering.^ Au Sable Foi'kS^ 
(p. V.,) on the Au Sable, in the s.e. partof the town, is mostly on the s. bank of the river, in Esses co. 
Black Brook, (p. v.,) near the s. border, contains extensive iron works, several sawmills, and 
about 85 houses. Clayburg^h, on the Saranac, in the n. part, lies partly in the town of Saranac. 
It contains iron works and 30 houses.*'' Union Fall!>i (p.o.) and Garlick Falls, (p.o.,) both 
on the Saranac, are hamlets and lumber stations. The first settler was Zephaniah Palmer, who 
, located at Au Sable Forks about 1825.^* The census reports one church (R. C.) 

CHAMPLAIIV — was formed March 7, 1788. Chateaugay (Franklin co.) was taken ofi* in 
1799, and Mooers and Chazy in 1804. It lies upon Lake Champlain, in the n. e. corner of the co. 
Its surface is generally level, with a gentle slope toward the lake. The crest of a swell of land 
between Champlain Village and Rouses Point is abnit 200 feet above the lake. Great Chazy or 
Champlain River flows in a tortuous course through the town and discharges its waters into 



1 Amoni; the other (-arly settlers were Jrihn Keese and his 
Bons Richard, John, Oliver, Ste|)heii, and Wiltiam. Caleb Gret-n 
and his sons Henry, Rodman, John, and Janii-s. Feter Hnlleck, 
Danl. Jackson. Gilbert and Gerrit Thew, Juhn Haff, Elisha 
Arnold, and John Stanton, about 1795. The first child bom was 
in the family of John Stanton, abont 1795. The mother of this 
child was a servant girl in the family. The wife, not being 
exactly reconciled to the circnmstance. insisted upon being 
immediately taken to her friends in Dutchej5s co. It heing 
winter, the hvisband took her upon a hand t;Ud and drew h-r 
upon the lake to *^ SJcmeshnrotigh," thence to Fort Edward, and 
down the Hudson to her father's, after which he returned to Au 
Sable, having been 5 weeks in performing the journey. Upon 
his return he married the mother of the child, and lived with 

her many years. The first Echool was taught in 1791, by 

Thompson ; the first inn was kept by Joel Buck, in 1800; and 
the first forge was erected by Geo. Griswold, in 1812. 

2 The census reports S churches in town; '2 Cong., 2 M. E., 2 
Friends. Presb., and R. C. 

3 Named from Wm. Beekman, to whom, with 29 others, the 
town was granted March 27, 1769, It embraced 22.475 acre.'*. 

* Mooers was appointed to survey the Refugee Tract. After 
several years he removed to Cumberland Head, and afterward 
to Plattsburgh. Thos. Tread well, Ezekiel Hubbard. Henry Dem- 
ing. Jonathan Scribner, Abner Pomeroy. Simon Newcomb, Jr.. 
Capt. John Jersej', and Joseph Main settled near Beekmantown 
Corners; Philip Roberts, Henry Barnes. Ephraim and Amm 
Mooere and John Deming were also among the early settlers. 
The first birth was that i.f Silas Pomeroy; the first marriage, 
that of Eli Howe and Miss Hubbard, in 1794; and the first 
death, that of a child of Simon Newcomb. 

5 Amom; t-he killed were Lieut. C-ol. Willington and Ensign 
Chapman, of the enemy, and several of the American militia. — 
PiUvur'R Hint. Lake Chnmplain, p. lo2. 

fl Kamfid from its prijicipal stream. The town comprises por- 



tions of the Old Military Tnict and of Livingston's Patent. The 
military lands were finally conveyed to Benj. Birds.iII and his 
associates by act of Feb. 4. 1793. to satisfy claims growing out 
of the Buppfession of the lease of all of the Indian lands in tlie 
St:ite for 999 years.— iioiio Laivsj XVI. Sess., p. 24. aark's Hist. 
Orion., vol. I, p. 368. 

' The Palmer Mine, 2 mi. N. of Au Sable Forks, was discovered 
by 7.. Palmer in 1825. It is situated on a hill 400 to 500 feet 
above the river. The ore is raised by ste:frii. and the yield is 
16.000 to 20.000 tons per year, nie M)/er.-! Min'\ at Claybur^-h, 
has been worked since 1846. It yields annually 1.500 tons of ore, 
priticipally used in the manufacture of wire, t.icks. and small 
nails. The 'Promhnis Mine was discovered in 1^45. and about 
10.000 tons of ore have been raised. The iron made from it is 
soft and tough, and is principally used in the manufacture of 
boiler plates, horse shoe nails, and car axles. 

8 The Sable Iron Company liave extensive works at Au f?ahl9 
Forks and at Black Brook, and they manufacture 2.600 tons of 
hK>oms. 900 tons of merchant iron. 50.000 to 55.000 kegs of 
nails, using 1,600.000 bush, of charcoal per annum. 2.500 tons 
of biooms are manufactured at their establi-^hmenf at Black 
Brook alone. The Co. was incorp. in Sept. 18o4. and the stock 
is now owned by J. & J. Rogers. 

9 There are S to 10 large sawmills in town. 

10 The products of tlie Myers Mine are principally mnnufac- 
tured at this place. A water-power near the mine is improvedt 
and a forge of 5 fires is in active operation. A steam forge and 
steam hammer for the manufacture of K. R. axles were in opera- 
tion here about 4 years. 

11 Several plank roads have been built in this town to facilitate 

the iron and lumber business. Curtis k«"pt the first inn, 

near the center, in 1^28. Ilalspy Rogers and John Mclntyre 
located in town in 1830. The Sable Iron Co. erected the ^at 
forge the same year. 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



237 



Kings Bay. It Is navigable to near Champlain Village. Corbeau Creek, ite tributary, is the 
other principal stream. Point au Fer* and Stony Point are two capes projecting into the lake. 
The soil is a clay or clayey loam. Peat is found in numerous localities. Cbaniplaln^ (p. v.,) 
upon the Chazy, near the n. line of the town, contains the Champlain Academy, 3 churchori, 2 
founderies, a linen factory, planing mill, and carriage factory.'^ Pop. 1,473. Perrys Mills' 
(p.o.) is a lumber station upon the Chazy, iu the N. w. corner of the town. Rouses Point,* 
(p. V.,) upon the lake, in the N. e. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a brewery, newspaper 
office, and extensive depSts and repair shops belonging to the Northern R. R. Co. It is divided 
into the Upper and Lower Villages, the latter being about twice as large as the former. Pop. 
1 J69. Coopersville,^ or Corbeau, is a village upon Chazy River, opposite the mouth of 
Corbeau Creek. It contains 1 church and 40 houses. The first settlers were Canadian and 
Nova Scotia refugees, who located in town soon after the Revolution. The first English settler 
was Pliny Moore, who came in to reside in 1789.^ The census reports 4 churches in town.'' 

CHAZY® — was formed from Champlain, March 20, 1804. Altona was taken off in 1857. It 
lies upon Lake Champlain, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and has a gentle incli- 
nation toward the e. The principal stream is the Little Chazy, flowing n. e. through near the 
center. Corbeau Creek flows through the n. border. Potsdam sandstone underlies the w. part, 
and Chazy and Trenton limestone the e. Tertiary clay extends along the lake shore. The soil is 
clayey and productive in the central and e. parts, but sandy in the w. Cbazy, (p. v.,) upon 
Little Chazy River, contains 2 churches and a saw and grist mill. Pop. 326. "West Cliazy^ 
(p. V.,) upon Little Chazy River, in the s. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a saw and grist 
mill, and starch factory. Pop. 280. It is a station on the P. & M. R, R. 8ciota (p. v.) is a 
station on the P. & M. R. R., in the n. w. corner of the town. Chazy I^andiu^ is a hamlet 
on the lake shore. In^raliani is a p. o. in the s. e. corner. The first settler was John La 
Trombois,® who came in town in 1763. After the Revolution the first settlers were refugees from 
Canada and Nova Scotia. Of these, Lieutenant Murdock McPherson was the first one that could 
speak English.^** The census reports 5 churches in town.*^ 

CEjIWTOIV — was formed from Ellenburgh, May 14, 1845. It is the n. w. corner town in the 
CO, Its surface is generally level, with a gentle inclination toward the n. w. The highest points 
along its s. border are about 1,050 feet above Lake Champlain. A portion of the surface is undu- 
lating. It is nearly all underlaid by Potsdam sandstone, which here is remarkably white. The 
streams are small brooks. More than three-fourths of the town is yet a wilderness. The soil is a 
light, sandy loam, capable of supporting but a thin growth of forest trees. A large part of the land 
is owned by capitalists and speculators. Clierubusco^ (p.o.,) the summit station upon the 
0. R. R., Tlie Frontiers, (Frontier p.o.,) and Wrl^litsville, upon the w. border, are 
hamlets. This town lies within No. 6 of the Old Military Tract. The first settlers located upon 
the Old Military Road and near The Frontiers." A M. E. church has lately been organized. 

DAIVIVEMORA^^ — was formed from Beekmantown, Dec. 14, 1854. It is the central town 
upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is mostly a wild, mountainous upland, covered with a 
sandy soil and light growth of forest trees. Chazy Lake, near the center, 3J miles long by IJ- 



1 Called Point au Feu (Fire Point) upon a map bearing date 
of 1748. During the KevolutioD. the Moira. a veseel of war, 
aocliorcd off this point, and barracks were built upon the land 
for the winter quarters of the marines. The place was occupied 
by the British until 1796. It was reaei-ved by the State iu 1767 
for military purposes, but waa not used. 

- This place contains a fine water-power, and a larpo amount 
of manufacturing is carried on. The greater part of the lumber 
brought down by the Ogdensburgh R. R. is shipped here. 

3 Nameil from Geo. Perry, former proprietor. 

* Named from Jacques Rouse, a Caiiadi.tn, who settled here in 
17B3. Tliis village has grown to importance since the comple- 
tion, of the B. R. The passenger and freight depfits are both 
among the largest r. r. structures in the State. A bridge a mi. 
long here crosses the lake. A floating draw of 300 feet, opined 
and shut by steam, admits the pa^i^age of vessels. About one 
mi. N. of the village, upon the banks of the lake. Fort Mont- 
gomery is situated. This fort commands the entrance to the 
lake. It was begun soon after the War of 1812 ; but in 1818 it 
was found to be within the limits of Canada, and the work was 
abandoned. It became known as "F't/ ^S/wnt^-r;" but by the 
Webster Treaty of 1842 it was ceded again to the U. S. Work 
upon it has been resumed; and it is estimated that the completed 
works will cost $600,000, of which sum $275,000 has already been 
expended. 

& Named from Ebenezer Cooper, who erected millH there. 

* Moore came in to survey the tract granted to Smith, Graves, 



and others, in 17P5. He erected the first saw and grist mills, in 
17S9. Among the other early settlers were Elnathan Rogers, 
Wm. Beaumont, Chas.L.Sailly. Samuel Ashman. Joseph Corbin, 
Sihifl Hubbell, FAiaa Dewey, Charles Bedlow, David Savage, and 
Benj. Tyler. 

7 M. K.. Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. Since 1855. 3 churches hare 
been organized at Rouses Point; R. C, M. E.. and Prot. E. 

8 Pronounced Shfi-zee. It included the patent granted to 
Elkanah Dean and 29 others, July 11. 1T69. 

" He was accompanied by two men, named Gonde and Swarte. 
Ho wftK driven off^ in 1776, but returned after the war. and died 
there in lS\(i.~I\ilmer's Hid. Lake Oiamplain, p. soi 

J" Among the early settlers were Levi Ilazen. Septa Fillmore, 
John BronMin. Elisha Ransom. George Root, and John Douglas. 
Miss M. Rin;;ham tiught the first school, in 1802. 

" 2 M. E.. Bap., Cong., and Wes. Meth. 

12 Among these early settlers were Junio Uoward, Calvin John- 
son. C. A. Smith, Ebenezer Gates. George Peters, and Stephen 
Martin, mostly from Vt. The first child born was Rhoda S. 
Howard, Feb. 7. 1819; the first marriage, that of Cornelius Aus- 
tin and Fannv Hall, in 1822; and the first death, that of a child 
of William Hunter, in 1820. Mary Emmonds taught the first 
school, in 1821 ; Benjamin Roberts kept the firist inn ; Charlew D. 
Backus the first store, in 1835; and John McCoy erected the first 
sawmill. 

'8 Named by Gen. Skinner, from a celebrated iroa locality in 
Sweden. 



238 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



■wide, discharges its waters e. into Cliazy River. Upper Chateaiigay Lake, on the w. border, 5 mi. 
long by 1 J broad, discharges its waters w. into Chateaugay River. The few settlements in town 
are confined to the s. E. corner. Dannemora (p. v.) is a small village grown up around the 
Clinton Prison. This prison was located here in 1845, for the purpose of employing convicts in 
the mining and manufacture of iron, so that their Inbor would not come so directly in competition 
with the other mechanical trades.' The first permanent settler was Thomas Hooker, who came to 
reside in 1838. The census reports 1 religious society (Presb.) in town. 

El,L,EIVBrRGir— was formed from Mooers, April 17, 1830. Clinton was taken off in 1845. It 
lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is an upland, mountainous in the 
s. and rolling in the N., with an inclination toward the N. E. English River flows E. across the 
N. border. The soil is generally sandy ; but in many places the sand is covered with a ricli vege- 
table mold. The settlements are principally confined to the valley. Potatoes are raised in large 
quantities. Lumbering is estensiv-ely carried on. EHcnburgll (p. v.) contains 3 churehes, a 
sawmill, tannery, and 125 inhabitants. Ellenburg'b Center (p. v.) contains a church, saw 
and grist mill, 2 starch fiictories, a machine shop, and 15 dwellings. Ellenbui'g'b Depot is a 
hamlet on the line of Altona. James Hanchett came to this town in 179G, but left soon after. The 
first permanent settler was Abner Pomeroy, from Vt., about 1800.' There are 4 churches in town.* 

MOOERS* — was formed from Champlain, March 20, 1804. Ellenburgh was taken off in 
1830. Its surface is generally level, with a gentle inclination to the N. e. The principal streams 
are Great Chazy and English Rivers. The surface is entirely underlaid by Potsdam sandstone, 
and is covered with a light, sandy soil. Along the n. border are several small Swamps. Upon the 
Canada line, in the n. w. corner, is a remarkable chasm in the rocks, called The Gulf.' Center- 
Ville, (Jlooers Forks p. o.,) upon the Chazy, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, stave factory, and 30 
houses. It is a station on the N. R. R. Mooers, {p. v.,) upon the Chazy, in the E. part, con- 
tains 2 churches and 40 houses. It is near the junction of the 0. and P. & M. R. R's. Ang'ell- 
ville, upon Corbeau Creek, in the s. E. corner, is a hamlet. The first settler was Joshua C. Bos- 
worth, who located in town in 1796.' The first preacher was Rev. Andrew Blackman, in 1800 ; 
and the first settled minister was Rev. Martin Powell, in 1807.' 

PERr»— was formed from Plattsburgh and Wilhsborough, (Essex co.,) Dec. 28, 1792. A part 
■was annexed to Willsborough in 1799, and An Sable and Black Brook were taken off in 1839. It 
lies upon the lake, s. of the center of the co. The surface in the center and e. is rolling and 
slightly inclined toward the lake, and in the w. broken and mountainous. The Au Sable flows 
across the s. e. corner, and along its course are extensive swamps. Little Sable drains the greater 
part of the remaining portions of the town. The principal body of water is Military Pond, on the 
W. line. A strip of land 2 mi. wide, extending along the lake, has a soil composed of clay and 
clay loam. West of this is a plain 4 mi. wide, covered with sand and interspersed with swamps. 
In the w. the soil is a light, sandy loam. Peru, (p. v.,) on the Little Sable, near the center of 
the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, starch factory, and tannery. Pop. 504. Eapbauis 
Mills, 2 mi. below Peru, contains a large flouring mill, a plaster mill, forge, and 15 dwellings ; 
Peasleville, on Salmon River, in the N. w. corner, a foi-ge and 25 dwellings. Port Jackson, 
(Valcour p. o.,) on the lake, opposite Valoour Island, iS a hamlet containing a church. Peru 



I The prisoQ was erected under the euperintendence of Ransom 
Cook, uniier an act passed May 1. 1844. Tlie prison grounds. 
compvisins '^ acres, are located upon the elope of a liill, and are 
surrounded by pickets 20 feet high. The main buildings, con- 
structed of dressed stone, are in the form of a T. and are respi-ct- 
ively 3G4 by 5'j feet, and 160 by 40 feet. The cells are con- 
structed in a block 3 stories high in the center of the building. 
a wide corridor extending completely around between them 
Rnd the outer walls. The main buildings have slate roofs and 
are completely fireproof. Within the grounds area steam forge, 
with 10 fires, a rolling mill, foundery. steam separator Mpable 
of washinjr SOU tons of ore per month, 7 coal kilns, a steam saw- 
mill, machine shop, and theruinsof a blast furnace, burned Juno 
2ii. l?-'j6. A large stuareof the labor of constructint; tliesc works 
has been d'jue by convicts. The prison works were first supplied 
with ore from the Skinner Mine, owned by the State : but more 
recently from the Averill Mine. A new mine has lately been 
discovered upon the Stnte grounds. Besides the manul;icture of 
iron, stave makint:. cooi>ering. and shoom.akinK are carried on. 
The total earnings in 4 years, ending in 1857, were $120,537.50; 
and the total expenses, $Zl-2,901,-22. 

s Name'l inC'inpliuientto KUen, daughter of John R. Murrav, 
of N. Y., the piineipal proprietor of Township No. 5 of the Mili- 
tary Tract. 

8 Among the early settlers were Aaron Broadw^ll and Lewis 



Ransom, in 1822: and Benjamin nine, W.Jennings, jr., Joseph 
Serey, Pardon Daily, Joseph Lawrence, and Samuel Ilazleton. 
soon after. The first child born was Lloyd Rogers Hines. He 
was named after Lloyd Ho.^ers. and received a farm of 50 acres 
for the name. The first marriage was that of Smith Delamater 
and Phoi-be Hastabrook. John R. Murr.ay built the fii-st BUW 
and grist mill. 

4 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., and Union. The Union Church waa 
built by J. R. Murray. 

6 Named from .M<ij. Gen. Beiy. Mooera, an early settler aud 
prominent citizen of the co. 

fl This gulf is 16 rods wide and 300 feet deep. At its bottom 
is a pond of water said to be 150 feet deep. The walls are of 
sandstone, and perpendicular. No existing agencies could have 
produced the chasm.— iV. 1'. Ged., M Dist., p. 309. 

7 Among the e.arly settlers were Ichabod Bosworlb. Geo. and 
Daniel Peri'y, Andrew Blackman and sous, Daniel Southwick, 
John, Joseph, and Samuel Churcbill. John .Sheldon, and Kobert 
Tripp. The first child born was Wm. llallenbe-k. in 1801 ; the 
first marriage, that of David Anderson and Khoda Perry, Dec. 6, 
ISO.*) ; and the first death of an adult, that of Mrs. J. C. Bosworth. 
Sept. 26, 1S0^2. 

8 The census reports 4 churches in town ; Cong., M. E., Prct. E., 
and Presb. 

^ Name applied from its mountainous character. 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



2.30 



liandin^ is a hamlet, n. of the mouth of the Little Sable. The first .=ettler was Wm. Ilay, a 
Scotchman, who located upon Steward's Patent in 1772.' The census reports 4 churches in town.' 

PI<ATT.SDURGII — was first recognized as a town April 4, 1785. A part of Peru wa.^ 
taken oft' in 1702, Beekmantown in 1820, Saranao in 1824, and Schuyler Falls in 1848. It lies 
upon Lake Champlain, a little s. of the E. border of the co., and includes Valcour' and Crab' 
Islands in the lake. The surface is level in the E. and broken and hilly in the w. It is slightly 
inclined toward the E., its w. border being elevated about 500 feet above the lake. It is princi- 
pally drained by Saranac River and its branches. In the E. part the soil is a clayey loam, 
underlaid by Trenton limestone ; in the center, a sandy loam, underlaid by calciferous sandstone ; 
and in the w. a light sand, underlaid by Potsdam sandstone. Cumberland Head is a peninsula 
extending into the lake and forming Cumberland Bay.* Plattiliburgb, (p. v.,) upon Cumber- 
land Bay, at tlie mouth of Saranac River, was incorp. March .3, 1815. It has a safe and commo- 
dious harbor, and an excellent water-power, giving it facilities for a large amount of both com- 
merce and manufactures. Besides the co. buildings, it contains a town hall,* customhouse,' the 
Plattsburgh Academy, 6 churches, a foundery, planing mill, sawmill, gristmill, and 2 tanneries. 
Pop. 2,926. Upon a sandy plain, 1 mi. s. of the village and 90 feet above the lake, are situated 
extensive barracks belonging to the U. S. Government.' CadyvlIIe, (p. v.,) upon the Saranac, 
10 mi. above Plattsburgh, contains a church, sawmill, and 25 houses. Elsinore, 1 mi. above 
Cadyville, contains a forge and a half dozen houses. Salmon River, (South Plattsburgh 
p. 0.,) in the s. part, contains a church, sawmill, and 25 houses. TVest Plattsburgb is a p. o. 
The first settlement was made before the Revolution, by Chas. de Fredenburgh and several asso- 
ciates, under royal grants. During the war the settlers were driven off and the improvements were 
destroyed. In 1785 a tract 7 mi. square was granted to Zophaniah Piatt and 32 associates, who 
had bought up military land warrants to that amount.' The first 3 families who settled under 
this grant were those of Charles Piatt, Chas. McCreedy, and Kinner Newcomb. Nathaniel Piatt 
was the first surveyor and agent for the proprietors. A farm of 80 acres was offered to each of the 
first 10 settlers in town.'" Rev. Benj. Vaughan preached the first sermon, in 1787; and Rev. 
Frederick Halsey was the first settled minister, in 1795." There are 9 churches in town.'^ 

SARAHTAC — was formed from Plattsburgh, March 29, 1824. It lies upon the w. border of 
the CO., s. of the center. Its surface is a broken and mountainous upland. The highest summits, 
along the w. border, are 4,000 feet above tide. Saranac River, flowing through the s. e. part, 
is the principal stream. Upon its course are several falls, affording an immense amount of water- 
power." The E. part, sloping tow.ard the river, is covered with a light, sandy soil, and the river 
intervale with a sandy loam and alluvium. The soil among the mountains is sandy ; but the whol« 



X 



1 Hay lived opposite Valcour Island, and witnessed the naval 
enfjagenient of Arnold. He Boon after ri'moved to Canada, but 
returned in 1785. Among the other early settlers were John 
Cochrane. John Howe. Isnnc Finch. Abijah Ketchum, Lott and 
John Elmore. Ezekiel Loekwood, f^amuel Jackson. Cyrenus 
Newcomb, Geo. Hayworth, Benj. Sherman, and Pilaa and Robert 
Cochrane. The first child born was Ira. son of John Howe, in 
1784; the first marrince, that of Lott Elmore and Mary Hay. 
Dec. 17. 17SS; and thclirst death. th:it of Wm. Hay, Feb. '2^. 
17T9. M. Finch tauijht the first school, in 1790-91; John 

Cochrane bnilt the first grist and saw mill; Weed built 

the first forge, and Geo. Hayworth and John Hack^taff built 
the first factory. A large stone woolen factory built in lS3t>. by 
Richard Hayworth, was changed in 1851 to a starch factory. 

«2M. E.."Cong., andR. C. 

• This island is mt-morable for the naval engagement whi^h 
took place near it durinj; the Rr-vulution. The r-^mains of the 
schooner Royal Sarajje. sunk at that time, may still be seen. 

• The sailors and marines killed in the naval battle of Sept. 
11, 1814, were buried upon this island. 

6 Extensive military works were begun here in 1814. but 
were abandoned upon the approach of the enemy. The Sfcito 
of Vt. presented Com. MacDonouRh with a farm on this point, 
which is still owned by his descendants. 

• Built in 185fi. at a cost of $3,000. It is a fireproof briik 
building, and contains a town hall, armory, and fire engine 
room. 

' This is a fine fireproof brick building, built at a cost of $80. 000. 
and contains rooms for the customhouse, postoifice, and U.S. 
Court, 

8 These buildings were commenced in 1838. and were originally 
designed to inclose a space of WO fret square. Only a part of 
the design has been carried out. Troops were stationed here 
until 184G, when they were sent to join the army in Mexirn. 
The buildings are now used by the Clinton Co. Agricultural 
Society for its annual fairs. 

• This grant was made in accordance' with the provisiont of an 
act passed in 1781, which proviiled that wheu 61 rightB, or ^0,U)0 



acres, should be jointly located, a tract 7 mi. square should b« 
granted, including 860 acres for gospel and school,'!. 

10 Among tliu settlers who received lots under this offer were 
Kinner Ncwcuinb. Jacob Ferris, Thos. Allen, John B. H;irtwick, 
Derrick \\'ebb. .Tabez Peftit, Moses Soper. Lucius Reynolds, and 
Heni-j' Ostrauder. Among the other early settlers were Icbalmd 
Truesdale. Peter Roberts, Woi. Campbell", Bmj. Ketchum, and 
Benj. (irnves, who settled at the village; Melaucthon L. Woolsey, 

Adams. Frederick Durant, Wm.Coe. Russell Ransom, litnxj. 

Mooers. Wm. V. and Tlieodorus Piatt, who settled on Cumber- 
land Head; Lambert Iloppin. John Stevenson. Gideon Ruger, 
Joshua Hillyard, and Abm. Webb, who located on South St.: 
Benj. UeynoldH. 8;im'l Xorcross, John Roberts, and Benj. Ham- 
mond, on Center St.; Nath'l Piatt, Sam'l Benson. Eliplndet Ha;*- 
kins. Jon. Orm'fby, Benj. Vaughn, and John Wait, on North St. ; 
and Jh'l.incthon Smith, Zephaniah Piatt. Tlios. Treadwell, Peter 
Sailly. and Wm. Bailey, in rither parts of the town. 

" The first child born was Ida Ostrander. Sept. 7. 1785; the 
first malo child. Piatt Newcomb, Nov. 1, 1785; the first niarriagw 
w.Hs that of Peter Saiily and ^L^riann6 Adelaide Greille. Juno 
8, 1789: and the first death, that of Mrs. Saiily, first wife of 
Peter Saiily. Dec. '23, 1786. Twelve of the original proprietors 
met at the house of Judge Piatt, at Poughkeepsie, Dec. SO. 1784, 
and took measures for the immediate erection of a grist and saw 
mill and forge. These buildinirs were the first in town. 

12 3 U. C., Bap., M. E., Wes. Meth., Presb., Prot, E., ana 
Union. 

13 At the Saranac Falls the river flows through a narrow, tor- 
tuous channel, bounded by nearly perpi-ndiculnr rncki*. for the 
spare of a mi. In its course its descent is very rapid, nnd tC. 
several places it i.s picci pita ted down precipices of 20 or 30 ft., 
and at l.tst it plunges uito a ba.ain in a perpendicular fall of 60 
feet. The ragged rocks upon the bottom and sid-s, and tho 
abrupt angles in tho channel, cause the water to Iwil and seethe 
and Htru-glt- in tho wildest commolion. In high wHt<M-. thou- 
sands of.«awlogs float down tho river, and in their p.i.iHa^^e 
down the falls they ore pitched and tossed upon the surges, or 
thrown into the air like play things. 



240 



CLINTON COUNTY. 



w. regidn is too rough for cultivation. Saraiiac, (p. v.,) upon Saranac River, contains a church, 
sawmill, forge, and 50 houses. Red ford, (p. v.,) on the Saranac, near the s. border, contains 
3 churches, several sawmills, and GO houses.' Russia, 2 mi. above Saranac, contains 2 forges 
and 20 houses. The first settlement was begun in 1S02, by Russell Case and Ezekiel Pearce.^ The 
first preaclier was Rev. Lambert Hopper, in 1805.' 

SCHUYLER FAL.1,S*— was formed from Plattsburgh, April 4, 1848. It is an interior 
town, lying a little s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling in the E. and hilly in the w., 
with an inclination toward the E. The Saranac forms its n. boundary, and Salmon River flows 
along its s. border. The soil is a light, sandy loam. Schuyler Falls, (p. v.,) on Salmon 
River, near the s. line of the town, contains a church, gristmill, starch factory, and 50 dwellings. 
lUorrisouville, (p. v.,) on the Saranac, lies partly in Plattsburgh. It contains 3 churches, a 
gristmill, sawmill, starch factory, foundery, machine shop, and 35 houses. Korrisvllle, upon 
Salmon River, 3 mi. w. of Schuyler Falls, contains a starch factory, 2 forges, and 15 dwellings. 
The first settler was Ezra Turner, who located upon Sahnon River in 1797.^ The census reports 
2 M. E. churches in town.* 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Clinton Counfi/. 



Names of Towns. 


Acres of Land. 1 


Valuation of 1858, 


POPUI.iI10.V. 


i 

1 


1 

i 

666 
482 
841 
1,062 
809 

ais 

84 
343 
630 
635 
984 
633 
344 






Schools. | 


1 


1 
£ 
1 


1 


l! 


..J 


1 


S 

B 

1 


1 
1 


vl 

^q 

10 
12 
16 
14 
14 
17 

1 22 
: 21 
; 17 
13 
10 
182 


ll 


Altona« 

Au Sable 


11,067 
24,103 

6,983 
18,208 
23,526 

4,213 

7,423 
12.012 
26,060 
14,764 
11.058 
11,521 


i 10,034 

13,2864 

I 69,560} 

9,035 

66,053 

24,760 

54,919 

66.6084 

s 25,308 

- 19,3464 

I 12,094 

39,607} 

9,984 


$202,376 
606,712 
631,385 
166,034 
763,383 
62,3,656 
117.592 
113,806 
177,937 
406.003 
616,294 

1,069,2:TO 
201,362 
246,694 


$2,575 
64,327 
15,300 
3,100 
82,230 
60,880 

1,450 
6,800 
102,700 
348,400 
2,200 
29,600 


$204,950 
671,039 
546,686 
158.734 
8)5,613 
674,.536 
117,692 
113,806 
179,387 
411,803 
718,994 

1,417,690 
203,652 
276,294 


1,864 

1,480 

1.567 

.3,080 

2,233 

709 

601 

907 

1,819 

1,7»8 

2,998 

1,666 

974 


1.949 

1,463 

1.468 

3,117 

2,2'29 

662 

222 

844 

1,803 

1,732 

3.082 

1402 

963 


616 
483 
499 
996 
780 
246 
84 
321 
608 
606 
896 
623 
337 
6,994 1 


257 
426 
192 
373 
675 
157 
62 
231 
492 
441 
W2 
362 
272 
4^8 f 


749 

1,614 

1,136 

1,396 

2,205 

1,619 

785 

222 

684 

1.837 

1.636 

2,602 

1,1T9 

849 


Beekoiantown 










Ellenburgh 

Mooers 

Peru 

Plattsburgh 

Saranac 

Schuyler Falls 


Total 


108.9.32t 


} 401,0S0j 


5,631,112 


679,562 


6,310,674 


21.666 


20.926 


7,345 


18,351 


Names of Towns. 


Live Stock. 1 


Aqricult 


ORAL Products. | 




1 


si 

S o <; 

III 


1 


1 
« 


1 


Bush, op Grain, 


ft 


ll 


•is 


DaIKY PnOUDCTS. 


i 

c 

E 




ll 


IJ 




633 
1,085 

371 

919 
1,233 

192 

350 
602 
1,049 
1,008 
611 
494 


814 
2.265 

653 
1,4'27 
2,199 

356 

439 

1,257 

1,942 

1,269 

822 

939 


71 
1,82 

56 
1,09 
1.66 

37 

44 

81 

1,39 

1,01 

66 

72 


6 2,139 
1 6,491 

4 4S6 
6 4.037 

6 8,776 
1 662 

7 959 

8 1,581 

5 5,628 

6 3.794 
1,067 
4 2,931 


1 
1 

1 


666 
,117 
370 
708 
,173 
272 

277 
469 
,0S9 
856 
450 
532 

368 


964 

1,195 

668 

83 

1,686 

72 

291 
695 
3,561 
2,002 
1,367 
2,646 


27,3114 
82,2634 
9,2274 
76,919} 
81,1954 
- 6,723 

13 0284 

16,0914 

84.1424 

40,1234 

19,226 

29,6364 


3,126 

7,232 

1,262 

6,571 

7,645} 

1,0074 

1,990} 
4,0844 
6.117} 
4,247} 
2,3314 
2,6244 


26,186 
62,827 
18,876 
20,106 
36,552 
12,865 

32,019 
14,668 
68,068 
35,224 
26.271 
50,842 


944 

15,646 

20 

8,762 

16,704 

415 

210 
2,345 
11,918, 
11,967 
1,442 
6,664 


38,245 
172,696 

30,0914 

84,210 
101.239 

23,560 

39,605 
81,681 
111,404 
76,360 
67,661 
74,790 


6,475 

17.823 

600 

10.690 

14,.5O0 

4,000 

766 
7,505 
15.696 
12.357 
7U1 
14,796| 


230 
2,951 

9664 
1,214 

1,373* 

1,7024 

5094 

269 

1,385 






Black Brook 




Chazy 

Clintoa 


EUeuburgh 

Mooers 

Peru 

Plattsburgh 


Schuyler Falls 


Total 


8,444 


14,271 


11,28 


4 38,361 


16,211 


484,8874 48,241 


386,492 


76,936j 


891,43141105,906 


10,679} 



<» Formed since 1855. 



1 In 1831, John S. Foster, agent of a company, canie to this 
place and erected a saw and grist mill, and, during the next 
season, a large manufactory of crown glass. The manufacture 
of glass was carried on with varying success until 1862. when it 
was tinally abandoned. Mr. Foster went to Jefferson co. in 1832, 
and there commt-nced the manufacture of glass, (see page 355 :) 
Uershum Cook, Elias W. Corning, and M.atthew Lane, of Troy, 
were proprietors of the establishment. 

2 Among the early settlers were Sylvanus Smith, "Wright 
Spaulding, Lyman Maoly, Natli'l Lyon, John Gregory and son 
Czar, Lewis FeiTis and sons, Isaiah and John Lambert, 
John M. Hopper and John Chamberlain. Samuel Stone, first 
agent for Township No.4 of the Old Military Tract, with another 
man, attempting to go to Malone. was cnught in a snow storm, 
and his companion frozen to death, Oct. 8, 1802. Ue was himself 



80 iiyured that he died in 3 weeks. John D. Fiske. the second 
agent, was killed by a falling tree, June 21, 1805. The first birth 
was that of Isaac Smith, May 9, 1804; the first marriage, that 
of Cornelius Hopper and Sophia Case, in 1810; and the first 
death of a settler, that of John D. Fisko, June 8, 1SU5. Roynl 
Spaulding taught the first school, In 1805; and Isaiah Ferris 
built the first saw and grist mill, in 1806. 

3 There are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Presb., and R. C. 

4 Named from the proprietor of the present village site. 

6 Among the early settlers were Daniel and Itoswell Jones, 
John P. Koberts, David Uare, Daniel Hillson, Henry Purdy, 
Jonathan Wickham, and Jas. Brand, all of whom located upon 
Salmon Kiver. 

6 2 churches (Hap. and Union) at Morriaonville are located N. 
of the river, in Plattsburgh. 




COLUMBIA COUNTY. 

This county was formed from Albany, April 4, 1786.^ It lies upon 
the E. bank of the Hudson, between Rensselaer and Dutchess cos,, 
and extends e. to the Massachusetts line. It contains an area of 688 
sq. mi., and is centrally distant 29 mi. from Albany. The Taghkanick 
Mts. extend along the e. border, and the adjoining parts of the co. 
ire broken by numerous irregular ranges of hills vrhich constitute 
the outlying spurs of those mountains. The w. part of the co. con- 
0fi/ ^'^^^^ ^f ^^ undulating plateau terminating in bluffs on the Hudson 
River. The principal streams are Roeliff Jansens KiP and Claverack 
and Kinderhook Creeks. Upon these streams and their tributaries 
are numerous valuable mill sites. In the e. and n. parts of the co. 
are several picturesque lakes, the principal of which are Kinder- 
hook, Copake, and Charlotte Lakes, and Whitings, Robinsons, Snyder, and Rhoda Ponds. The 
prevailing rocks are the Hudson River shales. The slate rocks in this co. crop out toward the w., 
usually at an angle of 45°, but sometimes almost vertically. Limestone crops out in different parts 
of the CO. Brown hematitic iron ore is found in numerous localities in the e. part of Ancram and 
Copake.' Lead has been mined in Ancram,* and manganese, peat, and marl are found in different 
localities. In New Lebanon are the celebrated thermal springs ; in Stockport are other mineral 
springs, and in Chatham is a small sulphur spring. 

The various branches of agriculture form the leading industrial pursuits of the people. Hay. 
(of which large quantities are pressed and sent to market,) rye, oats, corn, potatoes, and buck- 
wheat, are the staple productions. Stock raising and dairying receive considerable attention. 
The manufacture of paper, cotton fabrics, vegetable extracts, and iron, is largely carried on.* A 
greater quantity of paper is made in this co. than in any other in the State, and the co. also takes 
precedence of all others in the amount of tinctures and extracts prepared from medicinal plants. 

The city of Hudson is the county seat.® The courthouse and jail is a fine building, fronting on • 
Washington Square. It has a marble front, with an Ionic portico, and contains the court and jury 
rooms, and the co. clerk's, sheriff's, and district attorney's offices.'' The poorhouse is a spacious 
brick building located upon a farm of 200 acres in Ghent.^ 

The most important works of internal improvement are the Hudson River R. R., extending 
through the w. part of the co., tlie Albany & West Stockbridge R. R., through the n. part, the 
Hudson & Boston R. R., terminating at Hudson, and the New York & Harlem R. R., terminating 
at Chatham Four Corners. Four newspapers are published in the co.® 



1 By this act the n. Ijoundary wns definoil as the N. line of 
'^Kinderhook Dislrii-t,'''' aad the s. bimndHry as the s. line of 
" Kings District" The latter line was more accurately defined, 
April 1, 1799. 

* Named from Uoeliff Jansen, OTcreeer of the Orphan Cham- 
ber (an office similar to tliiit of surrogate) under the Dutch Gov- 
ernment. The Indian name was " iSauk-hcn-ak" — Doc. Uist., III. 
C12. 

» Large quantities of ore have be^n taken from these localities. 
It is obtained near the eurfuce, and its depth is not known. 

* This ore is found near the juuction of the slate and lime- 
Btone strata, and occurs in strings and bunches. — Geol. Rep., 
1838, p. 59. 

' There are 15 paper mills and 8 cotton factories in the co. 
The first paper mill was erected at Stuyvesant Falls, io 1802, by 
Geo. Chittenden; and the first cotton factory, in 1S13, by Nath'l 
Wilde. 

* The CO. seat waa formerly located at Claverack. The first 
meeting of the board of supervisors was held at the house of 
Gabriel Esselstyne, in Claverack. An appropriation of £2000 
was made for a courthouse, and Wm. B. Whiting, Abraham J. 
Van Alstyne, John Livingston, Ilenrj' I. Van Kensselacr. Mat- 
thew Scott, Seth Jenkins, and Wm. H. Ludlow were appointed 
commissioners to superintend its erection. In 17S8, an addi- 
tiiinal appropriation of £1200 was made, and in 1798 another of 
£4U0. The first co. officers were Peter Van Ness, Firi^t Judtje.; 
Pt-ter Sylvester, I'uter K. Livingston. Henry I. Van Rensselaer, 
and Wm. B. Whiting, Jud(/ns; Killian K. Van Rensselaer, .Vur- 
r'VfoU; LawTLMiCB Uogebiwrn, 5/(en^; Robert Van Roiip.sclaer, 
Clrrk; and Walter Vrooman Wemple, TVf^axurer. By the act of 
Feb. 26, 1805, the co, seat was removed to Hudson on condition 
that the city appropriate for the nse of the co. tho city hall, a 



lot of land, (upon which to erect co. buildings,) and tho sum of 
$2000. A committee, consisting of "Wm. AViL^on, Jacob Ford, 
Tlios. Jenkins, Beoj. Birdsall, and Nathaniel Green, was ap- 
pointed to superintend repairs and the erection of a jail. 
' The courthouse was erected in 1835, at a cost of $3500. 
8 This building was erected in 1857, at a cost of $22,000, and, 
together with the surrounding buildings, has accommodations 
for 500 persons. The farm is mostly worked by tho inmates of 
the institution. 
* The Hudson Gazette, the first paper published in the co.. was 

established April 7, \'>^b, by Ashbel Stoddard and Chas. 

R. Webster. "Webster soon after withdrew, and the 

paper was continued by Stoddard until l80;j-01, 
TJie Bee wag removed from New London. Conn., to Iludson. Aug. 

17, 1802, and was published by Chas. Holt until 1810. 

It then passed into the hands of Saml. W. Clark, and 

afterward into those of John \V. Dutcher. It was 

changed, about 1820, to 
The Ooluml/ia Cfntijirl, and two years aflerwai-d it was united 

with the Cohimbia Republican. 
The Balance and Columbia R>p(i^itin-y was started in 1802, by 

Ezra Sampson, George Cliittenden, and Harry CroswelL 

It Wios removed to Albany in 1K08, and discontinued ia 

1811. 
The Wa^-p was edited a short time by " Roht. Rusticoat,'' in the 

early part of the present century. 
TheSudson NerospnpT ati<l Jinktnce Jdrertiser vriLS commenced 

in Oct. 180fi, by Harry Croswell. 
The Iiepuhlir<in PnunUnn. established in Dec. 1806, was published 

about 1 year, by Sylvester Roberts. 
The Northern Whig was begun in 1K08. by W. B. Stebbins. 

Wm. L. Stono became the publisher in 2 or 3 years, 
m 241 



242 



COLUMBIA COUXTY. 



The first settlements were made in the n. part of the co., under the Dutch Government, The E. 
border was settled chiefly by squatters from New England. Livingston Manor^ was patented July 
22, 1G86, and first settled by tenants about the beginning of the last century. The most important 
settlement was made by German Palatinates, in 1710, upon a tract of 6000 acres — now constituting 
the principal part of Germantown — M'hich had been sold back to the Government by Robert Living- 
riton. The territory of Mass., under its charter, extended westward to the Pacific Ocean, and grants 
were made by that colony.^ Conflicting claims gave rise to bitter contentions and riotous outbreaks. 
Arrests made under Mass. warrants led to riots and bloodshed.' Combinations were formed to 
dispossess the proprietor of the Livingston Manor, which resulted in tumults and murders.^ These 
difficulties continued until after the !Kevolution. During the Revolutionary War, and for several 
years after, this section of the country was much infested by robbers, and acts of violence were of 
frequent occurrence.^ The anti-rent movement of 1840-50 extended to the Livingston Manor, the 
John J. Van Rensselaer Tract, and other districts held by leasehold. In Dec. 1844, the Governor 
ordered out 7 companies of militia to assist the sherifi* of this co. in the discharge of his duties. 
Most of the leases which had then been issued were for 1, 2, or 3 lives; but the anti-rent difficultiea 
have led to the policy of conveying the title in fee as rapidly as circumstances will admit.® 



ANCRAM — was formed from Livingston, March 19, 1803,' as " GallatinJ' Its name was 
changed March 25, 1814, and Gallatin was taken off in 1830. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. 



Richard L. Cross in 1816, and W. R. Stebbina in 1821. 

It was discoutinued in 1824. 
The Columbia Magadne was published at Hudson at an early 

date, by Uev. John Clie,«tpr. 
The Spirit of the Forum an<l Huihon Reniarker waa published in 

1SI7, by a literary ;iS'^i>ri;itiMn. 
Tlie Coluiikbia Republican was started in Aug. 1S18. 

by Soiomou Wilbur, in 1M20 it passt'd into tlie bands 

of Ambrose L. and Allen Jordan, and is now published- 

by Wm. IJryan. For a year or two, about 1836-30, it 

was issiu'd as 
The Cnhiinl'ia Ii'pnbli:nn and Hudson City Advertiser. 
Tlie Hudson Gazette was. established in 1824. by Pelo^ 

G. bliirtevant, and is now published by Williams & 

Bi-otber, John W. Edmonds. Ed. 
Th& StesufTirjer of Peace was startt-d in 1824, at Hudson, by 

Ricliard Carrique, and continued 1 year. 
The Rural L'^positort/, semi-mo., was cnnimencod. June 12, 1824, 

by Wra. B. Stoddard, and continued until 1851. 
Oibnnbia and Greene Co. Env-ny was started at Hudson, in 1S31, 

by Kdwin G. Lindsley. and continued 2 years. 
T'le Diamond, eemi-mo., was published at Hudson, in 1S33, by 

G. F. Stone. 
The Mognolia., semi-mo., was published at Hudson, in 1834, by 

P. C. Carriiiue. 
The Hudsmi Flail was published by J. R. S. Van Yliet, during 

the campaign of 1840. 
J7ic Columhia Washivgtonian waa started at Hudson in 1842, by 

J. K. S. Van "Vliet. The paper changed bauds several 

times, and was changed to 
The Daily Evening Star, Dec. 28, 1847, by Alex. N. Webb. It is 

now piiblislied as 
The Hudson Star, da. and w. 

The Ci-linnhui iJnnocrat was commenced at Chatham Four Cor- 
nel s, in 1847, by 

The Temp'ra7iC'' FuUadium waa published at Hudson in 1851, 

by J. W. Dutcher. 
The Hudsm Daily Aews was published in 1855, by Richard Van 

Antwerp. 
The KindiThonk Sentinel was established at Kindorhook in June, 

1825. by Peter Van Schaack, and in Jan. 1832, was 

changed to 
Cblujnhia's Sr>itinel. In IS.'U it passed into the hands of John 

V. A. Hoes, but about IS months afterward it reverted 

to Van gchaack. It has since been changed to the 
Rough Notes, and since 1854 it has been published at 

Kinderhook. by P. H. Van Vleck. 
The Valatie Weekly Times was published in 1853. bv H. N. Hopkins. 
The Eciual Rights Advocate was started at Chatham Four C-or- 

ners. by an anti-rent association. In 1848 it was re- 
moved to Hudson and changed to 
The Democratic Freeman. It was discontinued in 1855-56. 
T/w Columhia (Ih. Journal was published at Cliatham Four Cor- 
ners in 1850. by Philip 11. Osfrander. 
The Journal of Materia Medlca was commenced 

at New Lebanon in 1857 ; H. A. Tilden, pub.. Joseph 

Bates. M. D., ed. 
1 The patent of this manor conferred upon Robert Livingston, 
the patentee, ft-udal privileges, and impr)'*ed an annual qviitrent 
of 28 shillings. The manor contained 100,240 acres, and in- 
cluded nearly all the present towns of Clermont, Germantown, 
Livingstnn. Gallatin, Taghkanick, Ancram, and Copako. It 
cu'isisted of 2 pui chaacs : the Livingston purchase, obtained of 



the Mohegan Indians in July, 1683, and the Taghkanick par- 
chase, obtained Aug. 10, 1685. They were confirmed by Gov. 
Dongan, the former, Nov. 4, 1684. and the latter, Aug. 12, 1685. 
In 1701 there were but 4 or 5 houses on the manor. From and 
after 1716 the manor vam represented by a member in General 
Assembly. Before his death — which took place in 1728 — Robert 
Livingston bequeathed to his son Robert tliat part of the manor 
now included in the town of Clermont, and the residue to his 
eldest eon, Philip. The latter was succeeded by Robert Living- 
ston, Jr.: and in 1792 the land e. of the post road was divid^ 
between Walter, Robert C. John, and Henry Livingston, the 
devisees of Robert Livingston, Jr., according to the provisions 
of his will. — Sutherland's Deduction of the Title of the Manor 
of Livingston: Dor. Hist. III. 0>hmial Hist. 

1q the patent and upon the maps of the manor, several places 
are designated by their Indian names, viz., — 

Ahashawaghkick, a.\A\\ in N.w.rorner. on Mass. line. Acxi- 
vjnnuk, a flat or rock in N. part of North Fast, (Dutchess co.) 
Kacfiwawyick. a place w. of a certain mountain. Kickiut, or 
A'lH/ja, one of 3 plains near RooliffJansens Creek. MananosicJc, 
hill in w. part, on or near Mass. line. Afawanagua-tirk, stone 
heaps on R. line, "where Indians have laid several heaps of 
stones together, by an ancient custom amongst them." Mahas' 
kakook, a ''cripple bush" on s. line of patent. MnwichnaJe^ a 
flat on both sides of a creek where it joins R. Jansens Creek. 
Minmissichtauock, a piei^e of land n. of RoeliflF Jansens Creek. 
Nowanagquasick, on N. line of manor, fSauthier's map.) Nacha- 
warvachkano, creek tributary to Twaatawekak. JSlchavkookf, 
one of 3 plains near Roeliff" Jansens Creek. Pottkook. patented 
to K. Van Renssi^laer, s. of Kinderhook. Quisichkonk, a small 
creek N. of Roeliff Jansens Creek. Saai^kahampka, or Sjoaska- 
hajriaka, a place opposite Saiigerties. Ulster co. Saealika, on N. 
line of the town of North East. Sankhenak, Boclifl' Jansens 
Kil. Skoankook, a creek. Jbwastawekak, or Tivaxtawekak, a 
creek. WachanekaiseJr, a small stream opposite Cat^kill Creek. 
Wahanlasick\ near Roelifi" Jansens Creek, (Sauthier's map.) 
Wawyachtonock, a place. Whichquc^uhbau, s. w. comer of 
Mass. 

2 With the view of settling their claims upon the Hudson, tho 
Boston Government, iu March. 1672. sent John Paine to New 
York to solicit permission to pass and repass by water. The 
application was received with cold civility, and the subject 
referred home for the decision of his Majesty. Gov. Lovelace 
improved the occasion to remind the Mass. people of the distrust 
with which they had received tho commissioners sent over in 
1C64, .ind intimated that their application uiid(T other circum- 
stances might have been difl'erently received. — General Entries, 
IV. 177, 178. Sec. Office. 

8 Doc. Hi,^t. ni.. 754. 

■* In 1791 the sheriff' of the cO. was murdered by an armed 
mob while in the discharge of his official duty. 

6 A party of rangers was organized to suppress these: and 
under the act of May 11, 1780, £1500 waa raised to defray thi 
expenses thus incurred. 

6 Afsem. Doc. 15ti: 1846. p. 2. 

7 This town was included in the Livingston Manor. The lina 
bordering upon Taghkanick was altered March 25. 1S14. A 
narrow triangular tract of about 1000 acres, in the extreme e. 
part of the town, known as " B-'Ston Comer" formerly belonged 
to the town of Mt. Washington, Berkshire co.. Mass. The 
Taghkanick Mts. extend along the E. boitler of the tract, and 
form an almost impassable barrier between this and the ro 
moiuiug parts of that town. Thus entirely isolated from the 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 



243 



The surface is broken and hilly. In the E. part the hills range in a N. and s. direction, but else- 
where they are irregular. Roeliif Jansens Kil' crosses the town in a s. w. direction. A narrow 
intervale, bordered by steep, irregular hills, extends along its course. The soil is a gravelly loam 
intermixed with clay. Iron ore has been obtained at diiferent places from the hills upon the E. 
border of the town,^ and lead ore is mined at Hot Ground.' Ancraui,* (p-'*'v) situated on 
Roeliff Jansens Kil, in the w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a paper mill, a sawmill, and 
about 30 houses. Hot Ground (Ancram Leadmines p. o.) and BoNton Corner, (p.o.,) a 
station on the Harlem R. R., are hamlets. The town was first settled by the Dutch, in th« neigh- 
borhood of Ancram Village. There are 3 churches in town.' 

AITSTERI.ITZ— was formed from Canaan, Chatham, and Hillsdale, March 28, 1818. It lies 
on the E. border of the co., N. of the center. The E. and central parts are broken by irregular 
ranges of hills, and the w. part is undulating. The principal streams are Green River in the E. 
and Myrtle Creek in the w. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed in some parts with slate and 
clay. The hills are mostly arable to their summits. Speucei'town, (p. v.,) on Myrtle Creek, 
in the w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, an academy,' and 2 gristmills. Pop. 225. 
Austerlitz, (p. v.,) in the valley of Green River, contains 2 churches and 150 inhabitants. 
Upper Green River is a hamlet in the s. e. part of the town. The first settlements were 
made about 1745 to 1750, by squatters from Conn.' Disputes concerning the ownership of lands 
thus appropriated arose ; and on the 31st of May, 1757, the settlers appointed a committee to adjust 
the difficulties. About 1774, Nathaniel Culver and Jas. Savage were sent to England to secure a 
grant of these lands to the settlers ; but, owing to the trouble existing between the mother country 
and the colonies, they were unsuccessful. The land titles were finally settled by the act of March 
22, 1791. The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1750, and Rev. Jesse Clark was the first 
pastor.' 

CA]VAA1V — was formed as " Kings District," March 24, 1772, and its name was changed March 
7, 1788. A part of Chatham was taken ofi" in 1795, and New Lebanon and a part of Austerlitz in 
1818. It is situated on the E. border of the co., between Austerlitz and New Lebanon. A range 
of mountains or hills separates it from Massachusetts. The surface is broken and hilly. Whitinga 
Pond, in the E. part of the town, is about 2 mi. in circumference. Its outlet is tributary to Kin- 
derhook Creek and affords several valuable mill sites. The soil is a gravelly or slaty loam and 
clay. The hills are mostly arable to their summits. Near the center of the town is a slate quarry.* 
Canaan Four Corners, (p. v.,) a' station on the A. & W. S. R. R., contains 1 church and 32 
dwellings ; Flat BrooU, (p. v.,) a station on tlie same R. R., contains 1 church and 15 dwellings. 
Canaan (p.o.) and Canaan Center (p.o.) are hamlets. Queecliy, on the outlet of 
Whitings Pond, contains 1 church, 2 paper mills, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 21 dwellings; and 
Red Rocfc,'" in the s. w. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 30 
dwellings. Two families of Shakers, consisting of about 75 persons, reside in the N. E. part of the 
town. They are chiefly engaged in farming, and their estate consists of over 1400 acres. They 
raise garden seeds to a limited extent, and manufacture brooms, mop sticks, and other similar 
articles. The settlement of the town was commenced about 1756." At a meeting of the citizens 
of "Kings District," (June 24, 1776,) held for the purpose of choosing delegates to the Provincial 



seat of civil authority, it became the resort of fugitives from 
Justice, prifO fighters, and otbers of like character, who bade 
defiance to tlie laws and practiced their unlawful acts with im- 
punity. In Dec. 1848, the inhabitants petitioned to be annexed 
to N.Y. The State of Mass. consented in May, 1863. The 
cession was accepted by New York. July 21 of the same year, 
contirmed by Congress. Jan. 3, l'^55, and the Corner was an- 
nexed to this town, April 13, 1857.— iV. F. AssPtii. Docs,, 54 & 
194, 1849. 

t Called " Ancram Creek" in this town. 

8 Tlieso mines have been worked many years. Considerable 
quantities of ore are obtained on the land of A. Mc.^rtbur and 
Bent to Millerstown (Dutchess co.) on the Harlem R.R. An ore 
bed N. of this, owned by the Kmpire Co., is coimected with tlie 
R. R. by a track H mi. lon^. 

* This mine waii discovered on land leased by the keeper of 
the Livingston Manor. Kobt. R. Livingston purchased the lease, 
and Riild it to a N. Y. Co., by whom the mine was worked until 
within a few years. A shaft has tieen sunk 100 feet, and galleries 
opened in different directions. The mine is on land now owned 
by 11. Mclntyre. 

* This place was formerly celebrated for its iron works. These 
were erected as early as 17.'>6. Tlie ore was olitained from Siilis- 
bury. Conn., and from mines in the E. part of this town, and 
pig and bar iron of a superior quality was made. 



& Evang. Luth., M. E., and Presb. 

6 The Spencertown Academy was established mainly tbrougtl 
the exertions of Rev. Dr. T. Woodbridge. 

' Among the early settlers were John Dean, John Williama, 
Seth and Truman Powell. Jas. Sexton, Ephraim Kidder, and 
families by the names of Osborne, Lawrence, Spencer, and Whit- 
more. 

8 The census reports 4 churches in town ; Christian, Cong., 
M. E.. and Presb. 

* This quarry is on the land of L. D. Ford. The elate is of a 
dark blue color, and plates of any required size or thickness may 
be obtained. 

10 So named from a large rock by the roadside, painted red, 
and surmounted by a wooden column about 10 feet high, bearing 
the date " Jan. 1S26." 

u Among the early Bettlers were families named Dnnglnss, 
Warner, Whiting, Alesworth, lialdwin, and Ilawley. Tlie first 
mill was bnilt by Wm. B. Whiting, about 1775. This milI,8torM 
with grain belonging to the government, was burned by toTina 
during the war. In the first book of records is a memorandum, 
without date or signature, statimr that "the town records were 
kept on loose paper previous to 1772, but not probably but a few 
years. The deed from the Indians of 6 mi. sq. was executed in 
1768. The compensation was £250, that being paid for the C mi. 
sq." The record is continuous since May 5, 1772. 



244 



COLOMBIA COUNTY. 



Congress, it was voted to recommend to that body the passage of a declaration of independence.' 
There are 7 churches in town.^ 

CIIATIIAI*! — was formed from Canaan and Kinderhook, March 17, 1795, and parts of Aus- 
terlitz and Ghent were taken off in 1818. It lies near the center of the N. border of the co. The 
surface is moderately hilly, the ranges generally extending n. and s. The principal stream is Kin- 
derhook Creek, upon which are numerous mill sites. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam 
intermixed with clay, and upon the hills it is slaty. The valleys are broad and fertile, and the 
hills arable to their summits. Near New Concord is a sulphur spring. Cliatliaui Four Cor- 
ners (p.v.) is situated partly in this town and partly in Ghent. It is an important station on the 
A. & W. S. R. R. and the H & B. R. R., and is the terminus of the Harlem R. R. The depSts of these 
roads are in Ghent. The village contains 3 churches, a machine shop, and 3 foundries. Pop. 697. 
East Cliatliam, (p.v.,) a station on the A. & W. S. R. R., near the line of Canaan, contains 2 
churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and candle factory. Pop. 245. ]Ve\v Concord contains 1 church 
and 109 inhabitants; CUatbani, (p.v.,) 1 church, a furnace and plow factory, gristmill, and saw- 
mill, and a pop. of 214 ; Ray ville a Friends meeting house and 13 houses ; Cliatliani Cen- 
ter, (p.v.,) 1 church and 127 iuhabit.ants ; Maiden Bridge, (p.v.,) 1 church, a paper mill, 
sawmill, and tannery, and a pop. of 193 ; and Riders Mills, a gristmill, sawmill, and 12 
houses. IVortll Cliatliani, (p.v.,) contains 2 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, and plaster mill. 
Pop. 179. The settlement of this town commenced about 1725. The settlers were from Kinder- 
liook, but originally from Holland. A company from Connecticut settled at New Concord in 1758.' 
The census reports 11 churches in town.* 

CLiAVERACK^ ( Claw' ve-rack)— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772. Hillsdale was 
taken off in 1782, and Hudson in 1785. It was recognized as a town, March 7, 1788. A part 
of Ghent was taken off in 1818. It lies near the center of the co. The surface in the w. part is 
undulating, and in the E. hilly. Claverack Creek, upon the w. border of the town, and its tribu- 
taries, are the principal streams. The soil is a rich loam in the w., and a gravelly loam inter- 
mixed with slate in the E. ClaveracK, (p.v.,) in the w. part of the town, a station on the 
H. & B. R. R., contains 2 churches and the Claverack Academy and Hudson River Institute f pop. 
496 ; Mellenville, (p. v.,) a station on the II. & B. R. R., contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 
30 dwellings ; and Plliliuont, (p.v.,) a station on the Ilarlem R. R., contains several manufac- 
turing establishments' and 35 dwellings. Soutli Bend Mills, Martlndale Depot, (p. o.) 
and Humplireysville (p. o.) are hamlets. Smoky Uollotv (p. v.) contains several manu- 
ffictories' and 25 dwellings, and Cliurclltovi'n (p.v.) 1 church and 14 dwellings. The Ref. Prot. 
I), church, Claverack, was organized in 1716, and the present edifice was erected in 1765. There 
are 6 churches in town.' 

CXERMOIVT— was formed from the Livingston Manor, March 12, 1787.'° It lies upon the 
Hudson, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is undulating. Roeliff Jansens Kil forms the E. 
boundary. The soil is a fertile loam, and in some places sandy. Clermont, (p. v.,) near the 
E. part of the town, hs,s a pop. of 155. The first settlement was made at an early day by Germans, 
who occupied the lands as tenants. A school was established, in 1791, by a special act of the legis- 
lature, before any general school system had been adopted in the State." Robert R. Livingston, a 
prominent statesman of the Revolution and the first chancellor of the State, was a resident of this 
town. A German Lutheran church, about 3 mi. w. of the village of Clermont, is the only church 
in town. 

COP ARE— was formed from Taghkanick, March 26, 1824. It lies on the E. border of the 
CO., between Hillsdale and Ancram. Its surface is broken by ranges of hills separated by broad 



1 William B. Whiting, As.i Waterm.in. Philip Frishie, Martin 
Beebe, Elistia Pratt, Capt. Baldwin. Daniel Etick. Elijah Bost- 
wick. Gideon King, .Jarvis Mudge, Sanil. Johnson. Saml. Gillett. 
L. A. Ilerrick, Joseph Wood, John Woodworth. and Saml. Baily 
were appointed a committee to prepare a memorial making Hucli 
recommendation to Congress. 

2 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Christian, Cong., and Presb. 

8 Among those were John Beebe, and others named Cady, 
ITnrlburt, Palmer, and Davis. A little w. of Chatham Center 
was a stone house, used as a defense against the Indians during 
the Revolution. A man named Vosbnrgh, who lived near this 
house, was killed and scalped ; but his family escaped. 

< M. E., 2 Bap., Christian, Cong., and Ref Prot. D. 

6 This town formerly extended to the Hudson, and the bluffs 
©n the bank were named the " Klauvers," (clovers,) whence 
*• t'laver-reach," or " Claverack." — Benson's Memoir, p. 44. 



« This institution is located upon a beautiful eminence in the 
N. part of the village, and commands an extensive view of the 
surrounding country and of the distant Catskills. It is one of 
tlie most flourishing institutions in the State. It has accommo- 
dations for 500 to 600 pupils. 

' Three paper niill^, a carpot factory, woolen factory, sash and 
blind factory, furnace and machine shop. 

8 Among these are a woolen factory, cradle factory, gristmill, 
and sawmill. 

2 Ref. Prot. T).. Bap., Evang. Luth.. M. E., and Prot. E. 

10 By an act of legislature passed March 2, 1858, a triangular 
tr.act, now constitutiug the N. part of Germantown, was taken 
off from Clermont. 

11 An academy was incorp. April 26, 1.S34, and received under 
the regents Feb. 26, 1837, but it was never successfully organ 
izcd. 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 



•245 



and fertile valleys. A high and nearly unbroken range extends along the e. border. In the 
town are several small lakes, the principal of which are Copake Lake in the w., and Robinsons, 
Snyder, and Rhoda Ponds in the s. Tlie soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Near Copake Station 
are several iron mines.^ Copake Slation, (Copake Iron Works p. o.,) on the Harlem R. R., 
contains I church, a blast furnace, and 2G houses; Copake Flats (Copake p. o.) contains 1 
church and 20 houses; and Haines {Station, (North Copake p. o.,) a station on the Harlem 
R. R., 15 houses. The settlement of this town commenced about the middle of the last century.- A 
Ref. Prot. D. church was the first church organized, and Rev. Jeremiah Romeyn was the first pastor.' 

GAl.I.ATIK'' — was formed from Ancram, March 27, 1830. It lies near the center of the s. 
border of the co. The surface is broken by several ranges of hills, which extend in a n. and s. 
direction. The highest point is Mattashuk Hill, s. of Lake Charlotte. Roeliif Jausens Kil is the 
principal stream : its banks are steep and in some places rocky. Charlotte Lake, in the n. part 
of the town, is a fine sheet of water, surrounded by gentle slopes cultivated to the water's edge. 
The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam, and moderately fertile. Gallatinville, (p. v..) on Roeliff 
Jansens Kil, contains a gristmill and 11 houses ; 'Weaver Hollow, Jacksons Corners, 
(on tlie line of and p. o. in Dutchess co.,) and Union Corners, (partly in Livingston,) are 
hamlets. The town was settled at a very early day by emigrants from Holland and Germany.* A 
Ref. Prot. D. church was organized in 1748, and the Rev. Mr. Freymoot was the first pastor.* 

GIIEWT' — was formed from Chatham, Claverack, and Kinderhook, April 3, 1818; and a part 
of Stockport was taken off in 1833. It is an interior town, n. of the center of the co. Its surface 
is hilly in the e. and undulating in the w. The town is watered by several small streams tribu- 
tary to Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks. The soil is mostly a gravelly loam, but in some parts 
it is clayey. Glient," (p-'^-O in the e. part of the town, is a station on the H. & B. and Harlem 
R. Rs. It contains 2 churches and 18 houses. fVest Glient (p. v.) contains 1 church and 16 
houses. Pulvers Station is on the II. & B. R. R. The first settlement was made about 1735, 
by emigrants from Holland and Germany.' There are 4 churches in town.'" 

GREEIVPORT— was formed from Hudson City, May 13, 1837. It lies upon the Hudson, 
near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly. Beacrofts Mt., is. 
the E. part of the town, is nearly precipitous upon its w. side. Merino Point," near the Hudson, 
has an elevation of 250 feet above the river. Claverack Creek forms the e. boundary of the town, 
and a small tributary of this stream and Kahseway Creek are the principal watercouiscs. The inter- 
vale of the latter is broad and fertile. The soil is clayey along the river and a sandy and gravelly 
loam in the interior. Limestone is extensively quarried on the e. side of Beacrofts Mt. Oak Hill 
(p.o.) is a station on the Hudson R. R. R. in the s. w. part of the tovra. A steam ferry connects 
this place with Catskill Point on the opposite side of the Hudson. Settlement commenced in this 
town about the middle of the last century." There is but one church (Ref. Prot. D.) in town. 

OERMAafTOWRf" — was formed as a district April 1, 1775, and recognized as a town March 
7, 1788. A part of Clermont was annexed, March 2, 1858." It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. 
part of the co. The surface is undulating. Roeliff Jansena Kil forms the N. boundary. The 
soil is a rich, fertile loam, sandy in a few places. Geriuantovrn (p. v.) contains 1 church and 
19 houses, and East Camp 17 houses. The first settlement was made in 1710, by German 
Palatinates, under the patronage of Queen Anne. The first arrival was in 1710; and on the 
1st of May, 1711, there were 1178 settlers in town, and the four villages " Hunterstown," 
" Queenabunj," "Annsberg," and " HaysburgJi" had sprung into existence.'* A school was estab- 



1 The ores obtained from theao mines aro hematites. A new 
ore bed, that promises an almndaut supply of an excellent 
quality, has recently been opened to the deptli of 13 feet. 

" Families by the names of Snyder, Brieae, and Lampuian were 
among the early settlers. 

8 The census reports ."i churches ; M. E., Prcsb., and Prot. E. 

* Named in honor of lion. Albert Gallatin. 

6 The Knickenbackers and the .Snyders were among the first 
Bettlers. An Englit^liman, named Koss, was one of the first set- 
tlers in the neighborhood of Gallatinville. 

c There are 2 cburches in town ; Ref. Prot. D. and M. E. 

' Named from Client, in Holland. 

6 The Indian name of this locality was " .Srom-pa-muck." 

8 Among the tirst settlers were John, Cornelius, Andrew, and 
Lawrence Sharp, and Abraham Hogeboom, who located ne.ar 
Ghent Village. A man named Cflx had settled near the same 
place a short time before. 

l» 2 Ref. Prot. D., Evang., Meth., and Friends. 

n This point was formerly called " liorabitck." Its present 



name was derived from the fact that a largo sheep farm was 
established hero many years ago. 

12 Jacob Johannes Van Hoesen and Erneric Plaice settled in 
the town as early as 1763. 

18 Named " I^ast Camp^ and " Gt-mian Camp'^ in some early 
records. 

n That part annexed was almost isolated from the rest of Clei* 
mont, imd lay N. of this town. 

15 A tract of 6000 acres, forming the present town of German- 
town, was purchased, on the 9th of Sept. 1710, of Robt. Living- 
ston by Gov. Hunter, for the use of these people. It was do 
signed to employ them in raising hemp and making tar. pitch, 
and rosin for the royal navy, and they were furnished with pro. 
visions and tools. The management of their ailuirs was in- 
trusted to a boani of commissioners, consisting of Robt. Living- 
ston, Richard Sacket. John Cast, Godfrey Walsen, Andrew Rag- 
ger. and Herman Scbureman. John Peter Knieskem was ap- 
pointed "master" in Hunterstown, Jolin Conrad Weiser in 
Queensbury, ilartman Windecker in Annsberg, and John Chris- 



246 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 



lished in 1711. The Ref. Rrot. D. church was formed in 1728, and Johannes Van Driesen was the 

first pastor.' 

HIL.I.SDAI1E — was formed from ClaveracK, as a district, March 26, 1782, recognized as a 
town March 7, 17S8, and a part of Austerlitz was taken off in 1818. The surface is broken by 
ranges of high hills extending in a N. and s. direction and separated by narrow valleys. Green 
River crosses the n. e. corner; and several small streams, which form the headwaters of Roeliff 
Jansens and Claverack Creeks, take their rise in the town. The soil is a gravelly loam and clay. 
Hillsdale, (p. v.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., in the s. part of the town, contains 2 churches 
and has a pop. of 225 ; Harlem ville (p. v.) contains 1 church and 225 inhabitants, and Green 
River (p. v.) 1 church and about 12 houses. The town was settled at a very early day,— the s. 
part by immigrants from Mass. and the N. by Dutch settlers.' The first church (Bap.) was organized 
June 23, 1787, and Rev. Stephen Gano, D.D., was the first pastor. There are 6 churches in town.* 




H5JDSOIV CITY — was formed from Claverack, and incorp. 
as a city, April 22, 1785.* A part of Stockport was taken ofi' in 
1833, and Greenport in 1837. It lies upon the e. bank of the 
Iludson, at the head of ship navigation, near the center of the w. 
border of the co. The surface is a rolling upland. A slate 
bins' rises abruptly from the river to the height of 60 ft., and 
from its summit a beautifully rolling ridge extends eastward and 
slopes gradually upward for a distance of one and a half mi., termi- 
nating in Prospect Hill, a high, rounded eminence 300 ft. above 
tlie surrounding lands and 500 ft. above the river. This ridge 
is from 6 to 50 rods in width, and is bounded on the N. and s. by 
gradual and uniform slopes. North and South Bays (two shallow 
bodies of water) extend about 1000 ft. inland from the river, converting the w. extremity of the 
ridge into a promontory.* A public square, containing an area of about an acre and a half, has 
been laid out upon the summit of the blufi" overlooking the river, and furnishing one of the most 
beautiful public promenades in the country. From the summit of Prospect HiU an extensive view 
is obtained of the windings of the Hudson, with the distant Catskills on one side, and the Green Hills 
of Mass. on the other. 

In the river, opposite the city, is an extensive mud flat, through which a canal has been cut for 
the Hudson and Athens Ferry. This canal has recently been abandoned. 

This city is the western terminus of the Hudson & Boston R. R., and an important station on the 
Hudson R. R. R. The manufactures are extensive, consisting principally of iron and clothing.' 
A considerable amount of commerce is carried on by means of the Hudson.' 

The City Hall is a brick building, situated on Warren St. near the center of the city. The lower 
story is used for mercantile purposes. 

The Public Schools are in a flourishing condition. In 1857 the city was divided into 4 districts, 
and gave employment to 21 teachers, — 5 males and 16 females. The number of children between 
the ages of 4 and 21 was 2562, of which 1095 (or 42J per cent.) were in attendance some portion 
of the year. The total expenses of the schools for that year was §4448 38 ; total receipts, the same ; 
number of volumes in district libraries, 700. A Lancasterian School Society was incorp. April 15, 
1817, and it maintained a school many years.* 

The Hudson Academy building, a plain, 3 story brick edifice near Prospect Hill, was erected in 1805. 



tian Tucks in Haysburgh. The enterprise was unsuccessful, and 
many of the settlers removed to the Mohawk and Schoharie Val- 
leys. In the summer of 1711 a company of 25 men from " Flun- 
terstown" volunteered in the expetlitiou .-jgainst Canada. In 1725 
the tract was granted hy letters j)atent to the inhabitants of 
^East Camp" to be divided equally in fee after reserving 40 acres 
for church and school purposes. 

1 The census reports 3 churches in town; Evang.Luth., M.E., 
and Ref Prot. D. 

2 Among the early Dutch settlers were families named Showei^ 

man. Blackman, Kinyon. Fregers. Evens, and Slinrts. Foster 

was one of the first settlers near Hillsdale Village. The State 
Bnrreodered its cUums to the lands actually occupied, March 12, 
1793 

8 3 M. E., Bap., Christian, and Presb. 

4 The express object of this incorporation w.as to facilitate com- 
■ttercial operations. The charter iucluded all the territory N, of ! 
Livingston Manor, w. of Llaverack Creek, and s. of il^jor Abra-I 
nams Creek, extending Ibu feet into the iludfjou. I 



6 Warren St., the principal street of the city, extends along .he 
crest of this ridge from the foot of Prospect Hill to the prome- 
niide grounds on the bluff. Few streets in any city have a finer 
location than this. 

6 The Hrdson Iron Co. have a double blast furnace, driven by 
an engine of 300 horse power : 80 to 90 men are employed, and 
40 to 50 tons of pig iron turned out per day. At the Columbia 
Iron Works about 40 men are employed, and 20 to 25 tons of pig 
iron made daily. The ore used in these furnaces is obtained 
from Weston. Mass.. and from Dutchess, Orange, and Essex cos, 
Clark's Clothing Manufactory employs about 400 hands. In 1858, 
siiles were made to the amount of $130,000, mostly for the South* 
em market. Beside these, there are in the city 2 machine shops^ 
2 iron foundries, a stove foundry, gunshop, cutlery manufactory, 
bookbiudery, flouring mill, brewery, and brickyard. 

7 An immense quantity of pressed hay, annually sent to th« 
New York maa"kot, forms the principal export of the co. 

8 By act of May 11, 1S35, this society was allowed to raiat 
$400 annually. 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 



247 



The Hudson Female Academy was organized in 1851, and occupies a substantial stone edifice 
formerly used as a private lunatic asylum. 

The Orphan Asylum was established in Oct. 1843, and is in charge of a board of lady managers. 
Forty to 60 children are provided for. It is supported by private donations, assisted by an annual 
stipend of .§1000 from the co. 

The city contains 11 private schools, 2 public libraries, 3 banks, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. 
6,720. 

A lunatic asylum was established here in 1832, but it was given up upon the opening of the State 
Asylum at Utica.' The first religious organization (a society of Friends) was formed in 1784, and 
a meeting house was built in 1785. There are now 11 churches in the city.^ 

Hudson was formerly known as " Claverack Landing."^ The foundation of its future prosperity 
as a city was laid by Seth and Thos. Jenkins and their associates, in 1783.* It grew with great 
rapidity, and soon became the center of a very extensive commercial business. In 1775 it became 
a port of entry,* and at an early period its commerce extended to the West Indies and Europe." 
Shad and herring, from the river and coast fisheries, ship timber, and country produce were ex- 
ported, aud numbers of ships were employed in the whale fisheries. The embargo, and the war 
which followed, destroyed this trade. The whaling business was afterward resumed, and for some 
time prosecuted with success ; but it has since been entirely abandoned. A daily line of steamers 
plies between this city and Albany, and the day line between Albany and New York touches here. 

HIXOERIIOOIi' — was formed as a district, March 22, 1772, and reorganized as a town 
March 7, 1788. A part of Chatham was taken olf in 1795, a part of Ghent in 1818, and Stuyvesant 
■ in 1823. It occupies the central part of the n. border of the co. The surface is level or undu- 
lating. Kinderhook Lake, in the n. e. part, is about 4 mi. in circumference. The principal 
streams are Kinderhook Creek and the outlet of Kinderhook Lake. The soil is a fertile, sandy, 
and gravelly loam. Hindertaook, (p. v.,) situated on the creek of the same name, was 
incorp. April 18, 1838. It contains 4 churches, the Kinderhook Academy, a newspaper ofiice, 2 
banks, and several manufacturing establishments.^ Pop. 1078. L<indeuvralcl, the residence 
of Ex Pres. Martin Van Buren, is about 2 mi. s. of this village. Valatie,* (vol'a-che, p. v.,) 
situated at the junction of Kinderhook Creek and the outlet of Kinderhook Lake, was incorjj. June 
30, 1856. It contains 4 churches, 5 cotton factories,'" and several other manufactories." UTiver- 
Ville, (p. v.,) on the outlet of Kinderhook Lake, is a station on the A. & W. S. K. R. It contains 
a wadding factory, batting fixctory, gristmill, and 21 houses. Settlements commenced under the 
Dutch Government.'^ The rights of certain settlers were confirmed by the act of March 12, 1793. 
A controversy concerning the patent of John Hendrick De Bmyn, granted in 1086, was settled by 
commissioners June 8, 1812. A Ref Prot. D. church was organized in 1712. Rev. Johannes 
Lydius, of Albany, conducted the first religious services, and Rev. J. Van Driesen was the first 
settled pastor. There are 8 churches in town." 

LiIVIlVCSTOlV— was granted as a manor," July 22, 168G, formed as a district, Jlarch 24, 
1772, and organized as a town, March 7, 1788. Clermont was taken off in 1787, and Ancram and 
Taghkanick in 1803. It is situated in the s.w. part of the co., bordering on the Hudson. The 
surface is generally undulating. Claverack Creek crosses the n. e. corner, Kleina Kil'' flows 
through near the center, and Roeliff Jansens Kil forms the s. w. boundary. In most of its course 



1 Established by Dr. S. White. It wai continued 6J years, 
and during that time 297 patients were admitted. 

» Bap., M. K., Presb., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., R. C, Univ., Wes. 
Metb., .4f. Moth., and 2 Friends meeting bouses. 

* In 17S3, Peter Ilogeboom. Peter Van Hoesen, Caspar Huyek, 
John Van Allen, and John, .Jacob, Jonathan, and Leonard Uen- 
dricks lived at tliis place. Van Allen kept a store, and Conrad 
Plock kept a canoe ferry to Loonenburgb. 

< Seth and Thomas Jenkins, and 28 others, that year formed 
themselves into an association for commercial purposes, and 
Belected •' dawrack Landing" as the Beat of their operations. A 
city plot was at once surveyed, docks were built, and shipbuild- 
ing commenced. The following year the Hudson, a ship of 3U0 
tons, w.as launched by Jenkins k Gelston. Cotton Gelston 
opened a store the same year, and in 17S5 Thom.aa Jenkins and 
Josiah Alcott built a ropewalk, 000 feet long. Josiah Barnard 
built a wind gristmill on Prospect HiU, Jn 1787 : and Thos. and 
Beth Jenkins and Stephen Paddock, a hemp ducking factory, in 
1789. 

^ Henry Malcomb, the first collector, was appointed Jane 12, 
1795. 

* It is said that at one time a greater amount of shipping was 
owned at this port than at New York. 

' A Dutch name, signifying " Cliildrens Point." There are 
loveral versions of the origin of this name : one is, that it was 



given by Hudson from the number of Indian children congre- 
gated to see his vessel at a point above Stuyvesant Landing; and 
another, that it \v.a.s derived from the number of children belong- 
ing to a family residing at the forks of an Indian trad, where 
the village of Kinderhook now is. 

8 A steam cotton factory, gristmill, sawmill, 2 hat factories, and 
a candle factory. 

» A Dutch word, signifying " Little Falls." There is a fall here 
of about 15 feet ; and hence the name. 

10 There are about 400 looms in these factories, and 400 to 500 
persons employed : warp and wicking exclusively are made at 
one of them. 

" A paper mill, furnace, machine shop, plaster mill, and saw- 
mill. Pop. estimated at about 1500. 

12 A record belonging to the Kef. Prot. D. church, dated 1729, 
and signed by Johannes Van Driesen. gives the names of lOO 
families then residing in town. Among these are the names 
Van Alsteyn, Van Allen, Van Scliaack. Van Burjren. Van Der 
Pool, Conyn. Hnijk, Vosburg, Schermerhorn. Klauw, Uardenier, 
Van Valkenburgh, Van Sleijk. Wieber, and Mulder. 

13 2 M. E, Bap., Evang. Luth., Presb.. Prot. E., Bef. Prot. D., 
and R. C. 

i< The manor, of which this town ia a part, was granted t« 
Robert Livingston. 
i» Little Creek. 



248 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 



this last stream flows through a broad and fertile valley, but near the Hudson its banka are steep 
and rocky. The soil is a fertile, sandy loam. JolinisloiiVii^ {Livingston p.o.,) situated near 
the center of the town, contains 1 church, a parochial school, and 28 houses. Glencoe I^Iills^ 
(p.v,,) on Clavcrack Creek, contains a free chapel, 2 sawmills, and IG houses. Bakers I>lills, 
(p.o.,) on KoeliS' Jansens Kil, contains a woolen factory, 2 paper mills, a gristmill, and 10 
dwellings. EHzaville^ (p-o.,) Blue Store, and Linlithg'O are hamlets. Settlement 
commenced soon after the patent was granted.* There are 4 churches in town.^ 

1¥EW IjEBAIVOIV — was formed from Canaan, April 21, 1818. It is the n.e. corner town 
of the CO. The surface consists of steep hills separated by broad, irregular valleys. The Taghka- 
nick Mts., upon the e., separate this town from Mass. The Wyomanock or Lebanon Creek is the 
principal stream. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam intermixed with clay. The valleys are 
generally narrow and the hills arable to their summits. Lebanon Springs, (New Lebanon 
Springs p.o.,) in the e. part of the town, is celebrated for its thermal springs.^ It contains 2 
churches, 4 hotels, a female seminary, and a gristmill. Pop. 278. Tildens (New Lebanon p. o.) 
contains 1 church, a barometer and thermometer manufactory, a laboratory for the preparation of 
medicinal extracts,* and 35 houses. l¥eTV Ijebauou Center (p.v.) contains a gristmill, saw- 
mill, tannery, and 22 houses ; MoflTatts Store, (p.v.,) 1 church and 23 houses; and IVew 
Britain, (p.o.,) 1 church and C houses. In the e. part of the town, about 2 mi. s. of Lebanon 
Springs, is a large Shaker community.^ The first settlement was made about 1760, by immigrants 
mostly from Mass. and Conn.^ There are 8 chui'ches in town.^ 

STOCKPORT— was formed from Hudson, Ghent, and Stuyvesant, April 30, 1833. It lies 
upon tiie Hudson, n. of the center of the co. The surface consists of a high table land, rising from 
the river in bluffs and descending with a moderate slope toward the e. Kinderhook and Claverack 
Creeks unite near the center of the town. The valleys of these streams are narrow and their banks 
often steep and rocky. Near Stottsville are 4 mineral springs, known as the Columbia Springs.® 
Stockport, (P-"^v) situated at the junction of Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks, contains 3 
churches, several manufactories,® and 44 dwellings. Cliittendens Falls contains 1 church, 
2 paper mills, and 14 dwellings, and Stottsville 2 woolen factories and 21 dwellings. Co- 
luuibiaville^" (Stockport station on the Hudson R. R. R.) is situated on the Hudson. This town 
was settled at an early period by the Dutch. There are 4 churches in town." 

STUYVESAIVT^^— was formed from Kinderhook, April 21, 1823, and a part of Stockport was 
taken off in 1833. It is the n. w. corner town of the co., is situated on the bank of the Hudson, 
and includes the adjacent islands e. of the middle of the river. The surface is generally level, 
except along the river bank, wbere it is broken by ravines and low hills. Kinderhook Creek 
crosses the s. part of the town. The soil is generally clayey, but in some places it is a light, sandy 
loam. Stuyvesant Falls, (p.v.,) on Kinderhook Creek, contains 1 church, several manufac- 
tories," and 35 houses. Stuj'vesant Landing, (Stuyvesant p.o.,) on the Hudson, contains 1 
church, a flouring mill, a foundry, 2 coal yards, a lumber yard, and 34 houses. It is a steamboat 



1 On Beatty's map of 1714. the manorhouse and mill are 
located within tbis town, near the Hudson, and the residences 
of families uamt-d Witbeck, Claiis, and Brusie near Claverack 

2 2 Ref. Prot. D., Evang. Lnth., M. E. 

8 The eprinp is 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep, and dis- 
charges 16 barrels of water per minute. The water is wholly 
tasteless, aud has a temperature of 73° at all seasons. Accord- 
ing to an analysis made by Br. Meade. 1 pint of water contains 
1.25 grs. solid matter, as follows: — 0,25 grs. chloride of calcium, 
0.44 grs. chloride of sodium. 0.19 grs. carbonate of lime, and 0.37 
grs. sulphate of lime. Bubbles of gas constantly rise from the 
bottom of the spring, giving it the appearance of boiUog. This 
gas is composed of 89,4 parts nitrogen and 10.6 parts oxygen, 
and is given out in the proportion of 5 cubic inches from a pint 
of the water. So great is the volume of water discharged that 
it not only supplies several baths, but 2 or 3 mills are kept run- 
ning by it buth summer and winter. — h. C. Beck's Report, 1S48, 
p. 48, and Gi-ology \st Dist., p. 105. The medicinal properties of 
these watiTs were first brought to the notice of the public by 
Jas. Hitchcuck. There are several eimilar springs of less volume 
in the vicinity. 

* Tildeu k Co. have under cultivation 40 acres of medicinal 
plants,— chiefly dandelion, hyoscyamus, lettuce, belladonna, stra- 
. raonium. yellow duck, burdock, poppies, digitalis, aconite, hore- 
hound, wormwood, and valerian. They also use large quantities 
of conium, gathered from the surrounding cnuntry, as well as 
imported medicinal herbs and roots. Sixty persons are employed 
in the preparatirin of tlieir extracts. 

6 There are 600 to 600 persons in this community. They owu 



about 2000 acres of land in this State, besides a considerable 
tract in Mass. They have a large meeting house, a laboratory 
furnished with steam jiower, a gristmill, 4 sawmills, 2 machine 
shops, 8 dwellings, and several other buildings. They are prin- 
cipally engaged in farming, and in preparing extracts, roots, 
herbs, botanic medicines, and garden seeds. They also mann-' 
factux-e brooms, sieves, and fancy baskets. About 200,000 Iba. 
of medicinal articles and garden seeds are put up annually. 
The neatness of their grounds and premises is proverbial. 

* Among the first settlers were families named Gilbert, Cor- 
nell, King. Skinner, Mudge, Gurnsey. Jones, 'Waddams. Sanford, 
and Pfttchin. An inn was kept at Lebanon Springs for several 
years before the close of the Revolutionary War. The honee 
is still standing, and is supposed to be nearly a century old. 

' 3 M. E., Bap,, Christian, Presb., R. C, and a Shaker meeting 
house. 

8 The waters of these springs have never been analyzed. A 
hotel and bathing houses have recently been erected near them, 
and they are now much frequented. 

* 2 cotton factories, a matrass factory, machine shop, and 
sash and blind factoi-y. 

w ColnmbiaviUe was incorp. Feb. 21. 1812, but the act of in- 
corporation was repealed April 20. 1833. It was formerly a 
manufacturing place of considerable importance. In 1813 it had 
a cotton factory of 1500 spindles, 2 paper mills, 4 cording mills, 
2 fulling mills, together with grist, saw, and plaster mills. 

" M. E.. Presb., Prot. E.. and Univ. 

J2 Named in honor of Gov. Peter Stuyvesant. 

w 3 cotton factories, a woolen factory, a gristmill, 6awinill» 
machine shop, and an asi'icultural implement factory. 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 



249 



landing' and a station on the Hudson R. R. R. Coxsackic Station, on the Hudson R. R. R., 
has half a dozen houses. At this place is a ferry to Coxsackie, (Greene co.,) on the opposite side 
of the river. The first settlement was made hy the Dutch about the period of the English conquest.* 
There arc 3 churches in town.' 

TACJIIIiAlVICK' — was formed from Livingston as " Granger," March 19, 1803. Its name 
was changed JMarch 25, 1814, and Copake was taken ofi' in 1824. It is an interior town, lying s. 
of the center of the co. The surface is hilly. Taghkanick Creek is the principal stream. Its 
banks are low and rocky, and upon it are numerous mill sites. The soil is a gravelly and slaty 
loam. The hills are generally arable to their summits, although some are wooded and rocky. 
West Tag'likanick. (p. v.) contains 1 church, a gristmill, and 14 houses. TagliUanick 
(p. 0.) and IVcvv Foi'ge are hamlets. The first settlements were made by German and Dutcli 
settlers, among whom were families named Brises, Shurts, and Shoefelts. A tract of about 600 
acres, called Taghkanick, included in this town, was purchased by Robert Livingston in 1685. 
The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1843. There are now 2 churches in town; Evang. 
Luth., and M. E. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Diccllinijs, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stoch, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Columbia County. 



Names op Towns. 



Ancram 

Austerlitz 

Canaan 

Chatham 

Claverack...... 

Clermont 

Copake 

Gallatin 

German town... 

Ghent 

Greenport , 

Hillsdale 

Hudson 

Kinderhook.... 

Livingston 

New Lebanon. 

Stockport 

Stnyvesant 

Taghkanick. ... 

Total 



Acres op Land. 



21,136 

22,805 

16.601 

26,856 

28.065 

10,23lj 

18,344 

17.6S3 

5,768 
22,606 

9,866 
21,068 
373 
15,865 
20,648 
16,218 

6,650 
10,820 
16.991 



304.277{ 



6.7S4 
4,!)S7 
6:218 
4.3S1 
4,916 
2,047 
4,.524 
6,ir,l 

673 
6,420 
1,649 
6,641 
77 
2,811 
2,055 
3,804 

901 
2,448 
5,008 



69.2.55 



Valuation op 1868. 



$626,300 
401,600 
447.810 

1,094,908 
927.201 
279.057 
433,820 
2SS,924 
220,407 
881,604 
357.280 
462,830 

1,000.600 
721,867 
692,072 
286,090 
233,818 
460,752 
283,980 



ft. a. 



$49,900 

08.460 

66.100 

271.730 

133.353 

161,331 

100,250 

126,089 

100,305 

92,103 

222,600 

132.060 

1,360,042 

994.240 

254.600 

lOi.OfiO 

f4,250 

203.000 

63.100 



$9,989,970 $4,562,379 $14,642,349 21.857 



$076,200 

470.260 

613,910 

1,366,098 

1,065,554 

430.388 

634,070 

414,093 

320,712 

973,607 

679,880 

694,880 

2,350,642 

1,716.09 

846,872 

390,090 

298,1 

653,752 

347,086 



029 

796 

989 

2,030 

1,654 

638 

838 

778 

673 

1,272 

6S5 

1,101 

3,120 

1,800 

1,025 

1,151 

776 

974 

828 



872 

822 

957 

1,993 

1,709 

620 

782 

739 

668 

1,266 

698 

1,093 

3.600 

2,064 

1,039 

1,178 

845 

963 

837 



!2,634 



=1 

4 

284 
323 
389 
724 
569 
183 
271 
260 
175 
412 
215 
394 
895 
671 
328 
352 
2S2 
316 
274 



7,287 



E 

d 

_5__ 

323 
354 
426 
821 
619 
183 
269 
272 
193 
471 
242 
366 
1,365 
743 
370 
370 
304 
8.54 
291 



j,236 



17i 
228 
236 
460 
444 
130 
ISO 
166 
132 
237 
146 
273 
600 
161 
204 
291 
126 
2«7 
178 

4,564 188 16,503 






757 

674 

634 

1,497 

1,179 

383 

642 

672 

446 

700 

445 

979 

2,390 

1,628 

932 

821 

619 

849 

656 



Kauzs o; Towns. 



Ancram 

Austerlitz 

Canaan 

Chatham 

Claverack. 

Clermont 

Copake 

Gallatin 

Germantown.. 

Ghent 

Greenport. 

Hillsdale 

Hudson - 

Kinderhook. .. 

LiviuRston 

New Lebanon. 

Stockport 

Stu^esant — 
Taghkanick..., 

Total 



la 

610 
614 
464 
897 
841 
378 
436 
620 
220 
806 
346 
638 
248 
642 
611 
448 
133 
180 
481 



1,268 
800 
690 

1,338 
964 
289 
981 

1,035 
189 
962 
366 
866 
7 
642 
697 
833 
203 
347 
799 



852 
827 
078 
1,462 
1,113 
695 
804 
8.37 
435 
981 
498 
893 
118 
639 
995 
926 
327 
660 
881 



11,381 
8,486 
8,711 
6,679 
4,573 
2,639 
7.211 
6,135 

243 
4,469 

740 
5,900 

3,866 
3.954 
9,230 
87 
1,442 
3.005 



Vj 



3,836 

1.193 

1.01.3' 

2,924l 

2,888 

1,355 

2,837 

2,530 

723 

2,272 

925 

2,1S6 

612 

1,639 

1,859 

972 

250 

632 

2,123 



AoRlCDUrOK&L Proddcts. 



BUSB. or Gkajn. 



22.298i 

12,821 

12.325 

40,844 

49,049 

14,867 

40,774 

28.431 

6,736 

60.172 

12,324 

26,367 

100 

33.911 

49.23S 

8.809 

2,784 

10,562 

31,546 



9,103 13,176'14,500 87.649'32,56S 453.008i 987,172i 65,103 269,419, 



W 



101,274 
47.664 
60,779 

110.398 
68,701J 
22,8064 
71,454 
55,373 
7,920 
71,132 
19,9154 
73,928 
936 
99.730 
49.446J 
61.295 
9.786 
27,619 
37,114 



3,383 
3,l'.9S 
3,078 
4,283 
6,060 
3,242 
3,011 
2,848 
2.229 
4,818 
3.926 
4,26S 
178 
2,802 
4,99' 
4.783 
1.894 
2,934 
2,694 



21,006 
17,066 
18,790 
17,706 
23.080 

6.499 
20,076 
13,084 

2,617 
13,428 

6,177 
19,353 

2324 
20,0.50 

9.519 
15,868 

4,114 
21.236 

9,019 






14,680 

12,626 

14.702 

17.532 

18,581 

6.508 

11,671 

7,662 

3,969 

7,914 

9,493 

26,885 

270 

7,876 

9.440 

22.436 

6,170 

6,689 

7,748 



Djusr Pboducts. 



Iti 



91,036 

98,665 

75,080 

130,875 

107,575 

42,046 

72,295 

60.076 

3.3,068 

104,023 

46.088 

98,707 

1.700 

64,IU0 

90,246 

84.022 

26.173 

45.408 

67.588 



10,342 1,347,428 67,167 



300 
8.300 
12,386 
10.284 
1,168 

1,220 
750 

100 

260 

6,061 

626 

144 

26,794 

255 
630 



230 
161 

1,017 
321 
622 
487 
305 

1,208 

105 

68 

236 

13 

139 

3,016 



8,575 



1 2 propellers, owned by parties here, ply on the Hudson and 
run from this place. 

2 Among the early settlers were families by the names of Van 
Alstyne, Van Allen, Van Ness, Van Slyke, Van I>yke, Van 
Valkenburiih, Vosburgh, and Schernierhorn. 



» Evang. Lnth., Ref. Prot. D., and M. E. 

* Pronounced Toh-kon'nick, and supposed to signify " Wntet 
Enough." Upon this side of Mt. Tom. in Cupiike, was formerly 
a spring which was a favorite resort of the Indians ; and heuco 
the name '* Taghkanick' for the locality. 



CORTLAND COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Onondaga, April 8, 1808, and 
embraces the original townships of Virgil, Ciucinnatus, Homer, 
Solon, and the south half of Tully and Fabius' in the s. E. corner 
of the Military Tract. It was named in honor of Pierre Van Cort- 
landt, first Lieut. Gov. of the State of N. Y.' It lies near the 
center of the State, upon the northern spurs of the Allegany 
Mts., and just s. of the watershed between the Susquehanna and 
Lake Ontario. It contains an area of 485 square miles, and is 
centrally distant 120 miles from Albany. Its surface is hilly 
and occasionally broken, consisting mostly of arable ridges with 
narrowish valleys between them. The highlands are divided 
into three general ridges extending through the county in a 
northerly and southerly direction. The first of these occupies the extreme eastern edge of the 
county, and is bounded on the w. by the valley of the Otselic River; the second lies between the 
Otselic and Tioughnioga Rivers ; and the third embraces all the highlands lying w. of the 
Tioughnioga. These highlands are all divided laterally by the valleys of small streams, and in 
some places they are but little more than a collection of sharp ridges separated by narrow ravines. 
The northern portion of the county spreads out into a high plateau, broken by hills. This level 
has an average elevation of 1,100 to 1,200 feet above tide, and the ridges rise from 200 to 500 feet 
higher. A broad plain, into which nearly all the valleys of the tributaries of the Tioughnioga 
converge, occupies the center of the western part of the county : and here the county seat is located. 
South of this the valleys contract until they become ravines. The highest points in the county are 
Blount Toppin, in Preble, the Truxton Hills, and the Owego Hills, in Virgil and Harford, which 
attain an elevation of 1,000 to 2,100 feet above tide. 

The drainage is nearly all through the Tioughnioga River, which flows through near the center 
of the county. In its upper course, it consists of two principal branches, the eastern entering 
the town of Cuyler from Madison county, and the western taking its rise in the small lakes in 
the northern part of Preble and the southern part of Onondaga county. The principal branches 
of the Tioughnioga are the Otselic, — which flows through a deep valley in the eastern part of the 
county from Chenango county, — Trout, Cheningo, and Labrador Creeks, and Cold and Factory 
Brooks. The Skaueateles Inlet drains the northwestern, the branches of Fall Creek the extreme 
western, and Owego Creek the southwestern, parts of the county. The only considerable bodies 
of water in the county are the Skaueateles Lake, which borders upon the N. w. corner, and several 
small lakes in the northern part of the Tioughnioga Valley. 

The Hamilton group of rocks — consisting of calcareous shale, with limestone and slate iutei^ 
mixed — enters the northern portions of the county ; and successively above this, toward the south, 
appear the Genesee slate, and the Portage and Chemung groups. Quarries of sandstone and 
limestone, affording excellent building material, are worked in Scott, Homer, Cortlandville, and 
several other parts of the county. A little s. e. of Cortlandville are several small lakes, containing 
deposits of marl, from which an excellent quality of lime is manufactured. The soil upon the 
hills is principally a sandy or gravelly loam ; and that of the valleys is of the same character, 
with a large mixture of disintegrated slate, shale, and limestone. 

From its considerable elevation above tide, the climate of this co. is colder than the lower regions 
N. and w. The winters are longer, and snow falls to a greater depth. The people are almost 
exclusively engaged in the different branches of agriculture. Spring grains are largely produced 
in the valleys, but the whole county is better adapted to pasturage than tillage. Dairying and 
stock raising ar^ extensively pursued. The production of wool also receives considerable attention. 
The more hardy fruits generally flourish, but are liable to injury from early and late frests. 



I The following lots in these towns were set apart for the sup- 
port of the gospel and schools; — In Tully, 69. 76, SI ; Fabius, 55. 
6S ; Homer. 4, 34. 70, 85. 93, 98 ; Solon, 'iS. 25, 30, 41, 64, 98 ; Virgil, 
20, 30, 61, 86. 91, 99 ; Cincinnatus, 1, 16, 37, 49. 63. 62. The terri- 
tory of the " Boston Ten Towns," lying immediately south of 
this, was found to overlap or extend over a portion of tliis 
tract, and to embrace nearly all of the two southern tiers of lots 
250 



in Virgil, and 4 lots in the s. w, corner of Cincinnatus. Two ad- 
ditional towusliips I Junius, Cayuga Co.. and Galen. Wayne co.) 
were set apart by the Land Commissioner^. July 31. 1790. to sup- 
ply the deficiency thus occasioned in the Military Tract. 

2 Gen. Van Cortlandt was an extensive owner of lands upon 
the Military Tract in this and adjoining counties. 



CORTLAND COUNTY. 



25] 



Manufactures are of limited extent. The completion of the Syracuse, Binghamton, and New York 
R. R. through this county lias given an additional impulse to every branch of business, and haa 
greatly enhanced the value of the farms by furnishing an easy and direct avenue to market.* 

Cortland Village, tlie county seat, is situated upon the Tioughnioga, near the center of the town 
of Cortlnndviile. The county clerk's office and the court house are finely situated in the center 
of the village.^ The jail is located in the basement of the court house, the floors of the cells being 
4 or 5 feet below the surface of the ground. The average number of prisoners is 2. The poor 
house is situated upon a farm of 118 acres, 3 mi. n. e. of Cortland Village. The average number 
of inmates is about 50. The farm yields a revenue of §600. 

There are four papers published in the county.^ 

Few events of general interest have occurred in this county. Settlement began in Homer in 
1791, in Virgil and Cortlandville in 179-1, and in several other towns before the commencement 
of the present century. Being remote from the great routes of travel, its settlement advanced but 
slowly for many years, and the fertile but more distant valley of the Genesee had been mostly 
taken up by immigrants before civilization spread over the hills and along the valleys of Cortland 
county. The fear of Indian massacre then had not entirely siibsided, and at times occasioned 
distress almost as real as if hostilities actually existed. The wild beasts often claimed a share 
of the little flocks and herds of the pioneers ; and long, weary forest roads to distant mills and 
markets, for many years, proved a heavy burden to the early settlers in this and many other sections 
of the State not favored with navigable streams. 



CIiVCI]V]VATUS — was formed from Solon, April 3, 1804. It embraced the township of Cin- 
cinnatus, or No. 25 of the military tract, a name applied by the Land Commissioners upon its first 
survey. The present town is one-fourth of its original size, — having been reduced by the erection 
of Freetown, Willett, and Marathon, in 1818. It lies upon the eastern border of the county, s. 
of the center. Its surface consists of the narrow valley of the Otselic River and of the high ridges 
which rise upon each side. Deep ravines, forming the valleys of small tributaries to the river, 
extend laterally far into the highlands, dividing nearly the whole surface of the town into steep ridges 
of hills. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and best adapted to grazing. Cincinnatus 
(p. V.) contains about 290 inhabitants, and l.O'^ver Cinciuuatus 150, The former contain3 
3 churches* and an academy.* The first settlers were Ezra and Thos. Rockwell, from Lenox, 
Mass., who located upon lot 19; and Dr. John McWhorter, from Salem, N.Y., on lot 29, in 1795.* 
The first church (Presb.) was formed by a union of the people of Cincinnatus, Solon, Taylor, and 
Pitcher, Chenango co. 



1 This road is "bcilt along the Tioughnioga Valley, connecting 
wUhtheN.Y.C.R.R. at Syracuse, and with theN.Y. & E. R. R. 
at Binyliamton. It has stations at Pruble, Little York. Uonier, 
Cortlandville. Blodgets Mills, State Bridi^e, and Marathon. 

• The county courts were first directed to be held at the 
schoollioiise on lot 45, in Homer. By an act of April 5, 1810, 
Josejih L. Richardson, of Auburn, Nathan Smith, of Herkimer, 
and Nathaniel Locke, of Chenango, were appointed commission- 
ers to select the site for a court house, and $2000 waa appro- 
priated for the erection of the huiUHnc:. The first county officers 
were John Keep. First Judge; "Wm. Malloiy, Sheriff; and John 
McWhorter, Surrt^ate. 

* Tht Cortland Courier was established at Homer in 1810 bv 

Jas. & Saml. Percival. In 1812 H. R. Bender & R. Wa^h- 

burne became the proprietors, and changed its name to 
The Farmers Jnurnal. They sold it to Jesse Searl in 1813, by 

whom it was issued as 
The Cor'luTut h't-positori/, and continued until 1825. Then Milton 

A. Kinney became proprietor, and changed its title to 
The Cortland Observer. It passed into the hands of S. S. Brad- 
ford in 1833, and in 1836 into those of Holmes, 

by whom ita title was changed to 
The ITomer EaijU. In 1S3V it was united with the Cortland Ee- 

■puhlican, and issued by R. A. Roid as 
TAe Rrpuhliran and Eagle, and continued until 1852. C. B. 

Giiiild then became proprietor, and changed it to 
The Cr/rtbmd County Whig. In 1856 it was sold to J. R. DLxon, 

and by him it is now pnlilishHfl as 
Tlie Cortland County Republican. 
The PriMstant ^ntinel was started at Homer in 1831 by John 

Maxeon, and continued until 1^33. 
The OoHlaTfd Erpublv^an was commenced in 1815, at Cortland 

Village, by James Percival. and was continued by him, 

by Osbora &. Campbell, and by the Campbell Bros., 

until 1821. 
The Wcfifrn Oiurier was founded at Homer in 1821 by Roberts 

& Hull, and was soon after removed to Cortland Village. 

la 1824 it appeared as 



Tlie Cortland Journal, and in 1832 as 

T/ie Oortlavd Adi'ocate. It was published successively by 
"W. Gill, H. S. Randall, and David Fairchild, and in 1845 
it was styled 
The Cvrtland Democrat. Seth Haight & H. G. Crouch have 
been interested in its management; and it is now pub- 
lished by A. P. Cole, as 
The Cortland Gazette, which name it received in 1857. 
The Cortland Chronicle was started in 1828 by Reed & Osboni. 

It was sold to R. A. Reed in 1832. and by him called 
The Jvti-Masonic li^puhlican. In 1833 it was styled 
The. Oirthijid Ifepublican, and in 1837 it was united with 
Thu Homer Eagk. 
The Lihertij Iltrald, semi-mo., was pubUshcd at Cortland Village 

in 184i and '45 by E. F. Graham. 
Tlie True American and Keligious Examinf'.r was started in 
1845, at Cortland Village, by C. B. Gould. The follow- 
ing year it passed into the hands of S. R. Ward, waa 
issued by him as 
The True AmeJ-ican, and continued until 1848. 
Tlie Republican Banner was started in 1858 by E, D 

Van Slyck & P. H. Bateson. 
The South Cortland Luminary was published in 1840, at South 

Cortland, by M. Reynolds. 
The Morning Star was published at McGrawville in 1850, and 
The Central Reformer in 1858. 
* Cong., Bap., Meth. 

6 Cincinnatus Academy waa chartered bv the regents, April 
21. 1857. 

6 Eb'r Crittenden, from Barrington, Mass.. removed to the pro- 
sent town of Willett in 1793. and to the present limits of this 
town iD 1707. The first child born was Sally Rockwell, the 
first marriage that of Dr. McWhorter to Katy Young, and the 
first death that of Daniel Hartshorn.— all in 1790. Mrs.H.Beebe 
taught the first school, in 1797; Col. John Kingman, tho first 
inn ; Elijah Bliss, the first store ; and Eph'm Fish ouilt the first 
miU, in 1814. 



252 



CORTLAND COUNTY. 



CORTl,AlVI>VIL,L,E— Tvas formed from Homer, April 11, 1829, and embraces the southern 
half of the oi-i;;iiuil township of Homer, and a small portion of the N. E. corner of Virgil. The 
name was applied to the town from its being the county seat of Cortland county. It is situated 
at the junction of the eastern and western branches of the Tioughnioga River, and extends from the 
central portion of the county to the extreme western border. The surface of much of the town is 
level ; but the eastern and southern parts are hilly. From an eminence just w. of Cortland 
Village can be seen 7 distinct valleys, separated by ranges of hills radiating in different directions. 
The ridges are 200 to 400 feet above the valleys ; and the southern part of the town is a broken 
upland region, the hills being arable to their summits. The tributaries of the Tiouglmioga in 
this town are Trout Brook from the e. and Dry and Otter Brooks from the w. A small part of the 
■western portion of the town is drained by streams flowing westward into Cayuga Lake. In the 
s. w. part of the town are three small ponds, fed by springs, and furnishing an almost unlimited 
supply of marl, from which an excellent quality of lime is manufactured.' The soil is generally 
a sandy or gravelly loam. Cortland Tillag'e^ (p-^'-) is finely situated upon the Tiouglmioga, 
near the center of the town. It contains an academy,' 5 churches, 3 hotels, and a jiopulation of 
1,576. McGra'tvville (p. v.) is situated upon Trout Brook, 4} mi. E. of Cortland Village. It 
contains 3 churches and several manufacturing establishments, and is the seat of the N.Y. Central 
College.* Pop. 558. Soutli Cortland, (p. v.,) in the s.w. part of the town, contains 161 
inhabitants. Blodg'ets Mills is a p.o. The first settlers of this town were Jonathan Hubbard 
and Col. Moses Hopkins, — the former upon the lot where Cortland Village now stands, and the 
latter upon lot 94.* The census reports 9 churches in town.' 

FREETO'WIV — was formed from Cinoinnatus, April 21, 1818, and embraces the N. w. quarter 
of that township. Lot 20 of Virgil was annexed in 1850. It is situated upon the ridge between 
the Otselio and Tioughnioga Rivers, s. E. of the center of the county. It is high and hilly, and 
its surface is much broken by the narrow ravines of the watercourses which flow N. and s. A 
considerable part of the more hilly portions is yet covered with the original forests. Its soil is a 
sandy and gravelly loam, and is best adapted to piasturage. Freetown Corners (p. v.) has 
2 churches and about 100 inhabitants. Robert Smith, a soldier of the Revolution, drew lot 2, 
and, accompanied by his son-in-law, Ensign Rice, took possession of it in 1795.' The first church 
(Bap.) was organized in 1810, by Elder Caleb Shepard, of Lisle, who was the first preacher.* 

HARFORD — was formed from Virgil,' May 2, 1845, and it embraces the s. w. quarter of that 
township. It is the s. w. corner town in the county. Its surface consists of a high, broken upland, 
500 to 700 feet above the valleys and 1500 to 1700 feet above tide. The Owego Hills, in the 
central part, are the most elevated portions. The declivities are usually s1:eep, and often rocky, 
and the summits are crowned with forests. One half of the town is yet a wilderness. The streams 
are mere brooks. The soil is a moderately productive sandy and gravelly loam, best adapted to 
pasturage. Harford (p. v.) contains 30 houses, and Soutli Harford 20. The first settler 
■was Dorastus De Wolf, in 1803.'" Religious meetings were held as early as 1804; but the first 
church (Bap.) was not organized till 1815." 

HOMER— was formed March 5, 1794. Solon was taken off in 1798, Virgil in 1804, and 
Cortlandville in 1829. It lies upon the w. border of the county, N. of the center. Its surface 



1 Crandalls Tow^ covers an area of 15 acres ; Swains, 6, and 
Chatterdons, 4. The marl is generally of an ash color when 
first talieu out. but the vegetable matter wliich it contains 
whitens upon expnbuieto the air. AVhen partially dried, it is 
moulded into the form of bricks, and these are thoroughly dried 
and burned. The greatest known thickness of these deposits of 
marl is about 20 feet.— G.oi. Third Dist.. p. 291. 2 Incorp. 

8 The Cortlandville Academy, incorp. .Tan. 13, 1843. 

* This institution was incorp. in 1850. It wiia originally 
started as a manual labor school, and is open to all, without dia- 
tinction of color or sex. 

6 In 1795, Thos. Wilcox, from "^Miitestown. located upon lot 
94; Keuben Doud, from New Haven, Jiis, and John Morse, and 
Joseph Lee. upon lot 75. In 1796-97, Aaron Knapp located near 

Cortland Village. Ilotchkiss upon lot 73. and i^aml. Inglis 

and son on lot 75. In 1800, Wilmot Sperry (from Woodbridge, 
Conn ) settled on lot 73; and a few settlers came yearly until 
1810, when the growth became more rapid. The first school- 
house stood on the present site of the Eagle llotel. The first 
inn was kept by Sanil. Inglis, in 1810. 

« 2 Bap., 2 51. E„ 2 Presb, Christian, Ref. Presb., and Dniv. 

' About 10 years after. Smith and Rice sold their improve- 
loents to Saml. G. Hathaway and Sanil. .Tennings; and about 
the same time Caleb Shepaj-d and David H. Munro, from Wash- 



ington CO., settled on lot 22. In 1806, Remembrance Curfiss set- 
tled on lot 12; and Curtis and Chas. Richardson, from Saratoga 
CO., on lot 32. Henry Gardner, Wm. Tuthill, Jacob Hicks, Gideon 
Chapin, Simeon Doty, John Backus, and Amos Eaton, woro 
among the other early settlers. The first marriage was tliat of 
Robert Smith, jr., with Amity Smith. The first schoolteacher 
was Don A. Robertson, The first store was kept by Peter 
McVean, at "The Comers," The first permanent merchant was 
"Walton Svveetland, still a resident of the town. 

* The census reports 3 churches ; 1 Bap., 2 M. E. 

l> A p. o. (Harford) was established in" tiiis part of Virgil In 
1825 or "26. From this the town derives its name. The village 
was formerly called •^W'rthingfon.'* 

10 Among the other first settlers were Thos, Nichols, in 1804, 
John Greeu. in 1805, Eben Burgess, L. liarus, Gordon Bur- 
lingame, Nathan Hejiton, Theodore E. Uart, and Levi Moore. 
Theodore E. Hart kept the first store, in 1824. The first birth 
Wiis that of Dr. Charles Barns ; tlie first marriage, that of Obed 
Graves and Alice Munroe; and the first death, that of Mrs. 
Dorastus De Wolf. Betsey Carver taught the first school, in 
1806; Lewis Moore kept the first inn; and Nathan Heaton 
built the first gristmill, in 1814. 

u The census reports 3 churches^ Christian, Cong., and 
Union. 



CORTLAND COUNTY. 



253 



is quite uneven, consisting of the valleys of the two branches of the Tioughnioga River and the 
ridges which border upon them. The valley of the western branch is over a mile wide, and 
elevated 1,0% feet above tide. The eastern valley is narrower. A ridge of hills. 200 to 500 
feet above the river, separates the two valleys ; and a similar ridge occupies the s. e. corner of the 
town. The western part is a hilly upland, 1500 to 1600 feet above tide. The principal branches 
» of the Tioughnioga are Cold and Factory Brooks, from the w. The valleys of these streams 
open northward into corresponding valleys, through which flow streams emptying into Otisco and 
Skaneatelos Lakes. The soil upon the river intervales is a deep, rich alluvial and dark loam, well 
adapted to tillage ; among the hills, it is a sandy or gravelly loam, better for pasturage, lloiner' 
(p. v.) is finely situated on the Tioughnioga, 3 mi. n. of Cortland Village. It contains 6 churches, 
a printing office, and several manufacturing establishments, including the only cotton factory in the 
county. It is the seat of Cortland Academy,^ an old and very flourishing institution. Pop. 1625. 
East IBonier (p. v.) contains 25 houses, and Little Vork. (p. v.) 15. Spencer Beebe and 
his brother-in-law, Amos Todd, were the first settlers of this town, and of Cortland county, in 
1791.^ The first religious meetings were held in 1793, when there were but 6 families in town; 
and all attended. The first church (Cong.) was founded in 1801, chiefly through the influence of 
Mrs. Ilobart, wife of Lieut. Hobart.* 

liAPEER — ^was formed from Virgil, May 2, 1845, and embraces the s. e, quarter of that 
tovraship. It lies upon the high ridges w. of the Tioughnioga River, on the s, border of the county, 
w. of the center. The declivities of the hills bordering upon the river are precipitous. " Luce 
Hill," in the north western part of the town, is the highest point, and is 1,600 to 1,700 feet above tide. 
The streams are all small brooks. Upon Fall Creek, near the s. border of the town, is a wild 
and beautiful cascade, 71 feet high, known as Hunts Falls. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. 
Nearly one half of the town is still unsettled. Hunts Corners contains 10 houses. I^a-peer 
(p.o.) is near the center of the town. There is no church edifice in town.^ The first settler was 
Phineas Grant, a colored man.^ 

MARATIIOIT — was formed from Cincinnatus, April 21, 1818, as " J5a?Ti50H," embracing the 
s, w. quarter of the military township. Its name was changed in 1827. It lies upon the southern 
border of the county, e. of the center. Its surface is rugged and hilly, the ridges rising 500 to 700 
feet above the valleys. The Tioughnioga flows through its western part, in a deep, narrow valley 
■with precipitous sides. Hunt Creek in the n. w. and Merrill Creek in the e. part of the town 
also flow through deep and narrow valleys. The arable land lies principally along these valleys, 
the uplands being broken and only fit for pasturage. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam 
lUaratUon^ (p. v.) contains 3 churches, the oldest of which is the Presb., organized Feb. 11, 
1814.® Pop. 500. Texas Valley is a p. o. in the n. e. corner. Dr. Japheth Hunt, a surgeon of 
the army, who served in both the French and Revolutionary Wars, settled on Lot 93, in 1794.* 



1 Incon\Mfiy 11,1835. 

s Incoip. Ffbniary 2. 1S19. Tliis institution, from its com- 
monccnu-nt, has uuifomily borne a bigh reputation. Samuel 
B. Woolworth, LL.B., present Secretary of the Regents of the 
UnivtT&ity, was at the liend of this institution for nearly 22 
years. At a jubilee celebration, held July 7 and 8, 1846, it was 
Btated that 4uiXt students had been connected with the academy. 
Tho whiilc number up to 1859 was over 8,000. 

8 They came in the fall, and erected a temporary dwelling, a 
little N. of Homer Village, near the bridge, and returned in 
the winter for their goods, leaving Mrs. Beebe the sole occupant 
of the house, and the only representative of civilization within 
a circuit of 30 miles. They were prevented from returning for 
6 weeks by the deep snows ; and during the whole of that 
period the lone woman remained in anxious doubt as to the 
fate of her husband and brother. Mr. Todd located on lot 42, 
'• West Hill." Among the other early settlors were John House, 
John Miller, Jas. Matthews, Jas. Moore. Silas and Danl. iSIiller, 
(from Binghamton.) in 1792; Darius Kinney, (from Brimfield, 
Mass..') in 17'J3; Koderick Owen, (from Lebanon, N.Y..) Jonathan 
Hubbard, and Moses Hopkins, in 1794; Thos. Wilrox, (from 
WhiteBt^jwn.) Zebulon Keene, and John Stone, (from Brimfield,) 
John Keep, Solomon and John Hubbard, and AsaWhite. in 179.'j. 
Tho flrfst male cliild born was Homer Mooro, and the first female 
RHsey House; the first death, that of Mrs. Gould Alvord. The 
first marriage was that of ZadocStrongand Wid. Russell, who were 
obliged to go through the forests to Ludlowville, Tompkins co.. on 
horseback, to have the ceremony perfonned. The first school- 
house waa built a little S. of Homer Village in 1798. The first 
teacher was Joshua Ballard. Enos Stimson kept the first inn, 
and A.M. Coats the fir.-^t store. The first permanent and suc- 
cessful merchant was Jedediah Barber. John Keep, Solomon 
Hubbard, and Asa White built the first gribt mill in 1798, on the 



Inresent site of that cf Cogswell & Wilms. The old mill for 
some time was used a.s church, public hall, and liall room. 

* The first sermon was preached by Rev. Mr. Hillard, of N.J. 
He was assisting at a raising ; and, when it became known that 
a minister was present, a sermon was clamorously called for 
and was delivered on the spot. The census reportsG churches 
in town; Cong. Bap., M. K., Prot. E., and Univ. at Homer, 
and M. E. at K^st Homer. 

s Free Bap., Meth., and Christian denominations hold meetings 
in echoolhouses. The Free W. Bap. Society was formed by Elder 
Lake in 1820. 

Among the ctJier first settlers were Peter Gray, (on lot 70.) 
Rnbt K. Wheeler, and Thomas Kingsley. who came in 1802; 
Seth Jennings and Timothy Roberts, in 1805 ; Zac'h Lynes, John 
K. Smith, Urial Sessions, Simeon Luce, Avery Hartshorn, and 
H. J. Richards. The first marriage was that of Simeon Luce and 
Rebecca Ayres, Oct. 9, 1805 ; and" the first death, that of Simeon 
Luce, in 1808. Ebenezer Luce taught the first school, in 1814; 
and Harrcy Jennings built the first mill, in 1813. 

^ About one mile 9. o( the village, on the e. bank of the river, 
is the site of an old Indian village and burial ground. Tradition 
says that this was once the seat of a powerful tribe of Indians. 

8 The census rt-ports 4 churches; 2 Presb.. Hap., and M. E. 

* Among the other pioneer settlers were Julin Hunt, in 1796; 
Abram Brink, (first innkeeper,) Barnabas Wood and Son, and 
Zacbariah Squires, in 1802. The first child born was S. M. Hunt, a 
gnindsonof the first settler; the first marriage, that of Nich<'laa 
Brink and Polly Alfred; and the first death, that of the firet 
settler, in March, 1808, aged 97 years. Wm. Cowdrey taught 
the first school, in 1.S03; John Hunt built the first sawmill; 
and Weed & Waldo, James Burgess, and David Munroe were tho 
early morchants. The first successful mercantile firm was thai 
of Peck, Archer & Dickson, now of New York City. 



254 



CORTLAND COUNTY. 



PREB£iE— named in honor of Commodore Edward Preble, was formed from Tully upon the 
organization of Cortland co., April 8, 1808, and embraced the southern half of the latter town. 
Scott was taken off in 1815. It lies upon the northern border of the county, w. of the center. Its 
surface consists of the valley of the western branch of the Tioughnioga River, which is here nearly 
2 miles wide, and the ridges which rise on the e. and w. Mount Toppin, s. w. of the village, is 
1,700 feet above tide ; Truxton Hills are the highest land in the county. The declivities of the 
liills are steep, and some of tlieir summits sharp ridges. North of Mount Toppin a valley extends 
northward and opens into the valley of the Otisco Inlet. In the northern part of the town are 
several beautiful little lakes ; and upon the southern borders are others of a similar character, 
known as the Little York Lakes. The soil is a iine quality of gravelly loam. Preble Corners 
(Preble p.o.) contains 200 inhabitants, and Baltimore 75. The first settlers were James and 
Robert Cravarth, John Gillett, and Elijah Mason, who came in 1798.^ The first church (Cong.) 
was formed through the efforts of Revs. Theodore Hinsdale and Joel Hall, missionaries from Conn.* 
Rev. Matt. Harrison was the first pastor. 

SCOTT — was formed from Preble, April 14, 1815, and named in honor of Gen. Winfield Scott. 
It is the N. w. corner town of the county. Its surface is mostly upland, broken by two deep and 
narrow valleys which extend N. and s. thi'ough the town. The declivities of the hills are very 
steep, and in many places precipitous. Cold Brook flows through the eastern valley, and Factory 
Brook and Skaneateles Inlet through the western. Skaneateles Lake borders upon the N. w. 
corner. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, and is best adapted to grazing. Scott Center 
(Scott p.o.) contains about 300 inhabitants. Scott Corners (East Scott p. o.) is a hamlet. 
Peleg and Solomon Babcock and Asa Howard (from Mass.) and George Dennison (from Vt.) 
located on lot 82 in 1799.' The first church was a Seventh Day Baptist, organized in 1820, Wm. B. 
Maxson first pastor.* 

SOliOX — ^was formed from Homer, March 9, 1798, and embraced the townships of Solon and 
Cincinnatus. A portion was annexed to Truxton, April 4, 1811. Ciucinnatus was taken off in 
1804, and Taylor in 1849. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the county. The surface 
is mostly upland, broken by numerous narrow valleys of small brooks and creeks. The hills on 
the eastern border are 1400 to 1500 feet above tide. Many of the highest summits are too rough 
for cultivation, and are crowned with forests. Trout Brook flows in a westerly direction through 
near tlie center, forming a narrow but fertile valley. The soil is a gravelly loam, well adapted 
to grazing. Solon (p.v.) contains about 100 inhabitants. The first settlers were Johnson 
Bingham and Eddy Wildman, from Canterbury, Conn., who located, the former on lot 62, and thg 
latter on lot 51, in 1790.^ The first church was formed in 1804, Rev. Josiah Butler the first 
preacher.* 

TAYliOR — ^was formed from Solon, Dec. 5, 1849, and named in honor of Gen. Zachary Taylor. 
It lies near the center of the eastern border of the county. Its surface is mostly upland and is 
very broken and hilly. The declivities are generally precipitous, rising 600 to 800 feet above the 
valleys. Mount Rhoderick, lying partly in this town and partly in Solon, is the highest point. 
The streams are mere brooks, generally flowing in a southerly direction and discharging their 
waters into the Otselio. Solon Pond is a small sheet of water near the center of the town. The soil 
is a s.andy and gravelly h.iam. Taylorville, (Taylor p. o.,) or "Bangall," contains 25 houses, 
and Union Valley (p. v.) 20.' The first settlers were Zerah Beebe, a Revolutionary soldie; 
Latus Beebe, his son, and John Tinker, his son-in-law, from Waterbury, Conn., in 1794.' 



lAmoBfjthe other first settlers were Amos Steel, Setb and 
Samuel Trowbridge, Kichard Egbertson, Samuel Orvis, Jabez 
B. Phelps, Kd. Cumminga, and Francis. Albert, and Garret Van 
Itoesen. The first child born was Nancy Gill: the first mar- 
riage, that of Amos Ball and Sally Mason ; and the first death, 
that of Jihn Patterson, a Revolutionary patriot, in 1799. Kuth 
Thorp taught the first school, in 1801 ; Davis & Taylor kept the 
first store, and Moses Naah the second ; Samuel Trowbrige kept 
the first inn. 

* The census reports 2 churches ; 1 Presb., 1 M. E. 

8 Among the other first settlers wore C^irnish Messenger and 
Daniel .Ltkeway. (from De Rnyter,) Maxon Itiiljcock. (from Mass.,) 
Gershom Riclianison. .Tared and .Tolin llabcock, Elisha Sabins, 
Henry and .Te.^se Burdick, Timothy Brown, and Nathl. ?Iorg<an. 
The first child i)orn was Harriet Babcock ; the first marriage, that 
of Solomon Bitbcock .and Amy Morgan, and the first death, that 
of an infant daughter of Peleg Babcock. Amy Slorgan taught 
the first school, in 1804; James Babcock kept the first Idd, aud 
Nathan Babcock the first store. 



i Besides this, there are in town 3 societies; Bap., M. E., and 
Presb. 

6 Among the other first settlers were Benj. Beebe, Lewis 
Beebe. (first innkeeper.) Daniel Porter. Zerah Tinker, .Tas. H. 
Wheeler, Elisba Johnson, Paml. G- Hathaway, Stephen N. Peck, 
aud Noah Greeley, (first mill owner.) The first child born was 
a daughter of Johnson Bingham; the first maniage, that of 
Kobt. Smith and Amy Smith, and the first death, a daughter of 
Johnson Bingham. Koxana Beebeaud Lydianna Stewart taught 
the first school, in 1804 ; and B. Tubbs kept the first store. 

^ The census reports 2 churches ; 1 Bap. and 1 R. C. 

7 The census reports 5 churches; Bap., Cong., Wes. Moth., 
2 M. E. 

8 The first child born w.os Kezia Beebe; the first marriage, 
that of Asaph Butler and Lucy Beebe; and the first death, that 

of Zerah Beebe, in 1800. Beers taught the first school, in 

1810; Orlando Beebe kept the first inn, Ilurlbut A Gilbert the 
first store, and Ezra and ThoB, Rockwell built the first saw mill, 
in 1816. 



CORTLAND COUNTY. 



255 



TRUXTOM^ — named in honor of Commodore Thomas Truxtun, \vas formed from Fabius, 
April 8, 1808, and embraced the s. half of the latter town. The n. 4 tiers of lots of Solon -were 
annexed April 4, 1811. Cuyler was taken oS* in 1858. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. The 
surface consists of a broken upland divided into ridges, which have a general northerly and 
southerly direction. The east branch of the Tioughnioga River flows in a s, w. direction through 
the center of the town, cutting the ranges of hills diagonally. The Truxton Hills are the highest 
in the co. North of the river, nearly the whole surface is divided into sharp rJdges with steep de- 
clivities, their summits being technically termed " hog backs." Muncey Hill, in the s. e. part, the 
highest land in town, is a wild, broken region, poorly adapted to cultivation. On the n. border is a 
small lake known as Labrador Pond, noted for its wild and picturesque scenery. Upon a small 
brook, which flows into the outlet of this pond from the e., is a beautiful cascade, called Tinkers 
Falls. The soil is generally a sandy and gravelly loam. In amount of dairy products this town is 
one of the first in the State. Truxton (p. v.) contains 257 inhabitants, and Cuyler (p. v.) 112. 
Keeney Settlement is a hamlet on the n, line. There are in town a woolen, a sash and 
blind, and butter tub factory, and an extensive carriage shop. The first settlers were Saml. Bene- 
dict, Chris. Whitney, and Jonas Stiles, in 1795, who located on Lots 12, 93, and 2, respectively.^ 
The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1806, under Eld. Rufus Freeman.* 

VIRGIE* — was formed from Homer, April 3, 1804. Harford and Lapeer were taken off in 
1845. A small portion of its e. part has been annexed to Cortlandville and Freetown. It lies upon 
the w. border of the county, s. of the center. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. The 
Owego Hills, in the s. w. part, are about 600 feet above the valleys and 1600 to 1700 feet above 
tide. The valleys are narrow, bordered by the steep declivities of the hills. Virgil Creek, flowing 
w., and Gridley Creek, flowing e., are the principal streams. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, 
and is best adapted to grazing. Virgil (p. v.) contains 206 inhabitants, and £a^t Virg"il (j>. v.) 
about 60. State Bridg'e (Messengerville p. o.) is a r. r. station. Franlis Corners is a 
hamlet in the s. w. part. The first settler was Joseph Chaplin, in 1792.* The first religious meeting 
■was held in 1802; and the first church (Cong.) was formed, Feb. 5, 1805, by Rev. Seth Williston.* 

WII.IjET — was formed from Cincinnatus, April 21, 1818, and was named in honor of Col. 
Marinus.AVillett, of Revolutionary memory. It lies in the s. e. corner of the county. Its surface 
consists of the narrow valley of the Otselic River and of the high ridges which rise on either side. 
The upUinds are broken by the narrow ravines through which the small streams flow. Nearly 
one-third of the town is yet unsettled, the surface being too rough for profitable cultivation. In 
the N. w. part of the town is a small lake, known as Bloody Pond, — its sanguinary name having 
been bestowed in consequence of the vagaries of deUrium tremens. The soil is a sandy and gravelly 



1 In Nov. 1858, thia town was divided into 2 nearly equal parts 
by a line extending n. and s. ; and the e. half now forms the 

town of CUYLEB. 

* Among the other first settlers were Robt. Kuight, (from Mon- 
mouth, N. .T.J Hugh Stewart, (from Coleram, Maa3..) John 
Jeffrey and Etiob Phelps, (from N.J.,) Billy Trowbridge and 
Dr. John Miller, (from Dutches.'; co.) The Va&I named was the 
first physician, and is etill living. (1858.) aged 82. The first 
child born was a son of Samuel Denedict; and the first dinvth 
waa a child in the same family. A. W. Bakt-r taup:ht the first 
school, in 1799 ; Bowen Brewster kept the first inn, in 1801, and 
Stephen Hedges the first store. 

* The census returns -i churches; 2 M. E., Bap.. Presb. 

< Mr. Chaplin was cng;aged to open a road from Oxford to 
Cayuga Lake, which he commencwl in 1792 and finished in 
two years. This road was 60 mi. in length, and it became the 
thoroughfare for emigrants. Mr. Chfiplin brought in his family 
from Oxford in the winter of 1794-95. Among the other first 
settlers were John M. Frank. John Gee, John E. Roe. James 
Wright, Jas. Knapp, Jae. and John Glenny, Joseph Bailey, and 
Enos Bouton. The first flock of sheep, brought in by BIr. Frank, 
were all destroyed by thu wild animals. Mr. Roe and Capt. 
Knapp killed 15 wolves in one ye.-ir. The first child born was 
a son of Jriseph Chaplin ; the first marriage was that of BulufF 
Whitney, of Dryden, and Susan Glenny, in 1800; and the first 
death was that of a stranger, named Charles Hoff'man, who was 
found dead in the woods in April, 1798. Clias. Joyce was the 
first teacher; Peter Vanderlyn and Nathl. Knapp built the first 
grist mill, in 1805; Daniel Edward built the first sawmill in 1801, 
and Danl. Sheldon kept the first store, in 1S07. As early afl 182.'^, in 
a series of articles io the " Cortland Obsei-ver," NathaniL-l Bon ton, 
a farmer in this town, strongly advocated the constructinn (tf a 
R. R. through the southern tier of counties. From the proceed- 
ings of a " Fe8ti\c Gathering' of the early settlers and inhabit- 
ants of the town of Virgil we make the following extracts : — 
"The patents issued to the purchasers of the military lots con- 
tained the whole mile square; yet the State reserved to itself 
the right to retain 100 acr&s in the s. E. corner of each lot and 
five ttD e«iual amount of land in Ohio. This reserved lot was 



known as ' The States Hundred.' By giving notice that he 
wished to retain his land together, and paying gS.OO for the sur- 
vey, the pattmtee could retain the whole lot. In default of the 
payment, the State retained 50 acres of the Jf,fe5^/wre, culled 
the ' Sur^ ey of Fifty Acres.' " As an illustration of the hard- 
sliips to which the pioneers of thia town and co. were subjected, 
we extract the following: — "Id the spring of 1797, John E. Roe 
came on from Ulster co. and made a beginning on his lot. — the 
same occupied till recently by himself and family, — boarding 
with Mr. Frank. He cleared a spot, put up the body of a log 
house, split plank and laid a floor, peeled bark for a roof, and 
agreed with a man in Homer to put it on. He also cut and 
cured some of the wild gra-ss growing in the swamp, for hay, 
and returned. Preparations were then made for moving on; 
which was dune in the winter following. He and his wife cjime 
in a sleigh, with a young cow following them. \Vhen they came 
to the river, ojiposite Mr. Chaplin's, they found the water high, 
and the canoe that had been used in crossing carried away. Mr. 
Chaplin's hog trough was procured, and Mis. Roe was' safely 
carried over in it. She then stood upon the bank to await the 
crossing of what remained. The horses, being urged in, swam 
across with the sleigh, the cow following, and came near being 
carried away with the current, but. after a hard struggle, made 
the shore in safety. They put up for the night, the horses 
being fastened to the sleigh, (as no accommodatiuns could be 
procured,) and they ate out the flag bottoms of the chairs to 
allay the keen demands of appetite. The snow was two feet 
deep, with no track, and the whole day was consumed in 
coming from the river to their new home. When they arrived, 
they were surprised to find their house without covering, con- 
sequently the snow as deep in it as out of it. Persons of less 
perneverance would have been disheartened. But no time wjia 
to be lost. The snow was cleared away from a portion of the 
floor, a fire built against the logs, some blankets drawn acrons 
the beams for a covering, the horses tied in one corner, with 
some of that coarse Imy before them ; and thus their first and 
sevpral successive nights were passed." 

^ The census reports 5 churches; Bap., F. W. Bap., CoDg« 
M. £., Union. 



256 



CORTLAND COUNTY. 



loam. Dyersville (Willet p. o.) contains 20 houses. The first settler was Ebenezer Crittenden, 
from Barrington, Mass., in 1793.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1810. There is also a 
Cong, church in town. 

CUY1.ER — was formed from Truston, Nov. 18, 1858. The statistics of this town are embraced 
in the town of Truxton, page 255. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cortland County. 



Names op Towss. 



Cinciunatus.., 
Cortliindville. 

Cuylera 

Freetown 

Harford 

Homer 

Lapeer 

MarathoD 

Preble 

Scott 

Solon 

Taylor 

Truxton 

Virgil 

Willet 

Total 



AcEEs OF Land. 




1 


■g 




1 


1 

1 


10,368 


6,016 


24,160 


8,399i 


10.8484 


5,1.59 


7.054i 


7,812 


21.676 


It.lCTJ 


9.371 


6.ti544 


9,530J 


6,4ti2 


10,713i 


6,920 


8,772i 


6.081 


10.648i 


7,663 


10.244 


7.7S7 


32.7071 


21.0644 


20,756i 


8,789} 


8,097} 


7,7984 


194,736J 


113,6624 



Valuation of 1858. 



^ 




c 


-.5» 






^ 












^ 


i;"- 


$253.6.'!6 


$8,500 


1,101,940 


210,400 


22n,0.'10 


11,650 


138.174 


4,750 


1,03;1.9.'.0 


140,200 


129.546 


11,440 


270,931 


15,700 


274,546 


15,390 


221.020 


33,805 


256,326 


12,000 


171,026 


3,450 


672,757 


41,040 


308,225 


15,200 


145,140 


14.860 


6,278,182 


643,985 



$202,135 
l,37i|340 

241,480 
142,924 
1.180,150 
14I1.9S6 
292631 
289,936 
264,525 
267.325 
174,475 
713,797 
323.425 
160.000 



6,821,127 



Population. 



661 
2,127 

484 

477 

1,807 



614 
670 
649 
615 
1,736 
1,094 
464 



12,267 12,318 



608 
2,202 

471 

449 

1,978 

367 

665 

606 

623 

608 

5S6 

1,708 

1.137 

461 



220 
827 

188 
180 
732 
142 
249 
240 
247 
206 
226 
646 
446 
178 



4,727 



247 
879 

137 
190 
477 
149 
276 
268 
269 
206 
232 
766 
466 
182 



4,722 4,212 182 



Schools, 



600 
1,690 

387 
356 

1,274 
371 
619 
428 
617 
465 
376 

1,306 
827 
318 



9,224 



Names of Towns. 



Cincinnatus.,,. 
Cortl.andville,. 

Cuyler2 

Fret'town 

Harford 

Homer 

Lapeer 

Marathon 

Preble 

Scott 

Solon 

Taylor 

Truston 

Tirgil 

Willet 

Total....'. 





Live Stook. 






Is 








s 


« 


, 


?■ 


:j 


s 


£ = 


S 


« 


1 


369 


978 


1,154 


2,221 


487 


1,078 


1,648 


2,833 


4,918 


1,976 


363 


880 


1,233 


2,062 


626 


227 


619 


628 


1,961 


380 


930 


1,924 


2,390 


3,438 


1,861 


340 


884 


802 


1.696 


450 


338 


862 


1,008 


3,260 


673 


478 


920 


1,032 


2,301 


906 


390 


776 


765 


2,058 


614 


446 


816 


1,170 


1,826 


637 


328 


1,063 


1,133 


2,225 


602 


1,044 


2,406 


4,724 


6,002 


1,9,66 


813 


1,449 


1.909 


6,800 


1,049 


266 


889 


837 


1,663 


437 


7,410 


16,003 


21,668 


41,321 


12,302 



AGRICrLTURAL PRODUCTS. 



668 
2,397} 

226 
1,306 
664 
263 
406 
784 
206 
23 
1694 

1,5764 
3994 



29,020 
117,7724 

34.936 

32,646 

90,381J 

29,4114 

27,774 

80,7094 

44,317 

30,507 

29,640 

77,561 

90,0624 

18,1664 



3,621 
5,964 

3,289 
1,6034 
6,6634 
2,644 
2,887 
2,078 
2,080 
3,645 
3,643 
12,712} 
4,721 
2,627 4 i 



6,660 
21,376 

8,414 
6,260 

21,600 
6,676 
5,937 

11,411 
9,841 
8,63; 
7,805 

26,177 

12,485 
6,411 






14,015 
64,928 

13.860 
10;296 
65,052 

8,671 
17,6; 
24,840 
18.020 
21,788 
13,61 
60,686 
30,474 

8,212 



8,8684 732,884} 56,7694 156,389 361,976 



Dairy Pboocctb. 



118,760 
319,229 

108,690 

72,305 
279,626 

76,970 
135,009 
141,030 

91,825 
140.976 
151,886 
416,246 
243,423 

83,285 



3,070 
28,021 

71,580 

16,220 

28,622 

10,620 

8,101 

4,640 

7,604 

300 

5,836 

517,281 

4,390 

2,595 



859 
1,3474 

971 
1,0004 

903 
1,664 
2,786 

329 
1,227 
1,130 
1.80"4 
2.1474 
3,749} 
1,883 



,379,267 708,679 21,8004 



X Mr. Crittenden embarked, ■with his wifp, child, and goods, 
opon a rude boat, at Chenango Forks, and with a paddle and 
setting-p'tle worked his way up the r.ipid current of the 
Tioughnioga and Otselic Rivers to his place of settlement. 
For 9 years he was the sole inhabitant of the town. Among 
the other first settlers were Jabez .lohnson, (from Tt.,) Benj. 
Wilson, (from Westchester co.,) John Fisher, Thos. Gayley, 



Thos. Tjeach, Phineae Parpent, and John Covert. The first birth 
was that of a child of Eb'r Crittenden. The wives of golomon 
Smith, Danl. Roberts, and F.dward Nickerson all died in 1812; 
and these were the first deaths in town. The first school was 
taught in 1814. Benj. Wilson kept the first inn and built the 
first mill, and John S, Dyer kept the first store. 
2 Formed since 1865. 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Ulster and Otsego, March 10, 1797.' 
It lies upon the headwaters of Delaware River, from which it 
derives its name. It contains an area of 1,580 sq. mi., and is cen- 
trally distant 70 mi. from Albany. Its surface is a hilly and 
mountainous upland, divided into 3 general ridges by the valleys 
of the 2 pirincipal branches of Delaware River. This upland region 
J is a connecting link between the Blue Ridge upon the s. and the 
Catskill and Ilelderbergh Mts. on the N. In the s. part of the co. 
these ridges form a mountainous region, with lofty, rocky peaks and 
precipitous declivities broken by wild and narrow ravines. In the 
N. the highlands are less wild and precipitous, and the whole region 
assumes the character of a rugged, hilly upland.^ The main or w. 
branch of the Delaware' River takes its rise in Utsyanthia Lake,* a small sheet of water upon the 
N. E. line of the co. It flows 60 mi. in a s. w. direction to the w. border of the CO., thence turns 
abruptly to the s. and forms the s. e. boundary of Tompkins and Hancock. In its course in the co. 
it descends about 1000 feet. Pepachton River,^ the e. branch of the Delaware, rises in Rosbury 
and flows 60 mi. s. w., uniting with the Delaware at Hancock. The Susquehanna forms a portion 
of the N. boundary of the co. Charlotte River and Ouleout Creek are tributaries of the Susque- 
hanna. The other streams are creeks and brooks, principally tributaries to the 2 branches of the 
Delaware. The valleys of these streams are usually narrow, and bordered by steep hills which 
often rise into mountains. The rooks of the co. mostly belong to the old red sandstones of the Cats- 
kill division. 

The mineral wealth of the co. is limited to stone useful for building and flagging, of wliioh large 
quantities of a fine quality are found. Vague traditions of silver and lead mines have here, as in 
other counties, hauntcil the brains of dreaming adventurers. A brine spring is reported 4 mi. x. w. 
of Delhi Village, and 1.38-1 feet above tide, another 3 J mi. from Colchester, and several chalybeate 
springs in various parts of the co. ; but none of them are important.' The soil is generally of a 
dark reddish color, composed of the disintegrated sandstone and shale. In the valleys are occa- 
sionally narrow strips of fertile alluvium. Dairying is at present the leading occupation of the 
people. The numerous fresh springs of water issuing from its hillsides,' the fresh herbage, and 
bracing mountain air, seem peculiarly adapted to this business.' Lumber was formerly rafted in 
large quantities to Philadelphia; but, although still extensively exported by K. k., the quantity is 
diminishing.' Since the completion of the r. r., tanneries have sprung up in favored localities, and 
will continue until the supply of bark is exhausted. The other manufactures are chiefly limited 
to the local wants of the inhabitants. The immense amount of water power in the co. will greatly 
facilitate the establishment of manufactories whenever the exigencies of the co. may demand 
them. 



1 The w. branch of tho Delaware waa formprly the boundary 
line between Otsego ami Ulster cos. The line between tliis co. 
and Broome was run according to the treaty of Fort Stanwi.\ 
of Nov. 5, 1768, and was known for a long period as the " Line 
of I^npfrlt/.^' 

2 The followinf? is a list of elevations above tide, principally 
derived from the Slate Uoad Survey in 1S25, and various B. R. 
surveys of more recent date ; — 

Delaware River, F.. bonier (estimated) 8.10 feet. 

.Tunction of the two branches of Delaware..... 932 " 

Hancock Station 94.3 " 

Delaware River at Itales Eddy 950 " 

Dickinsons Station 953 " 

Deposit (State Road Survey) 1004 " 

Sidney Tillaile 1010 " 

M.uth of Beaver Kil 1018 " 

Franklin Villace 1240 " 

Arkville, near Margaretville 1345 " 

Courthouse Square 1453 " 

West Meredith (.7ohn Stittson) 1726 " 

Perch Pond 1765 " 

Stamford Village (Newburgh & Syracuse R. R. 

Suney) 1705 ■' 



Fish Lake, near Delhi 1770 feet. 

Elk Creek Summit (3 or 4 mi. from Delhi) 1859 '■ 

Warner Pass (3 mi. w. of Stamford Village) 1SS7 " 

Head of Delaware, Stamford 1888 " 

Davenport Center 1898 " 

Lowest summit between Ouleout Creek and Delhi 2143 " 

Mt. Pisgah, Andes (estimatetl) 3400 " 

*Otherwi.so called the "Mohawk Branch of the Delaware,'- 
and by the Indians '• Cbokf^itafto'' or " (/art/iiagn." 

* This lake is often mentioned in early documents. In colo- 
nial times it waa at one of tin- angles of -Mbany co. 

6 Sometimes written Popacton. Papotnnk. In the Govern- 
ment returns tho p. o. n.amed from the river is written Po- 
pacton. 

« Br.cl-'s ilinrralori!/ X. Y.. p. 160. 

7 The first court held in the CO. adopted as its seal the devicfl 
of a "stream of water issuing from a high mountain." 

8 111 amount of butter this co. ranks second only to St. Law- 
rence. 

* 111 number of aawmills this zo. is now surpassed by none but 
Steuben and Oneida. 

: 257 



258 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



The CO. seat is located at Delhi. ^ The present courthouse was erected in 1820.^ The co. clerk's 
office and jaiF are in separate buildings, adjacent to the covirthouse. The poorhouse is an old, two 
story wood building, situated upon a farm of 175 acres about 2 mi. s. of Delhi Village. The 
average number of inmates is G5, supported at a cost of $1.00 per week each. The farm yields an 
uicorae of §250. The N. Y. & Erie K. R. extends along the Delaware, and the Albany & Susque- 
hanna R. R. tlirough the n. w. corner. Soon after the completion of the N. Y. & E. R. R., in 1849, 
plank roads were built, extending from several of the stations into the interior of the co,* 

The CO. has 7 weekly newspapers.^ 

The Hardenburgh Patent,^ embracing 10 mi. square, lying s. of the e. branch of the Delaware, 
was granted April 10, 1708, to Johannes Hardenburgh, of Kingston, Ulster co., and associates, 
who had previously purchased the lands of the Indians. A tract of 250,000 acres, between 
the w. branch of the Delaware and a line a mi. e. from the Susquehanna, was bought from 
the Indians at ^'Johnson Hall,'' Montgomery co., June 14, 17G8, by John Harper, Sen., and Gen. 
Wm., Joseph, and Alex. Harper and others. On the s. e. side it extended from Utsyanthia Lake 
down the Delaware to the mouth of a small stream called Camskutty. Within this tract 5 towns, 
with full privileges of townships, were created by patent in 1770; but in none of them was an 
organization ever effected under this authority.'^ 

Under their grant of 10 mi. square the proprietors of the Hardenlmrgli Patent claimed all the 
land between the branches of the Delaware, and leased it to actual settlers.^ In 1844, the settlers, 
who had previously paid annual rents, refused longer to submit to what they believed to be a wrong 
and fraud, and they called for legislative and judicial aid. In the mean time, the lessors prosecuted 
for rent. In 1845, associations were formed to prevent the collection of rent; and when the sheriff 
attempted to make a levy, or to sell property for rent, men disguised as Indians appeared to prevent 
the sale, determined thus to stay proceedings until the question of title should be legally settled. 



1 The courthouse was located by the judges, justices, and 
supervisore; and the sum of $1200 was grauted April 4. 1798, 
for the erection of the co. buildings, on a lot given by Levi Bax- 
ter and George Fish. Under an act of March 28, 1806, the 
eherift's mileage was reckoned from the courthouse; and under 
an act of June 18, 1812, a tavern was allowed to be kept iu the 
courthouse. The courthouse and jail was burned April 17, 1S20, 
and a prisoner confined for some trifling offence perished in the 
flames. An act passed April 11, 1820, authorized a loan of gSOOO 
fur rebuilding, and the present edifice was erected in the sum- 
mer of that year. About a dozen prisoners, on " the limits" at 
the time the jail was burned, were released upon bail ; and it 
happened that while the co. was without a jail there was no 
occasion for its use ; but within a few hours after a prison room 
was so far completed as to hold a prisoner, it was needed and 
occupied. 

" Supernsors' meetings and courts were held at the house of 
Gideon Frisbie until the courthouse waa completed. The first 
CO. officers were Joshua H. Brett, First Judge; Patrick Lamb, 
Wm. Horton, and Gabriel North, Judges; Isaac Hardenburgh 
and Alex. Leal, Asst. Justices; Ebenezer Foote, Chirk; Elias 
Butler, Sheriff; and Anthony Marvin, Surrogate. 

3 The jail is of wood, warmed by furnaces. It contains 4 
rooms, and generally has 1 or 2 inmates. 

< During the first 10 years of this century several turnpikes 

were built through this co., and these tended greatly to i)ro- 

mote settlement, by opening routes to market. 

£> Tlie Dela-ware Gazette was established at Delhi, 

Nov. 18, 1819, by John Jas. Lappan. In 1833 it was 

sold to A. M. Paine, by whom it is now jmldished. 

The Delaware Republican was started at D'lhi, .luly 4, 1822, by 

Elijah J. Roberts, and was continii' d ;ibnnt 2 years. 
The Ddmvare Journal was started at Di_lhi in 18.04, by Geo. 
I^Iarviue, and was continued 1 year. It was revived by 
Bonne & McDonald, but was again discontinued. 
Tlie Delaware Express was started at Dellii, in Jan. 

1839, by Norwood Bowne, the present publishir. 

Voice of the Pwple. an anti-rent paper establisheil at Delhi in 

1845, by Wm. S. Hawley, was continued about 4 years. 

The Deposit Oturier was started in Mnrch, 1849, by C. E. Wright, 

and was continued till Mav, isji.O. From the same office. 

in Sept. 1853. Sylvester D. Ilnlso issued 

The Deposit Union Democrat, and still continues to 

piililish it. 
Tlic Bloomville Mirror was begun May 2S, ISol, by 
S. B. Champion. The first number contained but 101 
words, and till July no price was fixed. The " office,'' 
located in the corner of a mill, consisted of 10 lbs. of 
type without a press; and the paper was "printed" hy 
striking with a mallet on a block laid over the type. 
It has grown into respectable size, and has an unusually 
large patronage for a country newspaper. It is now 
printed on a power press. 
The Hobart Free Press was started Jan. 1855, by E. B. 

Fenn. 
The We^l-ly Visitor was commenced April 14. 1855, at Franklin, 
by Geo. W. Reynolds. It has been changed to 



The Franklin Visitor, and is still published. 

I'he Waltan Journal, commenced in 1S56 by E. P. Ben'ay, was 

continued 2 years. 
The Village Record was established at Hobart in 1856, 

by G. \V. Albright. 
The Walton Blade was commenced in 1S56 by E. P. Berray, but 

was soon after discontinued. 

6 Most of the Hardenburgh Patent was surveyed by Ebenezer 
VTooster, in 1749; and in that year the proprietors released to 
each other certain lots, bounded by monuments on the Deiawaro 
and Papaknnk Rivers. After the Revolution it was found that 
the monuments were lost, and an act, passed March 29, 1790, 
appointed Charles Tappen and Jas. Coekburn commissioners 
to make a survey of certain lines, to be properly marked by 
stone heaps every 2 mi. along the division lines. The tract was 
divided into great tracts, numbered from 1 to 42. Of these, 36 
to 42 lay between the branches of the Delaware, and parts of 2 
to 8 s. of the E. branch. 

7 These towns were as follows: 



Names of 
Townships. 


Date of 
Patent. 


Acres. 


Patentees. 


Bedlington, 


May 24, 1770, 


27,000 


John Lake and asso- 
ciates. 


Franklin, 


Feb. 26, 1770, 


30,000 


Tbomasw Darton and 
Reese Meredith. 


Goldsborough, 


June 15, 1770, 


6,000 


Edward Tudor, Ber- 
nard Ratzer, and 
John Clark. 


Strasburgh, 


Dec. 4, 1770, 


37,000 JohnButlerandasao- 

ciates. 


■VThiteborough, 


March 10, 1770, 


38,000 1 Henry White and as- 
1 sociates. 



The quitrents of these lauds were fixed at 2 shillings sixpence 
per 100 acres, payable annually on the Feast of the Annuncia- 
tion of R. V. M. There was generally in the patent 1 name to 
each 1000 acres of the grant, although the bona fide owners were 
usually few in numbers. 

8 A select committee of the Assembly, in 1846, reported the 
following tracts under lease in this co. : Kortright Patfnt, 20,000 
acres, mostly leased in fee. at sixpence sterling j)er acre. It 
was offered for sale at $2 per acre. Desbrosse^ Tract. (Harden- 
burgh Patent,) 60.000 acres, mostly leased in fee between 1790 
and 1807, at 1 shilling per acre after the first 7 years. Farms 
from 100 to 200 acres. Morgan Lewis Estate, 20,000 acres, about 
15,000 under perpetual lease, at 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres 
after 15 years: for the first 5 of the 15 years it was rent free, a 
years for one-half rent, and 5 for three-qu-arters. G. and 
S. Verplanck, 3 tracts, originally 50,000 acres, of which less than 
20.000 were under lease. J{. R. Livingston and Jilrs. Mont- 
Qomery., 20,000 acres, under perpetual lease, on a rent of 20 bush, 
of wheat per 100 acres. Gm. Armstrong. 8,000 acres, under 
lease for 3 lives, at 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres. Hunter"! 
and Oi'iring's large tracts in this co., Sullivan, aud Greene, in 
fee, with a rent of 12J to 15 or 18 cents per acre. 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



259 



An act was passed, Jan. 25, 1845, forbidding persons from appearing disguised and armed, under a 
penalty of imprisonment in the co. jail for a term not exceeding 6 months. Persons thus armed and 
disguised might be prosecuted under the fictitious names they assumed, if their real names could not 
be discovered ; and such persons assembling in public houses or other places to the number of three 
ormore might, upon conviction, be imprisoned lyear in the co. jail. If convicted upon an indictment 
for a conspiracy or riot or other misdemeanor, in which offense they were armed with deadly weapons, 
they were further liable to a fine not exceeding $250, with or without a year's imprisonment. In a 
few cases these laws were disregarded ; several arrests weremade, and the co. was declared in a state 
of rebellion. Aug. 7, 1845, Sheriff Moore, accompanied by P. P. Wright, went to the town of Andes 
to sell the property of Moses Earl upon execution for rent. There he found 176 men armed and dis- 
guised, who told him to do his duty, and they would protect him: "but," said they, "let bidders 
beware." The sheriff and Indiana drove the cattle near the road, the Indians forming a semicircle 
about the property. At this crisis Dept. Sheriffs Osman N. Steele and R. Edgarton (whom Sheriff 
Moore had requested not to come to the sale) appeared on horseback, jumped their horses over the 
fence, were joined by Wright, and rode into the midst of the Indians, flourishing their revolvers and 
firing several shots. The Indians gave ground ; but thechief ordered them to shoot the horses. Seve- 
ral shots were made, killing the horses of Steele and Edgarton, and mortally wounding Steele, who 
survived but a few hours.' The Governor immediately issued a proclamation declaring the co. to be 
in a state of insurrection, and placing it under martial law. A battalion of 300 militia, one-half of 
whom were mounted, were called out and placed at the disposal of tbe local ofiicers.' They con- 
tinued in service several months. The mounted men were actively employed the first 2 or 3 months 
in small detachments, aiding the civil authorities in making arrests, and in patrolling day and 
night such districts as the exigency of the service required. The residue was employed in guard- 
ing the jail, and as foot patrols in the vicinity of Delhi on the occasion. On two occasions detach- 
ments of troops attended the sheriff to State prison with prisoners.' 

ANDES* — was formed from Middletown, April 13, 1819. It lies on the s. e. border of the co., 
E. of the center. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, intersected by the deep, narrow ravines 
of the E. branch of the Delaware and its branches. The hiUs are high, rocky, and irregular, and 
are bordered by steep declivities.' The Delaware flows s. w. through near the center of the town. 
Trempers Kil, Little Bush Kil, and Shaw Brook are the other principal streams. The valleys of 
these streams are all narrow and tortuous and are bordered by rocky hillsides. A considerable 
portion of the town is still covered with forests. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam underlaid 
by hardpan upon the hills, and a gravelly loam of good quality in the valleys. Andes, (p. v.,) 
nn Trempers Kil, in the N. part of the town, contains an academy,' 3 churches, a flouring mill, and 
2 tanneries. Pop. 350. Cabin Hill, (p. o.,) in the n. w., is a hamlet. Shavertown and 
Trempers H.I1 are p. offices. Permanent settlement commenced in 1784. A few farms were 
taken up prior to the Revolution, but were abandoned. The w. part of the town began to be 
settled in 1794-96.' Rev. Mr. House, of Colchester, held the first religious meetings, in 1797.' 

BOVIXA'— was formed from Delhi, Stamford, and Middletown, Feb. 25, 1820. It is an inte- 
rior town, lying directly e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the 
deep valleys of small streams. The highest summits are 1500 to 2500 ft. above tide. The streams 
are Little Delaware River, flowing w. through the center of the town. Bush Creek, the outlet of 
Teunis Lake, and Coulter, Maynard, Moimtain, and Grants Brooks. The valleys of these streams 



' For full particulars see Govemor^s Message in 1S46, and 
Goidd'a Hut. Del.' Cb.^ Chap. xii. About 90 persons were in- 
dicted for the murder, of whom one-third were arrested. Two 
(o'Conner and Van Steenburgh) were convicted and sentenced 
to be executed, but their punishment was commuted to State 
prison for life by Gov. Wright, and they were fully pardoned by 
Gov. Young. The co. remained under martial law from Aug. IS 
to Dec. 22, 1845. The murder of Steele led to the speedy aban- 
donment of secret organizations and Indian coetumes. 

- A company of volunteers under Benj. T. Cook, and another 
under John R. Baldwin, were formed, and organized into a bat- 
talion under Thom.as Marvine as major. A company of light 
infantry from Unadilla, under Capt. Holies, waa also called out, 
and reported themselves to M^. Marvine. 

» Adjutant General's Report: Assem, Doc. 6, 1846. The whole 
expense of this service was S*^,6S3 20, which was charged to the 
CO., but has never been repaid. Considerable tracts of land have 
since been conveyed in fee: and of others, the rent is now paid 
as formerly, and if in arrears, suits are instituted without tliffl- 
cnlty. 

* Namod from the mountainous character of its surface. 



^ " Mt. Pisgah" is the highest point between the two branches 
of the Del.aware. By a r.r. survey from Oneonta by way of Elk 
Creek, Delhi and Fish Lake, the Fish Lake summit is ascertained 
to be 1040 ft. above tide. By another route, up the Little Dela- 
ware and Coulters Brook, the" highest point on the lino was almost 
the same height. RIt. Pisgah measured ISOO ft. above this, or 
about 3400 feet above tide. 

fl Erected by Henry Dowie in 1847. It is not incorp. 

^ Among the first settlers were James Phcenix, Olmsted, 

Peter Burgher, Joseph Erskine, Silas Parish. E. Washburn, Eli 
Sears, Jacob, Adam, and Philip Shaver, and Philip Barnhart. 
The first birth w.as that of Philip, son of Adam Shaver, Oct. 9, 
1786; tho first marriage, that of Henry Myers and Catharine 
Shaver, Juno 17, 1789 ; and the first death, that of Wm. June. 
Wm. Washburn taught the first school, in 1792-93; Edward 
Sands kept tho first store, Russell Comstock the first inn, and 
Robt. More built the first mill on Trempers Kil in 1797. 

8 The census reports 8 churches ; 2 Asso. Ref. Prot., and 1 each 
Bap., 0. S. Bap., Cong., M. E., Presb., and Union. 

• Name applied by Gen. Erastus Root, from the Latin, in allu- 
sion to its fitness for grazing. 



260 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



are narrow and are bordered by steep, rocky hillsides. Teunis Lake^ (s.) and Landons Lake (w.) 
are small bodies of water. The surface is stony, and the soil is generally a clay loam, ad- 
mirably adapted to grazing. Brushland,^ (p-v.,) on the Little Delaware, contains a tan- 
nery, gristmill, and clothing works. Pop. 183. BOTina,^ (P-'^-O ^t the junction of Maynard 
and Mountain Brooks, contains about a dozen houses. The 

first settlement was begun in 1792, by Elisha B. Maynard, and during the succeeding 3 years 
many families from Conn, and Scotland located in the ralleys.* Rev. James Richie conducted the 
first religious services, in 1795. The first church (Un. Presb.) was formed in 1809. The census 
reports 3 churches; M. E., Asso. Presb., and Ref. Presb. 

COLiCHESTER^— was formed from Middletown, April 10, 1792. A part was annexed to 
Walton in 1799; Hancock was taken ofi* in 1806, and a part of Walton was annexed in 1827. It 
occupies a central position upon the s. e. border of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, 
broken by the narrow valleys of the streams. The e. branch of the Delaware flows westward 
through the n. part of the town, dividing the highlands into two distinct parts. From the n. it 
receives West Trout, Downs, and Coles Brooks, and from the s. Clearwater and several smaller 
brooks. Beaver Kil flows through the 3. w. corner, receiving Spring Brook as a tributary. The 
valleys of these streams are all narrow, and many hundred feet below the summits of the hilla 
which rise on either side. The soil is a reddish clay, and is often very stony. A considerable 
Bhare of the surface is still covered with forests. Lumbering is extensively piirsued. Dofrns- 
ville,^ (P'"^-*) on the Delaware, at the mouth of Downs Creek, contains 3 churches. Pop. 206. 
Pepacton and Colchester are p. offices. The first settlement was begun in May, 1774.'' 
The first religious services (Bap.) were conducted by Elder Haynes, and the first church (Bap.) was 
formed in 1803. There are now 2 churches in town; M. E. and Presb. 

DAVEWPORT^— was formed from Kortright and Maryland, (Otsego co.,) March 31, 1817. 
It lies along the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a broken upland, divided into 
two ridges by the valley of Charlotte River, which extends e. and w. through the center of the 
town. These ridges are subdivided by the narrow, lateral valleys of tributaries of Charlotte 
River. The soil is a chocolate colored clay loam mixed with slate. Ferg'USOUVille,^ (P-'^-O 
on Charlotte River, on the E. border of the town, contains an academy,*^ a church, and several manu- 
facturing establishments. Pop. 125. Davenport, (p-^^-t) 3 mi. below, contains a population 
of 95. Davenport Center (p. v.) contains a cradle and rake factory and 5 sawmills. Pop. 
125. "West Davenport" (p. v.) contains a woolen factory, 3 sawmills, and 90 inhabitants. 

The first settlers were Daniel Farnsworth and Pross, who located upon the present site of 

Davenport Center in 1786.^^ At that time an Indian trail, of sufficient width to admit the passage 
of wagons, extended along Charlotte River. Elder Mudge (M. E.) conducted the first religious 
services, and commenced regular preaching in 1813." 

DEEHIi*— was formed from Middletown, Kortright, and Walton, March 23, 1798. A part 
of Bovina was taken off in 1820, and a part of Hamden in 1825. A part was annexed to Walton in 



1 This lake lies near the foot of Mt. Pisgah, and its shores are j 
inudtiy, and covered with bushes and coarse grass. It was 
cameii from a friendly Indian who saved the early settlers of 
Middl'-town from massacre by giving them a timely warning. 
His hnt was near the lake, and he remained several years after 
the war. Tradition attributes to this region rich lead mines 
known only to Indians. 

s Named from Alex. BruRh, first settler and proprietor. 

8 Locally known as ■' Butt End.** 

* Francis Coulter, Levi and Jacob Mabie, Jas. Kidzie, Andrew 
Chisholm, Jas. Kay, Thos. Liddle, Sam'l Davis, and A. Nichols, 
were early settlers. The first birth was that of Elisha II., son 
of Elisha B. Maynard, An^;. 26, 1793; the first marriage, that 
of Jas. Russell and Nancy Richie, in 1799; and the first death, 

that of Hezekiah David, in 179S. Edwards taught the 

first school, in ISOS; James Wetmore kept the first inn, at the 
"Hook;" Robert Hume the first store, at Brnshland; Stephen 
Palmer built the first mill, in 1796, for Gov. Lewis; and John 
Jerome the first factory, in ISOS. 

ft Name applied by Joseph Gee, from Colchester, Conn. ' 

8 Named from Abel Downs, who erected thCTO extcnsiTO tan- 
neries and mills. 

T Timothy Russell, Thos. and John Gregory, (from Westchester 
CO.j) Frederick Miller, (still living, 1S69, aged luO years,) Jas. and 
S. Shaver, Silas Bowker, Peter, Harry, and Nehemiah Avery, 
Jacob Bramhart, Daniel and Wm. Parish, and Wm. Rose, began 
settlement before the war, but were driven off by the Indians 
and tories. Before leaving they buried their iron implements, 
to preserve them. After the war several of the families returned, 
and were joined by Wm. Horton, Abraham Sprague, Thos. Cal- 



breth, Nathan Elwood, Nathan Fnller, Joseph Gee, Caleb and 
Henry Sutton, Jas. Miller, and Dennis. Jared, and John Ilitt. 
The first birth was that of Catharine, a daughter of Wm. Koe, Dec. 
24, 17S4; and the first death, that of Thomas Gregory. Adam J. 
Doll opened the first store, and built the first bridge across the 
river at the place now known as Brooks Bridge. Wm. Ruse built 
a sawmill in 1790. On the farm of Wm. Early, near the month 
of Coles Brook, is the site of an Indian village, with many of the 
apple trees planted by the natives still standing. 

8 Named from Julin Davenport, an early settler and first 
snpervisor. 

9 Named from Me8srs,rergu8on, who were largely engaged in 
business here. 

10 Erected by the Fergnsons about 1848. 

11 Called Ad-a-quightin-ge, or Ad-i-<jua-tan-gie. by the iDdiaoB. 

12 Among the other first Bettlers were Humphrey Denio. Geo. 

Webster, Daniel Olmstead, Van Valkenbnrgh, Harmon 

Moore, and Elisha Orr. Dr. Dan'l Fuller came in 1^96, and waa 
the first physician. The first marriages were those of Harmon 
Moore and Mary Orr. and Richard Moore and M. Banks, in 1791, 
the two marriages taking place at the same time; the first biith 
was that of a child of Harmon Moore, who died in infancy; this 
was the first death. The first death of an adult was that of Mrs. 
Harmon Moore, in 1796. Wid. Hannah Dodge taught the first 
school ; Dan'l Prentice built the first grist and saw mill, in 1792- 
93, and it is believed he kept the first inn. Ezra Denio kept the 
first store, in 1800. 

18 The census reports 5 churches ; 3 M. E., F. W. Bap., and Presb. 

1* Named through the influence of Judge Ebenezer Foote. The 

name of^'MajtUtan" was suggested by several prominent citizen* 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



261 



1812. It occupies a nearly central position in the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the 
deep valleys of the streams. The w. branch of the Delaware flows s. w. through the center of the 
town, receiving from the n. w. Platners, Peeks, Steels, and Elk Creeks, and from the s. e. Little 
Delaware River. The valleys are generally narrow and bordered by steep hills. The soil is a 
clay loam, and the surface is very stony in places. Delbi, (p. v.,) the county seat, is finely situated 
on the N, bank of the w. branch of the Delaware. It was incorp. March 16, 1821. Besides the 
CO. buildmgs, it contains the Delhi Academy,' 4 churches, a bank, 2 printing offices, a woolen factory, 
an iron foundry, a gristmill, and a sawmill. Pop. 919. The first settlement was commenced by 
Abel and John Kidder, in 1785.^ The first religious meetings were conducted by Elder Kidder 
Beck, in 1786. The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1798.* 

FRANR1.ITV*— was formed from Harpersfield, April 10, 1792. Walton was taken ofi" in 
1797, and a part was restored in 1801. A part of Meredith was taken ofi" in 1800, Sidney in 1801, 
and a part of Otego, (Otsego co.,) as '' Hunisville" in 1822. It lies upon the n. border of the co., 
w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by deep and narrow valleys. The principal 
streams are Ouleout^ Creek, flowing w. through the n. part of the town, and its two tributaries from 
the s., Croton Creek and Handsome Brook. The soil upon the hills is a shaly loam underlaid by hard- 
pan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Franklin, (p-v-,) on the Ouleout, in 
the N. w. part of the town, contains the Delaware Literary Institute,^ printing office, and 3 churches. 
Pop. 490. Croton (p. v.) is situated upon Croton Creek, near the line of Meredith. Pop. 200. 
IVortb Franklin is a p. o. Sluman Wattles, afterward judge, was the first white settler who built 
his cabin in the valley of the Ouleout. He came in 1785, and was accompanied by his brothers John 
and Roger and his sisters Sarah and Caroline. The town was surveyed under Judge Wattles, who 
acquired one of the 4 shares.' The first church (Bap.) was formed at the house of Gad Merrick by 
Elder Hamilton, in 1798.« 

HAMDE^— was formed from Walton and Delhi as ''Hampderiy" April 4, 1825. Its name 
was corrected March 17, 1826. It is the central town of the co. Its surface is a mountainous 
upland, divided into two parts by the valley of the w. branch of the Delaware. The s. part is 
covered by lofty peaks and ridges scarcely susceptible of cultivation. Bagleys Brook, a tributary 
of the Delaware, and Clove Brook, in the s. e. part, are the other principal streams. The soil is 
generally a brownish clay loam underlaid by hardpan. Uamden^ (P-v.,) upon the Delaware, 
near the center, contains mills, a woolen and satinet factory, and 2 churches. Pop. 191. !Lan- 
sing^'llle^ IJ mi. above, on the s. side of the river, contains 2 churches and IIG inhabitants. 
IVortb Hamden is a p. o. Tne first settlers were Daniel Harrower and Benajah McCall, who 
came in some time previous to 1795.^ The census reports 4 churches in town.^** 

HANCOCK"— was formed from Colchester, March 28, 1806. It lies upon Delaware River, in 
the s. w. corner of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, ending in high and nearly pre- 
cipitous bluffs upon the Delaware, and divided into two parts by the e. branch of the Delaware, 
which flows w. through the n. part. Beaver Kil flows into the e. branch in the e. part of the town. 
Sands and Cadosia Creeks and Rieds and Baxters Brooks are tributaries of the e. branch of the 
Delaware, from the n. ; and Big Trout, Basket Pond, Giers, Sand Pond, Lords, and Homer Pond 



1 The first acndemic building was erected in 1S20, on the 
public square, near the courthouse. In 1856-57 a new site was 
procured, containing 20 acres, upon the w. bank of St^jels Brook, 
and a new edifice, with two epacious boarding halla. was erected. 
The site is commanding, and affords a fine view of the villafro. 
The institution has been endowed by moneys derived from the 
sale of escheated lands in tho co. to the value of $5114. Its total 
property amounts to $28,820. 

* Among the first settlers were Judge Gideon Frisbee, Thos. 
Farrington, Bartholomew Tandes, Joseph Denio, Geo. Fipber. 
John, Francis, and Levi Baxter, Preston, and Gideon Rath- 
bone and his eons John, David, and Gideon, jr. The first birth 
was that of Uuldah, daugliter of Gideon Frisbee, June 14, 17S7; 
the first marriage, that of Philip Frisbee and Jerusha Harmon, 
in 1791; and the first death of an adult, that of Dr. Philip Fris- 
bee, in 1797. Thos. Averill taught the first school. The first mills 
were built in 1788. 

8 The census reports 8 churches; 2 Christian, 2 Presb., and 1 
each Prot. E., Bap., M. E., and Asso. Presb. 

* The township of Franklin, embracing 30,000 acres, was 
patented Feb. 26, 1770, with the usual powers uf a township, and 
* quitrcnt of two and eixpt-nco for every 100 acres annually. 
The patentees were Thos. Wharton, Reese Meredith, and 28 
others. It was named from Temple Franklin, a natural son of 
Pr. Benj. Franklin. 



6 In the great Indian purchase of 250,000 acres, June 14, 1768, 
this stream is named Au-ly-ou-let. 

6 The buildings consist of one large stone edifice, containing 
recitation rooms. &c., and two large boarding halla. The total 
property of the institution is valued at $20,000. 

7 Among the early settlers were Nath'l Edgerton, Jas. Follett, 
Alex. Smith, Daniel and Chauncey, sons of Enos Parker, Gen. 
Aaron Chamberlain, Moses Clark, Asa Turner, Gad Merrick, 

Hugh Thompson, Eph'm McCall, Case, Turner and Daniel 

Clarke, Sol. Green, John Dewey and sons, MaJ. Joel Gillett, 

Mix, Sharp, and Fitch. The first child born was Thos. 

Edgerton ; the first marriago was that of Judah Bartlett and 
Caroline Wattles; and the first death, that of Mrs. Alexander 
Smith, in 1795. Shuman Bartlett taught tho first school, and 
Asa Turner kept the first inn and store. 

9 The census reports 8 churches ; 3 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Cong., and 
Union. 

* Among the first settlers were Joseph Fisk, Henry Van Wag 
goner, Jas. Mason, Reuben Ward, Henry Edwards, Henry and 
John Howard, Sam'l R')I>inaon,Wm.C<.irn'-ll. and John and Silaa 
Grimes. Jas. Howard kept the first inn, in 179(>, and Matthiaa 
Sweney built the first gristmill, in 1797. Gen. Eliaa Butler waa 
the first merchant near the Walton line. 

10 Asso. Presb.. Christian. Cong., and Presb. 

i» Named in honor of John Hancock, President of Continental 
Congress. 



262 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



Brooks, are tributaries of the Delaware. These streams all flow through narrow ravines bordered 
by steep, rocky hills nearly perpendicular. The valley at the junction of the two branches is 922 
feet above tide, and at the mouth of Beaver Kll it is 1018 ft. above tide. The summits are 1000 to 
1500 ft. above the valleys. A large portion of the surface is still covered with forests. The soil 
upon the uplands is a hard clayey loam, scarcely susceptible of cultivation. Lumber, leather, 
Bhingles, and staves are largely manufactured. Ilaucock,^ (p. v.,) at the junction of the two 
branches of the Delaware, is an important trading and R. R. station. Pop. 502. Stockport 
Station and LiOi'dsville are r. r. stations and p. offices. East Brancb, (p. v.,) at the 
mouth of Beaver Kil, contains 2 churches and 20 houses ;andllarvard, (p.v.,)3mi.aboveE. 
Branch, 15 houses ; Partridge Island, on the e. branch, at the mouth of Rieds Brook, and 
Cadosia Valley, (p. o.,) on Hawks Brook, 3 mi. above Hancock, are hamlets. Before the Revo- 
lution two families settled in town ; but they soon after left and never returned. The first perma- 
nent settlement was made soon after the close of the war by families from Dutchess co.'' In 1784, 
Canope, a friendly Indian, was treacherously killed in this town by Bon Haines.' The first reli- 
gious meetings (M. E.) were conducted by Rev. Titus WLUiams.'' 

HARPERSFIEL,»5— was formed March 7, 1788. Franklin was taken off in 1792, Kort- 
right in 1793, and a part of Stamford in 1834. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its sui-face 
is a rolling upland, constituting a portion of the high plateau region stretching westward from the 
Catskill Mts. The principal streams are head branches of the w. branch of the Delaware, in the 
s. ; of Middle Brook, in the center ; and of Charlotte River, in the u. The valleys are usually 
narrow, and bordered by gradually sloping hills arable to their summits. The soil is a shaly 
and slaty loam of good quality. The quality of the soil, and the great abundance of pure soft 
water which issues from the hillsides, render this co. one of the finest grazing regions in the State. 
Ilarpersfleld, (p. v.,) near the e. line, contains 20 houses. IVortli Uarperstield (p. o.) is 
a hamlet. FergTUSonville (p. v.) lies on the line of Davenport, Nortli Kortright (p. v.) on 
the line of Kortright, and Stamford (p. v.) on the line of Stamford. This town formed pai't of a 
large purchase made from the Indians by the Harpers in 1768.° In 1771, Col. John Harper and 
David Hendi-y surveyed this town, and a small settlement was made soon after. One of the first 
settlers was Samuel Claxton, a tory. Several murders were committed by tories and Indians 
during the war, and the settlement was abandoned. In 1784, Col. John, Capt. Wm., Col. Alex., 
and Joseph Harper returned, and began the first permanent settlement." Rev. John Lindsley 
conducted the first religious services, at an early period. There are now two churches in town, 
Bap. and Presb. 

H.ORTRIGHT'— was formed from Harpersfield, March 12, 1793. A part of Delhi was 
taken off in 1798, a part of Meredith in 1800, a part of Davenport in 1817, and a part of Stamford 
in 1834. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, 
troken by narrow valleys and ravines. The mean elevation of the town is 1700 ft. above tide, and 
the highest simimits attain an elevation of 2400 ft. The streams are the w. branch of the Delaware, 
forming its s. boundary, and its tributaries, and several small tributaries of Charlotte River, 
draining the N. half of the town. The hills are steep, but are generally susceptible of cultivation. 
The soil is adark, shaly loam, well adapted to pasturage. Blooniville (p. v.) is in the s. w. part 
of the town. Pop. 184. Kortri§^llt Center (Kortright p. o.) contains a church and 25 houses. 
IVortb Kortriglit (p. o.) and South Kortrigbt (p. o.) are farming neighborhoods. Setr 



1 Formerly " Shohakin" or '* CJi^hocton" 8aid to signify the 
unioQ of streams. A planli road extends from this place to 
Walton, a distance of 21 J mi. 

3 Among tlie first settlers were Dr. Elnathan Gregory and his 
Eon Samuel, John Barber. Daniel Bonker, llenry Ruff, Timothy 

Rine, Chris. Ruff, Dennis Ilitt, Uilbert, Leonard, (from 

New England, who settled on Reeds Flat,) John Hitt, John and 
Richard Biddlecon, Ebr. Wheeler, Win., Jos., John, and Sam'l 
Mallory, (near Partridge Island,) .Tosiah Parker. Geo. Hanks, 

and Jones, (at Hancock Village.) The first birth was that 

af Elisha, son of Dan'I Bouker, May 11, 1792; the first marriage, 
that of Abni. Sprague and Puily Parish, in 1791; and the first 
death, that of Lieut. Day. John Gregory taught the first school. 

3 OouWs Hist. Del. Co., p. 184. 

* The census reports 6 churches; 3 M. £., and 1 each Bap., 
Cong., and R. C. 

6 Named in honor of Col. John Harper, a proprietor and 
pioneer settler. The family consisted of John and his wife 
Abigail and nine children, — Wm., James, Mary, John, Joseph, 
Alexander, Abigail, and two others. The brothers were ardent 
patriots of the Revolution and active defenders of liberty. 
t^eir names are intimately associated with oar State history. 



* On the 2d of April, 17S0, a party of 14 prrsone, under Capt. 
Ale.x. Harper, was sent from Schoharie to Harpersfield for the 
purpose of making maple sugar and watching the disafi"ected 
in that quarter. On lu3 return, Cajit. H. was taken prisoner by 
a party of tories and 43 Indians. Of the party he bad left, 3 were 
killed and the rest taken prisoners. The representation made 
by Capt. Harper concerning the strength of the Schoharie settle- 
ment saved it from destruction at that time. 

t Roawell Hotchkiss, and Levi and Jedediah Gaylord. settled 
with the Harpers near the center of the town. Jo.'siah Seely, 

Matthew Lindsley, Sam'l and John Knapp, 2 Hamiltons, 

Washburn, Isaac Pierce, Stephen Judd, Sam'l, Eliab, and 

.John Wilcox, Richard and John Bristol, Atajah Baird, B.vron 
Mclivaine, D.avid and John McCuUough, Isaac Patchin, Wm. 
Lamb, Caleb Gibbs, and Wm. McFarland were among the early 
settlers. Rebecca Harper, born Jan. 8, 1783, was the first birth 
after the war. Rev. John Lindsley is believed to have taught 
the fii-at school. A gristmill, erected about 1775 by Col. 
Harper, was burned by the enemy, and was rebuilt soon after 
the war. 

8 Named from Lawrence Kortright, the patentee. 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



263 



tlements commenced before the Revolution, but were broken up by the war,^ The first permanent 
settlers after the -war were from Conn., Dutchess cc, N. Y., and Scotland.^ The first church 
(Presb.) was formed in 17S9: Rev. Wm. McAuley settled in town in Sept. 1794, and was installed 
pastor June 6, 1795. He filled that office until the time of his death, March 21, 1851, a period 
of 56 years.* 

MASOIVVILiliE*— was formed from Sidney, April 4, 1811. Its surface is a hilly upland, 
divided into 2 ridges by the valley of Bennetts Creek, which extends e. and w. through the N. part 
of the town. These ridges are subdivided by numerous lateral ravines, through which flow small 
brooks. The highest summits are 600 to 1000 feet above the valleys and 1800 U> 2000 feet above 
tide. The surface is stony, and the soil a shaly loam, difficult of cultivation except in the valleys. 
masonvllle (p.v,) is situated on Bennetts Creek, in the w. part of the town. Pop. 234. The 
first settlement was commenced in 1795, on ** Cochhurns Gore,''^ ujx)n the w. border of the town, by 
immigrants from Mass.^ In 1797, the State Road from Cherry Valley to Jericho was opened 
through the town. The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Joel Chapin, in 1797. The 
first church (Bap,) was formed Dec. 7, 1811. There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb. and M. E. 

MEREDITH^ — was formed from Franklin and Kortright, March 14, 1800. It is an interior 
town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, less broken than most of the 
towns in the co. The s. and e. parts of the town are occupied by the high ridges forming the 
watershed between Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers. The streams are small brooks and creeks. 
The soil is a reddish clay and shaly loam. Ouleout (p. v.) contains 25 houses. Mereditb 
Square (Meredith p. o.) contains 2 churches and 20 houses. West lUereditb (p. o.) is a 
hamlet. These last two places are on the old Catskill Turnpike. Settlement was begun in 1787, by 
Joseph Bramhall, whose family were sole inhabitants till 1793.^ Elder Nathan Stilson (Bap.) held 
the first meetings. He was not a regular preacher, but a zealous promoter of education and religion.® 

MIDOLETOWIV— was formed from Rochester and Woodstock, (Ulster co.,) March 3, 1789. 
Colchester was taken off in 1792, a part of Delhi in 1798, Andes in 1819, and a part of Bovina in 
1820. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, bisected by the 
deep, narrow valley of the e. branch of the Delawax'e. The principal streams ai'e Delaware River, 
Platte Kil, Batavia Kil, Rod Kil, Bush Kil, and Mill Creek, The valleys of these streams are 
bordered by steep, rocky hillsides often rising into mountains. The soil is a shaly and gravelly 
loam. Margaretville,^^ (p-^-j) on the n. bank of the Delaware, near the center of the town, 
contains 40 houses. OrifliBls CornerSj" (p-v.,) on the Bush Kil, in the s.e. part, contains 30 
houses. Clovesvllle, (p.o.,) Solitude, and Arkville are hamlets on the Bush Kil, below 
Griffins Corners. Ory Brook Settlement is a lumber station on the s. branch of the Bush 
Kil. Oalcottsvllle,^- (p. o.,) on the Delaware, near the e. border of the town, is a hamlet of a 
dozen houses. Spruceville is a little settlement between Ilalcottsville and Margaretville. 
IVew Kin^ston^^ (p-o-) is a hamlet upon the Platte Kil, in the n. part of the town. Clarks 
Factory" (p. o.) is a little settlement on the Platte Kil, near its mouth. liUmbcrvllle (p. o.) 



1 Among these early Bettlors wcro Alex. Mille, agent for the 
proprietor, Alex. Leal, Dauiel JlcGilivrne, and Ilugb Clark. The 
township was surveyed by Wm. Cockburn in 1770, and the first 
improvement began eoou after. 

2 By an advertiaement dated Jan. 1785, it appears that 30 
families were then settled in town. The proprietor oflTered 150 
tarms, more or less improved, tree of rent 5 years, and sixpence 
sterliug per acre annually after forever. The first school waa 
taught by Jared Blakoley, in 1795. Thos. McAuley, brother of 
the minister, and afterward Prof, in Union College, taught here 
in 1799. Judge Keeler waa the next teacher. A Mr. Alexander 
built a mill before the war, and the irons concealed then have 
never been found. The first birth wasthatof Dan'lMcGilivrae; 
the first marriage, that of Michael Sexsmith and Maiy Ann 
Kiggs; and the first death, that of a son of Isaac Kandell. By 
an act of April 5, 1810, fairs were established Id the tillage of 
*' Health," in this town, for the sale of live stock, agricultural 
produce, and domestic manufactures. It was to be supported by 
a tax of 1 per cent, on all sales. 

8 The census reports 6 churches; 3 Asao. Ref. Presb., 2 M. E., 
and 1 Ref Presb. 

4 Named from the Rev. John M. Mason, of N. Y., principal 
owner of the Evans Patent in this town. 

& A narrow strip of land between Evans Patent and the "Line 
of Property." 

* Among the early settlers were Wm. and Aden Wait, Danl. 
Scrnnton, Enoe Goodman. Justin Xash, Pores Moody aud 3on 
Moses, Asa, Terry, and Caleb Monson. The first birth was that 
of Sally, daughter of Daniel Wait, Aug. 10, 1797, and the first 
death was that of Wm. Wait, the same summer. Dr. Eli Em- 



mons taught the first school ; Simeon Wells kept the first inn ; 
Fitch & Phelpa the first store, In 1S08 ; and Joseph Bickneli 
bcilt the firMt saw and grist mill, in 1S02. 

7 Named from Sam'l Meredith, of Philadeljihia, who owned a 
part of Franklin Patent. Hon. Saml. A. Law came into this 
town in 1796, as agent and part owner of the Franklin Patent, 
Being a New England man he influenced a large immigration 
of New Englanders to this place, giving to it the peculiar 
characterieticB of a Connecticut town. 

8 Among the early settlers who came In 1793 were Nathan 
Stilson, Caleb Strong, Natb'i Stewart, Ohver Button, Dan'l North, 
and Truman Stilson. Lucy Austin taught tbf firnt school; Joa. 
Brambidl kept the first inn, and the first birth and death oc- 
curred in his family. Rufus Bunnell kept the first store, at the 
Square, in 1799; David Spoor built the first gristmill, in 1802. 
The first marriage of settlers was that of Elijah Georgia and 
Keziah Stewart, who eloped and were married in the fall of 
1796. 

^ The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Bap., 1 F. W. Bap., and 1 
Cong. 

10 Theold Indian village of "Po-A-a-iapft-A-an" was situated about 
1 mi. K. of this village, at the mouth of the Bush Kil. 

11 Named from the Grifiin dmily, early proprietors and resi- 
dents. 

12 A wctolen factory is located at this place. 

13 This village is situated in the center of a tract of land given 
by Wm. Livingston to 100 sufferers of the Kingston fiie in 1777 
Each family received 50 acres. 

1* Named from the Messrs, Claiks, who have an extensive tan- 
nery Qt this place. 



264 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



is a lumber station at the mouth of Mill Creek, in the w. part of the town. A vague tradition 
exists of an early settlement of this town by French traders, but no pusitive proof. In 1762-63 a 
party from Hurley, Ulster Co., commenced a settlement, which increased rapidly and in a few 
years spread over the Delaware bottom lands.* The settlers were driven out in 1778,*'^ but returned 
soon after the war. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1794. There are 3 churches in 
town ; 2 M. E. and 1 Asso. Ref. Presb. 

ROXBURY^ — was formed from Stamford, March 23, 1799. It occupies the extreme e. por- 
tion of the CO. Its surface is a mountainous upland, forming a portion of the great plateau extend- 
ing w. from the Catskill Mts. The declivities of the hills are steep and rocky and are mostly unfit 
for cultivation. The highest points on the n. and w. borders of the town are estimated to be 2800 
feet above tide. The principal streams are the e. branch of the Delaware, flowing s. w. through 
the center of the town. Bear Kil in the e., Batavia Kil and Red Kil in the s., and numerous smaller 
creeks. The soil is a reddish clay loam. Roxbury (p. v.) lies on the Delaware, near the center 
of the town. Pop. 232. Moresvillc/ (p.o.,) near the n.e. border, Strattons Fall/ (p.o.,) 
in the s., liitf le Falls, upon the e. border, and Batavia Kil are hamlets. The first settle- 
ment was made by John M(.ire, a Scotchman, on the site of Moresville, in 1786.^ The first religious 
meetings were conducted by Rev, H. Myres.' 

SID1VEY«— was formed from Franklin, April 7, 1801. Masonville was taken ofi" in 1811. It 
lies upon Susquehanna River, in the n.w. corner of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, ending in 
high blufi's upon the valley of the river. The highest summits are 800 to 1200 ft. above the valley, 
Ouleout and Carrs Creeks* flow w. through the town and empty into the Susquehanna. The valleys 
of these streams are deep and narroAv, and are bordered by steep, rocky hills. The soil in the val- 
leys is a fine fertile alluvium, and upon the hills a dark, shaly loam. Sidney^ (p. v.,) on the s. 
bank of the Susquehanna opposite Unadilla, contains about 25 houses, $»idney Center, 
(p. V.,) on Carrs Creek, 3 churches and 20 houses, .and Sidney Plains, {p. v.,) upon the Sus- 
quehanna, in the n. w. corner of the town, 2 churches and about 20 houses. In May, 1772, Rev. 
Wm. Johnston, with an Indian guide, explored this region of country, and finally selected the 
present site of Sidney Plains as a place of settlement.'^ Early in 1773 he moved in with his 
family, being the first settler in the Susquehanna Valley within the limits of the State. Several 
others soon followed. Just before the war, Gen. Herkimer held an interview with Brant at this 
place; and the menacing attitude assumed by the Indians led Johnston and others who sympa- 
thized with the Continental cause to leave their new home for a less exposed situation. A few 
inhabitants remained during the war, and many returned immediately after its close.^' By an act 
of April 6, 1790, £800 was granted for the construction of a road from " OUhoudf* Creek to 
Catskill on the Iludson.^^ The census reports 5 churches; 2 M, E., 2 Cong., and 1 Bap, 

STAMFORD"— was formed April 10, 1792. Roxbury was taken off in 1799, and a part 
of Bovinain 1820. A part was annexed from Harpersfield and Kortright, April 22, 1834. It lies 
N. of Roxbury, on tlie n. e. border of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland. Mt. Prospect, 
E. of Stamford Village, is estimated to be 1500 ft. higher than the valleys. From its summit 
Albixny City is visible in a clear day. The streams are the w. branch of the Delaware, forming a 
portion of its n. boundary, and Town and Rose Brooks, The soil is principally a reddish clay 



1 The first settlers were Ilarmanus and Peter Dumond, Jo- 
hannes Van Waggoner, and Ilendrickg, who located neai' 

the old Indian village. Among those who came soon after were 
families named Kittle, Yaplo, Brugher, Slyter, Ilinebaugh, Green, 
and Bieurch. 

2 Most of the settlers hecame toriee, and in 1779 the Governor 
was empowered to cause the removal ordestniction of grain in 
the bsick settlementu of Ulster co,, to prevent it from being ser- 
viceable to tha enemy. Soon after the war, the settlers of"/^- 
kcUaghkan" came before the legislature for redress; but no act 
was passed ia their fa.yor.-^ Legislative Papns, St. Lib. 

3 Named from Roxbury, Conn., from which place many of the 
early settlers came. 

* Named from the first settler. 

b Named from an early settler. Strattons Brook falls about 
40 feet at this place, furnishing a good water power. 

« John More, Israel Inmau, Abm. Gould, Geo. Squiers, Josiah 
Patchin, Nehemiah Hayes, Da\id Squiers, (most of them from 
Fairfield, Conn.,) settled along the valley near the present village 
of Roxbury, in 17 ^9.~GoukCs Hist. Del. Co., 197-98-99. The first 
child born was Charlotte, daughter of Nath"! Tiffany, in March, 
1792; and the first in;»le child born was John Gould, in Oct. of 
the same year. David Smith taught the first school, in the winter 
of 1794-95 ; Isaac Ilardenburgh owned the first store, John More 
kept tlie first inn, and John Pierson built the first gristmill. 



7 The census reports 8 churches ; 3 M. E., 2 0. S. Bap., 2 B«L 
Prot. D., and 1 Christian. 

8 Named from Sir Sidney Smith, the British Admiral. Th* 
name wjis first applied by Jobn Mandeville^, an English school- 
master, then living on Sidney Plains. 

^ Named in memory of John Carr, a tory, who built a sawmill 
upon this stream at an early period. 

10 At this place was the site of an old Indian fort. Three acres 
of ground were enclosed by mounds of earth surrounded by a 
ditch. From early times the place has been called " The Fort 
Grounds.'" 

11 The first gristmill w. of Uarpersfield was built, in 1778, by 
Abm. Fuller, on the Ouleout, near Wattles Ferry. An inn waa 
opened at the ferry in 17S5, by Nathaniel Wattles. The first 
raft was sent down to Ilai-risbnrgh in 1795, by Capt. David 
McMtisters. In 1787 a great scarcity uf provisions occasioned 
much distress in this valk*y, and the settlers were saved from 
starvation by a boat l<i;td of fiour from Northumberlaud, Pt-nn., 
got to them thruuLrli tb-- (exertions of Qen. Daniel Bates. 

12 The contract tnr Imiidiiig this road was awarded to Nathaniel 
Wattles and Mt-d.ul Hunt ; but, proving ruinous, the parties were 
relieved, in 1793, by a fiiither grant of £120. 

13 Originally UHmed •' Ntiv Stdinford" from Stamford in Conn. 
It la situated on Great Lot No. 42 of Uardensburghs Patent. 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



265 



and shaly loam. Stamford, (p. v.,) upon the Delaware, in the n. e. part of the town, on the line 
of Harpersfield, contains a seminary,^ 2 churches, and 2 woolen factories. Pop. 185. Oobart 
(p. V.) is situated on the Delaware, 4 mi. below Stamford. Pop. 391. The first settlement was 
made in 1773, by Dr. Stewart and John and Ales. More, from Scotland.^ The first church (St. 
Peters Prot. E.) was formed at Ilobart, Dec. 8, 1790. Rev. Philander Chase, afterward Bishop 
of Ohio and 111., the first pastor, was installed Aug. 1799.^ 

TOMPKIIVS*— was formed from "Walton, Feb. 28, 1806, as ''Flnefield," and its name wag 
clianged March 11, 1808. It is the central town on the w. border of the co. Delaware River flows 
westward through near the center of the town to the w. border, where it turns s. and forms a por- 
tion of the w. boundary. The portion of the town s. of the river ia composed of broken and rocky 
mountain masses too steep and rough for cultivation. The n. part is broken and hilly and but 
partially cultivated. The soil is a clay, slate, and gravelly loam. Deposit^ (p. v.) is situated on 
Delaware River, at the mouth of Oquaga Creek, on the line of Sanford, Broome co. It was incorp- 
April 5, 1811.® It is the center of a large lumber business, and is an important trading station 
and wood depot upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It contains a seminaj-y,^ printing office, sawmill, a 
large tannery, and 4 churches. Pop. 1249, — of which 593 are in Tompkins and 656 are in Sanford, 
Broome co.: the depot and R. R. buildings are in the latter ix)wn. Ciinnonsville,^ (p-'^O at 
the mouth of Trout Brook, on the Delaware, 7 mi. above Deposit, contains a sawmill, flouring mill, a 
large tannery, and 2 churches. Pop. 325. Hales Eddy,* (p-o.,) on the Delaware, 5 mi. below 
Deposit, Barbourville, (p. o.,) on Cold Spring Brook, near the n. border, and Trout 
Creek, (p. o.,) in the n. e., are hamlets. Dickinsons Station is near the s. line. The 
first settler was Squire Whittaker, from Wyoming, ^^ Penn., who camein 1787 ; John Hulse,"from 
Neversink, (Sullivan co.,) came in April, 1789, and Philip Pine and Conrad Edict in 1791.^^ The 
first religious meetings were held at the house of John Hulse, by Rev. Hugh Compton, in 1794." 

WAIiTOIV"— was formed from Franklin, March 17, 1797. A part of Delhi was taken off in 
1798, Tompkins in 1806, a part of Hamden in 1825, and a part of Colchester April 14, 1827. A 
part of Colchester was set off Feb. 1, 1799, a part of Franklin March 13, 1801, and a part of Delhi 
was annexed June 17, 1812. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. The deep 
valley of the Delaware divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The s. half is a broad, 
rocky, mountainous region with abrupt declivities and a surface too rough for cultivation ; the n. 
half is broken and hilly, but generally well adapted to pasturage. The principal streams are East, 
West, and Hydes Brooks. The soil is a shaly loam upon the hills and a fertile allu-sdum in the 
valley. Tanning and lumbering are extensively carried on. fValton^ (p*v.,) upon the n. bank 
of the Delaware, near the center of the town, contains the Walton Academy*^ and 3 churches. 
Pop. 430. IVe^w Road, a p. o. in the extreme n. part, has 1 church. West Brook is a p. 
office. Dr. PlattTownsend,*® of Dutchess co., purchased a tract of 1740 acres in this town in 1784. 
He surveyed it the same year, and in 1785 he located upon the present site of Walton Village. He was 
accompanied by 5 families, of 20 persons, mostly from Long Island. A large number of immigrants 



1 The Stamford Collegiate Institute, establiabed in 1851. 

2 Jas. Stewart, Wm. Frazer and son Simon, from Scotland, 
came in 1775. Durinf; the war most of the settlors left, but re- 
turned in March, 1786. In 1789, a company consisting of 20 
heads of families and 2 single men {principally from Fairfield 
CO. Conn.) came into Delaware co. to examine the country and 
select locations. Several of them loeated in this town, and 
others soon followed. Dea. John Grant taught the firat school. 
In the winter of 1788-89. Lieut. Paiue kept the first inn and 

store, and Calden built the first mill, near Bloomville, 

before 1780. Andrew Beers, the almanac maker, resided in thia 
town. The first marriage was that of Simon Frazier and Abiah 
Potter, Jan. 1787 ; the first birth, that of Wm. Stewart, Sept. 1, 
1776; and the first death, that of Margaret Frazier, in 1791. 

8 There are 8 churches in town; 4 M. E., 2 Asso. Ref. P., Prot. 
E., and Union. 

* Named from Daniel D. Tompkins, soon afterward Governor. 

6 Named from having formerly been an important station, 
or place of " deposit,'* for lumber preparatory to rafting in 
"the spring freshets." It waa called by the Indians *'Chke- 
os«," (Owls Neat,) a name corrupted by the English into 
"Cookhouse," by which it is still designated by the old inhabi- 
tants. 

* The original corporate limits of the village were entirely 
within the town of Tompkins. A part of Sanford, Broome co., 
was annexed in 1852. The charter waa amended in 1858. 

7 Laurel Bank Seminary was opened Dec. 14, 1853. It is a fine 
building, situated 8. of the river, on a commanding site over- 
looking the village and valley. It has accommodations for 200 



boarding students. The recent death of the principal has canscd 
a temporary suspension of the school. 

8 In 1786 Jesse Dickinson, of Philadelphia, made a purchase of 
an extensive tract of land in this vicinity, and made preparations 
for the building of a city, to be called " IHck-insons Cit)/." He 
built a gristmill upon Trout Creek, and a large hotel, which he 
called the " Citi/ IlttU." The town meetings were held in this 
building for several years. Dickinson run the first raft that went 
from the w. branch of the Delaware. Upon his failure, Benjamin 
Cannon purchased the property, and from him the village de- 
rived its name. 

» Named from the Hale family, who were early settlers. 

w Mr.W. was one of the survivors of the massacre of Wyoming; 
and his sons John and Benjamin, then children, remombtT many 
incidents of that event and the subsequent escape. He stated 
that Brandt was at Cherry Valley at the time of the massacre, 
and, nf course, was not a participant in its atrocities'. 

" The place where he settled is now (1859) occupied by his 
grandson. Martial R. Hulse. 

12 Mr. Edict was a soldier of the Revolution. The first birth 
waa that of Polly Hulse, in 1789 or '90 ; and the first death, that 
of Dorcas, wife of Oliver Hale, about 1790. 

W The census reports 7 churches; 3 Bap., 2 M. E., and 2 Presb. 

1* Named from AVm. Walton, a large land proprietor in this 
vicinity. Walton's Patent (20.000 acres) was granted in 1770. 

16 The academy building was erected in 1853. The institution 
has a good library and is in a flourishing condition. 

1* Dr. Townsend received 1700 acres for surveying, and paid 
50cta.por acre for the remainder, receiving his deed in 17SG. 



266 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 



from New Canaan, Conn., came in within a few years.' The first church (Cong.) was formed in 
1793.' 



Acres of hand, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Delaware County. 



Names of Towns. 



Andes 

Bovina 

Colchester..., 
Davenport.-. 

Delhi 

Franklin 

Hamden 

H.antork 

Harpersfield 
Kortright.... 
Masonville... 

Meredith 

Middletown. 

Roxbury 

Sidney 

Stamford.... 
Tompkins,... 

Walton 

Total.. 



Acres of Land. 



22,S63 
16,682^ 
li,1894 
19.22nj 
22,u20i 
34,614 
17.310 
6,329 
lB,002i 
24.307i 
13,519* 
21.194 
26.213} 
34.63Si 
19,051 
19,055i- 
18,7211 
18,581 



21.629 

8;217 

72,626 

14.844 

16.273J 

14,499 

13,783 

96,548 

6,711 

9,3391 

17,442} 

10,840i 

24,381J 

15,043J 

11,475 

9,622 

40,3I4i 

35,S69i 



364.4001 43^4521 



Valdation of 1858. 



Si 



$407,233 $51,348 $458,581 1,337 1,199 

240,753 67,926 298,679 638 686 

242.931 18,460 201,381 1,237 1.123 

376..i.33 40,154 416.6S7 1.113 1,120 

668.490 237,467 906,967 1,335 1,376 

728,725 92,710 821,436 1,581 1,606 

349,!ll0 28,044 377,954 967 924 

373,640 7,900 381,640 1,336 1,177 

338,050 69.376 408,025 722 758 

405,516 73,252 608,767 968 1.055 

259.292 14,207 273,499 801 742 

339.470 46,900 386,370 738 765 

304.512 61,500 426,012 1,490 1.456 

648,503 102,554 661,057 1,276 1,257 

405.210 14.000 419.210 920 877 

378.488 119.313 497,801 780 817 

600.1)29 127,100 627,729 1,671 1,619 

478,636 74,534 563,169 1,202 1,202 

JtSstT™ $1,235,734 $8,672,853 20,091 19,558 



432 
208 
411 
399 
466 
618 
339 
430 
2S5 
380 
286 
303 
634 
460 
345 
295 
692 
467 



7,238 



441 
220 
427 
422 
489 
651 
360 
456 
298 
389 
294 
316 
675 
473 
373 
322 
653 
491 



7,650 



366 
183 
376 
279 
409 
657 
307 
204 
283 
330 
307 
273 
370 
277 
299 
249 
639 
398 



ScnooLS. 



1,107 
616 

1,039 
979 

1.022 

1,091 
818 
868 
461 
666 
675 
697 

1.346 

1,003 
710 
622 

1,405 
886 



16,800 



Names of Towns. 



Andes 

Bovina 

Colchester... 
Davenport..., 

Delhi 

Franklin 

Hamden 

Hancock 

Harpersfield 
Kortright.... 
MasonviUo .. 

Meredith 

Middletown . 

Roxbury 

Sidne,v 

Stamford 

Tompkins.... 
Walton 

Total.. 



598 
414 
349 
663 
626 
871 
440 
192 
439 
613 
370 
474 
762 
677 
602 
434 
490 
436 



iOt;; 



1.895 
1.144 
1.725 
1,382 
1,441 
2.545 
1,809 
695 
1.583 
l,85i 
1,703 
1,336 
2,610 
2,139 
1,622 
1.205 
2,017 
1,991 



2,175 
1,774 
1.036 
1.749 
2,051 
3,195 
1,682 
494 
1.776 
2,385 
1.291 
1.7 
2.441 
3.817 
1,756 
1,867 
1,616 
1.618 



9,140 30,697 34,4,84 71,315 16,870 



6,710 
3,673 
3,201 
3,445 
4,544 
6.930 
5,926 
816 
2,614 
3,976 
3,699 
2,821 
4,138 
3,.346 
4.449 
3.809 
3.583 
3,731 



933 
706 
736 
973 
870 

1,502 
693 
408 
704 

1,054 
567 
823 

1,118 

1,595 
907 
791 
736 
724 



AGRICULTDBAL PROD0CT8. 



Bush, op Geain. 



4,001 

4.029 

3,096J 

4.0S8 

2,065 

6,394 

3,432 

1,619 

1,987 

2,556i 

2,396 

1,509 

4.259 

6.496 

2.888 

1,997 

1,588 

4,083 

67;483" 637,488 



44,776i 

2J,324J 

24,519} 

43,109 

30,73U 

66,666 

20,691J 

16,839 

31,716i 

36,672 

36,314} 

34,741 

39,965 

30,6161 

54,517} 

23,596 

45,041 J 

26,7601 



0) 



6,707 

4,924 

4,805, 

4,452 

6,002 

9,470} 

4.898 

1.948 

6,465i 

6,629 

4.631-, 

4,434i 

7,069 

9,078 

6,342J 

5.103J 

6,861 

6,190} 



103,8961 



« 3 

So 



7.774 

6.109 

7,168} 

13.926 

7,847 

26,599 

7.146 

7.489 

13.180 

9,661 

14.310J 

13,063 

14,506J 

9.786S 

17.441 

8.887 

14,626 

10.247 



5 9i 



9,737 

6,966 

16,165 

9,984 

9,676 

29.166 

7.526 

5.835 

20.636 

20.«5 

13,700 

11,722 

21.276 

21,379 

17,471 

11,460 

13,205 

12,623 



Daiby Froddcts. 



•3 s 



269.052 
223.490 

97,572 
192,860 
216.202 
393,332 
170,786 

45.608 
240.010 
326,740 
124,252 
221,217 
261,611 
472,090 
204,329 
245,658 
166,262 
155.506 



209,567J 259,160 4,026,675 61,185 



4,80 
2,998 

390 
1,955 
1,080 
12,249 
1,146 

3,354 
1,310 
6,171 
3,777 
620 
2,116 
7, 
2,980 
11,500 
1.27 






3,686 
2,413 
1,883 
2,613 
1,236 
1,254 
1,825 

454 
2,464 
2,569 
2,626 

666J 
6,020 
4,335 
1,909 

706i 
2,009 
1,891} 



39,657} 



1 Among the early settlers were Gabriel and Robert North, 
Isaac and Wm., sons of Piatt Townsend, Wm. Farnum, Joshua 
Pine and sons, Diiniel and Joshua, Michael Goodrich. Eph, Beers, 
Job. Cable, Thaddeus Hoyt, Chas. W. Stockton, Matthew Beniv 
diet. John Eells, Alan Mead. Lindal Fitch, Jas. Weed, Nathan 
Kellopi^, Cephas Beech Eph'm Waring, Sam'l Ilanford, jr,, Seth 
Berray. David and Sellick St. John, and Seymour Fitch. The 
proprietor offered a lot of land to the first male child born in 
town who should be named Wm.Walton; and the prize was within 
reach of a sou of Mrs. Robert North, the first woman who came 



into town, but she had set her heart upon the name of Samuel, 
and a lot of land could not induce her to change her mind. The 
first marriage was that of Seth Berray and Ann Goodrich, 
Lewis Seyninnr and Judd Raymond kept the first store, in 1791 ; 
M. Goodrich built the first saw and grist mill, and Robt. North 
the first framed house. — Hist, of Walton, in Nos. 6 to 22, Vol. II 
of -^ The Walton Jour." Hon. Joel T. Headley, late Secretary of 
State, was a native of this town. 

s There are reported 6 churches; 2 Cong., 2 Bap., and 1 each 
M. E. and I'rot. E. 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 




This county was formed Nov. 1, 1683.* It was provisionally an- 
nexed to Ulster CO., and was first represented separately in the 
General Assembly in 1713. Livingston Manor was taken ofi', and 
annexed to Albany co., in 1717 ; and Putnam co. was taken off in 
1812. It lies on the e. bank of the Hudson, about midway between 



*Sl New York and Albany, is centrally distant 60 mi. from Albany, 



and contains 810 sq. mi. Its surface is principally a rolling and 
hilly upland broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The Tagh- 
kanick Mts., extending along the e. border of the co., are 300 to 
500 ft. above the valleys and 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide. Their 
declivities are generally steep, and in some places rocky. A wide 
valley skirts the w. foot of this range, bounded on the w. by the 
Matteawan or Fishkill Mts., a high, broad range which extends n. and s. and occupies the whole 
central part of the co. A spur from this range extends eastward along the s. border to the Hudson, 
forming the n. extremity of The Highlands. This range has an average elevation of about 
1000 ft. above tide, the highest peaks along the s. border attaining an elevation of 1500 to 1700 ft.' 
In the s. part of the co. the declivities of these mountains are steep and in many places rocky, but 
toward the n. they become more gradual, and the country assumes a rolling character, broken by 
rounded hills. AVest of this range the surface is a rolling upland, occasionally broken by deep 
ravines and isolated hills, and terminating upon the Hudson River Valley in a series of bluffs 100 
to 180 ft. high. The greater part of the streams that drain the co. are tributaries of the Hudson. 
They mostly flow in a s. w. direction, and have worn deep valleys through the bluffs that border 
upon the river. The principal of these streams, commencing upon the n., are the Sawkil, Landi- 
mans, Crum Elbow, Fall, Wappingers, and Fishkill Creeks. Sprout Creek is a considerable branch 
of the Fishkill. The wide valley extending n. and s. through the co., separating the Taghkanick 
Mts. from The Highlands farther w., is drained by several streams. Ten Mile River flows s. in this 
valley through Amenia to near the s. line of Dover, where it turns E. and discharges its waters into 
the Housatonic River, in Conn. It receives Swamp River from the s. Croton River takes its rise 
in the s. part of tlie valley. Roeliff Jansens Kil flows through a small portion of the extreme n. 
part of the co. Among the highlands in the central and e. parts are numerous beautiful little 
lakes, noted for the purity of their waters and the beauty of the scenery immediately about them. 
The principal rock formation in the co. is the Hudson River slate, which crops out upon the hills 
and along the courses of the streams. The rock has been quarried at Red Hook for flagging, and 
in various places for roofing slate.' 

A low ridge of metamorphic limestone extends longitudinally through near the center of the 
valley, which lies at the base of the Taghkanick Mts. and along its course are numerous quarries, 
from which is obtained a fair quality of marble.* Hematitic iron ore is found in almost inex- 
haustible quantities along the E. and s. parts of the CO., and it has been extensively nuned in 
several places.* Thin veins of galena have also been found, but none have been worked since the 
Revolution.^ Mineral springs are found in several parts of the co., but none of them have ac- 
quired notoriety.' Marl and peat beds are scattered over the whole co. The soil is generally a 



I Tbe act by which this co. was formed defines its original 
boundaries aa follows ; — '* The Dutchess Co. to be from the 
bounds of the co. of Westchester, on the 8. side of the High- 
lands, along the E. side as far as Roeliff JausenB Creek, and s. 
info the woods 20 miles.*' 

i Old Beacon, 2 mi. E. of Matteawan Village, is 1470 ft. above 
tide ; and New Beacon, or Qrand Sachem, a i mi. 8. of the same 
place, is 1680 ft. above tide. 

8 A company, styled the "iV. K Slate Co.," was incorp. March 
23,1810, to continue 15 years; and another, styled the ^'Dutche^s 
Co. Slate fb.," June 8, 1812. to continue 21 years. The operations 
of the latter CO. were to be coniined to Northeast. 

* This marble is of the variety called dolomite, and yields upon 
analysis about SOs per cent, of carbonate of magnesia ; but the 
proportion is not uniform. The principal workings have been in 
Dover, where a portion of the marble is pure white, fine grained, 
and capable of receiving a good but not a high polish. Clouded 
varieties are found in Amenia and Northeast. — Ckol., 1st ZHst., 

p.m. 



6 This ore is generally compact, but in some places it is fibrous 
Its cavities are lined with a glossy black surface, and often con 
tain stalactital and botryoidal concretions of the ore. 

^ Considerable excavations were made in Northeast in colonial 
times — it is said as early as 1740 — by a company of Qermans, 
who sent the ore to Bristol, Eng. The mines were ro^ipened 
during the Revolution, and a few tons of ore were obtained- 
Traces of lead ore have been also observed in Rhinobeck and 
Amenia. — Geol., 1st Dist., pp. 46, 47. Among the other useful 
minerals that have been observed in the co. are, graphite, for- 
merly worked to some extent in the Fishkill Mts,, oxyd of roan- 
ganese, and tbe sulpburets of copper and iron, Ac. Besides these 
are found calcite, asbestos, gibbsite, garnet, Btanrotide, epidote, 
feldspar, and tourmaline. 

' Infiammable carburetted hydrogen gas is emitted from the 
bottom of a lake in Northeast, and from a locality ^ of a mi. 
from Ameniaville on the road to Pouglikeepsie. A sulphur 
spring is situated IJ mi. N. W. of Ameniaville. — ikd^-'s Mineralogy 
N.Y.,p.\m. 

267 



268 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



fine quality of Bandy and gravelly loam. Upon the hills in some places it is composed of disinte- 
grated slate, and upon the Iludson River intervale it is a deep, rich alluvium. Agriculture is the 
leading pursuit, and few cos. in the State oflfer greater attractions to the farmer. The richness and 
variety of its soil, and its proximity to the New York market, insure a rich return for all agri- 
cultural labor. Farming is of a mixed character, aU branches being successfully pursued. Sending 
milk to New York and the raising of improved breeds of cattle have become important branches 
of business.^ 

A considerable amount of manufacturing is carried on in the co., the principal establishments 
being located at Poughkeepsie and Fishkill, and a large amount of commerce is carried on by 
means of the Hudson. 

The county seat is located at the city of Poughkeepsie. The colonial courthouse and jail was 
burned in 1785, and a new one was built soon after. This was burned in 1808.^ The present 
building was erected in 1809,' and contains the courtroom, jail/ clerk's office, and all the usual co. 
offices except that of surrogate, which is in a small building adjacent. The co. poorhouse is situ- 
ated on a farm of 107 acres in the town of Poughkeepsie, 1 mi. e. of the courthouse. The average 
number of inmates is 220, supported at a weekly cost of 95 cents each. The farm yields a revenue 
of §1631.^ The Hudson River R. R. extends along the e. bank of the Hudson, through Fishkill, 
Poughkeepsie, Hyde Park, Rhinebeck, and Redhook ; and the New York & Harlem R. R. extends 
along the e. border of the co., through Pawling, Dover, Amenia, and North East. In summer, 
regular lines of steamers ply between Poughkeepsie, New York, and Albany. 

One daily and sefen weekly papers are now published in the co.^ 



1 In cultivated area Dutchess co. is excelled only by Jefferson, 
Oneida, Otsego, and St. La«Tence cos.; and in cash value of 
farms by Monroe and SVestchesteronly. Over 2,000,000 gallons 
of milk are sent annually to the N. Y. market. 

2 A courthouse and jaii were first ordered to be built July 21, 
1715; but they do not appear to have been completed until 30 
years afterward. In 1760. an act authorized the conversion of 
a jury room into a jail, and 4 years after money was raised to com- 
plete the arrangemeut. The act of April 11, 17S5, appropriated 
the sum of £1500 to re-construct the buildings, which had been de- 
stroyed by fire, and Coruelius Humfrcy, Peter Tappen, and Gil- 
bert Livingston were appointed a building committee. A further 
tax of £2000 was ordered in 17S6, aud of £1300 in 1787. In the 
mean time, prisoners were sent to the Ulster co. jail. By act of 
March 19, 1778, the sheriff's mileage was to be reckoned from 
the house of Mj'ndert Vielle, in Beekmau's Precinct. 

3 The act for the re-construction of thi-se buildings was passed 
March 24, 1809, and $12,UiKI was raised fur that purpose. Jaa. 
Talmadge, John B. VanAVyck, and John Van Benthuysen were 
appointed building commissioners. The nest year, $13,000 addi- 
tional was raised, and the building waa completed soon after. It 
is a stone edifice, 50 by 100 ft. The first deed on record was en- 
tered Dec. 26, 1718, conveying property from Henry Van De Bo- 
gart to Capt. Barent Van Kleeck, aud others. 

* The condition of the jail was represented by the Senate Com- 
mittee of 1856 as extremely unfit for its purpose and unhealthy 
to its inmates. 

6 The buildings are large, and can accommodate 350 inmates. 
The sexes are kept separate, and an asylum is provided for luna- 
tics. A school is taught during the whole year, and religious 
worship is regularly conducted. 

* Tilt New York Journal, first established in the city of New 

York by John Holt in 1734, waa removed to Pough- 
keepsie in 1776, in consequence of the British occupa- 
tion. In 1778 it became the first State paper under the 
new Government; and on the 11th of April, 1785, its 
name was changed to 

27ie Poughkeepsie Journal, published by Nicholas Power. In 
1786 its name was changed to 

Tfie Ooitntrif Journal mid JPoughkeepsie Advertiser; and in 
1789 to 

Tite Country Journal and Dutchess and Ulster Family Register. 
In 1808 it was sold to Paraclete Potter, who changed 
it to 

The Poughkeepsie Journal and Gonstitulional S^piMican. In 
1812 it was changed to 

The Pbitghkeepsi^ Journal, and in 1834 Jackson & Schram became 
the proprietors. In 1S44 it waa united with The Eagle^ 
aud was issued as 

77te Journal and Poughkeepsie Eagle. In 1850 the name waa 
changed to 

The Ponglikeepsle Eagle^ under which title itia still 
publi^ahed by Piatt k Schram. 

The New York Packet and American. Advertiser, published by 
Sam'l Loudon, waa removL-d from New York when the 
British took possession of the city, and was first issued 
at Fishkill Oct. 1, 1776. It waa removed to New York 
again after the close of the war. 

The American Farmer a}id Dutchess Omnty Advertiser was com- 
menced in Aug. 1798, by John Woods, and was con- 
tinued a short time. 



I7te Barometer, commenced in May, 1802, by Isaac filitchell, 
was changed to 

7'Jte Political Barometer in 1806, and was published by Thomas 
Nelson. Its name was changed to 

The Northern Politician, and it was soon after discontinued. 

The Fanner was published at Poughkeepsie in 1806-07. 

Tfic Pepiiblican Herald was started in Nov. ISll, by Derick B. 
Stockholm and Thos. Browiyohn. It was continued 
until 1823 under the charge of Johnston Verplank & 
Wm. Orr. 

The Dutchess Observer waa first started May 10, 1815, by Chas. 
P. Barnum & Richard Nelson. Nicholas Jaycocks, 
Nathan Myers, jr., and Orrin Osborne were successively 
interested in the publication until 1826, when the paper 
was united with The Tdegragh, and issued as 

The Poughkeepsie Telegraph and Observer. It waa successively 
under the charge of Chas. P. Barnum, Egbert B. Killeyy- 
Aaron Low, and Benson J. Lossing. In 1841 it waa 
changed to 

T7te Telegraph, and was published by Killey & Lossing. Albert 
S. Pease & E. K. Olmsted were afterward interested in 
its publication ; and in 1852 it was united with The 
Democrat, and was issued as 

The Poiiglilceepsic Telegraph and Dntcliees 
Democrat^ now published by Onbome & Killey. 

The Republican Telegraph was first issued May 5. 1S24, by Wm. 
Sands & Isaac Piatt In 182G it was united sv\ih 

The Observer. 

The Dutchess Intelligencer was first issued April SO, 1828, by 
Chas. F. Ames & Fred. T. Parsons. It was afterward 
published by Piatt & Parsons and Isaac Piatt until 
1833, when it was united with 

The Rejiuhlican, and was issued as 

Tlie Intelligencer and Republican, published by Piatt & Ranney. 
In 1834 the name waa changed to 

The Poughkeepsie Eagle; and in 1844 it waa united with The 
Jonmal. 

The Dutchess TrvA American waa published at Poughkeepsie in 
182S, by Peter K. Allen. 

The Dutchess Inquirer was started in Aug. 1829, by Pet. E. Allen. 
In 1830 it was changed to 

The Anti Mason. It was under the charge of John M. Yethake 
and Stephen Butler untU 1831. when it waa discon- 
tinued. It was soon after revived by Eliphaz Fay, and 
was issued a short time as The Independence. 

The Dutchess Repvbliojti was started in Aug. 1831, by Thoa. S. 
Ranney. In April, 1833, it was united with The Intel- 
ligencer, 

The Poughkeepsie Casket was published by Killey & Lossing in 
1836. 

Tlie Branch was issued a short time in 1836 by Joa. H. Jackaon. 

The Youth's Guide (semi-mo.) waa iasued in 1S37 by Isaac Har- 
rington, jr. 

The Thomsonian (medical) was issued at Poughkeepsie in 1840 
by Thos. Lapham. 

TJie Free Press was started at Fishkill in 1841 by Fred. W. Rit- 
ter. In 1842 it was removed to Poughkeepsie- its name 
was changed to 

The Dutchess Free Press, and was continued until 1844. 

The Temperance Safeguard was started at Poughkeepsie in 1843 
by G. R. Lyman, and was continued 2 or 3 years. 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



269 



The first settlements in the co. -were made by the Dutch at Rhinebeck and Fishkill before 1690.* 
Other settlements were made along the river in 1700; but for some years the progress of growth 
was very slow. About 1720 a considerable number of settlers came in ; and from that time the set- 
tlements increased rapidly until all the lands of the co. were taken up.^ Among the early settlers 
were considerable numbers of French Huguenots, who had fled from the persecutions that followed 
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. A portion of the co. was settled upon leaseholds, which here, 
as elsewhere, led to much difficulty.^ The first civil divisions were established in 1737.'* 

This CO. comprises the greater part of the Oblong,* Great and Little Nine Partners, Beekmans, 
Rumbouts, and Schuylers Patents.^ In 1777, the co. for a short time was in possession of the 
British, and for a considerable time dui-ing the Revolution it was the seat of the colonial convention 
and legislature. By an act of April 11, 1808, semi-annual fairs of sale were directed to be held 
in this CO. under the management of five commissioners to be appointed by the judges of Com- 
mon Pleas.' 

AJJIEXIA® — ^was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. 
The Taghkanick Mts. extend along the e. border, and the higlilands belonging to the Fishkill 
Range extend through the w. part. The wide valley separating these two ranges occupies the 
central portions. The declivities of the mts. are often steep, and their highest smnmits are 300 to 
500 feet above the valleys. Amenia Station, on the Harlem R. R., is 540 feet above tide. The 



77ie Anti Bank Democrat (mo.) was ifisued from the oflBce of The 

Free Press in 18-13. 
Ifie American was started in Nov. 1S45, by Augustus T. Cow- 
man. It was Hoon changed to 
The Pouglikecpsie Aniencan, and was published by Isaac Tomp- 
kins and Elias Pitts until 1853, when it waa sold to E. 
B. Osborne, and changed to 
The DtUcftess Democrat. In 1856 it was nnited with The Tele- 
graph. 
Tlie Safeguard (Tempemnce) was iesned in 1S45 by Wm. Patten. 
Th& Daily City Preis was aimmenced at Poughkeepsie, Hay 1, 
1852, ty Nichols, Bush, & Co. It waa soon after 
changed to 
The Dally Press, which is still issued by A. R. Pease &. Co. 
The. Ind<:pcndent Kxamiiur was started in Feb. 1855, by Henry 

A. Gill, and was discontinued in 1858. 
The American Banner was started at Poughkeepsie in 1856 by 
Charles J. Ackert. In 1857 it was removed to Fishkill, 
and was changed to 
The Dutchess Co- Times, under which name it is still 

puMirthcd by .1. Carpenter Mills. 
The Poughkeepsie Gazette was started Jan. 1, 1859, 

by li. L. Hannah. 
The Fishkill Standard was started Aug. 2, 1842, at 
Fishkill Landing, by Wm. It. Addington, and is stiU 
issued by him. 
r/ic Fishim Journal, started in 1853 by H. A. Guild, was dis- 
continued in 1S55. 
The American Mechanic was started at Poughkeepsie in 1849 by 
Geo. W. Clark. In 1850 it was removed to Khinebeck, 
and was united with The Gazette, under the name of 
The Amen'rnn Mechanic and Rhinebeck Gazette. It waa soon 

changed to 
The Rhinebeck Gazette and Dutchess County 
Advertiser. It was euccessiwlj issued by Edward 
™.i. T>i .'^^^ •'^"^'^f' ""'' ^'- i^- Ulanchard, and now by Wm. Luff. 
The Rhmeheck Gazette was established in 1846 by Smith & Car- 

penter, and in IS.^jO was united with The Mechanic. 
The Rhinebeck Advocate was published by Robert Marshall in 

1H44). It was subsequently changed to 
r^e Dutchess Connty A<hricate^ and was discontinued about 1850. 
The American Citizen was commenced June 12, 1858 

at Rhinebeck, by Geo. W. Clark. 
The True Balance^ a campaign paper, was published at Ehine- 

beck by C. J. Ackert in 1858. 
The Amenia Times was started at AmeniaviUe, April 7, 
1852, under the charge of Joel Benson. It was sub- 
sequently issued by H. Livingston & Co., and Palmer, 
vail A Co. It is now pub. by J. W. Dutcber. 
The Redhook Journal was commenced April 29. 1859. 
I'V L. Piester. * 

J The following copy of a letter, now in possession of T. Tan 
Wyck Brinkerhoff, of East Fishkill, throws some light upon 
tbe early history of the co. "In the year 1823, I saw Istuic 
Upt<5n, a coaster from Newport, who informed me that about 
1760 he came up the North River to Poughkeepsie, and. in com- 
pany with another person, went to Mabbitfs storf, in Washing- 
ton, on busioPHB. That, on their return, they took a circuitous 
route from Pleasant Valley, and passed a Gennan by name of 
Hoffman, who was then US years old. He supposed himself to 
be the first whitesettler in Dntchessco.; and that, wlien young. 
he deserted from a Dutch ship of war in New York, squatted 
where be tbeo livedj built him a ehanty, and lived a number of 



years a solitary life without being able to find a white woman 
for a wife; that afterward, finding a German family at Rhine- 
beck, he married, and bad lived where he then was to that ad- 
vanced age. I waa informed that he died two years afterward, 
at 120 years. (Signed) Paul Upton." 

- Smith, in his history, written in 1732, says of this co., *' The 
only ^'iIlage3 in it are Poughkeepsie and the Fishkill, though 
they scarce deserve the name. The inhabitants on the banks 
of the river are Dutch, but those more easterly. Englishmen, 
and for the most part immigrants from Conn, and Long Island. 
There is no Epis. church in it. The growth of this co. has been 
very sudden, and commenced but a few years ago. Within the 
memory of persons now living, it did not contain above 12 
families ; and according to the late returns of the militia it will 
furnish at present above 2500 fighting-men." — Hist. N.Y., Alb. 
M.. p. 304. 

8 In 1766, the district now embraced in Rensselaer, Columbia, 
and Dutchess cos. waa involved in a domestic war, arising from 
tho conflicting jurisdiction of adjacent colonies and resistance to 
tlie claims of proprietors. In June of that year, the sheriff of 
Albany Co.. with 105 men, went to a house on the manor to dis- 
perse a band of rioters, 60 in number. Several shots were ex- 
changed : Cornelius Ten Broeck, of Claverack, was killed, and 7 
others of the militia were wounded. Three of the rioters were 
killed, and many wounded, among whom was Capt. Noble, one 
of their leaders. In July, tho 28th Regiment was ordered into 
Dutchess CO., to quoll riots ; and a small body of light infantry 
was soon after fired upon, and 3 were wounded. One Pender- 
grast, a leader, was taken, tried before Judge Horsmanden for 
high treason, and sentenced to be executed, but was afterward 
pardoned. Fifty to 60 others were fined, imprisoned, or pilloried. 
Soon after the sentence of Pondergrast, an advertisement was 
issued, offering a good reward to any one wilHng to assist as the 
executioner, and promising disguise against recognition and pro- 
tection against insults. — Dunlap's Hist. N. F., 77., Af^en. CXCIII. 

* By an act of the General Assembly, passed Dec. 16, 1737, this 
CO. was divided into 3 divisions. The s. division extended from 
below tbe Highlands to Wappingers Creek; the middle division 
from the latter, n. to Cline Sopas Island, (Little Esopus Island;) 
and the n. division from this point to the n. bounds of the co. 
Each of these divisions elected a supervisor. Tho subsequent 
formation of precincts is mentioned under the several towns. 

6 The Oblong, a tract 580 rods wide, extending across the e. bor 
dor of this co. and Putnam, was mostly granted to Thos. Hawley 
and others, in 1731 ; South, Beekmans, Crum Elbow, and North 
Precincts were extended across to tho Conn, line, Dec. 17, 1743. 
Tho patent was divided into lower, middle, and upjier districts, 
March 9, 1774, to facilitate the collection of quitrents. 

* Several of these patents were granted as follows : Rumbout, 
to Francis Rumbout and others, Oct. 17, ltJS5; Great or Lower 
Nino Partners, to Caleb Ileathcoto and others. May 27, 1697; 
Rhinebeck, to Henry Beekman, June 5, 1703; Little or Upper 
Nine Partners, to Sampson Boughton and others, April 10, 1706. 

' These fairs were to be supiwrted by a tax of 1 per cent, on 
all sales, ouo-half to bo paid by the piirchaser and one-half by 
tho seller. 

8 According to Benson, this term was applied by Young, tho 
American poet, in his '■'^ Conquest of Quebec,'^ in a description of 
the several provincial troops employed in that campaign. Tho 
precinct of this name was formed from Crum Elbnw Precinct, 
March 20, 1762, and included a part of Amenia and North East, 
and the whole of Washington, Pleasant Valley, Stanford, Clinton, 
and Hyde Park. 



/TO 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



principal streams are Ten Mile River, Wassaie Creek, and West Brook, and their branches. A low 
range of metamorphic limestone extends N. and s. through near the center of the valley.' Iron ore 
has been extensively mined in the highlands w. of the valley.^ The soil is a clayey and sandy 
loam. Ameniavllle, (Amenia p. o.,) n. of the center of the town, contains the Amenia 
Seminary,' 3 churches, and 30 houses. It is a station upon the Harlem R. R. The City, (City 
p.o.,) in the n. tv. corner, contains a church and 17 houses ; 'WassaiC, (p. v.,) a r. r. station, a 
furnace, sash and blind factory, and 18 houses; Amenia Union, (p. v.,) upon the Conn, line, 
2 churches, a -woolen factory, and 30 houses;* and Soutb Amenia (p. v.) a church and 14 
houses, licedsville (p. o.) is a hamlet near the E. border. Sharon .Station, on the line 
of Northeast, is a p.o. Richard Saokett purchased large tracts of the Indians in this town and in 
Sharon, Conn., and settled in 1711 ; he failed of getting his title recognized by the crown, and died 
in poverty in 1748 or '49.* During the Revolution a furnace and foundery for the manufacture 
of steel for the use of the army was established about 1 mi. s. of Wassaie. The site, known as 
" The Steel Works," is still covered by coal dust and cinders. There are 7 churches in town." 

BEEHM AIV — ^was formed as a town, March 7, 1788.' A part of " Freedom" (now La Grange) 
was taken off in 1821, and a part of Union Vale in 1827. It lies in the s. E. part of the co., — one 
corner extending to the s. border. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. Pleasant Hill, on the 
N. border, is the highest summit. Limestone and slate crop out on the summits and declivities 
of nearly all the hills. The streams are small creeks and brooks tributaries of the Fishkill, and 
are bordered by wide, fertile intervales. Silver Lake is a fine body of water near the w. line.' 
Iron ore is found s. of this lake.' The soil is a productive, gravelly loam. Green Haven, 
(p.v.,) near the w. border, contains 1 church and 18 dwellings; ISeel&manrille, (Beekman 
p.o.,) near the center, 1 church and 12 dwellings; Pougbqiiag (p.v.) 2 churches and 15 dwell- 
ings ; and Beeliman Furnace, on the n. line, an iron manufactory and 10 houses.'" The 
first settlements are supposed to have been made about 1710; but the early records are lost. A. 
Delong located in 1716, and kept an inn at an early day. Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter, Bishop of Penn., 
and his brother, Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter, Provisional Bishop of the Diocese of N. Y., were natives 
of this town. There are 4 churches in town.'' 

CLiIMTOW^— was formed from " Charhtte" and Rhinebeck Precincts, March 13, 1786. Hyde 
Park and Pleasant Valley were taken off in 1821. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center 
of the CO. Its surface is a rolling upland considerably broken by hills in the N. and w. Shultz 
Mts., on the n. border, and Sippe Barrack, in the w., are the highest points." Salt Point Creek, 
the principal stream, flows s. through near the center. Crum Elbow Creek forms a portion of the 
w. boundary. Several small lakes, the principal of which is Long Pond, lie in the n. part. The 
soil in the n. is a sandy loam, and in the center and s. it is a productive, slaty loam. Clinton 
IIoUoiv, (p.v.,) near the center, contains 25 houses, Clinton Corners (p.v.) 25 houses. 
Schultzville (p.o.) a gristmill and 10 houses, and Pleasant Plains (p. o.) a church and 
8 houses. Bulls Head, Clinton Point, and Hibernia are p. ofBces. Derrick Van Vliet 
located in town about 1755. There are 3 churches in town ; Friends, Prcsb., and Prot. E. 

DOVER— was formed from Pawling, Feb. 20, 1807. It lies on the E. border of the co., s. of 
the center. The e. and w. borders are occupied by hills and mts., and the center by a deep, wide 
valley. The valley is about 400 feet above tide, and the summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet 
higher. Ten Mile River flows s. from the N. line to near the s. boundary, thence turns e. and dis- 
charges its waters into the Housatonic. It receives from the s. Swamp River, a stream that is 



1 Thi8 limestone is of a bluish color, hard and brittle ; and 
where it crops out it is considerably disintegrated, covering the 
ground in the immediate vicinity with a white sand. 

2 An ore bed ^ mi. w. of Ameniaville has been extensively 
worked for 25 or 30 years, and the supply of ore seems inex- 
haustible. Another ore bed has been opened 2 mi. N. w. of Was- 
saic, and another near the N. line of the town. 

3 This institution has been under the charge of the M. E. de- 
lomination. 

* 1 church, the woolen factory, and about half of the buildings 
are in Conn. 

6 Mr. Sackett was connected with the Livingstons in the 
settlement of the Piiliitinates at ^^Gt^rman Camp,^^ (now German- 
town, Columbia co.) Ulric Winegar and his son, Capt. Garrett, 
were the next families. Tliey removed from " Gennan Camp" 
in 1724 and settled on the Oblong tract. The father died in 

1754, aged 102 years. Delamater settled soon after the 

Winegars, N. w. of Amenia Union. Henry Nase, Stephen IIop- 
kins, Joel Gillett, Ilez. King, Abm. and Joshua Paine, J. Howe, 



and Elisha Kinney settled previous to 174.3. After this time the 
town rapidly filled up with settlers, mostly from New England. 
The fi rst mill is supposed to h.ave been built by John Delamater, 
at Leedsville, and the first inn to have been kept by Michael 
Hopkins, near the center of the town. 

6 3 Presb., 2 M. E., and 1 each Bap. and Prot. E, 

7 The town embraced the land granted to Col. Henry Beekman. 
Beekman Precinct was formed Dec. 16, 1737, and Pawling's 
Precinct was set off in 1768. 

8 The Indian name for this lake is A-po-qua-gue, signifying 
round lake. 

* Ore from this bed is extensively mined and taken to Pough- 
keepsie and Fishkill Furnace. 

10 Tlic furnace at this place is supplied with ore from Union- 
vale: 700 tons of iron are annually produced. 

11 Bap., M. E., Prot. E., and Union, 

13 Named from Geo. Clinton, first Governor. 
13 A sl.ite quarry was formerly worked at the N. extremity of 
the Shultz Mts,; but it is now abandoned. 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



271 



bordered by swamps upon the greater part of its course. The limestone ridge extends n. and s. 
through the center of the principal valley. Along its course several marble quarries have been 
opened.* Iron ore is found in abundance.^ The soil is a fine quality of sandy, gravelly, and slaty 
loam. The small streams flowing from the w. hills have worn deep ravines, and in several places 
form beautiful cascades. The most noted of these is known as ** Dover Stone Church.''^ Dover 
Plains, (Dover p.o.,) a r. r. station, in the n. part of the town, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, 
and plaster mill. Pop. 375. Soutb Dover, (p. v.,) on Ten Mile River, contains 2 churches, a 
grist and saw mill, and 30 houses. Chestnut Ridge (p.o.) and Wing" Station (p.o.) are ham- 
lets. The first settlements are said to have been made by the Dutch from the river towns. Among 
the early settlers are found the names of Knickerbacker, Osterhout, Dutcher, and Van Duzen. 
The fii-st settlers upon the Oljlong tract were from Conn. The first church (Ret. Prot. D.) is said 
to have been formed about 1770.* 

EAST FISHKIIiL— was formed from Fishkill, Nov. 29, 1849. It is the center town upon 
the s. border of tlie co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and e. and hilly in the n. and w. The 
highest points of the Fishkill Mts., in the s., are 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide.^ The principal streams 
are the Fishkill and its tributaries, "Wortel Kil and Sprout Creek. Black Pond is a small sheet 
of water near die s. line. The inteiwales along the streams are generally wide, and bordered by 
steep hillsides in the s. and more gradual slopes in the n. The soil is a gravelly loam. Fatting 
cattle for the New York market is one of the leading pursuits. East Fisliliill, (p. v.,) near 
the center, contains a grist and sawmill and 15 houses; Jol&nsville, (p. v.,) near the w. border, 
1 church and 14 houses; StormviUe, (p. v.,) in the e. part, 20 houses; Fislikill Plains, 
(p.v.,) in the n. w., 1 church and 15 houses; and Slienaudoali Corners, in the s., a church 
and 15 houses. Pecksville, Ilope'well, (Adriance p. o.,) and Fishkill Fnrnace^ are 
hamlets. The first settlers were Genet, Geo. and Isaac Storm, about the year 1730; Cornelius 
Wiltsie and Isaac Adrience came in about 1740. There are 4 churches in town.'' 

FISHHIEIi — was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. A part of "^^ Freedom'" (now La Grange) 
was taken off in 1821, and East Fishkill in 1849. A part of Philipstown (Putnam co.) was 
annexed March 14, 1806. It lies upon the Hudsoa, in the s. w. corner of the co. Its surface is 
mountainous in the s. and hilly in the n. The Fishkill Mts., extending along the s. border, are 
high, rocky, and precipitous. Old Beacon and Grand Sachem, in the s. e. corner, the hi^iest sum- 
mits, are respectively 1471 and 1685 ft. above tide. A break in these mountains, in the e. part-, 
opening toward the s., is known as the Wiccopee Pass.® The Fishkill flows s. w. through near the 
center of the town, skirting the foot of the mountains and separating them from the hilly region in 
the N. w. Wappingers Creek forms the w. boundary. A high rolling ridge lies between these 
two streams, and the highest point is Mt. Hope, 1000 ft. above tide, near the e. border.^ Sprout 
Creek, a tributary of the Fishkill, forms a portion of the e. boundary. A series of bluffs, 150 to 
200 ft. high, extends along the river, broken by the valleys of the streams. The soil is a clay and 
gravelly loam, FIslftkill liandin^, (p'^-i) on the Hudson, opposite Newburgh, contains a 
newspaper office, 2 machine shops, and 4 churches. Brinckerhoff's Nursery, the largest on the 
Hudson, and occupying 50 acres, is at this place. Pop. 1,100. It is a R. R. station and steamboat 
landing, and is connected with Newburgh by a steam ferry. Matteaivan, (p-v.,) on Fishkill 
Creek, 1 mi. above the landing, is an important manufacturing village. It was formerly the seat 
of extensive cotton mills; but these have mostly been converted to other purposes.^** It contains 4 



1 The principal quar»es are between Dover Plains and South 
Dover. 

2 White's ore bed, 3 mi. N. w. of South Dover, has been exten- 
sively workeil, and the ore produced is of good quality. The 
Dover Iron Works formerly did an extensive business: tbey 
closed about 2 years since. White's Furnace, halfway between 
South Dover and Dover Plains, is making 6 to 6 tons of iron 
per day. 

» This ravine is about a \ mi. w. of Dover Plains. It is 20 to 
25 feet wide at the bottom and 1 to 3 feet at the top, and the 
rocks that border it are 40 to 50 feet high. It extends into the 
hill 30 to 40 feet, and at its farther extremity the stream tlows 
from the mountain above in a succession of rapids. The name 
was given in consequence of its resemblance to the Gothic arch. 
In another raviDe, about i mi. 8. of Stone Church, are tlie 
" Wells." A small stream here flows down from the mountAin 
iu a eticceflsion of rapids 3 to 12 feet in height: and at the foot 
of each fall smooth, rounded holes, called the Wells, have been 
worn in the rocks to the depth of 3 to 8 feet. The holes occupy 
the whole width of the bottom of the ravine, and the rocks on 
each side are shelving and slippery, rendering a near approach 
difficult and dangi-roua. These two localities are frequently 
visited by the lovers of nature during the summer season. 

^ This is now a Union church. A Friends meeting house was 
bnilt here about the same time. 



6 The highest point on the s. border is locally known as '' Wiv- 
coppp," ov '^ lA>ng Hill" and the highest on the e. border as 
"^Looking Rock." 

fi A furnace at this place manufactures pig iron from the ore. 
It employs 40 hands, and makes about 400 tons of iron per 
annum. The ore is obtained from the mine near Silver Lake, in 
Beekman. A mine on the e. line, after being worked 20 years, 
was exhausted. 

1 2 Bap., M. E., and Ref. Prot. D. The last named haa an 
endowment of $5000. 

8 This pass was carefully guarded during the Revolution, to 
prevent the British from turning the American works at West 
Point. A considerable American force was stationed at its upper 
extremity daring the campaign of 1777. 

^ Mt. Hope is 5 mi. 8. of Myers Corners. A beautiful and ex- 
tended view is obtained from its summit. A beacon has been 
erected here by the Coast Survey, to serve as a point in the tri- 
angulation of the Hudson River Valley. 

w Among the most important manufactories are ''The Seam- 
less Clothing Manufacturing Co.," incorporated with acnpitalof 
$50,000. It gives employmentto32ohauds,Rud turns out 4500,000 
worth of goods annually. The Matteawan Macliine Works, S. B. 
Schenck, proprietor, givea employment to 200 hands, and turns 
out annually gonda to the auiomit of |;500,000. J. Kothery's 
file factory employs 70 hands^ and manafactures goodei to the 



272 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



churches. Pop. 1476. WappingcrsFalls, (p. v.,) at the head of navigation onWappingers Creek, 
li mi. from the Hudson, lies partly in Poughkeepsie. It is largely engaged in manufacturing.' Wap- 
pingers Creek here falls 75 feet, furnishing an excellent water power. The village contains 4 churches. 
Pop. 1819, of which 1139 are in this town. HugrbSOllvlIle, (p. v.,) U mi. s. of Wappingers 
Falls, contains a church and a steam saw and grist mill. Pop. 245. ]Vew Hackensacli, 
(p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 1 church and 15 dwellings; FisIlkJII, (p-v.,) near the center, 
contains the Fishkill Seminary, the Fishkill CoUegiate Institute, 2 private schools, a newspaper 
office, a hank, savings' bank, 3 churches, and 130 dwellings. GI,enliaill, {p. v.,) 2i mi. below 
Fishkill, contains a woolen factory,^ 3 churches, and 75 dwellings. Carthagre Landing, (p. v.,) 
on the Hudson, 5 mi. above Fishkill Landing, contains 1 church and 30 dwellings. Myers Cor- 
ners, Sivartoutville, and BrinkertaoflTville are hamlets. The first settlement is sup- 
posed to have been made before 1690. The earliest records, dated in 1697,' are papers relating to 
lands. The town lies within the tract granted to Francis Rumbout and others, Oct. 17, 1685.* In 
colonial times it formed a part of the Rumbout and Fishkill precincts. The first constitutional con- 
vention held a session in this town in the fall of 1776. There are 22 churches in town.' 

HTDE PARR'>— was formed from Clinton, Jan. 26, 1821. It lies upon tlie Hudson, a little 
N. of the w. border of the co. Its surface is principally a rolling and moderately hilly upland, 
terminating on the Hudson in a blufi" 180 ft. high. Hog and Lloyds Hills, in the N. part, each 
about 500 ft. above the river, are the highest points in town. The principal streams are Crum 
Elbow Creek, and Fall Kil, tributaries of the Hudson. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam 
underlaid by slate. Hyde Park, (p. v.,) finely situated upon an eminence half a mi. e. of the 
river, contains 4 churches, a gristmill, and 692 inhabitants. Staatsburgli (p. o.) is a r. r. station 
and hamlet in the N. part of the town ; Union Corners and Oyde Park Lianding' are 
hamlets. Numerous elegant residences, occupying splendid sites, have been erected along the 
banks of the river. The first settler is supposed to have been Jacobus Stoughtenburgh, the owner 
of one of the nine " water lots ;" he came to the town about 1720. Gov. Morgan Lewis formerly re- 
Bided upon the place now occupied by Hon. J. K. Paulding. The census reports 7 churches in town.' 

liA GRAIVGE'— was formed from Beekman and Fishkill, as "Freedom," Feb. 9, 1821. Its 
name was changed in 1828. A part of Union Vale was taken ofi' in 1827. It is an interior town, 
lying s. w. of the center of the oo. Its surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland. Sprout 
Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through near the center. Wappingers Creek forms the w. 
boundary. The soil is a gravelly loam. La (•rang'eville, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains 
2 gristmills and 14 houses; and Freedom Plains, (p. v.,) near the center, a church and 14 
houses. Titusvllle,' 1 mi. s. of Manchester Bridge, is a hamlet. Sprout Creek (p. o.) is 
a hamlet in the s. part. Itlancliester Bridge, (p. o.,) on the w. line, is mostly in Pough- 
keepsie. Artliursburg'Ii (p. o.) is a hamlet in the s. corner. The first religious society 
(Friends) was formed before 1800. There are two churches in town ; Friends and Presb. 

MII.AW"' — was formed from Northeast, March 16, 1818. It lies on the n. border of the co., 
w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The 
declivities are generally gradual slopes, and the hills are arable to their summits. Roeliff Jansens 
Kil crosses the n. e. corner. The other streams are small and are bordered by fertile intervales. 
The soil is a clayey, gravelly, and slaty loam. Jacksons Corners, (p. v.,) on Roelifi' Jansens 



amount of $45,000 annnally. Wiccopee. i mi. below Matteawan, 
was the seat of the Wiccopee Color Mills, since changed to the 
New York Rubber Co., engaged in the manufacture of rubber 
toys. This co. has a capital of $125,000, employs 125 men, and 
turns out $100,000 to $1.50,000 worth of goods per year. 

1 The Dutchess Printing Co., incorp. with a capital of $300,000, 
employs 300 hands, and produces $750,000 worth of prints per 
annum. The Franklin DaleManuf 'g Co., incorp. with a capital 
of $150,000. employs 250 hands, and turns out $150,000 worth 
of printing cloths per annum. There are, besides, a foundry, 
comb factory, and numerous machine shops. A large cotton 
factory w;i3 burnt here a few years since, and has not been re- 
built. 

2 The Glenham Woolen Co., incorp. with a capital of $75,000. 
employs 175 hands, and turns out $275,000 worth of goods an- 
nually. It was first started in 1811. 

8 The first mill was erected at the mouth of Fishkill, some 
time before 1709. A ferry to Newburgh was authorized in 1743. 

* The house now occupied by Hon. Isaac Teller and his sisters 
at Matteawan^-one of the first built in town — belonged to Roger 
Brett, a son-in-law of Rumbout. It was built about 1710. The 
liouse is one story, 87 by 36 ft., the sides and roof covered with 
mdar shingles. It was often filled with oflBcers and soldiers 



in the Revolution, and salt was stored in its cellar for the 
army. 

s The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Fishkill Vil- 
lage early in the last century ; but the precise date cannot be 
ascertained. The earliest church records bear date of Sept. 30, 
1727. Rev. Dr. De Witt supposed that the church was formed as 
early as 1716. The present edifice was built in 17S6, in the place 
of one built in 1731. The old church was used for barracks by 
the American army during the Revolution. The present churches 
are as follows :— Presb.. M. E.. Ref. Prot. D., and Af. ISIeth. at Fish- 
kill Landing; Presb., Prot. E., Prot. Metb.. and R.C. .it Jlattca- 
wan; M.E., Ref. Prot. D., and Prot. E. at Glenham; Jl.E.. Ref. 
Prot. D.. and Prot. E. at Fishkill ; M. E., Prot. E., and Bnp. at Wap- 
pingers Falls ; Presb. at BrinkerhoffviUe; M. E. at Carthage Land- 
ing; Presb. at lIiighsonviHe; and Uef. Prot. D. at New Hackensack. 

6 Named by Dr. John Hard, Irom Hyde Park, London. 

' Prot. E., M. E.. Bap., Presb., Kef. Prot. D., K.C., and Friends. 

6 Named from La Fayette's residence in France. 

6 The Titus Woolen Factory, established here in 1828, employs 
60 to 70 liands. and turns out about $100,000 worth of cloths per 
annum; capital, $50,000. 

10 This town is included in the tract known as the *' Little 
Nine Partners." 




Z 

o 






DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



273 



Kil, in the n. e. corner, containa 1 church and 25 houses; KocR City' (p. v.) a grist and saw mill 
and 20 houses; Milanville (Milan p.o.) 12 houses; and l.a rayctteville (p. v.) IGhouses. 
SbOOkville and Tlioriiville are hamlets. The first settlements were principally made by- 
tenants under the original proprietors, about 1760,^ ard a large share of the land is still hold by 
leasehold tenure. The first church (M. E.) was fijrmed about 1790. The census reports 4 churches.'' 

BIORTIIEAST* — was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Milan was taken ofi' in 1818, and 
Pine Plains in 1823. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. A tongue of land li mi. wide, upon 
the E. border, extends 4 mi. N. of the remaining part of the town. The surface is a hilly and 
broken upland. The Taghkanick Mts., extending along the E. border, are rocky and broken, and are 
1000 to 1200 ft. above tide. The highest point in the valley w. of the mountains, forming the sum- 
mit level of the N. Y. & H. R. R., is 771 feet above tide. Ten Mile River, the principal stream, 
flows s. through nearly the whole length of the town. Chekomiko Creek flows N. through the w. 
part. Indian Pond, on the e. line. Round Pond, on the s. line, and Ruds Pond are the principal 
bodies of water. The valleys have generally a gravelly and clayey soil, but the hills in some 
places are rocky and fit only for pasturage. An extensive bed of iron ore has been opened 1 mi. 
N. E. of Millerton, near the Conn, line.* IVortUeast Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 
20 houses; Millerton," (p. v.,) a rail road station, contains 1 church and 27 houses ; and 
Spencers Corners (Northeast p.o.) a church and 12 houses. Coleman IStation is in 
the s. part. Federal Store ami Oblong are p. offices. The pioneer settlers were mostly from 
Conn., and located here from 1725 to 1730.' The first religious services were held by Moravian 
missionaries, at an Indian mission house at the n. end of Indian Lake.' There are 4 churches in 
town.' 

PAWliUVG'" — was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Dover was taken oif in 1807. It is the 
s. E. corner town in the co. A high range of hills extends along the E. border, and another occupies 
the w. part. A fine, broad valley occupies the central portions and separates the two highland 
regions." Swamp and Croton Rivers take their rise in the valley, tlie former flowing n. and the 
latter s. Whaleys and Little Ponds— the sources of the Fishkill— lie near the w. border, and Ob- 
long Pond lies in the N. E. part. The ridge of limestone from which marble is quarried extends 
into the n. part from Dover. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam. Large quantities of milk are 
daily sent to the New York market. Pawling^, (p. v.,) a station on the 11. & N. Y. R. R., con- 
tains a bank, 2 churches, and 25 houses. Canipbollville, (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 14 
houses. Quaker Hill (p.o.) and Farmers Uill (p.o.) are hamlets. Settlements are suj>- 
posed to have commenced at Quaker Hill between 1720 and 1730, by Friends from R. I., who 
organized the first religious society soon after their arrival.'- There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., 
Bap., and Friends. 

PIRTE PliAUVS"— was formed from Northeast, March 26, 1823. It lies on the N. border 
of the CO., E. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, the ridges being separated by bi-oad 
valleys. The highest summit is Stissing Mt., in the w. part, 400 to 500 feet above the valleys. 
Its declivities are steep, and it is crowned with a mass of naked rock. Roelifi' Jansens Kil crosses 
the N. w. corner, and the Shekomeko or Cheecomico flows n. through near the center. Thompsons, 
Stissing, and Mud Ponds lie at the e. foot of Stissing Mt., and Buttermilk Pond and several smaller 
ones are in the s. part. The soil is generally a productive, gravelly loam. Marl is found in several 



X Named from the rock which crops out in the ac^acent hills 
and alon^ the streams. 

n In 1760, Johannes Rowe bought of Robert Livingston 911 
acres a little n. of La Fayetteville, and located upon it. Among 
the other early settlers we find the names of Clark, Stewart, 
Simons, and Herrick, a part of whom wore from Conn. 

8 2 M. E.. andl each Christian and Union. 

* Named from its geographical position in the co. Northeast 
Precinct was formed from the North Precinct, Dec. 16, 1740, and 
embraced the Little or Upper Nine Partnei-s Tract. Tlie North 
Precinct was extended across the Oblong Tract to the Conn, lino, 
Dec. 17, 174.3. 

* The Dakin ore bed was opened in 1846 b,v the proprietor, 
who erected a furnace in the vicinity and nin it until 1856. 
The mine is at the foot of the Taghkanick Mt.. where it makes 
a bend into Conn., and about li mi. above the Salisbury (Conn.) 
mines. From SOOO to 10.000 tons of ore are taken out annually, 
and are mostly sent by R. R. to Hudson. Benedict's Furnace. 1 
mi. N. w. of Millerton, makes 5 tons of pig iron daily, principally 
from Salisbury ore. A cupola furnace has also been erected 
here, and the manufacture of car wheels commenced. A slate 
company waa incorp. in this town in 1813. 



* Large qnantities of milk are daily sent to the N.T. market 

7 Baltus Lott and Adam Showernian first settled in the s. part 

of the town. Barzillai Rudd, Elder Dakin, and Spencer 

were also early settlers. 

8 The remains of this old mission bouse are still visible on tho 
fai-m of Douglas Clark. 

9 2 M. E., Bap., and Cong. 

10 Pawling Precinct was formed from Beekman Precinct, Dec. 
31, 1708. 

n Mt. Tom, a prominent peak i mi. w. of Pawling Station, ic 
about 300 feet above the valley. 

12 The Friends meeting house on Quaker ITill was used as a 
hospital during the Revolution, aad a eonsiderable number of 
soldiers were buried in the vicinity. A body of troops were 
stationed here for some time; and Oen. Washington spent a 
short time here iu 1778. 

13 This town formed a portion of the *' Little Nine Partners" 
tract. Many of tho fiirms are still owned by tho heirs of tho 
original proprietors, and are leased to the occupants. All efforts 
to convert the leasehold tenure into a freehold have proved 
unsuccessful. 



18 



274 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



localities.^ Pine Plains, (p. v.,) iiear the center of the town, contains a bank and 3 churches. 
Pop. 382. Uaniiuerto^vn contains an extensive scythe factory and a dozen houses.^ Pul- 
vers Corner (p.o.) and Mount Ross are hamlets. The first settlements -were probably 
made about 1740.^ A Moravian mission was established among the Indians at Shekomeko, 2 mi. 
s. of Pine Plains, in Sept. 1740.* There are 7 churches in town.^ 

PliEASAMT VALLEY— was formed from Clinton, Jan. 26, 1821. It is an interior town, 
lying w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. Barnes and Dennis 
Hills, in the N. w., are the highest points, Wappingers Creek flows s. w. through near the center; 
Sprout Creek takes its rise in a pond in the s. w. part. Slate crops out along the hills, and a vein 
of marble has lately been discovered. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Pleasant Val- 
ley, (p. V.,) in the s. w. part, was incorp. April 15, 1814; it contains a cotton factory^ and 4 
churches. Pop, 500.' Salt Point, (p. v.,) on Wappingers Creek, contains a grist and plaster 
mill and 17 houses. Wasbin^on Uollow, (p.v,,) on the line of Washington, contains a 
church, cotton factory,^ and 16 houses. Cruni Elboiv is a p. o. The first church (Presb.) 
was formed in 1765 ; Rev. Wheeler Case, the first pastor, was installed Nov. 12 of the same year- 
There are 5 churches in town.^ 

POrCHREEPSIE^'*— was formed as a town March 7, 1788. The city of Poughkeepsie was 
taken off March 28, 1854. It lies upon the Hudson, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is 
mostly a rolling upland. Wappingers Creek, forming the e. boundary, and Fall Kil, flowing s. 
through Poughkeepsie City, each furnish a considerable amount of water power. The soil is 
clayey in the w, and a sandy and gravelly loam in the remaining parts. ]!Ve'W llamburgb, 
(p.v,,) on the Hudson, in the extreme s. angle, contains 2 churches. It is a r. r. station, and is 
connected by a ferry with Marlborough, Orange co. Pop, 339. Cbannin^ville, opposite Wap- 
pingers Falls, contains a gristmill, 2 churches, and 50 houses. Illancbester, (Manchester Bridge 
p. 0.,) on the line of La Grange, contains about a dozen houses.^^ Rocbdale, in the n. e. corner, 
contains 2 cotton factories and 15 houses. I^ocust Glen is a p. o. The first settlements were 
made by the Dutch, about 1700.**** There are 4 churches in town; 2 M. E., Presb., and R. C. 

POrGMREEPSIE CITY— was formed from Pough- 
keepsie, and incorp. as a village March 27, 1799, and as a city 
March 28, 1854. It is situated upon the Hudson, a little s. of the 
cente* of the w. border of the co. The ground gradually rises 
from the river to a table land, 150 to 200 ft. high, upon which 
most of the city is built, and about 1 mi. back into a hill 500 ft. 
high.*^ Fall Kil, a small stream, flows in a tortuous channel 
through the city, affording a limited amount of water power. 
The city is finely laid out on the bluff overlooking the Hudson; 
and, besides the co. buildings, it contains 4 banks, 1 saWngs^ 
bank, 18 churches, and many other fine public and private 
buildings. Its location gives to the city commercial advantages 
which are fully improved. During the summer daily lines of steamers run to New York and to 




1 Upon draining Uoag Pond, li mi. s. E. of Pine Plains Village, 
a-very deep bed of marl, covering 6 or 8 acres, was found. Marl 
is also found in Buttermilk Pond. 

2 Harris'e Scythe Factory gives employment to 50 hands, and 
turns out about 2000 dozen scythes per nnnum. 

8 Id 1740. John Ran, a German, lived on a hill N. E. from She- 
komeko. John Tice Smith. Jas. Graham, C. W. Rantz, Ebr. 
Dibble, aiid Snyder were also early settlers. 

* This mission was commenced in Sept. 1740, by Henry Ranch, 
and on the 22d of Feb. 1742, the firsts Indian converts were 
baptized. Before the end of the year, 26 more were converted, 
and a place of worship was erected. This little community had 
not become fully settled before its quiet was disturbed by the 
intrusion of an armed force under the orders of the sheriff, at 
the instigation of intolerant and bigoted neighbors; and, al- 
though neither arms nor any thing else were found that could 
lie construed into hostile designs a^^ainst the Government, the 
uiissionaries were seized and brought before the Governor and 
Council at New York, under charge of being in the interests of 
the French and nf endeavoring to seduce the Indians from their 
alliance with the English. Upon refusing to take the oath of 
allegiancfi, they were reprimanded and discharged. Their ene- 
mies, well knowing their conscientious scruples in regai-d to 
oaths, in 1744 obtained the passage of an act "for securing his 
majesty's government in New York," by which an oath of alle- 
giance was made obligatory. Rather than do violence to their 
crmscittuces, the uiissio&aries removed to Bethlehem, Peun.^ 



followed by several of their Indian converts. The mission was 
visited by Count Zinzendorf and Bishop David Nitschman soon 
after its location in this town. During the last 2 years, 62 native 
converts were baptized and admitted to the rliurch. Gottlieb 
Buettner, one of the missionaries, died in Feb. 1745, at this 
placf . — Beckeivdder's Hist. Mnrav. Missions, 20 ; Doc. Hist. K. T,, 
in. 1014; Davis's Sftekomeko, p. 29. 

6 Bap., M. E.. Presb., Prot. E., and Friends. 

6 This factory was built in 1815, by John Gibbons. It con- 
tains 80 looms, and gives employment to 76 hands. 

' The charter of this village is a dead letter, as no election baa 
taken place in 10 years. The village records are lost. 

8 This factorv gives employment to about 40 hands. 

» 2 M. E., Friends, Prot. E., and Presb. 

10 Poughkeepsie Precinct was formed Dec. Ifi, 1737. Tn early 
documents the name is spelled in a variety of ways, as *' Picipsi" 
and ^' Poh-ipsi.'^ The original name is said to have been Apo- 
keep-sink, signifying ''deep water." 

n A cotton factory was formerly in operation here. In 1849 it 
was changed to a paper mill, which was run until lSo7. 

12 Near the s. line of the city is a house built before the Revo- 
lution and formerly owned by Philip Livingston. It still bears 
the marks of balls fired by the British. The dwelling of Gov. 
Geo. Clinton, still standing, 6 mi. below the city, is now owned 
by Philip S. Van Rensselaer. Prof. S. F. B. Morse, the inventor 
of the electric telegraph, resides 2 mi. S. of the city. 

13 About 1 uii. N. of this hill is another of about the same ele- 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



275 



Albany, and a considerable trade is carried on by barges and boats. The daily line of steamers 
between New York and Albany touches here. A steam feri*y connects the city with New Paltz 
Lauding. The manuf;ictures are extensive and various. They consist chiefly of pig iron, car- 
riages, carpets, pins, chairs, drugs, files, sewing silk, and ale.^ 

The City Hall is a plain l)rick building, situated on Main St., a little w. of the courthouse. 

Tlie FuUic Schools are under the charge of a board of education, consisting of 12 members, 
of whom 3 are elected annually. The schools are G in number, and employ 23 teachers, — 3 males 
and 20 females. In 1857 the number of children between 4 and 21 was 4329, of whom 1900 (or 44 
per cent.) were in attendance at school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the 
schools were §S444 13. The number of volumes in the district libraries was 4683. 

The Dutchess Co. Academy occupies a large 3 story brick building on Hamilton St.^ 

The Pomjhheepsie Female Seminary, situated on Cannon St., was founded by a st^:»ck co., at a 
cost of S15,000. Eleven teachers and two lecturers are connected with it. 

The Ftfuyhkcepsie Collegiate School is situated on a hill J of a mi. E. of the city. A lot of 80 
acres is connected with the institution, and the building and grounds are valued at §75,000.* 

The Mansion Square Female Institute is a private institution, corner of Mansion and Catharine 
St«. It has 9 teachers and 80 pupils. 

The Dr. McLellans Female Collegiate Institute, a private institution, is situated at the corner of 
Mill and Catharine Sts. It occupies a 3 story brick building, and has 10 teachers and about 100 pupils. 

The Cottage Hill Seminary, a private institution for young ladies, is located on a beautiful site 
upon Garden St. It is under the charge of a principal, assisted by 12 teachers and lecturers. A 
library of 2000 volumes is connected with it, and the niunber of pupils is limited to 50. 

The Law School, incorp. in 1851, and first located at Ballston Spa, w^ removed to this city in 
1853, and its sessions are still held here. A Young Men's Association has been established, for 
the purpose of furnishing winter lectures. 

The PougJikeepsie Lyceum of Literature, Science, and Art was incorp. April 6, 1838. 

The Poughkeepsie Orphan Asylum and Home of the Friendless, having for its object the care of 
orphans and destitute children, was organized June 21, 1847. Besides these, there is ^ Rural Cefme- 
tery Association,* a well organized Fire Department, and an Aqueduct Association, Population of the 
city, 12,703.5 

The first settlement was begun in 1690 and 1700. BaltusVan Kleeck built the first house within 
the present limits of the city, in 1702, on land now owned by Matthew Vassar Jr., near Cong. 
Church.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed about 1700, Rev. Cornelius Van Schie was 
installed pastor of this church and the one at Fishkill in 1727 .'' 

The Van Kleeck House, a substantial st^ne building, was used for purposes of defence, and just 
' under the eaves the walls were pierced with loop-holes fi:)r musketry. This building was after- 
ward the meeting place of the inhabitants to consult upon the public welfare when the Boston 
Port Bill and kindred measures awakened a spirit of resistance through the country. There the 
Committee of Correspondence of Dutchess held their meetings ; and there the pledge to sustain the 
Continental Congress and the Provincial Assembly was signed by the inhabitants of Poughkeepsie 
in June and July, 1775. 



vation. Many beautifHil and costly dwellings are built upon 
these table landa about the city, affording a fine view of the city 
and viillt-y. The eye here has au uniuterrupted range of view 
over JSUO sq. mi. of country. 

1 The Poughkeepsie Iron Works were estaMished in 1S48, with 
a capital of fJU*i.0O(j; 75 hands are employed, and 10,000 to 11.000 
tuns of pig iron are manufactured per annum. The ores used are 
the JuMiiatitc from Kislikill. and the magnetic ore from Kssex 
CO. The i'oughkeepsie Carriage Manufactory, with a capital of 
$36,000. employs <iO hands, and turna out $90,000 to glOO.OOO 
worth of carriages per annum, whirh are chiefly sold in the 
Southern marketa. Peltoii's I'arpet Factory, with a capital of 
$00,000, t-mploys 60 to 70 hands, and produces'00,00o tn B5.000 ydH. 
of carpeting per year. A pin fnctory. iu the same building, em- 
ploys 16 handa. The Poughkeepsie Chair JlauuHxctory employs 
300 hands, and produces $i>0.000 worth of chairs per year, which 
are nn)8tly sent to Soutli America. An establishment for the 
prep;»ratinn of dye Btuffs and drugs employs 30 liand.t, and manu- 
facture** $200,000 worth of gH^danunually. A file factory, started 
in ls.^t). cmploy.<3 1*2 men: and a sewing silk factory, started in 
IKSS. employs 15 to '20 h mds. \I. Vas.«iar & C'l.'s Brewery and 
Malt Works, commenced in 1795. has a capital of $150,000, em- 
ploys .'(II men, and manufacturfs 30.000 bbls. of ale per year. 

* TluH building was en-cted in 1836. at a cost of $U.OOO. 

' The building of this institution is of brtck, modeled after the 
Parthenon. It waa organized under the charge of ('has. liart- 
lett, N. P.TaUmage, and Cuuuingbam. See p. 750. 



* The PonghkeepBie Rural Cemetery consists of 54 acres, aitu 
ated in the town of Poughkeepsie. a short distance below the 
city, between the Highland Turnpike and the Hutison. 

6 The population of the town of Poughkeepsie (including the 
city recently organized) at different periods has been as fol- 
lows : — 

17')0 2,529 I 1814 5,673 I 1830 7.222 I 1845 11,791 

1800 3,246 1820 5.726 1835 8,529 IS-^O 1.3,944 

1810 4,669 I 1825 5,935 | 1840 ;i0.006 | 1S55 15.873 

« Among the early settlers were Dutch families named Van 
Do Bogart, Van Beuechoten, Van De Bergh. Van Wagener, Da 
(iraff. ho Koy, Parmentier, Messier, Ostrom, llogeboom, Filkins, 
Swartwout, Frear, Hegenian. and Liviugston. The first house 
stood until 1S35. It was built of stone, and was furnished with 
loopholes for the use of musketry. During the Revolution tho 
colonial legislature held several sessions in it. 

^ In 175S, the controversy between the Cetus and Confevontio 
parties distracted this church, and led to its divitiiou in 1763. 
The former of these parties wished to sever their connection from 
the Classis at Amsterdam and become independent, and the 
latter wished to still preserve their connection with the mother 
church. The controversy divided nearly all the Ucf. Prot. D. 
churches in America, and it was not entirely settled until about 
1790, when a reconciliation tookplace. Thereare nowlSchurchea 
in the city; 4 M. K.. 2 Kef. Prot. D., 2 prot. K., {Christ's and St, 
.lolin's,) 2 Bap,, and Cong., Presb., Uuiv.j Ocr. Luth., Af. Moth., 
Frieuds, R. C, and Jewish. 



276 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



As soon as tlie alarm occasioned by the invasion of Sir Henry Clinton (in 1777) had subsided, 
Gov. Clinton called a meeting of the Legislature at Poughkeepsie. It assembled at the Van Kleeck 
House early in Jan. 1778. Various acts to complete the organization of the State Government 
were passed ; provisions were made for strengthening the civil and military powers of the State ; 
and it was during that session that the State gave its assent to the Articles of Confederation, the 
organic law of the Federal Union until our present Constitution was formed and adopted. 

The State Convention to consider the Federal Constitution assembled at the Van Kleeck House on 
June 17, 1788. There were 57 delegates present, and Gov. George Clinton was chosen President 
of the Convention. In that assembly were some of the most distinguished men of the Revolution, 
and the debates were of the most interesting character. In no State in the Union was hostility to 
the Federal Constitution more extensive and violent than in the State of New York. Forty-six of 
the 57 delegates, including the governor, were Anti-Federalists, or opposed to the Constitution. 
The principal advocates of the instrument were John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and Robert 
Livingston. Mr. Hamilton had been a leading member of the National Convention that framed 
the Constitution, and also one of the principal writers of The Federalist. He felt the responsibility 
of his situation, and the Convention readily acknowledged the value of his judgment. He was per- 
fectly familiar with every topic included in the wide range which the debates embraced, and he 
was nobly sustained by his colleagues Jay and Livingston. The hostile feelings of many of the 
Anti-Federalists gradually yielded, and on the 26th of July the final question of ratification was 
carried in the affirmative by a majority of 3 votes. 

Huddlestone, the famous spy, who was captured upon Wild Boar Hill, near Y'onkers, West- 
chester CO., was tried, condemned, and hung in Poughkeepsie in April, 1780. The place of his 
execution was upon a verge of the plain on which the town stands known as Forbuses Hill. He 
was accompanied to the scaffold by the co. officers and a small guard of militia enrolled for the 
purpose.^ 

REDIIOOK- — was formed from Rhinebeck, .June 2, 1812. It lies upon the Hudson, in the 
N. w. corner of tlie co. Its surface is a rolliug upland, terminating on the Hudson in a series of 
bluffs 100 to 150 ft. high. The e. part is hilly. Prospect Ilill is a prominent peak a little s. of 
Upper Redhook Village. The streams are the Saw Kil and AVhite Clay Kil. The valleys 
of the streams are broad and their banks low. Long Pond, in the E. part, forms the source of the 
Saw Kil. The soil along the river is a clay loam, and in the remaining parts a sandy, gravelly, or 
slaty loam. Redliook, (p. v.,) near the center, contains a cigar and tobacco manufactory, a 
female orphan asylum," and 3 churches. Pop. 625. Tivoli,* (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, is a steam- 
boat landing and a R. R. station. A large forwarding business is carried on here. It is adja- 
cent to Myersvllle, the two places forming a continuous village. They contain 5 churches and 
about 600 inhabitants. Barrytown (p. v.) is a r. r. station, 6 mi. below Tivoli. It contains 1 
church, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 250. Upper Redliook, (p. v.,) in the N. E. 
part, contains 1 church and 175 inhabitants. Cedar Hill, on the Saw Kil, contains 1 church, a 
carpet yarn manufactory, a flouring mill,* and 175 inhabitants. The first settlements were made 
between 1713 and 1727, by the Dutch. There are 11 churches in town." Along the river are 
numerous elegant country seats. The old residence of Gen. .John Armstrong is now owned by his 
son-in-law, William B. Astor. The former estate of Gen. Montgomery is now occupied by Mrs. 
Edward Livingston.' 

RHIKEBECR*'— was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Redhook was taken off in 1812. 
It lies upon the Hudson, N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and moderately 
hilly upland, terminating on the river in bluffs 100 to 150 ft. high. Landmans Creek, the principal 
stream, flows s. w. through near the center. Rhinebeck Kil is its tributary. Lake Sepasco is a 
small body of water in the n. e. corner. The soil is principally a fine quality of sandy loam. 



1 Losmtg's FiM Bvk, rul. T, pp. 3S3, SS4. 

2 By the Dutch called Koode llot-ck. Tradition ascribes the 
name of the town to a marsh near Tivoli, covered with ripe 
cranberries when first seen. 

3 Supported entirely by Mrs. William B. .^stor. 

* Pronounced Tiv'o-le. A ferry connects this place with Sau- 
gerties, Ulster co. ^ Erected in 1856. at a cost of 530,000. 

^ 4 Prot. E., 3 M. E., Lutb., Bap., Union, and Independent ; the 
laflt is the Sylvanian Chapel at Barrytown, owned by Robert 
I)onal3on. 

' .\mong the early settlors were families named Haeners, Shn- 
foldt, Zippertie. Hagerdorn, Wiederwax, Tranvs. Stjiats. Mell- 
»uu, Bermar, Woldorf, Near, Proseus.and others, mostly from 



Germany. They lirst settled near Barrytown and Tivoli. The 
first marriage on record is that of Adam Sh.affer and Maria 
Schoett, July 81, 1746. The first baptism on the church record 
is that of Catherine Woldorf, April IS, 1734. 

8 Rhinebeck Precinct, ,as formed Dec. 16, 1737, included the 
lands purchased of the widow Pauldiui; and her children by Dr. 
Sjim'l Staats ; all the land granted to Adrian. Roosa, and C^tbe ; 
land patented by Col. Henry Beekman. June 5, 1703; and the 
land granted to Col. Peter Schuyler, called the Magdalen Island 
Purchase. The name is derived from the first settlers, who were 
from near the Rhine, in Germany, and Beekman, an original 
proprietor. 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



277 



Rhinebeck, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. April 23, 1834. It contains a 
bank, paper mill, 2 newspaper offices, a private academy,' and 5 churches. Pop. 1051. Rhine- 
beck Station, (p. v.,) on tlie Hudson, contains a paper mill and 18 houses. A steam ferry 
connects the place with Rondout, Ulster co. Monterey,- near the x. border, contains a church 
and 10 houses. The first settlement was made some time before 1700, but the precise date cannot 
be determined. The first family that came in was that of AVm. Beekman, the original proprietor.' 
His homestead (known as the Beekman House, built on a high point above llhinebeck Station) is still 
standing.* The first religious services are said to have been held in this house. The first church 
(Ref. Prot. D.) was formed May 23, 1724, at the present village of Monterey.^ The Lutheran 
church at Monterey was formed in 1730.' There are 6 churches in town.' 

STAMFORD' — was formed from Washington, March 12, 1793. It is an interior town, lying 
N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. The hills are generally 
rounded, and admit of cultivation to their summits. Slate crops out in numerous places along their 
declivities, and bowlders and water-worn pebbles are thickly strewn over a considerable portion 
of the surface. The highest point is Carpenter Hill, in the s. e. corner. Wappingers Creek, flowing 
s. w. through near the center, is the principal stream, llunns Lake,' in the N. E., and Uptons Pond, 
in the s. w., are the principal bodies of water. The soil is a good quality of gravelly and slaty loam. 
A considerable quantity of milk is sent daily to New York by the Harlem R. R. Stanford- 
ville, (p. V.,) near the center of the town, contains a gristmill, carriage axle factory, paper mill, 
3 churches, and 35 dwellings. Bangall, (p. v.,) on AVappingers Creek, contains 2 gristmills, 2 
sawmills, a foundry, 2 churches, and 30 dwellings. Attlebury, (p.o.,) Stissing-ville, and 
Old Attlebury'" are hamlets. Smith Thompson, U. S. Circuit Judge, was a native and resident 
of this town. There are 5 churches in town." 

UIVIOIV VAliE'^ — was formed from Beekman and "Freedom," (now La Grange,) March 1, 
1827. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken 
upland divided into two parts by a broad valley which extends N. and s. through the center. 
Slate crops out upon the summits and the declivities of the hills. The Clove Kil, a tributary 
of Fishkill Creek, flows s. w. through near the center. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. An 
iron mine near Clove p.o. supplies the Beekman Furnace, 2 mi. farther s. Verbank, (p. v.,) in 
the N. w. corner, contains 2 gristmills, a paper mill, church, and a dozen dwellings. Oswego 
Village, (p.o.,) near the w. border, contains a church and 10 dwellings. Clove, (p.o..) near 
the center, contains 2 churches and about a dozen dwellings. CroMse Store, in the s. part, 
Mansfield, in the n. e. corner, and Pleasant Ridge, in the s. E. corner, are p. offices. 
Henricus Beekman, the patentee, conveyed 1,000 acres to his son Henry in 171G, and settlement is 
supposed to have commenced soon after. There are 4 churches in town.'^ 

W.tSIIIl«GTOM"— was formed March 7, 1788. Stanford was taken oS" in 1793. It is an 
interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a rolling and hilly upland. Slate 
crops out on the hills, and water-worn pebbles are thickly strewn over a small portion of the sur- 
face. The principal elevations are Muckle Hill, near the center, Molly Mt., in the N. w. corner, 
Plymouth Hill, in the s. E. corner, and Canoe Hill, near the N. line. The streams are small creeks 
and brooks. Round and Shaw Ponds, in the N. part, form the sources of Wappingers Creek. A 
large quantity of milk is sent from the e. part to N. Y. by the Harlem R. R. The raising of blooded 
stock receives considerable attention.'* llarts Village, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 grist- 
mills, 2 sawmills, a spoke factory, and 28 dwellings." Mabbettsville," (p.o.,) 2 mi. e. of Harts 



1 The Rbinebeck Academy was formerly incorp., but ia now a 
priv.tte institution. It employs 2 teachers, and has an average 
of 100 pupils. 

2 Named by Geo. Pink, who was appointed first postmaster 
in 1849. The p.o. has since been discoulinucd. 

> Wm. Beekman came from Germany witli his son, Henricus, 
in May. Tfi47 : anil with them cime a number of poor families, 
who afterward settled in this town. Among the first families 
were those uauied Sipperly, Kipp, Pink, Schmidt, Shoptown, 
Backman. and Elseffer. 

* This house was built of stone, and was used as a fortress in 
early times. The brick used in the chimneys were brought 
from Holland. It is now owned by A. J. Hermance, Esq. 

6 About ISOO this church divided, by mutual consent of the 
members: one branch located at Rhinebeck and the other at 
Itedhook. The first baptism on record is that of John Schmidt, 
April 6. 1730. 

* Fred. Uenry Quitman — fiither of Gen. Quitman, of the Mexi- 
can \Nar — was for several years pastor of tliis church. He was 
born in the Duchy of Cleves, WestpbaUa, in 17 60, and died in 1832. 



' Ref. Prot. D., Luth., Prot. E, M. E., and Bap. at Rhine- 
beck. and Luth. at Monterey. 

8 This town was included in the Great Nine Partners Tract. 

^ Formerly Thompsons Poml. 

10 An inimeuse spring of pure cold water near this place bos 
considerable local notoriety. 

'1 Orthodox Friends, Uicksite Friends. Christian, Bap., and 
M. E. 

12 This town constitutes a portion of the Beekman Purchase. 

13 2 M. E., Friends, and Christian. 

1* This town is mostly comprised within the Great Nino Part- 
ners Tract. 

1* Saml. Thorn, of Thorndalo. 1 mi. w. of Four C(.>rner8, is ex- 
tensively engaged in raising the short horn Durham cattle. 
His herd of 70 head, valued at $70,000, is the most vsiluable one 
in America. 

1^ A mill was built at this place about 1760, and is supposed to 
have been the fii-sl in town. 

17 ^'amed from J as. Mahbett, a former proprietoi^ 



278 



DUTCHESS COUNTY. 



Village, contains 12 dwellings, Liitbgow, (p.o.,) near the e. line, 2 churches and 10 dwellings, 
McctaaniC, (Washington p.o.,) 2 mi. s. of Harts Village, a boarding school,' 2 churches, and 
15 dwellings, and Little Rest, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, 2 gristmills and 15 dwellings. Four 
Corners is a hamlet. fVasliin^on Hollow (p-v.) is on the line of Pleasant Valley. 
There are 4 chui-ches in town.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Dutchess County. 



Names op Towns. 



Anieoia. 

Beekman 

Clinton 

Dover. 

East Fishkill 

Fishkill 

Hyde Park 

La Grange 

Milan - 

Northeast 

Pawling 

Pine Plains 

Pleasant Valley 

Poughkeepsie 

Poughkeepsie City 

Redh.wk 

Khinebeck 

Stanford 

Union Vale 

Washington 

Total 



Acres op Land. 



17,709 
13.003 
19.635 
17,4.s2 
22,611 
25.672 
17.090 
22.S2Si 
18.370i 
18,05liJ 
19,07lj| 
14,23.5 
17.464S 
15.R10J 
1.176} 
19,423 
17,3S7J 
26,067 
12,000i 
31.671 



|306,369J 



Valuation of 1858. 



0.86'J 
4.227 
4.429 
9.1S7 
7.455 
4.210 
6.410 
3.153 
6,04'J 
6.193, 
9,773} 
3.941 
2.694 
6,118 
38 
2.725 
4,379 
6.514 
2,S75i 
4,077 
98.104J 121,170.239 



$1,113,660 

644.432 

611,195 

902.466 

876.426 

2.164,463 

1,321,925 

940.209 

472.307 

770,020 

602.993 

612.087 

626,970 

1,179.940 

2.177.940 

1,913.974 

1,863.905 

1,013.721 

436,672 

1,134,555 






$274,750 
177,550 
206.830 
206.713 
367,307 

1,265.057 
340.600 
247,020 
128.576 
126,400 
271,960 
179,305 
157,200 
333,350 

1,925,282 
409.600 
604,603 
237,479 
70,530 
271,,'iOO 



g 



$1,388,300 

721,982 

718,0251 

1,109,168; 

1,243,733 

3,429,620! 

1,062,526 

1,187,229 

600.883 

896,420 

874,943 

791,992 

784,170 

1,513,290 

4,103,222 

2,323,474 

2,358.608 

1,251.200 

607,102 

1,406.056 



701,602 28,871.741 29.638 30.997 



1,080 

078 

940 

971 

1,289 

4,244 

1,219 

904 

812 

876 

895 

754 

916 

1,649 

6,936 

1.895 

1,627 

1.107 

727 

1,321 



1,119 

701 

900 

954 

1,330 

4,620 

1,261 

948 

818 

882 

897 

699 

938 

1,561 

6,827 

1,865 

1,638 

1,094 

736 

1,419 



376 
242 
343 
289 
462 

1,205 
415 
328 
203 
291 
324 
275 
374 
602 

1,706 
604 
525 
403 
255 
483 



409 
269 
890 
282 
495 

1,602 
207 
360 
830 
886 
361 
272 
269 
495 

2,430 
701 
611 
446 
300 
610 



250 
169 
282 
161 
239 
668 
288 
235 
231 
193 
260 
160 
362 
256 
933 
292 
335 
301 
204 
305 



9,705 10.081 6.984 214 21.448 



Scuoou. 



732 
402 
652 
679 
881 
3,201 
821 
819 
«63 
763 
650 
606 
750 
959 
4,337 
1,274 
1,097 
795 
679 
887 



Names of Towns. 



Amenia 

Beekman 

Clinton 

Dover 

East Fishkill 

Fishkill 

Hyde Park 

La Grange 

Milan 

Northe.ast 

Pawling 

Pine Plains 

Pleasant Valley 

Poughkeepsie 

Poughkeepsie City.. 

Kedhook 

Khinebeck 

Stanford 

Union Vale 

Washington 

Total 





Live Stock. 






Ageicultdbal Products. 




II 




■ri. 








Bdsb. of Grain. 


1 


li 




Daisy Pbodpcts. 


y 


$ 


•§C 


■Si 


1 




1 

5 


r 
g 


•1 
1,666 




■| 




11 


1^ 


if 


II 


429 


1,111 


1,592 


4,647 


4,619 


63.812 


6.109 


14,716 


15,436 


85.055 


9,866 


317 


1.111 


796 


2,027 


1.663 


9,597 


49,042 


8.422 


7,530 


6,868 


66,865 


6,497 


658 


906 


1,369 


2,980 


8,103 


24,747 


73,791 


3,324 


9,715 


6.184 


122,844 


636 


2S3 


1,283 


1,285 


1,4.80 


1,276 


2,0,50 


30,077 


4,464 


9.l»2 


4.431 


65,961 


3,840 


699 


1,737 


1,681 


2,750 


2,S06 


13,694 


75,237 


6,770 


12.318 


6.990 


150,087 


864 


1,060 


1,291 


1,646 


2,738 


2,671 


19.718 


104,357 


7,003 


0,779 


3.227 


105.648 


200 


642 


824 


1,366 


911 


2,171 


16,535 


48,9934 


3,867 


6.703 


11,147 


93,660 


720 


662 


899 


1,166 


3,418 


2,113 


23,988 


73,818i 


4.242 


6.129 


6.156 


89,460 


100 


606 


8.53 


873 


4,916 


2,300 


24,405 


48,2444 


3.049 


11,486 


7,716 


90,916 


1,7S2 


455 


1,002 


1,151 


7,497 


2,077 


10,903 


74.939 


8.475 


18,273 


31.511 


62,826 


8,259 


387 


l,2(i8 


1,479 


2,689 


1.259 


3.06U 


30,1404 


5.210 


18,099 


7,999 


89,460 


960 


407 


711 


678 


6,723 


2,117 


14,914i 


46.61!-i 


2,309 


11,005 


6,319 


39.990 


6,188 


476 


698 


1,067 


2,142 


1,S96 


21.487 


65.097 


3,7204 


6,942 


6,938 


106,785 




660 


607 


1,819 


1,242 


2,329 


11,153 


69.7304 


3,610 


4,072 


1,137 


48.058 




439 


48 


264 




604 


692 


4.672 


364 


1.336 


830 


1,350 




654 


900 


962 


3,1.51 


2.204 


26,302 


63.721 


5,729 


10.742 


14.837 


67.900 


60« 


662 


8S0 


1,157 


2,141 


2,155 


17.1.56i 


47,8304 


6,0984 


9,699 


13.257 


75,005 




661 


1,308 


1,680 


12.116 


4,152 


26.614 


109.180 


4,256 


14,503 


24.898 


126.019 


8,116 


326 


602 


693 


3.177 


1,192 


7,53Si 


45.099} 


3,1464 


6,4.81 


11.392 


57,614 


1,767| 


717 


1,698 


1,870 
24,684 


8.037 
73.687 


3,432 
42,986 


10,430 


121,8984 


6,660 


20,339 


80.S21 


156,553 


6,744^ 


110,829 


19,542 


293,53411,232,3054 


83,8784 


205,498 


216.593 


1,681,695 


54,11* 



■S-3 
11 



105 
183 
328 
140 
13S» 

48 
166 
6064 



7874 
183 
2il 
122 



1 The Nine Partners Boarding School was founded at this 
place in 1796. by the Friends' Yearly Meeting. A farm of lOii 
acres is attached to it, and it has a cash endowment of $10,000. 
It is devoted to the education of the children of Friends in indi- 



gent circumstances, and for many years it has bad an average 
attendance of 100 pujiils. 

3 An Orthodox and a Ilicksite Friends at Mechanic, and ft 
M. £. and Prot. E. at Lithgow, 



ERIE COUNTY. 




%. 




uxa-'v^ This county was formed from Niagara, April 2, 1821. It lies upon 

Lake Erie and Niagara River, on the w. line of the State, is cen- 
trally distant 253 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,071 sq. mi. Its 
surface is level in the N., rolling in the center, and hilly in the 8. 
A region perfectly flat, and much of it marshy, lies along Tona- 
Avanda Creek, and occupies the greater part of the N. tier of towns. 
This low region is bounded on the s. by a limestone teri-aoe, 20 to 
uO ft. high, extending from Black Rock E. through the s. part of 
Amherst, Clarence, and Newstead. A nearly level region, extend- 
ing s. from the summit of this ridge, embraces the city of Buffalo and 
the towns of Chicktowaga, Lancaster, and Alden, and terminates in 
tlie rolling region which occupies the entire central part of the co. 
The ridges in the center aud s. have a general n. and s. direction, and rise gradually toward the s., their 
highest summits att;iining an elevation of 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys, 900 to 1,000 ft. above Lake 
Erie, and 1,400 to 1,000 ft. above tide.' The highlands are divided into several distinct ridges by 
the valleys of Cazenove and Eighteen Mile Creeks. The slopes of the hills are generally long and 
gradual ; but in some places the banks immediately bordering upon the streams are very steep. 
The land along the lake in the n. is low and level, but in the s. it rises in steep banks to a height 
of 20 to 50 ft. Niagara River, the outlet of Lake Erie, forms a portion of the w. boundary of the 
CO. Its current flows at the rate of 2i miles per hour. Grand Island, commencing about 5 milea 
below Buffalo, divides the river into two nearly equal branches. Squaw, Strawberry, Rattlesnake, 
Tonawanda, Beaver, and Buckhorn Islands, also in Niagara River, are within the limits of thia 
CO. The river is navigable to the head of the rapids, about 2 mi. above Niagara Falls. 

Tonawanda Creek'^ forms the N. boundary of the co. It flows in a tortuous course through a 
low, marshy region. A dam, 4J ft. high at its mouth, furnishes slack water navigation for the 
Erie Canal for about 10 miles. Its principal branches are Murder and EUicott — or Eleven Mile — 
Creeks. Buffalo Creef enters the lake at Buffalo City, its estuary forming the harbor. Its 
principal trributaries are Cayuga Creek, from the N., and Cazenove Creek,* from the s. The other 
principal streams are Little Buffalo, Eighteen Mile,* Big Sister, and Cattaraugus Creeks, all 
flowing into the lake, and the last forming the s. boundary of the co. 

The lowest rocks are those of the Onondaga salt group ; and these are succeeded by the hydraulic, 
Onondaga, aud corniferous limestones. The central part of the co. is occupied by the Marcellua 
and Hamilton shales, and the summits of the southern hills are covered by the rocks of the 
Portage group. The rocks of the salt group occupy nearly all the low land below the limestone 
terrace. They are covered so deep with drift and alluvium, however, that they have but little 
influence upon the surface, and can never be profitably quarried for commercial purposes. Hy- 
draulic limestone of an excellent quality crops out along the N. base of the limestone terrace, and 
is extensively quarried. The terrace is composed of Onondaga and corniferous limestone ; and 
along its whole extent are numerous quarries, furnishing an abundance of lime and building stone 
of excellent quality. Numerous sulphur springs are found near the N. base of the terrace. The 
shales of the central and southern parts of the co. are generally covered with a thick deposit of 
drift, and are only visible along the margin of the streams. These rocks furnish an inferior kind 
of building stone, but are not otherwise valuable. 

The soil in the N. is generally a stiff, clay loam interspersed with beds of marl and muck ; further 
8. it is a clay and gravelly loam resting upon limestone. The southern hills are covered with 



1 The foUnwins heights have been obtained from the surveys 
of the proposed Buffalo Sc Pittsburgh R. R. ; — 

Soutlj Walps. 507 ft. above Lake Erie. 

Holland Village, 699 ft. " " 

Sardluia (summit), 891 ft. " " 

Concord ( " ), 9211 ft." " 

The hills generali; rise to about 200 feet above the grade of 

the R. R. 

2 Seneca, Ta-no'wan-deh, meaning, " at the rapids or ripples," 
or pi^rhaps more nearly literally, "at his rapid.s." 

s On a map made in 1.S04 by .Joseph Ellicott, agent of the 
Uollaud Land Company, this stream is laid down afi "Tos-e-o- 



way" Creek. In an ancient Indian treaty it is called "Te-ho-ss 
ro-ron." 

* Named from Theophilus Cazenove, agent for the Holland 
Land Company. 

6 The Seneca name is "GaaJi gwahge-g^-aah" literally, "it w.ts 
the residence of the Gaah-gwah people." Leaving off the suffix 
for the past tense, the name is "Gaah->;wah-t:oh," literally, 
"Gaah-gwali" place or residence. The Oaah-^wah Indians, or 
Kries. who formerly resided in this reirinn. are supposed to be 
the Neuter Nation spoken of by early French writers and some- 
times called Cat Indians. The remnant of them now Uviug 
beyond the Mississippi are called Quawpaws. 

279 



280 



ERIE COUNTY. 



drift, consisting of clay and gravel. The soil of the valleys is generally a gravelly luam and 
alluvium. 

The principal pursuits in the n. are grain raising, and in the s. stock and wool growing and 
dairying. The hilly regions are much Letter adapted to pasturage than tillage. The people of 
BuS'alo and Tonawanda are mostly engaged in commerce and manufactures.^ 

Buffalo is the county seat.^ The courthouse, situated on the corner of Clinton and ElHcott Sts , 
is a substantial brick building, containing the court and jury rooms, the office of the co. clerk, 
and most of the other co. offices.^ The jail is a small stone building on the same lot. The Erie Co. 
Penitentiary is located on Fifth St., in Buffalo, The buildings are 5 in number, — the male and 
female prisons, the workhouse, the warehouse, and the superintendent's dwelling. Prisoners are 
received from Allegany, Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Genesee, Orleans, and Niagara cos. 
The average number in confinement is 130.* The Erie Co. Poorhouse is located on a farm of 153 
acres in the n. e. part of Buffalo. There are 2 buildings, — one designed for use as the poorhouse 
proper, and the other for the accommodation of the insane. The average number of inmates is 300, 
supported at a weekly cost of 81.00 each.^ 

The principal works of internal improvement are the Erie Canal, the Rochester & Buffalo, 
and the Lockport, Niagara Falls and Buffalo branches of the New York Central Rail Road, the 
Buffalo. New York & Erie, and the Buffalo &:■ Erie Rail Roads,^ all terminating in the city of Buffalo, 
and the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., extending through New- 
stead, Clarence, Amherst, and Tonawanda. A railroad from Buffalo to Pittsburgh is now in pro- 
cess of construction. A pier, lighthouse, and breakwater have been built at the mouth of Buf- 
falo Creek."^ 

"With the exception of the Indian Reservation and the Mile Strip, along Niagara River, this co. 
was all included within the Holland Purchase.® The Indian lands, containing 130 sq. mi. and 
lying upon both sides of Buffalo Creek, at its mouth, were purchased in parcels, at different times; 
and the whole territory is now thickly settled. The first settlements were made at Buffalo, about 
1794__05, and in other places within a few years after. The generous outlays made by the Hol- 
land Company in the construction of roads, bridges, mills, &c. led to a rapid occupation of all the 
best lands in the co.® On the morning of the 30th of Dec, 1813, a British force of about 1,000 
men crossed over from Canada and captured Black Rock and Buffalo. The American forces then 
stationed at these places were superior to the British in point of numbers ; but the officers were 
not qualified for command, and a large share of the militia fled upon the commencement of the 
action. The village of Buffiilo was burned in retaliation of the wanton destruction of Newark, 
in Canada, by the Americans under Gen. George McClure, (then of Steuben co..) a short time 
before.^** The finishing of the Erie Canal and of the N. Y. Central R. R. tended greatly to develop 
the resources of the co., and to convert Buffalo, its chief city, into the greatest commercial place 
on the upper lakes. 

The first newspaper in the co. was established in 1811." 



1 See pages 285. 

2 By tlie act of March 11, 1S08, erecting the co. ol" Niagara, 
Bviffaio was named the co. seat, on condition tliat the Holland 
Land Company deed to the county not less than half an acre of 
land for a site for the puhlic huildings, and erect thereon a 
courthouse and jail. The company complied with these con- 
ditions, and erected, in I&IO, a wooden courthouse and a stone 
jail. In the mean time the courts were held at the house of 
Joseph Landon. The courthouse waa burned by the British in 
1S13. Soon after the close of the war, a new one was erecttd 
on Washington St.. frontini; La Fayette Park. The first olhcers 
of Krie co. were Sam'l Wilkeson, First Judge; John G. Camp, 
Sherilf; James L. Barton, Co. Clerk; and Bos well Chapin, Sur- 
rogate. 

*Tho present courthouse was built inl.SSO, ata cost of $1S,000. 
The commissioners under whose supervision it was erected were 
Albert 11. Tracy, Italph Plumb, and Timothy A. Hopkins. 

* The penitentiary lot contains 5 acres, and is enclosed by a 
Btone wall 1-i ft. in height. The male prison is built of stone, 
and tbf other buildings of brick. Four-fifths of all the couvicts 
are of foreign birth. They are maintained at an average weekly 
expense of 65 cts.. and are employed principally in the manu- 
facture of harness findings, upon contract, — the males at 20 
cents i>er day, and the females at 15. 

6 The poorhouse was built in 1852, under the supervision of 
Silas Kingsley. at a cost of SoO.OOO. It consists uf an octagonal 
center, 75 ft. in diameter, with 2 wings, each 80 ft. long by 40 ft. 
. wide; the whole 3 stories high and built of atone. Of the in- 
mates in 1857, 71 were lunatics and 11 idiots. 

The main lines of the N. Y. Central and the Buffalo. N. Y. 
& Erie R. Koada extend through Alden, Lancaster, and Chick- 
towaga; the Lockport & N. F. branch of the N. Y. Central, 
through Touawauda; and the B. & State Line K. 11., through 



Weat Seneca, Hamburgh, Evans, and Brandt. The BuS'alo & 
Brantford (Canada) R. R. terminates opposite Buffalo. 
T See page 284. 
8 See page 321. 

* A large share of the later settlers of the co. have been Ger- 
mans; and this class of people now constitute about oue-fifth 
of the entile population of the co. The population of several 
of the towns in the immediate vicinity of Builalo is almost 
exclusively German, 

lu The loss at Buffalo was reported at G6 frame, 1 stone, and 2 
brick houses, 16 stores and offices, 35 barns, aud 15 shups, valued 
together at $190,000; at Black Rock, 16 frame and 11 log houses, 
8 barns, aud 5 outhouses, valued at $19-000 ; and at other places 
20 frame and 67 log houses. 5 stores, 29 barns, 30 shop.';, ic, worth 
$U1,000. Total. 334 buildings, worth $;i50,ti00, nut iucludiug 
the buildings of the Messrs. Porter. — Albany Argus, April22, 
1814. 
n The Bujfol/t Gfvzette, the first paper in the county, was com- 
menced Oct. 3, 1811, by S. H. &. \\. A. Salisbury. It 
was removed to Harris UUl in 1S13, and back to Buf- 
falo in the spring of 1814. In April, 1819, U. A Salis- 
bury became sole proprietor, and changed the name to 
The Niagara Patriot. On the erection of Erie co. in 1S20 it was 

changed to 
Tfie Buffalo J'atn'ot. It was successively under the editorial 
charge of Wra. A. Caipeuter, Harvey Newcomb, and 
Guy H. Salisbury. 
The Daily Commercial Advertiser was issued from the samu 
office. J.in. 1, 1S35. Soon after, Dr. T. M. Fuote and B- 
A. .Manchester became associated in the manairement 
of the two papers ; and in Aug. 1838, the Auroia Stand- 
ard was merged in them, and A. M. Clapp, its pub- 
lisherj became ouij of the proprietors of the joint con- 



EKIE COUNTY. 



281 



A1.I>EjV— was formed from Clarence, March 27, 1823, and a part of Marilla Mas taken oil' in 
1853. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. e. of the center. Its surface in the >v. is level, and 



cern. In May.lSSJt, they were united with the Uuffalo 
Journal, aiiJ the weekly wan puhlishtiJ aa 
The Futi-iot and Joui-nal, and tlie daily as 
The Ojiiimtrcal Advirtistr uud Jnurnul, by K. It. Jewett & Co. 

The following; year the daily appeared as 
TUe Buffalo Couimercial Advertiser, and under 
these titled the papers aru t-till published, under the 
editorial charge uf Di-. S. It. Hunt. Siuce iVoO a Bemi- 
weelily Couiiucrcial Adverliser has been issued. 
The Niagara Jourtiul was established i[i .iuly, ISlo, by David M. 

Day; and in l'S'20 its name w;i8 clia[j{;ed to 
The Buffalo Journal. In lf>3-i it passed into the bands of E. J. 

Roberts, and in 18or> it was Biispeuded. 
The Buffalo Whig was established in lfs;jl by D. M.Day; and in 
1S35 it was united with the Bullalo Journal, and ap- 
peared as 
Tlie Buffalo Wliig and Jimrnal. Jan.l, 1838, M.Cadwalladerand 
Dr. 11. 11. Stagg were associated with Day, and in Feb. 
they issued 
T7iC Buffalo Daily Journal. In 1S.38 the estabhshment pa8sed 
into the hands of E. K. Jewett, by whom the papers 
were united the following yeiir with the Duffalo Patriot 
and the Commercial Advertiser. 
The Gospd Advocate (Univ.) was begun in 1S22 by Rev. Thomas 
Gross. In 1823 Simeon Duutou, and in lS2ij Revs. L. S. 
Everett, Theophilus Fisk, and M. Tiittle, became pro- 
prietors. In lo28 it was removed to Auburn. 
The Black- Kock Beacon was publibhed by L. G. llotfman from 

1822 to 1824. 
The Buffalo Emporium was issued in 1824 by J. A. Lazelle and 

Simeon Francis, and continued about 5 years. 
The Black Eock Gazette was begun in 1824 by Dartemus Fergu- 
son, who dispo.sed of it to S. II. Salisbury in 1825. In 
1827 it was removed to Buffalo, and its name changed to 
The Buffalo and Black Bock Gazette It wtm discontinued in 1828. 
The Black Bock Advocate was begun in Feb. 1S26, and was pub- 
lished 1 year by Dan'l P. Adams. 
The Western Advertiser, after an existence of 3 months, was 

merged in the IJnll'alo Patriot in the spring of 1S28. 
Tfte Buffalo Republican was commenced in April, 1828, by W. 
P. M. Wood. It was successively under the charge of 
S. U. Salisbury & W. S. Snow, S. H. Salisbury, H. L.Ball, 
Chas. Faxon & Jas. Stryker, and Chas. Faxon. In 1835 
the Buftiiio Bulletin was merged in the Republican, and 
the Daily Star was bought by Faxon and continued 
under its old name. Horatio Gates and W. L. Craudall 
were successively editors. In Dec. IS^S the office was 
burned and the papers wei'e suspended ; but the weekly 
was resumed by Quartus Graves in 1S39. Jan. 1, 1842, 
llenry Durwell, then proprietor, changed its name to 
The DeiHocratic Ecouoimst ; and in Oct. following Joseph String- 
man succeeded, and changed it to 
The Mercantile Courier and Bemotratic Mconomid. In Feb. 1843, 

it appeared as 
Tfie Buffalo Couri'.r and R-xniomist; and in March as 
TIu Buffalo Courier. July 1, 184t5, it was united with The 

Pilot, and 
The Courier and IHlof, d., tri-w., and w., was published by 
Stringman, Wancliestcr & Drayman. In Dec. it was 
chan!:;e<l to 
The Buffalo Courier, its present title. It has passed 
successively through the hands of Kobt. D. Foy & Co., 
Seaver & Foy, Wm. A. Sejiver. Seaver & Sandford, and 
to J. II. Sandford, its present publisher. 
The Buffalo Bulletin was issued in 183LI, and was published by 
Horace Steel 4 years, by James Faxon 1 year, and 
was united with The Republican in \h'ih. 
The Daily Star was commenced in 1834 by Jas. Faxon, and in 

1835 it was united with Tho Republican, 
r/te National Pilot was started iu Fob. 1845, by Manchester & 
Brayman, and was imited with The Courier iu July, 
1846. 
2"/ic Warning, semi-mo., was published in 1828 by Rev. J. B. 

Hyde. 
The Buffalo Herald, (Presb.,) edited by Rev. Randolph Stone in 

1831, only reached its second number. 
The Oospd Bantur was begun in 1832 by Bem". Clark, and con- 
tinued 2 years. 
The Phtlanthropiitt, mo., was started in 1832 by Nathaniel Pot- 
ter, jr., and continued 1 year. 
Tfie Examiner, mo., (Unit.,) was published in 1S3S. 
The Literary Enquirer, semi-mo., commenced Jan. 1, 1833, was 

published 2 years by Wm. Verrinder. 
The Transcript, d. and w., commenced in Aug. 1835, by Henry 

Faxon, was continued only 6 months. 
The ToUTig Mcti's T'lnpn-anm HeraVl was started in 1835 by A. 

P. Grosvenor A K. B. French, and continued 1 3'ear. 
The Daily Enquirer, The Bail;/ Whig, and The Loco Fuco were 

campaign papers issued in \isiU. 
The Bujfalo Spectator (Presb.) was started iu 1836 by J. & "W. 

Butler, and continued 2 yeai-s. 
Th€ Be^icl Magazine, mo., was commenced by the Bethel Society 
in 1836. It was afterward chaugcd to 



The Bvthd Fla'j. and in 1846 united with the Sailors' M;iguzine, 
of Now Yoik. 

The Buffalonian, w. at first and d. afterward, was published 
about u year; and in 1838 it was united with 

The Mercury. Tliis paper was continued until 1840 by T. L. 
Nichols and It. Simpson successively. 

Der Weltlnorger was started in 1S37 by Geo. Zahm, and was 
published succe.ssively by him, by bis adniini.strators, 
and by IJrunck & Domidion. IulS53ic was united witii 
The HulTalo Democrat, and took the n;inie of 

Tlie Buffalo Democrat and \Velll>uerger, d. 
iuid w., by which title it is now published by Drunck, 
Held & Co. 

The Buffalo Dumocrat (German) was started in 1850 by Chas. do 
Haas; and in 1853 it was united with The Weltluerger. 

The Sim, d. and w., was issued iu the winter of 1838, and was 
published 1 year by Abraham Densmore and E. 11. 
Eastiibrook successively. 

The Mom, a penny daily, was issued during the summer of 1839. 

Bristijl's Ga2ette and Ufrald of Health, mo., was commenced in 
1^^39 by C. C. Bristol. The next year it appeared as 

Bn'stol^s Gazette, and was discontinued In 1842. 

The IVinid of I'outh, mo., was started in 1839 by Rev. A. T. 
Hopkins, and Wiis published 1 year. 

The Buffalo Sentinel, d. and w.. was published during the sum- 
mer of 1839 by Thomas Newell. 

The Morning Tattler, d., was started in 1840 by Langdon, 
Fouchutto & ShaeQer. Its name was changed to 

The Morning Times, by J. S. Walker, and it was discontinued 
soon after. 

Der Volks Schild was published by F. H. Singer during the 
summer of 184U. 

2'he Phalanx, d. and w., was published 6 weeks in 1840 by C. 
D. Ferris. 

The Buffalo Garland was published in 1840 by Geo. W. Bungay. 

Ho7u:st Industry was published in 1840 by Dr. Daniel Lee. 

The Vulksfrcmid (^German) was published in 1840 by Adolphus 
Meyer. 

TJie Weilern Presbyterian was issued in March, 1841, by Rev. J. 
C. Lord, and continued 1 year. 

The We&leni Liftrary Messenger, semi-mo., was started in July, 
1841, by J. S. Chadbourne. C. D. Ferris, Jesse Clement, 
Chas. Faxon, and E. R. Jewett, at different times, wero 
interested in its publication. From 1842 it was pub- 
lished weekly until 1S57, when it was discontinued. 

Bannister's Life in Buffalo was published a few weeks in 1841 
by N. II. Dannister. 

The Sublime Pidriot, semi-mo., was published during the winter 
of 1841-42 by T. J. Southerland. 

The Buffalo Amrriran was Started in 1842 by T. Foster & C. F. 
Butler, and continued 1 year. 

The Old Sdioal Jeffcrstmian and The Daily Gazette were pub- 
lished from 1S42 to '43 by Charles Faxon. 

T)ie Tewpn-aniie Standard was published in 1842 by II. H. 
Sahsbury & A. M. Clapp. 

The School Jieader was published about 3 months iu 1S42 by A. 
\V. M'iigus. 

Prescott^s Tiirgraph was published in 1842 by W. Prescott. 

The Buffalo Gazette, d. and w., was started in 1843 by H. A. 
Salisbury, B. A. Manchester & J. 0> Brayman, and con- 
tinued 3 years. 

The Preimiifhige (German) was started Jan. 1843, by Alexander 
Krausy Sl Adolphus Meyer, and continued 2 years. 

Tlie Telegraph, da. and w., (German,) was started in 
Nov. 1845, by H. B. Miller. Louis Tickers. Adolphus 
Hiiman. and C. Essellen have successively had the edi- 
torial ch.arge. It is now published by P. II. Bender, 
and edited by C. Essellen. 

Tlie Buffalo Ittedlcal Journal and Mouthly 
Bevie^v of JUedical aud Surgical Scl* 
euce was started in June, 1845, by Dr. .Vustin Flint. 
In 1853 Dr. S.B.Hunt became associated in its manago- 
munt, and in 1855 its sole proprietor. In 18ii8 it passed 
into the hands of Dr. Austin Flint, jr., its present pro- 
prietor. 

The Western Cataract was started in 1845 by L. P. Judsou. Jas. 
Dubois, Vi'. B. Williams, and Chauncey llulburt wero 
successively editors. In Jan. 1847, it was clianged to 

The Western Tempei-atice Standard, and was discontinued tho 

following year. 
The Impetus was started in 1845 by E. "W. Spaulding, and con- 
tinued mouths. 
The Mi/rning Express was started Jan. 14. 1846, by A. M. 
Clapp & Co. In 1S55 The Daily Democracy was united 
with The Kxpress, and it appeared as 
The Buffalo Moruiug Express and Dally De- 
mocracy* by which name it is now published. A 
Weekly and tri-weekly edition are also issued. 
The Democracy, d. and w., was stjirted iu May, 1854, by G. W, 
llaskins. The Rough Notes was merged iu Tho Demo- 
cracy wxtn after; and in Aug. 1855, Tho Democracy 
was united with The Express. 
T?u Hough NoteSj d., was started iu March, 1852, by Geo. Recscv 



282 



ERIE COUNTY. 



in the e. gently undulating. It is watered by the head waters of Cnyuga and Eleven Mile Creeks. 
The soil is a deep, fertile, sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. Aldeai, (p. v.,) a station on the B. 
& N. Y. R. R., contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 285; Aldcu Center (p. v.) contains 1 
church and 20 houses; and Iflill Grove, (p. v.,) in the n. w. corner, 18 houses. Alden 
(Crittenden p. o.) and Wende are stations on the N, Y''. C. R. R. Settlement was commenced in 
the spring of ISIO, by Moses Fenno.^ Rev. John Spencer conducted the first religious services, 
in 1811. Tiio first church (Presb.) was organized in 1813-14. There are now 6 churches in town.^ 

AMIII-:K!!«iT^— was formed from Buffalo, April 10, 1818; and Chicktowaga was taken off in 
18o9. It lies upon the n. border of the co., between Clarence and Tonawanda. Its surface is 
level. Eleven Mile and Ransoms Ci'eeks flow across the town in a n. e. direction ; and Tona- 
wanda Creek forms its n. boundary. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Upon the land of 
John Foglesonger, in the s. part of the town, is a very copious sulphur spring. A gristmill with 
3 run of stone has been built on the stream formed by it. A ledge of limestone extends across 
the s. part of the town, from which limestone is quarried in various places. Beneath this led^e ia 
a layer of hydraulic limestone, which is extensively quarried at Williamsville and burned for 
waterlime. ITilliamsville,^ (p-v.,) incorp. in 1850, is situated on Eleven Mile Creek, in 
the s. part of the town. It contains 4 churches, an academy,^ and several manufactories.^ Pop. 



In 1S54 Kann & Cowan became proprietors, and the 
same year it waa united with The Democracy. 

The Westtrn Evangelist (Univ.) waa etarted in June, 1S46, by 
Kev. L. S. Everett, and continued 1 yciir. 

The Ambassador, (Univ..) st-'irted the eanio year, was removed 
to Auburn in ISil. 

The Journal of Coinm-crce, d., waa etarted in 1847 by John W. 
Jones, and continued 6 months. 

Tfie Republic, d. and w., wae started by Livingston, Albro & 
Co., Jan. 26, 1847. Quartus Graves, Maynard k Welsh, 
C. A. Kellogg, and C. C. Bristol were sncc-ssively inte- 
rested in its nianiigement. In lNy7 The liullalo Daily 
Times was united with The HepuMic. and it was issued as 

The Buffalo Republic aud. Times, d., tri-w., and 
Vi. Guy. n. .'Salisbury is the present proprietor. A 
Campaign psiper was published in connection with this 
paper in iNyO. 

The Buffalo Daily Times was started in Aug. 1857, by the Times 
Association; and the next year it wae united with The 
Itepublic. 

Ver Freie Demolrat was published in 1R48. 

The Wool Grower unil Maijazine of Agriculture and HortieuHure, 
mo., was started in 1849 by T. C. Petei-s, and continued 
until 18f.2. 

The Daily i^ueai Cit;/, a penny paper, was started in 1850 by G. 
J. Br^-an. The title wns changed in 1852 to 

THe Buffalo Kveuing Post, under which name it is 
now puMislied. 

The Buffalo Chris/inn Advocate wns started in Jan. 1850, by 
John E. Kobio. In 1857 it was changed to 

The Advocate, under which nsime it is now publislicd. 

Onnnio/j .Sense was pulilished in 1850 by D. 1*. Stile. 

Die Aurora, w, iind Bemi-w.,wa8 started in 1850 by Chris- 
tian Wieckniann. its present publisher. 

Daa Klrchllclie Informatorlum, semi-mo., was 
stiirted in .July, 1S51, by Conrad liiir; and in 1854 T. 
Andr. A.Grabau. its present editor, assumed its charge. 

The Su7idai/ Bulletin was started in 1S51 by Wm. F. Kodgera, 
and continued i) months. 

The Youth's Casket, mo., wns started in 1851 by Beadle 
& Vsmderzee. It is now published l»y Robt. Adnms. 

The American Miller was published in 1851 by Wm. C. Hughes. 

The EvavgelicaX Christian was published in 1851 by Geo. Stanbro 
A Co. 

The Amei-ican Celt and Catholic Citizen wsis brought from Bos- 
ton, Mnsa., to Bufijilo in June, 1852, find cnntinued until 
May, 18.'}3, when it w.as removed to New York. 

Die HomcBopath and Dio'tetischrr Hansfreund was started in 
1852 by Conriid Bar, an 1 continued 1 year. 

Sf/nntags Blatt was started in 1S62 by Brunck, Held & Co., and 
continued 1 year. 

37(6 Sundai/ Visitor was started in 1852 by Reed & Moore, aud 
continued 1 year. 

The United Sfaf-ejt Mail, mo., waa published in 1852 by Jowett, 
Thomas & Co. 

The Buffalo Daily Ledper was published n few months in 1852 
by T. Richardson. 

The Pathfinder was published in 1852 by Cliarles Faxon. 

The Sundav Herald was published about 3 months in 1853 by 
Geo. W. Weeks. 

The School and Houi^e Friend, eemi-mo., (German.) was started 
in >Tarch, 1853, by Conrad BHr. and cnntinued 1 year. 

TheLihrnrunn't Garden w"is putilishetl in lS,-,3 by D. S. Manly & Co. 

The Buffalo Catholic Sentinel w;ih Ktjirtfd iu June, 
1853. by Michael llagau. its present I'liblisber. 

lllustrirte Attend Sr/nde, semi-mo,, was publihhed in 1S54 by 
Rev. C. DioblmaQ. 



The Atlantis, mo., (German,) brought from Cleveland, 

Ohio, to Buffalo in 185G, is edited by C. Essellen. 
The Amencon Bights wns published from Sept. 1854. to July, 

1855, by Goo. Keese & Co. 
The Age of Frogjrsx, conducted by Stephen Alhro, was com- 
menced in 1854 and discontinued iu 1858. 
The Ziitsc/irifl waa published about 4 months in 1S54 by Conrad 

Bar. 
Zelcheu der Zelt, mo., was started in June, 1S55, by 

I'le.xler. In 185S T. Gottlieb Ade became its editor. 
The Home has been published since Jan. 1856, by E. F. 

B.'adle. 
The Buffalo Allegemeine Zeltung, w. and eemi- 

w., was started iu May, 1856, by Frederick Beiuecke, 

the present publisher. 
The Buffalo Patriot, d., (German,) was published during the 

Ciinipaign (if 1856 by Voght &. Jung. 
Das Historisehe Zelthlatt und Literarlscher 

Auzeiger, mo., was started iu May, 1857, by Cunrad 

Bar. its pre.sent publisher. 
The Home Montlily waa started Jan. 1, 1859, under the 

edit.irial charge of Mrs. H. E, G. Arey and Mrs. 

Gildersleve. 
The Inventor's Advertiser was published at Buffah by Thos. P. 

How. 
T?ie Aurora Demoa-at was established at West Amora in Oct 

1835, by Deluss E. Sill, publisher, and continued about 

1 year. 
Tltc Aurora Standard was started at East Aurora Aug. 1, 1835, 

by A. M. Clapp. In 1838 it was removed to Buffalo and 

merged in the Buffalo Commercial Advettisir. 
The SpringiHlle Ej2^rcss was commenced in May, 1844. by Edwin 

Hough, and continued until the fall of 184-8. 
The Sprlugvllle Herald was established in May. 1850, 

by E. i). Web.<.ter; and in Dec. 185(3, it passed into the 

hands of J. B. Saxe, its present publisher. 
The American Citizen was started at SpringviUe in Feb. 1856, by 

Lucius C. Sanders, and continued nearly a year. 
The Tonawanda Commercial was started nt Tonawanda in 1846 

by Sylvester Hoyt. and continued about a year. 
The Niagara Fiver Filut wjjs comujenced at Tonawanda in 1853 

T'y Packard & Foxlunger. In Aug. 1856, it passed into 

the hands of S. 0. llaywarJ, by whom, in Kov. 1857, it 

wns cb.innerl to 
The Niagara I'^routler^ under which name it is still 

ptlblisb._'d. 

The Mental Khvator was pviblihhed a short time in the Seneca 
bingnage. 

1 Among the first settlers were Joseph Freeman, John Easta- 
brook. 'Wm. Snow, and Ariinah Hibbard. who came in ISIO; 
Sand. Slade, James Crocker, Saml. Huntington, iind Jonas Stick- 
ney, who came in 1811; and AVni. Dayton, who cnmo in 1812. 
The first birtlrwas that of a daughter of Arunah Hibbaid; and 
the first death, that of I'oHy Cransaky, in 1812. John Rogers 
built the first sawmill, in 1813 or '14, and the first gristmill, in 
1^17. Amos Bliss kept the first inn, and Seth Eastabrook the 
first store, both in 1816. The first school was taught by Wehe* 
tabel Eastabrook, in 1815. 

2 Bap.. Presb., Evang. Luth., M. E., and 2 R. C. 

8 Nitmed in honor of Lord Amherst, commander of the 
English forces in America in I759-C0. 

* Nan)cd from Jonas Williams, one of the early settlers. 

6 The Williamsville Classical Institute. The whole number 
of students for the year 1857 was 222. 

<i A gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, a furnace, a broom factory, 
a chair factory, and a waterlime mill, the last producing 3,000 
to 6,000 hhls. of hydraulic cement per year. 



ERIE COUNTY. 



283 



1,106. Egrg'erf svillc, Get zville, East Ainberst, nnd Weslwood arc p. ofEces. The 
first settlement was made in 1804, by Timothy S. Hopliins and Elias Ransom, i'rom Great Barring- 
ton, Mass.' There are 9 churches in town.^ 

Al'RORA — was formed from Batavia, as " WiUinlc," April 11, 1804. Its name was changed 
April 15, 1818. Clarence and Cambria (Niagara co.) were taken off in 1808, Buffalo in 1810, Con- 
cord, Hamburgh, and Eden in 1812, Holland and Wales in 1818, and a part of Elma in 1857. It 
occupies nearly a central position in the co. Its surface is rolling in the N. and hilly in the s. 
The hills are gradual slopes, and their summits are 150 to 300 feet above the valleys. The 
principal streams are Cazeuove Creek and its branches. The soil is gravelly loam in the valleys 
and clayey among the hills. 'Willink, (p. v.,) iucorp. Dec. 29, 1849, is situated on the E. branch 
of Cazenove Creek, in the n. part of the town. It contains 2 churches and a woolen factory and 
Las a pop. of 365. East Aurora, (p. v.,) about 1 mi. e. of Willink, contains 2 churches, an 
academy,' and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 300. TVest Falls, (P-^->) on tlio 
TV. bank of Cazenove Creek, in the s. part of the town, contains 1 church, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, 
and about 30 houses; and Ctrlflin^i Mills, (p. v.,) on tlie same stream, near the center of the 
town, contains 1 church, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 
the fall of 1803, by Jabez Warren, Henry Godfrey, and Nath'l Emerson.* The evidences of ancient 
Indian occupation were plainly visible upon the advent of the whites.^ The first church (Bap.) 
•was organized with 16 members, in 1810, by Elder Irish. There are 7 churches in town.' Ex- 
Pres. Millard Fillmore and Hon N. K. Hall, Judge of Supreme Court and Ex-P. M. Gen., wero 
for some years residents of East Aurora. 

BOSTOK — was formed from Eden, April 5, 1817. It is an interior town, lying s. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the N. branch of Eight-een 
Mile Creek, which flows n. w. through near the center of the town. The valley of this stream is 
about three-fourths of a mile wide. In this valley the soil is a fine, fertile loam, and upon the 
hills it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Boston, (p. v.,) on the N. branch of Eighteen Mile 
Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a tannery, a cow-bell factory, and 40 houses ; 
Boston C'fnter, (Patchin p. o.,) on the same stream, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, aud 20 
houses; and J\'oi'tta Boston, (p. v.,) 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. The first 
settlement was made by Didemus Kinney, in 1803.' The first religions services were conducted 
by Rev. John Spencer, in ISlO. There are 7 churches in town.' 

BKAJVDT" — was fornicl from Collins and Evans, March 25, 1839. It lies upon the shore 
of Lake Erie, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is generally level, with a gentle inclina- 
tion toward the lake. Cattaraugus Creek forms a part of the s. boundary. The other principal 
streams are Big Sister, Delaware, and Muddy Creeks. The soil is generally a gravelly loam 
intermixed with clay. Brandt (p. v.) contains 20 houses. Mill Brancll (Farnham p. o.) 
is the Saw 9I1II Station on the B. & E. R. R., and contains 30 houses. The first settlement 
was made in 1817, by Moses Tucker.'" The first religious services were conducted by Benj. Olm- 
sted, in 1820. A union church is the only one in town. 



1 Among the early settlers were Wm. M,iltbiiry. .Tonas Wil- 
lianiit. James Harmon, Iloi-atio Kelsi'y, Si-th Cantield, Kiios A. 
Armstrong, ami .las. Harris. The tirst sawmill was built in ISOl, 

by Thomson ; and the first gristmill, by Wm. 5Ialtliury, in 

1S08. Eliiu^ Hansom l%ept the first inn, in 1^05, and Juba Storrs 
& Co. the first store, in 1S12. 

2 nap., Disciples, M. E., and Germ. Ciith. at Williamsville, and 
2 Evang. Luth., Free, Mennonite. and K. C. in other parts of the 
town. 

* The .\urora Manual Labor Seminary was chartered Oct. 18, 
183:i; and in 183s its name was chan^:edtotho Aurora Academy. 
The manual labor di'i«utmrnt was l.mj; since abandoned. 

t These nere rollow,.! by .l,,.l ajid .John Adams. Tabor Earlle, 
and Humphrey Jfmirli. m 1MI4, and Wm. W'airen. 'I'hos. Tntcv, 
Christopher Stone, and Luther llibliard. in 1S05. The first birth 
was that of Orra W.arren, in Dec. 1.^05; and the first death, tliat 
of a daughter of Ilnmpbrey Smith, in ISOO. Phineas Stevens built 
the first sawmill, in ISUIJ, and the first gristmill, in 1H(I7. lien. 
Wm. Warren kept the first inn, in l.SOfJ. and Adams & Hascall 
the first store, in 1S08. The first school was taught by Mary 
Eddy, in 1S06. 

6 Two hills, in the n. part of the town, wero fortified by cir- 
cular breastworks, in many places 6 to 8 ft. high. Human 
hones, of almost giant size, have been dui; up near the fbrtiflca- 
tions; and pieces of pottery and iron axes have t)een found in 
the vicinity. — Letter of lieu. Aslier Wright. In 1S09 an ancient 
copper plate, 12 by 16 inches, covered with letters or hiero- 
Rlyphica, was plowed up upon the land of EpUrailu Woodruff, 



in Anroi-a: the finders, not knowing its value as a specimen of 
antiquity, converted it into a dipper and skimmer.— Y'«7VJCr*s 
IM. Fur., J). tOS. 

6 2 Tresb.. Bap., Cong., M. E., nniv., and R.C. 

' Oliver and Cliarles Johnson settled in the town in 1805, and 
Richard Cary and Sam'l Eaton in 1807. The first birth was that 
of Ihiuney Johnson, in 1800; the first maniage. that of David 
Stanuaid and Esther Yaw, in 1810: and the first death, that of 
Joel Beebe, in 1809. Ethan Howard built the first mill, in IslO. 
Job Palmer kept the first inn. in Isll ; and .4aron J. Tapper the 
first store, the same year. The first school was taught by Joel 
Eddy, inlHlU. 

8 iiap.. Free Will Bap., Evang. Luth., Friends, M. E., Meth. 
Prot.. and Univ. 

» Named from Col. Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chief. His 
Indian name was '• Tha-yan-d*i.^w-g(t}i," said to signify "'wood 
partly burned," or "a brand;" and as the Indians are unable to 
distinguish d from t in their pronunciation, it became Brant. — 
^.v/cr tVriglit, Missioiiiry at the f\ilt<-iratigus Heaen-atiim. 

lu .lohn, Hobert, aud Major Campbell, and John West, settled 
in the town in 1808, and Ansel .Smith, itobt. and Wm.Qramds, 
and Benj. Olmsted, in 1S19. The first birth was that of a son of 
Jolm West, in 1818; the first marriage, that of Levi tlrannin 
and Leah llallida. in 1819; and the first death, that of Matthew 
West, in 1822. The first mill was built by SaniT Butts, in 1822; 
the first inn was kept by Josephus Hubbard, in 182.'); and tlie 
first store, by Milton Morse, in 1835. Julia Bradley taught tho 
.first Bcbool, la 1823. 



284 



ERIE COUNTY. 




BUFFALO CITY — was formed as a town from Clarence, 
Feb. 8, 1810.^ Amherst was taken off in 1818, and Tonawanda 
in 1836. Buffalo Village was incorp. April 2, 1813, re-organized 
in 1815, and again in 1822, and incorp. as a city April 20, 1832, 
with its limits enlarged by the addition of that part of the Mile 
Strip Reservation^ s. of York and North Sts. By the provisions of a 
new charter, granted April 13, 1853, the then town of ''Black 
Hock" was included within the city limits. The city lies at the 
E. extremity of Lake Erie, extending nearly 10 mi. along the 
lake shore and the upper part of Niagara River, and occupies an 
area of about 40 sq. mi. The principal streams are Big Buffalo 
and Scajaquady* Creeks, — the former emptying into Lake Erie 
and the latter into Niagara River. The principal business part of the city is on the lake shore 
around the harbor. The land in this locality is low, and was once considered "an irreclaimable 
morass ; but it is now densely covered with substantial warehouses and large stores, intermingled 
with factories, foundries, mechanics' shops, and dwellings."* 

The site rises gradually, and attains in one or two places an elevation of about 100 ft. ; but the 
greater portion of the area occupies an extended plain of an average height of 50 ft. above the 
lake. On the ^^ Buffalo Plains," and along the river at North Buffalo, are extensive quarries of 
limestone, furnishing an excellent building material.^ The city is regularly laid out, and the 
streets are broad and straight. The flagging and paving are done in the most substantial manner, 
and are kept in excellent repair.^ The main part of the city is supplied with wholesome water 
from Niagara River by the Buffalo Water "Works Company. The reservoir, situated on Niagara 
between Connecticut and Vermont Sts., is 88 ft. higher than the river, and has a capacity of 
13,500,000 gallons. The water is elevated by two force pumps, each of a capacity of 235 gallons, 
and is distributed through 31 mi. of pipe.' Lower Black Rock is supplied by the Jubilee AVater 
"Works with water obtained from the Jubilee Springs. It is conducted through wooden pipes, 
of which there are more than two miles laid.* There are 5 post-offices in the city, — Buffalo, North 
Buffalo, Buffalo Plains, Red Jacket, and Black Rock. 

The harbor of Buffiilo is formed by Big Buffalo Creek, along which for more than a mile is a 
continuous line of wharves. A pier extends from the s. side of the harbor 1500 ft. into the lake, 
forming an effectual barrier against the encroaching sands, which everywhere on the lake have a 
tendency to accumulate on the w. side of piers. At its extremity is a lighthouse.® The Erie 
Canal enters the city along Niagara River, from which it is separated by a seawall, and extends 
southward to near the mouth of Bufiiilo Creek, and thence eastward to Hamburgh St. The Erie 
Basin, just n. of the mouth of Buffalo Creek, protected lakeward by a breakwater, and the Ohio 
Basin, about one and one-fourth mi. from the mouth of the creek, containing an area of 10 acres, 
are both connected with the harbor and canal and are sufficiently deep to float the largest lake 
vessels.^** A ship canal more than a mi. in length extends along the w. side of Big Buffalo Creek 
parallel to the shore of the lake. This canal, the basins, the Erie Canal, and the harbor are all 
connected by numerous slips. Six railroads terminate in the city ; and another — the Buffalo & 
Pittsburgh — is in process of construction." 



1 The city of Buffalo was taken off in 1832, and Tonawanda in 
1836. The village of *'Black Rock," in thin town, was incorp. 
April 24, 183", and receives its name from the color of the rock 
which outcrops at the funy landing. The remaining part of the 
town was organized as Black Kock, Feb. 14, 1S39; and in 1853 it 
was annexed to the city. 2 gee p. 280. 

8 Named fi-om an Indian of that name, and pronounced Ska- 
joc'quad-da. 

* Buffalo City Dire.ctonj, 1858. 

6 The pier, the breakwater, the arsenal, St. Joseph's Cathedral. 
and many of the most substantial buildings in the city, are in 
part or wholly built of this stone. 

6 There are 261 mi. of located streets within the city limits. 
S7J mi. of paved streets, 205,000 line or ftet of stone sidewalks, 
and 108 mi. of plank walks. There are l.'.iGO street lamps in 
the city, lighted by gas furnished by t!ie Buffalo V^m Light Com- 
pany. The present C08t of the street Improvements is estimated 
at $2,000,000 ; and the aggregate of taxes for local improvements 
in lSo7 was S3o6.913. 

' The Buffalo Water Vforks Company was incorp. March 15, 
1849. The original cost of the works was $40o,OiiO; and S65,0t)0 
of the earnings have been expended in extending the works. 
Connected with them are 320 street hydrants, and 20 under- 
ground reservoirs, having an aggregate capacity of 407.S50 giil. 

8 The Jubilee Water Works Company was organized in 1827, 
Vith a capital of $20,000. At one time the company had lb mi. 



of wooden pipe laid, fully supplying Black Rock and a part of 
Buffalo; but, while the increase of population created a greater 
demand for water, the supply from the springs diminished, and 
in 1846 the citizens of Lower Black Rock purchased the worka 
and confined the supply to their own village. 

^ The lighthouse is built entirely of stone and iron. It is 44 
ft. hi';h, 20 ft. in diameter at its base, and 12 ft. at the top. The 
molehead ujion which it stands is 160 ft. in diameter and has a 
depth of 15 ft. below the surface of the water. The pier and 
lighthouse were completed in 1S33. It is furnished with a first 
class dioptric Fresnel apparatus. 

10 These basins were constructed by the State as parts of the 
great system of internal navigation ; but their sites were fur- 
nished by the city. The Erie Basin cost $300,000, and the Ohio 
Basin $60,000. They were commenced in 184S and finished in 
1858. Vessels driven by storms and failing to gain an entrance 
to the harbor find a capacious and sheltered retreat in the har- 
bor of Black Rock, — formed by a mole from Bird Inland to Squaw 
Island, a distance of 2915 yards. This, with tlte islands, forms a 
harbor 4.56o yards long and from 88 to 220 yards wide, with an 
area of 136 acres. Besides affording an exceedingly convenient 
harbor, with an average depth of 15 feet, this work secures a 
water-power of about 4i ft. A ship lock Is constructed at it8 
foot; and it is on the line of the Erie Canal. 

n Besides these, 5 phink roads, a macadamiaed road, and a 
turnpike terminate in the city. 



ERIE COUNTY. 



285 



Buffalo is the second commercial city of the State, and the largest and most important upon the 
great lakes.' Its situation at the foot of navigation upon Lake Erie and at the western terminus of 
the Erie Canal makes it the principal port for the transhipment of the products of the great grain 
region of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and gives to it the command of the greater part of thft 
commerce of the lakes.^ The number of entries at this port during the year 1857 was 4,01", with 
an aggregate of 1,018,672 tons; and the number of clearances was 3,564, with an aggregate of 
1.603,134 tons.' The exportation and importation by canal is also immense;' and it is estimated 



1 It is often called " The Queen City," and " The Queen City 
of the L.ikes." 

2 The amount of grain received in 18.57 was 15,443.778 bush., 
and of flour 925,411 bbls., of which 15.348,930 bush, of grain and 
845,953 bbls. of flour were received by lake. The s.ime year 
there wero'received by lake 29.799 head of cattle, 75.174 hogs, 
and 44.972 sheep. The following table shows the imports, by 
lake, of flour .ind grain for a series of years 



Year. 


Flour. 


n-htat. 


Com. 
204.355 


0al3. 


Barley. 
4,876 


Hae. 


isaii... 


139,178 


304,090 


28,640 


1.600 


1837... 


126.S06 


460,360 


94.490 


2,653 




3,267 


1838... 


277.620 


933,117 


34,148 


6,677 




909 


1839... 


294.13:1 1.117.262 










1840... 


697.742 l.ii(i4,:iCl 


71,327 








1841... 


730,040 


l,li3.5,0O0 


201,031 


14,144 




2,160 


1842... 


734,308 


1,556.430 


454.530 




4,710 


1,228 


1843... 


917.617 


1,827,241 


223.963 


2,489 




1,3.32 


1844... 


915.030 


2,177,600 


137,978 


18,017 


1,617 


466 


1846... 


746,750 


1.770.740 


64,200 


23,100 






1846... 


1,374,629 


4.744,184 


1,456.268 


218,300 


47,630 


28,260 


1847... 


1,857,000 


6.489,100 


2,862.300 


446.000 




70,787 


1848... 


1.249,000 


4,620,117 


2,298,100 


660,000 




17,809 


1S49... 














1S.50... 


1,103,039 


3.681.346 


2,693.378 


359,580 


3,600 




1851... 


1,268,224 


4.167.121 


6,988.776 


1,140,340 


142,773 


10.662 


1852... 


1,299.613 


6.649.778 


6,136,740 


2.596,231 


407.91:! 


112,271 


1853... 


975.667 


6,424,043 


3,665,793 


1.480.655 


401,1108 


107.162 


1854... 


739,756;3.510,792 


10,109.<,)73 


4.441.730 


ZWi.ii^i, 


177.01)6 


1866... 


936,761 


8,022.126 


9.711.2:ai 


■j.r,'.):;;.2"J2 


62,3(14 


2'.I0.6';»1 


1856... 


1,126,048 


8.465,671 


9,632,477 


1.7:>'. 0^2 


46.327 


245.MO 


1867- 


845,953 


8,334,179 


6,713,611 


1,214,700 


37,844 


48,536 



The annual average receipts of flour duriug the first five vears 
was about 360,000 bbls,; during the next five it was 82O',0O0; 
during the next five, 1,474,000 : ,Hnd during the next five, 969,000, 
The whole amount of grain received in 1847 was 9,668,187 bush,, 
and in 1865 20,788,475 bush,, — the greatest amount in any one 
year. This was a greater amount than was received that year 
in any other port in the world. The following table shows the 
receipts of leading articles during three seasons: — 



1855. 



1856. 



1857. 



Cotton, bales 

Corn, bush 

Eggs, bbls 

Feathers, sacks 

Fish, bbls 

Furs, bdls 

Flax, bales 

Flour, bbls 

Ilemp, bales 

Hides, No 

Horses, No 

Hogs, No 

Irou, pig, tons 

Lard, lbs 

Lead, pigs 

Leather, rolls 

Luraber.ft , 

Lath, No 

Meal, corn, bbls 

Nuts, bbls 

Oil, bbls 

Oats, bush 

Pork, bbls 

Pelts, bdls 

Robes, Buflalo, bales,, 

Kye, hush 

Seeds, bbls 

Skins, bdls 

Staves, No 

Shingles. No 

Sheep, No 

Tobacco, hhds 

Tobacco, cases 

Tallow, lbs: 

Whisky, bbls 

Wheat, bush 

Wool, bales. 



1855, 



2,39 

8,711,230 

6,591 

879 

6.752 

1,112 

1,276 

936,761 

1,191 

90,964 

362 

69,944 

3,994 

10,367,136 

67,309 

2,265 

72,026.651 

246.000 

867 

346 

4,700 

2,693,322 

106,682 

4,311 

480 

299,591 

20,522 

2,391 

16,421,668 

' 1,764.000 

26,508 

489 

3,470 

1,234,100 

37,087 

8,022,126 

47,168 



1856. 



681 

9,632.477 

6,326 

820 

8,826 

890 

729 

1,126,048 

327 

111.866 

408 

72.713 

2,077 

6,336.500 

30,677 

2,326 

60,584,.541 

920.000 

1,800 

808 

2,870 

1,733,382 

60,477 

3,368 

287 

246,810 

16,297 

1,814 

18,566,039 

398,000 

41,467 

623 

3,837 

634,900 

36,009 

8,466,671 

41,692 



1867, 



317 

6,713,611 

8,286 

242 

6.211 

635 

622 

645,963 

912 

139,051 

193 

76,174 

1.323 

643,000 

22,247 

2,613 

68,283.319 

1,602.000 

1.50 

113 

1,789 

1,214.760 

20,283 

1,695 

1,160 

48.636 

14,830 

23,024,213 

1,669,000 

44,972 

270 

2,102 

446.750 

42.140 

8,334,179 

35,613 



The total value of the importations of these three years were, in 
1855,^8,767,315: in 1856. $40,429,871; and in 1857, $34,846,692. 
3 Following is an exhibit of the number of entrances and 
clearances, their tonnage and crews, for sLx successive years :— 



Ashes, casks 4,296 3,265 2,975 

Beef, bbls. 97,804 33,320 69,911 

Broom Com, bales 9,726 7,366 5,086 

Barley.bush 02.304 46.327 37,844 

Butter, lbs 1,988,920 1,241,600 923.000 

Bacon, lbs 10,768,396 9,220,932 3,612,619 

Cattle, No 14,049 25,283 29,799 

Cranberries, bbls 225 404 91 

Coal, tons 59,878 63,512 67,247 

Copper Ore, lbs 600,000 1,870,488 2,687,600 

* The following tables show the receipts and shipments of leading articles for the year 1867 : — The total value of the canal ship- 
ments that year was $16,956,740, and the tolls of the same received at the collector's office amounted to $669,637.44. 

RECEIPTS. 



reitr. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


JIC™. 


1862 


9,441 


3,092,247 


127,491 


1863 


8,208 


3,252,978 


128,112 


1864 


8.912 


3,990,284 


120.838 


1866 


9,211 


3,360.233 


111,515 


1866 


8,128 


8,018,587 


112,061 


1857 


7,581 


3,221,806 


132,183 



umber, ft 1.853.693 

920 



Timber. 100 cubic ft 
Staves, Ui8„, 
Wood, cords 
Cheese, lbs.. 
Wool, lbs. 



30,S 

25,8 
22,e 

1,; 



,320 

Hides, lbs 130,500 

Flour, bbls 28,621 

Wheat, bush 19,966 

Rye, bush 7,778 

Corn, bnsh 1,1.31 

Barley, bush 37,434 



Bran, ic. lbs 236,689 

Beans and peas, bush 10.908 

Potatoes, bush,, 3,342 

Dried fruit, lbs 1,30,900 

Hop.s,-lbs 621,862 

Domestic spirits, gals 24.720 

Leather, lbs 714,136 

Furniture, lbs 4,363.775 

Pig iron, lbs 12,417,lli4 

Castings and ironware, lbs 30,902,467 

Domestic cottons, lbs 594,868 

Domestic salt, lbs 62,278,989 



Foreign salt, lbs 193.839 

Sugar, lbs 12,768,136 

Molasses, lbs 7,701J44 

Coflee, lbs 4.900,077 

Nails, spikes, i-c. lbs. 2,866,471 

Ironand stceLlbs 12,417.666 

Railroad iron, lbs 32,187,521 

Crockery and glassware, lbs 5,606,277 

All other mdse, lbs 92,894.060 

Stone, lime, and clay, lbs 74,134,242 

Gypsum, lbs 560,687 

Coal, lbs 115,193,297 

Sundries, lbs 10,471,711 



SBIPME.NTS. 



Lumber, ft 43,727,.623 

Timber, 100 cubic ft 12,485 

Staves, lbs 186,921,748 

Ashes, casks 1,829 

Pork, bbls 9,195 

Beef, bbls 6,256 

Bacon, lbs 2,112,093 

Cheese, lbs 65.469 

Butter, lbs 9,874 

Lard, tallow, and lard oil... 710,4.35 

Wool, lbs 1,325,289 

Hides, lbs 760,8.85 

Flour, bbls 88,092 

Wheat, bush 6,673,827 



Rye, bush 

Corn, bush 

Barley.bush 

Oats, bush 

Bran, &c. lbs 

Dried fruits, lbs 

Oitt^n, lbs 

Tobacco, Ibe 

Hemp, lbs 

Seed,lbs 

Flaxseed, lbs , 

nop,s, lbs 

Domestic spirits, gals 

I/Cather, lbs 



6.341 

5,001,203 

, 11,638 

905,814 

, 4,796,624 



. 16,563 
. 49.690 
, 606,3114 
, 1,077.228 
1,529 
. 636,000 
56,786 



Furniture, lbs 393.025 

Lend, lbs.! 214,416 

Pig iron, lbs 1,240,408 

Bloom and bar iron, lbs 87,736 

Castings and ironware, lbs 121,789 

Domestic salt, lbs 32,100 

Ironand steeMba 201,703 

Railroad iron, lbs 

Crockerv and glassware, lbs., 122.594 

All othermdse.lbs 674.242 

Stono, lime, and clay, lbs 4,989,699 

Coal, lbs 28,051,852 

Copper ore, lbs 2,665,201 

Sundries,lbs 12,771,000 



2S6 



ERIE COUNTY. 



that the value of merchandise and property transported 1 v R. r. is greater than the entire amount 
of the lake commerce of this port,^ About one-fourth of the shippinj^ of the lake is owned by the 
citizens of Buffalo.^ Shipbuilding is extensively carried on.^ The manufactures of the city are 
extensive and various.* 

The principal public buildings are the Custom House, Fort Porter, the State Arsenal, and the 
city markets. The Ctistom House^ on the corner of Seneca and Washington Sts., is a handsome 
and well built structure, containing, beside the custom house office, accommodations for the post-office 
and the U. S. courts. It was constructed, at a cost of $140,000, from designs furnished })y the U. S. 
Treasury Department.^ Fort Porfer, built in 1842-48, is a fortification on the bank of Niagara 
Kiver at the point where it emerges from Lake Erie, The State Araenal, erected in 1858, is a 
massive stone building fronting on Batavia St.** There are four large markets, conveniently located 
in difierent parts of the city.' 

The Public Schools of the city have long enjoyed a deservedly high reputation. They are care- 
fully nurtured through the operations of an enlightened public sentiment, and are so excellent in 
all their departments that scarcely any otlier elementary schools are supported or needed. They 
are thoroughly graded, consisting of three general departments. The third department is an 
advanced school for the whole city; and in it a complete academic course, excepting the classics, is 
taught. There w^ere, in 1857, 32 school districts, employing 189 teachers, — 24 males and 165 
females. The number of children, between 4 and 21 years of age, was 28,000, of whom 15,593, 
or a small fraction more than b5h per cent., were in attendance some portion of the j^ear.^ 

The Buffalo Female Academy J a flourishing institution, situated on Delaware Avenue, was opened 
for students in July, 1852.® 



1 The amount of live stock received by R. R. in 1857 was 78,404 I 
head of cattle, 232.370 lings, and 72.496 sheep. 

- The amount iif shipping owned in Uuffalo, as shown by the 
custom bouse boolis. is as follows: — 



Steamers.... 
Propellers.. 

Tugs 

I Barks 

Brigs 

Schooners .. 
Scows 



Total.. 



10 

50 

20 

7 

21 

129 

5 

242 



Toniiage. 



9,067 

30.1S6 

2,629 

3,537 

6.784 

35.460 

473 



88,136 



s The following table shows the shipping launched in 1857 : — 



4 Steamers 

10 Propellers .... 

13 Tugs , 

21 Schooners 

1 Dredge 

25 Canal Boats.. 



Tnnnage. 



4,086 
5.070 
1,145 
7,955 



Valui'. 



$352,000 
349,000 
126.800 
353,400 



In connectiflfi with one of the shipyards of the city is a dry 
dock of sufficient capacity to admit a steamer of over 2,500 tons; 
also a marine railway; and near by is a large derrick for hoist- 
ing boilers and heavy machinery. 

* The following is a list of the manufacturing establishments 
in operation in 1S57 



Agricultural Works 5 

Ax & Edge Tool M'factory... 3 

Awl " 1 

Basket Manufactories 6 

BWlows '* ^ 2 

Billiard Table" 3 

Blank Book & Bookbinding 8 

Boiler Manufactodes 4 

Box '• 5 

Brass « 3 

Breweries 31 

Brickyards 9 

Britannia Ware 2 

Boot & Shoe Miyju factories 3 

Brush " 2 

Burr Millstone " 2 

CabinetWare^Ianufactories. 11 

Car and Car Wheels 2 

Carriage Manuactorics 9 

Chair " '2 

Chromotype Printing..^ 1 

Coach k Harness Hardware 2 

Comb Manufactory 1 

Confectioneries 10 

Cooperages 14 

r>iHtilleries 3 

Kngravin; 



EarthenwareMann factories. 2 
Fence "(iron) " 4 

Fire Works " 2 

Flnur Mills 10 

Flour Mill Manufactories.... 3 

Founderies 7 

Glove Manufactory 1 

Glue " 1 

Gold Beaters" 2 

Gunshops 3 

Harness, Saddle, Ac.M'facts 13 
Hrtt & Cap Manufactories... 16 

Iron Works 8 

Japanned Ware 4 

Lantern Manufactories 2 

Last Manufactories 2 

Leather " 11 

Lithojrraphing 3 

Luck Manufai'tories 5 

M;iii.l.- Works 6 

M.uhiiir Sh.ips 10 

Mtli^ifiiu Manufactory 1 



Oakum 

Oil 

Organ 

Pail and Tub 

Paper Mill 



Engine (steam) M'factories.. 6 | Patent Leather 



Philosophical Instruments.. 
Piano Furte Manufactory.... 

Planinfi Mills 

Plane Manufactory 

Pocket Book " 

Poltery 

Pi intiuK Establishments..... 

Pump Manufactories 

IJegalia " 

Rope " 

Sail " 

Sash & Blind " 

Saw " 

Shingle " 

Stove Manufactories 

Silk " 



Shipyards 7 

Silver Plating 4 

Soap & Candle M'factories... 14 

Soda &. Sarsaparillu " ... 4 

Starch *' ... 2 

Stave " ... 2 

Steam Sawmills 3 

Stone Ware Manufactory.... 1 

Tobacco " .... 9 

Tanneries 2 

Type & Stereotype F'dries... 3 

Upholsteries 10 

Vice Manufactory 1 

White Lead *• 2 

Whip " 1 



The value of the articles manufactured in 1857 was about 
$10,000,000. of which the leading products are estimated as 
follows :— ships and boats. $1,800.000 ; leather, $1.500,000 ; flour, 
$1,000,000; stoves and other castings, $600,000; machines, 
$600,000; distilled stuffs, S400,000; piano fortes, $350,000; boots 
and shoes, $100,000. 

For most of the statistics of the commerce and manufactures 
of Buffalo we are indebted to the Annual Statement of the Trade 
and Vnmmcrce of Buffalo for 1857, issued from the office of the 
Commercial Adveriuer, 

6 The custom house building was commenced in 1S55 and 
completed in 1858. It is 3 stories high, exclusive of basement, 
and has a front of 110 ft. on Seneca St. and 60 ft. on Washington 
St., with a total elevation of 70 ft. above the sidewalk. Its ex- 
terior is of light gray sandstone, obtained from Cleveland, Ohio ; 
aud the whole is fireproof throughout, the floors being of small, 
segmental brick arches, turned from wrought iron beams, rest- 
ing on tubular girders. The girders rest upon the walla, and 
are supported in the middle by cast iron columns reaching to 
the foundation of the building. 

« The arsenal is 165 ft. long by 65 ft. ^vide. Its front, 50 ft. 
wide, projecting 16 ft. from the main building, is flanked by 
octagonal towers 60 ft. high. The walls are 40 ft. high ; and at 
each corner is a heavy, squai'e tuiTet. The cost of the building 
was $36,000. 

' Elk Street Market is 30 ft. wide by 375 ft. long, having a 
veranda 24 ft. wide extending the whole length of each side. 
The Court Street Market consists of a main building. 51 ft. sq., 
with 4 wings, one on each side. The n. and s. wings are each 
91i ft. long by 36 wide, and the E. andw. wings are each 61 ft. 
long by 36ft. wide. TheCIinton St. and Washington St. Markets 
are each 395 ft- long by 36 ft. wide, with a veranda 24 ft. wide ex- 
tending the whole length of each side. 

8 The total expenses of the schools for 1357 were $160,019.86, 
and the total receipts the same; number of volumes in district 
libraries 8,216, 

9 This institution owes its existence in a great measure to the 
liberality of Jabez Goodell, who contributed over$10.UO0 toward 
its establishment. The academy occupies one of the most eli 
gible and Iu*autiful sites in the city. There are two academic 
buildings, Giiudell Hall aud Evergreen Cottage,— the former oc- 
cupied for school purposes, and the latter as a dwelling by the 
family of the principal. 



ERIE COUNTY. 287 

The Buffalo Medical College, on the corner of Main and Virginia Sts., was organized in Aug. 1840, 
under the charter of the University of Buffalo. A course of lectures is given each winter; and 
the students are admitted to the liospital of the Sisters of Charity, on stated days, during the visits 
of the medical and surgical officers. 

The Bujj'uto Mercantile College, on the corner of IMain and Seneca Sts., was established Oct. 10, 
1854. Its ol.yeet is to impart a theoretical and practical knowledge of business transactions. 

The Buji'ulo Comuicrcial College, on Main St., is an institution similar in character to the Mer- 
cantile College. 

The Buffalo Law Library Association, incorp. April 2, 1833, — capital §10,000, in shares of §100 
each, — was formed for the purpose of securing the benefits of a professional library beyond tho 
reach of private means. 

The Young Men's Association was established in the winter of 1835-36, and incorp. in March, 
1843. It has a library of about 10,000 volumes, and a reading room, which is well supplied with 
papers from most of the principal cities of the Union. During the winter months lectures are 
maintained by the association. 

The German Young Men's Association was organized in 1841 and chartered in 846. The 
library contains about 2000 volumes, mostly German works. 

The Young Men's Christian Union was established in May, 1852, and incorp. March, 1853. It 
has for its object the moral and intellectual improvement of young men. Its library and reading 
rooms are in Kremlin Hall, at the junction of Niagara and Erie Sts. 

The Young Men's Catholic Association and the Buffalo Catholic Institute are societies similai 
to the preceding. 

The Buffalo Medical Association was formed in 1845 and incorp. in 1856. Its objects are 
purely scientific and professional, and its membership is confined to the medical profession of 
the county. 

The Mendelssohn Association, organized Jan. 1858, has for its object the improvement and culti- 
vation of vocal and instrumental music. 

The Deutsche Leidertafel and the Deutscher Saengerhtmd are German societies of a similar 
character. 

The Buffalo Orphan Asylum, located on Virginia St., was organized in 1835 and incorp. April 
24, 1837. The site was donated by Louis S. Le Couteulx, and the present building was erected 
in 1850. Tlie average number of inmates is about 80. 

The Buffalo Female Orphan Asylum, on the corner of Batavia and EUicott Sts., was established 
in 1848, under the care of the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. The present number of childrem 
is 98. 

The Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on Virginia St., was incorp. July 5, 1848. The 
building contains 20 wards, and the average number of patients is 130. 

The Buffalo General Hospital was incorp. Nov. 21, 1855, and went into operation in 1858. It 
was founded by individual donations, amounting to §20,000, and a State appropriation of §10,000.' 

The Ltjing-In Hospital, on Edward St., is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. 

The Buffalo City Dispensary, a society of physicians, was organized to aflbrd gratuitous medical 
services to the destitute. 

The Association for the Relief of the Poor disburses among the needy each winter sums ranging 
from §1,500 to $8,000. 

The Firemen's Benevolent Association was incorp. March 23, 1837, and has for its object the 
accumulation of a fund for the relief of indigent and disabled firemen and their families. 

The Buffalo Physicians' Charitable Fund Association was organized in 1858, to provide means 
for the assistance and relief of the widows and orphans of medical men. 

A M. E. church was founded in Bufiklo, in 1809, by the Rev. Jas. Mitchell ; but it had no per- 
manent organization. The oldest church now in the city (Ist Presb.) was organized Feb. 2, 1812, 
by the Rev. Thaddeus Osgood. The next established were a Prot. E., Bap., a M. B., and a Univ. 
There are now 57 churches in the city.^ Most of the church edifices are large and commodious ; 
and many of them are of a high order of architectural beauty. St. Joseph's Cathedral (R. C.) is 



1 Tliis hospital is located on Iligh St.. and is a two story brick 
Btr^icture. 160 ft. lonp; by 75 ft. wide. Tin- w. wing only of tlio 
geni^ral plan is finished; but that is complete in itself, and hita 

4 wards, cnp-tble of accommodating 100 piitientH. 

■■! U R. C, S Presb., 7 Prot. K., 7 >t. E., 6 Bap., 4 Ger. KvanR., 

5 Luth.. 2 Kef. Frot. D.. and 1 each Asso. I'resb., French Prot., 



in this city. h.ia been prominently belbre the public from tho 
nifusal of its trustees to convoy their church property to th« 
biHhop, and the extraordinary but ineflectual efforts made by 
the Roman pontiff to induce obedience to this order. In 1.S63 
Cardinal Hedini visited America, having thi.s as a prominent 
object of his mission; but the trustees were inUcxible, and still 



Unit, Univ., Mission, audBethel. The K. C. Church of :<t. Louis, [ continue the owners of their property. 



288 



ERIE COUXTY. 



the largest and most costly in the city.^ St. PauVs^ and St. John's, (Prot. E.,) and the North and 
Central Presb, churches, are elegant and substantial structures. 

The earliest notice of the site of the city of Buffalo is found in the travels of Baron La Hontan, 
%Tho visited this locality in 1087.^ No M'hite settlers located here until after the American Revo- 
lution. A village of the Seneca Indians lay on Buffalo Creek, about 3 mi, from its mouth. In 
March, 1791, Col. Thos. Proctor, U. S. Commissioner, visited ^'Buffalo Creek," — as this village was 
then called, — on an embassy to the Indians. The locality around the mouth of the creek vras then 
called *'' Lake Erie" and Cornelius "Winney, an Indian trader, resided there.* The place ^was 
visited in 1795 by La Rochefoucault Liancourt, a French nobleman, vrho says that "at the post 
on Lake Erie there was a small collection of four or five houses."^ Buffalo "was laid out by the 
agent of the Holland Land Company in 1801, and was called by them ''New Amsterdam."^ Set- 
tlement was commenced at Black Rock in 1807.*^ In 1808 ^' New Amsterdam" was made the county 
seat of Niagara co. ; and its name vs'as then changed to Buffalo. In 1812 it became a military 
post. In Bee. 1813, a party of British and Indians crossed over from Canada, defeated the Ameri 
can forces, and fired the villages of Black Rock and Buffixlo. Only two dwelling houses were left 
standing.® The rebuilding of the village was not commenced until 1815. Buffalo had from the 
first a formidable rival in Black Rock. While the mouth of Buffalo Creek was obstructed by a 
bar, Black Rock possessed an excellent harbor and monopolized the infant commerce of the lake. 
The " Walk-in-ihe- Water" the first steamboat on Lake Erie, was built at Black Rock in 1818. The 
construction of Buffalo harbor was commenced in 1820, by the citizens ;^ and in 1827 the General 
Government assumed its completion and built the present pier and lighthouse. The Erie Canal 
was finished in 1825; and from that time to the present Buffalo has increased in wealth and popu- 
lation with the characteristic rapidity of the cities of the West.^*^ 

CIIICTAWAUCJA "—was formed from Amherst, March 22, 1839 ; and a part of West Seneca 
was taken off in 1851. It is an intei'ior town, lying x. of the center of the co. The surface is 
level. The principal streams are Eleven Mile, Cayuga, and Slate Bottom Creeks The soil is a 
heavy, tough clay. CBiicta.^YaiiKn' and Four Mile CreeK are p. offices. The first settle- 
ment was made by Apollos Hitchcock, in 1808.*- There is but 1 church (R. C.) in town. 

CL.AREi\XE— was formed from *' WilUnk," (now Aurora,) March 11, 1808, Buffalo was 
taken off in 1810, Alden in 1823, and Lancaster in 1833. It lies upon the n. border of the co., 
E. of the center. Its surface is level. A limestone terrace about 50 feet high, with a wall-like 
front facing the n., extends e. and w. through the center of the town. The streams are Tona- 
wanda Creek, on the n. border, and Ransoms Creek, flowing n. w. through near the center of 
the town. The soil in the n. part is clayey, and in the s. a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by 



1 The cathedral is 236 ft. long, 86 ft. wide in the body, and 120 
at the transept. The ceiling is 75 ft. high, the rouf outside 90 
feet, and the spire, when tinished. will be "220 ft. high. The 
windows are all of beautiful stained glass, the larger ones in 
figures representing sacred scenes and characters. Tho tri- 
partite window above the altar represents the birth, cruci- 
lixion, and a^^cension of Christ. This window was executed in 
Munich, at a cost of $5,000. 

2 This church was erected at a cost of about $100,000. It has 
a chime of 10 bells, which cost $15,000. 

3 La Hontan recommended to the French Government tho 
erection of a fort at this place. 

* Winnev's house — undoubtedly tho first erected in Buffalo — 
stood near where the Washington St. Canal Bridge now is. 

5 Besides Winney, Johnston, the British Indian interpreter, 
Martin Middaugh and liia family, and his son-in-law, Ezekiel 
Lane, resided here at that time; and in 179fi Asa Ransom, Jesse 
fckinuer, and "Black Joe'^ were also here. Skinner kept an inn, 
and Winney and *^' Black Joe." an Indian store. 

6 The principal streets were named from members of the Hol- 
land Land Company. Main St. was QnWedi^'-WiUinks Avenue," 
Niagara St. " Schimm''lpennicks Avenue," Genesee St. ^'Busti 
Avenue*" Krie St. ^'Vollenh'/vens Avenue," and Church St. ^'Slad- 
n>tzk~i Avenue." In 1826 these names were changed by the 
trustees of the village. The business of the Holland Land Com- 
pany was transacted here for a short time previous to the open- 
ing of their office at "Jiansoms Grove." now Clarence Hollow, 
in 1801. 

7 The sur^'eyor general was directed (April 11, 1804) to lay 
out the land about Black Rock — forming a part of the Mile 
i^tTip — into lots and report to the legislature. This was ac- 
cordingly done ; and in his report the surveyor general stated 
his belief that this was the best, if not the only, place at 
this end of the lake where a harbor of proper size could be 
constructed. From the earliest period the U. S. had desig- 
•aated this vicinity as the site of a fortitication. The report 
diiwd with the following worda: — *'It will be observed that 



streets are laid where it will either be impracticable or useless 
to open them soon. It maj', notwithstanding, be useful now to 
contemplate, in the plans of towns, what will be necessary ar- 
rangements a century hence. Such plans on record, while for 
the present they can be prndnctive of no harm, may prevent 
those aberrations from order that might hereafter be a cause 
of much inconvenience; and, without being governed by ex- 
travagant calculations, no doubt can be entertained that the 
future importance of this place will justify extensive views in 
the projection of its arrangements." The village, like Lewiston, 
Oswego, Salina, and Fort Covington, was patented in small 
piirrels. 

8 See p. 280. In 1825, Congress made an appropriation of 
$80,000 to compensate the inhabitants for the losses incurred by 
this disaster. 

* The sum of §1.861.25 was raised by subscription, and a loan 
of $12,000 was obtained from the State. A pier, extending 80 
rods into the lake, was built, and a lighthouse erected upon the 
land. The Superior — the second steamboat launched upon 
Lake Erie — was built at Buffalo in 1822. 

10 The population at different periods has been as follows : — 

1810 1,508 1830 8.668 1845 29.773 

1814 1.060 1835 19.715 1850 42,261 

1820 2.095 1840 18,213 1855 74,214 

1825 5,141 

The population of Black Rock (now about 12,000) is included in 
the returns of 1855 only. 

n This name was given at the suggestion of Alex. Hitchcock. 
It is a corruption of the Seneca word '•• Jiik-do-uaah-geh" signi- 
fying "the place of the crab-apple tree," the Indian name of 
this locality. 

12 Among the early settlers were Sam'l Lasure. Roswell Judson, 
Abraham Hatch, and Miy. Noble. The first birth was that of a 
child of Roswell Hatch, in 1810; and the iirst death, that of 
Franklin Hitchcock, in 1818. The first mill was built by Sam'l 
Lasure, in 1810 ; and the first inn was kept by Jesse Munson, in 
1815. 



*l. 




ERIE COUNTY. 



289 



limestone. Clarence Hollow, (Clarence p. o.,) near the s. e. corner of the town, contains 3 
churches, the Clarence Academy,' and a pop. of 400; Clarence Center (p. v.) contains 2 
churches and about 40 houses. Ilarris Hill (p. o.) and IVortli Clarence (p. o.) are 

hamlets. The first settlement was made at Clarence Hollow in 1799, by Asa Ransom.* The 
census reports 7 churches in town.' 

COliDEIV* — was formed from Holland, April 2, 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. of the 
center of the co. The surface is an elevated upland, rolling in the E. and hilly in the w. The 
w. branch of Cazenove Creek flows through the w. part of the town and is bordered by steep 
declivities 150 to 200 ft. high. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Colden, 
(p. V.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, and 34 houses; Glenwood, (p. v.,) 
on the same stream, contains 1 church, 3 sawmills, 2 lath miUs, a tannery, and 30 houses. The 
first settlement was made in 1810, by Richard Buffum.* The Presbyterian, at Glenwood, is the 
only church in town. 

C01.1.ISIS— was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 
1839, and North Collins in 1852. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface 
is a rolling upland, sloping gradually to the w. and descending abruptly to Cattaraugus Creek 
upon the s. The summits of the ridges are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek 
forms the s. boundary of the town ; and the other streams are Clear Creek and its tributaries. 
The channels of these streams are narrow and deep. The soil is a clayey loam on the uplands 
and a gravelly loam along the streams. Collins Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 36 
houses. Taylors Hollow is a hamlet near the n. w. corner. Ctowanda lies partly, in this 
town." The first settlement was made in 1806, by Jacob Taylor.' There are 5 churches in town.^ 

COIVCORD — was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and Collins and 
Sardinia were taken off in 1821. A part of Sardinia was annexed in 1822. It lies upon the s. border 
of the CO. The surface is a rolling upland, with steep declivities bordering u j m Cattaraugus 
Creek. Townsend Hill, the highest point, is nearly 1500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are 
Cattaraugus Creek, upon the s. boundary of the town, and its tributaries. Several small brooks^ 
forming the head waters of Eighteen Mile and Cazenove Creeks, take their rise in this town. The 
soil in the s. part is a gravelly loam, and in the N. a clayey loam underlaid by hardpan. 
Sprlng^ille, (p. v.,) incorp. April 11, 1834, is situated in the s. part of the town, and contains 
5 churches, the Springville Academy, a newspaper office, and several manufacturing establish- 
ments.' Pop. 953. lUortons Corners, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church, 2 saw- 
mills, a gristmill, and 20 houses. Woodwards Hollow (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- 
ment was made in 1808, by Christopher Stone.'" The first church was organized Nov. 2, 1816, by 
Rev. John Spencer. There are 7 churches in town." 

EAST HAMBURGH— was formed from Hamburgh, as " EllkoU," Oct. 15, 1850. A part 
of West Seneca, as " Seneca," was taken off in 1851. Its name was changed Feb. 20, 1852. It 
is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a broken upland. Chestnut 
Ridge, the highest land in the town, has an elevation of about 500 ft. above Lake Erie. The 
declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, broken by narrow ravines formed by the 
streams. Smokes Creek and its branches are the most considerable streams. The soil is a loam, 
gravelly in the n. and clayey in the s. East Hamburg^ll, (p. v.,) n. of the center of the town, 



1 Establiahed aB the Clarence Classical School in 1841, by J. 
Hadley and R. Blennorhaissott. 

s Asa Ransom was a man of considerable influence with the 
Indians. They gave him the name oi ^^0-vns-ta~ni>at-!tqufMiich," 
signifying "maker of silver," or "maker of silver money." 
Gen. Timothy Hopkins settled in the town in 1797; Asa Chap- 
man, Timothy James, Wm.Updegratf. Cbrist^pher Saddler, Levi 
Felton, Abraham Shope, John lliiines, and John Gardner, in 
1801 ; Andrew Dnmet. Geo. Shurman. Bcra Ensign, and Jacob 
Shope. in 1S03; and Daniel Bailey in 1S04. The flrgt birth was 
that of Harry B. Ransom, in ISOl; and the first death, that of 

Keyes. in 1804. Asa Ransom opened the tir^t public house. 

in 1801. built the first sawmill, in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 
1806; Otis R. Hopkins kept the first store, in 1811. The first 
echool was taught by Rebecca Hamlin, in 1805. 

3 3 Mennonites, Bap.. Seventh Day Bap., Presb., and Union. 

* Named from CadwaliaderD. Colden, then in the State Senate. 

6 Thos. Pope, JoBiah Brown, and L. Owen settled in the town 
in 1810, and Jesse Southwick. Richard Sweet, Nath'I Bowen. and 
Silas Lewis in 1811. The first birth was that of a child of Thos. 
Pope, in 1811; the first marriage, that of Jas. Sweet and Char- 
lotte Buffum, in 1810; and the first death, that of .N'athaniel 
Raven, in 1812. Richard BufTum built the first mill, in 1810. 



19 



The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in the winter of 
1814, « s'ee page 194. 

' Joshua Palmerton, Stephen Peters, Turner Aldrich, anil 
Stephen Lapham settled in the town in 1810. and Stephen Wil- 
bur and Sylvanus Bates in 1811. The first birth was that of a 
son of Aaron Lindsley, in 1810; the first marriage, th.lt of 
Stephen Peterson and Sarah Palmerton, in 1811; and the first 

death, that of Straight, in 1812 Jacob Taylor built the 

first mill, in 1812; John Hanford kept the first "store, in 18]:!, 
and Nathan King the first inn, in 1816. The first scho^,. was 
taught by John King, in 1815. 

8 Christiana. Friends, P. W. Bap., Pi^b., and Union. 

' A woolen factory, 2 planing mills, a turning shop, a saw 
nn"ll, 2 gristmills, a tannery, a stone sawing mill, and a furnaco 
and machine shop. 

1" John Albro and John Russell settled in the town (he same 
year, Sam'l Cochrane in 1809. and Rnfus Eaton, Joseph Adams 
Alva Plumb, and David Shultiez in 1810. The first birth wb« 
that of Lucius Stone, in 18119; the first marriage, that of Jas. 
Bunnell and Anna Richmond, in 1813; and the first death, that 
of Mrs. John Albro, in 1808. Anna Richmond taught the first 
scho<il. in 1811. 

" Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., K. C, Union, and Univ. 



290 



ERIE COUNTY. 



contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, and 40 houses. Ellicott (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settle 
ment was made in 1803, by David Eddy, from Rutland, Vt.' There are 3 churches in town , 
Friends, M. E., and Union. 

EDEIV — was formed from " Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812. Boston was taken off 
iu 1817, and Evans in 1821. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface 
is hilly and broken in the E. and level in the w. A ridge about 500 ft. above the lake extends 
along the e. border. The principal streams are Eighteen Mile Creek and its branches. The soil 
is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Eden, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, 
contains 3 churches, a sawmill, a stave and shingle mill, a tannery, and 63 houses ; Eden Val- 
ley, (p.v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. Clarks- 
burgll (p. o.) and East Eden (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1808, by 
Benj., .Joseph, and Samuel Tubbs.^ The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Wm. Hill, 
in 1812. There are 8 churches in town.' 

EI.MA — was formed from Lancaster and Aurora, Dec. 4, 1857. It is an interior town, lying 
N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently rolling, the summits of the ridges being 50 to 
100 ft. above the valleys. Big Buffalo and Cazenove Creeks flow through the town. The soil is a 
clayey loam in the n. and a gravelly loam in the s. Spring Brook, (p.v.,) on Cazenove 
Creek, contains 2 churches and several manufactories.' Pop. 300. Elma' {?■■*■•) has several 
manufacturing establishments' and 34 houses ; and Upper Ebenezer 27 houses. The first 
settlement was made in 1827, by Taber Earlle.' There are 2 churches in town; Presb. and R. C. 

EVAIVS" — was formed from Eden, March 23, 1821. A part of Hamburgh was annexed in 1826, 
and a part of Brandt was taken ofi" in 1839. It lies upon the lake shore, in the s. part of the co. 
The land rises from the lake in a bluff 20 to 40 ft. high ; and the highest part of the town, near the 
E. border, is 160 ft. above the lake. The streams are Big and Little Sister Creeks. The soil is a sandy 
and gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Evans, (p.v.,) situated on Big Sister Creek, contains 3 
churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and about 45 houses; An§^Ola, (p.v.,) on the same 
stream, is Evans station on the E. R. R., and contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and about 45 houses ; 
IVortb Evans, (p. v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, in the N. E. part of the town, contains 3 churches, 
a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and about 40 houses; East Evans, (p.v.,) in the N. part of 
the town, and Pontiac, (p.v.,) on Big Sister Creek, in the s. E. part, contain about 20 houses 
each. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Joel Uarvey.' There are 7 churches in town.'" 

eRAlVD ISl<AIVI> — was formed from Tonawanda as a town, Oct. 19, 1852. It is the N.w. 
corner town in the co., and comprises Grand, Buckhorn, and Beaver Islands, in Niagara River. 
Its surface is nearly level, and a considerable portion of it is still covered with forests. The soil 
of the upper part is clayey, and of the lower part sandy. The people are principally engaged in 
grain raising and lumbering. Grand Island is a p. o. on the E. shore. There is no village 
on the island, although it is thickly settled along the shores. The first settlers were squatters, 
who located soon after the War of 1812 and before it was decided to which Government the 
island belonged." In 1820, Mordecai M. Noah, of New York, conceived the project of forming a 



1 Ezekiel Oook and Zenaa Smith settled in the town in 1S03, 
and Adios Colvin and Ezekiel and Daniel Smith in 1SU4. The 
fii-st marriage was that of Almon C. Laire and Lydia Sprague, 
in 1S08; the first birth, that of a son of Daniel Smith, in 1805; 
and the first death, that of the same child, in 1806. Dan'l Smith 
built th( first mill, in 1S07; John Green kept the (ir.st inn. in 
1B07, and David Eddy the flrat store, in 1S09. The first school 
was taught by Auna Eddy, in 1807. 

2 Among the first settlers were .Tohn Marsh, Silas Este, and 
Calvin Thompson, who came in 1809, and Daniel and Edward 
Webster, in IMO. The first birth was that of Uannah Tubba, 
in 1S09; the first marriage, that of David Doan and Anna Uill, 
in 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jas. Welch, in 1812. Elisha 
Welch built the first sawmill, in 1811, and the first gristmill, in 
1812. Wm. Hill kept the first inn, in 1814, and Fillmore & 
Johnson the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by 
Bowena Flack, in 1812. 

' 3 Ref. Prot. D., Bap., Evang. Luth., M. E., Presb., and R. C. 

* 2 sawmills, a shinglo and turning mill, 2 gristmills, and a 
tannery. 

6 Named from a very large elra tree near F.lma Tillage. 

• 1 gristmill, 2 planing mills, and a chair factory. 

' Timothy Tre.-it, Iea.'ic Williams, Willard and Jas. Fairbanks, 
and Amasa .\dam3 settled in the town in 1830, and Zima A. 
Homstreet, Abraham Taber, and Jacoti Pettengill in 1831. The 
first birth was that of H. Scott Fairbanks, iu 1S31; the first 
marriage, that of Gould Hinman and Louisa Adams, in 1835; 
and the first death, that of the wife of Isaac Williams, in 1830. 
Ttis first mill waa built by Eaatabrook, in 1824 ; and the 



first inn was kept by Taber Earlle, In 1829. Emily Paine tangbt 
the first school, in 1831. 

8 Named from David E. Evans, agent of the Holland Land 
Company. 

6 Fisk and Worder settled in the town in 180S, Aaron 

Salisbury and Aaron Cash in 1809, and Andrew Tyler and Elijah 
Gates in 1810. The first birth waa that of a daughter of David 
Cash, in Jan. 1811; the first marriage, that of Whiting Cash and 
Persis Taylor, June 28, 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jona. 
than Cash, in 1811. Henry Tuttle built the first mill, in 1817; 
Joel Harvey kept the first inn, in 1806; and John Harris the 

first store, in 1815. The first school was taught by Hib- 

bard, in 1811. 

During the War of 1812 a party of British Bailors and marinera 
landed near Sturgeon Point, in the night, and commenced plun- 
dering the inhabitants. Judge Aaron Salisbury, then a young 
man, seized his musket and started oflT alone to get a shot at 
them. W'hen he arrived they were retreating to their b<.iat9, and 
an exchange of shots produced no diunage on either side. They 
started for the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, and he on foot 
endeavored to get there before them; but they had landed 
when he arrived. He immediately commenced firing; and 
they, not knowing how large a force was opposing thtm, re- 
treated to their boats and speedily left. Here one man fright- 
ened away 100 and saved the inhabitants from plunder. 

10 3 Bap., 3 Cong., 3 M. E., and R. C. 

n The treaty of peace fixed the boundary between the two 
countries along the principal branch of Niagai-a Kiver. A dis 
put« in regard to which was the principal branch was settled in 



ERIE COUNTY. 



291 



colony of Jews upon Grand Island, as an Ararat, or resting place, for that scattered and broken 
people.^ 

HAMBrRGH'— was formed from *' Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812. A part of 
Evans was taken off in 1826, East Hamburgh in 1850, and a part of West Seneca, as " Seneca" 
in 1851. It lies on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the eo. Its surface 
in the e. is rolling; but in the w. it is nearly level, with a gentle inclination toward the lake. A 
bluff averaging 50 to 100 feet high borders the lake. The principal stream is Eighteen Mile 
Creek. The soil is mostly a clayey loam ; in the s. e, corner it is gravelly. Whites Corners, 
(p. V.,) on the n. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, in the s. e. part of the town, contains 5 churches, 
a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and has a pop. of 609 ; W^ater Valley, (p. v.,) on the same 
stream, w. of Whites Corners, contains a woolen factory, a furnace, and 20 houses; Abbotts 
Corners, (Hamburgh p. o.,) on the line of East Hamburgh, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, a 
ehingle mill, and 145 inhabitants. Bi^ Tree Corners and Hamburg'li-on-tbe-L.ake 
are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Nathaniel Titus and Dr. Rufus Beldeu.^ 
There are 7 churches in town.* 

UOIjIjAWD — was formed from "Willink^" (now Aurora,) April 15, 1818; and Colden was 
taken off in 1827. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. e. of the center. The surface is a high, 
broken upland, divided by the valley of Cazenove Creek. The summit of the highland is about 
900 ft. above Lake Erie. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed in some places with slate and 
clay. The valley of Cazenove Creek is very fertile. Holland, (p. v.,) on Cazenove Creek, 
contains 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,* and 28 houses. The first settlement 
was made in 1807, by Jared Scott, Abner Currier, and Arthur Humphrey, from Vt.* There is 
but 1 church (Bap.) in town. 

IjA^CASTER — was formed from Clarence, March 20, 1833. A part of West Seneca was taken 
off in 1851, and a part of Elma in 1857. It is an interior town, n. e. of the center of the co. The 
surface is level. Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creeks are the principal streams; upon them are several 
mill sites. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. I^ancaster, (p. v.,) incoi'p. March 13, 1849, 
is a station on the N. Y.C. R. R., in the w. part of the town. It contains 6 churches, a bank, and 
several manufactories.*^ Pop. 1,259. Boivmansville, (p-v.,) in the n. w. corner of the town, 



1818, by comniisflioners appointed respectively by the United j 
States and British tiovernmenta. While the matter was etill 
undecided, a large number of lawless persons— mostly refugees 
from justice from both sides of the river — squatted upon the 
island, locating principally along the shores. Remaining for 
eome time unmolested, they began to commit extensive depre- 
dations upon the timber; and finally they set up an independent 
government and elected a full quota of municipal officers. la 
April, 1S19, the legislature passed an act authorizing the re- 
moval of these intruders. During the succeeding summer the 
governor insued a proclamation commandiu'^ them to desist 
from dejiredations upon the property of the State, and at once 
to remove. A few obeyed the command; but, seeing no active 
demonstrations on the part of Government, they returned. In 
the fall of 1819, Gov. Clinton directed Col. Jas.Cronk, the sheriff 
of Niagara co., to call out a sufficient military force for the pur- 
pose and forcibly expel them. On the 9th of Dec. 1819, the 

sheriff, accompanied by Lieuts. Benj. Uodge and Osborne, 

2 Serjeants, 4 corporals, and 24 privates, went to the island in 
boats, manned by 20 boatmen, to carry into execution the orders 
of the governor. Every facility was given the people to remove 
■with their effects; and the boatmen took them to either shore, as 
they might elect. The military were divided into 3 parties: a 
vanguard, to read the governor's orders and assist in clearing 
the houses; a second party, to forcibly remove all property left 
in the buildings; and a rear guard, to burn the buildings and 
complete the removal and destruction. Seventy houses were 
burned, and 150 people, consisting of men, women, and children, 
were turned out shelterless upon the U. S. and Canada shores. 
Two buildings, filled with grain, alone were saved. The 
removal and destruction occupied 5 days and cost the State 
$568.99. A few famiUea returned immediately, but did not re- 
main. 

1 In a memorial to the legislature in 1S20 for the purchase 
of the island, MaJ. Noah explained his object; recounted the 
persecution which his co-religionists in the Old World had suf- 
fered through many centuries ; pointed out the benefits that had 
resulted to Spain, Portugiil, France, and Germany from the com- 
mercial enterprise and the capital of the Jews when allowed the 
exercise of their rights; and painted in brilliant colors the 
benefits that would accrue to the U. S. if his people could ex- 
change " the whips and scorns of Europe, Asia, and Africa fur 
thelightof liberty and civilization" which this country affordeii. 
He estimated that there were 7,000,000 of Jews in the world, and 
predicted that, if the existence of an asylum of freedom wore 



made known, large numbers would be induced to emigrate. The 
sanction of law was asked to give confidence to those wbo might 
not otherwise be induced to remove. His attempt to gather the 
Jews, like those before it, ended in day dreams. The European 
rabbii refused to sanction the effort ; and Miy. Noah soon gave up 
the attempt, leaving no trace of his '-city" upon the island but 
a mouument of brick and wood. It bore, on a marble tablet, the 
following inscriptions from Deuteronomy vi. 4: — 

ARARAT, 

A CITY OF KEFUGE FOR TffE JEWS, 

Fonndfd hy Mordecaj M. Noah, in tJte month of TiZRi 5,58fi, 
(September, 1825,) and in the 50th year of American Inde- 
pendence. 
The monument has since tumbled down; and the schemes of 

Maj. Noah have now scarcely a place in memory or a trace 

in history. 

A Boston company was formerly extensively engaged in the 

manufacture of ship timber upon the island. 

* Named from Ilamburgh. in Germany. 

8 Benj., Enos, and Joseph Sheldon settled in the town in 1(*05, 
and John Fox and Elisha and David Clark in 1806. Tbo first 
marriage wa.s that of Ezekiel Cook and Anna Smith, in 1807. 
NathM Titus kept the first inn, in 1804; and John Cummiugs 
built the first mill, in 1805. 

* Bap.. F. W. Bap., Evang. Luth., M. E.. and R. C. at Whites 
Corners, and M. E. and Preyb. at Abbotts Corners. 

6 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and a tannery; the last namiMl in a 
large establishmi-nt, employing about 20 men. and turning out 
about ."JO.OOO sides of leather per annum. 

* They were followed by Dan'l McKean and Ezekiel ajid Har- 
vey Colby the same year, and bv Increase Kichardson, Samuel 
Miller. Theophilua Baldwin, and Sandford Porter in 1808. The 
first birth was that of Dan'l McKean. in 1808. Jot^hua Parsons 
kept the first inn, in 1817. and Leonard Cook the fir?tstoro, the 
same year. The first school was taught by Abner Currier, iu 
1808. 

I A glass factory, a bedfltead factory, a tannery, a grlstiuiil, 
and a sawmill. 



ERIE COUNTY. 



contains 1 church and has a pop. of 196. Town Liue, WInspear, and L.oaneyvilIe 

are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Jas. and Asa Woodward.' The first 
religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, at the house of Benj. Clark, in 1809. 
There are 8 churches in towu.^ 

M ARIliliA'— was formed from Alden and Wales, Dec. 2, 1853. It is situated near the center 
of the E. border of the co. The surface is rolling. Big Bufialo Creek crosses the s. w. corner; but 
the principal part of the town is drained by the head waters of Little Butfalo Creek. The soil in 
tlic N. E. and s. w. is a sandy and gravelly loam ; but elsewhere it consists of clay and muck. 
Mai'illa, (p. V.,) situated near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, a shingle 
mill, and 235 inhabitants. The first settlement was made by Jerry and Joseph Carpenter, in 
1829.* There are 3 churches in town; Disciples, M. E., and R. C. 

XEWSTE AD — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) as "Erie," April 11, 1804 ; its name 
was changed April 18, 1831. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. A limestone terrace extends 
through near the center of the town. North of this the surface is level, in many places marshy ; 
and the soil is a clayey loam intermixed with marl and sand. To the s. the surface is level, or 
gently undulating, and the soil a sandy and clayey loam underlaid by limestone. The town is 
watered by several small streams, the principal of which is Murder Creek.^ A layer of hydraulic 
limestone crops out along the terrace, and waterlime is extensively manufactured from it. 
Akron,' (p-v.,) incorp. Oct. 1850, is a station on the Canandaigua & N. F. branch of the N. Y. 
C. R. R., near the center of the town. It contains 4 churches and several manufacturing estab- 
lishments.' Pop. 462. Falkirk, 1 mi. e. of Akron, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made 
in the early part of the present century.' The first religious society (M. E.) was organized in 
1807, with 12 members, at the house of Charles Knight, by Rev. Peter Van Nest and Amos 
Jenks. There are 4 churches in town.' 

ISORTH COIiliIlSS— was formed from Collins, Nov. 24, 1852, as "SMrley;" its name was 
changed June 24, 1853. It is an interior town, lying in the s. w. part of the co. Its surface is 
rolling, the summits of the ridges being 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The town is watered by 
the head branches of Eighteen Mile, Clear, and Big Sister Creeks. The streams generally flow 
through deep ravines bordered by steep declivities. The soil is a gravelly loam. IVortll Col- 
lins, (Collins p. 0..) in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 34 houses. Sllirley. 
(p. V.) and L.angford, (p. o.,) in the n. e. part, WevF Oregron, (p. o.,) in the e. part, and 
Ilarsllfield, (p. o.,) in the s., are hamlets. The first settlers were Stephen Sisson, Abram 
Tucker, and Enos Southwick, from Warren co., who moved into the town in 1810.'° There are 
8 churches in town." 

SARDINIA — was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. A part of Concord was taken off 
in 1822. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The surface in the E. part is gently rolling, and in 
the w. hilly. Shepherd Hill, s. w. of the center, is 1,040 ft. above Lake Erie. Cattaraugus Creek 
forms the s. boundary. In the E. part the soil is a gravelly loam, and in the w. it is clay under- 
laid by hardpan. Sardinia, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, a 
gristmill, a tannery, and 40 houses. Protection is a p. o. The first settlement was made by 
George Richmond, from Vt.'^ The first religious services were conducted by the Rev. John Spen- 
cer, in Feb. 1815. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 



1 Among the early settlers were Alanaon Eggleston and David 
Hamlin, who came in 1804, Joel Parmalee. in 1S05, Warren 

Hamlin, in 1806, Wm. Blackman. Peter Pratt, Kerney, and 

Klisha Cox, in 1807, and EU.19 Bissell. Pardon P>?ckbam, and 
Beiy. Clark, in 180S. The first birth was that of a pair of twins, 
children of Zophar Beach, and the first death, that of a child 

uf Wm. Blackman, both in 1808. Robinson built the first 

sawmill, in 1808 ; Ahaz Luce opened the first store, in 1810. and 
Jos. Carpenter the first inn,in 1812. The first school was taught 
by Freelove Johnson, in 1810. 

2 2 Evang. Luth.. 2 M. E., Disciples, Ger. Moth., Prosl)., and K. C. 

3 N.amed from Mrs. Marilla Rogers, of Alden. 

* Bice Wilder, Cyrus Finuey, and Kodman Day settled in 
the town in 1831. The fii-st birth was that of Sarah Finney, in 
()ct. 1831. Jesse Barton built the first sawmill, in 1828, and the 
first gristmill, in 1832. Miles Carpenter kept the first store, in 
1848, and the first inn, in 1850. The first school was taught by 
Sophia Day, in 1833. 

6 Called by the Indians *^Sef-unijnt'' noise or roar of distant 
water. The creek was named from the fact that about the 
time of the first settlement a white man was murdered upon 
it, within the present village limits of Akron, by an Indian 
who was conducting him to Canada. 



« Named from Akron, Ohio, and the latter from a Greek word 
signifying ■' summit." 

' 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills. 1 waterlime mill, 1 furnace and 
machine shop, 1 planing mill, 1 stave and shingle mill, and a 
tannery. 

8 Among the early settlers were Otis Ingalls. David Cully, 
Peter Van de Venter. Sam'l Miles, John Felton, Charles Barney, 
Aaron Beard, Bobt. Durham, Tobias Cole, and Sam'l, SiKis, John, 
and Thomas Hill. Peter Van de Venter kept the first inn. in 
1802, and Archibald Clark the first store, in 1809. The first 
school was taught by Keith, in 1807. 

Bap., Presb., M. E., and K.C. 

l» The first birth was that of Geo. Tucker, in Aug. 1810; the. 
first marriajxe, that of Levi Woodward and Hannah Southwick. 
in 1812; and the first deaths, those of two girls, twin daughters 
of Stephen Sisson. Stephen Stanclitf built the fii-st mill, in 
1818; Stephen Tucker kept the first inn. and Chester Rose the 
first store, both in 1813. The first school was taught by Phebe 
Southwick, in the summer of 1813. 

11 2 Friends, 2 M. E., 2 R. C, Bap., and Cong. 

t2 Among the early settlers were Ezra Nott, Henry Godfrey, 
and Josi.ah Sumner. Elisha Rice and Giles Briggs settled in 
the town in ISIO. The first birth was that of Ray Briggs, in 



ERIE COUNTY. 



293 



TOUf AWAXDA — was formed from Buffalo, April 16, 1836 ; and Grand Island was taken 
off in 1852. It lies in the n. w. part of the co., at the angle formed bj the junction of Tona- 
wanda Creek and Niagara Kiver. Its surlace is generally level. Eleven Mile Creek crosses the n. 
part of the town. The soil along Niagara River is clayey; in the interior it is sandy. Tona- 
vraiida, (p. v.,) incorp. Dec. 3, 1853, is situated on the Erie Canal, at the confluence of Niagara 
River and Tonawanda Creek. It has a good harbor,^ and is an important station on the 
B. & N. F. R. R. It is the western terminus of the C. & N. F. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. It 
contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, an elevator,^ and several manufacturing establish- 
ments.' Pop. 1,257.* The first settlement was made in 1805.* There are 8 churches in town.® 

"WAEiES — was formed from Aurora, April 15, 1818; and a part of Marilla was taken off in 
1853. It is situated near the center of the e, border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly 
and inclined toward the n. The principal stream is Big Buffalo Creek. The soil in the n. is 
a gravelly loam, and in the s. clay underlaid by hardpan. Wales Center^ (p-v.,) on Big 
Buffalo Creek, in the n. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 40 
dwellings; Wales, (p. v..) on the same stream, contains 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 30 
dwellings; and South Wales (p. v.) contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and 25 dwellings. The 
first settlement was made in 1805, by Oliver Pettengill.' There are 3 churches in town; 2 M. E. 
and a Free Will Bap. 

WEST SEMECA — was formed, as ^^ Seiieca," from Chlcktowaga, Hamburgh and East Ham- 
burgh, and Lancaster, Oct. 16, 1851; its name was changed March 25, 1852. It is situated on 
the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is gently imdu- 
lating in the e. and level in the w. The streams are Big Buffalo, Cazenove, and Smokes® Creeks. 
The soil is generally a sandy loam. The town is mainly settled by a society of German religion- 
ists, generally known as Ebenezers, but who style themselves the "Community of True Inspira- 
tion."^ Middle Ebenezer, on Buffalo Creek, contains a church, calico printing factory, 
woolen factory, sawmill, oil mill, and G7 houses; Eo'wer Ebenezer^ on Cazenove Creek, 
contains a church, sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 50 houses; and ]¥ew Ebenezer contains a 
large manufactory of cotton and woolen goods, an extensive dyeing works, and 9 dwellings. 
Reserve, West Seneca Center, and West Seneca are p. offices. The first settlement 
was made by Reuben Sackett, in 1826.^** There are 4 churches in town." 



1811; and the first death, that of a son of Henry Godfrey, in 1814. 
SumniT Warren built the first mill, iu 1811; Geo. Richmond kept 
the first inn, in ISll; and Clark & Co. the first store, in 1816. 
The first school was tau^cht by Melinda Abbey, in 1814. 

1 Large quantities of lumber are received at this port from 
Canada and the Western States. The quantity re-shipped by 
canal in 1S57 was, of timber, 841,011 cubic foot; of sawed stuff, 
4,815.441 fl.; and of wood, 16,007 cords. 

2 This elevator ha8 a storage capacity of 250,000 bush., and 
fiu;ilities for elevating 2000 bush, per hour. 

8 3 sawmills, 3 shingle mills, a planing mill, and a furnace and 
macbiue shop. 

* This is the pop. of that part of the village in Erie co. A 
part of the village is across tho creek, in Niagsiraco.; and the 
pop. of this ia not known. 

6 Alex. Logan, John King, and John Hersey settled in the 
town in 1805; Emanuel Winter, Jos. Haywood, Oliver Standard, 
John Cunningham, Joaiah Guthrie, Ebenezer Coon, Thoa. Hod- 
nan, and Joseph Hersej-, in 1800; Henry Anguish, in 1808; and 
Frederick Buck, in 1809. Henry Ani^uish kept the first inn. iu 
1811, and Judge Wilkinson the first store, in 1S23. TIte first 
mill w:ia built by Osborne, in 1819. 

« Disciples, Evang. Lnth., M, E., K. C, and Wes. Meth. at Tona- 
wanda Village, and Evang. Luth., M. E., and R. C. in other 
parts of the town. 

' Ethan and Wm. Allen and Jacob Turner settled in the town 
in 1806, and Chas.and Alex. McKay. Ebenezer Holmes, and Wm. 
Uoyt in 1807. The first birth was that of Wm. Pettengill, in 
June, ISOfi. Isaac and Eli Hall built the first mill, in 1811; 
Isaac Halt kept the first inn. in 1816; and Orsamus Warren tho 
first store, in 1824. The first scho«:>l was tiught by Jas. Wood, 
in 1811. In 1813 an Indian hatchet was fouud imbedded in a 
tree at Wales Center, and in 1825 John Allen related the fol- 



lowing circumstance concerning it. About the time of the first 
settlement of liuflalo an Indian came to that place and exhibited 
the skin of a white child, and boasted that he had murdered and 
skinned the child for the purpose of making a tobacco pouch. 
Truman Allen, (brother of the narrator,) hearing the boaat, 
became so enraged that he followed the Indian to Wales and 
shot him. He buried tho body and rifle in the sand, and stuck 
the tomahawk into a tree, where it was afterward fouud as 
above stated. 

8 Named from an Indian who resided near its mouth and who 
wa.s an inveterate smoker. 

» This community purchased 7,622 acres belonging to the BuP 
falo Indian Reservation in 1844, and commenced thi'ir settle- 
ments the same year. They are largely engaged in a^^riculture 
and manufactures ; and their wares have obtained so escelient a 
reputation that they find a ready market at Butfalo and else- 
where. They have a community of property, reside in villages, 
and several families usually occupy the same house. They are 
governed by a board of trustees; and their business is done 
through an agent, who appears to have almost unlimited control 
of matters. They are honest, industrious, and frugal; and in 
the contented and peaceful tenor of their lives they present a 
model which might well he copied by some of the restless and 
ambitious Yankee race. 

w Among the other early settlers were Artemus W. Baker, 
John G. Wells, Isaac Earlle, and Geo. Hopper, who located in 
1828. The first child born was a daughter of Joel Decker, in 
Aug.1828; and the first death, that of Peter Beal, in 1834. Goo. 
E. Elderkin taught the first school, in 1839; Reuben Sackett 
kept the first inn, in 1826; the Ebenezer Society, the first store, 
in 1845 ; and Ballon & Tubell built the first miH, in 1837. 

n 2 Lutheran and 2 Conuauolty of True Inspiratios. 



294 



ERIE COUNTY. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Erie County. 



Names op Towns. 



AldeD 

Amherst 

Aurora 

Boston 

Brandt 

B«miloCity 

Chicktowaga. 

Clarence 

Colden 

Collins 

Concord 

East Hamburgh. 

Eden 

Elma" 

Evans.. 

Grand Island 

Hamburgh 

Holland 

Lancaster. 

Marilla 

Newstead. 

North Collins...., 

Sardinia 

Tonawauda 

Wales 

West Seneca 

Total 



Acres of Land. 



11,721 
17,29Si 
19,363} 
13,604i 

7,6^0} 
10,61-2i 

9,280i 
17,770 

9,716 
18,174 
23,9oiJi 
16,18+1 
16,261i 

14,400i 

4.017 
14.468J 
12,036A 
14,660S 

7,037i 
19,491 
lS,ti91J 
16,032i 

8,699J 
14,638} 

6,632 



8,960 

12.003 

13,934} 

6,153 

1,5135 

2,33tii 

6,4064 

14,637 

12,702 

ll,692i 

17,080 

8.170 

7,814 

10.977 

13.684 
8,183 
9,369 

16,303t 
652 

11,886 
8,3534 

13,994 
.3,7724 
7.025 

11.743} 



Valdation of 1858. 



34O,.307i 253.344J 



$643,985 
1,274,820 
462,240 
290,.3OO 
269,310 
29,334,840 
867,992 
1,032.130 
221,260 
610,090 
624,648 
660.470 
490,430 
406,625 
701.088 
237,567 
734,685 
222.403 
890,275 
300,175 
954.0.i5 
498,076 
337,500 
616,477 
330,315 
565,293 



43.256.039 



feE 



$15,400 
86.600 
62,120 
11,600 
11,200 
6.182.220 

9.800 
96,675 

3,675 
75,900 
20,9.50 
49,160 
23.125 

7,600 
19,900 

114,376 
6,500 
73,400 
16,600 
30,376 
60,0,SO 
15,476 
61.100 
14,600 
2.250 



7,060,480 



$669,385 
1.361,320 
604,360 
301,900 
280.610 
36,517,000 
877,792 
1,128,805 
224.825 
685,990 
645.698 
609,630 
513,665 
413.226 
720,988 
237,567 
849,060 
228,903 
963,676 
316,775 
984.430 
658,166 
362,975 
577,577 
344,916 
567,643 



60.216.519 



1,230 

2,566 

1,872 

908 

670 

37,661 

1,314 

1,695 

709 

1,013 

1,409 

1,012 

1,241 

1,194 
483 

1,617 
691 

2,854 
704 

1,576 
964 
888 

1,385 
870 

1,333 



67,668 



1,174 
2,553 
1,793 

8ei 

623 
36,653 
1,212 
1,568 

672 
1,012 
1.396 

934 
1,188 

1,058 
365 

1,420 
630 

2,636 
673 

1,411 
895 
877 

1,184 
819 

1,190 

64.673' 



=1 

469 
961 
733 
310 
196 
10,613 
488 
587 
289 
362 
531 
394 
470 

452 
161 
560 
266 
1,065 
292 
696 
358 
360 
460 
336 
416 



469 
1,016 
769 
311 
211 
14,715 
497 
630 
283 
408 
635 
388 
470 

463 
173 

564 
255 
1,080 
294 
695 
367 
369 
607 
341 
493 



395 
727 
678 
298 
169 
6,163 
366 
459 
286 
287 
527 
330 
414 

3S4 
90 
385 
260 
794 
26 
486 
340 
328 
323 
329 
602 



21,674 26.193 16,566 338 



Names of Towns. 



Alden 

Amherst- 

Aurora 

Boston 

Brandt 

Buffalo 

Chicktowaga 

Clarence. 

Colden 

Collins 

Concord 

East Hamburgh. 

Eden 

Elmaa 

Evans 

Grand Island.... 

Hamburgh 

Holland 

Lancaster 

M.^rilla 

Newstead 

North Collins.... 

Sardinia 

Ton.lwanda. 

Wales 

West Seneca , 

Total. 



tfl 



656 

1,004 

1,033 

463 

281 

2,116 

611 

1,073 

337 

618 

709 

664 

617 

614 
129 
780 
485 
908 
837 
1,051 
674 
712 
465 
575 
282 



0,1 
■i <^ 

=55 



765 

1.230 

1,191 

1,016 

789 

332 

688 

896 

824 

1,659 

1,767 

688 

1,149 

1,384 

489 
638 

i.is; 

1,125 

616 

1,252 

1.676 

1.874 

534 

1,646 

603 



CO 



1,011 
1,294 
1,236 
1,165 

817 
1,609 

862 
1,161 

797 
2.764 
2.461 
1,368 
1,271 

1,467 

260 

81 

780 
1,176 

487 
1,018 
2.688 
1.036 

629 
1,258 

508 



2.306 
1.608 
6.828 
2.4:31 
1,326 
66 
870 
4.844 
1.710 
1.62S 
3,329 
4.100 
2,587 

3,157 

631 

1,645 

3.604 

1,236 

1,896 

5,706 

2,464 

6,06-J 

346 

4,784 

21 



to 



728 

1.976, 

1.233 

603} 

5031 

2,503; 

814 

1,859 

372 

77 

886 

862 

914 

846 
770 

i,oo: 
5r>i 

1,494 

50S 

1,668 

816 

697 

888 
6881 
824 



Agricultural Products. 



Bo9U. OP Grain. 



10,566 
36,1704 
6,904 
2,185 
1,421 
7,616 
9,687 
46,471 
1,297 
6,046 
1,949} 
3,7994 
6,6154 

2,2414 
4.047 
3.3684 
9,0.574 

22,235 
9684 

48.700 
1,432 
1,484 

19.818 
6,119 
7,154 



16,983126,608 29,831 66,085 24,791' 263.7924 1,368,349 98,01]4!445,3604 266,195 



^ 



46,890 , 

82,0164 

77,611} 

48,7034 

23,2214 

42.716 

40,432} 

99,676 

27,7984 

40,630 

93,043 

69,367} 

69,4264 

60,281 
16,846 
66,(i45 
43.647} 
84,904 
22,9744 
100,6774 
46,981 
66,294 
43.499 
65,640} 
31,017 



e 



3,647 

3,173 

6,3SS4 

4,0294 

2,020} 

4,184 

3,2724 

2,606 

2,697 

6,905 

5,7245 

6,6234 

4,3124 

6,333} 

1,002 

6.208 

3,041 

4,439 

1,.S21} 

3,322 

6,410 

3,401 

2,416 

4,336 



16.412 

19.496 

31.068 

16,107 

12,860 

22,519 

17,271 

17.064 

11,710 

10,691 

22.666 

31,2664 

20,371 

13.922 

9,928 
21,119 

7.107 
31,934 

7,779 
20,663 
19.992 
18.811 

8,991 
15,431 
20.392 



6,853 

8,740 

17.985 

10,997 

5,391 

2,970 

6,743 

30,864 

3,819 

16,566 

17,3664 

19,2644 

14,121 

11,138 
148 
11,170 
10,761 
13,620 

1,118 
20,726 
12,606 
10,266 

2,179 

12,229 

470 



Daibt Products. 



0.0) 



66,424 
69.606 
111,094 
56,136 
65,737 
15.400 
64,139 
86,743 
64,206 
78.736 
98,116 
110,120 
112,660 

94,069 
23,420 

102,800 
77,850 
80,300 
43,394 

107,777 

103,429 
95,646 
26,920 

112,156 
30,260 



o,e 



4,000 

100 

16,096 

116,645 

82,282 

4,960 
890 
42,000 
686,3,S4 
460,881 
38,500 
36,466 

27,626 
40 
2.3,380 
7,907 
3,130 
2,904 
4,190 
616,804 
28,470 

37,860 



B 

i a 

ft ;» 



1,866,132 2,038,392 



410 
3104 

1,186 
769 

1,403 

681 
1,184 

1,662 
1,541 
2.004J 
1,432} 
1,868 
9754 

6,874 

2.137} 

270 

702 

307 

2,251 

3,329 

175 

1,3474 

30 

26,ti64 



o Formed siDCo 1865. 



ESSEX COUNTY. 




This couuty was formed from Clinton, March 1, 1799, and a 
corner was taken off in the erection of Franklin co. in 1808. It 
lies ujion Lake Champlain, in the N. E. part of the State ; is cen- 
trally distant 100 miles from Albany, and contains 1,926 square 
miles. It is by far the most broken and mountainous county in 
the State. With the exception of a narrow strip of level land 
along the shore of Lake Champlain, nearly the whole co. is of an 
Alpine character. High, rocky peaks, and immense mountain 
masses, abounding in wild, broken crags and stupendous preci- 
pices, and separated by narrow ravines and deep gorges, form the 
general characteristics of the landscape. With the exception 
of the Black Mountain, of North Carolina, and the White Moun- 
tain group, of New Hampshire, the mountains of this co. attain a higher elevation than any 
others belonging to the great Appalachian system ; and, taking into consideration their great 
number of lofty peaks, they surpass in magnitude all other groups e. of the Mississippi. The 
mountains seem thrown together without regard to order or system ; and from this fact, and the 
frequent misapplication of names, much confusion has arisen in attempting to describe them. 

The 5 mountain ranges N. of the Mohawk valley extend through portions of this co., and 
terminate upon the shores of Lake Champlain. They all have a general N. E. and s. w. direction, 
rising successively higher toward the N. until they culminate in the most northerly range. The 
axes of these ranges are nearly parallel, and are respectively about 8 mi. apart. They are not 
always distinct and continuous, but in some places their lateral spurs interlock, and in others their 
continuity is broken by the intervention of valleys and brief intervals of lowland. They are not 
regularly serrated, but appear to consist of groups of sharp pointed peaks connected by immense 
ridges. The principal mountain masses appear to extend in a due N. and s. direction, and are thus 
placed obliquely in the range of which they form a part. Single mountains are often sufficiently 
large to occupy the whole intervening space between the ranges, thus destroying the continuity 
of the valleys and reducing them to narrow, isolated ravines. This arrangement of mountains, 
in regard to the ridges, affords the key to the peculiar plan of the construction of this whole moun- 
tain system. The most southerly of the 5 ranges barely enters the extreme s. E. corner of the co. 
It is known as the Palmertown or Luzerne Mts. It has also sometimes been called the Black 
Mountain Range and the Tongue Mts. It constitutes the highlands which rise upon both sides 
of Lake George and upon the narrow peninsula between the Lake George Outlet and Lake Cham- 
plain. Mt. Defiance, the extremity of the ridge, has an elevation of about 750 feet above the lake. 
The second range, known as the Kayaderosseras, extends through the s. E. part of Schroon and 
the center of Crown Point, ending in the high cliff which overlooks Bulwagga Bay, and ia 
elevated about 1,150 feet above the surface of the lake. Along the course of this range, in Schroon, 
is a cluster of mountain peaks, the highest of which, Mt. Pharaoh, is 3,500 to 4,000 feet above tide. 
The third range occupies the w. and n. parts of Schroon, and extends through the N. part 
of Moriah and the center of Westport, ending in the high promontory of Split Rock, in the s. 
part of Essex.' Bald Mountain, in Westport, one of the most noted peaks of this range, attains an 
elevation of 2,065 feet above tide This range takes the name of the Schroon Mts. from the 
principal lake which lies at its foot. 

The fourth range extends through the central parts of Minerva and N. Hudson, the s. E. corner 
of Keeue and Lewis, the N. w. part of Elizabethtown, and the center of Willsborough, ending 
in the high' bluffs which border upon Perou Bay. It might with propriety be called the Boquet 
Range, from the principal river which flows at its base. Dix Peak, in N. Hudson, the highest 
mountain in this range, attains an elevation of 5,200 feet above tide, and, next to Mt. Marcy, is the 



1 The name of Split Rock was applied to this promontory in 
consequence of al)Out t acre of the extreme point being de- 
tacIiLHl from the mainland by a chasm 10 feet wide, extending 
downward to near the water's edge. It was once supposed 
that this mass was split off from the mainland by some great 
convulsion of nature, and writers have gravely asserted that 500 



feet soundings have been taken in the chasm ; but it is probable 
that the fissure was formed by the disinlegratioQ of tlie rock, 
which at this point contains iron pyrites and is easily actfd 
upon by the elements. The height of this dissevered maM 
above the lake is about 30 feet. 

295 



296 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



highest point in the co. Nipple Top has an elevation of 4,900 feet. Raven Hill, in Elizabethtown, 
and Mt. Discovery, in Lewis, each attain an elevation of over 2,000 feet. The fifth range extends 
through Newcomb, Keene, Jay, Lewis, and Chesterfield, ending in the rocky promontory of Trem- 
bleau I'oint. It has sometimes been called the Clinton Range, but it is more widely known as the 
Adirondack Range.^ Mt. Marcy, the highest peak of this range, and the highest land in the 
State, has an elevation of 54G7 feet above tide. Mounts McMartin, Mclntyre, and San-da-no-na, 
belonging to this range, are each upward of 5000 feet high. A spur of this range extends north- 
ward on the borders of Jay and Chesterfield, in a high, unbroken ridge, with a mean elevation 
of about 2,000 feet above tide. 

North of the Adirondack Range the mountains are not disposed in regular ranges, but are scattered 
in groups over a large space of country. These groups, however, lie in a line parallel to the other 
ranges, and for convenience of description they might be considered under the head of the " Au 
Sable Range." Mt. Seward, the highest peak, 5,100 feet above tide, is situated just beyond the 
limits of the co. Whiteface, in "Wilmington, has an elevation of 4,855 feet. 

The rocks of Essex co. are primary, consisting of granite, gneiss, and hypersthene. The moun- 
tains generally are composed of huge masses of naked rocks, more or less disintegrated by the 
action of the elements. Nearly the whole mountain region is composed of this primitive rock. 
Along the base of the mountains, on the E., appear the Trenton limestone and Utica slate ; while 
upon the immediate borders of the lake are found the clayey masses of the tertiary formation. In 
the primary rocks, among the mountains, are immense beds of rich magnetic iron ore, some of 
which have been extensively worked, though generally in a very rude and primitive manner. The 
iron produced from this ore has been subjected to the most severe tests, and has been pronounced 
equal to the best which is produced in the world. 

The s. w. portion of the co. is drained by the Hudson and its principal branch, the Schroon 
River. These streams take their rise upon the highest peaks of the Adirondack and Schroon 
Ranges, and flow through the winding valleys that lie at their base. Upon the E. Putnams Creek 
drains the region between the Luzerne and Kayaderosseras Ranges ; Mill Brook, between the 
Kayaderosseras and Schroon ; and the Boquet- River, between the Schroon and Boquet Ranges. 
The Au Sable, flowing along the N. base of the Adirondack Range, drains the N. portion of the co. 
The valleys of these streams are generally narrow, and are bounded by steep banks, which ai'e not 
unfrequcntly huge masses of precipitous or overhanging rocks. 

Lakes Champlain and George lie partly in this co., and more than 100 small lakes lie wholly 
within its limits. The greater piart of these are comprised in three groups, lying near the base of 
the principal mountain peaks. The first of these groups surrounds Mt. JIarcy ; tlie second, Mt. 
Pharaoh; and the third, Whiteface. Many others are found scattered along the whole course 
of the mountain ranges. These lakes are generally long and narrow; and Prof. Emmons says 
"that, instead of occupying shallow basins scooped out of the softer materials, — as earth and 
the ordinary slates and shales, — they lie in chasms formed by upliffe and fractures in the primary 
rock." Many of these lakes have precipitous banks, presenting a great variety of wild and pictu- 
resque scenery. The soil along Lake Champlain consists of a stiff, hard clay, alternating with a 
dark loam and gravel, and, in the narrow valleys, of disintegrated rocks. Upon the mountains the 
soil is thin and light, many of the peaks being masses of naked rocks, destitute of both soil and 
vegetation. The declivities of the hills are generally wooded, but not very heavily. Three-fourths 
of the entire surface of the co. is too rough and broken for cultivation. 

Farming, iron mining, and the manufacture of iron from the ore, constitute the leading pursuits ; 
and the immense mineral wealth of this section must for centuries continue to afford an object of 
profitable investment. In the infancy of the settlement, and until the supply became exhausted, 
the manufacture and exportation of lumber and staves to the Quebec market formed the loading, 
and, in some neighborhoods, almost the sole, objects of industry. Rafts of great size were formed in 
the coves and sheltered points along the lake shore, and were wafted by sails and oars to the 
Richlieu River, and down that stream and the St. Lawrence to Quebec, where they were transferred 
to ships for the British market. The completion of the Champlain Canal gave a new impulse to 
lumbering; but the timber suitable for exportation is now nearly exhausted, except on the 
extreme w. borders of the co. The logs of this latter region are floated down the Sui:inac, 



I Tue name Ailirondax:k is strictly applied only to the group 
of elevated peaks of which Mt. Marcy is the ceuter, but by 
common usage it is uow made to comprehend the whole system 
of mountains N. of the Mohawk. 



* Pron. bo-kwet. Probably from the French " baquet," a 
trough. It is also said to have been named from Henry iioquet, 
au Euglish officer; but the name appears on french maps pre- 
vious to his residence in the couutry. 



BSSEX COUNTY. 



297 



Racket, Hudson, and other streams, to some convenient place for sawing; and large sums have 
been apprupriated by the State for improving the channels of these rivers for this purpose.* Tan- 
neries, within the last few years, have greatly increased in the woody sections of the State, and 
about a dozen of them are located in this co. The iron manufacturing business of this region 
was commenced at Willsborough Falls in 1801,^ and now forms one of the leading pursuits 
of the people. Iron ore is exported from this co, in large quantities to Pittsburgh and other distant 
localities, to be mixed with other ores.* The manufacture of sash and blinds, tubs, pails, and other 
articles of pine and cedar, starch, paper, and black lead, receives considerable attention. Ship- 
building, to some extent, has been carried on in Essex and "Willsborough. 

The county seat is located at Elizabethtown,* situated upon the Boquet, al)()ut 8 mi. w. of the 
lake. It contains the courthouse, jail, and county clerk's office.* These buildings are plain and 
Bubstantial. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres, in Essex, 10^ mi. n. e. of 
Elizabethtown. The average number of inmates is 70, supported at a cost of 62 cts. per week 
each. The fiirm yields a revenue of about $1,200.^ 

There are 2 papers now published in the county.' 

In 1609, Samuel Champlain, with two attendants, accompanied a party of Canadian Indians on 
an expedition against the Five Nations. On the 4th of July his party entered the lake which now 
bears his name, and on the 30th they met their enemies. A sanguinary battle ensued, the fate 
of which was decided by the firearms of the whites, then for the first time used within the limits of 
the State. This act of unprovoked hostility on the part of Champlain laid the foundation for the 
long and bloody wars between the Five Nations and the French, and rendered the former the 
willing and steadfast friends and allies of the English. The whole region bordering upon the lake 
was claimed, by constructive title, by both France and England ; and during the wars that ensued 
it became the great battle ground for supremacy, and the principal highway for war parties in their 
mutual incursions upon the defenseless frontier settlements. Fort Frederick was erected by the 
French at Crown Point in 1731. This measure was met by remonstrance, but no open resistance, 
on the part of the English. Previous to the erection of the furt, French settlements had commenced 
in various places along both shores of the lake. These settlements had made considerable progress, 



1 $0000 was appropriated in 1S53, and $5000 in 1854, for im- 
proving the log narigatiun of the An Sable Ri%-fr. A lighthouae 
has been erected at Split Rock by the General Government. 
The proposed Sacketts Harbor and Saratoga R. R. has been sur- 
veyed across the 8. corner of the co.. and another route has 
been projected from PlatLsburgh to Whitehall ; but there ia little 
prospect of either of these lines being soon finished. 

* In that yciir Georgo Throop and Levi Higby. In connection 
with Charles Kane, of Schenectady, began the manufacture of 
anchors at Willsborough Falls. For the first 10 years the ore 
was obtained in part from Canada, but principally from Ver- 
mont. A bed at Basin Harbor was the only one then known 
within the co. Mill and Bteambuat irons were afterward 
made, and the foundry was finally converted into a forge. 
Early in the present century W. D. Koss erected a rolling mill 
on the Boquet. for making nail plates for the factory at Fair 
Haven, Vt. About 1S09, Archibald Mclntyre and his asso- 
ciates erected works on a branch of the Au Sable, in the 
present town of N. Elba, designated as the " Elba Iron Works." 
which were at first supplied from the vicinity, and afterward 
from the Arnold mine, in Clinton co. The forgo was abandoned 
in 1S15, after several yi-ars of prosperous business. The iron 
interest rapidly extended after the completion of the Champlain 
Canal, and several large manufactories were erected in the 
valley of the Au Sable and the surrounding region. The forges, 
rolling mills, and nail factories of this section are among the 
most extensive of the kind in the country. Bar, pig. and bloom 
iron of superior quality are produced in large quantities. Within 
a few years, anthracite coal has nearly superseded the u.se of 
charcoal in the furnaces along the lake shore. These establish- 
ments afford a home market for a large part of the agricultural 
products of the co. Most of the above dates and tacts are cc-u- 
densed fmm }Vafs<m*s Ag. Survey of Essex Co., 1852, p. 814. 

* The principal ores in this co. are magnetic, and they are 
separated fn<m the stone bj- water and by magnetic machines. 
Hundreds of bbls. of iron sand are collected upon the shores of 
Lake Champlain and sold to the N. Y. stationers. 

* David Watson and John Savage, of Wash. co.. were appointed 
commissioners to locate a site for the co. buildings, whicli were 
to be erected under the care of 3 commissioners appointed by 
the supervisors. The first co. officers were Daniel Ross. First 
Jvdge. : Stephen Cnyler, Cleric; Thos. Stowers, Slieriff; and Wm. 
Gilliland. Surrogate. 

^ When the co. was formed, the new blockhouse in Essex, 
then Will-tborough. was used as a courthouse and jail. By an 
act passed April 7. 1807. Elizahethtown was selected as the co. 
seat, and t<i this place the ciurts and clerk's office were trans- 
ferred upon the completion of the proper buildings, in 1814. 



* This establishment is old, and in some respects inconve- 
nient; but it is spoken of as extremely well kept, and in this 
respect is one of the best in the State. 
7 Tht Eeve-iUe. the first paper in the co., ivas started at 
Elizabethtown, about ISIO, by Luther Ularsh. 
Tlie. Essex Patriot was published at tho same place, in 1817-18, 

by L. and 0. Person. 
Tlie Essex Omnty Times was started at Elizabethtown, by R. W. 
Livingston, and in 1833 sold to Jlaconib, who con- 
tinued it about 15 months. It was printed on an old 
" Ramage" press brought from Skaneateles, Onond;vga 

CO. 

Another paper was commenced at Elizabethtown, in Jan. 1849, 
by D. Truair, and removed to Keeseville in about 4 
months. 

TJte Elizabethtown Post was established by Robert W. Living- 
ston in 1851, and was subsequently nnited with the 
Noi-thern Standard, of Keeseville. 

TJu KeeseinlU Herald was commenced in 1S25 by F. P. Allen, 
and soon after passed into the hands of A. H. Allen, by 
whom it was continued, with a few interruptions, until 
1841. 

The Keesevillf. Argus, edited by Adonijab Emmons, was begun 
about 18.31. and continued 5 or G years. 

The Gssex County Republican was estabhshed at 
Keeseville in 1839, and is now published by J. B. Dick- 
inson. 

TJie Au SahU Hii^er GazfJte was started at Keeseville about 
1847. by D. Truair, and continwed 5 or 6 yt-ars. 

The Old Settler, mo., was commenced at Keeseville by A. H. 
Allen in 1849, and was afterward removed to, Sarakjga 
Springs. 

The Northern Gazette was started at Keeseville in 1851, and 
continued several years. 

The Northern Standard was established at Keeseville 
in J854 by A. W. Lansing, and is now published by 
A. W. Lansing & Son. 

The Essex Omnty Repjihlican was started at Essex about 1823 
by J. K. Averill, and was continued by him, and by 
Walton & Person, until 1833. 

The Berean Guide was started in 1S40, at Essex, by Rev. M. 
Bailey, and continued 1 year. 

The Westport Patriot arid Essex County Advertiser was com- 
menced in 1845, at Westport, by D. Truair. 

The Essex County Patriot was is.tued at Esses, about 1847, by A. 
H. Allfu. It was rhanged to 

The Wistport H'-ralil, and continued tJ or 7 years. 

TJie Essex County Times was published at Westport In 1851. 



298 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



and thriving villages had sprung up, before they were finally broken up by invading armies. Still 
more extended schemes of settlement were planned, and extensive grants of land were made upon 
the same condition as the French grants in Canada.' Soon after their first occupation, the French 
caused a survey of the lake and its shores to be made by Sieur Anger, surveyor to the King ; and 
the work seems to have been carefully done. In 1755 the French advanced 12 mi. nearer to 
the English settlements, and commenced the fortification of Ticonderoga upon a point that entirely 
commanded the passage of the lake. The fort was named by them " Carillon;"- but it is now 
generally known by the Indian name of Ticonderoga. Upon it vast sums of money were afterward 
expended by both the French and English, and it became the most formidable foi'tress in America. 
The French here made a stand against the advances of the English ; and when at length it was 
found to be no longer tenable, Crown Point and all the posts along the lake were at once 
abandoned. 

The repeated incursions of the French and Indians into the English settlements, and the con- 
tinual advancements of the French military posts, at length aroused the attention of the English 
Government and led to the conviction that the very existence of the frontier settlements depended 
upon the complete overthrow of the French power in America. One of the great expeditions 
of 1755 was directed against Crown Point. The English troops, under the command of Gen. 
Lyman, built Fort Lyman — afterward Fort Edward — on the Hudson, and, under Sir Wm. Johnson, 
■who assumed the command, advanced to the head of Lake George. Here, learning that the 
French were fortifying Ticonderoga and that they had received large reinforcements. Sir William 
chose a commanding position and fortified his camp. In the mean time. Baron Dieskau, the 
French commander, at the head of a superior force, endeavored to cut ofi' his communication with 
Fort Lyman. A body of provincial troops, under Col. Williams,' of Mass., and of Indians, under 
the famous Mohawk chief Ilendrick, thrown out as an advance guard by Sir Wm., fell into an 
ambush, and the whole party were cut to pieces, and the two leaders killed. The French imme- 
diately attacked the English camp, but were repulsed with great loss, and the retreating fugitives 
■were mostly killed or taken prisoners by a party of fresh English troops from Fort Lyman. Sir 
Wm. did not follow up his success, but spent the remainder of the season in constructing Fort Wm. 
Henry on the site of his camp, leaving the French to strengthen their works at Crown Point and 
Ticonderoga without molestation. No general expedition was projected during 1756, and the only 
active warfare was carried on by adventurous parties of rangers.* 

From this time to the close of the war, and again during the Revolution, this co. was the 
theater of important military events. We have space only for a brief chronological recapitulation 
of the principal ones as they occurred. The partisan warfare, with varying success, continued 
through the winter and spring of 1750-57. In July, Montcalm, Gov. of Canada, assembled 9,000 
men at Ticonderoga, and marched to the head of Lake George, for the purpose of reducing Fort 
AVm. Henry; which object he accomplished Aug. 3.^ In the summer of 1758 an expedition 
was fitted out against Ticonderoga, and was intrusted to the command of Gen. Abercrombie. On 
the 5th of July he crossed Lake George with 17,000 men ; and on the 6th the advanced guard 
of his army was surprised by the French, and many killed, among whom was Lord Howe,' second 
in command. On the 8th the English army endeavored to take the fort by storm, but were 
repulsed with a loss of 2,000 men. In 1759, Gen. Amherst, at the head of 12,000 men, proceeded 
to invest Ticonderoga. The French troops having been mostly withdrawn for the defense of 
Quebec, the whole fortress was dismantled, and abandoned on the 30th of July. Crown Point 
was soon after abandoned, and the whole region came into the undisputed possession of the 



1 A seigniory, extending 3 leagues along the lake shore aDd 
2 leaguesback. was granted, June 1.3, 1737, to Sieur Loui8 Joseph 
Robert, the king's storekeeper at Montreal. Its northern 
boundary was to be half a le.ague below the ^^BacqiuC* (Boquet) 
Hiver. and its southern 2^ leagues above. This territory em- 
braced the present town of Essex and a large part of Wiliaborough. 
Another seigniory, extending 6 leagiies along the lake and 5 back, 
was granted, Nov. 15. 17o8, to Michael Chartier de Lotbini6re. 
It was called ^'D'AlainriU^^" and embraced the present towns of 
Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Schroon. Settlements which 
coramencwl upon this grant were broken up by the J^nglish 
armies. M jst of the seigniory was granted to officers and sol- 
diers of the English army, m accordance to his majesty's pro- 
clamation of Oct. 7, 1763. After the cession of Canada, the 
French proprietor presented his claims to the English Govern- 
ment, with no other effect than to create a considerable tern- 
/lorarv alarm among the English settlers. 

2 S« page sen. 

• On his way to the frontiers. Col. Williams stoppcnl at .\lhany 



and made his will, leaving a sum of money to found a free school 
in Western Mass. This legacy founded and gave the name to 
Williams College. In 1851 the alumni of the college erected a 
monument to bis memory on the spot where he was killed. 

* The most enterprising of these rangers were M^s. Israel 
Putnam and Robert Rogers. The party commanded by the 
latter officer consisted of old hunter.s, accustomed to all kinds 
of hardships and privations. Among his officers was John 
Stark, afterward Gen. Stark of the Revolution. These parties 
hung upon the outskirts of the French forts, took off their sen- 
tinels, burned their vilLigea, killed their cattle, destroyed their 
boats, and annoyed them in every possible manner. 

6 See page 668 ; Loisijig^i Field Book of the Jievolution ; San- 
crofts Hist. U. S. 

* Brother of Sir William Howe and Admiral Howe. English 
commanders during the Revolution. Lord Howe was a brave 
and enterprising officer, greatly beloved by the army, and his 
loss was deeply deplored. 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



299 



English. The works at Ticonderoga and Crown Point were enlarged and strengthened, at a cost 
of $10,000,000.» 

By the provisions of tlie Treaty of Paris, signed Feb. 10, 1763, in which the French ceded their 
possessions in North America to the English, the latter government was bound to respect the 
titles to land previously granted by the furmer. The proclamation of the King of Oct. 7, 17G3, 
authorized the granting of the lands upon Lake Champlain to officers and soldiers who had served 
in the war. These incompatible acts led to much confusion. Overlapping claims and conliicting 
titles unavoidably foUoM'ed; and the matter was not finally settled until after the Revolution. 
In the mean time, the controversy had the tendency to retard settlement, by destroying confidence 
in the titles by which the land could be held and conveyed. 

Settlement was commenced upon the Boquet in 1765, under the auspices of Wm, Gilliland, a 
wealthy merchant of N. Y.^ Through his agency, and that of other capitalists, several miles of tlie 
lake shore between the mouth of the Boquet and Crown Point were settled, mills and roads were built 
and schools established. Mr. G. held a justice's commission, and for many years was the only 
judicial authority.* The settlers whom he induced to locate upon his estate were mostly Irish. 

After the cession of Canada the great fortresses on the lake were allowed to fall into partial 
decay, and were held by only small bodies of troops. Upon the receipt of the news oi the com- 
mencement of hostilities at Lexington, a small body of troops, known as *' Green Mountain Boys," 
under Col. Ethan Allen, surprised and took both Ticonderoga and Crown Point in May, 1775.* 
During the summer and autumn of the same year the expedition, under Schuyler and Montgomery, 
against Canada, passed down the lake, and returned the next spring, unsuccessful. Daring the 
summer of 1776, naval forces were organized upon the lake by both the British and Aniericans, 
the latter under the command of Benedict Arnold. In an engagement that ensued, the Americans 
were defeated, and their remaining vessels were obliged to take refuge under the guns of Fort 
Ticonderoga. Crown Point was dismantled, and the stores removed; and soon after it was taken 
possession of by the British. Mr. Gilliland and the colonists ardently embraced the American 
cause, and materially aided Montgomery's army in its advance on Canada, by furnishing provisions, 
and, on its return, by aflbrding relief to the sick and wounded.^ Mr, G.'s estate was wasted by 
both friends and foes, and finally the whole settlement was broken up by Burgoyne.^ 

Burgoyne landed on the banks of the Boquet, Jxme 21, 1777, and spent several days in con- 
ferences with the Indian tribes ; and on the 27 Ai the invading army advanced to Crown Point. On 
the 30th they invested Ticonderoga; and on the night of July 4 they took possession of '' Sngar 
Loaf Hill," (nowMt. Defiance,) and erected upon it a battery of heavy guns, completely commanding 
the fort. On the night of the 5th the Americans hastily embarked their stores and munitions of 
war upon bateaux, and sent them up to Skenesborough under convoy, and the main body of the 
army escaped into Vt.^ Both parties were quickly pursued, and the tide of war slowly and sullenly 
rolled southward, beyond the limits of the co. 

In Sept. Gen. Lincoln, at the head of a body of militia stationed at Manchester, Vt., made an 
attack upon these works, took Mts. Hope and Defiance, released 100 American prisoners, took 293 
of the enemy, and captured an armed sloop, several gun boats, and more than 200 bateaux.® The 
fort was not taken. After the surrender of Burgoyne the place was dismantled, and the garrison 
retreated down the lake. The rear division of their boats, with 50 men and a large quantity of 



I The fort and field works at Ticonderoga spread over an area 
of several miles, and the fortress at Crown Point embraced 
seven acres. The ruins of these works now visible stUl attest 
their extent and magriitude. 

* Mr. Gilliland at first desif^ned to lay the foundation of a 
vast baronial estate ; and hence be sold no land, but leased it on 
the most favorable terms. 

> A convention of the settlers was held March 17, 1775, (St. 
Patrick's Day,) and a local, independent government was 
adopted. The management of affairs was intrusted to a mode- 
rator, two supts. of roads and bridges, three appraisers of dam- 
ages, and a town clei'k. Just before the Revolution, a scheme 
was devised to form a separate colonial government, embracing 
all the territory north of Mass. and between the Connecticut 
and St. Lawrence Rivers. Philip Skene, the founder of " Skenes- 
borough" (now Whitehall,) is believed to have been the 
leading spirit of this movement, and his appointment as gov. 
of the forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in June, 1775, 
seems to grive color to this belief. See Journals of Otntjress, 
Juve 8, 1775; Watson's Ag. Survey, Tr. Ag. Soc, 1853, p. 694. 

* The capture of these forte, and of the armed schooner upon the 
lake, was of immense importance to the Americans, as it supplied 
them with a great amount of cannon and other munitions uf war. 

^ Gen. Carlton offered a reward of $500 for the delivery of 
GiUilond in Canada. Sheriff White, of Tr^oD co,, and a party 



of Tories and Indians, who attempted to capture him, weie 
themselves captured and sent to Gen. Schuyler. 

* Mr. G. assisted Arnold in the prosecution of hia designs to 
the extent of his ability; and, in return for the kindness, 
Arnold, by an arbitrary stretch of power, destroyed his dwell- 
ings, mills, and stores, and nearly reduced him to poverty. In 
a memorial to Congress in 1777, Gilliland held the following 
truthful and prophetic language in regard to Arnold : — *'Iti9 
not in mine, but it is in your power to bring him to justice^. 
Bursting with pride, and intoxicated with power,- — to which ho 
ever ought to have been a stranger, but which he has had art 
enimgh to obtain from you, — he tyrannizes where he can. If 
temerity, if rashness, impudence, and error, can recomuiend 
him to you, he is allowed to be amply supplied with these quali- 
ties; and many people think they ought to recommend him in 
a peculiar manner to Lord ^orth, who, in gratitude for his 
having done more injury to the American cause than all the 
ministerial troops have had the power of doing, ought to reward 
him with a generous pension." 

' A heavy chain. 1000 feet long, and an Immense boom, erected 
across the lake by the Americans at great labor and expense, 
were cut through in 2 hours. 

8 In this expedition the CoDtinental standard loll bebiad by 
St. Clair was recovered. 



300 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



military stores, were captured by a party of "Green Mountain Boys" under Capt. Ebenezer Allen. 
In 1780, Gen. Ilaldeman, with a party of British soldiers, advanced to Ticonderoga and occupied 
it for some time. Maj. Carleton here made a diversion in favor of Sir John Johnson, by an attack 
upon Forts Anne and George. In 1781 the British fleet several times entered the lake, but retired 
without accomplishing any thing.' In 1784,' Gilliland returned to his ruined settlement and 
endeavored to retrieve his waning fortunes. Relinquishing his ideas of manorial greatness, he 
offered his lands for sale ; but adverse lawsuits and treacherous friends soon dissipated the rem- 
nant of his wealth and brought his existence to a miserable close.^ The progress of settlement at 
first was not very rapid. In 1795 there were in Clinton co. — then embracing Essex — but 624 legal 
voters, From that time forward, however, settlement progressed with great rapidity, and several 
public roads were opened to facilitate it.' Soon after the war an arsenal was erected at Elizabeth- 
town. During the patriot excitement it was robbed ; and since, it has been sold. 



CHESTERFIEIiD— was formed from Willsborough, Feb. 20, 1802. It Hes in the n.e. 
corner of the co., upon the shore of Lake Champlaiu. Its surface is broken and mountainous. 
The Jay Mountains, a northern spur of the Adirondack Kange, extend northward through the 
w. part. This range is a continuous, high, rocky ridge, without a single pass, forming an almost 
impassable barrier between Chesterfield and Jay. The main Adirondack Range extends through 
the center of the town from s. w. to N. E., ending at Trembleau Point, a high, rocky bluff 1200 to 
1500 feet above the surface of the lake. Bosworth Mountain and Poke-a-Moonshine, each 
attaining an elevation of about 3000 feet, are the two principal peaks vrithin the limits of the 
town. The s. e. part is hilly. The N. e. part is a rolling table land, with a light, sandy, and 
improductive soil. There are several lakes in the interior, the principal of which are Augur and 
Butternut Ponds. Not more than one half of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The 
principal valuable minerals that have been found are iron, graphite, and a beautiful light brown 
marble. Schuyler Island, in the lake, belongs to this town. The Au Sable River, upon the N. 
border, affords a large amount of hydraulic power, and some very attractive scenery. The falls 
at Birmingham have a descent of 90 feet, including the rapids above the main fall.* Heese- 
Ville (p. v.) is situated on both sides of the Au Sable River, its northern part being in Clinton co.^ 
It is the seat of extensive iron works and other important manufactures. The iron from the ore 
is made into nails, horseshoes, merchant iron, edge tools, and machinery. The village has a bank, 
an academy, and 5 churches. Pop. according to last census, 2509, of which 1370 were in Chester- 
field. Port Rent/ (p. v.,) on Lake Clmmplain, contains 25 houses; Port DougTlas 5; 
Port Kendall C ; and Birniingbam Falls 6. Matthew Adgate and sons came into 
town about 1792.' The first church was Cong. ; and the first preacher was Rev. Cyrus Comstock.* 

CROWHr POiarX— was formed March 23, 1780, and named from the old French fortress' 
situated on the lake. Elizabethtown was taken off in 1798, Schroon and Ticonderoga in 1804, and 
Moriah in 1808. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, s. E. of the center of the co. A 
strip of nearly level land, about 4 mi. wide, extends along the lake shore. The central part of the 
town is broken, the hills gradually rising into the Kayaderosseras Mts. in the w. Putnams Creek, 
the principal stream, takes its rise in the ponds and lakes among the mountains, and upon its 
course are numerous falls, furnishing an abundance of water power. The soil upon the lake 
shore is a deep, rich, clayey loam ; and in the interior it is of a light, sandy nature. Abundance 



1 For a long time there was a great mystery connected with 
these movements, which was afterward explained by the publi- 
cation of the negotiations which tooli place between the Gov, of 
Canada and the " Vt. Council of Safety." 

2 For some time he was confined in N.Y. for debt ; but, regain- 
ing his freedom, he returned to the scene of his former enter- 
prise. Here meeting with new disappointments and treachery, 
and becoming partially deranged by his misfortunes, he wan- 
dered into the wilderness and perished of cold and exposure. 

• Among these public roads were one from Willsborough 
rails til Peru; another, known as the "Old State Road," from 
Sandy Hill, along the Schroon Valley, to Canada Line; and 
another across the s. w. corner of the county from Canton to 
Chester. In 1790, Piatt Rogers established a ferry across the 
lake, at Basin Harbor. He also built several roads, and a bridge 
over the Boquet at Willsborough Falls. For constructing 
these and other public works. Rogers and his associates received 
ft grant of 73,000 acres of unappropriated land. 

* See page 235. 

f The first settler of Keesevllle was Robert Uoyle, who built 



the first bridge and sawmill and kept the first store, in 
1802. It was first called "Z-wij; CAiife." About 1812 the pro- 
perty came into the hands of Richard and Oliver Keese and 
John W. Andersou, who erected a woolen factory and iron 
works in 1S13. The name was first changed to ^ Artdersimi 
Falh" and afterwards to Keeseville. See Clinton co., town 
of Au Sable. 

6 Both Port Kent and Keeseville are centers of extensive and 
important iron districts. 

' Alva Rosworth, Elihu Briggs, Edward Palmer. Levi Cooley, 

Dr. Clark, John and Benj. Macomber, John Page, and 

Norton, were among the first settlers. The first child bom 
was Thos. Rangnara, and the first death that of Abel 
Handy. 

8 The census reports 5 churches ; F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., 
Prot. E., and R. C. 

* The point which contains the ruins of this fortress is sup- 
posed to have been an important commercial mart previous 
to the French War; but now it contains only a single farm 
house. 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



301 



of rieli iron ore is found; and in connection with it are beds of natural pliosphatc of lime. 
Graphite and black clouded marble are also found in great abundance. On the shore of the lake 
is a mineral spring, containing sulphates of lime and magnesia. The manufacture of iron is 
carried on to a great extent ; there are also establishments for the manufacture of lumber, shingles, 
pails, sash and blinds, and -woolen goods. Crown Point, (p. v.,) in the E. part, on Putnams 
Creek, contains 2 churches and about 60 houses. Ilamnionds Corners) contains 35 houses, 
and Irondale (late "Peiifield") 20. The French made the first settlement, at a very early period. 
The country around Fort St. Frederick, upon the point, seems to have been once the seat of thriving 
villages, the remains of which are still visible.' All these settlements were obliterated during the 
French War of 1755-60. During the peace which followed, settlements were again made, and in 
1777 were again destroyed.' Religious services were early held in the chapel of the fort, and 
were continued during its military occupation.' 

ELiIZABETIITOWIV— was formed from Crown Point, Feb. 12, 1798, and was named in 
compliment to Elizabeth, wife of Wm. Gilliland. Parts of Moriah and Keene were taken off in 
1808, and Westport in 1815. A part of Jay and Lewis were annexed Jan. 31, 1844, and a part 
of Lewis, Nov. 11, 1854. It is an interior town, lying a little N. of the center of the co. The 
Boquet Mts. occtpy the n. w. and the Schroon Range the s. E. corner of the town. Raven Hill, 
an offshoot from the former range, in the N. E. corner, is 2,100 feet above tide; and the "Giant 
of the Valley," the highest peak of the latter range, has an elevation of 2,600 to 3,000 feet. A 
perpendicular precipice of 700 feet lies on the northern declivity of this mountain. The Boquet 
River flows in a N. E. direction through near the center of the town. Its valley, one-fourth of a 
mile to a mile in width, comprises the greater part of the arable land. Not more than one- 
fourth of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Extensive beds of iron ore are found in various 
parts of the town. In the s. e. part, a hill, 200 feet high, covering 40 acres, is supposed to be 
nearly a solid mass of iron, except a slight covering of drift. An extensive bed of kaolin, or 
porcelain clay, is also found in town. The manufacture of iron is one of the leading pursuits : 
there are several forges in town. The soil is a sandy or gravelly loam. Elizabetlltofvn* 
(p. v.) is pleasantly situated upon the Boquet River, near the foot of several high peaks. It is 
the CO. seat, and a place of considerable trade. Pop. about 500. Wew Russia (p. v.) con- 
tains about 100 inhabitants. Among the first settlers were Jonah Hanchett, Sampson Smith, 
Herman and Joel Finney, Wareham Barber, Nathan Lewis, Hez. and Ira Phelps, Wm. KeUogg, 
and Gardner Simonds, who came in about 1792. The first school was taught by Dr. Kincade. 
The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1796 or '97.' 

ESSEX — ^was formed from Willsborough, April 4, 1805. It lies upon the shore of Lake 
Champlain, n. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling in the E. and mountainous in the 
w. Boquet Mt., in the N. w. part, has an elevation of about 1,000 feet above the lake. Split Rock, 
the extremity of the Schroon Mountain Range in the s. E. corner of the town, has already been 
described." The Black River limestone crops out in this town, and is used both for building pur- 
poses and for the manufacture of lime. The Boquet River flows northerly through near the 
center of the town. Upon it are several falls, affording abundance of water power. The soil is a 
clayey loam upon the lake, and a light sandy loam among the mountains. Manufactures, con- 
sisting of wrought iron, nails, spikes, lumber, and woolen goods, are carried on. Essex' (p. v.) 
has a population of about 700, Wliallonsburgli (p. v.) 250, and Boquet 200. The town 
was first settled by Wm. Gilliland, in 1765.' Wm. McAuley, a relative and coadjutor of Mr. 
G., located upon the site of the present village of Essex.' This settlement was broken up during 
the Revolution." The first church (Prot. E.) was organized in 1805." 



1 The Swedish traveler Ealm mentions the existence of this 
early eettli-nieDt ; and the " Journal of Major itogers" speaks of 
villages, well filled barns, herds of cattle, and fields of grain. 
Chimney Point, upon the eastern shore of the lake, derives its 
name from the remains of early habitations found there by the 
present race of settlers. 

2 Among the first settlers after the Revolution were George 
Trimble, James Morrow, Aaron Townsend. Dennis Meagher, 
Andrew Hard,v, Saml. Foot, and Elisha Rhodes. The first mill 
waa a windmill, a short distance s. of the fort, James Morrow 
erected the first mill and kept the first inn and store after 
the Revolution, Washington visited Crown Point in 1784. 

* Benj. Wooster waa the first preacher after the Revolution. 
The first church (Omg.) was organized in 1804. The census 
reports 4 churchee; 2 Cong., M, E,, Union, 

♦ Elizabeth town was named *^ Pleasant VaBei/'* by the first 
settlers, and is now locally known as " The Valley," 

A The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., Cong,, M. E. 



• See page 295. 

' A blockhouse was built in this village in 1797, in con- 
sequence of the alarm occasioned by St. Clair's defeat ; and in 
1799. upon the organization of the CO., it was used for a Co, 
courthouse, and continued as such until the erection of the co. 
buildings at Elizabethtown, under the act of 1S07. 

> See pages 299, 306, 

*• Among the first settlers after the Revolution were Danl,Ros9, 
(first merchant and mill owner.) I.'viac and Benj. Sheldon, Bei^ 
Stafford. Danl. Murray, lien. Van Orniand, Dr,Colborn Clemens, 
(first physician,) David, Abram and Abner Reynolds, Nehemiah 
Payn, and James Eldrich. The first school was taught by MisB 
Towner, The first male teacher was Enoch P, Henry. 

^0 In Oct, 1777. in this town, the retreating Britiah garrison 
of Ticonderoga was attackeil b,v a jiarty of "Gr'.'en Mountain 
Boys," under Capt, Ebenezer Allen, and 50 men and all the 
military stores were captured, 

u The census reports 6 chs, ; M, E, Wee, Meth,, 2 Bap,, 2 Presb. 



302 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



JAY' — was formed from Willsborough, Jan. 16, 1798. A part of Keene was taken off, in 1808, of 
Wilmington (as " DanstilU") in 1821, and a part of Elizabethtovm in 1844. Parts of Peru (Clinton 
CO.) and Chataugay (Franklin co.) were annexed, March 22, 1822. It lies upon the n. border of the 
CO., w. of the center. The Au Sable Mts., extending through the w. part, gradually decline toward 
the N. Mts. Hamlin, Clark, and Bassitt, each 2000 feet above tide, are the highest peaks ; the Jay 
Mts., a N. spur of the Adirondacks, lie along the E. border. The extreme s. angle of the town is oc- 
cupied by some of the most lofty and rocky peaks of the Adirondacks. The E. branch of the Au 
Sable flows through near the center of the town. Veins of black lead have been found, but not 
■worked. Iron ore is found in abundance. The soil is a light, sandy and graveUy loam. A 
mi n eral spring, near Upper Jay, contains iron and sulphur. The manufacture of bar iron, naile, 
and bloom iron is extensively carried on. Au Sable Forks, (p. v.,) an iron manufacturing 
village, contains 70 houses ; Jay (p. v.) 50, and Upper Jay (p. v.) 20. Nathaniel Mallory was 
the first settler, about 1796.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1797; the first preacher was 
Solomon Brown.' 

REEUTE — was formed from Elizabethtovm and Jay, March 19, 1808. North Elba was taken 
off in 1849. It extends from the center of the co. toward the N. and w. The Adirondack Mts. 
extend through the center of the town and occupy nearly its entire surface, leaving little or no 
arable land. The principal peaks are Mt. Marcy, 5467 feet above tide; Long Pond Mt., 3000 feet; 
and Pitch Off,* 2500 feet. The Au Sable, flowing n., forms the principal drainage. The valley 
is so narrow that there is scarcely room for a road between the mountain and stream ; and 
freshets often occur that sweep every thing before them.* Lake Golden, in the s. w. part, is 2,851 
ft. above tide. Iron is found in numerous veins along the course of the river, and is manufactured 
to some extent. Keene (p. v.) contains about 30 houses. The first settlement was made about 
1797.^ The M. E. church was organized in 1800, and the Cong, in 1815. 

liEWIS — was formed from Willsborough, April 4, 1805, and named in honor of Morgan Lewis, 
then Governor of the State. Parts of Elizabethtowu were taken off in 1844 and 1854. The Adiron- 
dack Mts. occupy the N. w. and the Boquet Mts. the s. E. part of the town. The latter range is not 
a continuous ridge through this tovm, but consists of several isolated peaks, the principal of which 
is Mt. Discovery, 2000 feet above tide. The remaining parts of the town consist of steep rocky hills 
and narrow valleys, and not more than one-third of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. 
Numerous beds of iron ore are found ; but none have been extensively worked. The soil is a 
landy and gravelly loam. In the N. w. part is a mineral spring of some repute. Eewis (p. v.) 
contains 130 inhabitants. Wm. Hinckley made the first purchase of land and the first settlement, in 
1796.' The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1804; and the first preacher was Rev. Mr. Burbank.' 

MIIVERV A — was formed from Schroon, March 7, 1817 ; a part of Newcomb was taken off in 
1828. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a high, broken upland, bordered by 
mountain ranges. The Boquet Range traverses the n. w. border, and the Schroon Range the s. e. 
The intermediate portion is hilly, with a mean elevation of 1200 to 1500 feet above tide. 
Nearly the whole town is still covered with forests, the settlements being confined to the s. E. 
corner. The soil is cold and hard, and only moderately productive. On Orrin West's farm is a cave 
of considerable extent. Lumbering is the leading pursuit. Oliusteadvllle^ (p. v.) contains 
20 houses; ])IinerTa is ap. o. The first settlers were Ebenezer West, and his sons Nathan, 
Ebenezer and John, in 1804." The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810, by Elder Fort." 

MORIAH— was formed from Crown Point and Elizabethtovm, Feb. 12, 1808. A part of 



1 Named from John Jay, then Governor of New Tork. 

2 .Vnionp tlie other first settlera were J. W. Southmaiii, .Joseph 
Btorrs. John Purmort, Robert Otis, Ezekiel Lockwood. Nathl. Ray, 
Josiah Way, and .Toseph Fowler, Wm. Mallory huilt the first mill. 

3 The census reports 6 churches ; Bap., Cong., and 4 M. E, 

* A perpendicular cliff on the north side of this mountain, 
300 to 500 feet high, gives to it its singular name, 

6 A most destructive flood occurred from excessive rains. Sept, 
SO, 1856; and the damage which this occasioned was increased 
by the breaking .away of the State dam across the s. branch of 
the Au Sable, in this town. The testimony relating to this acci- 
dent (forming a vol, of 368 pp.) was printed by order of the Canal 
Board, in 1868. 

6 Among the first settlers were Benj, Payne. Timothy Pang- 
burn, Thos. Roberts, Zadock Hurd, Eli Hall, Thos, Taylor, Qen, 
Reynolds, and David Graves. The first child born was Betsey 
Payne ; the first marriage, that of Thos. Dart and Cj-nthia Gris- 
wold : and the first death, that of Eli Rostwick. Asa A. Andreas 
taught the first school, and Zadock Uurd kept the first inu. 



' Among the other early settlera were Dea. Putnam, Samuel 
Bishop, Charles, Saml.. and Noah Lee, Ishmael H. lloicomb. 
Hooker and Timothy Woodruff, Ziba Westcott, and Ziha Flagg, 
The first child born was Oliver Holcomb : the first marri.oge, 
that of Timothy Woodruff and Eunice Newell; and the first 
death of an adult, that of Mrs. John Smith, Levi Parsons taught 
the first school, 

8 The census reports 1 M, E, church, A Meth, church was formed 
in 18U8, 

9 There is an extensive tannery at Olmsteadville, which makes 
the village. 

10 Among the other first settlers were Wm. Hill, (first mill 
owner.) Thos. Leonard, Richard Miller, Abner Talman. James 
Cary, Phito Hawley, and .4. P. and Asa Morse, The first settle- 
ments were chiefly made along the line of the Canton and 
Chester Road, The first child born was Francis West: the first 

marriage, that of Richard Miller and West; and the first 

death, that of EIiz.ibetli West, 

u The census reports 3 churches ; Bap,, M, E., R. C. 



ESSEX COUNTY. 303 

Newcomb was taken off in 1828, North Hudson in 1848, and a part of Wostport was annexed, 
April 9, 1849. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, s. of the center of the co. A narrow 
strip of level land extends along the shore of the lake, from which the surface gradually rises to a 
height of about 500 feet, where it spreads out into a hilly plateau region, rising into mountains on 
the w. border. About one-half of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The soil upon the lake 
is a clayey loam, and in the hilly regions a light, sandy loam. This town is very rich in minerals. 
Fourteen veins of iron ore have been opened, producing iron of a very superior quality:' the supply 
seems to be inexhaustible. Black lead, and a beautiful variety of i^erd aniiqve serpentine, are also 
found. The manufacture of iron forms one of the leading pursuits. 9Ioi°iall (p. v.) contains 
Moriah Academy and a pop. of 275, and Port Henry^ (p-v.) contains a pop. of 503. The first 
settlers after the Revolution were Wm. McKenzie, Abel Butler, James McClane, Jabez Carpenter, 
G. H. and John Havens, and Joseph Curtis.' The first church formed was a Cong.' 

MEWCOMB — was formed from Minerva and Moriah, March 15, 1828. It lies near the 
center of the w. border of the co. The Adirondack Range extends through the center 
of the town and occupies more than one-half of its entire surface. The principal peaks are Mts. 
Goodwin, Moore, Sandanona, and Henderson, each 3,000 to 5,000 feet above tide. The remaining 
part of the surface is a broken upland, with a hard, sour, unproductive soil. Among the gorges in 
the mountains are numerous small lakes. The Preston Ponds, Lakes Henderson, Harkness, San- 
ford, Harris, Dalia, Moose, and Ridge Pond, are within the limits of the town ; and Lake Catlin 
and the Chain Lakes are on the line of Hamilton co. The Adirondack iron beds, near Lakes 
Sanford and Henderson, are among the most extensive in the world. One of them has been traced 
upon the surfoce for a mile in length, 700 feet in width, and has been penetrated to the depth 
of 40 feet without any signs of diminution in quantity or quality of ore. It forms a bar across the 
river, the water literally faUing over an iron dam. This ore yields 75 per cent, of pure metal, is easily 
worked, and makes an admirable quality of iron. For the manufacture of steel it surpasses all 
other ores in America, and equals those of the most celebrated mines of Sweden and Russia. The 
mountainous character of this town, and its remoteness from the great routes of public improve- 
ment, have prevented the development of its immense mineral resources. There is very little 
tillable land in the town. Adirondack has about 15 houses. The first settlement was commenced 
in 1816, by Joseph Chandler.' A M. E. church was formed in 1843, and a Wes. Meth. in 1845. 

IVORTH ELBA — was formed from Keene, Dec. 13, 1849. It lies upon the w. border of the 
CO., N. of the center. The Adirondack Range occupies the s. part, and a branch of the Au Sable 
traverses the N. E. part. At the foot of Whiteface Mt. lies Lake Placid, a beautiful sheet of water, 
4J mi. long by IJ broad, and nearly divided in the center by 3 islands. The noted Adirondack or 
Indian Pass, partly in this town and partly in N. Elba, is a deep gorge between Mts. Mclntyre and 
Wallface. The bottom of the pass is 2,800 feet above tide, and the mountains on each side are 
1,000 to 1,500 feet higher. Wallface, forming the w. border of the pass, is bounded by a per- 
pendicular precipice a mile in length and 800 to 1,000 feet in height. Mts. Mclntyre, McMartin, 
and Sugar Loaf are each over 3,000 ft. high. Bennets, Connery, and Round Ponds are in the 
immediate vicinity. Avalanche Lake, on the e. line, is 2,901 ft. above tide. The central portion 
of the town is a hilly upland, and the N. w. part a rolling table land, known as " the Plains." The 
Au Sable and Saranac Rivers form the principal drainage. The soil is a thin, sandy and gravelly 
loam. The people are principally engaged in lumbering. North Elba and Saranac Eake 
are p. offices. Settlement was commenced about 1800, by Elijah Bennett.* The first church 
(Cong.) was formed in 1824; and the first preacher was the Rev. Cyrus Comstock. 



1 In 1852, 26,800 tons of ore were exported from Moriah to 
Penn., Vt.. Va., Me., and Md. The quantity contracted for es- 
portAtion from that town, in 1863. amounted to 107.500 tons, of 
which 16,000 were to Penn., 10,000 to Mass.. 3.500 to Va.. 1500 to 
Ohio. 1600 to N. J., and 1000 to Me.— rr. N. r. S. Jff- Soc.. 1S62. 



first death, tliat of .Tohn Aiwater. fhy drowning.) Miss Ahi 
Collins tanfjht the first BchoOil. Ttie first authorized ferry wa« 
granted to Robert Lewis, April .3, 1811. for 10 years. 

* Tho census reports 5 churches ; Bap., M. E., Presb., R. C^ 
Union. 



P- 



g27. ^ .tames Chandler, Collins Hewitt, and Wm. Butler came in 



* The pite and water power of Port Henry were granted to 
Beiy. Porter in 1766. It is supposed that lie erected a mill 
soon alter, which was destroyed during the Revolution. After 
the war, he returned, and, in connection with Robt. Le^is, of 
AUmny, rebuilt the mill, which has remained up to a recent 
date. One of the lirst furnaces in the co. was erected here 
in 1824, by Mty. James Balliba. It was a cold blast furnace, 
and waa used for the manufacture of pig iron, and the casting 
of hollow ware and agricultural implements. Several extensive 
anthracite coal furnaces have lately been put in operation. 

* The first child born was Alex. McKenzie, in 1785 ; the first 
marriage, that of John Ferris and Deborah Wilcox ; and the 



to reside in 1818. Among the other first settlers were Elijah 
Rissell. Abner Belden. David Pierce, Cromwell Catlin, and James 
Ramsey. The first child born wjwi Nathl. P. Hewitt: the first 
marritxge, thst of Abner Belden and Bershelia Butler; and the 
first death, that of Eliza Butler. Harriet Chandler taught the 
first school, 

1 Among the other early settlers were Isaac Griswold Eb'r 
Mack, Jonathan Bliss and son, Iddo Osgood, Jerem. Knecland, 
James Porter, and D.iniel McArtbur. The first marriage was 
thatof EhjaliMcArtbur and Electa Brooks; and the firstdeatb, 
that of Arunah Taylor, who perished by cold in the wood& 
Fanny Dart taught the first school. 



304 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



IVORTH HlTDSO!\'— was formed from Moriah, April 12, 1848. It is an interior toim, 
lying a little s. of the center of the co. The Boquet Mts. occupy the central and w. portions, the 
principal peaks of which are Dix Peak, 5200, and Nipple Top, 4900 feet high. The Schroon Mts. 
traverse the e. border of the town. There are numerous small lakes in town, the principal of 
which are Bull Pout, Mud, Boreas, and Clear Ponds. The soil is a light, sandy loam, and not 
more than one-eighth of the surface is arable. The Moriah iron district extends into the E. part, 
and the manufacture of iron forms a leading pursuit. IVortll Hudson (p. v.) contains 15 
houses; and Uead Water Iron Works (p. o.) 10. The first settler was Benj. Pond.^ The 
first church (M. E.) was formed in 1838. 

ST. ARMAWD — was formed from "Wilmington, April 23, 1844. It derived its name from the 
old French name of the Saranac River. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is 
rolling and is inclined toward the N. w. The ridges extend in a N. E. and s. w. direction, and are 
200 to 300 feet above the valleys. The average height of the town is 1500 to 1800 feet above 
tide. The Saranac, flowing in a N. E. direction, forms the principal drainage. Moose Creek, a 
tributary, flows through Moose Pond, a small lake covering an area of about 200 acres. The soil 
is a sandy and gravelly loam. The people are shiefly engaged in lumbering. Blooming'dale, 
(p. V.,) in the n. w. corner, the only village, contains about a dozen houses. Settlements are of 
recent date. Among the first settlers were Daniel Crouch, Thos. and Antrim Peck, Geo. Lowrie, 
Wm. Stranahan, Aaron Brimhall, and Ellis and Milton Goodspeed.' The first church (Bap.) was 
formed in 1852. 

SCIIROOSI*— was formed from Crown Point, March 20, 1804. Minerva was taken ofi' in 
1817, and a pai-t was reannexed to Crown Point, Feb. 26, 1840. It lies near the center of the s. 
border of the co. The w. and N. w. portions are occupied by the Schroon Range, and the s. e. 
portion by the Kayaderosseras Range. Mt. Pharaoh, the highest peak of the latter range, is 3000 
to 3500 feet above tide. There are great numbers of other elevated mountain peaks, tliat have 
never been named. Not more than one-fourth of the town is susceptible of cultivation ; and the 
greater part of the arable land is in the narrow valley of Schroon River. Schroon Lake is a 
fine body of water, 10 mi. long. Near the foot of Mt. Pharaoh lies a cluster of small lakes, the 
principal of which is Pharaoh Lake. Paradox Lake^ is near the center. The soil is a thin, sandy 
loam. Iron is found in various parts, and black lead has also been found. Scbroon Lake (p. v.) 
contains 192 inhabitants. Scliroon River is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1797, by 
Samuel Scribner, Thos. Leland, Moses Pettee, Benj. Bowker, and Simeon Rawson, all from New 
England.* The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1830.' Jehial Fox was the first preacher. 

TICOIVDEROGA'— was formed from Crown Point, March 20, 1804. It lies upon the shore 
of Lake Champlain, and is the s. E. corner town of the co. Tlie portion between Lakes George 
and Champlain is the extremity of a mountain ridge ending in Mt. Defiance, 750 feet above the 
surface of the lake. North of this a strip of level land, about 4 mi. wide, extends along the 
lake shore, from which the surface gradually rises into the mountainous region which forms its 
w. border. About three-fourths of the town is susceptible of cultivation. The outlet of Lake 
George, the principal stream, in the course of a mile and a half descends 150 feet ; and as the water 
never freezes, and its quantity does not materially change during the year, it fiirnishes one of the 
most valuable water-powers in the State. The soil is a stiff clay upon the lake, a clayey loam in 
the center, and a sandy loam in the w. part. The manufacture of lumber,' leather, and black lead" 
is extensively carried on. Ticondero^a, (p. v.,) or Eiower Falls, contains 325 inhabitants. 
Upper Falls is a village of 40 houses, and Ti Street of 30. Settlements were begun in this 
town by the French, soon after the commencement of the fortress in 1755 ; but they were soon 



1 Named from its location upon the upper branches of the 
Hudson. 

2 Among the first settlers were Randall Farr, (first innkeeper,) 
Wm. Puiid, Samuel Norton. Wm. Everett. IJenj. Cumuiinf^s, 
Russell Walker, Wm. Mallory. Timothy Chellis. Hez h Keep, 
and Titus Walker. The first death waa that of Mrs. Halloway. 
.lunet Post taught the first school. 

8 The first child born was Silas Crouch ; the first marriage, 
that of Adrian Storrs and Lovina Hough; and the first death, 
that of Goodspeed. 

* This name is said to be a corruption of " Scharon," and to 
have been applied in honor of the Duchess of Sclmron. favorite 
of Louis XIV. Some say Schroon is derived from an Adiron- 
dack word, signifying a child or daughter of the mountain. 

5 The surface of this lake is so near the level of the Schroon 
River, which forms its outlet, that in seasons of flood the water 
QuwsiAtoinsteadof out of it; hence ita not inappropriate name. 



• Among the other early settlers were George Moore. Elijah 
Garfield, James Livingston. Geo. Wliitney. Cornelius Tnavers, 
Abel Tupp, and ,7ohn Rnwker. The first child bom was John T. 
Leland; the first marriage, that of John Scribner and Silence 
Leland ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Benj. Bowker. Clark 
Ransom taught the first school. 

' The census reports 4 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., 
tJnion. 

8 The Indian name " Tsinondrosie," or " Cheonderoga." sig- 
nifying " Brawling Water." and the French name "Carillon,'* 
signifying a " Chime of Bells," were both suggested by the noise 
of the rapids upon llie outlet of Lake George. 

9 In 1852, 600,000 pieces of lumber were shipped from this 
point. 

10 Above 30 tons of black lead are manufactured per yeaj ; 
and the vein of graphite seems inexhaustible. 



ESSEX COUNTY. 305 

broken up. During the French "War many skirmishes* and one general engagement^ took place in 
the town. The subsequent history of the fortress belongs to the general history of the country. 
Permanent settlement commenced immediately after the Revolution.* The first church was St. 
Pauls, Prot. E. ; and the first preacher, Rev. Mr. Harwood.* 

^TESTPORT— was formed from Elizabethtown, March 24, 1815. It lies upon the shore 
of Lake Champlain, near the center of the e. border of the co. The Schroon Mts. extend n. e. 
and s. w. through the town, occupying nearly all of the w. half. A wide valley extends w, from 
Northwest Bay, breaking the continuity of this range and completely separating the highlands 
at Split Rock from the southern continuation of the chain. The Boquet and it« branches drain the 
N. part, and numerous small streams flowing into the lake drain the remainder. About one-half 
of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The soil is clayey along the lake shore and sandy 
among the mountains. Iron, leather, and lumber are largely manufactured. Westport, (p. v.,) 
formerly ''Northwest Bay," contains the Essex Academy and 456 inhabitants. Wadhams 
Mills (p.v.) contains 25 houses. A small settlement was begun, and a mill built in tlie s. part 
of the town, before tlie Revolution. After that period, settlement was commenced by Charles 
Hatch, (first store and inn keeper,) Joseph Stacy, and Nathan Hammond.^ The first church (M. E.) 
was formed in 1800, and the first preacher was Rev. Cyrus Comstock.^ 

WIliLiSBOROUGH— was formed from Crown Point, March 7, 1788, and named from 
Wm. Gilliland. A part of Peru was taken off in 1792, Jay in 1798, Chesterfield in 1802, and 
Essex and Lewis in 1805. A part of Peru was reannexed to this town upon the formation 
of Esses CO. in 1799. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, n. of the center of the co. 
The surface is rolling and in parts hilly. A range of highlands and isolated hills marks the 
course of the Boquet Mts., ending in the cliffs which overlook Perou Bay. The Boquet River flows 
through the s. e. comer. East of the river the soil is clayey, and w. a sandy loam. The falls 
upon the Boquet furnish an excellent water power. Iron is found in places ; and the Black River 
limestone crops out, from which both quicklime and waterlime are obtained. Leather, lumber, 
andiron are largely manufactured. Willsboroii^b Falls (Willsborough p. o.) contains 300 
inhabitants. Settlement was commenced by Wm. Gilliland, a merchant of New York, in 1765.* 
Mr. G,, in 1764, purchased a tract of 2000 acres, intending to convert it into a manor. lie suc- 
ceeded in laying the foundation of quite a flourishing settlement, which was broken ixp during 
the Revolution. In 1784, Mr. G. returned, and commenced selling his land to settlers. Joseph 
Sheldon and Abraham Aiken, from Dutchess co., became the first purchasers, and located in 1784.' 
The first church (Cong.) was organized before 1800.^** 

"WIIiMIlVGTOBf— was formed from Jay, March 27, 1821, as '' Dansville." Its name was 
changed March 22, 1822, and St. Armand was taken off in 1844. It lies upon the n. border of the 
CO., w. of the center. A branch of the An Sal)le Mts. occupies the n. w, border of the town, and 
another branch of the same range lies between the Au Sable Forks in the e. part. The highest 
peaks, 2500 to 3000 feet high, lie in the s. part, and from them the surface declines toward the n. 
Wilmington Notch, in the s. w. comer, is a place worthy of note." Copperas Pond, near the foot 
of Whiteface, covers about 100 acres.*^ Beds of iron ore are numerous. The soil is a sandy and 



1 Bodies of rangers from the ricinity of Fort Wm. Henry 
ot'ten carried their petty warfare up to the very walls of the 
fortress. Among the partisan officers distinguiehed in this 
^rarfare were Maj. Robert Rogers and Maj. Israel Putnam. 
The former named officer conducted no less than 25 parties to 
the invasion of this region. In 1758. at the head of a party of 
180 men, he was attacked by a large party of French and 
Indians a short distance w. of the fort, and defeated, with the 
losa of 125 men. The remnant of the party escaped, but suffered 
great hardships before reaching a place of safety. 

2 See p. 298. 

8 When the fortress of Ticonderoga was surprised by Allen, in 
1775, its garrison consisted of 48 men, commanded by Capt. 
Delaplace. The military stores captured consiated of 120 iron 
cannon, 50 swivels, 2 10 inch mortars, 1 howitzer, 1 cohorn. 10 



" Among the other first settlers were John Ilalstod, .Tefise 
Brayman. John Stringhani, John and Boiiton Lobdoll, Aaron 
Felt. Joseph Fisher, Abram Slaughter, Joseph Storrs. and Jacob 
Southwell. The first death waa that of Mrs. Webster Felt. 

^ The census reports 3 churches ; M. E., Cong., and Bap. 

8 See pages 299, 301. 

® Among the first settlers were Aaron Pairchild, .Tnnathan 
liynde, Martyn Popo. Melchor and John Hoffnafrli?. John and 
Wni. Morehouse, Hooker Low, Stephen Taylor. Elisha HiEgins. 
Peter Payne, and Daniel Collins. The first school whs taught 

by Scott, in 1787. The first death was that of Thos. Hyer, 

in 1786. Jonathan Lynde and Stephen Taylor ki'pt tht- first inn, 
John Hoffman the first store, and Panl. Rosh built tho first mill. 

^0 Tlie census reports 3 churches; Cong.. M. E., and Union. 

1^ Here the Au Sable is compressed to a few feet in width, and 



tons of musket balls, 3 cart loads of flints, 30 new carriages, a | breaks through the mountain ban'ier. Wbiteface rises nearly 



large quantity of shells, a warehouse full of materials for boat 
building. 100 stand of small arms. 10 casks of poor powder, 2 
brass cannon. 30 bbls. of flour, 18 bbla. of pork, and a large 
quantity of other provisions. 

* Among the first Battlers were Charles Hay. Isaac Kellogg, 
(first merchant,) Wm. llurlbert, Wm. Wilson, (first innkeeper,) 
Nathl., Charles, Noah, and Manoah Miller, .lohn Kirby, Ji>hu 
»nd Rnlit. Hammond, Jedediah Ferris, Francis Arthur, Peter 
Deall, Elisha Belden, Gardner Shattuck, and Samuel Ctx)k. 

* There are 3 other churches ; Bap., M. E., and R. C, 



perpendicularly, upon one side, to a height of 2000 fi'ct; and 
anotluT mountain, upon the opposite side, is but a little less in 
heicht. In the midst of its rapid and tortuous conrso through 
this passage, the stream leaps down a perpendicular pi-ecipico 
of 100 feet. 

12 Its waters are strongly impregnated with sulphate of iron : 
hence Its name. Ci^pperas is also found in the nicks in the 
vicinity, formed by the decomposition of iron pyrites; at pom© 
future time it will probably be manutactured for commercial 
purposes. 



20 



30G 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



gravelly loam, and is moderately fertile. Whitefece,' belonging to the Adirondack Range, has an 
elevation of 4,855 feet above tide. ■Wilnaington {p, v.) contains 20 houses. Settlement was 
commenced, near the close of the last century, by Thaddeus and Leonard Owen, and Paul Thayer.' 
The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1799.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Liva 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures of Essex County. 



Names of Towns. 


Acres OP Land. 


Valuation op 1858. 1 

1 


POPTOATION. 1 


1 

4 




. 




1 


Schools. 


1 

g 

1 


'I 


i 


P 


"a 


1 


1 


1 
4 


1 
a 

1 




is 
e^ 

1,389 
998 
695 
730 

1,070 
380 
717 
309 

1,224 
72 
117 
161 
98 
776 
878 
814 
654 
418 


Chesterfield 

Crown Point 


16,309 
17,4.891 

9,487} 
14,867 
13,687 

7,537 
14,068 

8,329} 
13,281 
960 

2,008 

1,107} 
16.712} 
15.059 
17,077} 
14.316} 

8,168 


21,897 
9,961 
34,094 
4,405 
2S,S69 
79,165 
27,246 
143.215 
27,611 
89,964 
88,912 

31,433 
131,485} 
12,075 
16,052 
7,7464 
20.174 


$442,920 

361,635 

138,905 

338,236 

209,264 

71,316 

165,108 

97,469 

670.316 

164,142 

73,796 

61,897 

41,060 

250,S33 

371,232 

375,537 

284,649 

44,107 

4,042,211 


$148,9.50 

23.800 

24,050 

132,800 

46.260 

600 

2,000 

5,951 

20,700 

2,000 

800 

11,376 
45,276 
16,250 
22.960 
2,207 


$691,870 

386,335 

162,955 

471,036 

255,514 

71,816 

167,108 

103,410 

691,016 

156,142 

74,595 

61,897 

41,060 

262.208 

416,507 

391,787 

307,609 

46,314 


1,661 

1,167 

734 

1,042 

1,458 

386 

934 

403 

1,590 

130 

175 

276 

166 

1,146 

1,072 

1,044 

842 

436 


1,666 

1,049 

668 

1,073 

1,392 

388 

869 

364 

1,630 

96 

126 

244 

134 

940 

1,053 

997 

833 

469 


669 

394 

232 

359 

462 

143 

321 

144 

494 

38 

63 

80 

67 

348 

409 

896 

390 

368 


636 

435 

252 

368 

501 

165 

325 

148 

692 

39 

60 

79 

63 

378 

435 

408 

312 

168 


288 

297 

176 

195 

292 

128 

251 

133 

317 

21 

61 

41 

42 

284 

197 

207 

212 

112 


13 

20 

9 

12 

12 

7 

16 

7 

16 

4 

4 

4 

2 

16 

14 

12 

12 

9 




Jay 

Keene 




Moriah 

Newcomb 

North Elba 


North Hudson 

St. Arraaud 


TicouiJeroga 

Westport 

Willeborough 

Wilmington 


Total 


185.44.3} 1774.196} 


505,868 ' 4,648,079 


14,M8 


13,891 


6,227 


6,339 


3,263 


194 


11,350 


Names of Towns. 


Live Stock. j 


AGRICCL1 


URAL Products. 


• 




|S3 


G 


t 


SO 


Bdbh. of GaAtM. 


1 
1 


II 


ll 


DiOBT Peodocts.' 




1 


^=1 


■j, 

11 
^2 


Chesterfield 


637 

702 

304 

528 

401 

162 

443 

139 

661 

26 

67 

15 

42 

426 

623 

498 

448 

147 


902 
1,900 

690 
1,172 
1,396 

625 
1,071 

376 

1,152 

76 

234 
7 

102 
1,067 
1,348 
1,022 
1,087 

691 


764 
842 
472 
718 
736 
353 
636 
250 
764 
63 
142 
21 
79 
638 
663 
623 
654 
S43 


2,281 
7.589 
1.620 
6.340 
2,325 
1.673 
4,169 

732 

3,316 

73 

344 

1,568 
4,497 
5,231 
4,941 
965 


492 
778 
297 
466 
667 
201 
427 
184 
486 
30:, 
76 
18 
152 
671 
690 
606 
656 
128 


490 

3,716 

402 

333 

1,430 

232} 

3,220} 

148 

651 

124 

457 

200 

605} 
1,496 

181 
1,633 

622 


28,164 
62,227 
13,424} 
36,698} 
39,&t.Si 
10,816} 
22,673} 
11,941} 
30,047} 
2,360 
7,447 

4,901 
29.528 
47,209 
31,468 
37,666} 

7 477 


3,591 
3,991} 
1,690} 
3,969} 
2,697 
1,315 
2,2,87} 
1,134 
3,253} 
204 
413 

322} 
3,121 
4,169 
3,047} 
3,075 

9.^8 


25,293 
87,865 

9,832 
10.965 
32,192 
11,663 
19,892 
10,865 
26,211 

4,600 
10,140 

36,005 
23,378 
18.613 
12,999 
19,729 
9,989 


1,088} 
9,060 
3,036 
8,812 
1,598 
884 
3,699 
2,171 
4,092 

3,385 
7,995 
6,816 
10,638 

1,027 


46,929 
49,791 
28,020 
42,516 
61,245 
21,257 
60,985 
17,666 
63,686 
3,065 
7,866 

8,430 
66,980 
66,126 
45,713 
60,718 
26,661 


4,694 
9,266' 
2,550; 
8,371 1 
6,390, 
2,290 
7,920 
240 
8,000 

170 

300 
6,508 
5.378 

8,377 

22,430 

810] 


43 
460 
198 

689 

1,117 

1,012 

471 

407 

186 

792} 

133 

285 

194 

683 

6,400} 


Elizabethtown 

Efsex 

Jay 


Lewis 


Moriah 

Newcomb 


North Hudson 


Schroon 

Ticonderoga. 

Weatport... 

WillsboroMgh 






Total 


6,149 


14,818 


8,749 


47,654 


6,604 


15,841}l413,68S}!39,139} 


318,021 


64,200} 


625,542 


93,594' 



1 TThiteface derives its name from a landslide, which has laid 
bare the rocks upon its s. e. slope, giving it a whitish gray 
appearance. This mountain is nearly isolated ; and from its 
Bummit is obtained one of the finest and most eztt-nsive views 
ID Northern N. Y. 

* Among the other eftfly settlers were Cyrus Wilsf>n, Isaac 
Peck. Reuben and Daniel Uamblin, Danl. Kay, John Blanchard, 



Z. Gray, and Nathl. Warner. The first marriage was that of 
Danl. Hamblin and Keziah Ray ; and the first death, that of 
John Blanchard. Esther Kellogg taught the first school ; R«a 
ben Stanford kept the first inn, Eliaa Wilaou the firat store, and 
Leonard Owen built the first mill. 
8 The census reports 2 churches ; Cong., M. £. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Clinton, March 11, 1808, and 
named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. A small portion was 
annexed to Essex co. March 22, 1822. It contains an area of 1,718 
sq. mi., and is centrally distant 130 mi. from Albany. It lies upon 
the northern frontier, between St. Lawrence and Clinton counties. 
Its surface is mostly level in the n., undulating and hilly in the 
i-entcr, and broken and mountainous in the s. The Au Sable 
Hts. occupy the s. E. portions; Mt. Seward, 5,100 feet above 
tide, is tlie highest peak. There are several other elevated 
peaks ; but their heights have never been ascertained by actual 
measurement. The plateau of the central and the valleys of the s. 
part of the co. have an elevation of about 1,600 feet above tide. 
The N. w. corner, including the townships of Bombay, Fort Covington, Westville, and portions 
of Constable and Moira, is underlaid by calciferous sandstone. The soil upon this rook is 
generally a heavy clay. Next s. of this region is a belt about 8 mi. wide, extending N. E. and 
s. w., underlaid by Potsdam sandstone. A strip next to the calciferous sandstone, about 4 ml. 
wide, has a sandy soil, and the remainder a fine fertile loam, mixed with clay. The underlying 
rock in the central and s. portions of the co. is gneiss ; and the soil is of a light, sandy nature, 
nearly unfit for cultivation. Upon approaching the mountainous region toward the s. the soil 
becomes more and more sterile, and large tracts are valuable only for their timber and iron ore. 
Bog iron ore is found in considerable quantities along the line of junction of the calciferous and 
Potsdam sandstones, and in times past it has been quite extensively used in the manufacture of 
bar iron. 

The CO. is mostly drained by tributaries of the St. Lawrence, the principal of which are the 
Chateaugay, Salmon, Little Salmon, Deer, St. Regis, and Racket Rivers. The Saranac River 
flows through the s. E. corner. In the southern wilderness are immense numbers of lakes, some 
of which are several miles in extent. Their general elevation is about 1,600 feet above tide, and 
they are so located that slight improvements only are needed to connect them, and to form a com- 
munication between the head waters of streams flowing in opposite directions. In the N. part the 
people are engaged in the various branches of agriculture, the soil yielding a good return in spring 
grain, and in potatoes. The whole region, however, is best adapted to pasturage, and dairying 
forms the leading pursuit. In the central and s. parts the people are mostly engaged in lumbering. 
The manufacture of starch has become an important business within the last few years.' 

The principal work of internal improvement in the co. is the Ogdensburgh R. R., (formerly 
Northern B. R.,) extending through Moira, Bangor, Malone, Burke, and Chateaugay. This road 
was completed in 1850, and has been of immense value to the co., though a total loss to tlie stock- 
holders. Steamboats from the St. Lawrence land regularly at Port Covington, and occasionally at 
Hogansburgh, during the summer. The Salmon River has been improved for log navigation, and 
a portion of the Au Sable improvement is within the limits of the co. 

The CO. seat is located in Malone Village.^ A courthouse and jail, in one building, waa 
erected on the w. bank of Salmon River in 1811-13, and a new stone jail in 1852.' The co. poor- 
house is located upon a farm of 110 acres, 2 mi. s. w. of the village. It was built in 1826, at a cost 
of $1,200 and has since been burnt and rebuilt. There are two newspapers in the co., both 
published at Malone.* 



1 Within 10 years, 40 factories for the mannfacture of starch 
from potatoes have been erected in the co. When potatoes are 
less than 30 cts. per bushel, the business is considered profitable; 
but since the completion of tho R. R. they Lave at times been 
worth much more to transport to the city markets. 

* The first CO. ofBcers were Ebenezer Brownson. Ffrst Judge ; 
Wm. Bailey, Joshua Nichols, and Asa Wheeler, Judges; Jas. S. 
Allen, Clerk; John Wood, Sheriff; Joshua Nichols, Surrogate; 
and Ezekiel Payne and Oliver Brewster, Coroners. 

* Before the court house was completed, courts were held in 
the academy. ' 

* The Franhlin Telegraph was the first paper published in the 

CO. U was first issued at Malone, in 1821, by Francis 
Buruap, and in Vi'2ti it was removed to Potsdam. 



The Northern Spectator was published at Malone from 1830 to 

1835. successively by John G. Clayton, Geo. P. Allen^ 

and F. P. Allen. 
The Palladium was begun in March, 1835, at Malone, by F. P. 

.Mien. It is now published as 
The Frontier Palladium, by F. T. Heath and J. K. 

Seaver. 
The Franklin Republican was begun in 1827. at Fort Covington, 

by J. K. Averill, and continued under several owners 

till 1833. 
The Franklin Gazette was besnin in 1827, at Fort 

Covington, by F. D. Flanders. In 1H47 it was removed to 

Malone, where it is still published by the original owner. 
The Salnum Kiver Messenger was begun in 1S50, at Fort Coviu^- 

307 



308 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



A tract 10 mi. by 40, on the e. side of this co., formed a part of the old Military Tract;' a 
portion in the n. w. corner, of 24,000 acres, was reserved by the St. Regis Indians,^ and the 
remainder of the co. was included in Great Tract No. I. of the Macomb Purchase.* Wm. Con- 
stable, agent and part owner of the last mentioned tract, and the executors of his estate, sold the 
northern part, and actively assisted in promoting settlement.* 

The earliest settlement in the co. was made at St. Regis, by a colony of Indiana from Cauglma- 
waga, on Lake St. Louis,^ and from Oswegatchie, under Father Anthony Gordon, a Jesuit, about 
1760. They are now known as the St. Regis Indians, and number about 1,000, of whom 420 reside 
in this CO., and the remainder on the n. side of the national boundary, which passes through 
the village.^ During the Revolution a portion of the Indians joined the Americans; and Louis 
Cook, one of their number, received a colonel's commission from Gen. Washington, In the war 
of 1812 a part of the tribe joined the British and a part the Americans; and they are thus historic- 
ally divided into British and American parties.'' This tribe is gradually increasing in numbers, 
although, from their filthy habits, they are frequent sufferers from virulent epidemic diseases. 
They are mostly Catliolics, — a Catholic mission being supported among them. A few profess to be 
Metliodists.^ Two schools are sustained by the State, though they are thinly attended, and appa- 
rently of little benefit. The first white settlements were made in Chateaugay in 1796, and in 
other towns in the two northern ranges in 1800-02, by emigrants from Vermont. At the commence- 
ment of the war of 1812 the population of the co. nimibered about 2,500. In 1813-14 it became 
the seat of important military events, in the abortive attempt to invade Canada. Upon the with- 
drawal of the troops from French Mills in Feb. 1814, the co. was overrun by the enemy, who visited 
Chateaugay, Malone, and Hopkinton, and seized a considerable amount of military stores.® 
In 1832, the cholera appeared at St. Regis, spreading a panic throughout the whole region. Since 
the completion of the R. R., systematic efforts have been successfully made to bring into market 
the valuable timber in the central and southern parts of the co. 



BAlVdOR^" — was formed from Dickinson, June 15, 1812. Brandon was taken off in 1828. 
It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently undulating, 
with a general northerly inclination. The principal streams are the Little Salmon and Deer 
Rivers. The underlying rock is Potsdam sandstone, appearing only in the valleys of the streams. 
The soil is sandy in the n. and a clay and loam in the s. Soutli Bangor, (Bangor p. o.,) 
JVorth Bau§ror, (p. o.,) and "West Bangor, (p. o.,) are small viUages. The first 
settlement was made in 1806, and the town was rapidly settled along the Central Road and St- 



ton, by Jas. Fisk. Dnring the year it passed into the 
hands of J. S. Sargent, and was published as 

The Mesaengp.r for a few months. 

Thf. Jcffersrmian was begun in 1853, at Malone, by J. R. Flanders, 
and was issued about 2 years. 

1 Embracing the present towns of Chateaugay, Burke, BoU- 
mont. and Franklin. Township 7 was patented to Jas. Cald- 
well ; No. 8, to Col. McGregor ; Nob. 9 and 10, to different parties 
in later times. — Hovoh^s Hist, of St. Lawrence and Franklin Cos. 

2 From 1816 to 1S25 the Indians ceded 10,000 acres of this re- 
servation to the State. The remainder of the lands are held in 
common, and are managed by trustees elected annually. 

8 Among those who became directly proprietors under this 
title were John McVickar, Hezekiah B. Pierrepont, (esecutnr of 
Wm. Constable,) Wm. S. Smith, Abijah Hammond, Kicbard 
Harrison, Theodosius Fowler, Jonathan Dayton, Robert Gil- 
christ, and James D. Le Ray. 

* These townships were named and numbered as follows by 
tfae original proprietors : — 

1. Macomb. 10. Williamsville. 19. Cheltenham. 

2. Cormachug. 11. Westerly. 20. Margate. 

3. Constable. 12. Ewerettaville. 21. Harrietstown. 

4. Moira. 13. Dayton. 22. Loughneagh. 

5. Bangor. 14. Ennia. 23. Killamey. 

6. Malone, 15. Fowlor. 24. Barrymore. 

7. Annastown. 16. Johnsmanor. 25. Mt. Morris. 

8. St. Patrick. 17. Gilchrist. 26. Covehill. 

9. Shelah. 18. Brighton. 27. Tipperary. 

^ An expansion of the St. Lawrence above the Lachine Rapids, 
in Canada. 

6 This lino was surveyed after the treaty of 1795, and intended 
to be run on the 46th degree of N. latitude; but a new survey 
in 1818 showed that the Une was run too far N. By the treaty 
of 1842, the old line was restored, and permanent monuments 
were placed at the crossing of roails, and navigable streams, and 
at intervals of one mile through the forests. 

7 This distinction is hereditary from mother to son, and the 
tinnuities of each government are bestowed accordingly, without 
reference to the locality oo either side of the line. 



8 The Black River Conference has supported a mission at 
Hogansburgh since 1S47. 

8 There is good reason to believe that some of the inhabitants 
were traitors to their country, and supplied the enemy with 
cattle and provisions and kept them informed in regard to 
public movements. Extensive frauds were perpetrated upon the 
National Treasury, soon after the war. in the way of claims for 
alleged damages and losses in Wilkinson's campaign; but the 
plot was detected, and some of the guilty ones were lodged 
in the State prison. A most remarkable scheme to defraud the 
State and non-resident landholders was devised about islS, and 
continued until effectually ended by law in 1822. This con- 
sisted in the voting of excessive bounties for the destruction of 
wolves and other noxious animals, to be paid by the towns and 
c^. As the law then existed, the State allowed aa much bounty 
as the CO.; and the result of the scheme was to throw almost 
the entire burden of the tax upon non-residents and landholders ; 
but, to render the home burden endurable, large sums were re- 
mitted by the claimants toward paying the resilient^ taxes. Tho 
bounties amounted on grown wolves to $60 per head, and led 
to shameless frauds, and the issue of great numbers of certifi- 
cates upon the heads of dogs and other animals, and upon the 
same head several times over. In one instance a deer's head 
was passed for that of a wolf. These certificates were bought 
by CO. officials, and passed the co. audit. A commission was ap- 
pointed by law to visit the locality and search into the fraud ; 
and, although no convictious were obtained, a large sum was 
saved to the State. The commi-ssioners stated that they found 
these certificates, to some extent, the '• currency of the co." The 
total number of bounties issued and sums allowed, in 1820-21- 
22, were as follows :— Wolves, 929, $51,685; panthers, 25, $1075 : 
foxes, 587, $1852.50 ; bears, 93, $243 ; besides small sums for minor 
animals, amounting, in all, to $5.5,521.50, or nearly $12.25 to 
every man, woman, and child in the co. Those who had been 
concerned in this affair quickly sunk into merited obscurity, 
and have since remained objects of public contempt. 

i« This town embraces township No. 5 of Great Tract No. II. of 
the Macomb Purchase. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



309 



Lawrence Turnpike.' Religious meetings were first held by Alexander Proudfit, in 1808. A 
Cong, society was formed at N. Bangor at a very early period.^ 

BEl<Li9IO]VT' — was formed from Chateaugay, JIarch 25, 1833. Franklin was taken off in 
1830. It occupies a wild, rocky region on tlie E. border of the co., N. of the center, and has a 
general inclination toward the N. The Owls Head is a prominent elevation upon its w. border. 
Its streams are Chateaugay, Trout, and Little Trout Rivers, and the E. branch of Salmon River. 
Among the hills are several beautiful lakes, the principal of which are Lower Chateaugay and 
Ragged Lakes, and Ingraham and Round Ponds. A considerable portion of the town is unfit for 
agricultural purposes, and valuable only for its timber. The settlements are chiefly confined to the 
vicinity of an e. and w. road extending through the N. part.* Chateaug:ay L<ake is a p. o. 
in the n. e. part. There is a Prosb. society in town, formed from the church at Malone. 

BOmBAY^ — was formed from Fort Covington, March 30, 1833. It lies in the n. w. corner 
of the CO., and one corner borders upon the St. Lavrrence. The surface is generally level, and the 
soil is sandy in the s. and a deep, fertile, clayey loam in the n. The principal streams are the 
Racket, St. Regis, and Little Salmon Rivers, and Pike Creek. The St. Regis is navigable to 
Ilogansburgh, at which place is a good water power.' Ilogansburg^li' (p. v.) lies at the head 
of navigation on the St. Regis River, 2 mi. from its mouth. Pop. 250. St. Reg^is is an Indian 
village, in the Indian Reservation,' lying mostly in Canada. Pop. in this co. 200. Bombay 
Corners (Bombay p. o.) and South Bombay are hamlets. The first improvement was made 
in 1811, by Michael Ilogan, who had acquired the title to Township No. 1 of Macomb's Purchase.' 
In 1818, Hogansburgh was laid out as a village and considerable improvements were made. In the 
same year a road was laid out across tlie Indian Reservation to Fort Covington. The title to the 
township passed from Hogan to Robert Oliver, of Baltimore. In 1822, settlers began to arrive quite 
rapidly, and in two or three years most of the land not covered by the Reservation was taken up. 
There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and R. C. A Prot. E. church was also commenced ■ some 
years since, but is not yet finished. 

BKABfDOIX"'— was formed from Bangor, Jan. 23, 1828. It lies w. of the center of the co., 
and embraces a territory 6 to S mi. wide and 47 mi. long, extending to the s. border of the co. The N- 
part is moderately hilly, and has a general inclination toward the N. ; the s. part is broken and 
mountainous, and mostly unfit for cultivation. The principal streams are the Little Salmon, 
Deer, B. branch of the St. Regis, and Racket Rivers, all flowing across the town in a n. w. 
direction. A great number of lakes and ponds lie among the mountains in the central and 
southern parts. The waters of the Saranac Lake and Stony Creek Pond are separated only by a 
narrow strip of land, forming the only portage for canoes between Lake Champlain and the Racket 
River. The soil is generally light and sandy and poorly adapted to cultivation. Along the river 
courses and borders of the lakes the soil may be cultivated at some future period. The settlements 
are confined to the extreme N. border. Within the past few years the lumber trade has received 
considerable attention here, and large numbers of pine logs have been floated down the Racket 
River. The first settlement was made in 1820." There is no village, p. o., or church in town. 

BURItE" — was formed from Chateaugay, April 20, 1844. It lies on the N. border of the 
CO., E. of the center. Its surface is undulating and has a general inclination toward the n. 
It is watered by Trout and Little Trout Rivers. A swamp extends along the N. border. The soil is 
clay, sand, and loam. Burke (p. o.) is a hamlet on Little Trout River. Burke IIoUow, 
(Andrusville p. o.) is a small village on the O. R. R. IVortll Burke is a p. o. The first 



1 Among the flret settlers were Benj. Seeley, Joseph Plumbs, 
' Jebual and James Bamum, Chester TtiUer, Robert Wilson, ,Toel 
Griffin, G. Pickinson. H. Conger, J. Bowen, and L. Sylvester. 
At this time Daniel McCormaek owned the N. half of the town, 
Wm. Cooper the e. e. qnarter. and Asahel Baker the 8. w. quarter. 
Samuel Russell taught the first school, in 1808. 

* Two buildings, erected hy the town iu 1834-35, are used 
for religious meetings. A Christian church was formed in 
1818. 

8 Named in honor of Wm. Bell, an early proprietor. It includes 
township 8, and parts of 7 and 9, of the old Military Tract. 

* Recently settlement has commenced upon No. 9, in the 8. part. 

* Named by Hogan, whose wife had resided at Bombay, iu 
India. It embraces " Macoieb." or No. 1 of Great Tract No. I. 
of Macomb Purchase, and the St. Re,:is Indian Reservation. 

* A controversy in regard to title has prevented the full im- 
provement of this power. 



7 Formerly " Gray's 3fi'W.«." It was the residence of the late 
Rev. Eleazar Williams, the reputed Bourbon Louis XVII. 

8 The lands of this reservation are partly leased to whites; but 
the cultivation of all is extremely slovenly ami improvident. 

9 Previous to the settlement, most of the valuable timber h.-ul 
been stolen by parties from Canada. 

10 Named from Brandon, Vt., from which place the first settlers 
emigrated. It embraces the townships of " St. Patrick," " Wes- 
terly." "EoniB," "Gilchrist," "Margate," " Killarney," and 
" Cove Hill," or Nos. 8, 11, l4 17, 20, 23, and 26, of Great Tract 
No. I. 

n Josiah Hastings, Aaron Conger, Wilson Spooner, Lnther 
Taylor, and John Thomas, settled in town in 1820: and Andrew 
and Henry Stevens, Levi Conger, G. W. Taylor, Clark Adams, 
Daniel K. Davis, Jonathan H. Farr, and Orrin Wellington, ia 
1821. 

12 Named in honor of Edmund Burke, the British statesman. 



310 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



settlement was made in 1796-98, by Jchial Barnum, Noah Lee, and others. There are 3 
churches in town.' 

CHATEArGAY^— was formed from Champlain, March 15, 1799. "Harrison" (now Ma- 
lone) was taken off in 1805, Bellmont in 1833, and Burke in 1844. A part was annexed to Jay, 
(Essex CO.,) in 1822. The surface is rolling, with a northerly inclination. The principal streams 
are the Chateaugay River and its branches. The river has worn a deep channel through the drift 
deposits and Potsdam sandstone, forming a wild and peculiar feature in the landscape.' Half a 
mi. E. of the village of Chateaugay is an intermitting spring, rising from the sand, sometimes 
flowing in sufficient quantities to carry a mill, and at others perfectly dry. It has no regular 
periods of intermission, sometimes flowing steadily one or two years, and again only a few weeks. 
Bubbles of nitrogen gas are emitted with the water. There is a constant gas spring 1 mi. N. £. 
of this. The soil is a clayey loam interspersed with clay. C'bateiiugay* (P-t.) lies on the 
plain, a little E. of the deep, narrow valley of the Chateaugay River.^ Pop. 360. The first settle- 
ment was commenced in 1796, at the village, and was the first in the co.* Within the next five 
years many fhmilies came in from Vermont. In 1812 a blockhouse was built for protection 
against invasions by the enemy. In the fall of 1813, Gen. Hampton was encamped here for 
several weeks, with a force designed to co-operate with Gen. Wilkinson in the invasion of Canada; 
but late in Nov., he returned to Plattsburgh without accomplishing his object. In the spring 
of 1814 the enemy invaded the place, pressed teams, and took away a considerable amount of pro- 
visions left by the American army. There are 4 churches in town.' 

COX-ST ABliE'— was formed from "Harrison," (now Malone,) March 13, 1807. Fort Covington 
was taken off in 1817, and Westville in 1829. The surface is rolling, with a northerly inclination. 
The streams are Trout River and its tributary Little Trout River. The soil is principally a light, 
sandy loam. A strip of sand lies along the s. border, and of swamp along the N. Constable 
(W. Constable p. o.) is a small village upon Trout River. Trout River (p. o.) is a hamlet 
near the N. line, and East Constable is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced near the 
s. line, in 1800.* The first church (Presb., organized as Cong.) was formed in 1817.'° 

DICK.IXSOW" — was formed from "Harrison," (now Malone,) April 4, 1808. Bangor was 
taken off in 1812, and Moira in 1828. It lies on the w. border of the co., and is 47 mi. in length. 
The N. part is rolling and hilly, and has a soil of sandy loam of good quality ; the central and s. 
parts are mostly sterile and rocky mountain regions. It is watered by the same streams as Bran- 
don, and among the hills are great numbers of small lakes. Dickins0n (p. o.) is on the St. 
Lawrence Turnpike. East Dickinson and Dickinson Center are p. oflices. TIio- 
masville is a small settlement on Deer River, founded by John Thomas in 1839. The principal 
settlements are in the s. part." There are in town 2 churches ; M. E. and F. W. Bap. 

DUAiVE" — was formed from Malone, Jan. 24, 1828. Ilarrietstown was taken off in 1841. 
Brighton was taken off in 1858. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. Its 
surface is broken and mountainous, and the soil is light and sandy. Much the greater part of tha 
town is unfit for cultivation. The principal streams are the Deer River and the E. branch of 
St. Regis River. Magnetic iron ore has been found in considerable quantities. There is no village 
in town. Dliaue is a p. o. Jas. Duane, of Schenectady, son-in-law of Wm. Constable, acquired 
by marriage the title to this town, and began settlement here in 1823-24. A forge was built in 
1828, and a high furnace in 1838, both of which were run a few years and supplied with ore found 



1 Bap., Presb., and M. E. 

2 Pronounced Shat-a-gh^ ; probably of French origin. 

* About a mile above the village this ravine is 200 feet deep, 
and in it ia a waterfall of 50 feet. 

* On the 30th of June, 1856, a destructive tornado passed over 
the village, more or less injuring every building in it. In the 
course of 6 mi. 185 buildings were destroyed, unroofed, or moved 
from their foundations; and several lives were lost. 

6 The R. R. crosses this valley on an embanliment 160 feet above 
the river, and 800 feet long. 

* The first settlers were BenJ. Roberts, Saml. and Nathan Bee- 
man. Levi Trumbull, Joshua and Kincade Chamberlain, Ethan 
A. Roberta, and Jared Munson. Nathan Bt'eman in his youth 
resided near Ticonderoga, and acted a« guide to Ethan Allen 
when he surprised that place in May, 17T5. He died in this 
town in ISrJ). David Mallory built the first grist mill in the 
CO.. on Marble River, IJ mi. N. E. of the village. In 1803-04 
a f<»rge was built, by Wm. Bailey. 3 mi, above the village, and 
run a short time, being supplied with bog ore. 

' Bap., M. E., Presb., and K. C. 



8 Named from Wm. Constable, agent and part proprietor. It 
embraces the E. part of township No. 3 of Great Tract No. I. 

» Among the first settlers were Jona. Hapgood, (1800,) Chn's. 
Austin, (1800.) Wm. Cw)per, Solomon Cook, Eli Titus, .Saul 
Clark, and James Welch. A. Slead taught the first schxil, in 
the summer of 1806. Dr. Solomon Wyman was the first phy- 
sician. The first sa^vmiU was built by James Welch, in 1S03, 
and the first grist mill, soon after the war, by Joseph (]ol- 
burn. 

w There are in town 3 churches : Presb., Bap., and M. E. 

n This town embraces the townships of " Annastown." *' Wil. 
liarasville," "Davton," " Johnsmanor,*' "Cheltenham," **Lough- 
nexgh," and Mount Morris, "or Noa. 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25, 
of Great Tract No. I. 

12 Among the first settlers were William Thomas, Jonathan and 
Je3.Be D. Rice, and Reuben Cady. 

13 Named from James Duane, proprietor and first settler. It 
embraces the townships of " Ewerettaville," " Fowler," aud 
"Brighten," or Nos. 12, 15, and 18 of Groat Tract No. I. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



311 



in the town.^ After making about 600 tons of iron, the works were abandoned, with the loss of the 
entire capital invested in them. There is but one church (M. E.) in town. 

FORT COVIIVGTOM2_^j^g formed from Constable, Feb. 28, 1817. Bombay was taken 
off in 1833, It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is level, or gently 
undulating. Salmon River, the principal stream, is navigable to Fort Covington Village. 
The s(til in the n. is a rich, clayey loam, and in the s. a light, sandy loam. Fort Covin§rtoii^ 

(p.v.) is situated in the n.w. part of tlie town, upon Salmon River. Pop. 894. The first settlements 
were made by French families, about 1796, around ^'French Mills." Settlers from Vt. began to 
arrive about 1800.* Much of the timber near Salmon River was stolen before this, and sold in the 
Montreal market. Soon after the battle of Cryslers Field the American army passed up Salmon 
River and took up winter quarters at ''French Mills '^^ In Feb. the place was evacuated,^ and im- 
mediately taken possession of by the enemy ."^ The Fort Covington Academy, incorp. April 21, 
1831, has been changed to a district school. The census reports 4 churches.® 

FRA1VKI.I1V8— was formed from Bellmont, May 20, 1836. It lies on the e. border of the 
CO., s. of the center. Its surface is broken and mountainous, and it has an elevation of 1200 to 
2000 feet above tide. The principal streams are the Saranac, which flows across the s. E. corner, 
and the head branches of the Salmon River. Among the mountains are numerous ponds and lakes. 
The soil is sandy, and scarcely fit for agricultural purposes, except along the streams. Iron ore 
abounds, and has been worked to some extent. The settlements are mostly confined to the s. e. 
corner, and the people are chiefly engaged in lumbering. The old Port Kent and Hopkinton 
Road passes diagonally through the town, and a plank road extends from Franklin Falls to Keese- 
ville. Franklin Falls^** (p.v.) contains 12 houses, and Vernionfville 20. Alder 
Brook, and IflerrillSTille are p. offices. The first settlement was made at Franklin Falls, 
in 1S27, at which time a forge and sawmill were erected." In town are 5 large gang sawmills, 
and several small manufactories of buckskin leather, mittens and gloves. There are 2 churches in 
town,— M. E. and R. C. 

HARUIETSTOWIV^^ — was formed from Duane, March 19, 1841. It is the s. e. corner town 
of the CO. Its surface is very rocky and mountainous, and its soil a light, sandy loam, generally 
unfit for cultivation. Mt. Seward lies along the s. border.^' It is the least populous and wealthy 
town in the co. It is principally drained by the Saranac. Among the mountains are a great 
number of small lakes, the principal of which ai'e the Lower Saranac, Big Clear, and St. Regis. 
There are no villages or churches in town. Saranac Lake, on the line of Essex co., is a p. o. 
The first settlers located on the North AVest Bay Road, about 1812.'* 

9 

MALONE^^ — ^was formed from Chateaugay, March 2, 1805, as "ffarrisonJ' The name was 
changed to ''Ezraville," April 8, 1808, and to Malone, June 10, 1812. Constable was taken 
off in 1807, Dickinson in 1808, and Duane in 1828. It is an interior town, lying n. of the geo- 



1 By an act of May 20, 1841, a company was chartered by the 
name of *' The Franklin Native Steel Manufacturing Co.;" but it 
was never organized. The making of ateel directly from the 
ores of thia region has proved to be practically a failure. A few 
yeara since, silver was aaid to be discovered; but it has never 
been BuccessfuUy worked. 

2 Named from Brig. Gen. Leonard Covington, who was mor- 
tally wounded at Cryslers Field and buried here. It embraces 
the w. part of the township of " Cf^rmachus,"' or No. 2 of Groat 
Tract No. I., and a part of the original St. Regis Reservation, 
since ceded to the State. 

8 Formerly called " French MiUsJ" It is situated on a mile 
square reserved by the Indiana in 1796. Thia tnict was leased 
by the Indians to Wm. Gray, in 1793, and assigned to Jas. 
Robertson, of Montreal, in 1798. These Indian leases occasioned 
much difficulty concerning title, which was finally settled by 
commissioners, after the purchase of the E. part of the reserva- 
tion, in 1816-18- — Hough's Sist. of St. Law. and Frank. Osi's. 

* Mills tfere built at a very early period, and were swept away 
by a flood in 1804. 

*6 Here a fearfiil mortality occurred among the troops, on 
account of exposure to the rigors of a northern winter in tents 
and slight board shanties. The medicines and hospital stores 
had bet-n lost or destroyed on the passage down the St. Lawrence, 
nor could fresh supplies be obtained nearer than Albany. The 
Burrounding country was mostly a wilderness ; and the army of 
Gen. Hampton the fall prei.-ioua had exhausted the resources of 
the inhabitants, and. consequently, provisions were of a bad 
quality and were procured with difficulty. 

« As an appropriate finale to an imbecile enterprise, the re- 
treating army destroyed the boats ou the river, sunk 60 tons of 
biscuit, and destroyed all the public property too heavy for 



transportation. The enemy soon completed the work of de- 
struction. 

' A few years after the war, an extensive series of frauds upon 
government was perpetrated at this place. They consisted of 
fictitious claims for damages, in which the documents were 
forged, and the parties, witnesses, and magistrates were perj ured. 

BAsfio. Kef. Presb., (Scotch,) Wes. M., Bap., and R.C., (St. 
Marj''s.) 

» this town includes No. 10, and a part of No. 9, of the old 
Military Tract. 

10 Formerly called " McClfnatJiamt Fallit" from the proprietor. 
On the 29th of May, 1852, the entira village, consisting of 23 
houses, store, tavern, extensive lumber mills, and a large 
amount of lumber, was destroyed by running fires. Lo.'^s. $30,000. 

11 Among the first settlers were Wm. McClenathan, Jas. Mal- 
lory, Horace Gould. John Griffin, Harrj' Wood, Rielmiond and 
Davis Spaulding, Simeon French, and John Uough. The first 
birth was that of Sanford Hough; and the first death of an 
adult, that of Mrs. H, Wood. McClenathan kept the first inn 
and store and built the first mill and forge. 

12 Named from Harriet, daughter of Wm. Constable and wife 
of Jas. Duane. It embraces the townships of " Harriet stown." 
"Barrvmore," and "Tipperary," or Nos. 21, 24, and 27 of Great 
Tract No. I. 

18 >u. Seward, named from Wm. H. Seward, was called by the 
Indians " On-no-toan^Utli,'' the big eye. 

1* Among the first settlers were Isaac Livingston. Tsaiah C. 
Flanders. Pliny Miller. Wm. Kelly, and N.hemiah White. 

15 Name<l " /Tarrisiw" from Richard HarrisDu, proprietj^r; 
" Erraville'' from Ezra L'Hommedieu. of Suffolk co. ; and Malono 
from a family related to Harrison. It embraces the townships of 
"Malone" and "Shclah," or Nos. 6 and 9 of Great Tract No. I. 



312 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



graphical center of the co. and s. of the center of population. Its surface is level in the N. 
and broken and hilly in the s. The principal stream is the Salmon River, which flows northerly 
through the town in a deep valley worn by its waters, and nearly its whole course in town is a 
succession of rapids and cascades. Along the N. border are extensive piue plains. The soil in the 
N., where not covered by light drift deposits, is fertile and well improved, but ill the s. it is sandy 
and unproductive. An iron ore, from which a paint resembling sienna is manufactured, has 
been discovered in the s. part. Potsdam sandstone, of an excellent quality for building, has been 
extensively quarried near the village. Malone,' (p. v.,) the co. seat, and the only iucorp. village 
in the co., is pleasantly situated on Salmon River. Pop. 1993. It is the seat of the Franklin 
Academy,^ and is the most Important intermediate station upon the Ogdensburgh R. R.' The vil- 
lage is supplied with spring water by an incorp. company.* Titus ville (p.o.) is a small village 
at the Great Falls, on Salmon River in the s. part of the town.* The first settlements were made 
near Malone Village, about the beginning of the present century, by emigrants from Vt.' An 
arsenal was built at the village in 1812, and sold in 1850.' In 1813-14 the place was visited and 
plundered by the British. The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1806-07, by Ebenezer Hibbard 
and Amos Pettengill. Rev. Ashbel Parmelee was the first pastor, and the first settled minister 
in the co.* 

mOIRA^ — was formed from Dickinson, April 15, 1828. It lies on the w. border of the co., 
N. of the center. The surface is generally level, with a slight inclination toward the N. The 
principal streams are Little Salmon River and Lawrence Brook. The soil is a sandy loam, gene- 
rally fertile. Moira Corners (Moirap.o.) is a small village near the center. Brusbs 
]tlills,'° (p.v.,) on Little Salmon River, is an important wooding station on the R. R. This 
town fell U> the share of Gilchrist and Fowler, upon apportionment, and was first settled by 
Appletou Foote, as agent, in 1803." Luther Bradish,''^ Robert Watts, and Peter Kean afterward 
became the owners respectively of the N., middle, and s. thirds of the town. There are 3 
churches in town.'^ 

WESTVIl.liE" — wag formed from Constable, April 25, 1829. It lies near the center of tlie 
N. border of tJie co. The surface is nearly level, with a slight inclination toward the n. It is 
drained by Salmon River, upon which are several falls, afibrding a good supply of water power. 
The soil is a fertile, clayey loam. Bog iron ore, found on the s. border, has been used to some 
extent in forges in the town. A sulphur spring, of some local notoriety, lies near the center of the 
N. border. Westvllle (\V. Constable p.o.) is a small village on Salmon River. This town was 
held by the Constable family ; and for many years Wm. Bailey, of Chateaugay, and Albon Mann, 
were agents. In 1822 the unsold portions were sold to Edward Ellice, of London. The first 
settlements commenced about 1800, by emigrants from Vt.'' There are 4 churches in tovrn.'* 



1 Incorp. 1853. 

2 The aciidemy building is finely located in the w. part of the 
Tillage. 

8 The machine and repair shops of the E. R., located here, 
are on a maf^nificent scale, and are fitted up in a superior style. 
The repairs of the Potsdam and Watertown K. R. rolling stock 
are also done here. 

4 The Malone Water Works Co., incorp. March 23, 186". 
Capital, J16,OU0. 

Dilenry H. Titus commenced improvements in this part of 
the town, by building mills and a scythe factory, in 1831. After 
several years' suspension, improvements and settlements have 
been renewed under James H. Titus, of X. Y. 

* Among the first settlers were Enos, Nathan and John Wood, 
Nowell Conger, Luther Winslow, Jehial Berry, Noah Moody, 
Roswell Wilcox, and David and Lyman Sperry. The first child 
born was Malone, daughter of L. "Wiuslow. The first sawmill 
W.1S built in 1804, by N. and J. Wood. 

7 Tlie proceeds of this sale were applied to the improve- 
ment of the arsenal green and parade ground; and a 
further sum of $oOO was appropriated for the same purpose in 
1868. 

8 The census reports 6 churches; Cong., Prot. E., Union, M. E., 



Bap., and R. C. In Nov. 1867, Rev. Barnard McCabe, Catholic 
priest, was accidentally burned to death. 

Named from the Earl of Moira. Embraces '■ Moira," or No. 
4 of Great Tract No. I. The name was applied to the township 
long before the incoi-poration of the town. 

10 Named from Henry N. Brush, an extensive proprietor of 
lands in this vicinity and resident of the village. 

u Among the first settlers were Beiy. Seeley, Jonathan Law- 
rence, Joseph Plumb, and David Bates. Schools were esta- 
blished in 1807. 

12 Mr. Bradish resided here for several years. He represented 
the CO. in the Assembly in 182,'*--.>9-30-36-37-38, and was a 
resident here when elected Lieut. Gov. in 1838. 

18 Cong., R.C., and Union, (the last belonging to the M-E.and 
Christian denominations.) 

14 Named from the village, so called from its location in the old 
town of Constable. 

16 Among the first settlers were Amos Welch, Haskins, 

Elisha Sabins, Sainl. Fletcher, John Reed, Ale.v, McMillen, SiLas 
Cusbman, John Livingston, Jas. and Thus. Wright, and Alric 
and Albon Mann. The first sawmill was built by Anoi Welch. 
The first school was taught by Samuel Kussell, 1ft 1800 

16 presb., M. E., Univ. and Union. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



313 



BRIGDTOJV — was formed from Duane, Nov. — , 1858. It embraces Township 18 and the s. 
half of Township 15 of Great Townshij) No. 1 of Macomb's Purchase. The settlements are 
chiefly in the e. part. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in lumbering. There is no village or 
p. 0. in town. (This town was formed after the remainder of the letter-press of this co. was stereo- 
typed ; and hence it is inserted in this place.) 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellimjs, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Franklin County. 



Names of Towns. 



Bangor 

BellmoDt 

Bombay 

Brandon 

Burke 

Chateaugay 

Constable 

Dickinson 

Duane 

Fort Covington., 

Franlvlin 

Harrietstown..., 

Malone 

Moira. 

WestTille 

Total 



Acres of Land. 



13,931 
6,345 

13.177} 
4,957 
9,175 

13,840 
9.473} 
8,651 
2,015 

14,290 

4,170 

842i 

25,563 

11,031A 
8,165 



144,627i 



1 

o 

1 



15,609 
S2,70Si 

9,SS9 
177,890 

9,116 

12,683 

11,005 

181,017 

89,790 

6,759} 
97,088 
83.613 
33,546 
16,452J 

8,800 



834,964} 



Valuation of 1858. 



$3.12,1)56 
131,913 
224.924 
144.:,7li 
2l"4,(l(i2 
346,484 
172.028 
211,.i04 
60.S4S 
388.275 
128,255 
68,207 
985,456 
297,188 
176,676 



1 3,952,552 






^9,645 
2,875 
20.500 
2.430 
6,400 

6.607 
4,750 

27,405 
1,000 

259,950 
13,500 
6,976 



$402,301 
l."4,788 
245.424 
147.026 
270,06: 
346,484 
177.586 
216.254 
60,848 
415.680 
129,255 
68,207 

1,245.406 
310:6S8 
181,562 



1,101 
463 

1,168 
361 
957 

1,344 
746 
654 
171 

1,252 
603 
168 

2,698 
747 
704 



4,351,610 12.927 12,660 



396 
160 
376 
135 
339 
466 
254 
230 

44 
430 
165 

58 
871 
274 
247 



421 

62 

377 

141 

339 

440 

269 

241 

44 

448 

169 

66 

943 

295 

_247 

4,492" 



3,542 167 11,360 



GS 



942 
437 
981 
339 
875 

1,M1 
636 
696 
98 

1,033 
391 
96 

2,399 
685 
702 



Names op Towns. 



Bangor 

Bellraont 

Bombay 

Brandon 

Burke 

Chateaugay 

Constable 

Dickinson 

Duane 

Fort Covington. 

Franklin. 

Harriets to vra..- 

Malone 

Moira 

Westville 

Total 



6) 

658 
196 
591 
123 
511 
670 
S82 
314 

66 
634 
114 

24 

1,084 

391 

372 



III 



1.249 
428 

1,461 
312 
987 
989 
620 
703 
169 

1,434 
329 
92 

1,879 

1,183 
944 



1,002 
335 

1,168 
253 
666 
990 
638 
652 
91 

1,422 
251 

1,842 
672 
672 



6,029 12,759 10,919 23,968 7,635 



^ 



2,040 

692 
2,661 

700 
1,886 
2,194 
1,368 
1,666 

191 
2,2,50 

1' 

139 
4,462 
1,648 
2,096 



578 
243 
702 
169 
634 
756 
471 
389 
85 

1,111 

218 

69 

1,342 
420 
469 



Agricultdbal Products. 



BCBH. OF Grain. 



fe 



863} 

124 

l,056i 

430 

1,287 

1,293 

2,784i 

2,473 

193 

607 

2,3914 

35 

4,695 

1,183 

2,139 



33,4,83} 
9,6625 
S5,196i 
7,281 
19.002 
22,760 
14,018 
20,258 
7.506J 
41,889 
11,067J 

6,nis 

67,822 
21,531i 
24,931 



3,156 
1,334 
3,612 

771 
2,9364 
3,385 
3,4814 
1,765 

304 
4,768 

890 

285 
6,224 
2,9114 
1,779 



21,546} 331,519} 37,6944 484,425 



"5 2 



63,963 
12.631 
21,349 
33.962 
30.221 
68,716 
28,356 
29.950 

6,233 
18,843 
20.669 

6.305 
94,772 
33,681 
22,9-i4 



la 



2,822 

165 

1,054 

66 

2,626 

2,349 

4,048 

440 

4,042 



r,619 
635 
407 



Daibt Pbodulth. 



80.438 
29,550 

258,671 
17,883 
61,065 
60,145 
46,885 
67.400 
7.448 

123,065 
17.966 
6.010 

135,932 
77,876 
64.696 



_a,Q 
8,685 
2,160 

10,716 
1,750 

13.620; 
4,752, 
4,861] 

12,344 

2,849 
440 

.^7,190 
22,430| 
2,120; 



I'&i 



1,740 
1.222 
2,482 

663 
2.2834 
2,136 
1,404 
2.292 
92 
1,9464 

1664 

68 

2,025 

2,604 

2.101 



;6,273 1,060,040 143.916. 23.214} 



FULTON COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Montgomery, April 18, 1838.' It 
lies N. of tlie Mohawk, E. of the center of the State. It is centrally 
distant 45 miles from Albany, and contains 544 sq. mi. Its surface 
is a rolling and hilly upland, rising into a mountainous region on 
the N. border. The highland regi<iji is divided into three general 
_ ridges, extending n. e. and s. w. The most eastern of these ridges, 
ft; occupying the s. E. corner, consists of rounded drift hills of moderate 
elevation, bounded by gradual slopes, the highest summits being 
about 400 ft. above the Mohawk. The second ridge extends through 
near the center of the co. and occupies a wide space along the N. 
border. The declivities in the N. are usually steep and rocky ; and 
the highest summits are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk. The 
third ridge, similar in character to the second, extends through the w. part of the co. Its highest 
summits are 1,200 ft. above the Mohawk. 

Sacondaga^ River flows s. e. through the n. e. corner of the co. It receives from the w. Jlay- 
field Creek, which has for its tributaries Fondas Creek and Cranberry Creek. The Chuctenunda 
flows through the s. e. corner. The Cayadutta flows s. w. through near the center, its valley 
separating the central from the eastern ranges of hills. Garoga Creek flows s., a little w. of the 
center, its valley separating the western and central ranges of hills. Stony Creek, a tril:)utary of 
the Sacondaga, flows N. E. in the northerly continuation of the Garoga Valley, and breaks through 
the central ranges of hills. East Canada Creek forms the greater part of the w. boundary, re- 
ceiving as tributaries North, Fish, and Little Sprite Creeks. The other streams are branches of 
the foregoing or of the Mohawk. They are mostly rapid streams, frequently interrupted by falls, 
and affording an ample supply of water-power. 

Among the hills in the N. part of the co. are many of the small lakes forming a characteristic 
feature of the wilderness region of Northern N. Y. Along the Sacondaga, near the mouth of 
Mayfield Creek, and occupying portions of Northampton, Broadalbin, and Mayfield, is an extensive 
swamp or vlaie, said to contain an area of 13,000 acres.' 

The greater part of the surface of the co. is covered with drift deposits. The southern parts 
of the central and w. ridges are principally composed of ealeiferous sand rock ; and farther N. 
Potsdam sandstone and gneiss appear and cover a considerable portion of the surface. Black 
River limestone, Trenton limestone, and Utica slate are also found in different localities. Quarries 
of gneiss and of birdseye limestone have been opened in Johnstown and Mayfield. An excellent 
building stone is found in all the n. part of the co. 

The soil in the s. part and along the valleys is mostly a gravelly and clayey loam, derived from 
the drift deposits. It is well adapted to pasturage, and in the most favorable localities produces 
good crops of grain. A large portion of the N. part is too rough and broken for profitable cultiva- 
tion.* The manufactures consist principally of leather, lumber, and buckskin gloves and mittens.' 
The CO. seat is located at Johnstown.' The courthouse is a brick building in the N. part of 
the village, erected in 1772, by Sir Wm. Johnson, for the courthouse of " Tryon" co.' The jail, a 
stone building, situated in the s. E. part of the village, contains the usual jail accommodations, and 
the residence of the jailer. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building, in the vicinity of the 
courthouse. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 94 acres at West Bush, 6 mi. n. of the 



1 A dissatisfaction arising from the removal of tlie county seat 
of Montgomery co. from .Tohnsto\vn to Fonda was the immediate 
cause of the division of that CO. 

2 Tliis name is said to signify "Drmvned Lands," from the 
great marsh which lies along its course. 

3 This vlaie was apparently a lake at no remote period. It is 
now covered with a small growth of evergreens around its 
tjorder. and a wet prairie in the center, where hundreds of tons 
of coarse grass of poor quality are cut annually. 

* The mountainous portion in the N. part of this co. forms 
the s. extremity of the Oreat Northern wilderness of N. Y. The 
settlements are very sparse, and are confined to the narrow valleys 
of the streams. Tlie hills are covered with a light growth of 
forest trees; and when once cleared, the soil is too light and thin 
to produce any thing else. 

t More buckskin gloves and mittens are manufactured in this 
SU 



CO. than in all other parts of the U. S. The center of the manu- 
facture is at GloversTille, though it is largely carried on at Johns- 
town and other villages. Work is given out to families through 
a large section of country, forming the most productive branc-h 
of l.-ihor in the co. 

6 The first officers of "Tcywi co." were Guy Johnson, First 
Judge, ; John Butler and Peter Congue, Judges ; and Sir John 
Johnson. Ivt.. Daniel Clans, John Wells, and Jellis Fonda. As- 
sistant Judges. The first co. court was organized Sept. 8, 1772. 
Upon the organization of Fulton co.. the first co. officers were 
Donald Mclntyre. First Judge; John W, Oadv. Dist. Atlarney ; 
T. A. Stoutenburgh. Cltrk; David J. McMartiu, SherijT; and 
Archibald McFarland, Surrogate. 

I The Johnson family retained a lien upon the building until 
annulled by the forfeitui-e of their estates. 



FULTON COUNTY. 



315 



courthouse. Tlie average number of inmates is 50, supported at an average cost of $1.25 per week 
each. The children attend the public school. The farm yields a revenue of $-00. 

Four weekly newspapers are uuw published in the co.^ 

The history of this co. is intimately connected with that of Sir AVilliam Johnston and his family. 
At the age of 21, Johnson came to America as agent of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren, and located 
in the Mohawk Valley. He soon became identified with the interest* of that section of the colony, 
and a zealous promoter of its prosperity. He was appointed Indian Agent, learned the language 
of the natives, adopted with facility their habits when it suited his interests, and gradually ac- 
quired an ascendency over these people which his official relations served to strengthen. His suc- 
cessful management in the expedition to Lake George in 1755 gave him a high position in tho 
esteem of the home Government, and secured him, as an especial favor, the grant of a large tract 
of land N. of the Mohawk, as a direct gift from the king. He was also honored with knighthood. 
His first residence was fixed at what is still known as Fort Johnson, on the Mohawk, in the town 
of Amsterdam; but about ITbl he removed to a new mansion, near the village of Johnstown, still 
standing, and known as Johnson Hall. At this time he possessed an estate that had few rivals in 
extent and value in the country; his tenants were numerous and attached to his interests, and the 
prospects of future greatness to his family were most flattering. On the approach of the Revolu- 
tion he is supposed to have been liberally inclined ; but his duty to the Government, whose offices he 
held, forbade him from favoring the cause of the colonies, while his attachment to his neighbors 
and the inhabitants of the colony rendered the thought of any measures tending to their ruin 
extremely painful to his feelings. It was apparent that a struggle between the mother country 
and the colonies must ensue ; but, with the prescience that foreshadowed the significant purpose of 
his mind, he intimated to his friends that he should never live to see it, and he besought the British 
Government to appoint his son to his office, — that of Indian Agent. He died suddenly at Johnson 
Hall, on the afternoon of June 24, 1774, at the age of nearly sixty years.^ 



1 TJte Johnstown Gazette was published in 1796. 

Th^ Montgomery Advertiser vias published iit Johuetovm in 1796 
by .lacob Doxtader. It soon passed into the hands of 
Jas. Smith, and subsequently into the hands of Al>in 

Romeyn and Clark. It was afterward continued 

several years by David Holden. 

The Montfffmierv liepuhlican was commenced at Johnstown in 
Aug. 1806. by Wm. Child. His brother. Asa Child, soon 
after became editor. In 1823 T\'m. Holland became 
owner, and published it 2 years. Peter Mix continued 
it until 1834. when the office was burned. The paper 
Wad revived by him; and iu Nov. l.s3U. the office was 
again burned, and the publication of the paper was 
discontinued. 

The Mont-fffimery Intelligencer was commenced in 1806, and dis- 
continued in 1807. 

The Montgnmt:ry M'niitorwas commenced at Johnstown in 1808 
by Kobbins & Andrews. It soon passed into the hands 
of Kussell Prentice, who sold it in 1824 to Duncan and 
Daniel McDonald. In 1S2S they removed it to Fonda, 
thence to Canajoharie. and finally to Schoharie. 

TJie Johnstown Herald was removed from Amsterdam in 1S24 
by Philip Reynolds. It had been published there as 
the " Mohawk Heratd." In 1837 it was removed to 
Fumla and published as the " Fonda Herald." 

The Montqnmery Freeman was published at Johnstown by 
Yates & Co. 

The Northern Jinnner was commenced at Union Mills, Broad- 
albin, by John Clark. It was removed in a few months 
to Joiinstown and published as 

The Northern Banner and Montgomery Deinocrat. In ^^7 its 
name was changed to 

Tite Moriitjoiii'Ti/ Eejnil'liom. It was soon afterward sold to 
Wm. ?. riawley. who chiintri-d its name in 183H to 

The Fulton County Democrat. In 18 — it passed 
into the hands of A. T. Norton; and in 1842 it was pur- 
chased by M'alter N. Clark, its present publisher. 

The Chrislinn PaHidiumy semi-mo., was jiublishud in 1836 by 
Jneeph liadijer. It was removed to Albany in 1846 
or '47. 

The Fulton County Republican was commenced at 
Johnstown in 1838 by Darius Wells. In 1840 Alexander 
U. Wells became proprietor; and in 1842 he sold it to 
George Henry, its present pulilisher. 

The Garland, semimo., was published at Union Mills by Wm. 
Dark. It was afterward issued a short time at Johns- 
town. 

The Literary Journal was published at Kingsboro' in 1843 by 
S. R. Sweet. 

The Johnstown American was commenced in Jan. 1856, by N.J. 
Johnson. In Feb.lS.'iT.it wjis sold to J.D.Houghtaling. 
In April, IS.nS. its name wiis ehangi-d to 

The JohuBtovrn ludepeudent, under which title it is 
now published. 



The Gloversvllle Standard was v.^ninienced in Sept. 
1866, by W. H. Case, and is still published. 
2 It has been the iceneral belief that Sir William ended his 
own life; and theie is not much doubt but that he huuL^ him- 
self in his garden. His gardener, who found him and took 
him down, intimated, in his old age, facts wliich confirm this 
belief; and his will — dated Jan. 27. 1774 — in<licates that the 
near approach of death was a familiar thought, as his burial 
was an event for which he gave the most minute direction-?. In 
this instrument — after commending his soul to God. who gave it 
—he directs his body to be buried in the place he had selected 
by the side of bis wife, Catharine. He directs mourning for his 
housekeeper, Mary Brant, and her children, and for young 
Brant and William, half-breed Mohawks, and for his servants 
and slaves. The sachems of both Mohawk villages are to he 
invited to his funeral, and to receive each a black stroud 
blanket, crape, and gloves, which they were to receive and wear 
as mourners next after bis family. The bearers are to have 
white scarf, crape, and gloves; and the whole cost of the funeral 
is not to exceed £300. The funeral debt is to be first paid by 
Sir John, out of his 3 per cent, consolidated annuities, within 6 
months. He bequeathed to Peter £;'.0O, and to the other 
children of Mary Brant (7 in number) £100 each,— the interest 
to be expended on their education. To young Brant, alias 
Kag/ineghafjo, and William, alias Tagawirunta, two Mohawk 
lads, £100 York currency each; to Sir John, his son. one-half 
of the rest of his money; and to Daniel Clans and Guv Johnson, 
his sons-in-law, each one-half of the remainder. He then gives 
his library and plate, slaves, stock, and personal estate, (certain 
portions excepted,) to Sir John ; and his landed estate is divided 
between his children and friends, specifically naming to each 
the lots they are to receive, and especially enjoining upon his 
children never to sell or alienate any portion of the Royal Grant, 
as he had received it as a free gift fn-m the king. The h-j;ateetj 
of his lands were Sir John and Col. Guv Johnson, Daniel Claus, 
each of the children of Mary Brant, and her brothers. Joseph 
and William, Mary McGrah, John and Warren Johnson, his 
brothers, and Dease, Sterling, Phiuket.and Fitzimons, brothertt- 
in-law, and John Dease, his nephew. To Robert Adams. Jo.seph 
Chew, and Wni. Byrne, old friends, and Patrick Dalv. a servant, 
he gave the free use for life of certain lands. And he provided i'ox 
the further division of his estate in case Sir John died without 
issue. He appointed as his executors, lii.s styi. two sons-in-law, 
two brothers, and Dan'J Campbell, of Schenectadv, John Butler, 
Jelli-s Fonda, Capt. Jas. Stevenson, of Albany, Dr. Jolin Dease, 
Henry Frey, and Jos. Chew. The guardians of the children of 
Mary Brant were John Butler, Jeilis Fonda, John Dease, Jani*a 
Stevenson, Henry Frey, and Joseph Chew. Each executor and 
guardian was to receive a ring, as a memento fiom their once 
sincere friend. Sir William was buried in a vault under tho 
KpiHi'opal church in Johnsmwn. About 179^ the vault was 
tilled up; and Nov. 26,1836, the church, with its bell and organ, 
(the presents of Sir William.) were burned. The spot of hii 
burial is just outside of the present church edifice. 



316 FULTON COUNTY. 

The active interest in the royal cause taken by Sir John Johnson and all whom he could influ- 
ence, is ■well known, lie fortified Johnson Hall late in 1775, armed the Scotch Highlanders on 
the Kingsborough Patent, and spread discontent among the Indian tribes under his control. His 
conduct could not be tolerated ; and in Jan. 1776, Gen. Schuyler was sent with an army of 700 
militia to disarm the tenants and to secure a strict neutrality on the part of Sir John and his 
friends. After several days' negotiation, a feigned acquiescence was received, and on the 19th the 
Scotch surrendered their arms, and Sir John gave his word of honor to abstain from further hos- 
tile measures. His intrigues continued notwithstanding ; and in May, 1770, a patriot force, under 
Col. Dayton, was sent to apprehend him. Upon their approach, he left his family papers, money, 
and plate to be buried by a faithful slave, and, attended by large numbers of his dependents, he 
fled through the woods northward to Canada.' In May, 1780, Sir John made his appearance with 
500 troops from the Northern wilderness, to recover his buried treasure and take vengeance upon 
his old neighbors. The settlements were surprised, and the Mohawk Valley, from Tribes Hill 
upward to The Noses, was ravaged. Many houses were burned, 1 1 persons were slain, and several 
others were left as dead but finally recovered. An ineifectual rally was made for pursuit ; but the 
invaders returned without molestation. In the fall of the same year, Sir John, with 800 men, in- 
vaded the Schoharie and Mohawk Valleys with fire and sword, while an army advanced by way 
of Lake Champlain to create a diversion on the northern frontier. In returning, he was pursued 
by a body of troops under Gen. Robert Van Rensselaer, and would have been overtaken and cap- 
tured had not the cowardice or treachery of that ofiicer prevented.' The battle of Stone Arabia 
was fought upon this occasion. In Aug. 1781, Major Ross and Walter N. Butler, with a band of 
tories and savages, appeared by way of Sacondaga with 007 men,' and encamped a little N. of 
Johnson Hall. Col. Willett moved from Fort Plain on the 22d, with 300 men, to attack the enemy, 
and, upon approaching, detached 100 men, under Col. Harper, to make a circuit and attack the rear 
of the camp. A short distance above the Hall, Willett's forces met those of Ross, and the former 
retreated ; but at the village they rallied, and were joined by 200 militia. The enemy were finally 
driven from the ground, with a loss of 17, while the Americans lost 13. Ross retreated all night, 
and was followed. At West Canada Creek the infamous Butler was killed.* 

The estates of the Johnsons were forfeited, and a race of New Englanders succeeded the Scotch 
Highlanders in this co. No further event of especial interest has since disturbed the even current 
of events. 



BLiEECIiER^ — was formed from Johnstown, April 4, 1831. A part was re-annexed to that 
town in 1841, and a part of Caroga was taken off in 1842. It is the central town upon the N. 
border of the co. Its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland, the highest summits upon the 
N. border being 2,000 ft. above tide. The streams are head branches of West Stony' and Garoga 
Creeks. In tlie valleys are several small lakes, the principal of which are Chases Lake, in the N., 
and Woodworth Lake, on the s. border. The soil is thin and light, and the surface is very stony. 
Lumbering and tanning' are the leading pursuits. Bleecker, (p. v.,) near the s. border, con- 
tains a church, a sawmill, a large tannery, and 20 dwellings. The first settlements were com- 
menced about 1800.' The census reports 3 churches ; M. E., Germ. Meth., and R. C. 

BROADAliBIX' — was formed from "CaiiAjhnawaga," (now Broadalbin, Johnstown, and > 
Mayfield,) March 12, 1793. Northampton was taken off in 1799, and a part of Perth in 1842. It is 
the central town on the e. border of the co. Its surface Is rolling and mostly susceptible of cultiva- 
tion. Chuctenunda Creek flows through the s. e. corner. Fondas Creek flows w. through near 
the center ; Frenchmans Creek through the n. part ; and Mayfield Creek through the N. w. corner. 
The soil is mostly of the drift formation, inclining to sand. The N. part extends into the great 
Sacandaga Vlaie, which is annually overflowed, and in which the soil is alluvial. Fondas 
Busll, (Broadalbin p. o.,) on Fondas Creek, near the w. line, was incorp. April 17, 1815, as 



1 TbiB slave wag sold among the confiscatpd property of Sir 
John. Ilie purchaser, Col. Volkert Veeder, ceuld imt induce him 
to betray the secrets of his master. He was pubsenueiitly re- 
covered by Sir .John, and accom piinied him to Cjxnada. Tlte piijiers 
buried with the money and plate were afterward found to be 
ruined, l)ut the coin and plate were recovered and takeu to Canada. 

2 See page 411. 

* Of these 477 were British and tories and 130 were Indians. 
4 See page 411. 
6 Named from Rutger Bleecker, of .\lbany. a patentee. The 

town Includes portions of Chaae'8, Glen's, Bleecker's, Lansing's, j Kayaderosserns, and Stone's Patents. 
%a.i Hayfield'8 Fateats. 



8 Named Des-kon-ta on Southier's map, pub. in 1779. 
' There are 4 large tanneries in town. 

8 .4mong the early settlers were .Tames .Morse, Wm. Rood, 
Ephraim Lindsley, James Landon, Sanmel Shaffer, Wm. Et:lan, 

Frederick Mills, Good well, and Geo. Hamilton, — nil from New 

England. The first death was that of Goodwell, about 

1 80t>. Wm. Chase, the patentee, built a gristmill on the N. branch 
of Stony Creek, in 1804-05. 

9 Named from a place in Scotland, by James Mclntyre, one 
if the early settlers. This town comprises parts of Sacondaga, 



FULTON COUNTY. 



317 



" Rawsonville." It contains 3 churches, 3 buckskin dressing mills, a saw and grist mill, and 3 
mitten factories. Pop. 651. 91111$ Corners, (p. o.,) in the e. part, is a hamlet. Union 
Mills (p. 0.) contains a sawmill, paper mill, a peg factory, and 10 houses. IVortU Broadal- 

bln, (p. 0.,) in the N. E. part, contains a church, saw and grist mill, and 10 houses. Tlie first 
settlement was commenced before the Revolution.' The census reports 5 churches in town.* 

CAROGA'— was formed from Stratford, Bleecker, and Johnstown, April 11, 1842. It lies on 
the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the s. and broken in the n. by 
small, sharp mountains. A large hill lies w. of Garoga Creek ; and a swell of land rises about 300 
ft. between the principal branches. Numerous clusters of lakes lie in the center and N. part of 
the town, the principal of which are E. and W. Eish Lakes, Garoga Lake, the Stink Lakes, Bellows, 
Prairie, Green, and Pine Lakes. Garoga Creek flows s. from Garoga Lake. A small portion of 
the area only is susceptible of cultivation. Lumbering is the principal businesa. IVewiiirilS 
Slills (p. V.) contains a church, (Ref. Prot. D.,) a large tannery, and 30 houses. The first settle- 
ment commenced about 1790.* 

EPHRATAH — was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 27, 1827. A part was 
re-annexed to that town on the division of the co. in 1838. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. 
of the center. Its surface is mostly a hilly upland, 400 to 1,500 ft. above the Mohawk. Garoga 
Creek flows s. w. through the town, in a deep valley, the hills on either side rising about 800 feet 
above the creek. The soil is sandy, and in the s. e. a clayey loam. Epliratiill, (p. v.,) in the 
s. part, contains a church, gristmill, a large tannery, and 359 inhabitants. Garoga, (p. v.,) in 
the N. part, contains a saw and grist mill and 12 houses. Rockfvood, (p. v.,) in the n. e. 
corner, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, 2 tanneries, a buckskin dressing mill, and 196 
inhabitants. Liassellsvllle, (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains 2 churches and 20 houses. The 
first settlement commenced under the auspices of Sir Wm. Johnson, in 1765.* The census reports 
6 churches in town.' 

JOHIfSTOWlV' — was formed from " Caughnawaga," (now Broadalbin, Johnstown, and 
Mayfield,) March 12, 1793. Lake Pleasant was taken off in 1812, Bleecker in 1831, Mohawk in 
1837, and a part of Caroga in 1842. A part of Bleecker was re-annexed in 1841. It lies on the s. 
border of the co., near the center. A series of hills occupy the n. part. A high ridge extends 
through the E. part ; Garoga Creek, through the N. w. corner ; and a branch of the Cayadutta through 
the w. part. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. The manufacture of buckskin gloves and mittens 
w. part. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. The manufacture of buckskin gloves and mittens 
forms an important item in the business of the town. JoIinstOfTU (p. v.) was incorp. April 1, 
1808. It is situated on the Cayadutta, s. E. of the center ; and it contains the co. buildings, 7 
churches, the Johnstown Academy,* 3 printing offices, a bank, 2 gristmills, a sawmill, planing 
mill, and gas works. Pop. 1,661. Gloversville, (p. v.,) on the Cayadutta, 4 mi. n. of Johns- 
town, is noted for its manufacture of gloves and mittens.' It was incorp. in April, 1853, and 
contains 3 churches, the Gloversville Union Seminary, a printing office, a bank, a paper box fac- 
tory, machine shop, and gristmill. Pop. 1,965. Klng'sborougli, (p. v.,) in the e. part, con- 
tains a church, an academy, 10 mitten factories, and 300 inhabitants. ISammonsvIUe, (p. v.,) 
in the s. w., contains a paper mill, gristmill, and 15 houses. fFest Busll, (p. o.,) in the n. pari, 
Kecks Center, (p. o.,) in the w. part, and McEivens Corners are hamlets. The first 



I Henry Stoner, Joseph Scott, BenJ. Deline, Philip Ilelmer, 
Andrew liowman, Herman Salisbury, John Putnam, Joseph 
Desilver, Jnhn Iloman, P^liaa Cady, settled near Fondas Bush 
before the Revolution. — Simm^s Trappa-sof N.T., p. 21. James 
Mclntyro, Alexander Murray, Alexander Oliver, Daniel Mcln- 
tyre, and Nathan Brockway, from Scotland, Peter Demarost 
and Derrick Banta, from N. J., Abram Manchester, Keuben 
Burr, and Enoch Cromwell, from New Eng., settled soon aft^r the 

Revolution. Rev. Ronlcyn held the first religious services, 

after the war, in 1790-92. 

s Presb.. M. E., Bap., Christian, and Union. 

' Named from the principal stream. Custom hag applied the 
name "Garoga" to the latter, and "Caroga"' to the town. 

* David, Robert, and Solomon JetFers settled in 1798 ; Samuel 
Oafie, Keuben Brookins, Wm. Jefferson, Abram Carley. Anthony 
Stewart, Nathan Lovelace, Isiiac Peckham, Etyah Gardner, Ira 
Beach, John Mead, Jas. McLellan, Titus Foster, Lemuel Lewis, 
and Daniel Goff, were also early settlers. The first marriage 
wafl that of Francis Vaudercook and Lucy Jeffers, in 1800. The 
tirst death was that of Mrs. Amy Mead, in 1804. 

6 Frederick Getman, Jacob Empie, and Jacob Schell settled 
Bear the viU.ige. Nicholas Rector, Jacob Fry. Henry Herring, 
Philip Kreitzer, Wm. Cuol, Deutzler, Joliannos Winkle, 



Wm. Smith, Henry Hart, Zachariah Tripp, .John Cassleman, 
Peter Schutt, and .Jacob Eplie, from Germany, came in from 
Schoharie, mostly before the Revolution. The first German 

school was taught by Moot, and the first English school by 

McLean. A gristmill was built by Sir Wm. Johnson soon 

after the first settlement. It was afterward burned by the 
tories. Johannes Winkle built the first mill after the ReToli»> 
tion. 
» 2 M. E., 2 Union, Bap., and Ref. Prot. D. 

7 Named from Sir William Johnson. The town embraces th# 
Kingaborouf^h Patent, granted June 23, 1753, a part of Stone 
Arabia, Butler's, and the Sacondaga Patents. 

8 This academy was built in 179S-99, by Wm. Van Tort. Sir 
Wm. Johnson set apart aportionof theKingsborough Patent fbi 
the benefit of a free school. This reservation was respected by 
the courts of forfeiture, and trustees were appointed to take 
charge of the trust. The proceeds were appropriated to the 
use of this academy. 

^ There are in this town oTer lOO estalilishraents for the mann. . 
facture of gloves and mittens, and 10 mills for dressing the 
skins. This business was first commenced by Kzeklel Case, in 
1803, and has grown fiom a small beginning, until now it ia 
said that over $500,000 capital is invested in it. 



318 



FULTON COUNTY. 



Bettlement was commenced under the auspices of Sir Wm. Johnson, in 1760. He removed to " John- 
eon Ilall," about J of a ml. n. w. of Johnson Village, in 1761 or *62. There were then about a dozen 
houses in the village, and 100 tenants on farms adjacent. The lands were leased by him with thb 
evident intention of establishing a baronial estate for his family.* The census reports 11 churches 
in t^>wn.^ 

IWA\'FIELiD^ — was formed from " CaugJinatva r/a" (now Bmadalbin, Johnstown, and May- 
field.) March 12, 1793. AVells was taken off in 1805, and another portion of Mayfield was annexed to 
that town in 1812. A part was annexed to Perth in 1842. It lies on the n. border of the co., e. of 
the center, and extends nearly to the s. line. Its surface in the n. part is broken by mountains rising 
1,500 to 2,000 ft. above tide. These elevations are of primary formation, with rounded summits, 
the higher peaks having steep declivities. The central and s. parts are rolling and generally 
susceptible of cultivation. Stony Creek flows through the n. w. corner ; Mayfield Creek through 
near the center; Fondas Creek* through the s. e. part; and Cranberry Creek in the e. part. 
The soil is sandy and gravelly, in some places strewn with boulders. The valleys are alluvial, 
with some clayey loam. IMaylield (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and 600 
inhabitants. Tails Mills, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, a tannery, 
and 20 houses. Jackson Summit is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced about 1760 
or '61, under Sir Wm. Johnson, on the old road from Tribes Hill to the Sacondaga, and was then 
called '^Philadelphia Bush."^ There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Presb. 

l¥ORTDAMPTO]V^— was formed from Broadalbin, Feb. 1, 1799. It is the n. E. corner 
town of the co. Its surface is hilly in the n., the hills rising about 1,000 ft. above the valley. 
In the s. part the Sacondaga^ Vlaie occupies several thousand acres, which cannot easily be drained. 
Sacondaga River flows s. e. through the center of the town, in a valley } to 1^ mi. wide. Mayfield 
Creek flows e. near the s. border. The soil in the valley is a rich alluvium, and on the upland a sandy 
loam. In places it is stony and rocky. Shell marl abounds in the bed of the Vlaie. Moi'llivllle, 
(p. V.,) in the n. part, contains 3 churches, 4 mitten factories, and 450 inhabitants. IVorf liauip- 
ton,^ (p-'^-O in the s. E. corner, contains 2 churches, a large tannery, and 210 inhabitants; and 
Osborns Bridge (p. o.) a church and 10 houses. Cranberry Creek is a p. o. The first 
settlement commenced under Sir Wm. Johnson, about 1770.^ The census reports 5 churches in 
town,^** A part of Wells (Hamilton co.) was taken off in 1805. 

OPPEIVIIEI5I— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 18, 1808. St. Johns- 
ville (Montgomery co.) was taken off in 1838. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface 
is a hilly upland, inclining gradually to the s. w. In the n. e. part the hills rise 1,200 to 1,500 
ft. above the Mohawk. East Canada Creek flows s. along the w. border. Fish Creek flows 
through the n. w. corner. Little Sprite, Crum, Zimmermans, and Fox Creeks all flow s, w. The soil 
in the s. w. is clay, in the s. e, a clayey loam, and in the center and n. a light, sandy and gravelly 
loam. Boulders are scattered over the surface in profusion ; and primary rock appears in the n. 
Limestone has been extensively quarried in the s. w. part, for the Erie Canal and for private use. 
Oppenlieim, (p. v.,) near the center, contains a church, a sawmill, and 59 inhabitants. 
ISrocketIs Bridge, (p. o.,) in the w. part, on the line of Herkimer co., Lotville, (p. o..) in the 



I Among the tenants were Dr. Wm. AdamB ; Gilbert Tice. inn- 
keeper; Peter Young, miller; William Phillips, wagon njaker; 
Jas. Davis, hatter; Peter Yost, tanner; Adrian Van Sickle. Maj. 
John Little, and Zephaniah Bachelor. The first school was 

taught by Kahvorth, and the second byG.B.Throop. The 

tenants were imbued with the political sentiments of the John- 
eon family, and shared its fortunes. The estates were confiscated 
during the Revolution; and many from New England settled 
tliere after the war. 

" The first clergyman, according to the records, was Rev. 

Moseley, in 1770. The churches are 2 M. E., 2 Presb., Bap., 
Cong., Evan. Luth., Asso. Presb., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., and 
R. C. 

8 Named firom the Mayfield Patent, granted June 27. 1770. The 
town comprises parts of this and Bleecker. Kingsborough. Sacon- 
daga, KayaderoBseras,Glen,Danl Claus"s,and Norman McLeod's 
Patents. 

* Called by the Indians Ken-ne-at-too. 

6 Nathaniel Conners, Michael Croman, two families of Wal- 

ters. Peter Whitman. Schutt. Circaman, Michael 

Ilaynes, George Cough, Simon Christie, and John Anderson, 
settled before the Kevulution. William and Robert Jackson, 
Tiavid Knapp, Alvin McDougal. Peter and John McKinley, 
Pnncan Anderson. Isaac Bemas. Capt.iin and Major A'an 
Beuren, Douw and Jeilia Ponda, i<amuel Lefferts, William A' ail, 



David and Luke Woodworth. and Jonah Bartlettwere also early 
eettlei-s. The first birth was that of Mary Cough, in 1766. 
Christian Furtenback taught a German school in 1771. Mills 
were built for Sir Wm. Johnson in 1773. 

c Named from the piitent granted to Jacob M.ose. John R. 
Bleecker. and others, (Jet. 17, 1741. 

* Local pronunciation. Stck-na-daw-gar. 

8 Locally known as " Fishhonse." 

9 Godfrey Shew was the first settler; John Eikler, Lent and 
Nicholas Lewis, Robert Martin. Zebulon Alger, families of 
Ketchums and Chadwicks. Asahel Parker. .lohn Trumbull, 
John Rosevelt, Alexander i^t. John, and John Fay, were among 
the other early settlers. Soon after the Revolution, Zadoc Sher- 
wood and Samuel Olmsted settled at Northville. They were 
followed by Thos. Foster, Daniel and Timothy Resseqnie, John 
McNeil. Calvin Young, Adam Olmsted, Cornelius Richardson, 
Elihu Coleman, Sylvaiius Sweet. Robert Palmer, John Randall, 
Eli Sprague, Green WuUs. Cornelius Harving, Felix Porter, and 
John Denison. — mostly fri>m New England. The first birth was 
that of Godfrey Shew, about 2 years before the Revolution; the 
first marriage was that of Alexander St. John and >rartha 
Scribner, about 17yS ; and the first recorded death, that of Gideon 
Olmsted. 

10 2 Presb., 2 M. E., and Bap. 



FULTON COUXTY. 



319 



N., and Cruua Creek, (p. o.,) in the s. part, are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced by 
Germans, before the Revolution.' Rev. Jacob Frisband held the first religious services, about 1800.' 

PERTH' — was formed from Amsterdam, (Montgomery co.,) April 18, 1838. Parts of May- 
field and Broadalbin were annexed Feb. 17, 1S42. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface 
is gently rolling. Chuctenunda Creek flows tlirough the extreme E. part of the town. The soil ia 
mostly a clay loam. Limestone crops out in several places ; but the prevailing rock is slate. 
West Galway , (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, on the line of Saratoga co., contains a church and 
20 houses. Pertll, (p. o.,) in the N. part, contains a church and 8 houses. West Perth 
(p. 0.) is a hamlet. The first settlement commenced on the road from Tribes Hill to Sacondaga, 
about 17G0.* The census reports 2 churches in town ; Presb. and Asso. Ref. Presb. 

STRATFORD 5— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) April 10, 1805. A part of 
Caroga was taken oif in 1842. It ia the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling, 
and hilly upland, 800 to 1,200 ft. above the Mohawk, and in the extreme n. 1,800 to 2,000 ft. above 
tide, with a general inclination to the s. w. East Canada Creek flows through the N. w. corner and 
forms a part of the w. boundary. North, Ayers, and Fish Creeks are the principal streams. In 
the N. part are several small lakes, the principal of which are Dexter, Spectacle, North Pleasant, 
and Ayers Lakes. The soil in the s. w. and in the valley of East Canada Creek is a clayey loam ; 
and in other parts it is light, sandy, and gravelly. IVictaOlSVille, (Stratford p. o.,) on the w. 
border, partly in Herkimer co., at the junction of Ayers and East Canada Creeks, contains 2 
churches, 4 sawmills, a gristmill and tannery, and 32 houses. Wllitesburgh (p. o.) is a hamlet, 
in the s. w. corner. The first settlement was commenced by Samuel Bennett, in 1800.* 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Fulton County. 



Names of Towns. 



Bleecker. ;.. 

Broadalbin 

Caroga 

Ephratah 

JobnstowQ 

Mayfletd 

Northampton.. 

Oppenbeim 

Perth 

eitratford 



Total.. 



Acres of Land. 



2,638) 
17,413 

2,306 
12,389i 
29.690 
IS.IOOJ 
12,932J 
20.289J 
12.5UOJ 

6,250i 



36,138 

6,972 
12,343 

8,896 
10.75U 
16,646i 

6,30S 
11.700 

3.993 
35.363 



Valuation of 1858. 



133.416} 147.070) 



$71,292 
339,765 
67,556 
300,098 
1,584,374 
365,694 
162,983 
438,199 
286,836 
127,827 



3,744.524 






$1,746 
44,845 

6,874 
27,940 
440,092 
26.976 
14,876 
14.525 
32,517 

4,610 



613,698 




479 
1,248 

378 
1,117 
3,829 
1,170 

983 
1,250 

669 

650 



11„673 11,711 



173 
606 
126 
376 
1,2S7 
471 
4U6 
436 
206 
194 



182 
659 
142 
393 
1,500 
603 
406 
450 
214 
211 



160 
397 
83 
288 
748 
358 
286 
369 
169 
148 



4,179 4,560 2,996 111 9,761 






401 



248 
1,130 
3,210 
1,086 

763 
1.109 

449 

393 



Names of Towns. 



Bleecker 

Broadalbin 

Caroga 

Bphratah 

Johnstown 

Mayfield 

Northampton .. 

Oppenheim 

Perth 

Stratford 



Total.. 





Live Stock. 






Agricdltural Proddcts, 




II 


1 




1 
177 


98 


1 


BnSH, OP G»A1H. 


1 
> 

1 






Da[by Peoducts. 1 




.1 


II 


Is 


95 


136 


113 


265 


2,326i 


490 


5,968 


1,110 


12,670 




641 


1,335 


1,121 


2.487 


1,220 


952 


73,389 


4,003J 


29,938 


11,612 


99,405 


10,016 


116 


139 


177 


149 


186 


60 


4,871 


506 


4,487 


490 


13,325 


87 


606 


956 


1,011 


1,374 


1,135 


7,619 


63,804 


3.086 


16,998 


4,400 


83,525 


62.900 


1,231 


1,936 


2,2.50 


4,703 


3,356 


10,363t 


183,495 


7.713 


38,673 


27,844 


242,117 


10,114 


1,339 


1,370 


1,287 


2,601 


1,232 


3,768i 


80,963 


4,131i 


24,016 


18,136 


102.631 


27,306 


357 


972 


509 


1,7 M 


507 


268 


30,196 


2,826 


17,193 


6.441 


53,198 


6,045 


731 


1,452 


2,345 


1,501 


1,373 


694 


67,899 


7,116i 


22,199 


15,435 


127,741 


433,971 


491 


976 


892 


1,965 


1,119 


2,026 


100,324 


2,607 16,601 


11,902 


80,676 


9,816 


170 


383 


499 


327 


273 


42 
26,028 


16,248i 


l,366i 7,891 


2,872 


25,210 


28,826 


6,829 


9,654 


10,268 


16,969 


10,514 


618,5141 


33,903 


182,964 


100,142 


840,397 


679,079 



■=5.5 



164 

9S0 
221 
487 

1.463 
197 
825 

2.1651 
474 
600i 



7,4V' 



1 Rudolph Tonker was the first settler; John Shaver, Jacob 
Youron, Moseg .lohnaon. Daniel Dickman, \Vm. Alterburffh, 
Henry Burkdorf, Frederick Bellenger. and Simeon SchuyU^r 
settled in the 8. part; Benjamin Berry, Peter CUve. Jacob 
Ladne, James Johnson, Wm. Bean, Richard Hewett. and Daniel 
Guile, from New Kngland, settled in the central part in 1797. 
William Alterhurgh kept the first inn; Andrew Zabriskie the 
first store; and Jnhn BtMrdsley built the firnt mill. Mr. B. was 
the pioneer miUwrit^ht in Central New York, aud took anactive 
part in the first improvements of this class. 

2 Thereare4chnrcbe8 in town; 2Univ., M.E..andRef. Prot. D. 

• Named from Perth, in Scotland, by Archibald McFarlane. 
This town contains parts of the Kayaderoaseras and Sacondaga 
Patents. 

* Charlea Mereness, Richard Bowen. Marcaa Reese, —^ 
Davis, Michael SwobSj and Francia Frey settled before 1770. 



Lawrence E. Van Allen, Henry Tan Valkenhurgh, Ira Benedict, 
C'^nrad and Francis Witine, Derby Newmnn. James and Wm, 
Robb, anfl Peter Vosburgh, settled §oou after the Resolution. 

6 Thia town comprises parts of Glen. Bleecker & Co.'a Patent, 
one tier of lota of Lott & Low's Patent, and a part of the .lersey- 
fleld Patent, granti-d to Henry Glen and othera, April 12. 1770. 

* John Wells, Amos Kinney, Kli Winchell. Natban Gurney, 
Eleazi'r, Levi, and Samuel Bliss, Abiul Kibbe, and Daniel 
Shottekirk settled on the Johnstown road, and Stephen and 
John Wilcox. Amasa Chnppell. and Abiathar Mnslmr in other 
parts of t!ie town. The fiiHt birth was that of Landing Wells, in 
1800; the first marriage, that of Snmuel KUis and I'dllyGuniey; 
andthefirattleath, that of Jesse Wilrinn.kill'-d by th'- fall of a tree, 
Dec. 25, 1802 or U3. .S. Bennett kept tlie fir.-^t inn ;'SandiTs I^nsing, 
sonof oneof thepati'iiiers. builttlietir.it gristmill, on Fish CrceJ^ 
in ISIO; and Daniel Cruss built the first tannery, in ISI«L 



GENESEE COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Ontario, March 30, 1802. It origin- 
ally comprised all that part of the State lying w. of Genesee River, 
and a line extending due s. from the point of junction of the Gene- 
see and Canaseraga Creek to the s. line of the State. Allegany 
■was taken oflF in 1806, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, and Niagara in 
1S08, parts of Livingston and Monroe in 1821, Orleans in 1824, 
and Wyoming in 1841. A part of Covington was annexed to 
Livingston co. in 1823, and Shelby was added to Orleans in 1825. 
It is one of the western cos. in the State, separated by Orleans from 
Lake Ontario and by Erie from Niagara River. It is centrally dis- 
tant 229 mi. from Albany, and contains 507 sq. mi. The surface 
is mostly level or gently undulating. The s. border is occupied by 
ranges of hills which extend n. from Wyoming co. and attain an elevation of 200 to 300 feet above 
the valleys and about 1000 feet above tide. A limestone terrace, bordered in many places by 
nearly perpendicular ledges, extends E. and w. through the co., N. of the center. At each extre- 
mity in the co. this terrace ranges in height from 50 to 100 feet, but it declines toward the center 
to a height of 20 to 40 feet. Tonawanda Creek' enters Alexander from the s., and flows in a n.e. 
direction to the village of Batavia, thence turns and flows in a general N. w. direction to the w. 
border of the co. Its course is very tortuous, and its current generally sluggish.'' Its principal 
tributaries are Little Tonawanda and Bowens Creeks. Oak Orchard Creek takes its rise near the 
center of the co. and pursues a winding course to the n. e. corner of Elba, thence turns w. and 
flows through the great Tonawanda Swamp, which occupies the N. part of Elba, Oakfield, and 
Alabama. Black Creek' flows n. through near the center of Bethany, Stafford, and Byron, thence 
easterly through Bergen into Monroe co. Its tributaries are Bigelow and Spring Creeks. Oatka 
Creek flows across the s. E. corner of the co., and Murder' and Eleven Mile* Creeks across the s. w. 
corner. Tonawanda, Black, and Oatka Creeks form a series of fine cascades in their passage down 
tlie limestone terrace near the center of the co. The lowest rocks in the co. belong to the Onondaga 
salt group, extending along the N. border. Gypsum is quarried in Le Roy, Stafford, and Byroo. 
This is succeeded by the hydraulic, Onondaga, and corniferous limestones, which form the lime- 
stone terrace extending through the co. Lime and building stone are extensively obtained from 
the outcrop of these rocks. 

Succeeding the limestone in order are the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, occupying the whole 
s. part of the co. The surface generally is covered thick with drift deposits, and the underlying 
rocks only appear in the ravines of the streams. Nearly all the swamps contain thick deposits of 
muck and marl, furnishing in abundance the elements of future fertility to the soil. Many of the 
springs and streams are constantly depositing lime in the form of marl. Along the N. border are 
numerous wells yielding water strongly impregnated with sulphuric acid, and known as " Sour 
Springs." The soil is generally a very deep and fertile sandy or gravelly loam intermixed with clay 
and mostly underlaid by clay or limestone. This co. embraces a portion of the " Genesee Country," 
which from the first settlement has been famed for its fertility. The people are almost exclusively 
engaged in agriculture. For many years wheat formed the staple product ; but of late the ravages 
of the midge have led to the more general raising of the coarser grains, and have turned the attention 
of farmers to the cultivation of fruit, wool growing, cattle raising, and dairying. 

The CO. seat is located at the village of Batavia.' The courthouse is a fine stone edifice, 3 stories 
high, containing the co. clerk's office and the other co. offices.' The jail is a new brick building, a 
few rods w. of the courthouse.' The poorhouse is situated on a farm of 133 acres in Bethany, near 



1 SigDifylng "swift mnning water," from the rapid current 
for 10 ml. below Eatjivia. 

2 Betweftn Attica (Wyoming CO.) and Batavia this stream flows 
between two parallel roads about 1 mi. apart. The distance hy 
the hit^hway is 11 mi., and by the stream 43 mi. 

8 Indian name " Checkanango." 

* So named because the body of a man supposed to have been 
murdered was found in it by .Joseph Peters. Esq., of Darien. 

6 S<^ named from crossing the old Buffalo Koad 11 mi. from 
Bufl'alo. 

« By the act of organization, the Holland Land Co. were re- 



quired to donate 1 acre of land for co. purposes and erect the 
necessary co. buildings. .Toseph Ellicott, agent of the company, 
complied with the requirement of the law, and erected the 
buildings in 1802. The first officers of the co. were Joseph Elli- 
cott, First Jiufgfi ; Daniel D. Brown, District Attomfv ; James 
W. Stevens, O. Clrrk; Eichard M. Stoddard, Sheriff; Jeremiah 
R. Munson, Surrnfiate, 

' The new courthouse was erected in 1841-42, at a cost of 
$17,000. 

« The new jail was erected in 1851. The average number of 
inmates ia 5. 



GENESEE COUNTY. 



321 



the s. line, and 9 mi. s. e. of Batavia. The average number of inmates is 90, supported at a weekly 
cost of $ .72 each, in addition to the income of the farm, which is about $1300. A school is main- 
tained 7 months in the year, and at suitable age the children are bound out. The general manage- 
ment is creditable to the co., and is far better than that of a large majority of similar establishments 
in the State.^ 

The N. Y. Central R. R. extends in a s. w. direction through Bergen, Byron, Stafford, Batavia, 
Pembroke, and the n. w. corner of Darien. A branch of this road extends s. from Batavia through 
Alexander to Attica. The Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Branch extends w. through Le Roy, 
Stafford, Batavia, and Pembroke, crossing the main line at Batavia. The Buffalo, New York 
& E. R. R. extends through Le Roy, Stafford, Batavia, and Alexander.'^ Several plank roads have 
been built in tlie co. ; but most of them have been abandoned. An important canal feeder extends 
from Tonawanda Creek through the n. w. corner of Alabama. There are 5 newspapers published 
in the co.* 

This CO. embraced within its original limits all that portion of the State included in the purchase 
of Robert Morris, Phelps and Gorham, the original purchasers of the whole of Western N. Y., 
failed to meet the obligations to the State of Mass., and a large share of their tract reverted, and 
was purchased by Samuel Ogden for Robert Morris, May 12, 1791.* Morris sold the w. portion 
of the tract, constituting about seven-eighths of the whole, to the Holland Land Company, July 20, 
1793,^ reserving to himself a strip of an average width of 12 mi., lying between the Phelps and 
Gorham and the Holland Purchases, and known as the Morris Reserve.® The Holland Land Com- 
pany, an association of capitalists in Holland, made this purchase through agents who were citizens 



1 The poorhnnse is a brick edifice, with a stone wing for the 

accommodation of the insane. 

2 A few years since, a route for a R, R. tras surveyed from 
Batavia to the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek, on Lake Ontario. 

* The Genesee InUUigimcer was commenced in the spring of 
1807, at Batavia, by Eliaa Williams, and was the first 
paperpublishedw. of Genesee Kiver. It was suspended 
in Oct. of the eame year. In the spring of 1808 Benj. 
Blodgett and Samuel Peck commenced 

The Chmu&ypia, and continued it until 1811. 

The Republican Advocate waa commenced in 1811, by Benj. 
Blodgett and David C. Miller. It soon passed into the 
hands of Mr. Miller, and was published by him until 
1828. It was then successively in the hands of Charles 
Sentell, Chas. W. Miller, Edwin Uoueh. Andrew W. 
Young;, Lewis &. Brown, C. C. Allen, Waite & Cooley, 
and Dauiel D. Waite. In 1864 it was merged in tlio 
Genesee Co. M'hig, and was issued by Kimberly & Good- 
rich as the 

RepiMican Advocate and Gtnesee Go. Whig. In 1855 Mr. Good- 
rich withdrew, and the name was changed to 

The Republican Advocate, and was continued by J. 
H. Kimberly until 1857, when the office passed to D. 
D. Waite, one of its former proprietors, by whom the pa- 
pep is still published. 

The Daily Advocate was commenced in May, 1859, by 
I>. I>. Waiie. 

The Spirit of the Tim^s was commenced at Batavia, Feb. 3, 1819, 
by Oran Follett. In May, 1825, it was sold to his bro- 
ther, Frederick Follett, who continued the publication 
until Aug. 1836. It was successively published by 
Kelson D. Wood, Fred. Follett, Lucas Seaver, Wm. 
Peaver & Son, and Charles Hurley, until 1856. 

The Peojtle's Press was commenced at Batavia in 1825, by an 
association, Benj. Blodgett. editor. It was afterward 
issued by Slartin, Adams & Thorp, Adams & Thorp, and 
Adams & McCleary, and was subsequently merged in 
the Spirit of the Times, and for some years was pub- 
lished as 

The Spirit of the Times and The Peoplfi\f Press. 

The Morgan Investigate- was published at the office of the 
Kepublican Advocate dirring the Morgan excitement 
in 1827, and continued about a year. 

The Masonic Intdligencjtr, institiated by the same excitement, 
was published for about the same period from the office 
of the People's Press. 

The Ihrmers and Mechanics Journal waa commenced at Alex- 
ander, Nov. 4. 1837, by Peter Lawrence. In June, 1840, 
it was moved to Batavia and issued as 

Pie Batavia Time^ and Farmers and Mechanics Journal, by 
Frederick Follett and Peter Lawrence. Soon after, Fred. 
Follett became the sole proprietor, and published it 
until Sept. 1843, when it was sold to Lucas Seaver and 
was merged in the Spirit of the Times. 

The Temperance Herald, mo., was issued from the office of the 
Spirit of the Times, by Lucaa Seaver, for one year from 
March. 1842. 

The Ij* Roy Gazette was commenced in 1828, by J. 0. 
Balch. It waa successively issued by Starr & Hotchkln. 
Henry D. Ward, Richard Hollister, Kufus Robertson, F. 



21 



Goodrich, Seth M. Gates, Martin 0. Coe, and Cjtos 

Thompson, until 1S40, when it passed into the hands 

of C. B. Thompson, its pn'sent publisher. 
The Genesee Pepuhlican and Heraid. of Jtcform was commenced 

at Le Roy in 1829, and was published for 1 or 2 years 

by Freeman & Son, — Orestes A. Brownson, editor. 
The Genesee Courier was commenced at Le Koy in the spring of 

1844, by Fdw. Bligs, and was published about a year. 

Mr. B. resuscitated it in 1853, and published it a short 

time. 
The Gencgee Herald was commenced at Le Roy in 1854. 

by Wm. C. Grummoiid. In Jan. 1857, it was removed 

to Batavia. where it is now published by A. J. McWain. 
The Genesee Dally Herald was issued from the same 

office in 185S. and is still published. 
The Xe Roy Democrat was commenced in Dec. 1852, by Henry 

Tudd. In Nov. 18.53, it was removed to Biitavia and 

its name changed to 
Tlie Batavia Dniocrat. In Dec. 1850. it passed iutu the hands 

of John Bi-rcen, by whom it was changed to 
The Genesee Weelcly Democrat, still published. 
The Genesee (b. Whig was commenced at Batavia in 1852, by 

Kimberly & Tyrcll. and was published by thorn until 

1854. when it was merged in the Kepublican Advocate. 
The Le Roy Advertiser was commenced April 1, ls57. by Thos. 

B. Tufts. It was discontiouf-d in July. 1^5'^. 

* The E. line of the Morris Purchase commented upon tb« 
Penn. line, 44 78-100 mi. w. of the pre-emption line, and ran doe 
N. to an elm tree at the forks of the Genesee River and Cana- 
Bcrega Creek, thence northeily along that river to a point 2 mi. 
N.of theCannawagus Village, thence due w. 12 mi., thence n. 24« 
E. to Lake Ontario. 

6 The line forming the division between the Holland Purchaew 
and tlie Morris Reserve commenced upon the Penn. tine, 12 mi. 
w. of the w. line of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, and from 
thence ran due n. to near the center of Stafford, Genesee co., 
thence due w. 2,07875 mi., and thence due N. to Lake (Ontario. 
This line is known as the Transit Line, from its beine rnn by a 
transit instrument, then first usfd in surveys. The offset was 
made in this line to prevent the Holland lands from nverlapjting 
the Conn. Tract. The names of the members of the Holland 
company were Wilhelm Willink. Jan Willink, Nicholas Van 
Stophorst, Jacob Van Stophorst, Nicholas Hubbard, I'ieter Van 
Eeghen, Christian Van Eeghen, Ii^aac Ten Cate. Hemlrick Vol- 
lenhoven, Christina Coster, (^vidow,) Jan Stadnitski, and Rutg?r 
J. Schimmeipennick. 

• This Reserve was sold out in several large tracts to different 
purchasers. A tract containing 87,000 acres, lying immediately 
w. of Phelps and Gorham's '' Mill Tard," was sold to Le Roy, 
Bayard and McEvers, and is known as the Triangular Tract. 
The Connecticut Tract lies immediately w. of the Triangle, and 
contains 100,000 acres. It was piircbased by the State of Conu- 
and Sir Wm. Pultney and was divided between them. Tho 
Crngie Tract, containing 60,000 acres, joins the Conn. Tract on 
the 8., and immediately E. is the 40,000 Acre Tract. Suuth of 
these are successively the Ogden Tract, of 50.000 acres, the Cot- 
tinger Tract, of 60,000 acres, the Sterritt Tract, of 150.WII seres, 
and the Church Tract, of 100,000 acres. A small tra<t joining 
the 40,000 Acre Tract on the 8. i& known as Morrid'i Honoiarj 
Creditors* Tract 



322 GENESEE COUNTY. 

of this country, op at that time aliens could not hold real estate. Immediately after the passing 
of title, measures were taken to extinguish the Indian titles and to survey the tract. A council 
of the Senecae was held at ''Big 3^-ec," now Geneseo, in Sept. 1797, at which time the Indiana 
ceded most of their lands to the whites.* 

The general office of the Uolland Land Co. was located at Philadelphia. Theophilus Cazenove, 
the first general agent, took charge of all the business relating to the company from the first pur- 
chase of tlie lands until 1799. He was succeeded by Paul Busti, who took the chief management 
of affiiirs until 1824, — a period of 25 years. His successor was John J. Vander Kemp, who con- 
tinued to manage the affairs of the company until their final settlement. In July, 1797, Joseph 
EUicott was engaged as principal surveyor of the Holland Land Co.* In 1798, Mr. Ellicott and his 
assistants ran the e. line of the territory — since known as the Transit Line — from Penn. to Lake 
Ontario, forming the basis for the future surveys and divisions of the territory. The surveys were 
continued until the whole territory was divided into ranges and townships. The former numbered 
from E. to w. and the latter from s. to n. 

In 1798 the first State roads were laid out from Conewagas, on Genesee River, to the mouth of 
Buffalo Creek, and to Lewiston, on Niagara River. A few settlers located in various places in 
1798-99, but the settlements did not progress with great rapidity until after the opening of the 
Land Office in Oct. 1800. The first place of business opened was the " Transit Store Houses" 
located on the present site of Stafford Village, in 1798, to furnish supplies to the surveyors engaged 
in running the Transit Line. The land office was first established at '^ Pine Grove," the residence 
oT Asa Ransom, on the present site of Clarence Hollow, Erie co. Upon the organization of Genesee 
CO., in 1802, the office was transferred to Batavia, where it continued until the final closing up of 
the affairs of the company. In 1821, Mr. Ellicott resigned his agency, and was succeeded by Jacob 
S. Otto, who held the office until his death, in 1827. His successor was David E. Evans, who con- 
tinued in charge of affairs until 1837, when the business of the company was closed.' In 1811, 
Ebenezer Mis entered the service of the company as clerk, and for 27 years he had control of th* 
entire sales and subdivisions of lands, — a post for which his mathematical abilities, a tenacious 
memory, aiid habits of order admirably qualified him. In 1835 the Holland Company sold all their 
remaining lands and all their interests to a new company, principally of Batavians, and a new order 
of things was established. Difficulties at once arose between the new company and the settlers in 
various parts of the purchase ; and, finally, mobs collected to destroy the land offices.* The opening 
of this new region to settlement, under the auspices of a liberal and wealthy company, instituted 
a new order of things in the general history of the co., and was of incalculable benefit to the settlers. 
Mills were erected, costly roads opened, and every thing done to facilitate settlement and to remove 
difficulties in the path of settlers. The lands were sold at fair prices and on the most liberal terms. 
The affairs of the company, both at their general and local offices, were conducted by gentlemen of 
liberal culture, enlarged views, and humane hearts. In consequence of the richness of the lands 
and the liberal terms offered by the company, the whole region rapidly filled up with an industrious, 
intelligent, and enterprising population. Many of the early settlers afterward occupied high official 
positions and became known throughout the State for their ability and integrity. 



1 The tracts reserved by the lodians were the Cannawagus 
Reservation, of 2 eq. mi., on the Genesee, w. of Avon ; Little 
Beards and Big Tree Reservation, of 4 eq. mi., on the Genesee, 
opposite Gcneso ■; Squaltie Ilill ReBervation, of 2 sq. mi., on the 
Genesee, N. of Mt. Morris; Gardeau Reservation, of "28 sq. mi., 
on both sides of the Genesee, in Castile and Mt. Morris; the 
Caneadea Reservation of 16 sq. nil., on both sides of theGenesee, 
in Allegany co. ; the Oil Spring Reservation, of 1 sq. mi., on 
the line between Cattiraugus and Allegany; the ADi^gany 
Reservation, of 4'2 sq. mi., on both sides of the Allegany Kiver, 
extending N. from the Penn. line ; the Cattaraugus ReBervation, 
of 42 sq. mi., on both sides of the mouth of Cattarangus Creek; 
the Buffalo Reservation, of 130 sq. mi., on both sides of BufTalo 
Creek; the Tonawanda Reservation, of 70 sq. mi., on both sides 
of Tonawanda Creek, mostly in Genesee co. ; and the Tuscarora 
Reservation, of 1 sq. mi.. 3 mi. E. of Lewiston, Niagara co. The 
titles to all these reservations, except the Tonawanda. Buffalo, 
Cattaraugus, Tuscarora, and Allegany, have since been ex- 
tinguished. 

* Mr. Kllicott took entire charge of the surveys of these lands, 
and completed them in 10 or 12 years. In 1800 ho received the 
appointment of local agent, and for a period of more than 20 
Toars he had almost exclusive control of the company's local 
business. Under bis management an immense tract of wilder- 
ness was converted into one of the finest agricultural regions in 
the world. From his first advent into Western N. Y.. he took a 
high position as an enterprising citizen, independent of his 
connection with the land office. He conducted the large and 
fg^npllcated business committod to bid charge with marked 



ability, and he left a name highly honored throughout the ex- 
tensive domain over which he exerted so commanding an influ- 
ence. 

8 In 1850 an act was passed directing the original field notea 
and maps to be deposited in the secretary's oflice for preflorva- 
tion and as legal proofs. In closing the affairs of the company, 
it w.-^ found necessary to obtain evidence of the death of certain 
original proprietors; and an act. p.iss(-d May 13, ltv46, diructed 
the appointment of a special commissioner to visit JKuropo. 
Julius Rhoades was intrusted with this duty. 

■* One of the principal causes of disturbance was a rumor that 
the now company intended to exact a certain sum for the re- 
newal or extension of every contract. This rule beciuiie very 
obnoxions; the extra payment received the name of the '■Gene- 
see Tarifi," and opposition to it was extensively resolved upon. 
The office at Mayville, Chautauqua CO.. was broken open Feb. 6, 
1836. and the books and papers were seized and burned in the 
public highway. On the 13th of May. a repoi-t reached Batavia 
that TdO armed men were on their way to burn the land office 
at that pl;ice. Mr. Evans, the agent, at once fortified the oflice. 
and collected a force of 60 men, well armed, to piotect it. The 
militia were also called out. The mob stion came into town ; 
but. learning the preparati'itis made to give them a warm re- 
ception, and Well knowing the resolute character of Mr. Kvans, 
they concluded that "discretion was the Wtter part of 
valor," and went away without offering any violence. Be- 
tween 50 and 60 of the ringleaders were arrested; but the difllW 
culties were afterward amicably adjusted, and the prosecution* 
were dropped. 



GENESEE COUNTY. 323 

The location of the principal land office of the company at Batavia converted it at once into a 
place of business and consequence ; and the subsequent selection of the village as the co. seat of 
Genesee co. made it for many years one of the most important places in Western N. Y. Several 
other land offices were afterward established, but they were aJ subordinate to the one at Batavia. 

In the summer of 1826, William Morgan, of Batavia, a mason, commenced the preparation of 
a work disclosing the secrets of free masonry, to be published by David C. Miller, a printer 
of the samg, place. When this fact became known, members of the masonic order became excited, 
and took measures at once to suppress the book. A stranger was introduced to the printer, who, 
under the pretense of friendship, labored to gain an interest in the publication, and thus get pos- 
session of the MS. Morgan was arrested on a civil suit, and gave bail ; but in Aug. 1826, his bail 
surrendered him to the sheriff, and he was imprisoned over the Sabbath, while his lodgings were 
searched, and it is said some of his papers were seized. An attempt was also made to burn the 
office where the book was to be printed. On Sunday, Sept. 10, a warrant was obtained at Canan- 
daigua, by Nicholas G. Chesebro, for the arrest of Morgan at Batavia, 50 mi. distant, on a charge 
of stealing a shirt and cravat, which he had borrowed of one E. C. Kingsley. The next day he 
was arrested and taken in a stage coach to Canandaigua, but was discharged by the justice who 
had issued the warrant. He was immediately re-arrested, at the instance of Chesebro, on a claim 
of $2 for a tavern bill assigned to him by one Ackley ; and, although he took off his coat that the 
officer might levy upon it for payment, he was lodged in jail. On the evening of the 12th, while 
the jailer was absent, his wife, acting under the advice of Chesebro, released the prisoner, as the 
claim upon which he was held had been paid by Loton Lauson, a pretended friend. As Morgan 
passed out of the jail, he was seized by Lauson and a man called Foster, gagged, thrust into a 
carriage, and driven toward Rochester. This was the last that was seen of him except by masons ; 
and whatever else is known was ascertained by judicial inquiry. Various theories were advanced 
as to his fate, the most prevalent one being that he was drowned in Niagara River. 

The disappearance of Morgan excited suspicion, and led to an investigation. Citizens of Ba- 
tavia, Le Roy, and other places along the route of the abduction, held meetings, appointed com- 
mittees which brought to light the facts above stated, and an intense excitement followed. Several 
persons were tried for participating in the abduction. Some plead guilty, and were imprisoned, 
and others escaped conviction. The delays finally barred new prosecution, by the statute of limitar 
tion, except for murder. The excitement following the investigation, at first directed against the 
immediate pai-ticipants in the outrage, was soon turned against the masonic fraternity. The belief 
that a powerful organization, bound by secret oaths, with their members occupying high official 
positions, would perpetrate a crime of this magnitude, excited alarm, and led at once to the forma- 
tion of anti-masonic organizations as a political party. The excitement spread through the State 
and country, members of the fraternity seceded in large numbers, and a systematic effort was made 
to crush the order. The intense feeling continued, and the mutual recriminations of the twe 
parties entered into all the political, religious, and social relations of society until about 1832, 
when other political questions arose, and the excitement gradually died away, and now it is 
understood that members of the masonic order generally condemn the deed as heartily as other.1.' 

Immediately after the abduction of Morgan, an attempt was made to obtain the MS. of Mor- 
gan's " Revelations," then in the hands of Miller the printer, but without success.' 



> Tn 1828. a law was passed authorizing the Governor to ap- [ conspicuous anionK whom were Wilcox and ilurlbnrt. At .Staf- 

point a commissinner to malte a full investigation of tiio Morgan ford he was taken into a masonic lodge rouni, whore efforts 

affair. Daniel Moseley, of Onondaga co., was appointed to this were made to frighten him, and he was threatened with the 

otlic*'; but upon receiving the appointment of Circuit Judge, in fate of Morgan. When taken out of the lodge room, a l.-irge 

18*29, he renigfuHl, and was succeeded liy John C. Spencer, who number of tjia friends had collected, and he Wi»a there first por- 

made a report to the Legislature in 1830, containing all thy in- niitted to see counsel, and to know the nature of the Bui>. 

formation upon the subject then known. against him, which was a civil action for debt. Bail waa rt*- 

Tlie personal characters of the two men who were made the fused, and repeated demands to be taken immediately before 

victims of these outrages would have ruined their schemes had the ma'^^istrate were unheeded. From Staiford to Le Roy ho 

they been made puljliuly known. Morgan was a bricklayer and was closely guarded by a large number of armed men and 

stonemason of damaged reputation, and Miller a refugee debtor attended by an equally large number of his friends. Upon his 



from N.H., and finally left batavia under circumstances ex- 
tremely inconsistent with honor. For details, see Hammontfs 
I^ilical Hijit. A'.F., cfiap. xxxnii: .^s.Tcm^/y Jour.. 1828, j?. 961; 
do. 182'.l, p. 409, and Appendix F: A^Sf.-n. Doa. 1R.30, Ni>. 07- 
186; Anti-Miix<>nic Almanacs, 1828-32, 3rown's Narrative of 
Anti-Masonic Ex/ritt^ment, <&. 

* In Sept. l>^27, Jesse French, Roswel! Wilcox, and ,Tames 
Hurlburt were tried and convicled for assjiiilt and battery upon 
Ilavid C. Miller, and for CilBe imftrisonnient and riot. In the 
evidence before the court it appeal ed that, on the 12th of Sept. 
182''. French, then holding the office of constable, came into the 
printing office of Miller, and arrested him upon a writ issuetl by 
.Justice nartow, of liC Roy. Miller was taken into a carriage 
and driven olf, attended by a large party armed with clubs. 



arrival at Le Roy he resolutely insisted upon going before the 
magistrate, and, assisted by bis crowd of friends, he was enabled 
^t do so, taking the unwilling constable along with him. After 
a short delay bo was discharged. On his way back to Bnta- 
via, under escort of a number of his friends, who had fr'nowe4 
him to Le Hoy, efforts wery made to re-airist him, which his 
friends prevented. It is said that a p<Ttion of the M3. 
was preserved by the wives of some of the masons who were 
most prominent in their efforts to destroy it. French was 
sentenced to one year's imjrrisonnient in tire co. jail, Wiicoa 
to 1^ months, and Hurlburt to 3 mos. James Grauson was tried 
and acquitted. 

Great excitement followed these events, and a civil war was 
anticipated. At the celebration of Saint John's Day following 



324 



GENESEE COUNTY. 



AIjABAJUA^ — was formed from Shelby (Orleans co.) and Pembroke, as " Gerri/svUlc,'*^ April 
17, 1826. Its name was changed April 21, 1828. A part of "Wales was annexed in 1832. It is 
the N. W, corner town of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating. The n. and w. por- 
tions are covered by marshes, forming a part of tlie Tonawanda Swamp. Oak Orchard Creek flows 
across the n, e. corner, and Tonawanda Creek across the s. w. corner. A limestone terrace, 50 to 
75 ft. high, extends across the s. part of the town. Tonawanda Creek flows down this declivity in 
a perpendicular cascade known as Tonawanda Falls, furnishing a fine water power .• Near the 
center of the n. part of the town, a few rods from the banks of Oak Orchard Creek, are the *' Oak 
Orchard Acid Springs."* The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam with a clay sub-soil. Alabama 
Center (Alabama p. o.) contains 2 churches and several mills. Pop. 166. '^Iieatville (p-v.) 
lies in the n. e. part of the town. Pop. 93. Smitlivllle (South Alabama p. o.) lies near the e. 
line. Pop. 147. The first settlement was made in 1806, by James AValsworth,* The first church 
(F. W. Bap.) was formed in the e. part of the town, in 1824, by Elder Samuel Whitcomb, the first 
preacher,* The Tonawanda Indian Reservation occupies a section of land 2 mi. wide, lying on 
Tonawanda Creek and comprising about one-fourth of the area of the town. 

AliElCAIVDER^ — was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. It lies on the s. border of the co., 
w. of the center. Its surface is hilly in the center and s. and rolling in the n. The summits in 
the s. w. are 200 to 250 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Tonawanda Creek, flowing n. 
through the center of the town. Little Tonawanda, Huron, and Bowens Creeks, and several smaller 
streams. The soil upon the hills is a gravelly loam with a clay sub-soil, and in the valleys it is a 
rich alluvium. Alexander, (p. v.,) incorp. April 24, 1834, is situated upon Tonawanda Creek, 
near the center of the town. It contains a flouring mill, seminary,' and 3 churches. It is a station 
upon the Attica branch of the Central R. R., and also upon the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. Pop. 345. 
ISrooRville (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by Alexander Rea, in 1802.' 
The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1835.' 

BATAVIA — was formed March 30, 1802. Chautauqua was taken off in 1804, Alexander, 
Bergen, Bethany, and Pembroke in 1812, and Elba and a part of Stafford in 1820. It is the central 
town of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. A limestone ridge, 20 to 50 feet high 
extends e. and w. through the n. part of the town. Tonawanda Creek flows northward from the 
line of Alexander to Batavia Village, where it turns westward and flows centrally through the 
town to the w. border. Bowens Creek is the only other considerable stream. The soil is a deep, 
fertile, sandy and gravelly loam with a clay sub-soil. Batavia, (p-'^-O ^^i® c*^* seat, was incorp. 
April 23, 1823. Besides the co. buildings, it contains a female seminary,^** union school," bank, 3 



the abduction, an incident occurred which showed the excited 
state of feeling that pervaded the community. During the day, 
Frederick Follett. late Canal Commissioner, a mason, while at- 
tending to hiB duties as marshal of the day. suddenly found 
himself surrounded by an infuriated crowd of armed men, evi- 
dently determined to kill him. lie drew hia sword, put spurs 
tohis horse, and succeeded in throwing off the grasp of two men 
upon the bridle, and escaped from the crowd . 

1 Named from the Stat« of Alabama, and said to signify '* Here 
we rest." 

* Intended to be named in honor of David Gary, one of the early 
settlers; but through a cheat it was called " GerrysvUle" from 
Elbridge Oerry. Ex Vice-President. 

8 These springs are 9 in number, and are all found within a 
circle of 60 rods. They issue from mounds, evidently formed 
by the action of the wat^r, 2^ to 4 ft. above the surrounding 
surface. No two of these springs are alike ; and in one instance 
three springs issue from a single mound within 10 ft. of each 
olher, and the waters are essentially dissimilar. The following 
is an analysis of the waters of the three principal springs:— 



y-j. 1, 6y Profs. Silliman and 
Norton. 

Sulphuric acid. 134.732 

Proto-sulphat« iron 2S.623 

Sulphate alumina. 21.690 

" lime 74.891 

" magnesia. 35.59i5 

« potash 5.519 

** soda. 6.343 

Chloride Bodiam 2.4*4 

. " aUica 4.592 

Grains 314.420 



JVo, 2, 6y Prof. E. Emmons. 

Sulphate lime 1.552 

iron 4.904 

" magnesia. 0.623 

Free sulphuric acid 16.132 

" organic matter 1.360 

" silica 0.230 

TotalNo.ofgrs.inlpt. 24.801 
No.Z. 

Free sulphuric acid 12.414 

Sulphate lime 0.736 

" iron. 3,920 

" magnesia 1.236 

OrEtanic matter 0.100 

Silica, a trace 0.000 

ToUlNo.ofgrs.inlpt 18.406 



Large quantities of this water are annually bottled and sold for 
medicinal purposes. 

* Among theotherearly settlers were Robt. Harper, Jesse Liind, 
Dr. Smith, (from Vt.,) and Peter, Joseph, and James Holmes, 
(from Delaware co.) The tirst births were those of twin children 
of James Walsworth, in 1806; the first death was that of an un- 
known traveler, at the house of Mr. Walsworth. in ISUS. He 
was buried without a coffin or religious services. The first 
school was taught by Henry Howard, in 1817; the first inn was 
kept by James Walsworth, in 1808 ; the first store, by Nahum 
Loring. in 1828; and the first sawmill was erected in 1824, by 
Sam'l Whitcomb, at Wheatville. 

6 The census reports 4 churches; 3 Bap. and 1 M. E. 

1 Named from Alexander Rea, the first settler, and for several 
years a State Senator. 

' The Genesee and Wyoming Seminary was founded in 1834, 
through the efforts and liberality of Samuel Benedict and Henry 
Hawkins. In 1845. Mr. Hawkins bequeathed to the institution 
$4000. his private library, and a geological cabinet. It has now 
a respectable library and cabinet of natural history ; and its main 
building, erected of stone in 1837, has the capacity of accommo- 
dating 300 students. 

8 John Oney. Lewis Disbrow, Geo. Darrow, and Mr. Blackman 
settled in the"town in 1802-03. The first death was that of Wm. 
Whitney, in 1803, by the fall of a tree. The first school was 
taught by Mr. Jones, in the winter of 1805-06, at Alexander Vil- 
lage. Harvey Hawkins kept the fii-st inn, in 1S09, and the first 
store, in 1807- Alexander Rea .ind Joseph Fellows built the 
first sawmill, in 1804; and Wm. Adams the first gristmill, In 
1807. 

* The census reports 3 churches in town; Presb., M. E., and 
Univ. 

10 Mrs. Bryan's Female Seminary, a boarding school for young 
ladies. The school building is the former mansion of David K. 
Evans. 

n The Batavia Union Schoolhouse was erected fn 1847, at a 
cost of $7000. It includes a higher English and classical de- 
partment. 



GENESEE COUNTY. 



325 



newspaper offices, 5 churches, an arsenal,^ and a number of manufacturing establishments.' Pop. 
2868, Bushville is a hamlet. In 1800, Joseph Ellicott fixed upon the site of Batavia Village 
as the most eligible place for the location of the office of the Holland Land Co., and in the spring of 
1802 the office was removed to this place. Tlie land office building is still standing. The old courtr 
house and jail is now occupied as a public hall. In March, 1801, Abel Rowe came to the place 
and erected the first building, and immediately opened it as an inn.' The first church (Cong.) 
was formed by Rev. Royal Phelps, in 1809. Rev. Ephraim Chapin was the first preacher.* 
Batavia was the focus of the great anti-masonic excitement which followed the abduction of William 
Morgan in 1826.'* 

BERGEi\— was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. Byron was taken off in 1820. Its 

surface is gently undulating, and has a slight inclination toward the n. Black Creek flows E. 
through the town a little N. of the center. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam. Bergen Cor- 
ners, (Bergen p. o.,) on the e. border of the town, contains 3 churches and 30 dwellings. 
ffardvJlle, formerly called " Corky* on the Central R. R., J mi. n. of Bergen Cornei*s, contains 
443 inhabitant*?. Stone Cburcli (p. o.) is a hamlet on the line of Le Roy. Nortb Bergen 
(p. 0.) and "West Bergen (p.o.) are hamlets. East Bergen is a p. o. The first settlement was 
made at Bergen Village, by Samuel Lincoln, from Conn, about 1805.^ The first religious meeting 
was held at South Bergen, in Sept. 1807; Rev. Calvin Ingals (Presb.) was the first settled 
minister.^ 

BET0AIVT — was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. It lies on the s. border of the co., e. 
of the center. Its surface is hilly in the s. and rolling in the n. Black Creek flows n, through 
near the center of the town, and Little Tonawanda Creek through the s. w. and n, w. corners. The 
soil in the e, is a dark, gravelly loam, and in the w. a heavy, clay loam. Weak brine springs have 
been found ; but all attempts to procure salt water by boring have proved unsuccessful. Bet liany 
Center (Bethany p.o.) contains 2 churches and 35 dwellings, East Betbany (p. v.) a church 
and about 20 dwellings, and I^inden^ (P'V-») ^ station on the B. & N, Y. City R. R., a floui*ing 
and sawmill, a furnace, and 40 dwellings. West Bethany Mills is a p.o. Canada (for- 
merly ^^ Bennetts Settlement*^) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the n. e. part of the 
town in 1803, by John Torrey, from Cayuga co.® The census reports 5 churches in town.^ 

BYRO^ — named from Lord Byron — was formed from Bergen, April 4, 1820. It lies on the 
N. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is gently undulating, with a slight inclination to 
the N. Black Creek flows n. to near the center of the town, receiving the waters of Bigelow and 
Spring Creeks, then turns n. e. and flows into Bergen. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly and 
sandy loam. A sulphur spring, from which issues carburetted hydrogen gas, is found on Black 
Creek a little n. of Byron. An acid spring, known as the "Sour Spring," is found in the s.w, 
part of the town.^^ Byron, (p. v.,) located near the center of the town, contains 2 churches and 
about 150 inhabitants. South Byron" (p. v.) is a station on the Central R. R. Pop. about 200. 
Pumpkin Hill^^ is a hamlet. Benham Preston, from Batavia, was the first settler, on lot 197, 



1 This arsenal was erected by the State, at Batavia, under an 
act of 18ti8 for the protection of the northern and western fron- 
tiers. It continues in use as a depository of anus and military 
equipage. 

2 This village is one of the most important R. R. statinna in 
Western N.Y. From it three branches of the N. Y. Centnil R. R. 
extend w, and s.w., — one to Niagara FallK. one to Buffaio, and 
one to Attica; and two toward theE., — one to Rochester and one 
to Canandaigna. The Buffalo, N. Y. & Erie K. Road al»u pusses 
through the place. 

3 The village was named by Mr. Ellicott in 1802. the locality 
having previously been known as " The Bendy The first road 
was opened through the village In Feb. 1802. Amon^r the early 
settlers were Stephen Russell, Isaac Sutherland. Gen.Worthy L. 
Churchill, Col. Wm. Rumsey. -Toha Thomsun, John Lamberton, 
David E. Evans, James Brisbane, James W. Stevens, Richard 
Abbey. Jedediah Crosby, Gideon Elliott, Cotton Leach, Samuel 

F. Geer, Bennjah Worden, and Munger. The first marriage 

was that of Wm. Leston and Lavinia How; and the first death, 

that of Harris, in 1807. Hannah Austin taught the first 

achool. in 1806; Stephen Russell opened an inn, in 1801; Jamea 
Brisbane kept the first store, in 1802; and Jos. Ellicott erected 
the first sawmill, in 1801, and the first gristmill, in 1804, on the 
Tonawanda Creek, for the Holland Land Co. 

< The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Presb., Prot. E., Bap., M. 
E., and R. C. 

f> Seo page 323. 

« Among the early settlers were Jedediah Crosby, David Pot- 
ter, Wm. White, Jas. Landen, and David Franklin, (from Conn.,) 
who came in 1805-06; and SImou Pieraon, (also from Conn.,) in 



1808. The first child bom was Luthei Crosby, in 1806; the first 
inn was kept at Bergen Corners by Samuel liutler, in 1810; the 
first store by Levi Ward, in 1808. Jared Merrill erected the first 
sawmill, in theN. w. part of the town, in 1811; and Titus Wilcox 
(from Conn.) taught the first school, in the winter of 1807-08, at 
Bergen Corners. 

^ The census reports 5 churches; 2 Cong., and 1 each Presb., 
M. E., and R. C. 

8 In the same year Capt. Geo. Lalhrop, from C^^nn., settled on 
lot 40, in the N. part of the town, and Orsemus Kellot^g. from 
Sheffield, Mass., in the E. part. Lyman D. Prindli-, fn>m Honsick, 
settled at East Bethany in 1805; Joseph Adgate, from Ulster 
CO., and Mather Peck, from Lyme. Conn., near Kast Bethany in 
180fi. The first birth was that of a child of Orsenius Kellopg. in 
1803; and the first dejith, that of Solomon U-tthrop. in 1S06. 
Matilda Wedge, from New England, taught the first echool. in 
1808. Sylvester Lincoln kept the first inn; Elisha Hurlburt, 
from Vt., the first store, in 1808; and Judge Wilson built the 
first gristmill, in 1811. 

2 Pre«b . and 1 each M. E.. Bflp., and F. W. Bap. 

10 The acid spring issues from a hillock abont 230 feet long ana 
100 broad, elex'ated 4 or 5 feet above the plain. The strength 
of the acid is increased by drouth, and in some places it is i)iiite 
concentrated and nearly dry in its combination with the charred 
vegetable coat which everywhere covers the hillock to a depth 
of from 5 to 40 inches. — Beck's Mineralogy N. i', p. 149. 

n Locally known a« " BrvasfhiUf" 

U Named from the fact that an early tavern sign at that plac» 
was pointed yellow and resembled a pumpkin. 



326 



GENESEE COUNTY. 



in 1807.^ The first religious services were held by Rev. Royal Phelps, (Presb.,) from Cayuga co., 
in 1809. The first church (Bap.) was formed in lylO, by Elder Benjamin M. Parks.^ 

DARIEIV — was formed from Pembroke, Feb. 10, 1832. It is the s.w. corner town of the co. 
The surface is hilly in the s. and rolling in the n. The streams are the Eleven Mile, Crooked, and 
Murder Creeks. The soil in the n. is a sandy and gravelly loam, and in the s. a clayey loam under- 
laid by limestone, Darien Center, {p. v.,) formerly ^* Kings Coimers," contains a church, 
seminary,^ and 20 dwellings. Darien City, (Danen p.o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains a 
church and 50 dwellings. The first settlement was made near Darien City, by Orange Carter, from 
Vt., in 1803.* The census reports 4 churches in town.^ 

ELBA— was formed from Batavia, March 14, 1820. Oakfield was taken off in 1842. It is the 
central town on the n. border of the co. The surface is level or undulating. Oak Orchard Creek 
flows N.E. through the center of the town to the n.e. corner, and thence turns w. and flows through 
the N. part into Oakfield. The Tonawanda swamp extends along its course in the n. part of the 
town. The soil is a fertile, sandy, graveUy and clayey loam. Pine Ilill (Elba p. v.) lies near 
the center of the town. Pop. 400. Transit,' on the line of Byron, is a hamlet. Eau^ons Cor- 
ners, IflilLs Corners, (East Elba p. o.,) and DaiTS Corners are farming neighborhoods. 
The first settlement was made at Daws Corners in 1801, by Samuel and Amos Ranger, from Vt.' 
The first religious meetings were held by Rev. Mr, Mitchell, (M.E.,) in 1807. The first church 
(Bap.) was formed by Elder John Miner, in 1821.^ 

IjE ROY^ — was formed from Caledonia (Livingston co.) as ^' Bellona,^' June 8, 1812. Its name 
was changed April 6, 1813. A part of Stafford was taken off in 1820, and a part of Pavilion in 
1842. It is the central town on the e. border of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. 
A limestone ridge, 40 to 100 feet high, extends through the n. part of the town. Oatka Creek, the 
principal stream, flows from the s.w. corner of the town n.e. to a point a little n. of the center, 
thence turns and pursues a s. E. course to the e. border. Buttermilk Falls, 90 feet high, marks its 
descent over the limestone terrace.**' The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Gypsum and 
Onondaga limestone, for building purposes, are obtained in this town. In the e, part, s. of Oatka 
Creek, is an extensive tract of oak openings, covered thickly with stone and hard of cultivation. 
Ije Roy (p.v.) was incorp. May 5, 1834. It is finely located on Oatka Creek, and contains a 
bank, i newspaper ofiice, a female seminary," 6 churches, and several manufacturing establish- 



1 Among the other first settlers were Hoskins, in 1808; 

Elisha Taylor, from Otsego co., (on lot 186;) Theater T. Hol- 
bruok, from Cayuga co. ; Wheaton Carpenter, from R. T.; and 
Elieha Miller, from Penn., on lot 2. in 18f)9; Nathan Holt, from 
OtseKO CO., in 1810; and Asa Merrills, from Oneida co., in 1811. 
The firt^t child born was a son of Elisha Taylor, in 1809; the 
first marriage, that of Saml. Montgomery and Polly Parks, in 
1811 ; and the fii-et death, that of a son of Mr. Hoskins. Thester 
T. Holhrook tanght the first school, in 1810-11; Ira Newbury 
kept the first inn, in 1815 ; Amos Hewett, the first store, in 1813; 
Win. Shepard erected the first sawmill, in 1813; and Asa Wil- 
liams the first gristmill, in 1S14. 

2 The census reports 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., and 1 each 
Presh and F. W. Bap. 

3 The Darien Seminary was established in 1850, by Robert 
Blennerhassett. 

* Isa«c Chaddock, from Vt., settled near Darien City in 1804. 
The first child born was Harriet Carter, in 1806. Stephen 
Parker kept the first inn, in 1808. at Darien City ; and Stephen 
King the first store, in 1S15, at Dnrien Center. The first saw- 
mill was erected by Amos Humphrey, in 1809, on Eleven Mile 
Cioek. 

6 Cong.. Bap., F. W. Bap., and M. E. 

6 Named from its location on the E. transit meridian of the 
Holland Liind Company's survey. 

' Sam'l Clark, from Mass., and his son Sam'l, settled in 1802. 
and Samuel Hall, from Seneiu co.. and John Young, came soon 
after. The first birth was that of Betsey White, in 1802; the 
tirst death, that ol David Kiugi^k'y, in 1804. Mason Turner 
tiiighi tlie tirst school, near the center, in ISII; Stephen Har- 
m'>ii kept the first inn, in 1815; and Sam'l Lane the first store, 
in l^l'.i, at Pine Hill. Horace Gibbs erected the first sawmill, 
ou abnmcb .it f-piing L'ret-k. in tin- k. part of the town, in 1810; I 
and Comfort Smith the first gristmill, on the same stream, in I 
1315. The widow of John Young gives the following account of ' 
some of the triidsof pioneer life: — " My husband having the year 
before been out and purchased his land upon the Holland Pur- . 
chase, in the fall of 1804 we started from our home in Virtrinia, j 
on horseback, for our new location. We came through Mary- ' 
land, crossing the Sus'tuehauna at MiUon, thence via Tio^^a 
I'oint and the then usual route. In crossing the Alleghany Mts. 
night cflino upon us: the horses became frightened by wild 
t-iiusts, and refused to proceed. We wrapped ourselves in our 



cloaks and horse blankets, and attempted to get some rest, but 
had a disturbed night of it. Panthers came near us, often giv- 
ing terrific screams. The frightened horses snorted and stamped 
upon the rocks. Taking an early start in the morning, we soon 
came to a settler's house, and were informed that we had stopped 
in a common resort of the panther. My husband built a shanty, 
which was about 10 feet square, fiat roofed, covered with split 
ash shingles; the floor was made of the halvesof split basswood; 
no chimney. A blanket answered the purpose of a door for a 
while, until my husbnnd got time to make a door of sjilit plank. 
We needed no window ; the light camo in where the smoke went 
out. For chairs we had benches, made by splitting logs and sett- 
ling tho sections upon legs. A bedstead was made by boring 
holes in the side of the shanty, inserting pieces of timber which 
rested upon two upright posts in front, a side piece completing 
the structure, peeled basswood bark answering the place of a 
cord. We of course had brought no bed with tis on horseback ; 
so one had to be procured. We bought a cotton bag of Mr. Bris- 
bane, and. stuffing it with cat-tail, it was far better than no bed. 
The second year we wore in, 1 had an attack of the fever and 
ague, which confined me for nearly a year. That year my hus- 
band cleared fouracres, besides takingcare of me and doing the 
cooking. It was no uncnnimnn thing, in the first years of settle- 
ment, for women in rlublijirih tti be deprived of the aid of a 
physician: and often the attetubince of their own sex had to be 
dispensed with. Mr. Yonntrdiid in 18:16." Turner'' s Rion. Hist. 

8 The census reports 5 churches in town ; 1 each Bap,, Cong., 
M. E., Prot. M., and Friends. 

* Named in honor of Herman Le Roy, one of the original pur- 
chasers of the " TrianffU Tract ^ 

10 When the water is low, it disappears in the bed of the 
stream about 2 miles above the falls, and finds its way to the 
lower channel through a subterranean passage. 

"The Ingham University, late Ingham Collegiate Institute, 
was incorp. 1857. The institution was first established at Attira, 
in 1835. by Miss Marietta Ingham, and a younger sister. Kniily 
K. Ingham, (now Mrs. Phineas Stanton.) from Mass. In 1837 it 
was removed to Le Roy, and was established as the"Le Koy 
Female Seminary" by the founders, aided and supported i»y 
Messrs. Saml. Comstock, Jonathan P. Darling, Seth M. Gates:, 
Albert Brewster, A. S. Upham, Enos Bachelder, A. P. Hascall, 
Lee Comstock, Israel Rathbone, Richard Hollister. and Wm. S, 
Bradley. It was chartered in 1841; and iu 1855 the whole 



GENESEE COUNTY. 



327 



ments. Pop. 2081. Fort Hill^ is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1797, by Charles 
Wilbur, near Le Roy Village.* The first religious services (Prot. E.) were held at the village by 
the Rev. Davenport Phelps, in 1802.» 

OAKFIEE.D*~was formed from Elba, April 11, 1842. It lies on the n. border of the co., 
w. of the center. The surface is level or gently undulating. Oak Orchard Creek, the principal 
stream, flows w. through the n, part of the town. A marsh, forming a portion of the Tonawanda 
swamp, extends along its course. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by clay. Brine 
springs, from which salt was formerly manufactured, are found near the center of the to>vn. 
CaryviUe^ (Oakfield p. o.) was incorp. in July, 1858. It contains an academy^ and 2 churches. 
Pop. 500. Oakfield and Mechanicviile are hamlets. Most of the town was an Indian 
Reservation, and the lands were not sold to the whites until subsequent to 1832, The first settlers 
were Erastus Walcott, Gideon Dunham, and Christopher Kenyon, who came in 1801.' One mi. w. 
of Caryville are the remains of an ancient fortification known as the *' Old Fori^'^ consisting of a 
ditch and breastworks, including about 10 acres of ground. There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. 
and M. E. 

PAVIIjIO]V — was formed from Covington, (Wyoming co.,) May 19, 1841, Portions were 
annexed from Le Roy and Stafibrd, March 22, 1842. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The 
surface is hilly in the s. and undulating in the n. Oatka Creek, the principal stream, flows n. a 
little w. of the center of the town. The soil is a fertile, gravelly loam underlaid by clay. Fruits 
are extensively cultivated. Pavilion (p. v.) is situated on Oatka Creek, near the s. border of the 
town. Pop. 21G. Pavilion Center, (p. v.,) formerly " >SbM^^ Lc Boi/y*^ contains a church 
and 20 houses. Fnlon Corners is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1809, by 
Peter Crosman.^ The first church edifice (Univ.) was erected at the village of Pavilion, in 1832.* 

PEMBROKE — was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. A part of Alabama was taken off 
in 1826, and Darien in 1832. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface ia 
level or gently undulating. Tonawanda Creek flows through the n. e. corner, and Mm-der Creek 
through the s. and s. w. parts. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay. 
The Tonawanda Indian Reservation occupies a portion of the n. part of the town. East Pem- 
broke, (p.v.,) on the line of Batavia, contains an academy,*^ 2 churches, and 35 dwellings, 
Ricbville,^^ (I'embrokep. o.,) 1 church and 40 dwellings, LougS Corners, (Corfu p. o.,) in 
the s. part of the town, 2 churches and 45 dwellings, and IHogadore, (North Pembroke p.o.,) 
20 dwellings. Prospect Hill is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the town in 
1804, by David Goss, from Mass." The first church (Cong.) was formed by Rev. Joshua Spencer, 
first minister, in 1810, at Longs Corners.^' 

STAFFORD — ^was formed from Batavia and Le Roy, March 24, 1820. A part of Pavilion 
was taken off in 1842, It is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. Its surface is undu- 
lating, with a general slight slope to the n. Black Creek flows n. through the center of the town, 
and Bigelow Creek rises in the w. and flows in the same direction. The soil is a productive, sandy 



establiehment, coBting over $20,000, was donated by its founders 
to the Synod of Genesee, npon the conditions that a full colle- 
giate course should be established, and a permanent fund raised 
for its support. The gift waa accepted by the Synod, and the 
present name bestowed. 

1 On the brow of the hill at this place are the ruins of an old 
fort. — Smithsiniiaii ContHbidums, vol. JL, art. d, p. 48. 

S Capt. John Ganson, aud his 2 sons John and James, settled 
near Le Roy Village in 1798, and Gideon Fordham, Alexander 
McPherson. and Uines Chamberlin in 1800-01. The first child 
born was Naomi Wilbur, iu 1799; and the first after the town 
was named Le Roy was Wm. Le Roy Annin, in 1814. Geo. A. 
Tiffany kept the first store, in 1806; and the Holland Land Co. 
built the first mill, in 1804. 

3 The census reports 6 churches in town; 1 each Prot, E., 
Presb.. Cong., Bap., M. E., and R. C. 

* Named from the fact that the lands of the town were mostly 
** Oak Openings." 

B Named from CoL Alfred Cary, an early settler and prominent 
citizen. 

* The Cary Collegiate Institute was founded in 1840, mainly 
by the influence aud means of Col. Alfn-d Cary, who died in 
this town Sept. 17, 1858, aged 79. The building (which is of 
stone) and apparatus cost $15,000. The institution has accom- 
modations for 2<)0 students. Besides large contributions to its 
establishment. Col. Cary has endowed the institution with 
$2t),tXW. It is now under charge of the Prot. E. Church. 

^ The first store waa kept in 1833, by Col. Cary, at Caryville ; 
ud the first inu by Gideoa Dunham, at Dunhams Corners, in 



1805. The first saw and grist mill were erected by Christopher 
Kenyon, in 1811. 

8 Among the other first settlers were James McWithey, Solo- 
mon Terrill, Reuben Burnham, and Joshua Shumway, in 1810 ; 
Sylvanus Young. Elijah Phelps, Amasa Allen, and several bro- 
thers of the name of Burgt-es, in 1811 ; and Isaac 8torm, in 1812, 
most of whom loaited in the E. part of the town. The first death 
was that of a child of Reuben Burnham, in 1812. Laura Terrill 
(from Vt.) taught the fiint scbiwl. in 1S13; Seth Smith kept the 
first inn, in 1815; and Uorace Bates the first store, in 1817, at 
the village of Pavilion. The first mill was erected by Bial La- 
throp, on Oatka Creek, in 1816. 

• The census reports 7 churches in town; 3 M. E., and 1 each 
Presb.. Bap., Union, and Univ. 

1" The Rural Academy waa incorp. by the regents in 1S56 
Average number of students about 100. 

11 Named from Charles B. Rich, a prominent man in town. 

12 John Long, Dr. David Long, (from Washington co.,) and 
SamuelCarr Settled in the town in 1>S0S, and Joseph Lester (from 
Conn.) in 1809. The first child born waa Jonathan Hastings, jr., 
in 1810; and the first marriage, that of Ansell Ilastiugs and 
Polly Long, In 1812. Anna Ilorton taught the first ecb ool. at 
Corfu, in 1811 ; Samuel Carr kept the first inn, at W. i'embroke, 
in 1809; John Ball the first store, at thn same place, iu 1812; 
and Samuel Carr erected the first gristmill and sawmill, iu 
1808-09. 

18 The census reports 6 churches in town; 2 Bap., and 1 each 
Presb., M. E., Prot. M., aud Christian. 



328 



GENESEE COUNTY. 



loam intermixed with clay. Stafford (p. v.) lies on Black Creek, near the center of the town. 
It is a station on the C. & N. F. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., and contains 3 churches, a private 
seminary, and a pop. of 350. Morg'anville' (p. v.) contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, a flour- 
ing mill, a brown earthen ware factory, and 200 inhabitants. A fall in Black Creek at this 
place is 30 ft. perpendicular and 30 ft. in rapids, aifording a fine water power.'' Roanoke,^ 
(p. V.,) formerly " Orangeburgh," contains a church, several mills, and 20 dwellings. The settle- 
ment was commenced in 1801, by Col. Wm. Rumsey and Gen. Worthy Lovel Churchill, (from Vt.,) 
who located on the Buffalo Road, w. of Stafford.* The first religicjus services were held at the 
house of Col. Rumsey, by Rev. Mr. Green. The first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Amos 
Lampson, in 1815.* 

Acres of Land, Yaluation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Genesee County. 



Names op Towns, 



Alabama. .. 
Alexander 

Batavia 

Bergen 

Bethany.... 

Byron 

Darien 

Elba 

Le Roy 

Oakfield.... 
Pavilion .... 
Pembroke., 
Stafford 

Total.. 



Acres of Land. 



l.S,S4oS 
17,i3i 
20,803} 
12.504 
18.118 
15,409 
23,527 
15,014 
20.427 
9.20Si 
le.9S6i 
15,lS7i 
15,648 



:l9,012i 



10,194J 
4,539 
5,320J 
4,126 
4,8R2i 
4,1 fl2 
0,907 
6,535 
5,872 
3,47 6J 
4,322i 

12.297i 
8,098 



Valuation op 1858. 



806,535 
769,370 

2.371,128 
684,266 
617,316 
775,776 
696,870 
678.131 

1,266,937 
398,916 
606,308 
814,001 
773,125 



6,7.32 11,157,67S 




1,958,064 



848.88S 
630,020 

3,094,728 
724.676 
665,654 
927,611 
768.152 
790,261 

1,659,707 
436,516 
687,708 
852,001 
924,224 



1,159 
911 

2,653 
905 
926 
843 

1,112 
9.59 

2,117 
817 
916 

1,432 

1,073 



13,115,743 18,821 15,222 



1,035 
887 

2,661 
895 
964 
798 

1,064 
910 

2,098 
693 
843 

1,412 



416 
351 
924 
806 
356 
313 
418 
375 
716 
266 
323 
549 
860 



6; 

J_ 

436 
378 
990 
363 
382 
329 
435 
384 
5.32 
279 
333 
566 
386 



5,792 



315 

268 
733 
303 
327 
272 
362 
251 
611 
178 

2.';o 

452 
186 



Schools. 



903 
6S5 

1.706 
638 
604 
502 
822 
616 

1,363 
589 
636 
977 
744 

4,428 152 10,644 



^3 



Names op Towns, 



Alabama. ., 
•Alexander. 

Batavia 

Bergen , 

Bethany.... 

Byron 

Darien 

Elba 

Le Roy 

Oakfleld.... 

Pavilion 

Pembroke... 
Stafford 

Total. 



Live Stock. 



1,049 
700 

1,229 
683 
803 
970 
976 
988 

1,246 
461 
805 
781 
702 



11,395 



III 



1,288 
1,279 
1,340 

832 
1,122 
1,314 
1,306 

979 
1,155 

646 
1,205 
1,024 

865 



14,244 



927 
781 

1,240 
689 
832 
746 

1,095 
739 
970 
329 
842 
6S8 
563 



10,641 



8.844 
11.630 
7,802 
4,667 
9,304 
6,429 
14,729 
4,618 
7,714 
3,007 
11,221 
6,594 
4,932 



2,209 
991 
2,198 
1,312 
1,277 
1,762 
1,016 
1,789 
1,973 
983 
1,113 
1,175 
1,487 



100,391 19,273 i761,590 



Agricultural Products. 



BiTSH, OF GKAOf. 



76.574 
39,795 
86.868 
43,806 
48,063 
67,638 
21,052 
63,664 
112,421 
35,175 
66,096 
33,073 
89,666 



■e 

_± 

91,094 

65,907 

87,350 

49,366 

64,201 i 

66.597 

70.398i 

76,616 

66,26Ri 

47,643 

67.782i 

62,103 

44,848i 



840,165 41 ,398 J 



.:s 



12.892 
11,361 
18,350 

7,062 
12,991 

8,440 
17,604 
11,667 
13,142 

4,834 
10,448 
26,634 
12,969 



167,274 






10.355 
33,644 
18.436 
16,872 
41,912 
12.366 
34,858 
29.041 
26.180 
9,818 
32,896 
17.586 
13,158 



296,121 



Dairy PH0DDCT8. 



C5 



74.617 
74.926 
88.348 
69.907 
77,271 
62,820 
88,117 
71,:i40 
89,247 
18,574 
80,087 
93,497 
40,480 



12,248 

12,386 
4,625 
4,686 

16.179 
7,345 

11,528 
l,325j 
6,9801 
1.293 

15.140 
8,438 
3,501 



919,130 106,873 4,6464 



992 
611 
223 

296i 

20 
307 
700 
332 
159 

73 
698J 
401} 

33 



1 Named from the wife of Wm. Morgan, of masonic notoriety. 

2 Two caves are found in the w. bank of the creek a few rods 
below the falls. 

> Named from the residence of John Randolph by Major Jas. 
Ganson. 

* Peter Stage (from Onondaga co.) settled in 1802. Benj. Gan- 
son and John Annis were tlie first settlers in the E. part of the 
town. Gen. W. L. Churchill served with credit in the War of 
1812, and subsequently as sheriff of Oenesee co. from 1820 to 
1S25. The first birth was that of a child of W. L. Churchill, 
liarch 9, 1803 ; and the first death, that of the wife of W. L. 



Churchill, at about the same time. The first school was taught 
by Kstlier Sprout, in 1806, Frederick Walthers kept the first inn, 
at Stafford Village, in 1799; and this w,is one of the first three 
taverns kept on the Holland Purchase. The village was then 
known as the " Tranint Storr Hou^e,'' from its being the principal 
supply station for the surveying company while running the 
" Transit Line." The first sawmill was built on Bigelow Creek, 
in 1810, by Amos Stow; and the first gristmill, on the sam* 
stream, in 1811, by Seymour Ensign. 

6 The census reports 7 churches in town ; 2 M E., and 1 each 
Prot. £., Cong., Bap., Christian, and Univ. 



GREENE COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Albany and Ulster, March 25, 1800, 
and named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of the Revolution. 
Parts were annexed to Ulster co. May 26, 1812. It lies upon the w. 
bank of Hudson River, centrally distant 32 mi. from Albany, and 
contains 686 sq. mi. Its surface is very broken and mountainous. 
The main range of the Catskill Mts. commences 8 to 10 mi. w. of the 
Hudson and extends along the s. border of the co. to Delavrare co. 
These mountains are 3000 to 3800 feet above tide.' Their summits 
are broad, wild, and rocky, and their declivities steep and often pre- 
cipitous. A branch from the main ridge extends in a N. w. direction 
through the co., separating the towns of Durham and Cairo from 
Windham and Hunter and dividing the co. into two nearly equal 
parts. This ridge is 2500 to 3000 feet above tide. It has a steep and wall-like front on the b., and 
on the w. it sends off numerous spurs, which extend to the valley of Schoharie Creek. The whole 
intermediate territory consists of high, rocky ridges separated by narrow valleys. The declivities are 
generally steep on the N., but more gradual on the s.^ Another branch from the main ridge extends 
northward through the extreme w. part of the co., between the towns of Halcott and Lexington, and 
forms the series of highlands that rise upon the w. bank of Schoharie Creek. This range forms the 
watershed between Schoharie Creek and Delaware River. The e. half of the co. is hilly and broken. 
An irregular line of bluffs extends along the Hudson, with an average elevation of about 100 ft. 
Parallel to these bluffs, and 2 to 4 mi. further w., is a range of hills 500 to 700 ft. above the river. 
These highlands are known as the Potick Hills in the town of Athens. Between this ridge and the 
E. foot of the Catskills the surface is moderately hilly, gradually sloping toward Catskill Creek. 

The principal streams of the co. are Hudson River, forming its E. border, Schoharie Creek and 
its tributaries, draining the w. slope of the mountains, and Catskill Creek' and its principal 
tributary the Kaaterskil, draining the E. slope. Small branches of these streams flow through 
narrow, rocky ravines, which break entirely through the mountains and form passes locally known 
as " cloves." The principal of these cloves are the Kaaters Kil, opening westward from the Hudson 
into the valley of Schoharie Creek, and the Bushkil Clove, Stony Clove, Mink Hollow, and Platte- 
kil Hollow, opening southward from Schoharie Creek into the valleys of Ulster co. In many 
places these ravines are bordered by naked cliffs, nearly perpendicular, and 1000 to 1700 ft. above 
the streams. The small streams that drain the w. slope of the range in Halcott form branches 
of the Delaware. Schoharie Creek rises in the town of Hunter, vrithin 12 mi. of the Hudson, 
flows w. and N., and forms a branch of the Mohawk. The streams are mostly rapid, and are subject 
to sudden and violent freshets. The E. slope of the mountain and the outcropping strata of the 
Catskill and Kaaterskil Creeks present to the geologist one of the most interesting and compre- 
hensive fields of investigation to be found on the continent. Within the distance of 12 mi. from 
the village of Catskill to the Mountain House may be seen nearly all the strata composing the New 
York system. The gray grits and conglomerates forming the floor of the coal measures are found 
110 ft. deep at the summit of the Pine Orchard. The depth of the whole series, within the 12 mi. 
referred to, is scarcely less than 4000 feet. Few or no metallic veins or valuable minerals, except 
buUding and flagging stone, are found in the co. 

The soil on the w. slopes of the Catskill is chiefly a reddish, gravelly or shaly loam extensively 
underlaid by hardpan. The surface is stony, except upon the river bottoms, where the soil is 
fertile and productive. North and E. of the mountains the soil is greatly diversified by sections 
of gravelly, shaly, clayey, and sandy loams ; but a stiff clay predominates. Where properly culti- 
vated, it is moderately productive. The whole region is best adapted to grazing ; and the principal 
agricultural exports are butter, cheese, and pressed hay. Oats, barley, and potatoes are extensively 
cultivated, but, like most of the other eastern course, the grain grown is insufficient for the consump- 



1 High Peak has an elevation of 3804 feet above tide, Round 
Top 3718 feet, and Pine Orchard 3000 feet. The CatdliiU Moun- 
tain House is situated upon the last named mountain. 

s The N. siilee of thefle spurs are generally rocky and bare, and 
the B. sides covered with vast deposits of drift, indicating that a 
great current of water from the N. once swept over them. Nearly 



all the valuable land in this section lies upon the s. side of tba 

valley. 

8 Named by the Dutch fi-om wild cats found in this vicinity. 
Kaaters Kil has a similar signification, but is limited to the male 
animals. 

329 



330 



GREENE COUNTY. 



tion of the population. The principal manufactured products are brick, leather, and paper. Brick 
are extensively made on the banks of the Iludson, in Catskill, Athens, and Coxsackie, for the New 
York market. The co. has a considerable interest in the commerce of the Iludson, but less, per- 
haps, than it had many years ago. No co. has been more seriously damaged in its commercial and 
manufacturing prospects by the public works of the State than Greene. Before the Erie Canal 
was completed, Catskill, the co. seat, commanded the trade of the adjacent cos. w., and of the s. 
tier through to Lake Erie, and some portions of Northern Penn. It was a large wheat market ; 
and at the falls of Catskill Creek, 3 mi. w. of the village, were the most extensive flouring mills in 
the State.^ The canals and railroads have limited the commercial transactions of the co. strictly 
to home trade. A change scarcely less marked and important has taken place in the industrial 
pursuits of the mountain towns. About 1817, upon the discovery of improved methods of tanning 
leather, tanners rushed into the Catskill Mts., purchased large tracts of mountain lands covered 
with hemlock timber, and erected extensive tanneries. The valleys of Schoharie Creek, Batavia, and 
West Kils soon teemed with a numerous, active laboring population, and the solitude of the deep 
mountain glens was made vocal by the hum of industry, the buzz of the waterwheel, and the 
rattling of machinery. Villages of considerable magnitude, with churches, schools, stores, and 
taverns, rose up in the wilderness as if by magic. Thirty years ago Greene co. made more leather 
than all the State beside. The supply of bark in this region was soon exhausted, and the pro- 
prietors gradually abandoned their establishments and followed the mountain chain s., erecting 
new factories in Ulster and Sullivan cos. ; and their successors are now pursuing the hemlock into 
the heart of the AUeganies. The result of all this was to facilitate the occupation of the lands in 
the mountain towns, and in many cases to carry cultivation to the summits of the most lofty 
ranges, thereby opening one of the finest dairy and wool growing regions in the State. 

The county seat is located at Catskill, on the Hudson.^ The first courthouse was a wood building, 
erected under act of May 26, 1812.^ Some years since, this building was torn down, and a new 
brick edifice was erected in its place. It contains the court and jury rooms, and district attorney 
and CO. clerk's offices. A stone jail was erected in 1804, and a fireproof clerk's office in 1812. The 
CO. poorhouse is located on a farm of 130 acres in Cairo, 10 mi. w. of Catskill. The farm yields a 
revenue of |900. It has on an average 130 inmates, supported at a weekly expense of S .T5 
each. A school is taught in the house most of the year. The condition and adaptation of the 
building, and the management of the inmates, are not thought creditable to the co. authorities. 

Five weekly newspapers are published in the co.* 

More than two centuries have elapsed since the settlements in the valley of the Iludson com- 
menced at various points between New York and Albany. It was 150 yeai's later when a few, 



I Of this place Spafford's Gazetteer (ed. of 1813) aays, "Cats- 
kill has consideiable trude already, and must probably expe- 
rience a rapid growth aa the marlcet town of an extensive back 
eountry. At some place in this vicinity, and on the w. bank of 
Ihe river, future ages will probably find the third, if not the 
•econd, city on the Hudson, in wealth, population, and com- 
mercial importance."^ 

8 Ira Day, Isaac Dubois, Orin Day, Joseph Klein, Ezra Haw- 
ley, and Lyman Hall, having executed to the supervisors a bond, 
under a penalty of $16,000, to procure a lot and build a court- 
house, an act was passed May 26, 1812, allowiug the judges to 
accept the premises when completed. Courts were previously 
held at the academy, and the prisoners confined in Albany co. jail. 
8 The first co. officers were Leonard Hronk, First Judge ; Ebeo- 
ezerFoot. District Attnruey ; James Bill, Cb. Clerk; George Hale, 
Sheriff; John U. Cuyler, Surrogate. 
* The Ca/sfciU Packet, the first paper in the co., was published 
prior to 1800. 
T?ie Catskill Hecorrler was started in 1801 by Mackey Croswell. 
In 1817 Edwin Croswell assumed its control, and con- 
tinued it until 18'2Li. In 1827 it was published by Field 
& Faxton, and in 1828 it was issued as 
The Catskill Recorder and Greerie Co. Bepublicdn, by Faxton, 
Elliott & Gates. In 1849 it waa united with the Demo- 
crat^ and issued aa 
Tlie Catskill Recorder and Democrat, under 

which name it is still published by JoNe)>h Josebury. 
The American Eagle was published at Catskill iu 1810 by N. El- 
liott & Co. 
The Catskill Em^vdafor was commenced in 1813, and continued 

a short time. 
The Greene and Delaware Washingtnnian was commenced at 
Catskill in 1S14, by Michael J. Kappel. Id 1S16 it waa 
chant;ed to 
The Middle District Gazette, and published by Wm.L. Stone. 
The Oretne O). Rejndib'can was estaldished at Catskill in Nov. 

1820, by Hyer. In 1S27 it was sold to Ralph John- 

Mo ; la 1S28, tu C. Hull ; and in 1829 it was merged ia 



The Catsl-m Hecorder. 

The Catskill Messenger was started in 1830, by Jra Dubois. It 
was subsequently issued by Wm. Bryan, C. H. Cleve- 
land, and Trowbridge & Gunn. Iu lS-49 it waa 
changed to 

The Greene Cn. Whig : and in 1857 to 

The Catsktll Examiner, by which name it is now 
piiblLslii'd. 

The Catskill Democrat was started in 1843 by Joseph Josebnry, 
and in 1849 it waa united with The Jieccrder. 

The American K-njIe was started at I'niltsville iu 1S.54 by Bul- 
lock & Alien, who nmoved it to Cittskill the same year. 
In 1855 its name was changed to 

The BanTi^r of Iitdustrr/, and published by Jas. H. Van Gorden. 
In 1857 it was sold to Henry linker, by whom it is now 
published as ^ 

The Catskill Democratic Herald V 

The Greene Co. A'lvertisfr was started at Coxsackie in 1832, 
and published for a time by Henry Tan Dyck. In 1836 
it was changed to 

The Standard, and published by Thomas B. Carroll. It waa 
subsequently issued a short time as 

The Coxsackie Standard. 

The Coxaackie Union was established in 1851 by Fred. 
W. Hoft'man. In Jan. 1857 it passed into the hands of 
D. M. & B. S. Slater, by whom it is still published. 

The Prattsfilli- Dee was started in 1852. 

The Baptist Library was started at I'rattsville in 1843 by L. 
L. & K. H. Hill. In 1845 it was removed to Lexing- 
ton. 

The PrattsvUle Advocate was established by John L. Hackstaff 
in 1846, and was discontinued in 1858. 

TTw Mountainetr was published at Prattsville in 1853 by Chas. 
H. Cleveland. 

The Windham Jourvd was started at Windham Center, March 
21, 18.i7. by W. R. Steele. 

TUe AtUeus Visitor was commenced in 1858 by R. 

Denton. 



GREENE COUNTY. 



331 



small, isolated settlements were made in the valleys of the streams in the interior of Greene co. 
The great Uardenburgh Patent, granted by Queen Anne, covered nearly all of that portion of the 
CO. lying w. of the mountains. The n. line of this grant commenced at the headwaters of the 
Kaaters Kil, being the head of the upper lake at Pine Orchard, and ran a N. w. course to the head- 
waters of tlie w. branch of tlie Delaware, in Stamford, Delaware co. This line was run at three 
dili'erent periods, near the close of the last century, by three different surveyors, no two of them 
agreeing by the width of whole farms. This disagreement has proved a prolific source of litigation 
in the courts of the State for 50 years. The patent included all that part of Delaware co. lying e. 
of the w. branch of Delaware River, and nearly all of Ulster and Sullivan cos. When the settle- 
ments commenced, the tract was owned by a great number of individuals, who had purchased by 
townships. At an early period, Stephen Day (from Conn.) purchased a large tract in Greene co., 
embracing a considerable portion of the old town of Windham, now forming the towns of Wind- 
ham, Ashland, Jewett, and a portion of Lexington and Hunter. This tract was principally settled 
by immigrants from Connecticut. 



ASm.AHJD — named from the home of Henry Clay — was formed from Windham and Pratts- 
ville, March 23, 1848. It lies in the N. w. part of the co. Its N. and s. borders are occupied by two 
parallel spurs of the Catskill Mts., 800 to 1000 ft. above the valley. Batavia Kil flows westward 
through the town at the foot of the s. range. This stream is bordered upon the N. by steep bluffs 150 
to 200 ft. high ; and from their summits the surface gradually slopes upward to the s. foot of the N. 
ridge near the N. border of the town. Lewis Creek and several smaller streams are tributaries of 
Batavia Kil. About two-thirds of the land in the town is improved. Asbland, (p. v.,) on Batavia 
Kil, in the s. part of the town,contains 2 churches and a collegiate institute.' Pop. 400. £ast Asb- 
land is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the valley of Batavia Kil, previous to the Revo- 
lutionary War, by a few Dutch families from Schoharie co. During the war, being harassed by the 
Indians and tories, the settlers returned to Schoharie co. The first permanent settlement was made 
in 1788, by Elisha Strong and several brothers named Stimpson.'' The first tannery was built iu 
Ashland, in 1798, by Foster Morss. There are 6 churches in town.' 

ATHEIVS — was formed from Catskill and Coxsackie, Feb. 25, 1815. It is situated on the 
Hudson, near the center of the E. border of the co. Its surface is broken by several rocky hills 
and ridges lying parallel with the Hudson, with uneven or undulating intervales between. A 
range of high clay bluflfs borders upon the river; and a high rocky ridge, known as PoticksHill, 
extends Uirough the w. part of the town. Several small streams flow southerly through the town, 
and Potick Creek forms its w. line. In the w. part of the town are 3 small lakes. In their vicinity, 
4 or 5 mi. w. of the Hudson, are extensive beds of the Ilelderbergh limestone, large quantities 
of which are quarried for building purposes and for the manufacture of lime. Near the river the 
soil is a tough clay, bordered by sand ; elsewhere it is a sandy and gravelly loam of a good quality. 
Brick and lime are the principal articles manufactured, and these, with hay, form the exports 
of the town. Atliens,* (p. v.,) incorp. April 2, 1805, is situated on the Hudson, opposite the city 
of Hudson. Pop. 1747. The E. part of the town was settled at a very early period by immigrants 
from Holland.* There are 5 churches in town.' 

CAIRO — was formed from Catskill, Coxsackie, and "Freehold," (now Durham,) March 26, 1803, 

as "Canton," and its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is situated at the E. foot of the Catskill Mts., 
the crest of the mountain forming its w. boundary. Its central and E. parts are broken by several high, 
rocky ridges. Round Top, also called the Dome Mountain, is a rocky, isolated hill 500 ft. high. The 
Catskill Creek flows s. E. through the town, and receives from the N. John Debackers Creek and 
Platte Kil, and from the s. Shingle and Uagel Kils. The soil is a clayey, gravelly, and shaly loam, 
fertile in the valleys and of'medium quality among the hills. Cairo, (p. v.,) situated near the centef 
of the town, on the Old Susquehanna Turnpike, contains 4 churches and several manufacturing estab- 
lishments. Pop. 353. Acra, (p. o.,) in the w., S.Cairo, (p. o.) and Cairo Forge, about 1 mi. 
s. of Cairo, are hamlets. Settlements were made on the Shingle Kil previous to the Revolution.' A 
Presb. church was organized May 22, and a Bap. May 25, 1799. There are 7 churches in town.' 



1 The Aehland Collegiate Institute was founded in 1854. under 
the care of the M. E. denomination. The present number of 
boarding pupils (1S88) is 100. 

a Amoui the early settlers were ArgaluB White, John Tuttle, 
.Taims Strong, Solomon Ormsbee, l)r. Thomas lienham, and 
Medad Hunt, most of whom were Irom Connecticut. The first 
birth was that of Deborah Stone, in 1789. SanUford Hunt kept 
tlie Urst store, and Sledad Hunt the first inn. iu 1705. Ex Qov. 
Washington Hunt, son of Saniiford Hunt, was born in this town. 

• 3 M. t, Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. 



< Formerly called '* Loornnhurgh" and " Espi^aitza." Tho 
steamer Swallow, on her way to New York with a large nunit)i-r 
of passengers, was wrecked in the river opposite this place on 
the evening of April 7, 1845, and about 20 persons were lost. — 
Senate Doc. No. 102. 1S45. 

6 A tannery was erected in 1750 by Nicholas Perry. 

« Bap., Friends, Lutli., Prot. K., and Kef Prot. D. 

1 A family by the name of Strobe, living on the Shingle Kil, 
were murdered by the Indians during the war. 

8 3 M. E., Bap, Presb., Prot. E., and Union. 



332 



GREENE COUNTY. 



CATSK.ILL.' — was formed March 7, 1788, as part of Albany co. It was annexed to Ulster co. 
April 5, 1798. A part of Woodstock (Ulster co.) was annexed March 25, 1800 ; a part of Cairo was 
taken off in 1803 and a part of Athens in 1815. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. e. corner of the 
CO. The surface is broken by several rocky ridges parallel to the Hudson : these ridges are principally 
composed of shales and gray grit. In the latter formation are extensive quarries, from which a fine 
quality of flagging stone is obtained and largely exported. A swamp, covering an area of several 
hundred acres, extends along the Hudson below Catskill Village. The Catskill Creek flows s. e. 
through the N. E. corner to the Hudson, and receives the Kaaters Kil after the latter has pursued 
an irregular course through the center and s. w. part of the town. The other streams are Kiskatom 
Creek, and Jan Vosent Kil. The soil is principally tenacious clay, with sections of gravelly 
and slialy loam. Hay is the principal agricultural export. Large quantities of brick are manu- 
factured and exported. Catskill Village being the chief entrepot for the co., commerce is a leading 
pursuit. Catskill, (p. V.,) the co. seat, was incorp. March 14,1806. It is situated on the Hudson, 
at the mouth of Catskill Creek. It contains 5 churches, 3 newspaper oflices, 2 banks, and a large 
number of mercantile and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 2,520. Leeds, (p. v.,) situated 
at the falls on Catskill Creek, contains 2 churches and several manufactories. Pup. 450. JeflTer- 
son, (p. V.,) between Catskill and Leeds, has a population of about 300. Palensville, (p. v.,) 
in the w. part, on the Kaaters Kil, contains 2 tanneries, a woolen factory, and 18 houses. Kiska- 
tom is a p. 0. Settlements were made upon the Hudson at an early period, by German immigrants. 
The flats in the valley of Catskill Creek w. of Leeds were first settled by Martin G. Van Bergen and 
Sylvester Salisbury, who in 1677 purchased the Indian title to an extensive tract. There are 9 
diurches in town.^ The Catskill Mountain House is on the line of Hunter. See page 333. 

COXS ACKIE'— was formed, as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Dur- 
ham was taken oS' in 1790, a part of Cairo and Greenville in 1803, New Baltimore in 1811, and a part of 
Athens in 1815. It lies upon the Hudson, N. e. of the center of the co. A range of clay bluifs about 
100 ft. high extends along the course of the river, and a range of hills 500 ft. high through the center 
of the town. The surface is level or undulating in the E. and is hilly and broken in the w. The 
principal streams are the Coxsackie, Potick, and Jan Vosent Creeks. The soil in the e. is clayey 
and sandy, and in the w. it is a gravelly, shaly, and clayey loam : brickmaking is extensively pursued. 
Coxsackie, (p. v.,) situated near the Hudson, contains — churches, an academy, and several manu- 
factories.* Pop. 1,800. Coxsackie Lianding', 1 mi. e. of the village, contains 1 bank, newspaper 
oflice, and 4 churches. Jacksonville, in the w. part, is a hamlet. The Dutch settled in town 
about 1652, on a tract about 6 mi. sq. purchased of the Indians. There are 8 churches i# town.' 

DURII A9I — was formed from Coxsackie as "Freehold," March 8, 1790 ; its name was changed 
March 28, 1805. Parts of Cairo, Windham, and Greenville were taken oiF in 1803. It lies near the 
center of the N. border of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken, the N. E. corner being occupied 
by the s. slopes of the Helderbergh Mts., and the w. border by the Catskills. The principal 
streams are Catskill Creek, flowing s. E. through the E. part, and its tributaries Fall, Bowery, Posts, 
and Brink Street Creeks. The soil is generally a heavy clay, with occasional sections of gravel. 
There are several mills and tanneries on Catskill Creek, which stream aSbrds a fair amount of water 
power. Oak Uill, (p. v.,) on Catskill Creek, has a pop. of 320. Durbani, (p. v.,) 1 mi. w. 
of Oak Hill, contains 2 churches and 30 houses. East Durbam (p. v.) 17 houses, Cornvrall- 
vllle, (p. V.,) in the central part of the town, 15 houses, and Soutll Durtaam (p.o.) 10 houses. 
Centerville is a hamlet. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1776. Capt. Asahel 
Jones and Rozel Post, from Conn., settled in 1788.' There are 7 churches in town.' 

OREElVVIliliE — was formed from Coxsackie and "Freehold," (now Durham,) March 26, 
1803, as " Greeiijield." Its name was changed to "Freehold" in 1808, and to Greenville, March 17, 
1809. It lies on the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly, — the southern 
extremity of the Helderbergh Mts. occupying the central and w. parts of the town. The principal 
streams are Potick, John Debaokers, and Basic Creeks. The soil is chiefly a heavy, clay loam, 
well adapted to grazing ; but much of it has been exhausted by too frequent croppings with hay. 
About 1 mi. w. of Greenville Center is a sulphur spring. GrcenTille, (p. v.,) N. of the center 



1 Great Tmhocht District, including this towo, waa formed 
March 24, 1-72. 

! 3 M. E., -2 Ref. Prot. D., Pap., P-efb., Prot. E., and Union. 

8 Pron. Cool\.sock'ey. Derived from an Indian word signily- 
tag " Owl-hoot." 

* Shipbuilding w»8 foTBierly carried on at the lower landing, 



near this place ; and several of the early Hudson River steam- 
boats were built here. 

6 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Prot. E., R. C, Union, and Af, M. E. 

» Mr. De Witt built the first gristmill, in 17S8, and Jared 
Smith the flrst sawmill, about the same time. 

I 2 Cong., 2 M. B., Bap., Presb., and Prot. K. 



GREENE COUNTY. 



333 



of the town, contains 3 churches, the Greenville Academy, and 35 houses; Freehold, (p.v.,) in 
the s. w. part, 1 church and 24 houses ; Norton Hill, (p.v., ] in the N. w. part, 16 houses; Oreen- 
ville Center 15 ; and East Greenville 1 church and 10 houses. Gay Head is a p. 

office. In 1768 the British Government granted 2 patents — one for 2000 and one for 5000 acres, located 
together in the w. part of the town — to Major Augustine Prevost, of the 6th British infantry, who 
served in this country during the Old French War.' Stephen Lantiman, Godfrey Brandow, and 
Ilans Overpaugh, who settled in the town in 1774, were among the earliest settlers.^ There are 7 
churches in town.' 

HAliCOTT — ^was formed from Lexington, Nov. 19, 1851, and named from George W. Hal- 
cott, then sheriff of Greene co. It is situated in the s.w. corner of the co., and is separated from 
the other towns of the co. by a mountain ridge 1000 feet high. This ridge is crossed by difficult 
and unfrequented roads. A considerable portion of the territory is covered with forests. The sur- 
face is mountainous, comprising four valleys, in which rise the sources of the E. branch of the 
Delaware. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam of medium quality, and stony, but is well adapted 
to grazing. From its isolated position among the mountains,* the chief avenue of communication 
with the outside world is on the s., by way of Middletown, Delaware co. West LiCxington 
(p. 0.) is in flie central part of the town. The first settlement was made on the Bush Kil, in 1790, 

by Keuben Crysler, Thurston, Joseph Brooks, and Timothy Tyler.^ There are 2 churches in 

town ; 0. S. Bap. and M. E. 

HUKTER'— was formed from Windham as " Greenland," Jan. 27, 1813. Its name was 
changed April 15, 1814, a part of Saugerties was taken off in 1814, and a part of Jewett in 1849. The 
surface is rocky and mountainous, not more than one-fourth being susceptible of cultivation. Several 
of the highest peaks of the Catskills — among which are High Peak, Round Top, and Pine Orchard — 
lie within the limits of this town.' Two narrow valleys extend quite through the mountains and cross 
each other at nearly right angles near the center of the town. The first of these is the valley of Scho- 
narie Creek and its southerly continuation, that of the Platte Kil ; and the second, that of the Kaatera 
Kil and Stony Clove. The soil is generally a heavy, clayey and shaly loam, very stony, and poorly 
adapted to agriculture. Hunter, (p.v.,) situated on Schoharie Creek, in the n. w. part of the 
town, contains 2 churches and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 393. Tanners- 
vllle, near the center, is a p. office. Settlements were made during the Revolution, by "cowboys" 
from Putnam co. Their property was confiscated by the Whigs.* Col. Wm. W. Edwards and his 
son Wm. W., from Northampton, Mass., moved into town in July, 1817, and erected the first ex- 
tensive tannery in the State in which the then new method of tanning was adopted. Within a few 
years after, other tanneries were built, and a very large amount of leather was made in the town 
annually for a long series of years, until the hemlock bark was exhausted. Most of the establish- 
ments are aow abandoned. There are 3 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., and R. C. 

JEWETT' — was formed from Lexington and Hunter, Nov. 14, 1849. A part of Lexington 
was taken off in 1858. It lies near the center of the w. half of the co. High and rocky spurs extend 
w. from the principal n. branch of the Catskills ; and a high and almost precipitous ridge extends 
along the s. w. border. Schoharie Creek and its tributary East Kil are the principal streams. 
The soil is a heavy, reddish, gravelly loam of medium quality, often stony and rocky, and largely 
underlaid by a tough hardpan. Jewett,'" (p. v.,) in the n.w. part of the town, contains 2 
churches and 14 houses. Jewett Center, at the junction of East Kil and Schoharie Creek, 



1 Mojor Prevost erected a fine mansion on one of these tracts, 
a little w. of the village of Greenville, in which he resided until 
his death. 

* Abraliam Post, Eleazar Knowles, Bethuel Hinman, Peter 
Curtis, and Edward Lalie. from Conn., settled in the town in 
1783. David Uicl^ock and Davis Denning erected the first grist- 
mill, in 1786. 

» 2 liap, 2 M. E., Prot. E., Preab., and Christian. 

^ Wild game is still found in the mountains, and the pure, 
limpid streams abound in trout. 

6 Halph Coe and Henry Hosford built the first sawmill, in 
1820. Kalph Coe kept the first inn, and ilenry Ilamican the 
first store. There is now no tavern, lawyer, nor doctor in town. 

• Named from John Hunter, an early proprietor of a part of 
the Hardenburgh Patent. 

T The Catskill Mountain House, upon Pine Orchard, is situated 
upon a precipice overlooking the Hudson, and is 22i2 ft. above 
tide. It was built by the Catskill Mountain Asso'n, at a cost of 
$22,000. for the accommodation of visitors. Among the hills, i mi. 
v.of the house, are 2 small takes, each \i mi. in circumference, 
— tliuir outlet formiog the Kaatera Kil. Upon this stream, a little 



below the lakes, are the Kaaters Kil Falls, where the stream 
plunges down a perpendicular descent of 175 ft., and, in a few 
rods, anotlier of 85 ft., falling into a deep, rocky ravine or clove, 
and finally finding its way into Catskill Creek. The views from 
the Mountain House, and the scenery among the mountains, are 
among the finest in the country, and the place is visited annually 
by thousands of tourists. 

8 Samuel, Elisha, and John Haines, and Gershon Griffin, en- 
tered the mountains by way of Kingston and Mink Hollow, and 
settled on Schoharie Kil. Their location Mas discovered a year 
or two after by some Dutchmen from the e. side of the moun- 
tain, while hunting bears. They were followed, in 1786, by a 
number of Shay's followers, from Mass., who, on the suppreasion 
of his rebellion, lied to the mountains. James and .lacob Carl 
settled in the town in 17S5; Saml. Merritt, and f-anil. and Wm. 
Hayes, in 1791. Roger Bronson was the first settler at the village 
of Hunter. The first birth was that of John Haines. Mr. Olm- 
sted built the first gristmill, in 1794, and subseiiueutly the fln4 
tannery, and kept the first store and inn. 

" Named from Froel>orn O. Jewett, then a justice of the Su- 
premo Court. to formerly called '-Lcxingii^n Heights J* 



334 



GREENE COUNTY. 



and East Jewett, are p. offices. The first settlement was made near Schoharie Creek in 
1783-84, by Wm. Gass, a Scotchman.' There are 4 churches in town ; 3 M. E. and Presb. 

1.EX11SGTOM— was formed from Windham as "New Goshen," Jan. 27, 1813, and its name 
was changed March 19, 1813. A part of Jewett was taken ofi" in 1849, but reannexed in 1858, and 
a part of Ilalcott was taken off in 1851. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. More 
than one-half of the surface is occupied by the lofty peaks and ridges of the Catskills. Schoharie 
Creek, flowing through the n. e. corner of the town, is bordered by high and steep rocky ridges. 
West Kil, its principal tributary, drains a valley 9 mi. in length, everywhere bordered by lofty 
mountains except on the w. Bush Kil Clove is a natural pass in the mountains, extending from 
the Schoharie Valley s. into Ulster co. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam. Only about two-fifths 
of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Lexington, (p. v.,) on Schoharie Creek, n. of the 
center of the town, contains 2 churches and 27 dwellings, and West Kill (p. t.) 1 church and 
31 dwellings. Busbnellsville is a p. 0. on the line of Ulster co. The first settlement was 
made in 1788, on the flats of Schoharie Kil.' There are 3 churches in town; 2 Bap. and M. E. 

WEW B AL.TI9IORE— was formed from Coxsackie, March 15, 1811. Scutters, Little, and 
Willow Islands were annexed from Kinderhook April 23, 1823. It lies upon the Hudson, in the 
N. E. corner of the co. The general surface is hilly and broken. A line of high, rugged clay and 
slate bluffs rises from the river to a height of 100 to 200 feet, and a range of high, broad hills ex- 
tends s. through the center of the town. The w. part is comparatively level. The principal streams 
are Hannakrois Creek in the n. w. corner. Deep Clove Kil, Cabin Run, and the E. branch of Potick 
Creek. Nearly all these streams flow through narrow and rocky ravines. The soil is chiefly a 
heavy clay loam, with limited patches of sand and gravel. IVeiv Baltimore, (p. v.,) on the 
Hudson, in the N. part of the town, contains 2 churches, and has a pop. of 709. Medway is a p. 
office. Settlement was commenced upon the Coxsackie flats at an early period. The Broncks, 
Houghtalings, and Conyns were among the first settlers. There are 9 churches in town.' 

PRATTSVIE.ee— was formed from Windham, March 8, 1833, and named from Col. Zadock 
Pratt. A part of Ashland was taken off in 1848. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its sur- 
face is principally occupied by broad mountain uplands bordered by steep and rocky slopes. 
Schoharie Creek and Batavia Kil flow through wild and narrow mountain gorges. The soil is a 
heavy, reddish, gravelly and clayey loam, moderately fertile and profitable only for grazing. 
Prattsville, (p. v.,) on Schoharie Kil w. of the center of the town, contains 3 churches and 
several manufactories.* Pop. C17. Red Falls, (p. v.,) on Batavia Kil, contains a cotton fac- 
tory, a paper mill, and several other manufacturing establishments. Pop. 231. Settlements were 
made on the flats at Prattsville by Dutch immigrants from Schoharie co., during the period between 
the close of the Old French War in 1763 and the breaking out of the Revolution in 1770.' During 
the latter war the settlement was attacked by a body of Indians and tories led by a British officer. 
The inhabitants rallied, and a battle took place upon the bank of Schoharie Kil, a little below the 
Windham Turnpike Bridge, s. of the village, in which the Indians and their allies were routed. 
Rev. Cornelius D. Schermerhorn was the first settled preacher. There are 3 churches in town; 
Ref. Prot. D., Prot. E., and M. E. 

WIIVDH AM— was formed from Woodstock, (Ulster co.,) as part of Ulster co., March 23, 1798. 
"Greenland" {now Hunter) and Lexington were taken off in 1813, Prattsville in 1833, and a part 
of Ashland in 1848. A part of " Freehold" (now Durham) was annexed March 26, 1803. It lies upon 
the w. declivities of the Catskills, n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is very broken and hilly. 
A high range of mountains extends along the s. border, at the n. foot of which flows Batavia Kil,« in 
a deep, rooky valley. The central and n. parts are occupied by mountain spurs divided by narrow 
ravines. The soil is a heavy, gravelly and clayey loam, of which disintegrated shale forms a large 



> Zeph'iniah Chase, from Marthas Vineyard, (Maps.,) settled 
hi the town in \'^1 ; and Chester Hull, from Wallingford, Conn., 
a Boldiei ut tile Revolution, in 1789. Among those who settled 
soon aft. r were Zailork Pratt, Theop. and Sam. Pe^k, Eb'r David, 
and .^'ti-jihen .lolinson. Laban, Ichabod. Abraham, and Amherst 
Andrt-ws, Henajah, John, and Jared Hiee, Henry Goslee, Justus 
.'■'quiie.s, Daniel .Miles, Adnah Beach, Isaac and Munson Buel, 
tiideon. Keuben and Joel Hosford, and Samuel and Daniel Mer- 
Tin. The (irst birlh wnBthat of Henry Coslee. Jr. Wm.tiass kept 
the fii-st inn. in 17yO, Klisha Thom|)BOn the first store, in 1795, 
and Lallan Andrews built the first gristmill the same year. 

* Anion r the eaily settlers were Aino.« Brouson, Saml. Amos, 
Richard I'ecU. David and Benj. Bailey, and Benj. Crispell, John 
T. Bray built the first tannery, in ISIS or '19; Thaddeus Bron. 



son the first gristmill, in 1792; and Richard Peck opened the 
first inn, in 179fi. 

83 Friends, 2 M.E., B,ip., Christian, Ref. Prot.D..and Prot. Meth. 

* At this place, at the extensive tannery of the Hon. Zadock 
Pratt. 60.001) sides of sole leather were tanned and 6,000 cordfl 
of bark consumed anniiallv fr 25 years. 

^ Among the first settlers were John Laraway and his sons 

John, .loniui. Deriek, avd Maitinus, Isaac Van Aletyne, 

Vrooman. ,Iohn and Peter Van Loan, Hendrick Becker, and a 
family by the name of Shoemaker. The first school was t.iught 
bv Mr. Banks, in 1790. Martiiius L.araway kept the fiot ina, 
soon after the Hevolution, and, with his brother John, erected 
the first srri'*tmill. 

A The Indian name of this stream ma Cliough-tig-hig-nick. 



GREENE COUNTY. 



335 



part. Windtaam Center, (p. v.,) on Batavia Kil, in the w. part of the town, contains 3 
churches, and has a pop. of 350. Ilensonvllle, (p. v.,) on the same stream, s. of the center 
of the town, contains 124 inhabitants, and Big IIoIIOlT, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 2 cliurches and 12 
houses. East Windham and Union Society are p. offices. The first settlement was 
made in 1790, by Geo. Stlmpson, Abijah Stone, and Increase Claflin.' Rev. Henry Stlmpson was 
one of the earliest settled ministers. There are 5 churches in town.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJwols, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Greene County. 



Namiv) of Towns. 


Acres of Land. | 


ViLDATION OP 1868. 1 


POPOLATIOK. 




i> 


: 




1 
140 


Schools. 


1 


6 

1 


1 

1 


Property. 




1 


5 
1 


1 

i 

217 


235 


rl 

7 


l! 


Ashland 


9,846i 


4,198 


$135,080 


$9,500 




$144,580' 


566 


684 


603 




10,361 i 


4.602i 


499,308 


54,050 




553,358 


1,470 


1,400 


438 


651 


343 


7 


1,046 


Cairo 


22,641 


10,982 


666,377 


88,175 




64;!,662 


1.290 


1,267 


448 


478 


341 


15 


827 


Catekill 


19,1464 
17,69Si 


17,613 
4,516 


1,4.37,035 
782,710 


632,312 
16.5,334 




1,969,347 
94S.044 


2,812 
1,.S91 


2,898 
1.791 


930 
692 


1,094 
ffl3 


544 
432 


19 
13 


2.020 
1.354 


Coxeackie 


Durham 


23,166i 


6,865 


894,146 


68,300 




462,446j 


1,239 


1,301 


482 


491 


393 


15 


936 




20,273} 
7,137 


6,535 S 
4,007 


580,315 
84,775 


70,632 
9,900 




660,9471 
94,676; 


1,088 
246 


1,085 
228 


415 
86 


450 
89 


342 
79 


IB 
4 


909 
207 


Halcott 




10,2M; 


40,46fi{ 


135,395 


10,642 




146,037 


833 


761 


258 


276 


207 


12 


735 


Jewett 


15,167 


10,468} 


136,200 


25,620 




161,820l 


678 


661 


206 


220 


176 


10 


491 




14,727» 
18,27 9t 


21,000 
6,124J 


227,639 
804,599 


41,150 
103,820 




268.689 
908,429 


7S8 
1,248 


807 
1,164 


319 

426 


217 
456 


235 
300 


11 
15 


601 
866 


New Baltimore 


Prattsville 


8,7S4 


4,854 


111,200 


29,260 




140,4601 


746 


842 


267 


290 


225 


8 


666 


Windham 


14,S40i 


9,892 


244,2S3 


41,100 




285,383 


807 


877 


327 


268 


188 
3,951 


12 


531 


Total 


212,2e3i 


160,6045 


$6,127,961 


$1,249,796 


$7,377.7661 


16,691 16,646 


6,409 


6.707 


161 11,869 1 




Live Stock. 


AOEICOLTDBil PBODBCTS. 


1 












Bdib. OS Qhaim. 


,8- 






D 


IIBY PEOi>OCTa. 


Names of Towns. 




























1 




6 


a, 


.S 




.J 


•s- 


ll 
7,524 


^5 

la 

El -5 

11.366 


It 


1,026 


-■3 
|| 

283 


Aahlaad 


261 


697 


72- 


962 


487 


l,935i 


12,262 


2,344i 




69,816 


Athens 


393 


349 


,50 


i 164 


886 


4,2S0i 


23,373 


4,493j 


6,099 


10,935 




42,776 


300 


2624 


Cairo 


714 


998 


1,04< 
1,07 


) 1,069 
i 1.615 


1,663 
1,723 


13,8044 
12,6384 


27 991 


4.350 


8,254 


22,771 
16,153 




96 675 


937 


1,114 


Catekill 


713 


910 


39.337, 


7.592 


9,245 




90.720 




617 


Coxanckie 


636 


623 


79 


397 


1,565 


8,7054 


36.091J 


6,699 


17,01.19 


18,318 




83.735 




690 


Durham 


745 


1,299 


1,36 


! 3,507 


2,244 


7,064 


36,OS7j 


3,998 


6.8214 


25,805 


121,917 


6.876 


7111 


Greenville 


698 


741 


1,06 


1,779 


1,443 


7,6654 


37,193 


6.067 


6,679 


25,703 


109.906 


2,07S 


1,011 


Halcott 


162 


496 


62 


J 1,390 


200 


830 


11,917 


1,907 


1,348 


2,490 




60,916 


6f 


1,164 


Hunter 


102 


1,019 


60 


) 1,206 


286 


870 


3,610 


2.4961 


8,264 


2,5404 




52.311 


13C 


684 


Jewett 


2:56 


1,401 


1,16. 


i 1,869 


467 


1,869 


8,978 


3.391 


6.S644 


13,611 


113,6201 


4,928 


146 


Lexington 


354 


1,657 


1,14- 


: 2,013 


6911 


2,449 


13,176i 


4,468 


6,902 


13.128 


105,290 1 


1,285 


779 


New Baltimore 


610 


617 


99 


1,248 


1,569 


13,4714 


35,093, 


5,4984 


21,789 


19,361 




90.589 




7204 


Prattsville 


239 


680 


76 


1 60S 


384' 


2.076 


5.461, 


1,834 


3,636 


3,3.'.0 




73.780 


60 


386 


Windham 


271 


1,160 


86 


r 1,656 


666 


2,0194 


ll,651i 


3,386 


10.636 


8,263 




79.980 


3.6.57 


244 
8,6114 


Total 


6,203 Il2,&47i 12,692 i 19,382 


14,074 


79,57 


8 


301,213, 


68,524} 


116,871 


192,8144' 1,191,9301 


21,317 



1 Perez Steel and hie brother Aaron, from Tolland. Corn., set- 
tled in town in 1795, and Josh. Jones. Wra. Honson. and Lemuel 
Hitchcock (from New Haven co., Conn.) in 179G. The first 
marriaf^o was that of Daniel Perry and Mamva Hitchcock; and 
the first death was that of Mrs. liemuel Hitchcock, in 1804. 



Nathan Blanchard taught the first school, In 1809; Tobias Van 

Dusen built the first grifltmill, in 1793; Van Orden kept 

the first inn, in 1796 ; and Bennett Oebora built the first tai^ 
nery, in 1822. 
a 2 Presb., 2 M. E, and Prot. B. 



HAMILTON COUNTY. 




This county wag formed from Montgomery, Feb. 12, 1816; but ita 
independent organization has never been fully completed.' It 
occupies the central portions of the great wilderness region in the 
N. E. part of the State ; is centrally distant 80 miles from Albany, 
and contains 1,745 sq. mi. Its surface is a rocky, mountainous, and 
hilly upland and is still mostly covered with the original forests. 
The highlands are divided into several ranges, generally distinct, 
but in many places sending out spurs that interlock with each other, 
and all extending n. e. and s. w. The Schroon Range — called in 
Fulton CO. the Mayfield Mts. — crosses the s.E. corner of Hope. This 
range ends upon Lake Champlain at Crown Point, the highest 
point being Mt. Crane, in "Warren co. The Baquet Range, parallel 
to the first, extends through the co. between Wells and Lake Pleasant. This range terminates 
upon Lake Champlain at Split Rock, the highest peak being Dix Peak, in Essex co. The Adiron- 
dack Range, next N., extends from the Mohawk, at Little Falls, n.e. through Morehouse, Arietta, 
Long Lake, Oilman, and Wells, ending at Trembleau Point, on Lake Champlain, Mt. Marcy being 
the highest peak, and the highest point in the State. Its course is in a wave or undulating line 
occupying a space of 4 to 6 mi. in width. Next N. is the Au Sable Range, extending n. of the 
Fulton chain of lakes and Long and Racket Lakes. The highest points are Mt. Emmons, in this 
CO., and INIt. Seward, in Franklin co. Spurs from this range occupy the entire N. part of the co. 
and extend into St. Lawrence and Herkimer cos.^ . 

Within the valleys between these mountain ranges are several remarkable chains of lakes, many 
of them connected by considerable streams and all affording a large amount of boat navigation. 
These lakes are generally long and narrow, are bordered by steep banks and high mountain peaks. 
Their waters are clear and cold, and they form the most interesting features of the landscape. 
Although flowing in different directions, separated by high mountains, and extending over an area 
of more than 60 mi., they have a nearly uniform elevation.' The first chain on the s., commencing 
in Stratf ird, Fulton co., includes several small ponds in the s. e. corner of Hope, sftveral ponds in 
Johnsburgh, Warren co., and Schroon and Paradox Lakes in Essex co. The second chain em- 
braces Jerseyfield Lake and several others in Herkimer co., flowing s., Piseco, Round, Spy, and Ox 
Bow Lakes, Lake Pleasant, and a great number of smaller ones, all flowing into Sacondaga River. 
The third chain, lying between the two highest ranges of mountains, is composed of lakes less in 
extent than either of the other chains. It comprises Woodhull Reservoir and about 20 small lakes, 
principally in Herkimer CO., flowing into Black River; a large number of small ponds in the immediate 
vicinity, flowing into West Canada Creek; Indian, Square, Beaver, Wilmurt, and a dozen smaller 
ones, in Hamilton co., flowing into Black and Indian Rivers; and the Indian Lakes, flowing into 
the Hudson. In Essex co. this chain embraces Lakes Rich, Sanford, and Henderson, and numerous 
others, lying near the foot of Mt. Marcy. The fourth or n. chain is the most extensive of all. It com- 
prises Brantingham and other Lakes in Lewis co., flowing into Moose and Black Rivers ; the Fulton 
chain and about 20 other lakes in the n. part of Herkimer, respectively flowing into Beaver and 
Moose Rivers ; Cranberry Lake and many others in the s. part of St. Lawrence, flowing into Oswe- 
gatchie and Grasse Rivers ; Tuppers, Racket, Forked, and Long Lakes, and 50 others, in Hamilton 
CO., and a large number in Franklin, flowing into Racket River ; St. Regis Lake, Osgoods Pond, 
and numerous others, into St. Regis River; Ragged Lake, Round and Ingraham Ponds, into 
Salmon River ; Lake Placid, into the Au Sable ; the Chateaugay Lakes, into Chateaugay River ; 
and the Chazy Lakes, into Chazy River. All these last named lakes are in Hamilton, Franklin, 



1 Named in honor of Alexander Hamilton. The territory was 
included in Herkimer co. Feb. 16. 1791, but was re-annexed to 
Montgomery March 31. 1797. It can complete ita organization 
when it has a sufficient population to entitle it to a member of 
Assembly. It remained appended to Montgomery until 1838, 
when it was annexed to Fulton on the erection of the latter co. 
Courts were established in 1837. 

* This region was called by the natives Coughsarage. " the 
dismal wilderness." The following entry on a map published 
ftliout the period of the Revolution, or soon after, gives the pre- 
vailing opinion of that day coccerntng these lands : — "Through 
SS6 



this tract of land runs a chain of mountains, which, from Lake 
Champlain on one side and the river St. Lawrence on the other 
side, show their tops always white with snow; but altho' this 
one unfavorable circumstance has hitherto secured it from the 
claws of the harpy land jobbers, yet no doubt it is as fertile as 
the land on the east side of the lake, and will in future fur- 
nish a comfortable retreat for many industrious families." 

8 The eighth lake in the N. chain, flowing w., is 1,678 ff«t 
above tide; Racket Lake, 2 mi. n., flowing £., 1,745 feet; the 
Upper Saranac, Sowing E., 1,567 feet; and Lake Sauf()rd, flow- 
lug 3., 1,826 feet. 



HAMILTON COUXTY. 337 

Esses, and Clinton cos., in close proximity to each other. The streams, forming the outlets of the 
lakes, are mostly small. The whole region being a mountainous plateau higher than the surround 
ing country, the streams that rise here flow in all directions and form tributaries of the St. Lawrence, 
Lake Champlain, the Hudson, Mohawk, and Black Rivers. Several of the I'ivers have the same 
name as the lakes which respectively form their headwaters ; as the Racket, Chazy, and Chateaugay.* 

This whole region is primitive, the rock being principally gneiss. Calciferous sandstone and 
Trenton limestone are found upon Sacondaga River. White limestone is also found in several 
localities. Peat is found in great abundance in the vlaies, or natural meadows, which extend along 
the valleys. Iron ore and graphite are both found, — though no surveys have been made to ascer- 
tain their extent. A large amount of labor has been expended in mining for silver; with what 
success is unknown. The soil is a light, sandy loam, and, except in the valleys, is not susceptible 
of profitable cultivation. The mountain sides are covered with a thin growth of forest trees, and 
when cleared seem incapable of supporting vegetation. The valleys at first are productive, but, 
being deficient in lime, as soon as the vegetable mold is exhausted they become barren. 

The county seat is located at Sageville, in the town of Lake Pleasant.^ The co. buildings, con- 
sisting of a courthouse, jail, and clerk's office, were erected in 1840, Each U^wn s\ipports its ovna 
poor, and the co. poor are provided for by the Superintendent at the most convenit »t place. There 
has never been a paper printed within the co.' The public works are entirely prodpective.* Most 
of the territory of the co. is included in the Totten and Crossfield Purchase of 1773.^ Grants 
within the limits of the co, were made in colonial times to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, Henry Balfour, and 
Thomas Palmer. Arthursboro, in Morehouse, was granted to Arthur Noble. The first settlement 
was made about 1790. 



ARIETTA* — was formed from Lake Pleasant, May 13, 1836. A part of Long Lake was 
taken off in 1837. It extends from the s. w. border northward nearly across the co., a little w. of 
the center. Its surface is much broken, and it contains a great number of wild, picturesque lakes. 
Of these, Racket and Forked Lakes, in the n, part, and Piseco,' in the s,, are the moat important. 
The principal streams are the w. and s. branches of Sacondaga River. A considerable amount of 
lumbering is carried on.® Piseco, formerly a p. o., and once a busy village of some 250 inhabit- 
ants, is now nearly deserted, and contains but 4. families.® There is nop.o. in town. The first 
settlers were Shadrack Dunning, at the e. end of Piseco Lake, in 1827, and David Woolworth, in 
the s. part, about the same time. Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, of Albany, settled in 1834.^** 

OILMAIV^*— was formed from "Wells, April 23, 1839. A part was annexed to Wells in 1858. 
It is an interior town, extending in a long, narrow strip near the e. border of the co. lis surface 
is much broken by mountains and diversified by small lakes. Several of the highest peaks in the co. 
are in this town; but their elevations have never been ascertained. It is the least populous town 
in the State. Oilnian (p. o.) is in the s. border. Most of the settlers are in the s. part, a few 
only living on the extreme n. border, quite isolated from their fellow townsmen. Philip Rhine- 
lander, a wealthy merchant of New York, began the first settlement.*^ 



1 If this syFtem of naming lakes could be extended, it would 
preatly assist those who wish to understand the geography of 
this region. To make it compk'te, the cit;hth lake in the Fulton 
chain ehouM be named Mooee Lake; Cranberry Pond, Oswe- 
fjatchie Lake; Messpwopie Pond, Grasse Lake; Ragged Lake, 
Salmon; Golden Lake, Hudson; and Piseco Lake, Sacondaga; 
and then the direction of the flow of the waters would be at once 
apparent from the names of the lakes. 

3 The first co. officers were Richard Peck, First Judge: Saml. 
Call, County Ch-rk : James Harris, Sherifr: G. R. Parburt, Dis- 
trict Attnrnf}/ : and Thos. H. Kline, Surrogate. 

'The Hamilton County Sentinel, printed at 
Johnstown and edited at Sageville, was started in 1846 
by Clark & Thayer. It waa subseriuently in the hands 
of Clark & Holmes, and is now issued by Clark & 
Fish. 

• Tlip rnute of the Ontario & Hudson R. R., from Saratoga to 
i^ackets Harrbor. extends through the N. part of the co. The 
route jp located; but no grading has been done within the co. 
Several surveys have been made to test the practicability of 
connecting Piseco Lake with Lake Pleasant, the Fnlton chain 
with Racket Lake, and Racket River with the Upper Saranac 
Lake, for thepurposeof forming a slackwater navigation through 
the CO. These schemes have been pronounced feasible. C'i>n- 
sidarable sums have been expended upon some of the streams so 
that logs might be floated down. 

6 A large share of this tract has reverted to the State by es- 
cheat, confiscation, and tax sales. It was purchased, at the re- 
'juest and expense of Joseph Totten, Stephen Crossfield, and 
Uiiers, from the Mohawk and Csnivjuliarie Indians, at Johnsons 



22 



Hall, in July, 1773. It was estimated to contain 800,000 acres. 
^Council Minutes, ^^A'l, p. 31. 

It was surveyed by Ebenezer Jessup and associates. 

8 Named by Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, in honoi of his 
mother. 

7 Named by Joshua Brown, a surveyor, from an Indian chief 
of his acquaintance. It is about 5 mi. long and 1 to IJ wide. 
It is one of the most picturesqne sheets of water in tlis co. Tho 
mountains around it are over 500 feet above its surface. 

8 Henry Devereaux. some years since, began lumbering on a 
large scale in the s. part, and built a tram r. r. some R or 10 mi. 
long. He also spent many thousand dollars in buildings and 
machinery; but the enterprise proved a failure. 

* In 1838 Andrew K. Morehouse, an extensive landholder, 
built at this place a gristmill, sawmill, machine shop, a large 
hotel and boarding house, and some half dozen dwellings. 
Strong inducements were offered to si-ttlers; but they became 
dissatisfied with the tille. and one by one dropped oflT. In 1S43 
he again tried to retrieve his fortunes by tho formation of a 
Joint stock Co. and induced some 200 settlers to come in. Some 
returned the same day; others remnincii a week or a month. 

10 Kli Rood, of Saratoga, settled on the beech flats s. E. of Piseco 
Lake; R. Dibble and Seth Whitniaii near the foot of the lake; 
and Zadock Ross, from Clifton Park, 8. of the lake. The first 
birth was that of Miss M. M. Dunraiig, Aug. 28. 1829; the first 
marriage, that of Amos Dunning an'l Ann Kliza PUimmer; and 
tho first death, that of Seth Whitman, A school was taught by 
Ann E. Plummer, in 1833. 

*^ Named from John M. Oilman, an e^rly settler, from N. H. 

1' Mr. Rhinelander cleared 300 ucces^ for a stock faroi, and. buiU 



338 



HAMILTON COUNTY. 



. HOPE* — was formed from Wells, April 15, 1818. A part of Lake Pleasant was annexed May 
10, 1847. It lies upon Sacondaga River, in the s. e. corner of the co. Its surface is broken and 
mountainous. It is the most populous town in the CO., and the settlements are chiefly in the e. 
part. The w. portion is still a wilderness, known only to hunters. The mountains are very irre- 
gular; but in general they extend upon both sides of the river, and, as usual in this region, have 
their longest slope to the s. w. The principal tributary of the Sacondaga is East Stony Creek ; and 
the main range of mountains lies between this stream and the river.^ Lumbering and tanning are 
extensively carried on. Hope Center, Benson, and Benson Center are p. offices. 
Hope Falls (p. o.) is a hamlet. Settlement was begun in 1790, in the s. border of the town.* 

IIVDIA.\ I.AKE— was formed from Gilman, Long Lake, and Wells, Nov. 13, 1858. It lies 
upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center.* 

I.AHI: PLEASAIVT— was formed from Johnstown, Fulton co., May 26, 1812. Parts of 
Stafford, Johnstown, and Salisbury were annexed at the time of the formation of Hamilton co. 
Morehouse was taken off in 1835, Arietta in 1836, and a part of Long Lake in 1837. A part was 
annexed to Hope in 1847, and a part to Wells in 1858. It is the central town of the co., and in- 
cludes a long tract extending from n. to s. to within a few mi. of each extremity of the co. Its 
surface is broken and mountainous, and most of it is still a wilderness. Lake Pleasant, from which 
it derives its name, is about 4 mi. long by 1 wide. Round Lake, J mi. from this, is very irregulai 
in form, and about 1} mi. across in the widest part.^ The Eckford chain of lakes, in the n. part, 
are in the midst of wild mountain solitudes. The upper of these is named Janet Lake.® The 
principal streams in the s. are the n. and w. branches of the Sacondaga, and in the n. the Racket 
and its tributaries. A mine of graphite has been opened 4 mi. n. of Sageville. Limestone mixed 
with silex and mica, from which quicklime is obtained, is found s. of Lake Pleasant. Lumbering 
and shingle making are carried on to a considerable extent. Lake Pleasant, (p.o.,) at the 
foot of the lake, contains a hotel and 2 dwellings. Sag^evllle^ (p-'^-) '^^ situated on a beautiful 
elevation 50 feet above Lake Pleasant* and Round Lake, about one-fourth of a mi. distant from 
each. It contains the co. buildings, a large hotel, a church, and several dwellings. Settlement was 
commenced about 1795, by Joseph Spier, of Columbia co.^ Meetings were first held by Rev. Elisha 
Yale; and the first settled minister was Rev. Ryan Bristol. 

EiOBfCr IjAKK — was formed from Arietta, Lake Pleasant, Morehouse, and Wells, May 4, 

1837. It extends across the n. end of the co., and is named from the principal lake within its 
borders. Its surface is very broken, and numerous small lakes are scattered through its forests. 
Settlement was begun in Township 21, a few years before the date of its organization."* There ie 
no p.o. in town. 

MOREHOUSE"— was formed from Lake Pleasant, April 13, 1835. A part of Long Lake was 
taken off in 1837. It extends along the w. border of the co., from the s. extremity to Long Lake. 



a coBtly mansion on Elm Lake, in TownBhip 9, aeveral mi. dis- 
tant from neighbors. He remained here until tlie di-ftth of his 
wife, in 1818 or '19, and soon after, l)eing struck with paralysis, 
waa obliged to return to New York. The property, after repeated 
Bales, is now owned by Dr. Elliott, an oculist of New York City. 
Qilmnn and his sons were the next eettlers. John Carter. An- 
drew MorriMon. Sanuu-1 Johnson, jr., Wni. B. Perk. Wra. Orcutt, 
ftnd others were early settlers. Mrs. Rhinelander W!i.s the first 
perBon that died. Susan Gilman taught the fiist school, in 1823. 
No inn has ever been licensed in town. 
1 There are 2 large tanneries in town, and several sawmills. 

* These mountains are entirely primitive, and incline to the 
fcyperethene and feldf!pathic varieties. 

'Gideon and Jeremiah Olmstead, from Mass., were the first 
■ettlerfi. Issachar Robinson. Peter Wager. Asa Deville. Jacob 
Honck, John Graff, and Elisha Wright settled about 1791-92. a 

little N. of the center of the town. Zadock Bass, Conklin. 

Elkanah, Amos, and Isaac Mason came into the e. part in 1S05. 
The first birth was th:it of Lucinda Olnistead; and the first 
death, that of Mr5. Conklin, about 1800. Wilson, a Scotch- 
man, kept the first school. 

* This town has been fnrmed since the statistics were collected; 
and its description and history are included in those of thetowns 
from which it was formed. 

6 The ioimmit level between Round Lake and Little Long 
Lake is but a few feet above the water. In wet seasons water 
runs both ways, and 25 mi. of slackwater navi^atinn might he 
made at comparatively small expense. Round Lake flows into 
the N. branch of the Sacmdaga, and Little Long Lake into the 
"W. branch. — so that, afttT running 26 and o3 mi. rei'pec lively, 
their waters again unite. 

^ Named from Mrs. Jamoe E. De Raj*, by Dr. Emmons, while 



making the geological survey of the 2d district. She was the 
daughter of Henry Eckford. the celebi-ated shipbuilder, from 
whom the chain of lakes was named. 

' Known for several years as ''ZaA-e Pli-a.-^ant.^' until changed 
through the agency of Uezekiah Sago, of Chittenaogo, who bnilt 
a large hotel and attempted to establish an extensive business 
there. Efforts have been made to procure a change of the pre- 
sent name, but without success. 

8 A few years since, Abraham R. Lawrence, of New York City, 
built al.irgehotel for summer rf sort at the head of Lake Pleasant. 
As a speculation it proved a failure. 

8 Benj. Macomber. John IJarnes. Joseph Davis. .Toshua and 
Jonath.in Rich^ Jesse Callop, Caleb Nichols, Geo. Wright. Ephrai ID 
Page, Daniel Fish, Henry Burton, Lemuel Iloluies, and B. Sater- 
lee settled in town before 1806. The first birth was that of 
Olivia Spier, in 1S06; and the second, that of Eleanor Macombcr, 
who died a missionary in Burmah. Geo. WriL'ht kept the fiist 
inn. In 1S06, and \Vm. B. Peck the first store, in 1S17. A saw- 
mill was built by Foster, in 1795; and a gristmill, by 

Joseph Spier, in 1797. 

W David Keller, James Sargent. Owen Skinner, Zenns Parker 
Joel I'lumley, and John Cunningham were first settlers. The 
first death occurred in 1838. A sdiool was first taught in 1840 
by Lucina Bissell. There are now o schotds in town, A Cong 
cimrch was formed in 1842, by Rev. JoLn Todd, of Pittsfield, 
Mass., and placed under the charge of Rev M. Paiker. This ie 
the most secluded town in the State. It is U8u.illy reached from 
Essex CO,, to which the settlers resort for their mails and trade. 
Scliroon River p.o., E.ssfX co., is the nearest and moul 
convenient ofiBce f<jr receiving mails. 

11 Named from the first settler. 



HAMILTON COUNTY. 



339 



Its surface is hilly and mountainous. In the several valleys which extend across the town are 
numerous lakes. Jerseyfield Lake, upon the s. border, is the principal lake in the s. part. The 
5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th lakes of the Fulton chain, in the N. part, discharge their waters into Moose 
River. Jones, Deer, Goose, and several other lakes flow into West Canada Creek. IMorellOUse- 
Ville, in the s. part, is a p. o. The Arthurboro Patent was mostly within the limits of this town. 
The tract of 50,000 acres purchased by Jonathan Lawrence was also partly in this town.' The 
first settlement was commenced, under the agency of Andrew K. Morehouse, in 1833.'' 

■WEliIiS' — was formed from Mayfield and Northampton, Fulton co.. May 28, 1805. Hope was 
taken off in 1818, a part of Long Lake in 1837, and Oilman in 1839. A part of Mayfield was 
annexed June 19, 1812; parts of Mayfield and Northampton in 1816; and parts of Gilman and 
Lake Pleasant in 1858. It lies along the e. border of the co. and forms a part of the hunting 
grounds of Northern N. Y. Its s. part is inhabited by a few families on Indian Lake. It is intersected 
by mountain ranges separated by deep, narrow valleys. The highest peaks are 2,000 to 2,500 feet 
high and are covered by masses of naked rock. The three branches of the Sacondaga unite in the 
s. part, forming a large stream. Jessup and Cedar Rivers, in the N., are large streams. Indian 
Lake is a sheet of water about 6 mi. long ; and further N. is a cluster of small lakes flowing into 
the Hudson. There are numerous other small lakes in other parts, known only to hunters. The 
soil is light and sandy. Calciferous sandstone appears in situ above Wells Village. 'Wells (p. v.) 
contains a large tannery, gristmill, sawmill, and 15 dwellings; Plcklevllle, one-half mi. above, 
contains 2 churches and 15 dwellings. Settlement began in 1798.* 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Hamilton County. 



NiMEs OP Towns. 



Arietta. 

Gilman 

Ilope 

Indian Lake.. 
Lake Pleasant. 

Long Lake 

Morehouse. 

Well3 

Total 



Acres of Lanp. 



674 

803 

6,729 

2,737 

744 

I.ISOJ 

3,«02l 



16,875} 



.1 



197,760 
90.902 
56.168 

1.10,418 
150,835 

6,796i 
114,099 



766.9784 



Valuation of 1858. 



$75,016 
46,559 
65,231 

99,046 
49.937 
39,276 
96,313 



471,377 



11 



1,420 
3,378 



$76,396 
46.569 
66,259 

99,696 
49,937 
39,276 
97,733 



474,755 



77 

62 

451 

162 
71 
147 
430 



1,390 



72 

38 

371 



128 
338 



32 

21 

135 

62 

28 

66 

137 



32 
21 
148 

63 

29 

69 

146 



1, 

18 

19 

116 

33 
22 
61 
93 



Schools. 



el 

31 

21 

361 

147 
60 
89 

818 

1,017 



Names of Towns. 



Arietta 

Gilman 

Hope 

Indian Lake.... 
Lake i*le.asant. 

Lonjr Lake. 

Morehouse 

Wells 

Total 



Live Stock, 



S 

e 

16 
17 
164 



338 



III 



92 
109 
685 

193 

69 
17S 
391 



1,604 



62 
16 
306 

123 

36 
98 
221 

~852 



7 
861 

155 

38 
116 

304 



1,481 



2- 
16 
205 



26 
109 



610 



Agricultural Products. 



Bush, or Grain. 



871 

662 

12,4761 

3,348J 
1,509 
l,97Ct 
6,615 



27,347J 



; 

444 

229 
l,751i 

686 
141 
456i 
606 



4,274 



1,460 
1.247 
9,916 

2,641 
2,226 
3,188 
4,689 



25,257 



45 
2,326 



7 
953 



3.469 



Daiey PaODDcra, 



3,770 
2,900 
28,803 

16,936 

3,622 

8,202 

19,060 

83,282 



,100 



s 

a 

c « 

5 ^ 
Cl.£ 

20 



874 

70 

317 

682 

1,463 



1 The Arthurboro Patent included 3 townabips. one 10 and 
the nthere pach 8 mi. sqtuire. It was granted to Arthur Noble, 
Feb. 15. 1787, for 1 sbillinf; per acre. He endeavored to (fleet 
the settlement of 100 families, but failed. The trsict to Mr. 
Lawrence was pranted for 3i shillings per afre. 

3 Mr. Morehoupe bonght a tractof land, built aeawmilljStoro, 
and dwelling, and came in with \m family early in Aug. 1834. 
Hr bpgan a email village 1 mi. w. of MorehouBevlIle, called 
*B'tfiHnrvitle;" but the project failed. Dennis and Henry 
Tnr.kt'r. TbTOdoro Marnche, Ezra Combs. Jonathan Tift, Cbria- 
tian Weaver, Eliaa HickHrd. J. B. Heily. and B. Bennett were 
early scttlcra. The firHt birth wsh thnt nf a bod of Wm. Baker; 
the fli-8t marriage, that of David Bushnetl and Miss Squires; 



and the first death, that of a son of Christian Weaver, by a idl- 
ing tree. A gristmill was first built in 1843, by John Cum- 
mings ; and the first tannery, in 1854, by Henry and Theodor« 
Lnrken. 

8 Named from Josbna Wells, the first settler. 

* Jofshua Wills, a native of Long Island, who came on nsn^nt 
for the proprietors of Palmer's Purchase, in 179S, Inillt the first 
millH. Isaac and Joshua Brown came wirh Wells, and kept 
" bacbelore' hall" several summers before any fiimihes came In. 
Amaiia Oage. Giles Vanderhtwf Nicholas Brn-'U. John Kranrisco, 

ElnHthan Lacy, Michael Ovoracken, laaiali Whilmnn. iUm\ 

and others, were earlv settlers. • Vnn Z.uidt krpt the firat 

Btorej and Piatt Whitman boilt the fitst tauuery, in 1825. 



V. 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 




Tnis county was formed from Montgomery, Feb. 16, 1791.' Onon- 
daga was taken off in 1794, Oneida and a part of Chenango in 
1798; the present territory of Hamilton co. was taken off and an- 
nexed to Montgomery in 1797; parts of Montgomery co. were 
annexed April 7, 1817 ; and parts of Richfield and Plainfield, Otsego 
CO., were annexed in forming Winfield in 1816. It is centrally dis- 
' tant 80 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,745 sq. mi. Its surface is 
a hilly upland, with a series of ridges extending in a general n. and 
s. direction. Mohawk River flows e. through the co. in a deep 
valley which cuts the ridges at right angles and separates the high- 
land into two distinct parts. A broad ridge extends from the s. 
border to the Mohawk, and thence N. of that river along the w. 
bank of East Canada Creek to the N. line of the co. The Ilasenclever Mts., another broad ridge, lie 
along the w. border of the co., N. of the Mohawk. From the Mohawk the highlands rise toward 
the s. in a series of hills, the declivities of which are steep and their summits 500 to 1,000 ft. high. 
North of the river the surface gradually rises to aheight of 1,000 to 1,500 ft., where it spreads out 
into a rocky and broken plateau region, the highest summits being 2,500 to 3,000 ft. above tide. 

Mohawk River breaks through a mountain ridge at Little Falls, the valley forming a natural 
channel of communication between Lake Ontario and Hudson River. At this place the mountains 
on each side of the river are masses of naked rock rising nearly perpendicular to a height of 500 
to 600 ft. An intervale, with an average width of 2 mi., extends along the river w. of the pass, 
and from it the land rises on each side in gradual slopes. East of this point the Mohawk flows for 
some distance through a valley bordered by steep and nearly perpendicular hills. The river re- 
ceives from the N., Sterling, West Canada, Cathatachua, and East Canada Creeks ; and from the s. 
Furnace, Browns Hollow, and Nowadaga Creeks. East Canada Creek^ forms a portion of the E. 
boundary of the co., and receives as tributaries Trammel, Spruce, and several other small creeks. 
West Canada Creek flows s. w. through Wilmurt, Ohio, and Russia, thence s. e. along the w. border 
of Russia, thence s. through Newport, Fairport, and Herkimer, to the Mohawk. It receives from 
the E. Black, White, and North Creeks, and from the w. several small brooks. Several small 
streams take their rise in the s. part of the co. and form branches of the Unadilla. The N. part 
of the CO. is yet an unbroken wilderness. It is a wild, mountainous region, with very little land 
susceptible of cultivation. The streams, usually flowing in deep, rocky ravines, form headwaters 
of Black, Moose, Beaver, and Oswegatchie Rivers. 

The portion of the co. lying n. of a line extending w. of Brocketts Bridge, on East Canada Creek, 
is covered with primary rocks.' This same formation also outcrops at Little Falls on the Mohawk. 
Rising successively above the primary are the Trenton limestone, appearing in Norway and 
Russia; the Utica slate, appearing upon the summits of all the hills immediately N. of the Mo- 
hawk; the Frankfort slate, appearing immediately s. of the river; the Oneida conglomerate and 
Clinton group, extending in a belt through near the center of the s. half of the co. ; the Onondaga 
salt group, waterlime, Onondaga and corniferous limestones, appearing in thin layers next s. ; and 
the Marcellus shales and limestones of the Helderbergh Range, covering the summits of the s. hills. 
These rocks yield an abundance of lime, waterlime, and building material in nearly every part 
of the CO. ; and for these purposes they are extensively quarried. Drift is found in deep deposits 
in many parts of the co. The useful minerals are few in number.* 

Agriculture forms the leading pursuit. The hilly character of the surface particularly adapts 
this CO. to pasturage ; and dairying has long been the leading branch of industry.* Hops are 



1 This namw waa originally '^Erfjkemar :" and it has been 
variously written, as Ilerchkeimer, Harenigpr, llarkemeir. 
Ilerchamer. Harchanier, llarkemar, and Herkimer. — Benton's 
Jlin'l'irtier, p. 150. 

2 West Canada Creek was called by the Indians Teugh-tagh- 
TH-row, and the East Creek Ci-o ha-na. 

8 The roeks peculiar to this region are granite, gneiss, feld- 
f^par and hornblende. Calciferoufl sandrock is found associated 
with gneiss at Little Falls. 

4 Qypsnm is found in small quantities ; and this co. is said to 
340 



be the most easterly point in the State where it can be ob- 
tained. The discovery of small particles of anthracite, found 
associated with sandstone near Little Falls, has led to the erro- 
neous supposition that coal might be obtained in the vicinity. 
Among the other minerals found are crystals of quartz, adapted 
to optical instruments, iron sand, iron and copper pyrites, lead 
ore, heavy spar, graphite, alum, and alum slate. 

* The amount of cheese produced in this CO. is three times as 
ereat as in any other co. in the State. 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



341 



largely produced. At Little Falls, and a few other localities, considerable manufacturing is car 
ried on. 

The county seat is located at the village of Herkimer.* The courthouse is a fine brick building 
fronting Main St., near the center of the village. The jail is a stone building, on the opposite side 
of the st, from the courthouse. The clerk^s office is a fireproof brick building, upon the courthouse 
lot, fronting Court St. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 65 acres G^ mi. n. of the court- 
house. The average number of inmates is 130, supported at a weekly cost of Si. 30 each. The farm 
yields a revenue of about $700. A school is taught about G months in the year. The institution is 
in good condition and seems to be vrell mana^ed.''^ The works of internal improvement within the 
CO. are the Krie Canal and the N. Y. Central R. R., both extending along the valley of the Mohawk. 

Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.' 

The lands of this co. adjacent to the river were granted mostly in the first half of the last cen- 
tury, and the greater portion now settled was conveyed before the Revolution. The n. portion 
and small tracts in other sections remained in possession of the State Government until conveyed 
to Macomb and others.* 



1 The fii-st courthouse of the co. was legated at Whiteeboro, 
now Onoida co. The first courthouse kikI jhU at Herkimer was 
burned Jnn. 25, 18S4. The first co officers were H4'nry Stnrinp, 
JPirst Judge; Michael Myers, Hn;:h \\ hite, and Abmhani Ilar- 
denburph, Jtid/fes; Jonas Piatt, Ckrk; Wm. Colbreath, Sheriff; 
and Moses De Witt, Surrogate. 

2 Thi.- two main liuildings of this institution are of stone, and 
axe each 30 by 40 feet. 

8 T/i€ Tekscfpe was commenced at Horliimer about 1802 !>y 
Benj. Corey. It was purchased by David Holt aud J. B. 
Robhins. and discontinued in .bin. 1805. 

The Farmers' Moytitfrr was cumnieiiced in the same office in 
1S05 by Holt A Robbins. It was discontinued in 1807. 

The Herkimer I'dican was commenced in 1807 or '08 by Benj. 
Corey, and was discontinued about 1810. 

The Herkimer American was commenced in 1810 by J. H. & H. 
Prentiss. Wm. L- Stone afterward became the pub- 
lisher. In 1813 or '14 he sold it to Kdward P. Seymour, 
who continued its publication until 1831, when it was 
discontinued. 

Bunker Hill was coDimenced at Herkimer in ISIO by G, G. 
Phinney. Its name was changed in 1812 to 

The ff(ftwst American, under which title it was published a few 
years. 

The People's Friend was commenced at Little Falls in Sept. 
1821. by Kdward M. Griffin. It was successively pub- 
lished "by Joseph A. Noonan. Horatio N. Johnson, and 
E. G. Palmer & H. N. Johnson. In 1830 it was pub- 
lished as 

The Penple's Friend ajid Little Falls Gazette. I'n July, 1834. it 
passed into the hands of N. S. Benton & Co., who 
cbaiiv'ed its name to 

Tbe MohawK Courier, under which title it is now pub- 
lished by A. W. Katou. 

The Herkimer Hrald was commenced in 1828 by John Car- 
penter. It was removed in a few years to Oswego. 

The Republican Fhrmers' Frtf Press was commenced at Herki- 
mer in 1830 by Holt; B. B. Hotchkin. editor. In 

1834 it w»s removed to Littlo Falls and its name 
changed to 

The Herkimer f'nunt>i Whig, under which title it was published 
about 2 years by Larned W. Smith. 

The Inquirer was published a short time at Little Falls by 
Larned W. Smith. 

Tbe Herkimer County Journal was commenced in 



Dec. 1837, by a comparv; J. C. Underwood, editor, E. 
P. Seymour, printer, li 1838 it p-nssed into the hands 
of O. A. Bowe, and in 184* to Orlando Squires, who re- 
moved it to Little Falls. He was succeeded by Daniel 
Ayer, by whom the paper is now published. 

r Small papers. A few numbers were issued 

Key of David, J in 1853 or '54 by O. Squires. The latter 

Ecieciic Bulletin A papf^r was designed as a daily, but was 
( issued only tri-wec-kly. 

The Walchmayi was issued by Squires about 6 months in 18 — . 

The Demncruiic Vindicator was issued by Squires about 2 w«eka 
in 18—. 

Tlie Ent€rp}-ise was issued at Little Falls in 1839 by £. M. 
Griffin. In 1841 it was succeeded by 

The Mohawk Mirror.. serai-mo„ which wiis discontinued in 1844. 

The Tribune and Spirit of '^S was published at Little Falls a 
short time in IS — by H. N- Johnson. 

The Herkri7ner Freeman was commenced at Little Falls in July, 
1844. by O. A. Bowe. In H'50 be removed it to Mohawk 
and changed the name to 

The Mohawk Times. It was soon after discontinued. 

The Frankfort Drmocrat was cnmmenred in 1842 by J. M. Lyon 
& W. B. Holmes. In 1844 it was removed to Herkimer 
and its name changed to 

The Herkimer Chunty Democrat. In 1848 Mr. Lyun was suc- 
ceeded by Robert Karl. In 1850 C. C. Wilherstine be- 
came interested in its publication, and in March, 1854, 
he became sole proprietor. In Sept. 1S54, J. L. Hayse 
was associated with Mr. Witherstine. and in Dec. 1855, 
the name of the paper was changed to 

The Hurkimer American. In May, I85t5, Mr. Hayse withdrew ; 
and in July following the paper passed into the hands 
of R.W.Crain & J. T. Stevens, who changed its name to 

Tlie Herkimer County Democrat. - — Withers- 
tine 80(jn after became proprietor ; and in June. 1869, it 
was sold to H.G. Crouch, its present publisher. 

The nion Indipendent was commenced in Jan. 1855: G. W. Bun- 
guy, editor. Wm. L. Fish & H. W. Lyman, publishers. 
Ill Jan. 1S"'8. it was removed to Utica. 

The Moliawk Valley Sentinel was commenced at 
Mi.hawk in Jan. 1855. by L. W. I'eters & G. W. Gould. 
In May following Mr. I'eters becjime sole proprieUif, 
and in its present publisher. 

Tlie Standard Bearer was commenced at West Win- 
field in June, 1859; W. H. Dixon, publisher. 



* List of Patents, Tracts, and Grants of Land in Herkimer County. 



Adgate'fl Patent* 

Brown's Tract* 

Burnetsfield Patent* 

Colden,C.. Patent 

Coldeu. N- Patent. 

Cosby'fi Manor* 

Fall Hill Patent 

Free Mason's Patent*... 

Glen's Purchase 

Hasenclevi-r's Patent.... 
Henderson's Patent*.... 

Jersnyfielil Patent* 

John'*<jii's, (Juy, Patent, 

Kast's Patput 

Lansintr's I'atent* 

L'linmnieilii'u'a Patent. 

Lindsay's Patent 

Lispenard's Patent* 

Livingston's Patent*.... 
Machio's Patent* 



Mathew Adgate 

Part of Macomb's Purchase 

John Joost Petrie and 93 others 

Cailwalkider Golden and C. Kightmeyer 

Alexander Colden anil 3 others 

Joseph Worrell, Wm. Cosby, and 9 others 

John Joost and Hendiick tierkimer 

Wm. and Robert Bayard and 53 others 

Jacob Glen and others 

Peter Hasenclever and 17 others 

Jas. Henderson and 2 others 

Henry Glen and 93 others 

Guy Johnson (forfeited) 

Johan Jurgh Kaet and others, — his children.... 

Jacob Lansing and 2 others 

Kzra L'Hommedieu and N. Piatt 

Julin Lindsay and Philip Livingston 

Leonard Lispenard. sen. and jr., and 13 others. 

Philip Livirig-ttonand 19 others 

Thomas Machin 



1798 


43,907 


1702 


210.000 


1725 


9.400 


1738 


3,000 


1761 


4.000 


1734 


22.000 


1762 


2,324 


1771 


60,000 


1730. '39, 'CO 


26,477 


1769 


18,0(« 


1739 


6,000 


1770 


94,000 


1766 


201)0 


1724 


1.100 


1763 


6.000 


1786 


4.000 


1730 


3.000 


1770 


9,200 


1782 


20,000 


1786 


1,600 



342 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



The first settlements were made upon the river intervales above Little Falls, about 17-2, by a 
colony of Palatinates. Accessions were made to their number from time to time, and up to the 
close of the Revolution they constituted almost the sole inhabitants of the co. During the French 
War of 1756, this colony was twice invaded, and numbers of the people were killed or carried 
away prisoners,* During the Revolution also it was repeatedly invaded: the buildings and crops 
were destroyed ; and at last the inhabitants were obliged to abandon their homes and seek pi-otee- 
tion in the lower part of the valley. The German Flats were invaded by a body of 300 tories and 
152 Indians, under Brant, in Sept. 1778. This party burned 03 dwellings, 57 barns, 3 gristmills, 
2 sawmills, and killed or took off 235 horses, 229 horned cattle, 2G9 sheep, and 93 oxen. Only 2 
persons lost their lives; and the forts were not attacked. A party of militia pursued them o\ 
their retreat, but without effecting any thing. Andrustown, in AV^arren, was burned in Jjly 
of the same year. A stockade fiirt was built at the German Flats, and another at Danube, a short 
time previous to the commencement of the French AVar. In 1776 another fort was built at Her- 
kimer, N. of the Mohawk ; and strong blockhouses were erected in several other parts of the co.^ 

This CO. shared in the loss of men at the battle of Oriskany. Gen. Arnold came as far as Ger- 
man Flats in the summer of 1777, on his way to relieve Fort Schuyler; and from this place was 
sent the tory Ilan Yost Schuyler, to spread alarm among the savages in St. Leger*s camp and 
hasten the abandonment of the siege. 

After the war the settlements rapidly spread, and within 15 years over 10,000 persons from New 
England and the eastern cos, of the State located in the central and s. portions of the co. From 
that time its progress has been gradual and continually prosperous. 



COEiUMBIA^ — was formed from AVarren, June 8, 1812. It lies on the s. border of the co., 

w. of the center. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly, with an average elevation of 500 to 
600 ft. above the Moh; vvk. The streams are small brooks, a portion of them flowing n. to the 
Mohawk and the remainder flowing s. to the Unadilla. The soil is a clayey loam and generally 
fertile. Columbia Center (Columbia p. o.) contains 98 inhabitants; Cedarville, (p. v.,) 
on the line of Litchfield, 2 churches, a tannery, and 145 inhabitants. iSouth Columbia, in 
the s. E. part, is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced before the Revolution, by families 
from the Mohawk;* but their improvements were abandoned during the war. The first religious 
services (Ref. Prot. D.) were held at an early period. Abram Rosegrantz was the first preacher.^ 

DAIVUBE^ — was formed from Miuden, (Montgomery co.,) April 7, 1817. Stark was taken 



Tracts. 



McNeil's Patent* 

Mo09H Itiver Tract* 

Nobleborough Patent* 

Petrie'a Purchase 

Kemsenburgh Patent* 

Royal Grant 

Scbuyler'a Patent 

Snell & Zininiernian's Patent 

Stiiley's Patent, Ist and 2d Tract, 

'* *' 3d Tract. 

Totten & Crossfield's Purchase*... 

Van Driessen, John's. Patent 

Van Diiessen, Potrus', Patent 

Van Home's Patent* 

A'augban's Patent 

Vrooman's Patents* (3) 

Walton's Patent 

Watrion's Ea3t Tract* 

Youngs Patent* 



Fatentees. 



John McNeil and 3 others 

Anson Blake 

Arthur Noble.: 

Philip Livingston and 2 others 

Henry Keiusen and 3 others 

Sir Wni. Johnson, (after 1755) 

Abraham Lynsen and 21 others 

Jacob Zimmerman and .T. J. Schnell 

Kudolph Stalt'v and 17 others 

Coenradt and Fred. Frank and 4 others.. 

Zephaniah Piatt 

John Van Driessen 

Pctriis Van Driessen 

Abraham Van Home and 3 others 

John Vaiighan and 7 others 

Isaac Vrooman 

Wm. M'alton. jr.. and 11 others 

Part of Maconih's Purchase 

Theobald Young and 10 others 



1761 


4,000 


1847 


13,080 


17S7 


40.9C0 


1747 


6,000 


1787 


48,000 


1765 


43,000 


17n5 


3,600 


1755 


34,000 


17136 


5,000 


1786 


26,200 


1786 


428 


1737 


1.000 


1731 


8.000 


1770 


8.000 


786. "90 


14,193 


1768 


12.000 


1792 




1752 


14.000 



Those marked with a star extend into neighboring cos. Some I may thus overlap. For a ftUl statement of titles, see Bentmi's 
tracts reverted to the State by attainder, or conviction for ad- Herhinier, pp. 200, 475. 
hering to the enemy in the Revolution; and subsequent grants | 



1 Pe<^ page 344. 

2 Fort Herkimpr was built in the French War. and Fort 
Dayton just before the Revolution. The former stood around 
the present stone church and other buildings in German Flats, 
and the latter a few rofls from the site of the present court- 
house, in Herkimer Village. At tlie time of the Hevolntion 
thero were but abnut 70 dwellings near th**se forts, but there 
Was a large population for the number of dwellings in the 
country around. 

3 Tliis town embraces Staley's Second Tract. — except IJ tiers 
of lots on the w.. — a small triangular piece from the N. w. corner 
of Henderson's Patent, and all of the patent to Coenradt Frank 
%ud others, except 7 lots on the e. 



* Among the early settlers were Conrad Orendorf. Conrad 
Frank, Conrad Fulmer. Frederick Christian, Timothy Frank, 
Nicholas Lighthall. Joseph Moyi-T, and Henry Frank. The 
settlement was named "CW/i7-orf*(on" at an early day. — Benton's 
HerK-imcr. p. 300. 

Philip Ausman taught the first school, (German,) in 1795, and 
Joel Phelps an English school, in 179ti. The first store waJ 
kept by David W. Gold,>n and Benj. Mix, in 1796. The first 
gristmill was built in 1791-92, by Andrew Miller and Geo. Bell, 
at Millers Mills. 

6 There are 2 churches in tovm ; Ref. Prot. D. and F. W 
Bap. 

* Named from the river Danube. 



IIEKKIMER COUNTY. 



343 



oflf In 1828. It lies on the E, border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is hilly iu the center, 
rising 400 to 800 ft. above the Mohawk, and is broken by ravines on each side of the valley of 
the creek. Fine flats extend along the Mohawk on the n. border. The principal stream is Nowadaga' 
Creek, which flows n. e, through the town near the center. The soil is gravelly in the n. and a sandy 
loam in the s. In the n. part are two sulphur springs. Se'^wiUe (p. v.) contains 1 church and 
20 houses, and Indian Castle^ {Danube p. o., a hamk't) 1 church. Settlements are supposed 
to have commenced as early as 1730 ; but no records have been preserved. During the Revolution the 
settlements were broken up, and did uot commence again until about 1780.^ The first patents are 
dated 1730-31.* A mission church was establi.'^hed here by Sir William Johnson in 1768. This 
church had a bell, which the Indians attempted to carry off in the war, and for that purpose 
secreted it. Search was made in vain. After sufficient time had elapsed the thieves, on returning 
by night to bear away the coveted treasure, had their presence and business betrayed by the 
unruly member which they neglected to muffle. As it was borne along on a pole, its ringing 
brought the Germans to its rescue with such weapons as they in their haste could snatch, and the 
bell was recovered. The present cliurch occupying the site of the old Mission Church is known as 
the '* Indian Castle Church." There are 2 uniim churches in town. This town was the residence 
of King Ilendrick^ and Joseph Brant,*' the celebrated Mohawk chiefs, and of Gen. Nicholas Her- 
kimer.' King Ilendrick sustained a high character for sagacity and integrity, was warmly at- 
tached to the English, and especially to Sir "Wm. Johnson, whom he accompanied to Lake George 
in the summer of 1755, where he was killed. He was recognized as a chief as early as 1697. 

FAIRFIELD^ — was formed from Norway, Feb. 19, 1796. A part of Newport was taken off 
in 1806, and a part of Little Falls in 1829. It lies in the interior of the co., near the center. Its 
surface is a hilly upland, the center rising into a ridge 800 to 1,000 ft. above West Canada Creek.* 
The streams are small. West Canada Creek flows s. on the w. border. The soil on the uplands is 
mostly clay, and in the valleys it is gravelly, with local drift deposits of sand. Several fine quar- 
ries of limestone are found in different parts.^^ Fairfleld, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 
churches, an academy," a cheese bos factory, and 00 houses ; Middleville^ (p. v.,) on the line 
of Newport, 1 church, a woolen factory, tannery,^^ chair factory, grist and saw mill. Pop, 295. 
Settlements were first made in 1770, by 3 German families named Maltanner, Goodbrodt, and Shaf- 
fer, who located upon the Royal Grant.^* The first preacher was Rev. Fields, (Presb.,) in 1791." 



1 Called by the Indiaos In-cha-nan-do. 

! Named from the upper Indian castle, or fort, built in 1710 
ODtbe Bat just bulow the mouth of Nowadaga Creek. It was built 
as one of the chain of defenses that guarded the approach to 
CaniuJa, and was armed with small cannon. The Indians lived 
In clusters of huts around it. 

3 An inn was kept by Cornelius C. Van Alstyne, in 1795, and 
a store by Peter Smith, at the same time. Andrew Nellia built 
the first gristmill, near the mouth of Nowadaga, in ISOO. 

* Small portions of Fall Hill, Vaughan's, and L'llommodieu's 
Patents, the whole of Lindsay's, and parts of J. Vrooman's, C. 
Colden's, Van Home's, and Lansing's Patents are in this town. 

6 1'he dwelling of King Hendrick stood upon the high 
ground near the site of the present Indian Castle Church. 
On one occasion he remarkeil to Sir William Johnson that he 
had dreamed a dream. On being questioned, he related that 
the English agent had in bis slumber appeared to present. 
him a suit of new clothes. Johnson fulfiUeii the dream, and 
not long after had iu turn a dream to relate to the chief, in 
wliich he thought the latter had presented to him a large tract 
of land. The Indian was caught in his own trap. He, howevt-r, 
gave the necessary title, but hinted, as he conveyed the lands 
described, that they would have no more dreaming. This tract 
was afterward known as the Royal (Jrant. 

6 Brant lived in the same place that had been occupied by 
Ilendrick. Fort Uendrick stood on land now owned by Abram 
Owens, w. of the Nowadaga, on a small eminence overlooking 
the flat. The fort was built in the French War. 

' General Herkimer's house is still standing, 3 mi. WIow 

Little Falls, 6. of the canal. It is of imported brick, and was 

built in 1763. at a cost of $7,500 to JS.OOd, Some of the rooms 

were finished in panel work and were plastered on the brirk 

walls: and in its day the house was surpassed by none in this 

section. It is now owned by Daniel Conner. KfTorts were 

made to burn it in the Revolution by throwing combustihles 

upon the roof: but further attempts of this kind were prevented 

by covering it with a layer of clay. Gen. Herkimer's grave ts 

25 rods s.E. from the house, on a knoll, and is marked by a 

plain white tombstone inscribed as follows : — 

"Gen. 

NICHOLAS HERKIMER. 

Died 

Aug. 17. 1777, 

Ten days after the battle of Oriskany. in which engagement he 

received wounds which caused his death." 

Attempts have been repeatedly made to obtain the means to 
erect a suitable monument ; but, notwithstandiug the resolution 



of Congress on the 4th of October, 1777, " that the Governor and 
Council of New York be desired to erect a monument, at Con- 
tinental expense, of the value of $500, to the memory of the lat« 
Brigadier Harkemer, who commanded the militia of Tryon co., 
in the State of N. Y., and who was killed fighting gallantly in 
defense of the liberty of these States," this order has been neg- 
lected, and the citizen chief lies forgotten by the country for 
whose cause he gave his life. He was chairman of the Tryon 
CO. committee of safety. At the time of his death he was abont 
50 years of age. 

8 This town included nearly all of the Glen Purchase and the 
first allotment of the Rnyal Grant. 

8 The 8. w. corner of the old college building is 1.276. S ft. above 
tidewater at Troy. The chapel threshold is 727 feet above low 
water at W. Canada Creek at Middleville, and Barts Hill is 1,177 
feet above the same. 

10 Near Middleville are found beautiful crystals of quartz. 
Most of them are perfectly transparent; and sometimes they 
inclose a few drops of water or small pieces of anthracite 
coal. 

" Fairfield Academy was established in 1803. A medical de- 
partment, incorp. as the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
was founded in 1809, and continued until 1840. A conditional 
college charter was granted to the academy in 1S12, under the 
name of "Clinton (Allege;" but the conditions were not com- 
plied with. 

12 This establishment manufactures $40,000 worth of calf- 
skins and upper leather annually. 

13 These settlers, though Royalists, were attacked by the In- 
dians in 1779. Two members of the faniilies wi-re killed, and 
the others were carried into captivity. Fainilii-^ named Keller. 
VVindecker. and Pickert settled near the Manbeim lino, and 
others settled on the Glen Purchase, before the war. Cornelius 
Chatlield settled in March, and Abijah Mann in May, 17^5. 
Josiah, David, and Lester Johnson. John lUicklin, Benj. Howen, 
John Eaton. Nath'l and Wni. Brown, Sam'l Low, David Bense- 
ley, Elisha VVyman, Comfort Eaton, Jeremiah Ballard, Ww. 

Bucklin, Arnold, Daniel Vennor, Natlian Smith, Nahum 

Daniels, Amos and Jas. Haile, Ncely, and Peter and Bi'I.i 

Ward, all from New England, settled soon after. Tlio fir-^t 
store was kept by Smith & Daniels, in 17H2-'.i:i. The tir.-t 

gristmill was built by Empie, and thr fiist sawmill by 

Samuel & Paul Green. A school was taught in 17115. by Wm. 
D. Gray; but others had been previously t:iught in the N. p.ut 
of the town. 

n There are now 6 churches in town; 2 M. E., Bap., I'rot. E^ 
Presb., and Cong. 



344 HERKIMER COUNTY. 

FR.iaiKFORT'— was furmed from German Flats, Feb. 5, 1796. It was divided in the forma- 
tion of Oneida co. in 1798, and a part annexed to Deerfield. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. 
of the Mohawk. Its surface is a broad intervale, ri.sing into hills of moderate elevation on the 
s. w. border, the highest points being about 500 ft. above the river. The Mohawk flows s. e. on the 
N. border. The streams arc small brooks and creeks. The soil on the uplands is a clayey and 
slaty loam, and on the flats an alluvial loam. Limestone ledge« are found in the s. w. The most 
important of these is called Horsebone Ledge. The stone is whitish and makes e.xcellent lime. 
Slate and calciferous sandstone are also found in some places. Franllfort, (p. v.,) in the n.e., 
near the Mohawk, contains 4 churches, 1 bank, a grist and saw mill, woolen factory, and distillery. 
Pop. 1,150. IVevv GraeTcuberg' (p.o.) is the seat of a water cure, 4i mi. from Utica. 
IIOYr:ii-<l!« Busli {Frankfurt Hill p. o.) is w. of the center. Jacob Folts made the first settle- 
ment, on Lot 3, Burnetsiield Patent, before the Revolution.'^ The census reports 7 churches in town.' 

GEllMAIV Ft.AT.S'— was formed, as a district of "Tnjon co.," March 24, 1772. Its name 
was exchanged with the Kingsland District, March 8, 1773. It was recognized as a town March 7, 
1788. Frankfort, Litchfield, and AVarren were taken off in 1796, and a part of Little Falls in 
1829. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, s. of the center of the co. A fine intervale extends 
along the river, and from it the surface gradually rises to a height of 300 to 400 ft. and spreads 
out into an undulating upland. The valley of Fulmer Creek divides this upland into two nearly 
equal parts. The other streams are small brooks. The soil is a clay and slaty loam upon the 
hills, and a gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys. Mohawk, (p. v.,) a canal village, in 
the N. w. part of the town, was incorp. April 10, 1844. It contains 3 churches, a bank, and news- 
paper office. Pop. 1,355. Ilion (p. v.) is a canal village, li mi. w. of Mohawk. It contains 2 
churches, a bank, and Remmington's rifle factory. Pop. 813. Fort Herkimer, upon the 
Mohawk, in the E. part, contains 2 churches and 20 houses. Dcnisous Corners (Denison 
p.o.) and Pains HollO'W are hamlets. The first settlements were made in 1722, by a colony 
of Palatinates who had previously located upon the Hudson.^ The population rapidly increased 
until 1756, when the whole settlement was laid waste by a party of Canadians, French, and Indians.' 
A C(mucil was held with the Indians at this place, .lune 28, 1775, at which the Oncidas and Tus- 
caroras agi'ced to remain neutral.' During the Revolution the Indians committed many murders 
in town ; and in July, 1782, they destroyed nearly the whole settlement.* The German inhabitants 
early espoused the Patriot cause ; and the first liberty-pole in the Mohawk Valley, erected here, 
was cut down by Sherifi' White and a body of militia, who came up from Johnstown for the pur- 
pose, in the spring of 1775. At the close of the war the settlements progressed with great rapidity. 
A treaty was held with the Indians at Fort Herkimer, June 28, 1785, at which time the Oneidaa 
and Tuscaroras ceded to the State the territory lying between Unadilla and Chenango Rivers. 
The first church was built of logs, in 1725 ; it was superseded by one built of stone, in 1767. The 
building is still standing, and is the most ancient structure in the co. It was commenced under a 
permit granted in 1746, but from apprehen,sion of Indian troubles it was delayed, and a new per- 
mit was granted Oct. 6, 1751. It was not fully completed for use until 1767. On the 24th of 
Sept. 1730, Nicholas Wolever deeded Lot 30 of Burnetsfield Patent for church and school purposes. 
A society was formed soon after, and the conveyance was perfected April 26, 1733. Lotj 45, 46, 
and 47 in German Flats were conveyed Sept. 18, 1755, by Hans Dedriok Stelly, and others, to 
Peter Remsen, for the support of the Ref. Prot. D. church at this place. The first preacher was 
Rev. A. Rosegrantz.' 



1 Named from I.itwreiK'e Frank, an early Bettler. A large 
pait of Cosby's Manor, 1| tiers of git'at lots of Bayard's Patent, 
4 lots in Burnetsfield Patent. J of 1 lot in Frank's, 4i lots in 
Staley's.and a part of Colden's Patents are in this town. — Btnttm's 
Hrrlimrr. p. 4WI. 

2 Among the other early settlers were Conrad Folts. Andrew 

Piper. David Dederick, Aaron James, Morgan, Evan Kvans, 

Joseph Harris, John Morris, John Myers, and Adam Weber. 
Several Welsh families settled about ISOO. The first inn was 
kept by John Myers, in IT'Ja : the first sawmill was built by 
John Holtister. in 1794; and the tirst gristmill bv Adam J. 
Campbell, in ISOS. 

8 4 M. E., Dap., lief. Prot, D., and Ilniv. 

* Named IVom the German settlers who located on the Mo- 
hawk Flats at this place. 

6 ,\niong the early settlers were families named Erirbemar. 
. Herkimer. Fox, Kditch, Rillinger, Starring, Wolever, and Ilerter, 
— names still common in the Co. 

6 This attack was made Nov. 11, 1776. The settlers were 
totally unprepared, and the greater pait were murdered or cap- 
tured without resistance. The French account states that a 
laill, tW houses, and a large number of btirns, were destroyed, 



40 persous were killed, aud 150 taken prisoners. These nnjx 
hers were doubtless much exaggerated. A small stockaded fort, 
called Fort Kouari, was garrisoned at this time, and afforded 
shelter for a portion of the inhabitants. On the 30th of April, 
1758. the French and Indians made another attack upou the 
settler.s. and killed -30. losing 15 of their own number. 

7 On the 16th and 16th of .\ug. 1775, another council was held 
here by Turhot Francis and Valkert P. Doun, on the part of the 
Commi.ssioners for the Northern Del>artment, to induce the In- 
dians to go to Albany to hold a great council. They attended 
at Albany soon after; hut sufficient inducements could not be 
ofTi-red to detach them from the royal cause. 

8 In July, 178"2. a party of 600 Indians and tories entered the 
settlement, and were discovered by Peter Wolever, who, with 
Augustinus Hess, lived about 50 rods from the fort. Both fami- 
lies escaped to the fort, except Iless.whowas killed at the picket 
gate, Valentine Starring was tortuivd within hearin.c of the 
fort, which was too feeble to attempt a rescue, — Benton's Her- 
kimrr. p. 406, 

^ There are now 7 churches in town ; 2 lief. Prot. D., Bap., Ev. 
Luth., F, W, Bap., Univ., and Union. 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



345 



HKRKIMER^— was formed from Kingsland District, March 7, ll^S. A part of Palatino 
(Montgomery co.) was annexed in 1791. Norway and Schuyler were taken off in 1792, a part of 
Newport in 1800, and a part of Little Falls in 1829. A part was annexed to Schuyler in 1808, and 
restored in 1811. It lies on the n. bank of the Mohawk, near the center of the settled portions of 
the CO. A wide intervale extends along the river, and from it the surface gradually rises to the n. 
line of the town. West Canada Creek flows s. through near the center, dividing the uplands into 
two distinct ridges. The Hasenclever Mts., w. of the creek, are 000 to 800 ft, above the Mohawk. 
The soil upon the hills is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a deep, fertile alluvium. Her- 
kimer,- (p. v.,) upon the Mohawk, w. of the mouth of West Canada Creek, was inQorp. 
April 0, 1807. It contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, a bank, newspaper office, paper 
mill,' and gristmill. Pop. 1,371. It is a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. £atoiiTille (p-o.) 
is a hamlet, in the n. e. corner, on the line of Fairfield and Little Falls. The early history of the 
town is blended with that of German Flats, of which it formed a part until its organization as a 
town. The first settlements were made by Palatinates, under the patronage of Gov. Hunter, in 
1722.* It had its share of sufl'ering during the Revolution ; and all the patriot families that re- 
mained during the war were those sheltered by Fort Dayton. This fortress stood upon a point of 
the stone ridge about 30 rods above the present site of the courthouse. After the destruction of 
Fort Schuyler by flood and fire, in May, 1781, Forts Dayton and Herkimer became the frontier 
defenses of the Mohawk Valley.* After the war, many of the Indians and tories who had been 
actively engaged in hostilities returned to the settlements; but they were received by the settlers 
in a way little calculated to inspire sentiments of friendship, and the greater part emigrated to 
more congenial places.® The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at an early period, by Rev. 
A. Rosegrantz ; but the precise date has been lost.*^ 

E.ITCUFIEI.D8— was formed from German Flats, Feb. 5, 1796. A part of Winfield was 
taken off in 1810. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the Mohawk. Its surface is elevated 
and moderately hilly, its mean elevation being about 500 feet above the river. A series of ridges 
in the' w. and s. are known as the " Dry Lots,"^ no water being found upon them. The streams 
are small ; some flow s. into the Unadilla and others n. into the Mohawk. In the e. part is a 
sulphur spring.^** Eiitcbfield (p. v.) contains 1 church and about 15 houses; Cedar I^ake 
(p.o.) 1 church and 9 houses ; Jerusalem, a hamlet near the center, 2 churches and 7 houses. 
The first settlement was commenced about 1789, by Jabez Snow, on Snow Ilill.*^ The first reli- 
gious services were held in 1794: ; Rev. Spaulding was the first preacher.^^ 

1.ITTI.E FAL.L.S— was formed from Fairfield, Herkimer, and German Flats, Feb. 10, 1829. 
It lies in the interior of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a broken upland, divided by the 



1 Named in honor of Gen. Nicholas Ilerkimer. It was intended 
to apply tlie name to the territory including the old residence 
of the (ieneral, but by miatake it was yiven to tliis town. The 
Kingsland District waa one of the diviiiions of Tryon co. formed 
March '24, 1772. Its name was exch;nig:i-d with that of German 
Flats District, March 8, 1773. It included all that portion of the 
CO. lying w. of Palatine District and N. of the Mohawk. This 
town embraces the whole of Winner's and a partof Burnetsfield, 
llasenclever'ti, Colden's, and Willet's Patents, and small por- 
tions of the Royal Grant and Glen's Purchase. 

2 Originally called ^'■Stone Rid'jfi.'' 

5 This paper mill was established inlSlO; it gives employment 
to 120 hands. 

* Among the early settlers were Johan Joost Petrie, Frederick 
and A. M. Pell, Jury Doxtater, Nicholas Feeter, Melgert Fols, 

Henry Heger, Lendert. Frederick Johan, Adam and Philip 

Helnier. and families named Schmidt, Weaver, and Bellinger. 

The first schools were German. Kobinson taught the first 

£ugli!«)i school, at the village. 

<* Lieut. Solomon VVnodworth was stationed at Fort Dayton 
with a small force of Continental troops. He rendered great 
service to tlie settlers in this part of the valley. In the summer 
of 1781. with 40 men, he went out to reconnoiter; but about 3 
mi. N. of Hei kimer the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and 
only 15 escaped. The commander and 20 men were killed. A 
Mrs. Smith, scalped by the Indiana during the war, recovered 
and lived to a good old age. On thn 6th of August, 1781, a party 
of tories and Indians, under Donald McDonald, a Scotch refugee, 
from Johnstown, made an attack upon the settlement at Shells 
Bush. The inhabitants mostly fled to Fort Dayton; but Juhn 
Christian Shell and his family,consisting of his wife and »> sons, 
took refuge in their owa house, which wa.*? a strong blockhouse. 
His two little sons, twins, 8 years of age, were taken prisoners; 
but the remainder of the family escaped within and secured the 
entrance. In trying to force tlie door. McDonald was wounded, 
and made prisoner. The attack continued until dark, when the 
ton&s fled, with a loss of 11 killed and 6 wounded. McDonald 



died of his wounds the next day. The two little boya were r** 
turned after the war. — Benton's Herldnur. 

6 Julin Adam Ilartman, an active and successful ranger, was 
engaged in perilous service through the war. Soon after the 
peace, an Indian came into an inn, in the w. part of this town, 
where Ilartman was present, and, getting intoxicated, bt-gan to 
boastof his exploits, and showed a tobacco pouch made from the 
skin of a white child's arm and hand, with the nails still on. 
When the Indian left, Ilartman found business on the same 
road. They both passed into a swamp; anil the Indian never 
came out. In reply to questions put to him, Ilartman aiid that 
he last saw the Indian, some distance ahead, standing on a log; 
and that he fell as if hurt. Ilartman was tried for murder, but 
was acquitted. Ho lived in town till his death, in the spring of 
l^ZQ.— Benton's Herkimer, p. 409. 

7 There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Ref. Prot. T>. 

8 Named from Litchfield, Conn., whence many of the early 
settlers came. 

» These hills have limestone ledges beloncing to the Ilelder- 
bergli series. These lots, 2 in number, contain about 1,600 
acres each. Water is obtained by wells at great expense. 

10 The Columbian Springs, in Browns Hollow, have been 
brought to public notice, but have yet gained only a local repu- 
tatiou. 

11 Amongtheotherearly settlors were John Everett. Nathaniel 
Ball, and Ebenezer Drury. from N. II.; and Kzekict Goodell and 
S. Sherry, from Conn, tfelah Hulcomb settled 2 mi. E. of Jeru- 
Balem. \Vm. and Thos. Jones. OUver Kider, Josepli Crosby, and 
others, were also early settlers. The first birth was that of 
Luke Andrews, in 1790; the first marringi", that of Joseph Day 

and , in the };ame year. Jeremiah Everett tiiuirht 

tlie first school ; Joseph Shepard ke|)t tbo first inn ; David Davis 

kept the first store; Talctt built the first sawmill, and 

John Littlejohn the first gristmill, in l.*^0t>-07. 

12 The census reports 8 churches In town; 2 Presh., 2 M. E., % 
Univ., Bap., and Wes. Meth. 



346 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



deep, narrow gorge of the Mohawk. A range of hills extends N. and s. from the village. They 
are rocky and precipitous near the river, but less rugged on the N. and s. borders.' The Mohawk 
flows N. E. through near the center of the town in a series of cascades and rapids. Its banks are 
rocky and in places precipitous. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam. Little Falls, (p. v.,) in 
the E. part, on the line of Manheim and Danube, was incorp. March 30, 1811. Its name was 
changed to " Rockton," April 10, 1850, and again changed to Little Falls, April 10, 1<S52. It is an 
important station on the N. Y. C. II. R. It contains 9 churches, a bank, 2 printing otfices, the Little 
Falls Academy, a union school, and a large number of manufactories.^ Pop. 3,984. Jiickson- 
bui'g'Ii, in the w., on the canal, has 200 inhabitants ; and Itetliel, in the s., 1 church and 15 houses. 
Paines Hollow is ap. o. Lots 12 and 13 of Burnetsticld Patent, embracing all the water- 
power N. of the river, were owned before the Revolution by Petrie. This town also embraces 

portions of several other patents issued at an early period.' The first settlements were made by 
a colony of Palatinates, in 1722.* The settlers suffered much during the war, and most of them 
were driven oif.^ The first settler at the village after the war was John Proteus, in 1790.' A 
great impulse was given to the business and population of the place by the construction of the 
locks of the Western Navigation Co. in 1790.' The first church was built about 1815. It was 
octagonal, with a steep roof, and surmounted by a cupola. The census reports 10 churches in 
town.' 

IWARIHEIiW' — was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) April 7, 1817. It lies on the n. 
bank of the Mohawk, upon the e. border of the co. Its surface gradually rises from the intervales 
along the Mohawk to the n. border, where it attains an elevation of 500 ft. a))ove the river. East 
Canada Creek forms its E. boundary.'" Cathatachua Creek flows s. through near the center, and 
Gillett Creek flows s. e. through the n. e. corner. Upon East Canada Creek, 1 mi. above its 
mouth, is a series of cascades, where the water descends 180 ft. in three-fourths of a mi. The soil 
is a gravelly loam upon the upland, and a fine, fertile alluvium in the valleys. Brocketts 
Bridg'c, (p.v.,) upon East Canada Creek, in the n. part, contains 2 churches, a large tannery," 
gristmill, and 50 houses ; and Ingliaills IMillS, upon East Canada Creek, 3 mi. below Brock- 
etts Bridge, a church and 25 houses. East Creek (p. o.) is a hamlet and station upon the 
N. Y. C. R. R., near the mouth of East Canada Creek. Manlieini Center is a p. o. The first 
settlements were made by Germans, probably in about the year 1736." During the Revolution they 
were frequently attacked by the Indians and were mostly destroyed. On the 30th of April, 1780, 
a party of 60 tories and Indians fell upon the settlements at Rheimen Snyder's Bush, burned a grist- 
mill, and carried 19 persons into captivity." The first church, built in 1774 or '75, was 
burned during the war, and was rebuilt soon after. The census reports 5 churches ; 2 M.E., 
2 Union, and Ref. Prot. D. 



1 Tiie rocks at Little Falls are chiefly hypersthene and gneiss. 
overlaid by c;»k-iterous sandstone on the S. side of tlie river. 
Falls Hill. s. of the village, is 618 feet above the canal, and Koll 
Way ISliiff. N. of the villajie, is little less in heigiit. In the im- 
mediate vicinity of the village are quarries of limestone, from 
which are obtained lime and a good building material. Small 
caves and pot holes are numerous among the rocks near the 
river. The largest of the latter is 2S feet in diameter and 37 feet 
deep. The break through the mountains at this place was one 
of the most formidable barriers in the construction of the Erie 
Canal. The ;f. pait of the town is covered with Utica slate, and 
the s. part by the Hudson River and ClintoD groups. 

2 Amoiis; the^e manufactories are 4 paper mills, turning out 
$150,000 worth of paper annually ; 2 woolen factories, producing 
about $"2oO.OuO worth of goods annually ; a stocking yarn mill, 
producing goods to the amount of S30.000, and a starch factory, 
using $ao.UOO worth of corn, annually. Besides these are 2 
flouring mills, a cotton factory, 3 large shoe manufactories, and 
an extensive cam;ige shnp, 

8 This town includes a portion of the Glf^n Purchase of 1739; 
Guv Johnson's Tract, granted in 1765: Vanghan's Patent, granttd 
in 1770; Fall Hill Patent, granted in 1762; 6 lots of Butterfield's 
Patent, granted in 1726, and small portions of several other 
patents. 

* Among these early settlers were John JoostTeniouth, Mary 
Bcermivn, Nicholas Kesler, Johannes Pouradt. and Christian 
I'ox. John Petrie kept the first inn, before the Revolution. A 
gristmill built on Casler Creek, in the n. part of the town, was 
stockaded during the war. 

fi In June. 1782, a party of tories and Indians invaded the 
town, burned a gristmill on Furnace Creek, killed Daniel Petrie, 
and carried away several prisoners. 

* Among the tirst .'settlers after the war were Wm. Alexander, 
Kichard Phillips, Thos. Smith, Joel Lankton, Richard Winaor, 



Wm. Carr, Wm. Moralee, Washington Brifton. Alpheus Park- 
hurst. John Drummond. Eben Britton.and Josiah SkiDner,^aU 
of whom came in town between 1790 and ISOO. 

' These locks were planned by Roswell Weston, an English 
engineer, and built under the direction of Philip Schuyler. The 
fiist locks, built of wood, were replaced by stone in IS04, 

8 Bap., Ev. Luth., M. E., Af. Meth., Meth. Prot., Presb., Prot. 
Episc. R.C., Univ., and Union. 

* Named from Manheim, in Baden, the native place of the 
early settlers. The town embraces 6 lots of Glen's l*urchase, a 
part of the fourth allotment of the Royal Grant, the Patents of 
John Tan Driessen and of Snell and Zimmerman, a part of the 
patents of Rev. Peter Van Driessen and of Vrooman, and several 
minor tracts granted since the Revolution. 

10 This stream was called by the Indians Ci-o-ha-na and Eag- 
o-ha-ra. 

It This is the largest tannery in the co. It has a capital of 
$250,000. consumes 5.000 cords of bark per annum, and manu- 
factures sole leather exclusively. 

12 Among the early settlers were families namrd Snell, Zim- 
merman, and Van Driessen. Snell was the patentee of a large 
tract. Seven of the name, including several of liis sons, Wei's 
killed at the battle of Ori-iikany. John Beardsley built the first 
mill, in 1793. The first school (German) was taught by — 
Kaufman. 

13 A blockhouse stood at this place, and many of the inhabit- 
ants took refuge in it. Twelve of tbe prisoners wpre taken at 
one house by half the number of Indi.ins, without resistance. 
The captives all returned after the war, exrept one who died 
in Canada, and one that escaped. John O. Snell. while searching 
for cattle in the woods, was surprised by the Indiatir^ and shot 
through the body. Ho recovered, however, and lived to an 
advanced age. The town was deserted after tb>s by all bnt 
tories. 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



347 



HfEWPORT' — was formed from Herkimer, Fairfield, Norway, and Schuyler, Ajiril 7, 1806. 
It lies on the w. border of the co., near the center. Its surface is broken by ridges of highlands, 
which rise 400 to 500 ft. each side of the narrow intervale of West Canada Crock. This stream 
flows s. E. through the town, near the center. White Creek flows s. through the e. part. The soil 
is a clayey loam, with some gravel on the hills. It is chiefly underlaid by limestone, which is 
quarried in some localities. iVe^vport, (p* v-O near the center, incorp. March 20, 1857, contains 
3 churches, 1 bank, a gristmill, cotton factory,'^ and 071 inhabitants. Settlement was commenced 
in 171*1, by Christopher Hawkins, from K. I. ;^ Rev. David Haskell (Bap.) held the first meetings, 
in 17'.Hi.* 

\ORWA¥^ — was formed from Herkimer, April 10, 1792. Fairfield was taken off" in 179G. 
Remsen (Oneida co.) in 1798, Russia, as **f/;l^o?^," and a part of Newport, in 1806, and Ohio in 182d. 
It lies in the interior of the co., n. of the Mohawk. Its surface is elevated and rolling. It is drained 
by tributai'ics of West Canada Creek. The soil is sandy in the n. w., and loam and gravelly in the 
IS. and s. Limestone is quarried in several places ; and fossils have been found near White Creek. 
There is a sulphur spring 1 mi. n. of the village. Woi'way, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 
3 churches, a cheese box factory, tannery, and 30 houses ; Graysville,® (p. v.,) on the line of 
Ohio, contains an extensive tannery and 30 houses.^ The first settlement was made by —Whip- 
ple and Christopher Hawkins, from R, I., in 1786 ; but it was soon abandoned.* The first religious 
meetings were held by Rev, Robertson, in 1792.^ 

OIIIO'^ — was formed from Norway, as **Wesi Brunswick/' April 11, 1823. Its name was 
changed May 3, 1836. A part of Wilmurt was taken off in 1836. It lies in the interior, on the 
N. border of the settlements. Its surface is moderately hilly, with an elevation of 700 to 900 ft. 
above the Mohawk. A range of high, steep hills extends through the n, part. It is drained by 
West Canada and Black Creeks and their tributaries. The soil is a sandy loam, with some clay. 
A large portion of the town is still a wilderness. Oraysville, (p. v.,) on the line of Norway, 
contains 1 church, a tannery, and 30 houses. Obio City, (Ohio p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 
10 houses. A few scattering settlements were begun before the Revolution, but were broken up 
during the war." Religious services were first held at Ohio City, in 1808." 

RUSSIA" — was formed from Norway, as " Union/' April 7, 1806. Its name was changed April 
6, 1808. A part of Wilmurt was taken ofi" in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the 
Mohawk, its n. part extending into the border of the great northern wilderness. Its surface is 
rolling and moderately hilly, and on the w. descends abruptly to the valley of West Canada 
Creek. The hills are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk. West Canada and Black Creeks flow 
w. through the n. w. part, the former forming a part of the w. boundary. On it are some extensive 
lumber works." Trenton Falls, upon West Canada Creek, is on the w. border. The soil is sandy 



1 NaDied from New-port, R. I., the former residence of many 
of thp early settlera. 

2 A cotton fiictory was built in 1808, by Benj. Bowen. The 
Herkimer Manufacturing Co. wna formed in 1S14, with a capital 
of $Kl,<lOO. In 1S44 V. S. Kinyou becanio ])roprieIor by pur- 
chase, and at present gives employment to 80 persons, and turns 
out $45,000 to §50,000 worth of sheetiuss annually. 

8 Anions; the other early settlers were Benj. Bowen, .Tohn C. 
Green, Israel Wakely, and Geo. Fencer, all from R. I.; Dr. Westel 
Willoughby, and Sherman Wooster. from Conn. Joseph Bense- 
ley. A. M. haniels, Geo. Cook, and Wm. Whipple were also early 
Bettlevd. The first death was that of Silas Hawkins, in 1793. 
Abby Justine taught the first .school, in 1705, Wm. Wakely 
kept the first inn. in 179-3, and Geo. Cook the first store, the 
same year. Benj, Bowen built the first sawmill, in 1793, and 
the first gristmill, in 179-i. The first settlers derived title from 
parties who hfid purchased from the courts of forfeiture. 

* The Census reports 7 churches in town; Bap., M. E., Calv. 
Meth., Presh., Union, Univ.. and K. C. 

6 Nanu'd from Norway, in Kurope. Tliis town is included in 
the second and third allotments of the Royal <;rant. 

* Named from Lathan Gray, a resident of the place. 

' L:t Dew 8 tannery, established in 185.'{, with a capital of 
$loi>.OiiO. employs 75 men. and produces $150,000 worth of sole 
leathiT annually. The works are driven by a steam engine of 50 
horse power. 

* Jeremiah Potter and his eon. Fiwher Potter, came in with 
their families from R. I. in 1788. Their whole store of provi.«iions 
to carry them through the first winter was a crop of potatoes 
and some salt. For meat they depended upon hunting. Thos. 
Manly settled in 1789. John, Andrew, and Simeon ("oo ; Capt. 
Hinman. from Conn.; John and David Corp, N. F;inning, David 
Underbill. 5 families of Braytons, Angell. Lemuel, and I'bilip 
Potter, Kdward Uenderaon, Uri H. Cook, Henri Tdlinghart, 
Aljijah Tumbling, and Weatel Willoughby, were eaiiy settlers. 



The first birth was that of a child of Gideon Brayton ; and the 
first death, that of the wife of E. Hinman. The tirst scliool was 
taught by Jeanette Henderson. in 1793. Amos Coc kept the first 
inn; Thaddeus Scribner & Bro., the first store, in 17S*3; Capt. 
Hinman built the firot sawmill, in 1793: and Carpenter Cole 
the fir«t gristmill, the same year. Vale & Eddy built a fulling 
mill, in 1793, — Benton's Herk-inier, p. 450. 

» The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., 
and Prot. E. 

w Nftiued from the State of Ohio. This town includes the 
Jerseyfield and a small part of the Remsenburgh Patents. 

" Mount settled on Lot 60 of the Jerseyfield Patent somo 

years before the Revolution. During the Wiir. Mr. Munnt wsxs 
attacked by Indians; his two sons were killed, and himself, 
wife, and daughter fled to Little Falls, a distance of 20 
miles. He did not see his wife and daughter after le:uing bis 
house until they met at Little FnW^.—Biiitoyt's H<rkim^r, p. 

455. Jolin Miller settled in 1789-90. Warner, David 

Thorp, Aaron Thorp, Harmanus Van Epps, and otliers, were 
early settlers. David Thorp kept the first inn. Ephraim Ash 

the first store, in 1S20. Mount built the first mills, before 

the wtir. They were burned at the tinie, or soon after, he w:i3 
driven off. The infamous Walter N, Butler was killed about '2 
miles above the junction of Blitck and West Canada Creeks, on 
or near the line between this town ami Hns.sia. Dec. 30, 1781. 

1" The census reports 3 churches in town; Evan. Luth., Ger- 
man Meth., and R. C. 

laThis town contains a part of the third allotment of ihe 
Royal Grant, portions of Jerseyfield, Rem.senburgh, and M;i- 
chin's, and the whole of Lush's,' Marvin's, and Jacob's I'litentd. 

1* Hinckley k Ballon have an extensive sawmill, planing mill, 
blacksmith simp, trip hammer, ftnil edge tool mannlactory, 
employ 100 men, and turn out work to the amount of $SU,000 
annually. 



348 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



loam imd clay. Russia, (p- v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 140 inhabitants; 
Gi'a.Tesvillc, (p-^'-)) i*i the s. tt., a church and 20 houses; Poland, (P-^-O near the s. line, 
a church and 170 inhabitants; Cold Brook, (p. v.,) in the s. e., a saw set factory, chee.se box 
factory, gristmill, and 218 inhabitants ; llootll, (p. o.,) on Black Creek, a church, grist and saw 
mill, tiiunery, and 10 houses. Pl*OSp€Ct is a hamlet, and contains — sawmills. The first 
settlement was commenced in 1792, by Stodard Squires, from Conn.^ The first religious meetings 
(F. W. Bap.) were held by Rev. Benajah Corp.^ 

SAIjISBURY^ — was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co..) March 3, 1797, and annexed 
from Montgomery co., April 7, 1817. It lies on the e. border of the co., and extends n. into the 
great wilderness. Only about one-fourth of its surface is cultivated. It is a broken and moun- 
tainous upland in the n. and hilly in the s. The principal streams are East Canada Creek, which 
forms a part of the E. boundary, and Spruce Creek, which flows through the s. w. and s. parts. 
The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. A bed of iron ore has been worked to some extent on Lot 
105, fourth allotment of the Royal Grant. Salisbury Center, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 
2 churches, a tannery, and 319 inhabitants; .Salisbury Corners, (Salisbury p. o.,) in the 
s. w., 2 churches and 30 houses; Diamond llill, 25 houses; Devereaux, 15 houses. 
Wbitesbur^li, (p. o.,) on the line of Fulton co., is a hamlet. Settlement was begun before 
the Revolution, by tenants of Sir "VVm. Johnson, who followed his lead during the war, and shared 
his fate at the hands of the Commissioners of Forfeiture.* The census reports 4 churches in town * 

SCIIUYLrERS— was formed from Herkimer, April 10, 1792. Trenton was taken ofi" in 1797. 
Deerfield (Oneida co.) in 1798, and a part of Newport in 1800. A part was annexed from Herki- 
mer in 1808, and re-annexed to Herkimer in 1811. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the 
Mohawk. Its surface is hilly. The Ilasenclever.Mts. extend through the center, attaining in this 
town an elevation of 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above tide. A wide intervale extends along the Mohawk, 
which forms the s. boundary. Its streams are tributaries of the Mohawk and generally flow 
through narrow ravines. The flats bordering the river are annually overflowed. The soil upon 
the hills is slaty and gravelly. East Schuyler, (p. v.,) in the s. e., contains 25 houses ; and 
West Schus'ler, (p. v.,) in the s. w., a church and 25 houses. Settlement was commenced 
previous to 1775, by several German families.'' There was a good carnage road in 1757, on tlie 
bank of the river, from the crossing, where Utiea now stands,^ to the Palatine village, German 
Flats. There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Meth. Prot. 

ST AUK ^ — was formed from Danube, March 18, 1828. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. 
Its surface is hilly and broken, with a mean elevation of 500 feet above the Mohawk. The prin- 
cipal streams are Otsquago and Nowadaga Creeks. Otsquago Creek flows through a narrow valley, 
bordered by steep banks 150 to 200 ft. hi^-h. The soil is generally a sandy loam in the valleys, 
and sandy and gravelly on the hills. StarRville, (p. v.,) in the n. e. part, contains 2 churches, 
a gristmill, and 190 inhabitants ; Van Ilornesville, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 1 church, a cotton 
factory, (not in operation,) a grist and saw mill, and 228 inliabitants. Sniitbs Corners is a 



1 Jonatbnn Millington, from Vt., Smith, Farley Fuller, 

Geo. Tiiylor. Roscum Slocum. ■ Austin & Son, Win. Buck, 

Jeremiah Smith, Jotbam Carpenter. Coon, and others, set- 
tled soon after ; and, in 1794, many otiiers came in. The first mar- 
riage was tliat of Farley Fuller and Minerva Smith, in 179-4 : the 

first death, that of a son of Allen, and the SKiond, that of 

Waite Robinson. The first school was taught by More^ 

house, at Graves Hollow, and another, about the same time, by 
■ Steuned. The first inn was kept by Jotham Carpenter, 

the first store by Swintburn. at Graves Hollow, in 1797. 

The first sawmill was built in 1797, and the first gristmill by 
Ben,i. Hinman, the sanm year. A cotton factory was built at 
Poland some years since. 

2 The census reports 4 churches in town; M. E,, Presb., 
"Union, and Univ. 

8 Named from Salisbury, Conn., whence many of the early 
settlers cnmn. Tliis town includes part of the .leraeyfield Pa- 
tent, and pirts of the fir.ct, second, and fouith allotments of 
the Royal Grant. Several of the Indian children of Sir Wm. 
Johnson hiid tracts of land assigned to them iu this pnrt of the 
Royal Grant, — viz.: William. 1,000 acres; Brant 1.000; Anne, 
3,000; Susan. 3,000; Mary. 2.000; George. 3.000; Margaret, 2.000; 

Mas^daleo. and Elizabeth. . Of these children, the 

last three were convicted of adhering to the enemy: but. no 
record of conviction existing against tlio others, acts were 
parsed by the Legislature. Feb. 26, 1796. and Marcli 30, 1798. 
nuUiorizing John Robinson, George Pearson, and Jamea Coch- 



ran, purchasers under the Commissioners of Forfeiture, to re- 
ceive from the treasury the part of the purchase money which 
they had paid and convey back the land^. 

* John Faville and Cornelius Lamberson settled about 1778, 
near Burrells Corners; Asa .Sheldon and Abijah Ford about 1793. 

Abial Pratt. Stephen Todd, Jabez Ayers. .(onathan Cole. 

Bidwell. Ira Bartholomew. Atwater Cook, Amos Ives, Mosea 

De Witt. Low, Jonathan Hallet. and others, were earlv 

settlers. John Ford was the first child born; Elizabeth Bice 
taught the first school; Aaron Ilackley kept the first inn and 
store, at Burrell's Corners. 

& '2 M.E., Bap., and Union. 

8 This town contains the whole of Kast's Patent and parts of 
Cosby's Manor and Hasenclever's and Walton's Patents. 

' Among the early settlers were families named Katit. Star- 
ring, Widrig, Rymour. Lintz. and Bridenbecker. Judge Flenri 
Starring i who is said to have granted the odebrated Yankee 
pass) formerly resided in this town. A store was kept on Cosby'e 
Miinor in 1766. 

8 In 1757. M. De Belletre. with a body of French and Indiana, 
traversed this road, and burned every house upon it within the 
town, — BfiTiton's Herkimer, p 461. 

Named in honor of Gen. Stark, of the Rev luti'-n. Parf^ 
of Henderson's. L'Hommedieu's, Vaughan's. McNeil's, .T. Vron- 
man's, C. Colden's. Living'iton's, and Lausings Pateuts are iu 
this town. — Benton's Herkimer, p. 463. 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



349 



hamlet. Small settlements were commenced before 1775, but were broken up during the Revolu- 
tion.^ The census reports 4 churches in town.^ 

WARREl^' — was formed from German Flats, Feb. 5, 1796. Columbia was taken off in 1812. 
It lies centrally on the s. border of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest points being 500 to 
800 feet above the Mohawk. The principal stream is Fish Creek, which flows s., and is bordered 
by steep banks 100 to 200 ft. high. Mud Lake, in the e., and Weavers and Youngs Lakes, in the 
s., are small bodies of water. The soil is a sandy and clay loam. There are 2 small sulphur 
springs in town, Jordanville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 125 inhabitants ; Pages 
Coruers (p. v.) a gristmill, sawmill, and 82 inhabitants; I^ittle I^akes/ (Warren p. o.,) in 
the s. part, 1 church and 117 inhabitants. Crains Corners is a hamlet. Some settlements 
were commenced before the Revolution, by Germans from the Upper Valley.^ Elder Phineas 
Holcomb was the first settled minister in town, about 1793.® 

WIliMlTRT'— was formed from Russia and "West Bnmswick," (now Ohio,) May 3, 1836. 
This is the largest town in the State, and is one of the least populous. It includes the whole n. part 
of the CO., extending nearly 50 mi, in length, by about 16 mi. in breadth, entirely within the wild 
primeval forests of Northern New York. Its surface is rocky and mountainous, and the greater 
part is uniit for cultivation. In the deep valleys among the mountains are numerous beautiful, 
picturesque lakes, forming one of the finest features of the landscape.^ The soil is a sandy loam. 
The hills are usually covered with a thin growth of forest trees; but in the valleys only is found 
soil fit for profitable pasturage. The settlements are confined to the s. part. There is no p. o., 
village, store, church, or gristmill in town. The lumber cut in this region is mostly floated down 
West Canada Creek, and manufactured at Prospect in the town of Russia, An attempt was made 
to settle the town in 1790, by Arthur Noble, the patentee, and a sawmill was built at that time ; 
but the project failed. It was again tried in 1793, with no better success. Toward the close of 
the last century, John Brown, a wealthy capitalist of Providence, R. I., who owned a large tract in 
this town, made an attempt at settlement ; but his project failed. In 1812 his son-in-law, Chas, 
T. Ilarrisoff, made another attempt to settle upon this tract. He built a forge and sawmill, and 
cleared 2,000 acres ; but, the outlay bringing no return, and his supply of money from the e, being 
cut off, the project was abandoned, and the colonists returned to their respective homes.^ 

■WI^FIEL-D^**— was formed from Litchfield, Richfield, (Otsego co.,) and Plainfield, (Otsego 
CO.,) April 17, 1816. The bounds of the co. were enlarged upon the formation of this town. It 
is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly, and forms the dividing upland 
between the Mohawk and Unadilla Valleys, the general elevation being about 500 feet above the 
Mohawk. A range of hills in the s. e. rises about 200 ft. higher. The e. branch of the Unadilla 
flows s. through a deep valley in the w. part. Browns Hollow Creek, a branch of the Mohawk, 
rises on the n. border. Near East Winfield is a sulphur spring; and several limestone quarries are 
found in different parts of the town. East Winfield (Winfield p. o.) contains 30 houses; 
West Winfield (p. v.) 2 churches, the West Winfield Academy, a bank, 2 gristmills, 2 saw- 



1 One of theso settlements was on Otsqnago Creek, and 

consisted of the faniilit-a of John Plnill, Jolin Bronner, 

Tetherly, and others. Another settlement was commenced at 
The Kyle, so calli-d. — BmtoiVs Herkimer, p. 4t)3. The families 
(if Wal wrath, Adam Young, and others, were early settlers. 
Abraliam Van Home, from N.J., settled in town in 1791, at 
what is now Van Ilorneeville. The first German echool was 

taught by Garner, and the first Knglish school by 

Haight. Abraham Van Ilurne built the first mills, soon after 
ilia settlement, and his sons kept the first store. 

* Bap., Bap. and Luth., M. E., and Union. 

8 Named from Ocn. Joseph Warren, of the Revolution. This 
town embraces the principal part of Uenderson and Theobald 
Young's Patents. 

* Called by the Indians Wa-i-on-tha. 

6 Andrustown, in the n. part, — then containing 7 fnmiliet?. — 
was plundered and burned by Brant in July, 1778. A partof the 
Inhabitiintswen? killed, and the remainder carried away captive. 
Young's settlement at the Lakes was spared by the Indians on 
account of the tory principles of the proprietor; but the Ameri- 
cans 6non after plundered and burned thia place in retaliation. 
In March, 1792, .Si\muel Cleland.from Mass.. and his sons Norman, 
Salmon. Jonas, Martin, and Moses, settled in town. Danfortli 
Abbott. Hugh I'anell, Amos Allen, Elder Phineas Holcomb. Ilith- 

ard Sihooley Hull. Tliomas, James, and Garret Abeel, and 

Thayer were early settlers. Stephen Luddington kept the first 
Inn, <Hithont& Vrooman the flrat store, and Isaac Freeman built 
tiie first gristmill, in 179a. 



8 The census reports 6 churches; 4 M. E., Bap., and Bef. 
Prot. D. 

7 This immense town embraces parts of the Remsenburgh and 
Vrooman's Patents, Adgnte's. Brown's, Noblehorongb. Mooee 
River, and Watson's Tracts, and Totten and Crossfield's Pur- 
chase. Brown's tract, held by L. R. Lyon and otiiers, embraces 
210.000 acres, and extends across the co. into Hamilton and 
Lewis cos. 

8 Nos. 1 to 4 of the Fulton chain of lakes arc sources of Moose 
River; Transparent, Woodhull, Bisby, and Chub Lakes flow 
into Black River. Several of these lakes are used as reser- 
voirs for the canal. Upon the shores are large quantities of 
iron sand, derived from the abrasion of the rocks containing 
iron ore. 

» Harrisoff continued upon the land until Dec. 19. 1S19, when, 
disheartened by his immense losses and the utter ruin before 
him. he committed Huicide. It is said that the day before hie 
dertth he made preparations for going to Providence, and gave 
particular orders for his men to go out the next morning after 
he left and fill up a larg*? hole that had been dug for ore. They 
went out to perform their labor; but one of them went down to 
see if any tools had been left, and at the bottom he found Har- 
risoff, who had secreted himself there, inti-nding to be buried. 
The next day he accomplished his object bv a pi.stul shot. 

1** Named from Uon. Winfield Scott. This town comprised 
within its limits parts of Bayard's, Lispenard's, and Schuyler's 
Patents. 



350 



HERKIMER COUNTY. 



mills, a clover mill, and tannery. Pop. 381. IVortb 'Winfield is a p. o. 
was commenced in 1792.' The census reports 3 churches.' 



The first settlement 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Herkimer County. 



Names of TowNe. 



Columbia 

Daniiljo 

Fairfield 

Frankfurt 

German Flats 

Herkimer 

Litchlield 

Little Falla.... 

Manheini 

Newport 

Norway 

Ohio 

Russia 

SHlisbiiry 

Schuyler. 

StJiik 

Warren 

Wilmnrt 

WiiifielJ. 

Total 



Acres of Land. 



16,668 
13,719 
18,443J 
15,611i 
14,41 Hi{ 
13.371 
13,329 
12,359 
14,667 
16,233 
14,604i 
6,35U 
20,360 
17,218i 
17,,W7 
14,187 
17,1195 

705 
12,665 



6,134J 

3,333 

6,402 

6,068 

6,429 

4,945J 

4,118 

8.C86 

2,741 

4,289, 

6,477 J 

14,201 

14869 

47,598 

4,871 

3,903 

8,954i 

361,859 

2.788 



Valuation op 1858. 



Ji 




a 








■3 


It 




S a. 


5 


te 


a; 


o.a, 


$303,103 


$59,390 


402,033 


74.567 


584,368 


157,623 


492.357 


96,860 


488,203 


324,940 


638,960 


161,527 


1,115,564 


386,338 


267,106 


44,761 


694,744 


78,665 


366,130 


105,5.50 


246,470 


66„530 


128,226 


4,089 


369,062 


78,754 


641,694 


72.000 


666.741 


82,005 


286,763 


64,697 


433,404 


194,218 


273,708 


105,410 


74.624 




8,160.129 


2.166,704 



362,493 
476,600 
741,8S1 
689.207 
813,143 
690,487 
1,500.!K32 
301.867 
773,299 
470.6R0 
312,000 
132,314 
447.806 
613.694 
697,748 
351,460 
627,622 
4.39,118 
74,624 



267.414i 606 6j7ii 8,160,129 2,156,704 10,316 833 I 19,693 18,873 



742 

987 

746 

1.639 

1,983 

1,447 

829 

2,424 

858 

995 

635 

582 

1,176 

1,204 

842 

744 

890 

180 

691 



352 
296 
266 
658 
725 
447 
298 
726 
304 
369 
182 
194 
424 
448 
295 
272 
336 
38 
270 



265 
648 
783 
487 
319 
922 
316 
407 
207 
191 
448 
466 
317 
303 
297 
42 
286 



304 
188 
440 
407 
606 
303 
207 
413 
207 
283 
160 
185 
374 
336 
196 
224 
281 
29 
186 



7.396 6.219 197 



5 . 
.It 

el 



657 

671 

470 

1.249 

1,340 

968 

611 

1,068 

636 

662 

410 

483 

817 

834 

668 

483 

688 

73 

629 



Names of Towns. 



Columbia 

Danube 

Fairfield 

Frankfi-rt 

German Flats.. 

Herkimer 

Litchfield 

Little Falls 

Manheini 

Newport 

Norway 

Ohio 

Russia 

Salisbury 

Schuyler 

Stiirk 

Warren 

Wilmurt 

Winfield 

Total 





Live Stock. 








Aqmcdltokal Prodccts 




II 
















§■ 








i 


l = i 


? 


?■ 


1 








■sl 












l^ 


15 

700 


802 


5 


§ 


616 


* 


e 


18,572 


K^.^ 


tt,(H 


£g 


i.soi 


2,134 


893 


81.013i 


4,600 


27,029 


79,986 


353 309: 


6.39 


840 


1.937 


1,224 


1,208| 


3,101 


76,929 


3,9315 


10,794 


14,416 


62,090 


343,125! 


429 


723 


3,763 


621 


1.486 


94 


44,811 


6,982 


8,609 


37,772 


76,523 


l,238,820i 


679 


893 


1,369 


1.576 


1.247 


1,303 


94,536J 


4,610 


21,008 


21,828 


111,708 


78,3(,6 


667 


1,095 


1,624 


1,105 


1,004 


6,.-!81 


63,435 


3,649 


12,063 


17.687 


64,377 


285 500 


614 


703 


2.266 


862 


1,387 


3,803 


65 234 


4,201 


10,",38 


20.626 


93.541 


879.200 


4.39 


832 


1,676 


952 


930 


60 


67.191 


3,880 


18.623 


30.411 


73.826 


39.).679 


469 


711 


2,176 


449 


1.271 


1,596 


47,6425 


4,939 


10.412 


17.616 


69.270 


687,600 


451 


713 


3,320 


363 


1,390 


573 


44,428 


7,2:i4 


11,344 


16,174 


87.633 


1.087.200 


374 


61V 


2.6SS 


840 


1,263 


605 


49.227i 


3.786 


12,.09S 


21,256 


70,5.30 


829.9891 


267 


389 


2,137 


154 


6.i2 


280 


27.596i 


3,2945 


11.751 


8,635 


38.146 


649 S23I 


219 


392 


600 


331 


201 


92 


19.1435 


1,1495 


11.101 


33 


30.660 


68 220I 


625 


729 


2,326 


1,062 


821 


1,417 


73.679 


3,978 


24.386 


17,175 


94.661 


661.4251 


4ri3 


842 


1,827 


491 


7.34 


187 


48,823J 


6.28: J 


16,298 


9 310 


65.219 


694 600J 


644 


717 


2,296 


1,009 


1,461 


2,900 


146.610 


4181 


18.370 


14,224 


76,000 


6S5,4.50| 


603 


742 


1,640 


1,321 


919 


l,241i 


90.3095 


2.8415 


7.663 


16,686 


90.140 


140.2051 


673 


872 


1,917 


2,904 


836 


109 


76.403 


5,306 


17,009 


19,782 


83.135 


374.299 


29 


34 


46 


39 


19 


50 


2 349 


875 


1.021 




3.3.n0 


7I'0: 


3.31 
9,098 


621 


1.664 


769 
17^06 


507 


246 
23,4514 


65,115 
1.170,277i 


4,421 


16 025 


18 442 
333,901 


64,805 


625.2 lOj 


13,167 


36,663 


18,227 


78,26 4J 


257,875 


1,305,377 


9,068,8191 



■II 



Q.; 



1,237 

1,046 

645, 

1,002} 

769 

1..366 

340 

204 

606 

r20 

630 

768 

1,483 

1.001 

7555 

660 

! 1.1585 

40 

!i4,rwi 



1 Amons; the early settlers were Jos. Walker. Timothy Walker, 
Capt. Nathan Bi own, I diver llarwood. Oliver Corbit, Ben,j,Cule. 
■nd Dea. Oile, trom Mass. Abel Brace came in from Conn, in 
1793. .Tosi.ib llarwood taught the first school, in 1794; Charles 
Brace kept the first inn, in 1794; John Dillingham the first 



store, in 1796. .Joseph Walker built the fir^t saw and Kriet 
mill soon alter bis settlement ; Benj. Ilariin;^ton built the first 
clothinii works, at West Wiufield, about 1800. 
2 M. is., Cong., and Bap. 




JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

This county was formed from Oneida, March 28, 1805, and 
named in honor of Thomas Jeifcrson. Its bounds have been 
changed by setting off a portion of Rodman to Lewis co. in 1808. 
and by annexing a portion of Lewis co. to Wilna in 1813. It lies 
in tlie angle formed by the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, 
is distant 145 mi. from Albany, and contains 1868 sq. mi. The 
s. w. part is marshy, but at a short distance from the lake the land 
rises in gentle undulations, and, farther inland, by abrupt ter- 
races, to the highest point, in the town of Worth. A plateau, about 
1000 feet above the lake, spreads out from the summit, and 
extends into Oswego and Lewis cos. An ancient lake beach, 390 
feet above the present level of the lake, may be traced through 
ElUsburgh, Adams, Watertown, and Rutland. North of the Black River the surface is generally 
flat or slightly undulating: in tlie extreme n. e. corner it is broken by low' ridges parallel to the 
St. Lawrence. With the exception of a few isolated hills, no part of this region is as high as the 
ancient lake ridge mentioned above.' 

The rocks of the co. belong to the primary formation and the lower strata of the N. Y. system. 
Gneiss is the underlying rock of tlie e. border in Wilna and Antwerp, of the Thousand Islands 
and tlie shore at Alexandria Bay, and of two strips of laud extending from the e. border, one 
toward Theresa Falls, and the other toward Evans Mills. Next above this is a thick deposit 
of Potsdam sandstone, extending through Wilna, Antwerp, Philadelphia, Theresa, Alexandria, 
Orleans, and Clayton, the margin of which may be traced along its entire extent by a low mural 
precipice. The soil upon this rock is thin, and principally derived from drift deposits. The 
rock itself is almost indestructible, and preserves diluvial scratches and marks with great distinct- 
ness. Above this is a thin deposit of calciferous sandstone, extending through parts of Cape 
Vincent, Lyme, Clayton, Orleans, and Le Ray. The soil upon this rock is deeper than that 
upon the Potsdam- sandstone, and is derived principally from disintegration. The Black River 
limestone overlies this, and forms the surface rock in most of the remaining parts of the co. N. 
of the river, and in a part of Champion and Rutland, s. Above this is the Trenton limestone, 
appearing on the lake shore at Cape Vincent and extending in a s. e. direction through Lyme, 
Brownville, Watertown, Rutland, and Champion. This rock is of great thickness, and it forms 
the principal declivities of the plateau in the s. part of the co. About midway in this strata is 
found the ancient lake ridge before noticed. The caves "near Watertown are in the lower strata 
of this rock. Next above come the Utica slate and Lorraine shales, forming the summit of the 
irregular table land which covers the s. " peak" of Champion, the s. border of Rutland, the 
greater part of Rodman, a corner of Adams, the E. part of EUisburgh, and the whole of Lorraine 
and Worth. These shales are easily decomposed, and produce a deep, rich soil. Along the streams 
that flow from this formation the water has worn deep and often highly picturesque ravines, 
sometimes miles in length, and almost through the soft and yielding strata. The rounded outline 
of the slate hills, the abrupt terraces of the limestone, and the sharp, wall like margins of the sand- 
stone, afford characteristic features to the country underlaid by these several formations. Alluvial 
deposits uniformly occur where the streams from the slate flow out upon the limestone ; and drift 
deposits are scattered promiscuously over the whole co. The most remarkable of these is the 
" Pine Plains," a sand barren several miles in extent in Wilna and Le Ray. The lake shore in 
EUisburgh consists of drifting sand, behind which are marshes. From Stony Point to Cape 
Vincent the shore is bordered by the level edges of the Trenton limestone ; but farther down the 
river it presents that alternation of rounded ridges of rocks, intervales, and marshes peculiar 
to the primary formation. The highest point in Worth is about 1200 feet above the lake. The 
streams are Black,^ Indian, and Perch Rivers, the two Sandy Creeks,' Stony, Catfish, Kent, 
French, Pleasant, and Black Creeks, and tlieir tributaries. Hungry Bay* (including Ilenderson, 



' All iRolHtcd liill in I'nmelia formerly bore a crop of red 
(vdiir; >iu I :m thiH tiiuber in now only found upon theislandt^ in 
Uio liitic, it is HuppoBtxi tlmt ttie liill \va« an ii^land at a time 
whoi) at lu;ttit thre^j fourths of the county waji coverod by wat«r. 



* Indian name Ka-hu-ah'-go. ffreat or wide river. 

' Culled by tlie Indiana 'j'e-ka'dii-n-Ka'-bo, ulopiitg banlul. 

* Called by the Freucb " La Famine. * 

£61 



352 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Black River, and Chaumont Bays) has a coast line of great leugth; and the Thousand Islands 
present many attractions from their romantic scenery and historical associations. Several small 
lakes, filling deep gorges, in Antwerp, Theresa and Alexandria, — one in Rutland, two in Hen- 
derson, Perch Lake in Pamelia and Orleans, and Pleasant Lake in Champion, constitute the other 
waters of the co. Iron ore abounds in Antwerp. Traces of lead and copper are found in the 
primary region ; limestone, capable of a great variety of uses, water limestone and barytes are 
also abundant. The Black River enters the co. at Carthage, where commence a series of cas- 
cades and rapids which continue almost to the lake, with a total fall of 480 feet. Indian River 
affurds water power at half a dozen places, and most of the streams s. of Black River are available 
for the same purpose. 

The flat country along the St. Lawi'ence at times is affected by drouth, which is never felt on 
the uplands; while the latter are somewhat noted for the great depth of their snows. The mirage 
has been frequently seen on the lake, bringing into view places beyond the horizon. One form 
of this refraction, in which a line of clear sky appears along the shore, is almost a constant 
attendant upon clear, pleasant days in summer. Waterspouts, attended with dark clouds and a 
roaring noise, have been seen upon the lake and its bays. In the primary regions the intervales 
are remarkably fertile, while the ridges are often naked rock. The soil over a part of the sand- 
stone is too thin for cultivation, but the barren region is comparatively limited. The limestone and 
slate districts are exceedingly fertile, and particularly adapted to dairying and the raising of 
spring grains. Of these, barley, within a few years, has become the most important. Winter 
wheat is raised less than formerly; oats, corn, rye, and peas are staple products. For many years 
manufactures have received much attention and employed a large amount of capital. They 
consist of iron from the ore, castings, machinery, cotton and woolen fabrics, paper, leather, and 
flour, and have been chiefly carried on along the line of the Black River, and in Antwerp, 
Theresa, Philadelphia, Adams, and Ellisburgh. Rafting, shipbuilding, and lake commerce form 
prominent pursuits at several points along the St. Lawrence. 

Upon the erection of the co., in 1805, AVatertown was selected for the co. seat.^ A com- 
bined courthouse and jail was erected in 1807 and burned in 1821. Soon after, separate build- 
ings, of stone, were erected, which are still in use. In 1816 a fireproof clerk's office was built, 
and occupied until 1831, when the present one was erected. The jail having become unfit for use, 
and having been officially complained of, a writ was issued, Dec. 1, 1848, by the Supreme Court, 
ordering its immediate improvement.^ This led to the erection of an additional building, with ex- 
cellent arrangements for both the security and convenience of prisoners. The first poorhouse was 
erected on the Dudley Farm, in Le Ray, about 5 mi. n. of Watertown, in 1825 ; and it was used 
until 1833, when the present spacious buildings were erected in Pamelia, 1 mi. below Watertown. 
In 1852 a special act was passed for the supervision of the poor in this co. 

The first newspaper in the co., called the " American Uagle/' was established at Watertown, 
in 1814, by Henry Coffeen. Its name was soon after changed to the ^* American Advocate."^ 



1 The commissinnfrs appointed for the selection of the co. eeat 
by the Gov. and Council were Mattliew Dorr, David Rodgers. 
and John Van Bentliuysen. The first court and the first bosrd 
of Bupervisors met at a scboothouse on the site of the present 
Univ. Church. The first co. officers were Au^istus Sackef, 
First Jiuhjp ; Joshua Bealls and Perley Keyes, Jm/ges ; Tlioina« 
White, Lyman Ellis, Wm. Hunter, and Ethni Evans, Assida7U 
Justices, Henry Coffeen, Cl^rlr ; Abel Sherman, Sheriff'; Benj. 
Skinner, Surrofiate and Treasurer; and Uart Massey, Ambrose 
Peftse, and Fairchild Hubbard, Oivoners. At the time of its 
erection most of the taxes of the co. were paid by non- 
reaidents. 

2 In 1807 the jail liberties were first established, which were 
80 extraordinary as to demand a passing notice. " They covered 
a small space around the courthouse and part of the public 
square, and included nio.st of the houses of the village; while 
between these localities, along the sides of the roads, and some- 
times in the center, were pa^/i-«, from 4 to 8 feet wide, with oc- 
casional crossings; so that, by carefully observing his route, 
turning right angles, and keeping himeelf in the strict ranges 
which the court had established, a prisouer might visit nearly 
every buildio'.; in the village; but if the route was, by any ac- 
ridput, nbstnicted, hy a pile of lumber, a pool of mud, or a 
loaded wagon, he must pass over, through, or under, or else 
expose himself to the peril of losing tliis precarious freedom, 
by close imprisonment, and suhjectina: his bail to prosecution 
for the violation of his trust:'— Hmifjh's Hist, of J.f. rb.. p. 31. 

' The JefTerufi}} ami Lewis Gazette vtas starti^rl at Watertown in 
IS17 by D. Abbey & J. H. Lord, Jr., and continued until 
1R19. 
Tha Independent FepttJ'Iican, commenced in 1819 by S. A. Abbey, 
wa£ continued until 1825. 



The Berald of Salvatinn, semi-mo., (Univ.) was commenced in 

1S22 by Rev. Pitt Morse, and continued 2 years. 
The Wutertoum Freeman was established in 1S24, and continued 

until 1833, and was then changed to 
T?te Democratic Standard. In July. 1635, it was united with the 

Watertown Eagle, and became 
The Eagle and Standard. 
Thursday's Pnst was commenced in 1826 by Theron Parsons & 

Co.. and in 1828 sold to Henry L. Harvey, who changed 

it to 
The Register. It was afterward united with the Genius of Pki- 

lanihropy, and in 1830 it became the 
Watertovyn Register and General Advertiser. In 1831 it passed 

into the hands of B. Cory, and in 1S35 it was changed 

t« the 
North American. It was published by J. Huxton a short time, 

and afterward by H. S. Noble, by whom in 1S39 it was 

issued as 
The Watertown Register. In 1843 Joel Green became proprietor, 

and changed it to 
The Black River journal, and continued it until 1846. 
The Genius of Pkihmfhropi/ %va8 started in 1828 by TTenry I* 

Harvey, and was afterward united with The Register. 
The Censor was started at Adams in 1828. by Tln-rou i'arsonB, 

and was soon after removeii to Watertown. In 1830, 

Enoch E.Camp became its proprietor, and changed it to 
The Anti-Masonic San. Shortly after. Dr. K.Goodale, becoming 

proprietor, changed it to 
T?ie Oonsteliation, and continui-d it until 1832, when it paa.<>ed 

into the hands of Abner Morton, who published 

it as 
Tlu Jefferson Reporter until 1834. It was then discontinued. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



353 



This CO, is all embraced in the Macomb purchase* of 1791, except the islands in the lake and river, 
a small reservation at Tibbits Point near Cape Vincent, and a tract 10 mi. square, with one corner 
extending to the St. Lawrence at French Creek, reserved by the Oneida Indians in the treaty of 
1788 for Peter Penet, and called "Penct Square." That part N. of a line running e. from 
Chaumont Bay, in the line of the s. bounds of Diana, was known as Great Tract No. IV., and 
was sold to the ^'Antwerp Company," of Holland. Gouverneur Morris became the first agent, 
and afterward Jas, D. Le Ray de Chaumont became extensively interested in the title, and under 
him much of it was settled. The land between No. IV. and Black River (210,000 acres) was 
purchased by Peter Chassanis, of Paris, for a company of capitalists ; a romantic scheme of colo- 
nization was formed, and settlement begun at its southern point, near the High Falls, in Lewis co. 
A few years after, the emigrants returned to France. Ellisburgh was mostly purchased by Marvel 
Ellis, of Troy, in March, 1797, but it afterward reverted to Constable. A tract known as the 
** Eleven Towns" was purchased in 1795 by Nicholas Low, Wm. Henderson, Richard Harrison, 
and Josiah Ogden Hoffman: it was divided by them and sold by their agents. Penets Square waa 
mostly settled by squatters, with whom the owners afterward had much difficulty. With the 
exception of Carlton Island, the first settlement in the co. was made in Ellisburgh, in 1797, and 
within 10 years nearly the whole of this town and of the "Eleven Towns" was taken up by actual 
settlers. Settlement commenced under Le Ray in Wilna, Antwerp, Le Ray, and Philadelphia, 
about 180G, and in the n. part of the co., along the St. Lawrence, after the war of 1812-15. But 
a small part is now owned by the original purchasers or their heirs, much the greater portion 
having long been owned in fee by actual settlers.^ 

The embargo and non-intercourse laws were quite unpopular along the n, frontier, and met 
■with open hostility or secret evasion in many cases. The declaration of war filled the co. with 
alarm, and some families hastily prepared to leave. Ft. Carlton,^ within the American bound- 
ary, had been held until this time by the British, and was immediately captured by a small 
volunteer party and the buildings burned. A regiment of drafted militia, under Col. C. P. Bel- 
linger, was'stationed at Sackets Harbor in May. A fleet of 5 sail of the enemy was repulsed from 
that place July 19, with loss. On the 30th Capt. Forsyth was stationed there with a fine company 



The iTidepmdent Republican and Anti Masonic Fecorder was 

published at Watertown, from 1828 until 1830. 
The Voice of Jefferson waa published during the summer and 

fall of 1828. 
The Watertown Eagle was commenced in Sept. 1832, by J. Cal- 
houn. In 1833 Alvin Hunt became associate editor; 

and in 1835 it waa united with the Democratic Slatuiard, 

and issued as 
The Eagle and Standard. In 1837 it waa changed to 
Th^. Jeffersonian, and afterward to 
Tlie Watertown Jfffcrsoniany and continued until 1855, when it 

was united with the D'tnocratic C'liion, and appeared aa 
Tike Jefferson County Union* By this title it is 

now published by E. J. Clark & Co. 
The Veto was published during the campaign of 1832. 
The Spirit of Suvenly Six was published a few months in 1834. 
Tlie Patriot and Democrat was published during the campaign 

of 1S38. 
The Aurora was published by Alvin Hunt during the campaign 

of 1840. 
Tlie Daily Journal waa started in 1843, by Joel Greene. It waa 

soon after changed to 
The Watertown Journal, tri-w., and continued until 1846. 
The Democratic Union was started in 1846, by T. Andrews, and 

continued until 1855, when it was united with The 

Jcffersonian. 
The Northern Staff. Jmtmal was started in Augiift, 1846, by 

Ambrose W. Clark. It was afterward ciianged to 
Tbe IVorttiern "Sew York Journal, and is now 

published by A.W. Clark. 
The Watertown Spectator was established in Jan. 1847, by Joel 

GreeuP, and continued until 1849. 
TUe Ne^v York Reformer was commenced in Aug. 

1850, by IngallB. Burdick & Co., and ia now published 

by Ingalls & Haddock. 
The Daily News waa commenced in March, 1859. 
The Daily J'^lf'rrsonian was published abuut 1 ye;ir, in 1851. 
The Monhfyr and The Stwient were isput-d a short time. All of 

the above were published at Watertown. 
The Sackets Harbor Gazette and Advertiser, the first paper pub- 

lisbi^d at Sackets Harbor, was commenced in March, 

1S17. V>y Geo. Camp. In Feb. 1821, it was changed to 
TheJeffh-son R^puhlican, and was continued about a year. 
Tfie FUrmers AdvocaievfHs started in 1824, by Truman W. Has- 

call, and continued until 1828. 
The Couri'-'r, afterward called 

The Sackets Harbor Courier, was publinhed by J. Howe. 
Ttu Jefferson County Whig was published in 1837, by E. H. 

Furdy. 



Tlie SacTcets Harbor Journal was established in Oct. 1838, by E. 
M. Luff, and continued until 1851. 

The Hari-isonian was published by E. M. LuflF during the cam- 
paign of 1840. 

The Sackets Harbor Observer waa founded in March, 1848, by 
O. H. Harris. In 1852 it was changed to 

The Jefferson Farmer, and continued 2 or 3 years. 

The Carthac/inian was started at Caithage in Dec. 1839, and in 
1S43 it was changed to 

The Black Hirer Times. It was discontinued soon after. 

The Peoples Press was commenced in 1847 by M. F. Wilaon. 

The Carthage Standard was commenced in Jan. IhoS, by W. 
R. Merrill. It was discontinued in 1859. 

TJte Jefferson County Democrat was established at Adams in 
June, 1844. by J. C. Hatch. In IS47 it padM-d into tb» 
hands of E. J. Clark. It ia now publiali.-d, aa 

The Jefferson County News, by J. llddy. 

The Therej^a Chnmicte was started Jan. 14, 184f>, by E (J. Burt, 
at Theresa, and continued about G months. 

IjC Phare des Lacs (the Beacon of the Lakea) was com- 
menced at WatertoM-n. in May, 1 859, by Petit & G randpre. 

Tlie Cape Vincent Crazett'e was commenced In 1858 
by f. A. Leach. 
1 Alexander Macomb. Daniel McConnick,and Wm. Constable, 

of New York, were the parties owning this purchase. The first 

two failed, and Constable bi'came chief agent and party to the 

sales that were subsequently made. — Hough's Hist. St. Law. Co. 
~ The present names of these towns are in most cases diflereut 

from those applied by the landholders. Their names, numbeis. 

and owners under the allotment of 179G are as follows. Harrisiin 

and Hoffman held their interests in common several yi^ars lattT. 

iVo, Original Names. 



1. 


HcBiod. 


2. 


Leghorn. 


3. 


Milan. 


4. 


Howard. 


S. 


Mnntiia. 


6. 


Henderson. 


7. 


Aleppo. 


s. 


OrplieuB. 


St. 


Handel. 


0. 


Platina. 


1. 


Lowville. 



Present Names. 


Owners 


Hounsfield. 


Bar. 4 Hoff. 


Watertown. 


Lnw. 


Rutland. 


Henderson. 


Champion. 


Har. & Hoff. 


Denmark. 


Har. k Hoff. 


Hendorsou. 


Henderson. 


Adams. 


Low. 


Rodman. 


Har. & Hoff. 


Pinckney. 


Henderson. 


Harrisburgh. 


Har. k Uoff. 


Lowville. 


Low. 



23 



The several tracts were appraised by Beiy. 'Wright, of Rome, 
the surveyor, and their value equalized from a part of Wnrth. 

8 On Carlton or Buck Island. It was buiU by the French, 
and during ^he Revolution was an imiwrtaat ponduzvous for 
scalping parties of tories and Indians. 



354 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



of riflemen, and, Sept. 20, made a descent upon Gananoqui, Canada, and destroyed a. large quantity 
of provisions. The details of the operations upon the n. frontier belong to general history. 
Sackcts Harbor became the principal seat of military and naval preparations, and from this post 
were fitted out the armaments that captured Little York and Ft. George, and the disgraceful expe- 
dition, under Gen. Wilkinson, that descended the St. Lawrence late in the fall of 1813.^ Large 
bodies of troops were stationed here during most of the war; and a fleet of frigates of the largest 
class was iitted out at this point, to cope with one, equally foraiidable, built at Kingston. The 
enemy were repulsed in an attack upon Sackets Harbor, May 29, 1813, and were subsequently 
defeated at Cranberry Creek and Sandy Creek and in several minor engagements. After the war 
the costly navy was left to rot, or was sold for commercial purposes ; and, in accordance with the 
provisions of the convention of April, 1817, but one armed vessel was left afloat upon the lake. 
Extensive barracks were built in 1816-19 at Sackets Harbor. A considerable body of regular 
troops was stationed here until withdrawn for service in the Indian wars of the Northwest and 
of Florida. In the abortive scheme known as the "Patriot "War," in 1837-40, this co. became the 
scene of intense excitement, and the seat of many grave as well as ludicrous events. "Hunter 
Lodges" were formed in every village to promote the Patriot cause, and large sums raised for the same 
purpose found their way into the pockets of the leaders, most of whom evinced a cowardice as little 
creditable to their honor as was their financial management to their honesty. 

The earliest market of this co. was down the St. Lawrence, which has ever been the route of the 
lumber trade. Several State roads were built through^the co. before the war, and a military road 
was laid out and partly worked from Sackets Harbor to Plattsburgh. Soon after the introduction 
of canals and railroads many projects of internal improvement were formed, and surveys were 
made in this co., without result. The Watertown and Rome R. R. extends from Cape Vincent s. 
through Lyme, Brownville, Pamelia, "Watertown, Adams, and Ellisburgh, connecting with the 
N. Y. Central at Rome. The Sackets Harbor and Ellisburgh R. R., a branch of the preceding, 
extends from Sackets Harbor through Henderson to Pierrcpont Manor. The Potsdam and "Water- 
town R. R. extends n. e. from Watertown tlirough Pamelia, Le Ray, Philadelphia, and Antwerp, 
forming a connection with the Ogdensburgh R. R. at Potsdam. In 1848-51 about 170 mi. of plank 
road were built within the co., by over 20 companies; but most of the lines have been surrendered 
to the towns in which the roads were laid. Steam navigation commenced upon Lake Ontario in 
1816, and commodious lines have since been run, touching at Sackets Harbor, Cape Vincent, 
Clayton, and Alexandria Bay, within this co. 



1 The following is a clironolojrical list of the principal events ' 
which took pluce at Sack(?t6 ilarbor and vicinity during the 
war: — 

1812, May. — The Lnrd Nfhon^ a British schooner, was taken, 
and condemned, for violating the revenue laws. 
Her name was changed to *■ Scourge." 

« Col. C. P. Bellinger was statiuued hero with a 

regiment of militia. 

" June 14, Pchooner Ontario taken, and discharged. 

" July 19, Vill;i2e attacked by 5 vessels of the enemy. No 
injury done to the Americans, and the British 
retired with lo?s. 

" July 30, Capt. Benj. Forsyth arrived with the first regular 
troops. 

" July 31, Schooner Jiitia sailed for Ogdensburgh, and en- 
countered 2 hostile vessels at Morristown. 

" Aug. 20. Col. Bellinger's regiment were disbanded before 
they were paid. 

" Sept. 20, Capt. Forsyth started upon an expedition against 
Usnanoqui. 

" Sept. 21, Gen. Dodge arrived, and ordered Gen. Brown to 
proceed to Ogdensburgh. 

" Oct. Couiniod<ire Cdauncey and Gov. Tompkins ar- 
rived, the fom\er ha\'ing been appointed cora- 
niaiider of the naval forces on the lake. 

" Oct. 12, Capt. Forsyth's company and others were sent to 
Ogdensburgh. 

** NoT.8-14jCom. Chauncey cruised upon the lake before 
Kingston, and took several vessels. 

" Nov. 26, Ship J/cKiisim was launched 45 days after commence- 
ment. Fort Tompkins and barracks were com- 
pleted about the same time. 
1813,March.— Gen. Dearborn arrived and took command. 

" April 7, Brig Ji'ffi'rson launched, 

" *' in, Brig Joves launched. 

»' " 19, The Growler sailed to reconnoiter. 

" " 2J, Gen. I'ike's forces embarked fur Little York, 
f » " 25, ICxpedition sailed. 

•• May 13, Expedition returned laden with spoils. 

« *' '2% Com. Chiuincey sailed with the fleet for Niagara. 

• ** 29, S;icKets Harbor attacked by the enemy, who 
were repulsed with the loss of 150 men. The 
Amcricaus lost a large quantity of militaxy 



1813, June 1, 

*' " 12, 

" " 14, 

« July 2,- 

" " 3, 

" « 14, 

" " 20, 



" Sept. 5, 
" Oct. 26, 

« Nov. 2, 

Dec. and Jan. 

1814, May 1.- 
" June 15, 



« 26, 



" July 31, 

" Sept. 14, 

" " 30, 

« Oct. 



stores, including the spoils of Little York, from 

the accident,il burning of the storehouse. 
Com. Chauncey returned with the fleet. 
Ship Piht launched. 
Lieut. Wolcott Chauncey went on a cruise, and 

took a schooner laden with stores and arms. 
■Maj. Gen. Morgan Lewis arrived and took com- 
mand. 
A secret expedition to burn the Pilre was defeated. 
The Nfptune and Fox sailed cu a privateerinff 

expedition down the St. Lawrence. (See p.365!) 
Com. Chauncey, with the File, sailed for Nia^ 

gara. The Sylph (built in 33 days) accompanied 

him. 
Gen. Wilkinson held a council to decide upon 

offensive measures. 
Gen. Armstrong, Sec. of War, arrived. 
Gen. 'Wilkinson sailed on an exi)edition down 

the St. Lawrence, with disastrous results. 
The Pike and other armed vessels sailed on a 

cruise among the Thousand Islands. 
The remaining part of the fall and winter was 

spent in ship building and in strenglliening 

fortifications. 
■Frigate Superior, of 66 guns, was launched in 80 

days from the commencement of building. 
The crew of the ship Congress began to arrive 

from Portsmouth. 
An expedition under Lieut. Gregory sailed, and 

a few days after captured the gunboat Black 

Snake in the St. Lawrence, for which act Congresa 

awarded $3000 in 1S34. 
Another expedition, under the same, sailed, and 

in a few days burned a vessel on the stocks and 

a quantity of stores near Prescott. 
Tlie AmericAu fleet saded for Niagara. 
Gen. J/ard arrived from Lake Champlain. 
A gig belonging to the Superior captured several 

boats laden with goods for Kingstnn. 
Great alarm was felt for the safety of the harbor, 

which led to the assembling of large bodies of 

militia. 



JEFFKRSON COUNTY. 



355 



ADAMS' — was formed from Mexico, April 1, 1802, and named in honor of John Adams, Ex- 
Presideut. Rodman was taken off in 1804. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. 
Its surface is rolling, and generally inclined toward the lake, and, with the exception of its s. e. 
border, is underlaid by Trenton limestone. Several remarkable upheavals (jf this formation occur 
along its n. and w. borders, and a bold terrace extends into AVatertowu and Rutland. It is well 
watered by the N. Sandy and Stony Creeks. The soil is a clayey loam, with occasional sand and 
gravel, especially along the ancient lake ridge, which may be traced through this town. It is very 
productive, and equally adapted t^ dairying and the cultivation of grains. Manufactures are car- 
ried on to some extent. Adams, (p. V.,) situated on North Sandy Creek and theW. &R. R. R., con- 
tains 4 churches, a bank, a seminary, printing office, and several small munufartories. Pop. 1,268.* 
Adams Center (p. v.) and Smitliville (p. v.) have each about250 inhabitants. Appling' 
and ]%'ortll Adams (p. o.) are hamlets. The town was mostly settled under Isaac W. Bostwick, 
agent of Nicholas Low, the proprietor.^ The first sermon was preached in 1802, by Rev. Mr. Wood- 
ward, a missionary.^ A private academy — now called the Philharmonic Institute — has been taught 
at Adams Village for many years. The remains of several ancient fortifications are found in town. 

ALEXAIVDRIA — was formed from Brownville and Le Ray, April 3, 1821, and named from 
Alexander Le Ray, a son of the proprietor. Theresa was taken off in 1841, It lies on the St. 
Lawrence, in the n. extremity of the co., and embraces the e. part of Wells Island and a con- 
siderable portion of the Thousand Islands. The surface underlaid by gneiss is rough and rocky, 
but that portion underlaid by sandstone is level, with a thin, clayey and sandy soil. A vein of lead 
has been discovered near Redwood, and examined to the depth of 40 feet. Alexandria Bay® 
(Alexandria p. o.) contains 24 houses, Plessis' (p. v.') 32, and Red'^vood'* (p. v.) 429 inhabit>- 
ants. Settlement commenced in 1811, under Le Ray, An engagement took place within the 
limits of this town during the war of 1812.* An elegant Ref. Prot. D. church was erected at Alex- 
andria Bay in 1848-51.^0 

ANTWERP — was formed from Le Ray, April 5, 1810, and named from the Antwerp Com- 
pany.^^ It is the extreme e. town in the co. The n. and e. portions are broken by low rocky 
ridges parallel to the river. The s. w. part is more level. The soil in the valleys is a clayey loam, 
and is very fertile.^"^ The ridges are made up of masses of gneiss, ^^ white crystalline limestone," 
and sandstone. ^^ Between the gneiss and sandstone in this town are several of the richest iron 
mines in the State. The "Sterling Mine"^® lies about 3 mi. n. of Antwerp Village; another, 
of less extent, 1 mi. n, ; a third, known as the *' Keene Mine,"" on the borders of St. Lawrence 
CO.; and a fourth, known as the " Parish Mine,"^^ immediately adjacent. In the same range are 
found the mines of Rossie and Gouverneur, which have fui'nished most of the ore used at the 
furnaces in this region. Bog iron ore is found near Ox Bow.^® One or two sulphur springs are 
found in town. Antiverp, (p. v.,) on the P. and W.R. R., was incorp. July, 1853. It contains 



1 Aleppo, or No. 7 of tlie Eleven Towns. 

2 Tliift village was firat eettlRil by David Smith, about 1800, and 
for many years it was known as '' SinitJts AlillsJ" Incorp. Nov. 
11, 1851. 

8 Named from Msy. Daniel Appling, the hero of the battle of 
Sandy Creek. 

* The first settlers came on for permanent residence in 1800; 
among them were Nicholas and Alexander Salisbnry, Solomon 
Smith, Daniel Comstock. Daniel Smith, Abram Kipley. Jonathan 
Cable, Stephen Shippey, and Enon D'Estiiing. The first iuu was 
kept by Abel Hart, and the first stor« by Jesse Hale. Daniel 
Smith erected the first grist and sawmills in 1801-02, the foi'mer 
superseding the stump mortara of the first season. The first 
birth was that of Edmnud Salisbury; the first marriage, that 
of Daniel Ellis to Mrs. A. Salisbury, widow of Alexander Salis- 
bury, in 1&02; and the first death, that of Alexander Salisbury, 
drowned in 1801. Schtwls were tirst taught in 1S03. 

6 Itev.Chaa. G. Finney, Pres. of GberliD College, was a law stu- 
dent ill this town. The census reports 9 chuiche-s; 3 Dap., 2 
Seventh Day Bap,, 2 Cong.. M. E., and Prot. E. 

• 1 his place was surveyed and laid out as a village for Le Ray 
in 181K. A custom house was e»tablishod here in l!S28. Sunki-n 
Rock Lighthouse was built in 1S47. It isan important wooding 
Bfation ftir steamers, and within a few years has become a favor- 
ite resort fur fishing and excursion parties among the Tliuu- 
sand Islands. 

' Named from a town in France. Formerly called *' Flat. Itnck^'" 
from the naked sandstone in the vicinity. A grist mill was built 
liei* ill 1M7 for LeKay. Wni. Merrill, the first innkeeper, waa 
murdered in 1826. 

8 A glass factory was e«tjiblished at thi« place in 1833, by 
John S. Foster. It is devoted to Iht- manufacture of cylinder 
glass, and is dow carried on by a joiut stuck compauy known 



aa the RedM'ood Manufac. Co. A stream a few rods in length, 
flowing from Mud to Butterfield Lake, has hero a fall of 94 feot, 
and furnishes water power to a grist and saw mill. 

»The "Neptune" and "Fox," two small American armed 
vessels, captured a brigade of bateaux belonging to the enemy, 
July 20, 1813, and took their prizes into Cranberry Creek, in 
this town. They were pursued, and a sharp skirmish ensued, 
resulting in the retreat of the British with considerable loss. 

10 This church was built through the agency of Kev. G. W. 
Bethune, ot Brooklyn, and is called "The Church of the 'J'hon- 
sand Isles." A parsonage was built in 1852. The sites for 
both edifices were given by Francis Depan. The census reports 
6 churches; 2 Prot. E., Bap., M. E.. Presb.. and R.O. 

11 This land conip:iny. formed in Holland, bought Great Tract 
No. IV., within which this town is situated. For particulars seo 
Hi'Kgh's Hint. Jeff, f »., p. 58-61. 

12 According to the last census, this town produces more buttor 
than any other town in the co.; and, with one exception, it 
has the greatest number of cows of any town in the State. 

13 From ISO.'j to 1828 about 100 pairs of niillatones were manu- 
factured from this rock in this town. 

1* This limestone is especially valuable for lime and as a flax 
for iron ore. 

16 This sandstone furnLihes an excellent building material, auu 
is used for the lining of furnaces. 

w Discovered by Hopestill Foster; owned and worked by Jaa. 
Sterling. 

1' On the fann of Hiram B. Keene, and owned by a companj. 

18 Owned by Geo. Parish, of Ogdensbingh. 

1* This ore is of the red specubtr viiriety. The region in which 
it is found is one of the richest in the country for spicimens of 
rare minerals. 



356 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Tlie Antwerp Liberal Institute* and 3 churches. Pop. 621. Ox Bow^ (p. v.) is situated on the 
Oswegatchie River. Pop. 240. 8terlingburgli,^ 1 mi. above Antwerp, and Spragues 

Corners, on the line of St. Lawrence co., are hamlets. The first improvements were 
made in 1S03, at the Ox Bow, under the direction of Lewis R. Morris, the original proprietor.* 
In 1808, Morris sold 29,033 acres to George and David Parish, under whose agents the greater 
part of the settlements were made. A party of militia was stationed here in 1808, to enforce the 
embargo, and a blockhouse was built at the village in 1812. The first church was built, in 
1816, by Parish.5 

BROWlVVII^l-E — was formed from Leyden, April 1, 1802, and was named from Gen. Jacob 
Brown, its founder. Le Ray was taken off in 1806 ; Lyme, in 1818; Pamelia, in 1819; and 
Orleans, and a part of Alexandria, in 1821. It is situated on the n. side of Black River and 
Black River Bay, Its surface is level or gently undulating. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. 
Sulphate of barytes is found on Pillar Point, and the vein has been wui'ked to some extent for 
lithic paint. Upon the w. bank of Perch River, a few rods below Limerick, is a cave extending 
150 yards into the bank and 30 feet below the surface. Manufactures receive considerable 
attention. BrownTille, (p. v.,) on Black River, 4 mi. below Watertown, was incorp. April 5, 
1828. It has a valuable water power, and contains 3 churches, a cotton factory, and several 
founderies and machine shops. Pop. 621. Dexter^ {p. v.) is situated at the head of navigation 
on Black River. It is the seat of an extensive woolen factory built in 1836.' Pop. 429. 
LiiniericK (p. o.) and lUofiatrille, ( Perch River p. o.) contain aduzen houses each. Pillar 
Point (p. 0.) is sitnated across the bay from Sackets Harbor. Pop. 50. Gen. Jacob Brown 
l)egan the settlement of the town in 1799, as proprietor and agent.^ During the war Brownville 
village became the seat of a hospital; and on different occasions large bodies of troops were 
posted in the vicinity. For several years it was the residence and headquarters of Maj . Gen. Brown, 
commander in chief of the n. department, and . afterward of Col. Edward Kirby,® his son-in-law. 
There are 10 churches in town." 

CAPE VIWCEXT — was formed from Lyme, April 10, 1849, and named from Vincent Le Ray, 
son of the proprietor. It is the n. w. corner town of the co., and embraces Carlton, Grenadier, and Fox 
Islands in the St. Lawrence. The surface is level, or slightly undulating, and the soil is a clayey loam. 
Kent Creek is the principal stream. There are 2 or 3 sulphur springs in town. Considerable 
attention is paid to ship building. Cape Tincent," (p. v.,) the terminus of the TV", and R. 
R. R., near the head of the St. Lawrence River, is a thriving commercial village. Pop. 1026. 
Saint Ijawrence and millens Bay are p. offices and hamlets. The first settlement in the 
town and co. was made upon Carlton Island,^^ at about the time of the Revolution. A regular forti- 
fication, known as " Fort Carlton/'^^ was erected upon the island, and a tract of 30 acres was cleared 
and cultivated, and long known as the '^ Kings Garden" The first settlement upon the main- 
land was commenced in 1801 at Port Putnam, 2 mi. below Cape Vincent, by Capt. Abijah Putnam.^* 
Count Real, Chief of Police under Napoleon, and other French families of note, resided in this town 
for some time. A custom house was established in 1819. Upon the shores of Grenadier Island,'* 



1 This inBtitution is not yet fully orpmized. 

2 This Dame ia derived from a remarkable bend in the Oswe- 
gatchie River, upon which the village is situated. The village was 
settled by Scotch emigrants. 

8 Sterlingburph, 1 mi. above Antwerp Tillage, is the seat of 
an iron furnace built by Jas. Sterling in 1846. A forge was built 
here for David Parish in 1817. 

* The first settler was Wm. Lee. Mills were built at Antwerp 
Village in 1806-07, for Morris, by John Jennison. The first 
school was taught in the Foster Settlement, by Benj. Cook. 

6 This church was the second in the co., and for many years 
was used by all the denominations in town. It is now* in pos- 
session of the R. C. There are in town 8 churches ; 2 Bap., 
M. E., Was. Meth., Prepb., Asso. Ref. Presb., R.C., Union. 

ft Named from S. Newton Dexter, of Whitesboro', one of the 
proprietors. It was formerly known as "_P/s/i Itiland." During 
the war the mills at this place furnished lumber for the 
public works at Sackets Harbor. The steamer " Brownville," 
built in 1827, and designed to run l)ptween this place and the 
lake ports, was bnrned upon her first trip. The Black River 
Nav. Co., incorp. in ISIO, built locks here, which were little 
used. Piers for the improvement of navigation were built at 
the mouth of the river by the Gen. Government ; but they have 
resulted in injurv. 

7 This factory is of stone, and cost $140,000. It is fitted for 10 
sets of machinery, and employs 75 hands. 

9 In 1800, Gen. Brown built a Bawmill, and in ISOl a small 
RTist mill, at the mouth of Philomel Creek. A bridge was built 
in 1802, and a dam across the river in 1806. In 1828, Henry 



Evans was hung near 'Watertown fnr murder committed in thia 
town, — the only execution by civil authority that ever took 
place in the co. 

Col. Kirby held the office of paymaster in the army from 
1824 till his death. April IS. 1846. 

10 2 M. E., 2 Prot. E.. 2 Univ., 2 Presb.. 1 Bap., 1 Union. 

11 Called " Gravelly Point" by many of the old inhabitants. It 
was first settled in 1809, laid out as a village in 1817, and incorp. 
in ISo.'i. A lighthouse was built at Tibbits Point, 2 mi. distant, 
in 1826, The n. R. company have built here a wharf 3000 feet 
long, 2 immense freight houses, a grain elevator, Ac. The 
Ontario Line of Steamers touch at this point, and ferry boats 
run regularly to Kingston. A few years since, a canal was dug 
across Wolf or Grand Island, to afford a more direct route for 
this ferry. This place received several visits from the enemy 
during the war. 

12 This island contains 1274 acres. A military class right (see 
page 46) of 500 acres was located here in 1786. For several 
years after 1822 it was a thriving lumbpr station, where rafts 
were made up for the Quebec market. 

18 This fort commanded the a. channel of the river, and was 
an important post during the Revolution. It was mostly exca- 
vated in the rock, and the materials taken out were used in the 
construction of the rampart and escarpment. 

1* Mr. Putnam established a ferry from this place to Wolf 
Island. In 1S03 a State road was opened to this place, and ia 
1804 a village plot was laid out, but soon after abandoned. 

16 This island was the rendezvous of Gen. Wilkinson's army on 
their way down the river in 1813. At the eastern extremity is a 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



357 



and of the mainland opposite, are valuable seine fisheries. A town ag. soc. was formed in 1850.* 
There are 3 churches in town,^ 

CH AMPIOllir* — was formed from Mexico, March 14, 1800. A part of Harrisburgh was taken 
off in 1803. It is the central town on the s. e. border of the co. The surface is broken and hilly. 
The most elevated portions are the slate hills in the s. angle, (known as the **peak,") which are 
about 1700 feet above tide. From their summits the land descends in a series of broken and 
irregular terraces to the river. The n. part is more level. The soil is generally a clay loam, 
but near the river in some places it is sandy. Cliampion (p. v.) contains 20 houses, Great 
Bend (p. v.) and We§t Cartliag-e^ about 30 each. Cbaiupion South Roads isap.o. 
The first settlement was begun in 1798, by Noadiah Hubbard, as agent for Storrs. The first settlers 
came by water down the river as far as the Long Falls, and the town was settled with great 
rapidity.* The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1805.* 

CK<ATT01V — was formed from Orleans and Lyme, April 27, 1833, aJid named in honor 
of John M. Clayton, U. S. Senator from Del. It is centrally situated on the n. w. border of the co. 
It embraces two-fifths of Penets Square, a gore w. and another n. of that tract, and Grindstone 
and several smaller islands in the St. Lawrence. The surface is level, or slightly rolling. Water 
lime has been manufactured in considerable quantities. Clayton,^ (P-^-j) situated at the mouth 
of French Creek,^ is largely engaged in the lumber trade and in ship building.® Pop. 896, 
Depauville^^ (P-'^O ^^ situated at the head of navigation on Chaumont (Sha-mo) Kiver, (or 
Catfish Creek,) 6 mi. from the bay. Pop. 386. Clayton Center is a p. o. Settlement com- 
menced in 1803, but progressed slowly until after the war. For many years the titles to the portions 
included in Penets Square and the islands became the subject of much controversy and litigation. 
In early times the shores of the St. Lawrence in this and adjoining towns became the scene 
of many lawless adventures in the prosecution of smuggling." In 1813, the enemy attacked the 
advanced guard of Wilkinson's expedition, commanded by Gen. Brown, at Bartlets Point, but were 
repulsed. The census reports 7 churches in town.^^ 

EliLiISBFRGH"— was formed from Mexico, Feb. 22, 1803. Henderson was set off in 1806. 
It is situated in the s.w. corner of the co., upon the shore of Lake Ontario. The surface is 
rolling and inclined toward the lake. A range of low sand hills extend along the shore, and these 
are succeeded by a wide marshy region, producing vrild grasses that in dry seasons may be mown. 
North and South Sandy Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is sandy on the w., clayey 
through the center, and a slaty loam in the e. There is a sulphur spring in town. This ia 
the wealthiest agricultural town in the co., and is surpassed by but few in the State. Ellis 
Tillage," (EUisburgh p.o.,) situated on S. Sandy Creek, 4 mi. from its mouth, has a limited 
amount of manufactures. Pop. 230. Believille,^^ (p-v.,) is situated on N. Sandy Creek, 3 mi. 
from Ellis Village, and on the S. H. & E. R. R. Pop. 363. The Union Literary Society (academy) 
is located here. Pierrepont Manor,^^ (p-v.,) at the junction of the W. & R. and S. II. 
& E. R. R., contains 255 inhabitants. IVoodville," (p. v.,) is situated on N. Sandy Creek. 
Pop. 180. Mannsville,^^ (p-'^-O on Skinners Creek and the W. & R. R, R., has a population 



capacious bay, known as " Basin Harbor," which aflTords a shelter 
for boats. The whole island is now a single dairy farm. 

1 This society is open to the citizens of LjTue, Clayton, and 
Wolf Island. 2 Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 

8 No. 4, or " Howard," of the " Eleven Towns." It fell to the 
share of Harrison and Hoffman, and by them was sold to Gen. 
Henry Champion, of Colchester. Conn., and Lemuel Storrs. It 
was settled under Judge Noadiah Hubbard and Alfred Lathrop, 
agents of the last named proprietor. The name was given in 
honor of Gen. Champion, who presented the town with a bell 
for the compliment. 

* Considerable amounts of lumber, oil, flour, and cloth are 
manufactured in this village. 

6 Among the first settlers, who came in in 1798-99, were John, 
ThoB. and Salmon Ward. David and Saml. Starr, Joel Mix, 
Ephm. Chamberlain. Jonathan Mitchell. Bela Hubbard, and 
David Miller. The first school was taught by E. Chamberlain, 
in 1800. The first sawruiU was built in 1802, by John Eggleson 
and Wm. Hadsall. The first grist mill was built at West Car- 
thage, by David Coffeen, in 1806. A furnace was built at the 
eame place in 1S34, and about lOOO tons of iron produced. Several 
prominent lawyers, among whom were Moss Kent, brother of 
the chancellor, Egbert Ten Eyck, and Henry R. Storrs, settled 
in Champion, in expectation of its becoming the co. seat of 
the new co. to be erected from Oneida. 

« Rev. Nathl. Dutton was the first regular settled pastor in 
the town and co. There are 6 churches in town; 2 Cong.. 2 
ii- E., Bap., and Union. 

t Formerly called " Cbmelia," and still frequently called 



"French Creek." A party of Patriots made this place their 
rendezvous in preparing to invade Canada. The same party 
took possession of Hickory Island ; hut upon the approach of the 
British they fled, leaving their armament behind. 

8 This stream is called by the Indians Wet-er-ingh-ra-gu-en-te-re, 
or " Fallon Fort." from a fort taken by the Oneidas from another 
tribe long before the advent of the whites. 

B The timber is brought in vessels from the upper lakes, and 
here made up into rafts. Most of the steamers belonging to the 
American line have been built at this port and at Wolf Island. 

w De-po-viUe, Named from Francis Depau, an early pro- 
prietor. The place was formerly known as " Oitjish Faiu:* 
Steplien Johnson built the first mill and tipened the first store 
at this place, in 1824. 

11 During the embargo of 1808 a road was cut through the 
woods, and immense quantities of potash were taken to Canada 
without restraint. 

12 4 M. E., and one each Bap., R, C., and Union. 

13 Named from Marvel Ellis, an early proprietor, and Lyman 
Ellis, the first settler. 

1* The (ddi'St settlement in the co. 

16 Named from Belleville, in Canada. 

16 It is the residence of Hon. Wm. C. Pierrepont, from whom 
the village derives its name. 

IT Named from Ebenezor, Ephraim, and Jacob Wood, the first 
settlers. 

18 Named from Col. H. B. Mann, who erected a factory at thil 
place, hut which waa afterward burned. 



358 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



of 315. Rural Hill* (p. o.) and WardweSl (p. o.) are hamlets. Lyman Ellis and a large 
number of others made the first settlement, in 1797.^ A tract of 3000 acres in the s.w. corner 
of the town was sold l>y Wm. Constable, in 1796, to Brown and Eddy, and was settled by squatters. 
Upon the advent of the first settlers, near Ellis Village, on Sandy Creek, were found numerous 
traces of an early occupation by civilized races.^ Daring the war an engagement took place near 
the mouth of S. Sandy Creek, between a party of 150 American regulars and a few militia and 
Indians, under Maj. Appling, and a party of 200 British, who were pursuing a flotilla of boats, 
commanded by Lieut. Woolsey, laden with stores for Saokets Harbor. The British were defeated, 
and nearly the whole party were killed or taken prisoners.* The census reports 11 churches in 
town.^ 

HE^OERSON*— was formed from Ellisburgh, Feb. 17, 1806. It lies on Lake Ontario, s. w. 
of the center of the co. The surface is rolling ; and it is deeply indented by Henderson Bay, 
formed by a long rocky point known as Six-Town Point.' There are in town two small lakes 
and several marshes. Stony and Little Stony Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is clay 
and loam. Henderson^ (p. v.) is situated near the center, on Stony Creek. Pup. 404. Hen- 
derson Harbor'* contains 12 houses; and SmitUville^"* (p-o.) 40. Roberts Corners 
(p. 0.) is a hamlet. Settlement was begun in 1802, under Asher Miller, agent fur the proprietor.^^ 
At the head of Ilendersun Bay is a curved embankment or bar of stone, 100 rods long, and a little 
above the water, known as "Indian Wharf;'* and from this point to Stony Creek there was an 
Indian trail or portage. The census reports 5 churches in town.^^ 

H05JIVSFIELDi3_^j^g formed from Watertown, Feb. 17, 1800. It is situated on Black 
lliver Bay, on the w. border of the co. Its surface is very level, and the soil is a clayey and sandy 
loam. Ship building and manufactures have received considerable attention. Sackets Har- 
bor" (p. V.) is the principal village. Pop. 994. This was the principal military and naval 
station on the nortliern frontier during the last war with Great Britain, and millions of dollars 
were spent in fortifications and in building vessels. , East Hounsfield (p. v.) and StovrellS 
Corners (p. o.) are hamlets. Amasa Fox was the first settler. In 1802 there were 30 
families in town.'^ In 1805 several English families came in.^^ During the war this town was 
the center of important military events. Several expeditions were here fitted out against Canada; 
and, in turn, the town was invaded on several occasions." Large bodies of troops were fre- 
quently quartered here, and the citizens became familiar with the lights and shades of military 
life.*^ After the war most of the troops were withdrawn, leaving only enough to keep the 



1 Fnrmerly called '' Buck IliU." 

2 Anions; the first settlers were Caleb Ellis. Robf-rt Fulton. 
Elijjili Richardson. Hoz. Pierce, Chauncey Smith, Wm. Root, 
Vial Siilisbury, Isaac Waddle, and Abram Wilcox. The early 
settlers suffered much from sickness. The first child born was 
Ontario Pierce, and the first death, that of Caleb Ellis. Lyman 
Ellis biiilt the first sawmill, in 1797. and the first srrist mill, in 1803. 

8 It is probable that the French expedition, under De La Barre, 
a^ain^t the Onondagas in 16S-t. met witli their terrilile disasters 
from famine and sickness within the limits of this town. 

* The stores were taken by land from this point to the 
" Harbor." Among them was a cable weighing; 9600 lbs., which 
was too heavy for loading upon any wagon that could be ob- 
tained. It was accordingly placed on the shoulders of 250 
men and carried to its place of destination. As the bearers 
approached the Harbor, the sailors met them \vith loud clieers. 
relieved them of their burden, and marched triumphantly into 
the village. 

6 3 Bap.. 2 Cong.. 2 M. E., Presb.. Prot. E., Univ., Union. 

6 No,6of the "Eleven Towns." Named from Wm. Henderson, 
the proprietor. It embraces the adjacent islands in the lake. 

' Upon this point are the remains of a small 4 sided fortifica^ 
tion, evidently built during the French or Revolutionary War. 

3 Formerly called '^SiUsburr/ Afilis," from Lodo^vyck Salisbury, 
an early merchant and mill owner. 

The bay upon which this place is situated was called the 
'- Bay of Naple^' by Henderson, the proprietor. 

10 Named from Jesse Smith, who. from a common laborer, 
became one of the most extensive lumber dealers in the county, 
and a man of influence. It is on the line of Adams. 

n Among the first settlers were Anthony Sprague. Levi Sco- 
field.Jedediah McComber, Samuel Hubbnrd. Sloses Barrett. Wm. 
Petty, and Daniel Spencer. Willis Fellows kept the first inn 
and built the first saw and grist mills. The first child born was 
Betsy Scofield. and the first death, that of a child of Hosea 
Heath. Elisha Skinner taught the first school. A small woolen 
factory was erected in 1814. A Scotch settlement was made in 
180-3-07, on the bay. A lighthouse waa erected on Stony 
Point in 1837. 

>2 '2 M. E.. Ev. Luth.. Univ., and Union. 

M* The town embraces No. 1, or " ilesiod," of the " Eleven 



Toiivns." and was named from Ezra Hounsfield, one of the early 
proprietors. In the division it fell to the share of Harrison 
and Hoffman ; and by them the w. half wag sold to Champion 
and Storrs. and the remainder to Peter Kemble and E. Houns- 
field. It was called ^' I'knoprirt" in early documents. Gull, 
Snake, Great and Little Galloo, and Stony Islands belong to 
this town. Upon Galloo Island a lighthouse was erected in 1820. 

1* Named from Augustus Sacket, the first settler. Called by 
the Indians Ga-h(i-a-go-je-twa-da-a-lote, fort at the mouth of 
Great River. Incorp. April 15, 1814. A collecticm district waa 
formed in 1S05. Matlison Barracks, built in 1816-19 at a cost of 
$85,000, are the principal military works. Upon a point in the 
harbor is the hull of the frigate New Orleans, sheltered by a 
house built over it. It was commenced during the war, but 
has never been finished. It measured 3200 tons, and was pierced 
for 110 guns. The frigate Chippewa, of like dimensions, built 
farther up the bay, has been taken down. 

15 Among these were John and Wm. Evans, Squire Reed, 
Amasa Hollibut. and Charles Baird. 

11 Among these were Saml. LuJf, his sons Edmund, Saml., Jr., 
Joseph, and Jesse, David Merritt, William Asliby. .John Roots, 
Henry Metcai f. and Geo. Slowman. Dr. Wni. Baker, who settled in 
1803. was the first physician ; Ambrose Pease and Step. Simmons 
were early innkeepers, and Loren Bnss and Hezekiah Doolittle, 
early merchants. In 1808 Samuel F. Hooker broygbt in a stock 
of goods worth $20,000. Meetings were first held by Kdmund 
LutT, who built a church, and preached many years without fee 
or reward. Elislia Camp settled in 1804, as a lawj'er and agent, 
and has since been more prominently concerned in the affairs 
of the town than any other person. Samuel Luff built tUe first 
grist mill, Augustus Sacket. the first sawmill, and Solon Stone, 
the first cotton factory, on Mill Creek. The first child born in 
town was Wealthy Rowlison. At an early period, John Jacob 
Astor and other capitalists invested large sums here in the 
manufacture of p'jtash, that article commanding $200 to $350 
per ton in the Montreal market. " See page 354, 

18 About a dozen military executions took place here during 
the war. A duel was fought with muskets, June 13. 1818, 
between two soldiers, one of whom was killed. During the com- 
mand of Col. Brady at this station, the remains of Gens. Zebu- 
Ion M. Pike and Leonard Covington, Col. John Tuttle, Lleat. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



359 



works in repair. In 1832 a canal, for hydraulic purposes, waa completed from IIuntington*s Mills, 
above AVatertowu, to Sackets Harbor ; but in about 10 years it was abandoned.* Dr. Samuel 
Guthrie, one of the discoverers of chloroform, and inventor of the percussion compound for firearms, 
which has superseded flints, resided at Sackets Harbor. A Union school was established in tho 
village in 1840. There are 5 churches in tovi'n.^ 

I-E RAY^ — was formed from Brownville, Feb. 17, 1806. Antwerp was taken off in 1810, a 
part of Wilna in 1813, and a part of Philadelphia and Alexandria in 1821. It is an interior 
town E. of the center of the co. The surface is level, or gently rolling, and the soil is principally 
a clayey loam. A strip of barren sand, once covered with pine, but now almost a desert, extends 
along Black River. The streams are Black and Indian Rivers, Pleasant Creek, and several 
small brooks. E-e Raj'Sville^ (P-v.) contains 22 houses. Evans Mills^ (p-v.) is situated 
on Pleasant Creek and the P. & W. R. R. Pup. 410. Saudlords Corners, (p. v.,) on the 
P. & W. R. R., contains a dozen houses. Blu<?K River,® a village of 50 houses, is partly in 
this town. The first settlement was made in 1802, by a party under Bonj. Brown, agent for Le 
Ray.' Le Ray removed to this place in 1808, and began a liberal system of settlement, by opening 
roads and building bridges and mills. The census reports 6 churches.® 

I-ORRAIIVE^— was formed from Mexico, March 24, 1804, as "Malta." Its name was 
changed April 6, 1808. Worth was taken off in 1848. It is the central town on the s. border of 
the CO. The town is elevated, and is underlaid by slate and traversed by immense gulfs. The 
surface is rolling, and the soil is a clay and loam. It is mostly drained by Sandy and Skinners 
Creeks. Lorraine, (p. v.,) the only village, contains about 30 houses. Settlement was begun 
in 1802, by James McKee and Elijah Fox.^** The State Road from Rome to Sackets Harbor was 

laid through this town in 1804. A sulphur spring is found on the farm of Totman. The 

town has 2 churches, Bap. and M. E. 

I«Y]>IE" — was formed from Brownville, March 6, 1818. A part of Clayton was taken off in 
1833, and Cape Vincent in 1849. It lies upon Chaumont Bay, in the w. part of the co. The sur- 
face is very level. The w. border is deeply indented by Chaumont Bay'^ and its branches. The 
soil is principally clay. There are several sulplmi* springs in town. Near Chaumont are extensive 
and valuable limestone quarries.^^ Cbaumont (p. v.) is situated upon the bay at the mouth 
of Chaumont River. Pop. 306. Three Mile Bay" (p. v.) lies upon a bay of the same name. 
Pop. 295, Point Peninsula (p. o.) is a scattered settlement containing 25 houses. The first 
settlement was begun under Jonas Smith and Henry A. Delamater, agents for Le Ray, in 1801.^* 
The first location waa 2J mi. above Chaumont ; but in 1805 the settlers removed to the site of the 
present village. During several years much sickness prevailed; but this gradually disappeared 
as the CO. became more settled. In 1812 the inhabitants, numbering about a dozen families, built 
a blockhouse, which was taken and destroyed by the enemy. The first church (Bap.) was organized 
in 1816." 

ORIjCA^S — was formed from Brownville, April 3, 1821. A part of Pamolia was taken off 
April 1, 1829, and a part of Clayton in 1833. The boundary between Orleans and Alexandria ba.s 
twice been changed. It lies on the x. border of the co., and embraces the w. part of Wells and 



Cols. Electus Backup, Timothy Dix, Jr., and John Mills. Maj. 
John Jdhnson, Capts. Ambrose Spencer, Jr., and Joseph Nichol- 
son, and Lieut. Michael P. Vanden'enter, officers who hsd boen 
killed or ha«i died of sickness during the war, wer^ collected, and 
buried in one grave. A monument of painted piiu: boards wjis 
erected to their memory by a grateftil country; but it 8<inn 
rotted down, and there is now a stronii; probability that the 
place of their interment will be forgotten. 

I This canal was 20 feet wide at the top, 12 at the bottom, 
and 4 feet deep. 

* M. E., Prot. E., Presb., Christian, and Seventh Day Bap. 
8 Named for James Le Ray de Chaumont, the proprietor. 

* The land office for much of the land in the co. n. and e. 
of the river was located here until 1835, when it waa removed 
to Carthage. P. S. Stewart has been the agent many j-ears. 

6 Named frnni Ethni Evans, who built the first mill in 1805-OR. 

6 Tliis village is locally known aa " Lockport." A trace of 
an ancient Indian fort was found near it; another 1 mi. N. ; and 
another near Sandfords Corners. 

I Among these first settlers were David CofTeen. Dyer Rhodes, 
Ciershom and John Matoon. Joseph Child and sons. Thomas 
Ward, William Cooper, and Beuj. Kiikbride. Tiie first child 
born waa Abi Brown: the first marriage, that of Jonas Allen 
and Sarah Dyke; and the first death, that of Cheater Ballon. 
Margaret Comstock tanglit the first school. 

» Ban.. Friends, M. E., Presb., R. C, and Union. 



This town embraces " Atticns," or No. 1. of the Boylstnn Tract. 

10 In the following year, Comfort Stanclift", Benjamin (jates, 
Seth Cutler, John Alger, and others, came in. McKei- and Fnx 
kept the first inn. Mr. Frost built the fir^it sawmill, and Mi. 
CntU*r the first grist mill, in 1S04. The first death waa fhal- 
of A. M. Child, killed by a falling tree. 

11 Name selected by Eben. Kelsey. a native of Lyme, Conn. 

1- Name derived from Le Ray de Chaumont. Upon uld mai)a 
tills bay is named " iViW/mwrc." '■'■ Nianure,-^ and *' iVi'rern/fl*." 
Tlie last name is probably derive! from that of the Due de 
Nivernois, a French nubleman. 

18 The limestone quarries of this place have furnished larga 
quantities of stone for the piers at Oswego, locks on the canal, 
and for other public works. 

w Name given from its being 3 miles w. of Chaumont. Thin 
bay is celebrated for its fisheries. In 1856. $!)i),000 worth of 
fish were taken, consisting principally of "ciscoes" (lake her- 
ring) and whitefiah. It has been the "seat of considerable ship 
building. 

16 Among the first settlers were Richard JI. Esselstyn, T. 
Wheeler. Peter Pratt, and Jonas. David, and Timolhy Soper. 
James Ilortoo was the first settler on Point Salubrious, in 
ISOfi. 

16 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., Presb., and 
Free W. Bap. 



360 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



eeveral smaller islands in the St. Lawrence. The surface is level, or slightly rolling. The principal 
streams are Perch River, Catfish and Mullet Creeks. Perch Lake lies upon the s. boundary. 
The soil is clay and loam. I^a Farg"eville,* (p. v.,) on Chaumont River, near the center of the 
town, is the seat of Orleans Academy. Pop. 295. Omar,^ (p. o.,) on Mullet Creek, and Stone 
Mills,=^ (p. o..) are small villages. Orleans 4 Corners, (p. o.,) Port Orleans, and 
Collins Landing are hamlets. Penets Square, which embraced most of this town, was 
settled by squatters.* The first settlements commenced about 1806.* In 1824, John La 
Farge, a large owner in these lands, came into town to assert his claim. After a great deal 
of difficulty and some resistance, he succeeded in establishing his title. In 1838 the mansion and 
farm of La Farge, 1 mi. s, of the village, were purchased by Bishop Dubois as the site for a 
Catholic seminary. This institution, named ''St. Yincent de Paul,'' combining a theological seminary 
and classical boarding school, was soon after opened ; but iu two or three years it was removed 
to Fordham, Westchester co., and was afterward incorp. as St. John's College. Rock Island Light- 
house was built in 1853. The British steamer Sir Robert Peel was plundered and burned on the 
night of May 29, 1838, while taking in wood at Wells Island, in this town, by a party of 22 self- 
styled patriots, led by BiU Johnston.® The census reports 8 churches.'' 

PAMEliIA^ — was formed from Brownville, April 12, 1819. In 1824 its name was changed 
to '* Leander;" but soon after the former name was restored. A portion of Orleans was annexed 
April 1, 1824. It is the central town of the co. The surface is level, or gently undulating, 
and the soil is clay and sand. Near the cascade opposite Watertown are several caves in the 
limestone rock.® In the vicinity of Perch Lake have been found several barrows, or sepulchral 
mounds. Pamelia Village and JuUelville^" — the former opposite the lower part and the 
latter the upper part of Watertown Village — are places of considerable manufactures,^^ and have 
each 200 to 300 inhabitants. Pamelia Four Corners (p. v.) contains about 30 houses. The 
first settlement began in 1799.^^ The census reports 2 churches.^^ 

PUILiADELtPIIIA — was formed from Le Ray, April 3, 1821. It is an interior town, e. 
of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the e., but rocky and broken in the w. The soil is 
generally a clayey loam. Indian River and Black Creek are the principal streams. Iron ore is 
found in considerable quantities. The principal bed that is worked is known as the Shurtliff 
mine. In Sterlingville is a large chalybeate spring. Pliiladelpliia,^^ (P-"^-') upon Indian 
River, has 55 houses, and Sterlingville,^^ (p. v.,) upon Black Creek, 40. At the latter place 
are a large blast furnace'® and a forge." The first settlement was commenced in 1804, by Friends 
from Peun. and N. J}^ In 1810 the Friends erected a building which for 17 years was used as a 
school and meeting house.'^ 



1 Named from John La Farge, the proprietor ; formerly known 
as " JO03 Mills." 

2 Nami_(l Irnm a character iu one of Johnson's allegories, 
found in the Kngliah Reader : formerly called " Mtidf/cs MillsJ" 

s Formerly called " Cbllins Mith," from John B. Collins, 
owner. 

* The improvident waste of timber and the slovenly clearings 
made by thia lawless set promised little in the way of civiliza- 
tion; aud their appearance, as they emerged from the swamps 
with an ox harnessed to a crotched piece of wood, laden with a 
trough full of ''black salts," or, as they returned in like man- 
ner, with a saik of meal and a jug of whiskey, was little 
calculated to inspire hope of speedy improvement. They had 
a kind of law among themselves in relatii>n to land, and 
were accustomed to run "possession lines'" by lopping down 
bushes. '• Claims'' were often sold and secured by quit claim 
deeds. 

5 Among the first settlers were Roderic C. Frazier, Peter Pratt, 
Dr. Reuben Andrus, Samuel and Daniel Ellis, and others. Alvah 
Goodman kept the first inn; Lemuel George, the first store; 
Collins & Piatt erected the first grist mill, and Dr. Andrus, the 
first fiawmill. in 1819. 

6 After driving the passengers ashore and plundering the 
boat, the brigands cast her off from the shore and set her on 
fire. Large rewards were offered for their apprehension, and 
several persons were arrested, but none convicted. In 1853, 
Johnston was appointed keeper of the Rock Island Light, which 
shines on the spot where the Peel was burned. 

T Two Evaug. Luth., Bap., Cong., M. E., R. C, Wes. Meth., and 
Union. 

8 Named from the wife of Gen. Jacob Brown. Her maiden 
^name was Pamelia Williams. 

» These caverns have been traced nearly 500 feet. Just below 
and partly under the village of Juhelville, the open mouths of 
eevoral caves appear on the river bank, opening at both ends on 
the cliff. The passages are lined with calcareous deposits, in 
the form of agaric mineral, stalactites, and tufa. These caves 



are evidently all formed by currents of water flowing throogh 
the natural seama iu the rock and gradually wearing away the 
soluble and yielding limestone. Iu the rear of the principal 
cavern a large area of land has sunk to a considerable depth, as 
though a portion had fallen in. 

10 Named from Madame Juhel, a relative of the Le Ray 
family. 

11 These manufactures consist of lumber, spirits, leather, cotton 
yarn, and portable steam engines. 

12 The first Sfttlers were Wm. Cooper and Wm. Watkins. 
Anson Pigourney taught the first school ; Samuel Mack kept 
the first inn, Jabez Foster, the first store ; and Tuttle and Bailey 
built the first mill. 

13 M. E. and Union. 

1* Often called '■ Quaker Settlement" by the old inhabitants. 

16 Named from James Sterling, the owner of the iron works. 
Formerly called " De Zauney's Mil!," from the builder of the 
first mill, in 1807. 

16 Built in 1837, by James Sterling. The ore is principally 
obtained from the Sterling mine of Antwerp, and the Shurtliff 
mine of this town, near the line of Theresa, the ore from the 
latter being used principally as a flux. 

" Built by Caleb Essington. in 18.19. 

18 These settlers purchased 16 lots of 440 acres each, lying in 
the corners of a square containing 25 lots, of which the central 
range each way was reserved by Le Ray. The center lot, (No. 
611,) embracing the site of the present village, was conveyed to 
trustees " for the promotion of religion aud learning"' under the 
care of the Quakers. This trust afterward occasioned much 
contention, and led to a miniature anti-rent war. The matter 
was finally settled in 1844. Cadwallader Child, Mordccai Tay- 
lor, and Samuel Evans came in the first year. Robert Com- 
fort kept the first inn, Saml. Case, the first store, and Thos. 
and John Townsend built the first mill. Anna Comstock kept 
the first school. The first child born was John Townsend, and 
the first death that of a daughter of Robt. Comfort, in 1807. 

19 The census reports 5churches; 2M.E., Bap., P'riends, Univ. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 361 

RODmA]%^^ — was formed from Adams, March 24, 1804, under the name of " Uarrtson." Its 
name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Pinckney (Lewis co.) was taken off in 1808. It 
lies upon the borders of Lewis, in the s. part of the co. The surface is hilly, and broken by the 
deep ravines of Sandy Creek and its branches. The soil is generally a fertile, gravelly loam. 
There are 3 sulphur springs in town. Rodman (p. v.) has 45 houses, Zoa.r and Wliites- 
ville^ (E. Kodmau p. o.) each about 20. Settlement began in 1801, and from 1803 to 1806 it 
progressed with great rapidity.^ In 1813 an epidemic prevailed, causing 60 deaths in 3 months. 
The census reports 3 churches.* 

RUTIjAND^ — was formed from Watertown, April 1, 1802. It lies upon the s. bank of Black 
River, e. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the narrow river valley on the n., a 
terraced plateau in the center, and a hilly region in the s. The central plateau, embracing the 
greater part of the town, is 300 to 400 feet above the flat country farther n., and it descends by a 
succession of steep declivities to the level of the river. It is underlaid by Trenton limestone. 
Upon the s. the surface gradually rises to the summits of the slate hills which occupy the s. part 
of the CO. A remarkable valley, known as "Rutland Hollow," extends through the town upon 
the lower terrace of the plateau, parallel to the river. It is deeply excavated in the limestone, 
and appears like the bed of an ancient river. Another valley, smaller and deeper, extends in 
the same direction across the summit of the plateau, and forms the bed of a deep, narrow lake. 
Pleasant Lake, in Champion, is situated in the continuation of the latter valley. These valleys 
and terraces seem the result of abrasion rather than of upheaval. Upon the edge of the terrace, 
100 feet below the summit, may be seen the ancient lake ridge before described. There are 2 or 3 
sulphur springs in town. The soil is a very fertile loam upon the plateau, and a sandy loam upon 
the river. Felts Mills,® (p-"^-*) o^i Black River, contains 50 houses; Rlacb. River,^ (p-V->) 
on the river, partly in this town and partly in Le Ray, ^0 ; Tylerville,® (South Rutland p.o.,) 
in the narrow valley of Sandy Creek, 30; and Rutland Center,® (Rutland p.o.,) 10. This 
town fell to the share of "Wm. Henderson, and settlement was begun in 1799, under Asher Miller, 
his agent. The greater part of the land was sold^** to New England farmers, who came in within 
3 years after the first settlement.^^ An old Indian fort is to be seen on the farm of Geo. Wilson; 
and a bone pit was found near the line of Watertown. The census reports 5 churche^.^^ 

THERESA — was formed from Alexandria, April 15, 1841, and named from a daughter 
of Le Ray. It is the central town upon the n. w. border of the co. The surface along Indian 
River is broken, and traversed by ridges of gneiss rock, with fertile intervales. A part of the 
town, underlaid by sandstone, is level or undulating. In the primary regions are a number of ro- 
mantic lakes ; and some of these have highly interesting mineral localities upon their shores and 
islands.^^ Theresa, (p. v.,) upon the High Falls" of the Indian River, was early selected by 
Le Ray as a favorable point for settlement, and about 1810 he caused several "jobs" to be cleared 
and a sawmill to be built.^^ West Theresa is a p. o. A furnace, built near Millseat Lake in 
1847, was in part supplied with ores from the vicinity. A private academy has been taught several 
years. The census reports 3 churches.^^ 



1 It embraces No. 8, or "Orpheus," of the "Eleven Towns." Its 
former uame was from Itichard HarrisoD, of N. Y.. a proprietor; 
and its present one, from Daniel Rodman, of Hudson, Clerk of 
the Assembly in lSOS-09. 

2 Named from Thos. White, Bub-agent and early settler. 

8 Among the settlers who came iu this year were Anson and 
Ebenezer Moody, Noah, Jonathan, and Aaron Davis, Beuj. 
Thomas, Wm. Kice, and Simeon Hunt. Miss M. Nobles taught 
the first school, in Anson Moody's barn, in 1803. Willard Sykes 
kept the first store; and Wm. Rice built the first sawmill, in 
1804, and gristniill, in 1806. The first child born was Walter 
Harrison Moody ; and the first death, that of the same child, 3 
years after. His father received 50 acres of land from Mr. Har- 
rison for the name. Timothy Greenly moved into the b. w. corner 
of the town in 1803. 

« 2 M. E., Cong. 

6 No. 3, or " Milan," of the " Eleven Towns." Named ftom Rot- 
land, Tt., the former home of an early settler. 

6 Named from John Felt, who purchased the site in 1813, and 
still resides here. Formerly the seat of an exteafiive lumber 
manufactory ; now changed to a tannery. 

' Locally known as " Lockport." See p. 359. 

8 Named from Josiah and Frederick Tyler, early settlera, 

9 On some maps called •*BrookBville," from Curtis O. Brooks, 
a former citizen. It ia never known by this name in town. 

^^ 17,549 acres were sold, in farms within 3 years, fur $50,738. 



King, John Dale. C. Cummings, Gardner Cleveland, Warren 
Foster, and John Cotes. Miss A. Porter tanglit tlie first schoc'I, 
in 1S03. Levi Butterfield kept the first inn, and Jacob Williams 
tliu first store. David CofFeen built the first gristmill in the 
CO.. near the mouth of Mill Creek, in the present village of 
Felts Mills, in 1801. and a sawmill in 1802. The first child 
bnrn was in the f:imily of Chas. Keleey.and the first death, that 
of .'^Ira. Francis Towne. 12 o M, E., 2 Union, and Cong. 

1* Fluorspar, sulphate of barytes, sulphurets of iron and 
copper, phosphate of lime, zircon, feldspar, tourmaline, hyalite, 
pyroxene, Rensseiaerite, idocrase, calcite, phlognpite. and" other 
minerals, are found in this locality, and some of them are beau- 
tifully crystallized. Iron ore has been found in considerable 
quantity. 

" The river here descends 85 feet within a quarter of a mile. 
From this place to Kossie its banks are low, and largo tracts are 
often overflowed, causing-much sickness. A small steamer h.iB 
run upon this part of the river. 

16 Among the first settlers were James Shnrtliff, Anson and 
Jeremiah Cheeseman, M. B. Ashley, Sylv.'stir Itudman, A/.ariah 
Walton, CoL S. Ball, Abram .Morruw, Jo-s^-pli Milk-r, Archibald 
Fisher, Jas. Lake, Ebenezer and N. W. Lull, ami J. D, Davison. 
Mr. Lull built the first store, in 1^20. Dr. Jas. Brooks, the lirst 
physician, settled in 1822. and died the next year. Thr first 
Fcbool was taught by Lindley Gibbe. at Ilvde \.nin\ The lirst 
child born was Fanny A. Cole, May 26, 1819. The first nutn i; 



U Among the settlers who came in during the first and second ' was that of F.lienezer Lull and Alniira Barnes. The fin>t death 
years were Levi Miller, Perley and Wm. Keyes. David and Gobi- j was that of Mr. Casselman, who was drowned. A grisiniill aud 
smith Coffeen, Amos Stebbins, Raphael Porter. Israel Wright, inn were erected in 1^*19 for the proprietor. 
Jonathan and Clark Koss, Joa. KiUiam, Chas. Kelsey, Jephtha i ^^ Prc&b,, M. E., and Prot. £. 



362 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



WATERTOW:\^ — was formed from Mexico, March 14, 1800. Rutland was taken off in 
1802, and Ilounsfield in 1806. It lies upon Black River, s. w, of the center of the co. The surface 
in the s, E. part is broken by the irregular terraces of the Trenton limestone, and in the n. it is 
level or rolling. The river bank is rocky throughout its whole extent ; and in the village, about 
3 mi. below, are several extensive caves. It is an important agricultural town; but it is chiefly 
distinguished for the extent of its trade and manufactures. In amount of business it is unsur- 
passed by any town in Northern N.Y. Waterto'^Tn,^ (p-"^--) the co. seat, pleasantly 
situated upon the s. bank of Black River, was incorp. April 5, 181G. Pop. 5873. It contains an 
academy,* 4 newspaper offices, 5 banks, and 9 churches. Black River here flows, for the space of a 
mile, in a succession of rapids over the limestone terraces, afibrding an abundance of water power, 
which is largely improved, making the village one of the most important manufacturing places in 
the State.* Three road and 2 r. r. bridges cross the river within the limits of the village : one of the 
former is a wire suspension bridge. An ice cave, near Whittleseys Point,^ extends under a part 
of the village. By an act passed March 22, 1853, a board of water commissioners was created, 
with power to borrow §50,000 for the construction of water works for the village. The work was 
finished during the following summer. The water is taken from the river, near the upper part 
of the village, and thrown by water power into a reservoir 200 feet above the village, and about 1 
mi. distant; and from the reservoir it is distributed through the streets. A beautiful fountain is 
constructed in the center of the principal square.^ At an early day, two rectangular pieces 
of land were given by the owners of the adjacent lots for public use;' and these now constitute 
beautiful public squares.^ Burrs Mills^ (p. o.) is a hamlet, on Cold Creek, in the e. part of 
the town. "Watertoim Cenler and Fields Settlement are hamlets. Henry Cofieen 
and Zachariah Butterfield were the pioneer settlers, in 1800 ; they located upon the present site of 
the village.^° An arsenal was built at "VVatertown in 1809, and a building for an academy in 1811 ; 
the latter was used as a hospital during the war. The census reports 10 churches.^^ 

"WIL-IVA^^ — was formed from Le Ray, and Leyden (Lewis co.) April 2, 1813. It lies upon 
Black River, in the extreme e. part of the co. Its suiface is somewhat broken. It is chiefly under- 
laid by the primary rock, which rises into low, naked ridges, and by calciferous sandstone. Black 
River forms its w. boundary; and upon it are a series of rapids, forming an abundance of water 
power." The Indian River, in the n. part, also affi)rds water power at several places. At Natu.^al 
Bridge this stream flows beneath the surface through passages worn in the coarse white lime- 
stone which here forms the surface rock. Several interesting minerals are found at this place. 



1 Its present limits embrace No. 2, or " Leghorn," of the 
*' Eleven Towns." It first contained Nos. 1, 2, and 3. 

2 First Bettled in ISOO; and ttecame the co. seat in 1805. In 
1849 the busineF8 portion was almost destroyed by fire, but it 
recovered from the disaster in 2 years. 

8 The WatertowD Acad, was incorp. May 2, 1835. and a large 
academic building was erected in a grove in the 8. E. part of the 
village. It was soon after merged in the Black River Literary 
and Keligious Institute, founded under the joint auspices of the 
Walertown Presbytery and B. R. (Cong.) Assoc, in 1836. In May, 
184r., its name was changed to the Jefferson County Institute, 

* During the war a factory was built, at a cost of $7-'>.000, for 
the manufacture of cotton aud woolen cloths. In 1827, Levi 
Beehe purchased Cowans Island and erected upon it an im- 
mense stone cotton factory. It had just been put in operation 
when, July 7, 1833. it was burned, under suspicious circum- 
Btauces. The loss was $200,000 ; and the site has since remained 
a ruin. The manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, flour, 
paper, iron castings, machinery, leather, agricultural imple- 
ments, lead pipe, sash and blinds, and furniture, are extensively 
carried on. 

6 Named from the wife of Samuel Whittlesey, who in 1815 
threw herself from this point into the river, and was drowned. 
Her husband, a lawyer, and paymaster to the drafted militia, 
hiul received in N. Y. the sura of J30,000, in bills, aud while 
returning to Watertown was secretly robbed of $8700 by his 
wife. He was greatly alarmed, but was persuaded by her to 
keep quiet, as it would be difficult to convince the public that a 
thief would have left so large a portion, and. as they must them- 
selves be suspected of having taken a part, they might as well 
keep the whole. Her logic succeeded upon the weak-minded old 
man, and before reaching home she had matured phtns for con- 
cealment aud evasion. He started with his portmanteau for 
Oneida CO., leaving appointments along the road for paying on 
bis return ; but on arriving at Trenton he found he had Ijeen 
robbed. The news of the robbery spread quickly over the 
country: but the most active inquiry and very liberal rewards 
failed to bring the thief to justice. On bis return home he met 
his family frantic with grief; but there was an inconsistency in 
his sttjry, and upon a searching conversation, held &ep;irately, 
with his" two bondBmen, Perley Keyes and Jason Fairbanks, the 



latter were convinced that there was fraud. By an ingenious 
course of inquiry and eavesdropping, they were not only con- 
firmed in the belief, but assured that the family soon intended 
to remove, and that summary means must be employed to re- 
cover the money. They accordingly invited W. to take a walk, 
which led as if by accident to a lonely spot near the village, 
previously prepared, where they suddenly charged him with the 
robl)ery aud threatened instant drowning unless he disclosed. 
He was t\vice submerged and life nearly extinguished, when he 
confessed and was liberated. The money was found sewed into 
a pair of drawers fitted to be worn by either husband or wife. 
Mrs. W. immediately after slipped away frum the crowd unob- 
served, rushed duwn to the river, and was drowned. — Hough's 
Hist. Jeff. Co., p. 263. 

fl An Artesian well was bored 127 feet deep upon Factory 
Square in 1829, and a copious supply of water was obtained, 
slightly impregnated with sulphur and iron. 

^ These lots are respectively 12 by 2S and 9 by 32 rods. 

B The principal business of the village is located aionnd the 
Square aud upon Court St. 

8 Named from Johu Burr & Sons, who settled here in 1804. 
Hart Massey built a saw and grist mill here, iu ISOl, for Low, 
the proprietor. 

10 Oliver Bartholomew came in the same year, (1801.) and in 
1802, about 80 families arrived. Jonathan Cowan built the first 
grist mill, in 1802, and Dr. Isaiah Massey opened the first inn the 
same year. In 1803, a bridge was built near the present court- 
house. In 1805, Wra. Smith and John Paddock opened the first 
store; and a dam was built across BKack Kiver the same year. 
The first birth was iu the family of Moses Bacon; and the first 
death, that of Thornton, who was killed by a falling tree. 

n Two Presb., 2 M. E., Bap., Wes. Meth., Prot. E., R. C, Union, 
and Univ. 

12 Named from "Wilna, in Russia, then fresh in memory from 
its battle. 

18 After affording 42 mi. of navigation, the river here com- 
mences to descend by a series of rapids, extending to the lake, 
falling, in all, 480 feet. The " Long Falls" here descend 55 feet 
iu a liistance of 5090 ; and in the rapids are about 50 small 
islands. The State Dam, built at this place, is 900 feet long, and 
the State Bridge 600. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



363 



The soil is sandy and moderately fertile. Carthage' (p. y.) is finely situated upon Black 
River, at the lower terminus of the B. R. Canal improvement. It contains 5 churches, a private 
academy,' and is the seat of important manufactures.' Pop. about 1,500. IVatural Bridge,' 
(p. V.,) on Indian River, contains 40 houses. Trilna and IVortll Wilna are p. offices ; and 
Wood Seltlement is a hamlet. Settlement vras commenced in 1798, at Carthage, by Henry 
Boutin, one of the French Company.' The village and tovru were chiefly settled under Le Ray.' 
The census reports 7 churches.' 

WORTD* — was formed from Lorraine, April 12, 1848. It lies upon the high, slaty, and 
shaly ridges in the s. part of the co. It is 1200 to 1500 feet above tide, and is the most elevated 
land in the co. It is subject to deep snows and early frosts. Wherever the surface is exposed to 
tlie action of running water, deep gulfs have been worn in the soft and yielding rock. There 
are several sulphur springs in town. The soil is principally derived from the disintegration of the 
underlying rocks, and is well adapted to grazing. About one half of the town is settled. 
Worthville is a hamlet, and is the only p. o. The first settlement was made in 1802, by an 
association from Litchfield, Herkimer co., who bought the N. w. quarter, balloted for the lots, 
built rude mills, and began small improvements.' A part of the settlers left during the war, and 
during the succeeding cold seasons of 1816-17 the whole settlement was abandoned. Settlement 
was not recommenced until several years after. The census reports 1 church, (M. E.) 



1 Formerly called " Lmg Falts." Incorp. May 26, 1S41. A 
bridge was erected here in 1813, by Ezra Church, for Russell At- 
water and David Parish. 

s Erected l)y Ilarrison Miller in 1842 ; now owned and taught 
by B. F. Bush. 

* Consisting of u'on, leather, lumber, staves, heading, Ac. 

* Joseph Bonaparte, having purchased a large tract of land in 
this town and Diana, mady this village his residence for two 
■ummers. It was laid out in 1S18. 

6 Jean B. Bossout, familiarly known as " Battice," kept the first 
ton and ferry. 

* The land office of Le Ray was removed from Le RaysviUe to 



Carthage in 1835, by Patrick Somerville Stewart. 

' 2 Presl)., 2 Prot. Meth., Bap., M. E., and 11. C. 

8 Named in honor of Gen. Wm. J. Worth. It comprises No. 2, 
or " Fenelon,** of the Boylston Tract. Tho E. part was divided 
among several proprietors, to equalize the division of the 
'• Eleven Towns."' 

'■' Among the first settlers were Amos and Abijah Gillett, 
Nathan Matoon, W. Flower, Lodowyck Edwards, John Gri»- 
woid, Asa Sweet, Abner Rising, and Pbineas Rose. The first 
school was tauglit in a log barn in 1806. The fiist death was 
that of EUsha Sweet, L. B. Gillett kept the first inn and 
store. 



364 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Jefferson County. 



^iMLi OP Towns. 



Adams 

Alexandria.... 

Antwerp 

Bruwnville 

Cape Vincent. 

Cliampion 

Clayton 

ElUsburgh 

Henderson 

Hounstield..... 

LeKay 

Lorraine 

Lyme 

Orleans.^ 

Pamelia 

Philadelphia.. 

Kodman 

Rutland 

Theresa 

Watertown.... 

Wilna 

Worth 

Total 



Acres op Land. 



19,3994 
19,168 
41,099 
26,636 
20,631 
18,716i 
29,257 i 
36,327} 
16,886 
21,622 
38,264i 
13,192i 
20.803 
13,7664 
19,810 
16,093 
16.749 
20,768i 
16,667 
20,0134 
17,372i 
3,9S1 



466.2 



6,746J 

18,363 

30,424 

8,216 

10,661S 

7,276 

19,9S6i 

12,2424 

6,616 

6,1 68| 

14,692 

6,678 

8,109 

16,157 

3,836 

6,747 

6,848 

6,470 

9,937 

6,1864 

20,396 

21,8354 



261.291 



Valuation op 1858. 






$282,460 
41,490 
69.780 
76,300 
34.996 
86,623 
66,859 

111,510 
70 500 
83,750 

129,173 
23,640 
38,734 
41,446 
79,675 
66.700 

138.960 
59.649 
89,380 
1,619.960 
72,268 
3,360 



13.047.672' 3.146.192 



e 



$1,026,878 
351.0S1 
687.458 
757.900 
600.812 
620. 
680.824 
1.417.272 
633.796 
63S.963 
796,381 
24S.643 
410.18' 
648,233 
604,226 
456.094 
661,480 
661..344 
447.314 
3.942.?60 
401.757 
70.040 



1,603 
1,629 
1,801 
1,816 
1.063 

969 
2.090 
2,662 
1.048 
1,680 
1,537 

688 
1,269 
1,368 
1,227 

846 

870 
1,016 
1,130 
3.918 
1,468 

236 
T6.192,St>4 32.992 32.428 



1,602 

1,724 

1,962 

1,773 

1,712 

977 

2,142 

2,677 

1,091 

1,641 

1,666 

787 

1,294 

1,438 

1,284 

898 

882 

961 

1,148 

3.639 

1,666 

238 



698 
602 
639 
675 
592 
384 
797 

1,018 
393 
620 
603 
296 
465 
472 
420 
316 
338 
391 
397 

1,299 
677 
96 



653 
623 
675 
697 
639 
402 
772 

1,034 
419 
646 
635 
297 
564 
637 
442 
335 
363 
400 
418 

1,387 
698 
103 

11,976 12,629 



624 
369 
674 
360 
463 
316 
681 
831 
322 
443 
616 
230 
326 
436 
223 
267 
319 
383 
390 
687 
416 
90 



9,063 376 



1,161 

1.563 

1,404 

1,629 

1,393 

761 

1,817 

1,988 

810 

1.221 

1,247 

681 

987 

1,208 

884 

611 

684 

731 

1,063 

2,648 

1.339 

177 



25.757 



Names of Towns. 



Adams 

Alexandria.... 

Antwerp 

Brown ville 

Cape Vincent. 

Champion 

Clayton 

ElUsburgh 

Henderson 

llounsfield 

Le Hay.- 

Lorraine 

Lyme 

Orleans 

Pamelia 

Philadelphia.. 

Rodman 

Rutland 

Theresa 

Watertown.... 

Wilna 

Worth 

Total 





Lite Stock. 






Agricultural Products 




II 


i 

822 


lei 

1,457 


•K 


1 
2,452 


1 

1,068 


BCSH. OF QiTULjU. 


1 

3,4924 






Daihy Pbodccts. 






1^^ 

£ 1 


a. g 


1,827 


12,4964 


82,3044 


16,707 


17,302 


99.766 


369,109 


770 


1.761 


2,200 


2,689 


1,022 


7,838 


61,926J 


5,0564 


7,618 


932 


183.209 


4S.366 


1.085 


1,753 


4,293 


2.260 


1,446 


1,844 


86.2714 


7,798 


12,246 


1,492 


379.109 


186.216 


1,090 


1,493 


2,762 


3.6S2 


1,366 


14,178 


121.8024 


5,096 


9.663 


10,490 


267,182 


118,655 


899 


1,593 


2,064 


2.0.50 


1,280 


7,892 


88.4274 


4,7364 


13,107 


9.'U9 


169,146 


24,800 


649 


1,032 


1,^41 


1.082 


736 


4,670 


48,6114 


2,949 


23,440 


10.262 


160,596 


148,718 


978 


1,997 


3.011 


2,801 


1,782 


15,018 


91.9304 


7,603 


13.816 


2.770 


206,851 


179.475 


1,472 


3,312 


3,761 


4.260 


2,445 


23,1704 


214.69U4 


6,3864 


34.662 


60.650 


261,311 


842,466 


776 


1.621 


1.368 


3.975 


838 


7,3.50 


71,899 


3,2194 


12.016 


24.532 


136,048 


36.937 


90S 


1,227 


1,842 


4.021 


959 


17,6864 


84,4724 


3,982 


12.588 


10.147 


148.966 


60.118 


998 


1,528 


3,268 


17.7.87 


i.e.w 


11,999 


87,962} 


6,242 


16.769 


7,322 


249.888 


257,182 


396 


843 


1,601 


1,279 


692 


687 


67.3764 


3.437 


13,381 


9,489 


94.323 


211.822' 


857 


1,370 


1.716 


2,379 


982 


6,306 


120,3804 


4.731 


6,870 


4,476 


120.497 


91,7161 


909 


1,806 


2,662 


2,269 


1,262 


12,874 


100.2614 


6.488 


7,631 


1,681 


212.976 


8,320 


684 


1,006 


1,990 


1.687 


891 


8,886 


61,079 


4,729 


7.780 


1,529 


161,117 


192,4271 


664 


848 


1.729 


1.181 


634 


2184 


60,641 


2,994 


6.762 


83 


152,784 


90.790' 


640 


1,200 


2.149 


2.830 


896 


2.018 


68,289 


3,972 


11.964 


12,716 


181,236 


121.325 


668 


926 


2,643 


966 


928 


3,623 


42,036| 


4,206 


16.832 


13,943 


234.065 


247.331 


486 


1,065 


1,808 


861 


859 


2,427 


40.000 


4,1774 


6.067 


640 


163,775 


93,780 


956 


963 


2,808 


1.499 


1.078 


8,0224 


65,329 


4,3054 


11,766 


26,122 


222.247 


111,240 


646 


731 


1,6.54 


1,322 


713 


1,7974 


36,604} 


3,0584 


24.983 


318 


142.220 


47,850 


109 


246 


406 
49,472 


169 


120 
23,327 




11.7904 
1,672,S95J 


1,016 


6,683 
289,031 


111 


22,298 


30,818 


17,069 


29,777 


63,401 


169.901 


98,675 


216,431 


3,949,608 


2,819,469 



■ss| 



1,789 
3,9034 

9684 
2.382 
2,8774 
1,126 
2,796 
4,154 
1,561 
1,877J 
4,312 
1.368 
2,2,89 
3,047 
1,626 

691 
2,179 
1,815 
2.324 

817 
1,4764 

686 



KINGS COUNTY. 




This county was organized -with its present limits, Nov. 1, 1683.' 
It lies upon the w. end of Long Island, adjacent to New York 
rt Harbor, and embraces several small islands adjacent to the coast, 
i It is centrally distant 140 mi. from Albany, and contains 72 sq. 
mi. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. Abroad 
i ;mge of drift hills, 50 to 300 feet above tide, extends from the 
-liore of the bay in the s. w. corner in a n.e. direction through the 
■n. From their summits the surface gradually declines both to the 
N. and s., and terminates upon the shores in extensive salt meadows. 
The portion lying n. of the hills is moderately uneven, being occa- 
sionally broken by low, isolated drift hills. The shores are deeply 
indented by bays, which for the most part are shallow, and very 
irregular in outline. The principal of these are Newtown Creek,' Bushwick Creek, Wallabout, 
Gowanus, and Gravesend Bays on the w., and Sheeps Head Bay on the s. Jamaica Bay, a large, 
shallow, landlocked bay upon the s. shore, is partially in this co. It incloses a large number of 
low, marshy islands separated by narrow and irregular tidal currents. Wide salt marshes 
extend along the shores of the bays, and far inland along the courses of the small creeks.' 
The soil is mostly a light, sandy loam. A strip immediately surrounding the marshes and 
embracing a large share of the w. extremity is fertile, and capable of producing almost any 
crop adapted to the climate. Its close proximity to New York, the great commercial center of the 
country, renders it favorably situated for the development of manufactures and commerce ; and 
both of these pursuits are largely carried on at the centers of population. The agriculture of the 
CO. is mostly confined to gardening for the N. Y. market. All of the business of the co. — manu- 
facturing, commercial, and agricultural — is so intimately connected with the interests of New 
York that the co. may be considered as a suburb of the great city.* 

The county seat is located at the city of Brooklyn.^ The courts are accommodated at the City 
Hall, which belongs exclusively to the city. The jail, located upon Raymond St., is closely sur- 
rounded by other buildings, and its ventilation is very imperfect. The average number of inmates ia 
80, supported at a weekly cost of §2.10 each.* The Kings Co. Penitentiary is located upon a farm 
of 38 acres near the s. line of Brooklyn. The buildings, now nearly completed, are of stone, and 
sufficiently spacious for the accommodation and care of all the prisoners of the co. The main 
building is 490 feet long by 86 feet broad, with two wings of 50 feet each. The total cost 
up to January 1, 1857 was $190,414.35. The institution is designed to be self supporting. 
The county clerk's office is kept at the City Hall.'' The Kings County Almshouse is located 
upon a farm of 70 acres in Flatbush, about three miles s. of the City Hall of Brooklyn. This 
institution consists of four large brick buildings, — the almshouse proper, hospital, nursery, 
and lunatic asylum. These buildings are spacious and well arranged, but poorly ventilated. 
A school is maintained through the year, and religious instruction is given upon the Sabbath. 



1 From 1 666 to 1683 this CO. formed a part of the " West Biding 
of Yorkshire," England. See p. 544. 

* This creek is a tidal current, receiving several small fresh 
water streams, and is properly a narrow bay. 

* Upon the beach the General Government has established 2 
lifeboat stations. In Jan. 1821, the bay and the Narrows be- 
tween the w. extremity of Long Island and Staten Island were 
frozen so that persons crossed on the ice. 

* For more minute description of the business of the co., see 
town descriptions. 

* The conrta were originally held at Gravesend ; but, by an 
act of the General As.ierably, passed Nov. 7, 1685. tbey were 
removed to Flatbush, and a courthouse was built there the suc- 
ceeding year. This building was used until 1758, when a new 
combined courthouse and jail was erected. By an act passed 
April 6, 17S4, a lax of £200 was authorized to be raised to repair 
tile injuries which had been done to the courthouse and jail by 
the British. The repairs were expended under the direction of 
Philip Nogel And Jeremyafi Yanderbilt. By an act of Mai*ch 



ID, 1791, the courthouse and jail were directed to be rebnilt 
under the direction of Johannes E. Lett, John Vanderbilt, and 
Clias. Doughty, and £1,200 waa appropriated for that purpose. 
During the next year £300 additional was raised to finish tbo 
buildings. These buildings were burned Nov. 3. 1832; and by 
act of Feb. 27, 1834, the co. seat was removed to Brooklyn. The 
first CO. officers after the Revolution were Nicholas Couenhoven, 
First Judge ; Jacob Sharp, jr., Cl&rk ; Wm. Eoerum, Sheriff; 
and Johannes E. Lott, Surrogate, 

* Up to June 1, 1858, 39,910 prisoners had been confined in 
this jail. 

' By an act of May 1, 1828. a fireproof co. clerk's office waa 
directed to be built in Brooklyn. A more spacious one was 
built in 1837, which was used until the office was removed to its 
present location in the City Hall. By an act passed In 1852, an 
office of Register was created ; and by a later act, discretionary 
powers have been granted to a Board of Commissioners for the 
better preservation of the pubhc records. 

366 



366 



KINGS COUNTY. 



Children are bound out at the age of 12 years. The average number of inmates is 1,800, sup- 
ported at a weekly cost of about $2.00 each. The farm yields a revenue of S3, 500. 

The Brooklyn & Jamaica R. R. extends from the s. ferry of Brooklyn eastward through near the 
center of the co. The Flushing R. R. extends from Hunters Point, (Queens co.,) n. of Brooklyn, to 
the village of Flushing, a distance of 8 mi. In the city of Brooklyn are several local rail roads ; 
and fnjm the city lines of stages extend to every village in the co. 

Four newspapfrs — three daily and one weekly — are now published in the CO.* 

The first settlements of tliis co. were made mostly by the Dutch, about 1625. In 1640, a colony 
of Mass. Quakers, in quest of religious freedom, settled at Gravesend under the protection of the 
Dutch Guvernment, Long previous to the English conquest of 1064, settlements had been made, 
mills erected, and churches and schools established in every town in the co. The settlers were so 
exclusively Dutch that the Dutch language and customs prevailed until within a comparatively 
recent period. Bushwick, Brooklyn, Flatbush, Flatlands, and New Utrecht were known under the 
English Government as the ^^ Flee Dutch Toums;" and they were associated, for certain purposes, 
until 1690."'' The Five Towns also formed an ecclesiastical society, and joined in the support of 
their minister until the final separation of the American church from the Classis of Holland, in 
1772. 

Few events of interest occurred within the limits of this co. during the colonial period. Ita 
Revolutionary annals belong to the general history of the country. During its occupation by the 
British, from 1776 to 1782, the people were subjected to a series of disgraceful and oppressive acts.* 
Manv of the inhabitants left the co. from fear of hostile visits during the "War of 1812-15 ; and at 
times much alarm was felt, — although no hostile visit actually took place. It has shared in the 
growth of New York City, and is closely identified with it in business. This co. is included in 
the "Metr:ipolitan Police District'* created by act of April 15, 1857, and in the Board of Pulice 
Commissioners it is represented by the Mayor of Brooklyn and one other member. Vast schemes 
of speculation have from time to time arisen, most of which have resulted in loss, and several of 
them, devised upon a magnificent scale, have seriously retarded the progress of needful improve- 
ment. 

From 1850 to 1853 about 40 building associations were organized in this co., ostensibly to enable 
hose of humble means to acquire a home, but practically to form contributions to a fund which 
was loaned to those members who would allow the highest premium. The rates submitted to were 
often extremely ruinous, and the speculation had but a brief existence. 



I The Courier and New York and Long Jsland Adverliser, the 

first news^jaiier estaLlislied on Long Island, was cum- 

mcDced at Brooklyn, June 26, 1799, by Thos. Kirk. 
The Long Ishind Wed. ly hiteUigeiicer was cnmuienced at Urook- 

lyn. May 26. isoij, by Kobinson & Little. 
TheLoug Islaikd Star was stJirtcdJum; 1,1809. by Thog. 

Kiili. In 1^11 it waa bought by Aldfn Spooner, and 

lia^! bet-n continued by him and his sons until tiie 

present time. 
Tile Brooklyu Daily Evening Star was begun by 

Ahleii Pipi uncr d: Sons, Jan. 4, 18-il. It is still issued, 

by Kdwin 11. Spooocr. A semi-weekly editiou was 

issued from The Star office in 1S24. 
The Long Island Patriot was started at Brooklyn, March 7, 

1821, by Geo. L. Birch. In 1833 it was changed to 
Th€ Broiillyn Advoratej and was issued by James A. Bennett. 

In 1S35-36 it was changed to 
Th£ Bri'ollyn Adoocatu and Nassau Gazette. 
. 2'he iVilUaiitAlrurgh Gazette was started in 1835 by Francis G. 

Fisli. It was afterward changed to 
The WiUi'Unsbitrgh Daily Gazt'tte, and was issued a short time. 
Tlie American Native Oilizen and Brottldyn Evming Advci'tiser, 

da., was published in 1836 by F. (i. FiPh. 
The Medtcnirs^ Advocate was issued a short time in 1840 at East 

i\e\v York. 
Tlie lieal Estate Gazfftf, also started at East New York, had an 

ephemeral existence. 
The WiUiainsburgh Democrat was commenced Jane 3, 1840, by 

TliomMS A. Dfvyr. 
TUe Brooklyn Dally Eagle was commenced in 1841 

by Is:Lac Van And--n. and is still published. From the 

same office was issued 
The, Brnnklyn WeeJJy EigU, which was changed in 1855 to 
The Siiturday Evening MisceJl<ivy. 
The Bro-Uyn Daily Nwsv,ne started in 1^41 by Northall & 

Watts, and was continued until Nov. 1843. 
The Brooklyn A'ews and Times was issued in lti43 by J. P. Noble. 
Tlie Age vii\f>. started at Williimisburgh in Dec. 1844, and w:is 

continued a short time. 
TAe Demor.ratic Admr.afe was published at Williamsburgh in 

1844 by J. 0. Wallace. 
The Bronllyn Da >!y Adrerti sit was started in 1844 by H. A. 

Lees and W. Foulkes, and waa continued about 8 yeais. 



The Ajncrican Champion was published at Brooklyu a short 

time in 1844. 
The Daily Lo7ig Mnndi'r wag started at Williamsburgh in 1845 

by Bishop & Kelley. 
The Williamsbuisgh Sl'tming Post was published in 1S47 by 

Devyr & Taylor. 
TJie Saturday Evening Bee was issued a short time in 1848 at 

Brooklyn. 
The Orbit was issued at South Brooklyn in 1848. 
The Kings County Patriot was started at Williamsburgh in 1848 

by Geo. Thompson and S. R. llasbrook. 
The Wdh'ainshurgh Times was started in 1848 by Bennet Smith 

& Co. Soon after the consolidation of Williamsbargh 

and Brooklyn its name was changed to 
The Brooklyn Dally Times, under which title it is 

now iiublislied. 
The Excelsior was commenced in 1846 at South Brooklyn, and 

was isKued a short time. 
T?ie Bronl-Jyn Doily Fretman was published in 1849. 
The Daily Indep''7)dent Press was commenced July Ifi, 1850, at 

Williamsbur^'h, by W. G. Bishop and J. A. F. Kelley, 

and was continued until 1S55. 
The Brooklyn Aforning Journal was established in IS.Ol by Ho- 

gan & Heigliway. 
The Union Ark, a temperance mo., waa published at BrookJyn 

in 18 — by J. !?chuebly. 
The Long Island Anzeiger (Cerraan) waa started at Brooklyn, 

Sept. 2. 1854, by Fdward Rohr. 
The D-iavgle (fJcrman semi-mo.) waa started at Brooklyn, April 

7. 1855, by Edward Unhr. 
The Kings fh. Advertiser and Village Gnardian (semi mo.) was 

start' d at East New York in May, 1857, by C. \\arTen 

Hamilton. 
The Green Point Advertiser was published a short time in 1847 

by L. Masquerier. 

2 A Secretary or ivegister was especially commissicned by th« 
Governor to take the proof of wills, of marriage settlements, the 
acknowl>>dgment of ■■transcripts"' or other conveyance, and 
such important contracts and agreements aa required to le re- 
corded. 

3 By an act of March G. 1784, Kings co. was taxed $13,000 to 
repay Kevolutionaiy expenses. — OiiderdojiJe's Rev. Inc. 



KINGS COUNTY. 



367 





BROOKliYlV' — was incorp. by patent, with the usual 
privileges of townships, under Gov. Lovelace, Oct. 18, 1&67, 
and its rights were confirmed by Gov. Dongan, May 13, 1686. 
It was recognized as a town under the State Government 
March 7, 1788. The village of Brooklyn was incorp. as a fire 
district April 2, 1801, and as a village April 12, 1810, and both 
town and village were incorp. as a city April 8, 1834. The city 
of Willianisburgh and town of Bushwick were annexed April 
17, 1854.^ The city extends along New York Bay and East 
River to Newtown Creek, occupying the N. part of the co. Its 
exterior line is 22 mi., and it contains an area of 10,000 acres. 
The s. and E. borders are occupied by a broad rangft of low hills, 
which extend E. into Queens co. Along the shore opposite the lower point of New York is an 
irregular bluff known as "Brooklyn Heights." A considerable portion of the s. part of the city is 
low and level. Newtown Creek, forming the n. boundary, is an irregular arm of the sea, receiving 
several small fresh water streams. AVallabout Bay is a deep indentation lying between the old 
cities of Willianisburgh and Brooklyn. Gowanus Bay extends into the s. part of the city.' The 
land that borders upon these bays is flat and marshy. 

Within the limits of Brooklyn are several districts known by the names which they bore when 
they were distinct localities, before the city was incorporated. These will eventually all be lost in 
the growth and consolidation of the business of the city. Brooklyn (p. o.) includes the old 
settled parts of tlie city s. of Wallabout Bay. Upon East River, in this district, are several large 
manufactories. The water front is entirely occupied by wharves and warehouses. 'Williams- 
burgll (p. 0.) includes the thickly settled portions n. of Wallabout Bay. It contains a large 
number of manufacturing establishments, and its entire water front is devoted to commercial pur- 
poses. Green Point, (p.o.,) comprising the 17th ward, lies between Bushwick and Newtown 
Creeks, and occupies the extreme n.w. part of the city. It contains extensive shipyards, and 
manufactories of porcelain, coal oil, lifeboats, and many other articles. Witllstbout (some- 
times called East Brooklyn) lies E. of Wallabout Bay. Bedford and Ite^v Brooklyn are 
localities on the e. r., in the e. part of the city. Busliwick Cross Roads and BiisIlWick 
Green are villages e. of Willianisburgh. Gowanus is a village near the head of Gowanus 
Bay. South Brooklyn comprises the portion of the city lying s. of Atlantic St. It has an 
extensive water front; and along the shore immense works have been constructed to facilitate 
commerce.* It contains extensive wood, coal, stone, and lumber yards, and numerous planing 
mills, distilleries, breweries, plaster mills, founderies, and machine shops. The city is connected 
with New York by 11 steam ferries, all supplied with excellent boats, which perform regular and 
frequent trips.* From the Atlantic St. Ferry the Brooklyn &, Jamaica R. R. extends e. to the E. 
bounds of the co." 

From the principal ferries lines of city railroads extend through the principal avonues and 
radiate to nearly every part of the city, affording easy, rapid, and cheap means of communication.' 
The commerce of Brooklyn is extensive, though it scarce has an independent existence, from its 
intimate relations with that of New York. The docks and piers at South Brooklyn are among the 
most extensive and commodious in the country. Ship and boat building and repairing are exten- 
eively carried on at Williamsburgh and Green Point. The whole water front of the city is occu- 
pied by ferries, piers, slips, and boat and ship yards ; and the aggregate amount of business 



* The name is derived from the Putch " Bmtcl--Ja?idt.'* (broken 
land.) Thi> piitent for tlie township wna issued to .Ton Kvci-ts. 
Jan Daman. Alliert Corneli.ser. I'aules A'erb_-eck. Michael 
Eneyle, Tlios. Lamberts. Tennis Gisbert^o, Bogart and .iovis 
Jacobsen. The annnal quitreut under this patent was 20 bush. 
•f wlieat. 

* Busliwick — signifying wo'>d-town — was invested with cer- 
tain powers of government March 14. IfiPl. AnotJier pat lit 
was grant'd Oct. 25. KirT ; but it remained associated with otlier 
towns until .Vug. 12. 17flS. Williamsbnigh Villaj^e in this town 
was incorp April 14. 1827. and the town i-f Willianisburgh was 
formed March l*t. l.S4fl. The village and town were united and 
in.'orp. as the City of Williams^burgh April 7. lSf.1, and the city 
and town of Bushwick were annexed to Brooklyn April 17. 
1854. Ensliwick now constitutes tlie 17th and ISth wards, and 
Williamsburgh the 13th, 14tb, 15th, Idth, and a part of the 19tb 
wards. 

* Acts have been passed antliorizing a canal, with baitins. 
lAarves, and elipa, to be constructed along tbo creek that flowa 



into this bay. The mouth of the creek lias been improved Ibr 
a short di-tance. 

< 'Ihe Atlantic Dock cnntnins an area of 40 acres, and h;w 
suffirient depth of water for any vessel. An outside pier in 3.000 
le -t long. The warehouses np'm the piers are of granite. The 
Krio Iia--in and other extensive docks along tlie bay liave been 
projected and work upon thein lias commeneed. These d. cits 
afford perfect security to vessels while lo;idiiig and unloading, 
and security to goods against tlieft. It is estimated tliat 
$1 000 000 wortli of golds are annually stolen from the wharves 
and shifis at New York and linioklyii. 

6 Tliese several ferries are all chartered by the Corporation 
of \. V. City. The boat-s average 4oO t.ins. anil are nnted tor tbo 
regularity with whirh they perTorin Ibeir trips. Seepage428. 

1 This road is leased to the T.ong Island K. H. during the term 
of its charter. A tunnel 2 750 feet long, extending under a iior- 
tion of .\tlrintic St.. eommeno'-s near the ferry. It wtis finisiied 
in Doc. 1S41 at a cost of $00,000. 

' la 1855 the city authorized Ihegrantingof cliarters for these 



368 



KINGS COUNTY. 



transacted there forms an important item in the commerce of the State. In the extent and variety 
of its manufactures Brooklyn ranks among the first cities in the country. Located near the great 
commercial center, it has become the seat of an immense manufacturing interest.' 

The U. S. Navy Yard is located upon Wallabout Bay.^ The premises connected with it occupy 
an area of 45 acres, and are inclosed on the land side by a high vrall. Within the inclosure are 
various mechanic shops necessary in building and repairing vessels, a large and costly dry dock,' two 
large buildings to cover ships of war while in process of building, extensive lumber warehouses, 
several marine railways, and a large amount of balls, cannon, and other munitions of war. The 
Naval Lyceum is filled with curiosities sent home by naval officers. Upon a gentle rise, a little E. 
of the Navy Yard, is a U. S. Marine Hospital* for the care of sick and infirm seamen belonging to 
the navy. Near it is an extensive laboratory for the manufacture of medicines for the navy.' 
The groundybelonging to these establishments occupy an area of 35 acres. A little E. of the Navy 
Yard, upon Park Avenue, are extensive temporary Marine Barracks. 

The city is well supplied with pure, soft water, derived from Hempstead Hook, Valley, and Spring- 



city railroads to the parties who should offer to carry passengers I Hues, without regard to distance, is 5 cents, 
at the lowest price. The Brooklyn City R. R. Co., formed Dec. list of these several railroads : — 
17, 1S53, received the grants ; and the fare upon the several [ 



The following is a 



Lines of Railroads. 



Fulton Ferry to Washington Av... 
Washington Av. to Brooklyn Av... 

Fulton St. to Nostrand Av 

Nostrand Av. to Division Av 

Flushing St. to Throop Av 

Throop Av. to Division Av 

Kent Av. to BushwickAv 

Bushwick Creek to Kent St 

Kent St. to Freeman St 

Fulton St, to Gowanus Creek........ 

Gowanus Creek to Thirty-Sixth St. 

Thirty-Sixth St. to City Line „ 

Citv Line to Yellow Uook Liine.... 
Court St. to Ferry 



Smites. 



Fulton Av. 
Myrtle A v. 
Fiusiiing St. 



Hamilton Av. 



Length 

in 
MUes. 



2.31 

1.12 

2.04 

.87 

2.67 

.14 

2.08 

.49 

.26 

1..56 

1.88 

1.17 

.56 

.93 



When Opened, 



.Tuly, 1864. 
Sept. " 
July, " 
Nov. " 
July, " 
April, 1865. 
Oct. 1854. 
Oct. 1855. 

Aug. 1854. 
Nov. " 
July, 1855. 
JulV. 1856. 
May. 1865. 



1 The following table, derived from the State Census of 1855, shows the amount and kinds of manufactures. 



Names op Maitofactoeies. 



Agricultural Implements 

Ax and Edge Tools 

Bakeries 

Block 

Breweries 

Cabinet 

Camphene 

Chandlery and Soap 

Chemical Laboratories 

Coach and W^agon 

Coffee, Spice, and Mustard 

Cotton Batting 

Dentists' Gold 

Distdlerics 

Fish and Whale Oil 

Flax Dressing 

Fur Dressing 

Furnaces 

Gaa 

Glass 

Glue 

Gold and Silver Refining. 

Gold Pen 

Gristmills 

Hat and Cap 

House Building 

Ivory Black and Bone Manure.. 
Japanned Cloth 



Amount 
of Blanur 
faciures. 



$28,000 

65.000 

92,.';35 

70.000 

157.255 

251,324 

1,070,000 

229,100 

320,000 

70.660 

68,640 

70,000 

100.000 

2,499,000 

173.000 

690.000 

114,700 

900,000 

27S.OO0 

322,000 

160.000 

225,000 

112,000 

635,000 

986,000 

264,000 

106,960 

189.600 



49 

68 

52 

149 

85 

64 

42 

86 

25 

67 

2 

215 

19 

98 

30 

600 

278 

282 

7 

7 

41 

48 

666 

151 

49 

64 



-Tames op Manufactories. 



Lamp and Lanterns,,,. 

Liquorice 

Machine Shops 

M.alt 

Marble , 

Oil Cloth 

Oil Mills 

Paint and Color 

Patent Leather 

Planing Mills , 

Porcelain , 

Rope 

Rosin Oil «.. 

Safes 

Sash and Blind 

Ship 

Silver Ware 

Steamboat Finishing.. 

Steam Pump 

Stone Cutting 

Tin and Sheet Iron 

Tobacco and Cigar- 

White Lead 

Whiting 

Window Shades 

Minor Manufactories,,, 



Total 296 $18,494,351 1, 



No. 



Amount 
of Manu- 
factures. 



66,000 

49.340 
276,000 

90,000 

88,000 
170,2,i0 
286,000 

60,000 
140,000 
470,600 

90.000 
2,205,153 
161.300 
115,000 
102,178 
94.5,000 

64,000 
160,000 

60,000 
256.300 
150,000 
206,620 
800,000 

60.000 

60,000 
700,446 



36 
35 

260 
12 

100 
94 
36 
16 
47 

163 

128 

677 
46 
60 
60 

640 
12 
64 
76 

334 
96 

139 

195 
17 
19 

865 



2 The land occupied by the Navy Yard was ceded to the 
General Oovcrnmenf by the State in 1807. 

3 The site for the drj- dock was fixed by Col. Baldwin, In 1826; 
but efficient work was not commenced until 1841, It was subse- 
quently prosecuted under the charge of several engineers, as 
follows : — 

Prof. Edward H. Courtenay; Aug. 1, 1841, to 

Aug. 1. 1842 $35,264.25 

Gen. William Oibbs McNeil; Oct. 10, 1844, to 

April 1, 1846 114,671.83 

W P S.Sahger; Aprill,]845, to June23,1846.: 116,961.81 

Wm.J.Mc.\lpine: June 23,1846, to Oct. 1,1849. 1,114,311,09 

'J«n,Chaa, B. Stuart ; Oct. 1,1849, to Aug. 30, 1851 732.974.63 

Total cost $2,113,173.61 



The work was suspended from Aug. 1842, till Oct. 1844. The 
main chamber is 286 feet long by 35 feet wide at the bottom, 
and 307 feet long by 98 feet "wide at the top. Depth, 36 feet. 
The masonry foundations are 400 by 120 feet, upon piles driven 
40 feet into the earth. It is emptied by steam pumps in 4J- 
hours. — Stuart's Nai'at Dry Docks of the f". S. 

* This building is faced with white marble and presents a 
fine architectural appearance. The average number of inmates 
is about 50. 

6 This laboratory has been gradually formed within the last 
10 years, and is said to be the only institution of the kind owned 
by any Government. The chemical and mechanical arrange- 
ments are extremely well adapted to their use. 



KINGS COUNTY. 



369 



field Creeks. It is brought TJ mi. in an open canal and 4J mi. in a brick conduit, thence pumped 
into a reservoir on Cypress Hill, 170 ft. above tide, and thence distributed in iron pipes throughout 
the city. The conduit has a capacity of 40,000,000 gallons per day, and the pumps can raiso 
10,000,000 gal. per day. The reservoir is 20 feet deep, and has a capacity of 107,000,000 gals. 
The vrliole cost of the work is estimated at §4,200,000.' The Fire Departments of the Eastern 
and Western Districts are separately organized under special acts.^ The city is supplied with gas 
by 3 companies. 

The City Park, between Park and Flushing Avenues and Navy and Park Sts., contains 7 acres ; 
Wasliingtoii Park, between Jlyrtle and De Kallj Avenues and Cumberland and Canton Sts., con- 
tains 33 acres. It occupies the site of Fort Green of the Revolution. In the newly surveyed 
sections several sites for parks have been reserved by the city. 

The City Armory, at the corner of Henry and Cranberry Sts., was erected in 1858, at a cost of 
$14,000. A State Arsenal, on Portland Ave. was built in 1856, at a cost of §40,000. 

The City Hall, situated at the junction of Fulton and Court Sts., is a fine building, faced with 
white marble.' Besides these, there are in the city 9 banks of discount, 5 savings' banks, and 10 
stock fire insurance companies. 

The Public Schools are under the charge of a board of education, consisting of 45 members. 
The city contains 32 school districts ; and in 1857 there were employed 320 teachers, — 27 males and 
293 females. The whole number of children between 4 and 21 years of age is 46,000, of whom 
35,817, or 78 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of 
the schools for 1857 was $231,474.61. A normal school for the professional instruction of teachers 
has been established. 

The Packer Collegiate Institute, for girls, occupies an elegant building upon Joralemon St., w. 
of the City Hall. It was incorp. May 8, 1845, as the "Brooklyn Female Academy." Its name 
was changed March 19, 1853, in honor of Mrs. Wm. S. Packer, who endowed the institution with 
§05,000. An astronomical observatory is connected with it.' 

The Brooklyii Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, for boys, on Livingston St., was incorp. April 
7, 1854. It was established by a stock company, with a capital of §75,000, and has accommoda- 
tions for 450 pupils. Besides these, there are in the city 100 private schools and seminaries, 
several of which are large institutions, with corps of professors and with permanent investments. 
The aggregate number of pupils in attendance at the schools is 2,600. 

The Brooklyn Institute was incorp. Nov. 20, 1824. It occupies a commodious building on AVash- 
ington St., the gift of Augustus Graham. It has a free library, provides free lectures and lessons 
in drawing and painting for apprentices, and its rooms are depositories for books, maps, models, 
and drawing apparatus. 

The Brooklyn Athenceiim and Reading Room, on the corner of Atlantic and Clinton Sts., was 
incorp. Jan. 28, 1852. It occupies a large three story edifice, erected at a cost of $60,000. The 
first story is used for mercantile purposes, the second for a library and reading room, and the third 
for public lectures. 

The Law Library in Brooklyn, incorp. Jan. 8, 1850, is located at 341 Fulton St. 

The Naval Lyceum, within the Navy Yard, was established in 1833 by officers of the navy. It 
has a fine library and museum. 

The Kings County Lodge Library Association, at Williamsburgh, was incorp. Feb. 7, 1847. 

Among the societies for intellectual improvement are the Hamilton Library Association, founded 
in 1830 ; the Franklin Debating Association, in 1852 ; the Young Men's Association,, in 1853 ; the 
St. CJtarles Institute, in 1854; the Ecclcston Literary Association, in 1854; and the Columbia Lite- 
rary Association, in 1855. The Great Northwestern Zephyr Association, designed to encourage 
native talent in music, painting, and sculpture, was organized in 1838. The Philharmonic Society 



1 This prent work is jnst completed. Until a very recent date 
the city haa depended upon wells and cisterns for its supply of 
water. There were l'.i2 pnblic cisterns In the city; but all the 
supplies were entirely inadequate to the demand for water. The 
first agitation tbr a better supply of water commenced in 1835 ; 
but nothing was accomplished until 1W7, when a report was 
made recommending the building of reservoirs to bo supplied 
from wells. In 1849, W. J. McAlpine submitted a plan fur ob- 
taining a supply from the streams flowing into Jamaica Bay. 
The question of prosecuting this work at public expense was 
repeatedly voted do^vn. Several private companies caused sur- 
veys to be made, and one of them acquired titles to the streams 
in -luestion : and June 4. IH^O, the Ojmnion Council subscribed 
$1.»10,U00 to the stock of the Nassau Water Company. The 
worlc vrae commenced JuJy 31, 1S5C, under the charge of James 



24 



P. Kirkwood, Chief Engineer. Feb. 11, ISo", the rights of tho 
Nas.sau Company were vested in the city. The works were cola* 
pleted in May, 1859. It is contemplated erecting another reser- 
voir upon Prospect Hill. 

2 The Fire Department of the Western District, under the cart* 
of 5 commissioners, has 7 fire districts. 22 engines, 4 hook and 
ladder companies, 7 hose ct)nipanies. and 10 alarm bells. The 
Fire Department of the Eastern Difltriat has 6 fire districts, 13 
engines, 3 h«>k and ladder companies, 4 hose companies, and 
2 tdarm bells. 

3 This building contains the city and most of the co, offleeH. 
It was commenced in 1H3(', ; but work was suspended in 1837 
and was not resumed until lS4tj. It was completed in 1S4S, ia 
a style much less c«)atly than that of the ori{;inal design. 

» See pp. 747, 748. 



370 



KINGS CODNTY. 



(if Brooklyn, for the encouragement of music, was incorp. May 6, 1857. The Brooklyn Horti- 
cuUural Society was incorp. April 9, 1854, and holds annual fairs. The Hunt Horticultural and 
Botanical Garden was incorporated April 9, 1855, with a capital of $150,000. It has a garden of 
16 acres. 

The Brooklyn City Hospital, on Raymond St. near De Kalb Avenue, was incorp. May 8, 1845. 
Its present buildings were opened April 28, 1852. It is supported by voluntary contributions and 
legislative appropriations. The Brooklyn City Dispensary, located at 109 Pineapple St., was 
incorp. March 5, 1850. It is supported in the same manner as the hospital. The Brooklyn Dis- 
pensary, (Homeopathic,) 83 Court St., was incorp. Dec. 3, 1852. It is supported by private sub- 
scriptions. The Williamsburg Dispensary, on the corner of 5th and South Sts., was incorp. March 
4. 1851 ; 2,221 persons received medical treatment at the institution in 1857. It is supported by 
private contributions. The Brooklyn Central Dispensary, 473 Fulton St., was incorp. Dec. 11, 
1855. The Brooklyn German General Dispensary is located at 145 Court St. The Brooklyn Bye 
«nd Ear Infirmary, 109 Pineapple St., was incorp. March 27, 1851. 

The Orphan Asylum Society was incorp. May 6, 1834. The institution is situated upon a fine 
site on Cumberland St. near Myrtle Avenue. 

The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum of Brooklyn was incorp. May 0, 1834. The asylum for 
boys is located at the corner of Clinton and Congress Sts., and the asylum for girls upon Congress 
St. near Clinton. The former has 120 inmates, and the latter 250. The girls are under the 
charge of the Sisters of Charity. The support of these institutions is principally derived from the 
income of a large property bequeathed by Cornelius Heeney and under the charge of the Brook- 
lyn Benevolent Society.' 

The Brooklyn Association for Improving the Comlition of the Poor was formed March 26, 1844. 
It numbers about 180 visitors, whose duty it is to investii;ate the condition of the poor in every 
part of the city, afford such temporary relief in the way of food and clothing as the cases may 
warrant, and to refer the needy to the appropriate sources for permanent relief. This association 
distributes $6,000 to $7,000 per year. The Brooklyn Benevolent Society, founded upon a bequest 
of Cornelius Heeney, was incorp. in May, 1845. It is managed by 11 trustees, of whom the 
Archbishop of N. Y. and the Mayor of Brooklyn are ex officio members. Its funds are principally 
devoted to the support of various Catholic charities. The Brooklyn Society for the Relief of 
Respectable and Indigent Females, incorp. in 1851, was founded by John B. Graham, who erected 
a fine edifice, corner of Washington and De Kalb Sts., as a home for the unfortunates named in 
the title. It derives its support from private sub.scriptions. The Children's Aid Society was organ- 
ized in Feb. 1854, as an industrial school. The Brooklyn Industrial School Association, under the 
management of ladies of the several churches, was incorp. April 4, 1854. It has established 
schools in difi'erent parts of the city for girls who do not attend the public schools, and who are 
entirely deprived of moral training. The Brooklyn Female Employment Society, an association 
of ladies to furnish employment to respectable females who may be reduced to want, was incorp. 
April 19, 1854. Its office and salesroom is at 65 Court St. The Church Charity Association for 
the relief of the aged, sick, and indigent was incorp. in March, 1851. It is under the patronage 
of the Prot. E. Church. 

The churches of Brooklyn are justly celebrated for their general elegance and beauty of archi- 
tectural design. Large numbers of people doing business in New York reside in Brooklyn ; and 
this has led to the erection of so great a number of churches that the city has been denominated the 
" city of churches." In 1858 there were 139 churches in the city." Connected with these churches 
are various religious and charitable societies.' The Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Tem- 



1 Tne other benevolent Catholic societies in the city are aa 
follows : — St. James's Scltnol. Jay St.. with <Mi pupils under the 
Brothers of Christian Schools, and 450 pupils under thu Sisters 
ot Mercy; St. Pajd's Fi'muU SchonU with 400 pupils, under the 
Sisters of Charity; St. Piter's and Paul's Si-hori. with 300 girls, 
nnder the Sisters' of St. Joseph ; St. Mary Star of the Sea. n ith 300 
girls, under the Sisters of Charity; (hnecnt and B-maU SchorA 
attached to the Church of the Holy Trinity; Cotivent and 
Boat'ling Academy ol the Sisters of St. Joseph; Omvent and 
Aeadetny of t.'te Visitation; St. Francis of Assisi's Conienl 
of Sisters of Mercy and Nuns of the Order of St. Pmnimc. The 
R. C. Beneficiul Society of St. Peter's and SI. Paul's Cliurch 
was incorp. June 15, 1S5S. to 6ust4un a Sunday school and library, 
and support the siclj arid bury tlie dead. Free schools are con- 
nected witli all the ihurchea except that of St. Charles. 

2 25 Prot. E., 22 M. B., 17 Presb.. 16 Ref Prot. D., 15 R. C, 16 
Bap., 10 Cong., and 20 consisting of Covenanters, Asso. Presb., 
Asso. Ref. Presb., Unita., Univ., Ger. Evang., Moravian, Friends, 
i(td. Cong., Ind. Metb., ajid Jew. 



8 The following is a list of the principal of these societies, with 
the dates of their formation :^ 

The Brooklyn City Tract Society 1830 

The Brooklyn Bible Society 1841 

The Prot. Benevolent and Library Association 1844 

The Williamsburgh Bible Society 1845 

The Navy Mission S.S. .Association June 16, 1849 

The Brooklyn Female Bible Society 1860 

Tlio Benev. Asso. of the Ch. of the Holy Trinity.... May 10, 1850 

The Warren Street Mission Feb. 3, 1853 

The William-sburgh City Mission Society March, 1853 

The Brooklyn y. M. Chris. .Association Dec. — ,1853 

The Mount Prospect Mission Society Jan. 23, 1854 

The Hope Mission School Mar. 16, 1864 

The Brot.klvn Sunday-School Union Sept. 12, 1854 

The Brotherhood of the Prot. B. Churches Sept. 21, 1864 

The Howard Benev. Society (Unita.) Dec. — , 1864 

The Convocation for Church Kxten8iou(Prot. E.).. June 26, 1864 
The VanderbUt Av. Mission S. S Mar. 16, 1858 



KINGS COUNTY. 



371 



perance all have lodges in the city ; and besides these are numerous societies for mutual relief 
and protection.' 

Greenwood Cemetery, upon the s. line, is mostly within the limits of the city. It is owned by a 
joint stock company, incorp. April 18, 1838. It comprises an area of 400 acres, beautifully located 
upon the elevated and broken ground e. of Gowanus Bay. The grounds were purchased, and 
opened for burial in 1842; and up to Aug. 1858, 64,000 burials had been made. It is one of the 
oldest and most beautiful of the rural cemeteries connected with the great cities in this country. 
The grounds are laid out with taste ; and many of the sculptured monuments are costly and 
beautiful specimens of art. 

The Cemeterii of the Evergreens, upon the E. line, is partly in Queens co. It is beautifully located 
upon a blufiF, affording fine views of New York, the bay, the ocean, and the surrounding country. It 
was opened for interment in 1849. 

The Friends' Cemetery lies near the city line, N. of Greenwood. It has a fine location ; but, in 
accordance with the principles of the sect, no ornamental monuments are allowed to be erected in it. 

The Citizens' Union Cemetery, incorp. in 1851, contains an area of 29 acres. The trustees allow 
the burial of persons of color and of the poor for no charge except that of opening and closing 
the ground. 

The first settlements were made under the Dutch Government, in 1625, by several families of 
French Protestants from near the river Waal, in Netherlands, who located near Wallabout Bay. 
They named their settlement "Walloons," and the bay "Walloons Boght," from which is derived 
its present name Wallabout.^ Little progress was made in settlement for many years ; and no 
governmental organization was effected under the Dutch. Up to the commencement of the present 
century the population was principally confined to several little hamlets scattered over the terri- 
tory now embraced in the city. Since 1840 the increase of population and the growth of the city 
have been very rapid, scarcely paralleled by the magical growth of the cities of the West.' Although 
possessing a separate municipal government, in all its business and interests it forms an integral 
part of the city of New York. In the summer of 1776, New York and vicinity became the theater 
of stirring military events. After the British had evacuated Boston, Washington marched imme- 
diately to New York, believing that the enemy would make this the next point of attack. Every 
effort was made to construct and strengthen the military defenses of the place. Strong works 
were erected in Brooklyn and other points upon Long Island, and large bodies of troops were 
posted there to defend them. The British arrived, and landed their troops upon Staten Island 
July 8 ; and on the 22d of Aug. they passed over to Long Island, to the number of 10,000 strong. 
They landed in New Utrecht, whence three roads led over the hills to where the Americans were 
encamped. One of these roads passed near the Narrows, the next led from Flatbush, and the third 
far to the right by the route of Flatlands. It was the design of Gen. Putnam, who commanded 
the American forces, to arrest the enemy upon the heights; and the appearance of columns of 
troops early on the morning of the 27th on the middle road led to the belief that the main attack 
was to be made at that point. While intent upon this movement, it was found that the main army 
of the enemy were approaching from the direction of Bedford, and that there was imminent danger 
of being surrounded by them. Attacked in front and rear, the Americans fought with bravery; 
but a part only succeeded in gaining their entrenchments. The loss of the Americans was more 
than 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners ; and of the enemy, less than 400. Gens. Sullivan, 
Stirling, and Woodhull were taken prisoners, — the last named of whom died from wounds inflicted 
after his surrender. The Americans withdrew to New York early on the 30th, umler the personal 
direction of Gen. Washington.* The American prisoners taken at this battle, and those taken 
afterward during the war, were confined in the hulks of old ships anchored in AVallabout Bay, 



1 The following is a list of these societies : — 

The Krin Fraternal Ilenev. Society fbrmed 1S35 

The Kuieralii benev. Society ". 1S39 

The Emmet Itenev. Society iMfty S. Is4.? 

T^he Shiinirock Benev. Soi^iety May 6. 1J^45 

The Laborers' Union Benev. Soc. of Williamsburgh April 17. 1850 

The Laborers' Union Benev. Society .Ian. .'iO. IS.')! 

Williamsburgh Mut. Ben. .Soc. of Operative Masons Juno 14. 1853 

" Laborers' Union Benev. Society May 13,1853 

Operative Plasterers' Benev. Society Itec. '27, 1851 

Society for Visiting the Sick and Burying the J)eud Oct. l.'i, 1855 

Ancient Order of Hibernians .Tuly IN, 18ritj 

United Brethren Aug. 8. lS5t) 

Washington Sick Supporting Association Veb. 17, 1858 

^ Among these settlers were families named De liapalje, Le 
Escuyer, Duryee, Le Sillier Cershon, Conseillcr, and Murserol. — 
£eiison's Memoir, p. 18. Sarah Ue liapalje — born here on the 



7th of June, 1025— was the first white child born on the island. 
She received 20 morgens of land from Peter Minuet, the Dutch 
Governor. A tide mill was built at the head of Wallabout Bay 
at an early period. (A morgen of land is aiiout 2 acres.) 

8 The following table .shows the increase of population of the 
whole territory included within the city since 179U : — 



1790 2,143 

ISOO 3,034 

1810 6,200 

ISIS 4,564 

18-20 8.105 

1826 11.749 



1830 17 014 

1835 27,854 

1840 42.022 

1845 7'2.7C9 

I.S.IO 1.W.757 

1856 2ll5,'2.W 



* A heavy fog — very unusual for the time of year — completely 
enshrouded the island, and under its protection the .Americans 
silently passed over to the N. Y. side. The Briti.-^h did not dis- 
cover the movement until the rearguard of the Americans were 
beyond the roach of pursuit.— Ow1errfo7iA:'5 liev. Inc. 



372 



KINGS COUNTY. 



where they perished by hundreds and thousands from violence, cold, foul air, and stinted food.* 
E>uring the AVar of 1812 a considerable amount of voluntary labor was expended in erecting a line 
of fortifications around the city, and bodies of troops were stationed there to protect the people. 

FJLATBIJ8II- — was chartered by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1652, and its rights were confirmed by 
Gov. Nicoll, Oct. 11, 1G67, and by Gov. Dongan, Nov. 20, 1685.^ It was recognized by the State 
Government March 7, 1788. New Lots was taken ofi' in 1852. It is the central town in the co.. 
lying immediately s. of Brooklyn. A low, broad range of hills extends along the n. border, 
occupying nearly one-fourth of its surface. The remainder of the town is level. The soil is light 
and sandy, but productive. Flatbusb (p. v.) is a long, scattered village, extending through 
the center of the town. It contains 4 churches,* the Erasmus Hall Academy,^ and many elegant 
dwellings. Greenfield is a thinly settled village plat in the s. w. corner of the town. A part 
of Greenwood Cemetery lies in the n. w. corner. Calvary Cemetery lies e. of the village. The 
first settlement was made by the Dutch at an early period. 

FLATIiAIVDS^ — was incorp. by patent under Gov. Nicoll, Oct. 4, 1667, confirmed by Gov. 
Dongan, March 11, 1685,' and recognized by the State Government March 7, 1788. It is the 
s. E. town in the co. The surface is very flat, as indicated by the name; and a considerable portion 
consists of salt marshes bordering upon Jamaica Bay.^ Several small, marshy islands belong to 
the town.^ Flatlands (p. o.) is a farming settlement. Canarsie^" (p. o.) is a hamlet, upon 
the road leading to the bay. The first settlement was made by the Dutch, in 1636. Ex-Gov. Wouter 
VauTwiller had a tobacco farm in this town while it was under Dutch rule. There are 3 churches 
in town ; 2 M. E. and Kef. Prot. D. 

GRATESEWD"— was granted to English settlers, by patent under Gov. Keift, Dec. 19, 1645, 
and confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Aug. 13, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Sept. 10, 1686.^^ It was 
recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It is the most southerly town in the co. The surface is 
generally very level. A beach and ridge of sand hills extend along the coast, and in the rear of 
these are extensive salt meadows. Coney Island is separated from the mainland by a narrow 
tidal current flowing through the marshes.^^ Oravesend, (p. v.,) near the center, is compactly 
built, and was formerly fortified with palisades. It was the county seat prior to 1686.^* Fnion* 
Tille is a small settlement on the bay, near the w. line. The Cove is a settlement on Sheeps 
Head Bay. This town wag settled before 1640, by English Quakers, from Mass. Lady Deborah 
Moody — a woman of rank, education, and wealth — was a prominent person in this enterprise. 
The liberal terms of their first grant were not fully regarded by the Dutch; but the prudence and 
firmness of Lady Moody eventually secured a good degree of respect and a more indulgent 
policy toward them. In 1655 the settlement was saved from destruction by North River Indians 
by a guard from the city. In 1656 the people petitioned for and obtained 3 big guns for their 
protection. In 1659 the town agreed to give Henry Brazier 500 gilders for building a mill, and 



1 The first prison ship was the VPhitby ; but this and another 
were burned, and, in April,1778,the Jersey became the receiving 
ship for prisoners. The llo\m and the Falmouth, anchored near 
by, were the hospital ships; and upon these mostofthe deaths oc- 
curred. It is reported that ll.SOOprisoners diod upon these ships 
during the war. The persistent barbarity and cold-hearted in* 
humanity practiced by the British toward these prisoners finds 
no parallel in the history of civilized nations; and the horri- 
l>le Bufferings of the prisoners in their foul dungi?ons, reeking 
with filth, disease, and the air of the charuel house carried 
through months and years, completely cast into the shade the 
lesser horrors of the Middle Passage, or of the Black Hole of Cal- 
cntta. The graves of these martyrs of freedom were uncovered 
while grading for the Navy Yard, in 180S. Twenty hogsheads 
of bones were collected, deposited in 13 coffins, — representing the 
13 original States, — and. May 26, 1S08. they were buried upon 
Hudson Avenue, near the Xavy Yard, under the auspices of the 
Tammany Society. The land upon which they were interred was 
given for that purpose by John Jackson. Several years since, 
Beijj. Romaine inclosed the remains in a vault; and, April 11, 
1851. an association was incorp. for collecting funds to build a 
monument. OnderdfrnK's Hist Prison Ships. 

2 Named '■'■MidwouV^ (Mid wood) by the Dutch. 

3 In the first patent^ Jan Snedecor. Arent Van Hatten, Jo- 
hannes Megapolensis, and others, were named as grantO(.'s; and 
in the second, Ilev. J. Megapoleusis, Cornelius Van Ruyven, J. P. 
Adrien Hogeman, Jan Snedecor, Jan Stryker. Frans Barents, 
(^pListor,) Jacob Stryker, and Cornelius Janse Buugart were 
pat'-ntees.— Pufen^j. IV, 4S, 51. 

4 Kef. Prot. D.. (formed in 1654,) M. E., Prot. E.. and R.C. 

6 This institution, incorp. Nov. 17, 1787, was the first one char- 
It^red by the regents. 
* Called "New Am^^orV by the Dutch, from a place In Holland. 



7 The patentees named in the first instniment were Elbert 
Elberts, Govert Lockermans, Roeliffe Martens, Pieter Claes, Wm. 
Garrits.Thos. Hillebrants. Stephen C^Jertsen, and Coert Stevens; 
and those in the second were E. Elberts, R. Martens, Pieter 
Classen, Wm. Garretsen, Coert Stevens, Lucas Stevensen, and 
John Teunissen. The annual quitrent was 14 bushels of wheat. 

>} These marshes and flat lands produce large quantities of 
hay. 

8 The principal of these are Bergen Island, on the bay, and 
Barren Island. upon the coast. Upon the latter island is a largo 
bone boiling establishment, to which place are removed all the 
dead animals from New York. The business is very extensive, 
and large quantities of hides, fat, bones, hair, and manure are 
annually produced. 

10 Named from a tribe of Indians that formerly occnpied this 
region. 

n Named from the English town of this name, or from the 
deep sounds on the shore. — Thompson's Hid.Al, 169. 

IS The grantees named in the first patent were Lady Deborah 
Moody, Sir Ht-iiry Moody, Bart., Ensign Geo. Baxter, and Sergt. 
James Hubbard: those in the second were Thos. Delavall, Jas. 
Hubbard, Wm. Bound, sr., Wm. Goulding, and John Tilton ; and 
those in the third were James Hubbard, John Tilton, jr., Wm. 
Goulder, Nicholas Stillwell, and Jocham Guilock. The quitrent 
was 6 bushels of wheat. 

13 ^^Cbnijsis IsJatid," from a family of that name. It is a favor- 
ite summer resort. A fine shell road and bridge connect it with 
the mainland. It embraces 60 acres of arable land, and about 
half a dozen families winter there. 

n The village plat embraced 10 acres, subdivided into 39 Iota 
for houses and gardens. A street surrounded this plat. The 
land around was laid out in lots diverging from the central 
nucleus. 



KINGS COUNTY. 



373 



every man a day's work, with a team, or 2 days without, in building a dam. The first church 
(Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1655. Besides this, there are in town 2 M.E. churches. 

RfEW L.OTS'— was formed from Flatbush, Feb. 12, 1852. It lies in the extreme e. part of the 
CO. Its surface is generally level, the s. half being occupied by extensive salt meadows. Ea»«t 
Keiv YorK (p. v.) is a prospective city of " magnificent distances" near the N. line.'' It con- 
tains a newspaper ofBce, 4 churches, a manufactory of dyestufi"s and colors, several shoe manu- 
factories, and 1,000 inhabitants. Cypress Hills is a newly surveyed village near the n. e. 
corner. The Cypress Ilills Cemetery, Cemetery of the Evergreens, and Cemetery of the Congre- 
gation of Emanuel (Jewish) are partly in this town. The first settlement was made by about 
20 families from Holland and a few Palatinates, in 1054. In 1660 the portions of lands previously 
held in c<immon were divided into lots and assigned to individuals. During the same year a horse- 
mill was erected. For many years the deacons of the church were chosen overseers of the 
poor, and from 1799 to 1812 the schools were under the direction of church oflicers. A detach- 
ment of 1,200 militia was stationed here in the War of 1812, in anticipation of an attack by the 
British. There are 5 churches in town.' 

IVEW UTRECHT— was incorp. by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1662, by Gov. Nicoll, Aug. 15, 1608, 
and by Gov. Dongan, May 13, 1686.* It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the 
Narrows, in the w. part of the co. A range of low hills extends across the N. border, and the re- 
maining part of the surface is level. The soil is a light, sandy loam, but for the most part is highly 
cultivated. Weiir Utrecllt, (p. v.,) in the s. part, is a small, compact village. In ancient times 
it was inclosed by a palisade as a defense against Indians and pirat-es. Fort Hamilton, 
(p.v.,) near the U. S. grounds, is a fine village, chiefly inhabited by persons doing business in New 
York. Batta is a place of summer resort on Gravesend Bay. Bay Ridge is a suburban vil- 
lage adjoining Brooklyn. Fort Hamilton is a IT. S. fortification upon the bluff commanding the 
passage of the Narrows.* Fort La Fayette is a strong water battery built upon Hendricks Reef, 200 
yards from the shore.* There are 6 churches in town.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Mamifactures, of Kings County. 



Names op Towns. 



BrcMiklyn 

Flatbush 

Flatliinds , 

Gravesend 

New Lots 

New Utrecht. . 



Total.. 



Acres OFLiKD. 


VAlUATIOsr OF 1858. j 


^ 


1 
E 


e 


•ss 






1 


Si 






•^ 


•^ 
S 


1 


1! 

$10,338,494 


e 
§ 


1.652i 


1,190^ 


J8S,136.-81 


J98.475.27 5 


2,616 


179 


1,124.142 


510,000 


l,6.34.142i 


3.2355 


1,950 


563,351 


160.625 


713.876: 


2.606 


695 


644.241 


124.850 


669,0911 


1,862 


9S31 


746,915 


162,800 


929,7151 


3.999J 


691 


1.573,067 


301.400 


1,874.467 
104.296,666! 


15,871i 


5,694} 


92.088,497 


11.608.069 



97.129 

1.659 

879 

664 

l.lSl 

1.436 



108.121 

1,721 

699 

692 

1.080j 

1,296 



"S. 



22,573 
266 
232 
200 
335 
864 



268 
226 
444 
459 



23.970 43,133 11,872 94 



10.887 
162 
17: 
127 
28: 
239 



1^ 

47,600 
678 
673 
388 
817 
816 



60,772 



Namss of Towns. 



Pronklvn , 

Flatlmsh 

Flatlands 

Gravesi-nd 

New Lota 

New Ctrecht.. 



Total.. 





Live Stock. 






AORICnLTURAL PRODUCTS. 


















BtJSH. OI 


Ohain. 


1 


^ • 


■s- 


DURY PBODDCn. 




p 


IN 


,; 


? 


s 




i 


ll 


•Si 


5S 


li 




iS 


ess 


^ 


g 


t 


s 


^ 


fi 


^S 


Bl 


£^ 


is 




4,760 


14 


1,7.31 




1,808 


1.828 


31,324 


400 


28..665 


50 








361 


24 


21 S 




S.iO 


2.560 


13.462 


1.097 


84,822 










320 


62 


268 




677 


4.979 


11.380 


1,789 


103,760 










300 


126 


223 




,378 


4.182 


9.137 


683 


70.595 




ll.MO 






268 


84 


188 




316 


4.486 


10.647 


871 


30.186 




6,396 






816 


70 
370 


216 


i 


629 
3,964 


4.911 
1 22.946 


14.116 


1,343 


60,325 


4 








6.314 


2.834 


2 


90.065 


6.183 


368,243 


54 


17,425 







I- 



^This part of Flatbush was called by the Dutch "Oswowi." 
EflBt Woods. A patent was granted to 40 of the principal in- 
habitantfl, March '2n. 1617, by Gov. Andross. 

* Tliia city was laid out during: the epeculative days of 1S35- 
36 as a rival of New York. A ship canal, extending to Jamaica 
Bay. was to make the pkice a port of entry. 

■ » Ref. I'rot. D.. Prot. E.. Ger. Evang. Luth., M.E., and R.C. 

* The granteos in the patent of Gov. NicoU were Xira«iu8 de 
Sille, .Tacquoa Cortilleau. Francis Browne. Hobt. .Tncobsen, and 
Jacob Swart. — Pat<"nts, IV. ^'1: and those in the patent of Gnv. 
Dongan wtre Jacques Corteljour. Ruth Ooosten, Ji>hn A' i*rkerke, 
IIiMidrick Mathyse, Jnhn Kiersen. John Van DycU. (tuisbcrt 
Thyeon, Carol Van Dyck, Jan Van Cl^-et; Cryn Jansen, M<-ynd»'rt 
Coerten, Juhn Hansen, Bareut Joosteu, Tcuiiis Van i'cit, Ileu- 



drick Van Pelt. Lawrence Janf^e, Gerrit Corneliseen. Dirk Van 
.Sutphen, Thomas Tierkson, Gerrit Stoffelsen. Peter Thysen, 
Anthuny Van Pelt, Anthony Ducbaine. Jan Vandervent*r. and 
Cornelis Wyuhart. The annual acknowledgment was bush, 
of E'od winter wheat, payable, at the city of New York, March 
ih.— Bitent!^. V. 407. 

6 This fortress was commenced in 1S24 and completed in 1833. 
The total cost of the structure in 1 K.")8 was $552,000. It mount* 
CO hi-avy guns, of which 48 bear upon the channel. 

ft Formerly called ^*Fort Diam(md." It was commenced In 
ISI'2. and in lfi51 it had cost J341.941. It mounts "^ heavy 
puns. These forts were located and planned by Gen. Bernard, 
a Frt'iich engint-er. 

7 2 Prot. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., M. E., and R. C. 



LEWIS COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Oneida, March 28, 1805, and named 
in honor of Gov. Morgan Lewis. Slight changes were made in the 
boundary on the erection of Pinckney, in 1808, and of Wilna, in 
1813. It lies mostly within the valley of Black River, N. of the 
center of the State. It is centrally distant 116 mi. from Albany, 
and contains 1,288 sq. mi. Its surface consists of the broad inter- 
vales which extend along the course of Black River, and uplands 
which rise upon the e. and w. The eastern half rises gradually to 
the E. border of the co., where it attains an elevation of about 1400 
feet above tide. This part of the co. forms a portion of the great 
wilderness of Northern N. Y. The surface in many places is broken 
by low ridges or isolated masses of naked gneiss. The streams 
generally flow over rooky beds, and in places through wild ravines. The soil is a light, yellow, 
sandy loam and unprofitable for cultivation. In the eastern forests are great numbers of picturesque 
lakes, many of which are scarcely known except to hunters and fishermen. The streams flowing 
from the plateau are generally rapid, furnishing an abundance of water power.' Magnetic iron 
ore has been found interstratified with gneiss and red specular ore on the N. E. border of the co., 
and along the margins of the streams is an abundance of iron sand. At the junction of the gneiss 
and white limestone in Diana are a great number of interesting minerals.^ 

The w. side rises from the valley of Black River by a series of terraces to near the center of the 
w. half of the co., whence it spreads out toward Lake Ontario. These terraces are occasionally 
broken by oblique valleys from the N. w. The summit is 1500 to 1700 feet above tide. The inter- 
vale along the river, and the banks which immediately border upon it, are underlaid by Black 
River limestone. Nest above this, in an irregular terrace, rises the Trenton limestone, 300 feet 
thick in the N. part of the co. and gradually diminishing toward the s. This limestone is very 
compact and strongly resists the action of the elements. In many places it presents the face of 
steep declivities approaching the perpendicular, and the streams from the w. plateau generally flow 
over this formation in a single perpendicular fall. This rock underlies an extremely fertile and 
nearly level tract of 1 to 3 mi. wide. Above it, on the w., the strata of the Dtica slate and Lorraine 
shales rise about 500 feet higher, and from the summit the surface spreads out into a nearly level 
region, with its waters flowing both toward the E. and w.' This range in Lewis co. is known as 
Tug Hill. The soil in the limestone region is sometimes thin, but is everywhere productive. Near 
the foot of Tug Hill is a strip of stiiF clay a few rods wide, extending the whole length of the co., 
and marked by a line of springs and swamps. The soil upon the slate is deep and well adapted 
to grazing, but, from its great elevation, it is liable to late and early frosts. Upon the summit of 
the slate table lands are extensive swamps, which give rise to streams flowing into Black River, 
Lake Ontario, Oneida Lake, and the Mohawk. Drift deposits are scattered promiscuously, and 
sometimes lie at a great depth, more particularly upon the northerly sides of the oblique valleys 
before mentioned. 

The streams which rise on the summit of Tug Hill in many places flow through ancient beaver 
meadows, and upon the brow of the hill they have invariably worn deep ravines into the slates and 
shales, in some instances 3 or 4 mi. in length and 100 to 300 feet deep. Chimney Point and 
Whetstone Gulf, in Martinsburgh, are localities of this kind. There are but few ravines in the lime- 
stone terraces, though the Deer River Falls, near Copenhagen, are in a gorge worn in this rock. A 
thin layer of Potsdam sandstone rests immediately upon the gneiss in Martinsburgh. Waterlime 
of excellent quality has been made from the lower strata of Black River limestone, and veins of lead 
ore have been worked in the upper part of the Trenton limestone in Martinsburgh and Lowville.* 
The outline of the hills readily indicates the character of the underlying rocks.' 



1 The water of these BtreamB is discolored by organic matter, 
nianfjanefie, and iron, and imparts to Black River the color 
which has given it its name. 

2 Zircon, sphene. tabular spar, pyroxene, nuttallite. blue cal- 
cite. brigbt crystallized iron pyrites, Rensselaerite, and coccolite 
are found near the Natural Bridge. 

* Tile highest part of this range is said to be on Lot .'JO, in High 
Market, and is 1700 feet above tide. On a clear day the hiils of 
Madison co. can be seen from this place. 
374 



* About the year 1828 a silver mine was announced as dis- 
covered near Lowrille; and in 1837 a lead mine was somewhat 
extensively wrought 1 mi. N. w. of Martinsburgh Village, antf 
several tons of lead were made at a great loss. More recently a 
company of speculators tiave bought the premises; but work 
has not been resumed, and probatily will not be. Black oxyd 
of manganese has been found in swamps upon the summit of 
Tug Hill, in the s. w. part of Martinsburgh. 

* In the primary region the upheavals retain their original 



LEWIS COUNTY. 



375 



The s. w. part of the co. is drained by Fish Creek and its branches, and the headwaters of the 
Mohawk. Salmon River rises upon the \\\ border, and the Oswegatchie and Indian^ Rivers take 
their rise in the n. e. The principal tributaries of Black River are Moose^ and Beaver Rivers,' 
Otter,* Independence, and Fish Creeks, and Fall Brook, on the e. ; and Sugar River, Mill, Houses, 
and AVhetstone Creeks, Roaring Brook, Lowviile Creek, and Deer River* upon the w. Several 
mineral springs are found within the co.^ Spring grains are readily cultivated; but this co. is 
particularly adapted to pasturage, dairying forming the principal pursuit of the people. Droughts 
seldom occur; but the uplands are noted for their deep snows. Within a few years, several exten- 
sive establishments have been erected upon Black, Moose, Beaver, and Deer Rivers, for the manufac- 
ture of leather, paper, lumber, and articles of wood. Two furnaces for the manufacture of iron 
from the ore are located near the n. border. 

The county seat is located at Martinsburgh. A wooden courthouse and jail were built here in 1810- 
11, upon a site given by Gen. Martin.'' The present clerk's office was erected by citizens of Mar- 
tinsburgh in 1847. Active efforts were made at an early day, and renewed in 1852, to obtain the 
removal of the co. seat to Lowviile, and a fine edifice was built at that place for the courts, in the 
hope of securing their removal. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 59 acres 1 mi. w. of 
Lowviile. The average number of inmates is about 90. The institution is well managed in regard 
to economy, neatness, and the health of the inmates. The only internal improvement in the co. is 
the Black River Canal, connecting Black River below Lyons Falls with the Erie Canal at Rome.* 
From Lyons Falls the river is navigated to Carthage, a distance of 42J mi., by small steamers. 
Three newspapers are now published in the co.' 

This CO. is entirely within Macomb's Purchase, and includes a part of Great Tract No. IV.,^ 
most of the Chassanis Purchase," Watson's West Tract, ^- the Brantingham Tract," and a small 
part of John Brown's Tract," on the e. side of the river: and 4 of the "Eleven Towns,"^^ 5 of the 
Thirteen Towns of the Boylston Tract,^^ Constable's Five Towns,^' and Inman's Triangle^® on the w. 

The first settlers came from New England and settled at Leyden in 1794. The fame of the 



forms without change; the limestone terraces rise by steep 
slopes to their level summit; and the slate and shale hills ex- 
hibit the yitliling character of the rocks which compose them, 
by their rounded outline and the gorges which every spring 
torri-nt has worn upon their sides. 

1 Called by the Indians 0-je'quack, Nut River. 

- Indian name Te-ka'hun-di-anMo, clearing an opening. 

3 Indian unme Ne-ha-sa'ne, crossing on a stick of timber. 

* Indian name Da-ween-net. the otter. 

6 Indian name Ga-ne/garto'do. corn pounder. 

8 The largest of these arises from the limestone in Lowviile, 
near the line of Harrisburgh. Others rise fmm the slate upon 
Tug Hill. All of them emit sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and 
some have been used for medicinal purposes. 

' The CO. seat was located by the same commissioners that 
were appomted for Jefferson co. Benj. Van Vleeck, Daniel 
Kelly, and Jonathan Collins, by act of 1811, were appointed to 
superintend the completion of these buildings. The first co. 
officers were Daniel Kelly, First Judge ; Jonathan Collins, Judah 
Barnes, and Solomon King, Judgrs ; Lewis Graves and Asa 
Bray ton, Asst. Justices ; Asa Lord, Coroner ; Chillus Doty, 
Sheriff; Richard Coxe, Clerk; and Isaac W. Bostwick, (Surro- 
gate. 

The Black River k Utica R. R.. now finished to Boonville, 
will probably be extended through fho Black River Valley. 

• The Bhiclc Rivt\r fAizetfe was established at Martinsburgh, 

March 10, 1S07, by James B. Robbins, and was removed 

to Watertown the following year. This was the first 

paper published in the State N. of Utica. 
The LetvU Co. Sentinel was started at Martinsburgh, Oct. 12, 

1^24. by Charles Nichols, and continued 1 yr-ar. 
The Martinsburgh Sentinel was commenced in 1828 by 

Pearson, and continued until March, 1830. 
The Le'wls Comity Republican was established at 

Martinsburgh. in 1831 or '32, by James Wheeler, who 

Bold it to Daniel S. Bailey, its present publisher, in 1837. 

It was removed to Lowviile in 18i4, but has since been 

returned to Martinsburgh. 
The Lewis Co. Gazette was started at Lovrville, in the spring of 

1S21. by Lewis G. Hoffman, and continued 2 years. 
Th& Black River Gazette was issued at Lowviile. Oct. 19. 1825, 

by Wm. L. Ka'iton. It was sold in 1830 to J. M. Farr, by 

whom it was continued a year or more. 
The Lewis Democrat was started at Lowviile. March 25, 1834, by 

Le Grand Byin2:ton. and continued 1 year. 
The Norfliern Jouriial was commenced at Lowviile, 

Feb. 14, 183S. by A. W. Clark. It has frequently changed 

own-Ts. and is now puMishfd by Henry A. Phillips. 
The Leivls County Banner was started at Lowviile, 

Sept. 3. 185ti. by \. B. Sylvester, and is now published 

by Henry Allgoever. 
The Lewis Co. Democrat waa commenced Sept. 22, 1846, at Turin, 



by n. R. Lahe. It was removed to Martinsburgh m 
1849 and discontinued' a few weeks after. 

TTie Dollar Weekly Northern Blade was stai-ted at Constable- 
ville in 1854. It was changed to 

The News Register in April, 1857, by Merrill & Cook, its pub- 
lishers, and was afterward removed to Carthage. 

10 This tract was bought by the Antwerp Company, and em- 
braced an area of 450,950 acres. Seep. 353. 

11 This tract was purchased by Pierre Chassanis in 1792, and 
was supposed to contain 600,000 acres. Upon a survey being 
made, it was found that the tract fell far short of this"; and a 
new agreement was made, April 2, 1793, for 210.000 acres. A 
narrow strip of this tract extended along the E. side of the river 
to High Falls. The settlers of this tract were principally refu- 
gees of the French Revolution. Many of them were wealthy, 
titled, and highly educated, and, in consequence, were poorly 
fitted for the hardships of pioneer life. Large sums of money 
were expended to render the settlement successful, but the 
settlers soon after returned to France and the enterprise was 
abandoned. Kodolph Tillier was the first agent; and in ISOO ho 
was superseded by Gouverneur Morris, who appointed Richard 
Coxe his agent. The first buildings were erected near the present 
residence of Francis Seger. 

12 James Watson purchased 61,433 acres, in 2 tracts, connected 
by a narrow isthmus. The eastern tract is mostly in Herkimer 

CO. 

13 So called from Thomas H. Brantingham. of the city of Pb da- 
delphia. who at one time held the title. It is mostly in Greig, 
and contains 74,400 acres. 

1* This tract, which is popularly regarded as the whole north- 
ern wilderness of New York, included 210.0(X) acres sold by Con- 
stable to John Julius Angerstein, and afterward conveyed Ut 
John Brown, of Providence, R. I. It was divided into 8 town- 
ships, as follows : — 



1. Industry. 

2. Knterprise. 

3. Perseverance. 

4. Unanimity. 



5. Frugality. 

6. Sobriety. 

7. Economy. 

8. Regularity. 



It has been said that all these social virtues are needed for 
the settlement of this region. The first 4 townships are partly 
in Lewis co. 

16 Numbers 5.9.10, and 11, — now Denmark, Pinckney, Harris- 
burgh, and Lowviile. 

1« Named from Thos. Boylston. of Boston, who held the title ii 
few days. Nos. 3. 4. 8, 9, and 13. now Montague, Oscpoltx, and 
parts of Martinsburgh and High Market, are in Lewis co. Th« 
whole tract included 817,155 acres. 

" Those towns were Xenophon, Flora, Lucretia. Poinnna. and 
Porcia, and now form parts nf Lewis, High Market, and Martins- 
burgh and the whole of Turin and West Turin. 

18 Leyden as it existed before Lewis was erected. It includoj 
26,250 acres, forming a perfect triansle. 



376 



LEWIS COUNTY. 



"Black River country" spread through Mass. and Conn., and within the next ten years the country 
between Tug Hill and the river rapidly filled up with a laborious, intelligent, and enterprising 
population. A romantic project of settlement formed by refugees of the French Revolution, in 
which Arcadian dreams of rural felicity were to be realized, was abandoned after a short expe- 
rience of the real hardships of pioneer life. Except an expensive but ineifectual attempt liy Brown 
to settle his tract, toward the close of the last century, little improvement was made e. of the river 
until about 1820 ; and this section has at present less than one-fourth of the population, and a still 
less proportion of the wealth, of the co. A systematic effort at settlement of the extreme w. part 
was first made in 1840-46, under Seymour Green and Diodate Pease, agents of the Pierrepont 
estate. Much of this region is still a wilderness. 



CROGH AW — was formed from Watson and Diana, April 5, 1841, and a part of New Bremen 

was taken off in 1848. It lies E. of Black River, in the N. part of the co. The surface has an in- 
clination toward the w. and N., and in the central and e. parts it is broken and hilly. Oswegatchie 
and Indian Rivers rise in the town and flow northerly into Diana ; and Beaver River forms a portion 
of its s. boundary. In the E. part of the town are several lakes. The soil is light and sandy, and 
along the river intervales it is moderately fertile. The town is thinly settled along Black and 
Beaver Rivers, but in the N. and E. it is still a wilderness. Crogrliail, (p.o..) on Beaver River, 
and ^auniburg,^ (p. o.,) in the w. part of the town, are small villages. Indian River, 
(p.o.,) N. of the center of the town, and Belfort, on Beaver River, are hamlets. Settlement 
commenced before 1830, under P. S. Stewart, agent for Le Ray. Many of the settlers are French 
and Germans. There are 5 churches in town.' 

DENMARK.' — was formed from Ilarrisburgh, April 3, 1807. It lies vr. of Black River, on 
the N. border of the co. Its surface descends to Black River on the e. by a succession of irregular 
terraces. Deer River flows through the town, and upon its course are several falls, affording an 
abundant water power. The High Falls, one mi. below Copenhagen, descend 160 feet, at an angle 
of about 80°, and are celebrated for their picturesque beauty. Kings Fall, 2 mi. below, has a 
descent of about 40 feet. The e. part of the town is covered with deep deposits of drift. Near tho 
mouth of Deer River are extensive flats ; and Black River is bordered by a cedar swamp. The 
soil is very fertile. Copenliag^en,' (p-'^-.) on Deer River, in the w. part, contains 3 churches 
and several manufactories.* Pop. 505. Denmarli, (p. v.,) in the E. part, contains about 50 
houses; and Deer River, (p. v.,) on the river of the same name, 2 mi. from its mouth, 35.' 
The first settlement was made in 1800, by Jesse Blodget.' The census reports 6 churches in town.' 

DIAIVA — was formed from Watson, April 16, 1830, and a part of Croghan was taken off in 
1841. This is the extreme n. e. town in the co. Its surface is level, or gently rolling. In the E. 
part are 2 isolated hills, 300 to 500 feet above the surrounding surface. The principal streams are 
Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers and their branches. Bonaparte'" and Indian Lakes, in the n. part, 
and Cranberry, Legiers, and Sweets Lakes, in the E., are the principal bodies of water. The greater 
part of this town is yet a wilderness. The soil is light and sandy. Iron ore is found in the n. and 
E. parts, and coarse, crystalline marble, of a sky-blue tint, on the banks of Indian River, near 
Natural Bridge. Sterlingbush," (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains 15 houses; and Ilari'ls- 
vilie 12. Biancliards Settlement (Diana Center p. o.) is in the s. part. Diana is a p. o., 
and Alplua'- is ahamlet. There are 2 churches in town, (Bap. and M. E.,) but no church edifice. 

GREKir" — was formed from Watson, April 5, 1828, as "BranHngJiam." Its name was changed 
Feb. 20, 1832. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling in the w., but it is 
broken, rocky, and in some places hilly, in the E. The principal streams, all tributaries of Black 
River, are Moose River, Otter, Stony, and Fish Creeks, and Cole and Fall Brooks. The scenery 



1 Named in honor of Col. Geo. Croghan. It is locally pro- 
nounced ■' CnVjj:an ;" its proper pronunci.itiou is *' Crawn." 

2 Locally known as the '^Pnu^sian .S^tf?fm^■H^" 

8 Evan. 'Asso. or Germ. Meth., Ref. Prot. D.. M. E., and 2 R. C. 

* This town embracoa Township No. 5, or Mantua, of the 
Eleven Towns. 

6 Originally called " Hungers MiUs,^' from Nathan Munger, 
one of the early settlers. 

' • About 1^30 the manufacture of cordage was commenced here 
on an extensive scale; but it has recently been abandoned. 

7 Abel French was the first settler at this place, and it was 
originally known as " Frenchs Mills" 

* Amung the eaiiy settlers were Freedom Wright, Miyor J. 



Crary, Robert Howe. Asa Pierce, Ichabod Parsons, Ijewis Graves, 
Jonathan Barker, J. Rich, and Andrew Mills. 
^ Bap., organized in 1810, Cong.. M. E.. Univ., and 2 Fnion. 

10 Bonaparte Lake was so called iu honor of Joseph Bonaparte, 
who built a log house upon its banks, for the accommodation of 
himself and friends while upon hunting and fishing excursions, 
during his stay at his summer residence at Natural Bridge. 

11 Formerly called '* Loiiishurg" It owes its origin to an iron 
furnace built here in 1833. 

12 An iron furnace was built here in 1847 by Suchard k Far- 
vager, Swiss capitalists, and the place has grown up around it. 

13 Named from the late John Qreig, ofCanandaigua, whoowne* 
large tracts of land in the town. 



LEWIS COUNTY. 



377 



along Moose River is celebrated for its wildness and beauty. The greater part of the town is yet 
a wilderness. In the e. part are several small lakes, which constitute some of the favorite resorts 
of fishermen. The soil is principally a light, sandy loam. Iron ore and ocher are found, and near 
Brantingham Lake is a sulphur spring. Lumber, leather, and paper are made, and on Otter Creek 
is an extensive match box factory. Liyonsdale,' on Moose River, 3 mi. from its mouth, and 
Grelg and Brantingtaam, near Black River, are p. offices. In 1796 the French, under Ro- 
dolph Tillier, settled on the Chassanis Tract, near Black River, below the High Falls.^ The only 
church in town (Presb.) was formed in 1807. 

HARRISBIIRGH^ — was formed from Lowville, Champion, (Jefferson co.,) and Mexico, 
(Oswego CO.,) Feb. 22, 1803. Denmark was taken off in 1807, and a part of Pinckney in 1808. It 
lies upon the slate hills and limestone terraces N. w. of the center of the co. Its general inclination 
is toward the N. E., its s.w. corner being 300 to 500 feet above Black River. Its surface is gene- 
rally rolling, but in the s. w. it is moderately hilly. Deer River and its tributaries are the prin- 
cipal streams. The soil is generally a rich loam largely intermixed with disintegrated limestone 
and slate. Harrisburgb, in the n. e. part, and South Harrisburgb, in the s., are p. 
offices. Settlement commenced a short time pre^'ious to the War of 1812.* The first religious services 
■were conducted by Elder Amasa Dodge, a Free Will Baptist minister. There are 4 churches in town.' 

HIGH MARKET^— was formed from West Turin, Nov. 11, 1852. It lies upon the elevated 
slate region w. of Black River, a little s. of the center of the co. Its general inclination is toward 
the s. E. Its surface is rolling in the s., but broken and moderately hilly in the N. and w. Its 
streams are Fish Creek and its branches, the principal of which are Big and Little Alder Creeks. 
The soil is a loam mixed with disintegrated slate, and is best adapted to pasturage. Hlgb 
Market (p.o.) is in the s. e. part of the town. Most of the town is still unsettled. Among the 
first settlers were Alfred Hovey, L. Fairchild, John Felshaw, Sol. Wells, and Benj. Martin.' A 
large proportion of the people are of Irish nativity.* There are no churches in town. 

liElVIS' — was formed from West Turin and Leyden, Nov. 11, 1852. It lies upon the elevated 
plateau in the s. angle of the co. Its surface is generally rolling, but in the w. part it is broken 
and hilly. Its entire surface is 700 to 1200 feet above the valley of Black River. The principal 
streams are Fish Creek, the w. branch of the Mohawk, and the w. branch of Salmon River. Most 
of the town is yet an uninhabited wilderness. The soil is generally a sandy loam, moderately 
fertile and "best adapted to grazing. Owing to the elevation of the town, spring is late, autumn 
early, and snows deep. West lieyden, (p. v.,) situated on the headwaters of the Mohawk, in 
the E. part of the town, contains about 20 houses. Settlement was commenced about 1800; but 
the present inhabitants of the town are mostly new comers, of German nativity.'" The first church 
(Presb.) was organized in 1826. There are now 4 churches in town." 

liETDEjV'^ — was formed from Steuben, (Oneida co.,) March 10, 1797. Brownville (Jefferson 
CO.) was taken off in 1802, Boonville (Oneida co.) in 1805, a part of Wilna (Jefferson co.) in 1813, 
Watson in 1821, and a part of Lewis in 1852. It lies on the w. bank of Black River, upon the s 
border of the co. Its inclination is toward the E., the w. border being about 500 feet above the 
river. Its surface is undulating. Its principal streams are Sugar River and Moose Creek." The 
soil is a fertile loam mixed with disintegrated slate and limestone. Port Lieyden, (p. v.,) on 
Black River, has a population of 192; Talcottville, (Leyden p.o.,) in the center of the town, 
of 50; and Leyden Hill, in the n. part, of 40. Settlement began in 1794," under the owners 



1 The first settlement was made in this place by Caleb Lyon, in 
1819. He died in 1S35. the year before his long cherished project of 
a State canal to the Black River was authorized by law. His 
Bon. Caleb Lyon of Lyonedale, has at this place a Gothic villa, 
located in the midst of picturesque scenery and adorned with 
elegant collections of art. 

* See page 375. 

8 Named from Richard Harrison, of N. Y., one of the early 
proprietors. The town embraces No. 10, or Platina, of the 
Eleven Towns. See page 353. 

* Among the early settlers were John and Silas Rush, Amos 
Buck. Geo. Stoddard, and Thomas and Gilbert Merrills. 

' Bap., Iree Will Bap.. M. E., and R. C. 

* This town embraces Township No. 9, or Penelope, of the 
BoylBton Tract, and, parts of Nos. 2 and 3, or Flora and Lu- 
cretia, of Constable's Towns. 

7 S. C. Thompson kept the first store and inn and built the 
first gristmill: and .Tames McVickar erected the first sawmill. 
The first school was taught by Ada Iligby. 

8 They settled in town soon after the suspension of the public 
works In 1842. 



* Named from the co. 

^'> Among the earliest settlers were John Barnes, Medad Dewey, 
Joel Jcnks, Matthew Potter, C. and J. Putnam, and Augustus 
Kent. 

" Presb., Bap., M. E., and R. C. 

12 This town, with that part of Lewis which was set off from 
it, forms the tract known aa " Inman's Triangle." 

18 Upon Sugar River is a beautiful cascade of about 60 feet 
fall in the space of 200 feet; and upon Black River, a little be- 
low Port Leyden. are a series of rapids, known aa " The Narrows,** 
where the banks are so contracted that a person can jump 
across the stream during the dry sesison. 

1* Among the first settlers were Wm. Topping. BelaButterfield, 
Brainard and David Miller, Hezekiab Talcott, Asa Lord, Wm. 

Bingham. Theo. Olmstead, Adams, Allen Auger, J. Hin- 

man, L. Hart, and Benj. Starr. The first birth was that of 
Jonathan Topping, in 1794: and the first death, that of Calvin 
Miller. March 22, 1797. The second mill in the co. Mfis built 
at Port Leyden, about 1800, by Ebcr Kelsey and I'etir W 
Aldlich. 



378 



LEWIS COUNTY. 



of the Triangle. A Cong, church was formed at a very early period, by Rev. Ely, and a 

Bap. church in 1798. There are now 6 churches in town.' 

I.O'WVII.LiE' — was formed from Mexico, (Oswego co.,) March 14, 1800, and a part of Harrie- 
burgh was taken off in 1803. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, a little N. of the center 
of the CO. Its w. border is about 400 feet above the river. Its surface is gently rolling. A wide 
intervale, the N. part of which is swampy, extends along the course of the river. The soil is a deep, 
fertile loam intermixed with disintegrated limestone.' A mineral spring is found near the N. 
border of the town. IiO^TVille, (p. v.,) incorp. under the act of 1847,* is situated near the s. 
border of the town. It contains 5 churches, an academy,^ 2 printing offices, and a bank. Pop. 908. 
West L.otTville, (p.o.,) in the w. part of the town, Stoivs Square, about 3 mi. n. of Low- 
ville, and Suiitlis Landing', on Black River, are hamlets. Settlement was commenced about 
1797, under Silas Stow, agent for N. Low, and the town was rapidly filled with immigrants from 
New England.* The first church (M. E.) was founded in 1804. There are now 6 churches in town.' 

MARTIWSBURGH'— was formed from Turin, Feb. 22, 1803, and a part of Turin was 
annexed in 1819. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, near the center of the co. It has an 
easterly inclination, its w. border being nearly 1000 feet above the river valley. Its surface is 
rolling, with a wide, level intervale bordering upon the river. The principal streams are Martins 
and Whetstone Creeks.' The soil is a deep, fertile loam, except along the river, where it is sandy. 
Near the head of Whetstone Gulf is a sulphur spring. Klartinsburgli (p. v.) is situated on 
Martins Creek, near the center of the town. It contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, and a news- 
paper office. Pop. 210. West Martinsburg'ta, (p. v.,) in the n. part of the town, has a pop. 
of 164. Glensdale, (p.o.,) in the s. e. part, is a hamlet of about 12 dwellings. Settlement 
was begun by Gen. Walter Martin, at Martinsburgh, in 1801.'° The first church (Presb.) was 
organized in 1804, by Rev. Elijah Norton. There are 7 churches in town." 

MOWTAGITE'^ (Mon-ta-gu')— was formed from West Turin, Nov. 14, 1850. It lies near the 
center of the w. border of the co. Its inclination is toward the N. w., and its elevation is 1200 to 
1600 ft. above tide. Its surface is generally rolling, but in some places it is broken and hilly. It 
is watered by numerous small streams, flowing into Deer River. The n. branch of Salmon River 
flows through the s. w. corner. Upon lot 22, in the n. w. part, is a sulphur spring. The soil is a 
moderately fertile, sandy and gravelly loam. Gardners Corners (Montague p. o.) is in the 
N. part of the town. Settlement commenced in 1846, under the agency of Diadate tease, agent 
of the Pierrepont estate. There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Bap. 

IVEW BREMEIV— was formed from Watson and Croghan, March 31, 1848. It lies upon 
the E. bank of Black River, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the w., but rolling, 
broken, and rocky in the E. It is watered by several tributaries of Black River, the largest of which 
is Beaver River, on the n. boundary. The E. part is sparsely settled. The soil is a light, sandy 
loam. Dayansville'' (New Bremen p. o.) is in the w. part of the town. Pop. 200. Settlement 
was commenced in 1798, by Samuel Illingworth and some French families." In the w. part is a 
settlement of Germans, and in the N. one of French. There are 4 churches in town.'" 

OSCEOLiA'" — was formed from West Turin, Feb. 28, 1844. It lies upon the high region in 



' 2 Cong., Bap., M. E., Calv. Meth., TJniv. 

* This town embraces No. 11 of the Eleven Towns. It was 
named from Nicholas Low, of N. Y., the early proprietor. 

8 In the Trenton limestone are veins of the siilphurets of lead 
and iron, intermixed with calcite and fluor spar. 

< The charter was contirmed Feb. 27, 1858. In 1852-53 active 
efforts were made to secure the location of the CO. seat in this 
village; and a fine brick building, now used as a town hall, was 
erected in anticip,ation of its removal. 

f> The Lowville Academy has from the first maint,iined a high 
rank. Its 50th anniversary was celebrated .July 22. 1858. 

* Among the early settlers were Jonathan Kogers. Ehud Ste- 
phens, Moses Waters, A. Wilcox. B. llillilian, Daniel Kelley, 
Isaac Perry, J. H. and S. Leonard. John Schull. Wm. Darrow, 
Jaa. Bailey, John Bush, A. F. and J. Snell, Bavid and Benj. Rice, 
and Ebenezer Hills. The first birth was that of Harriet Ste- 
phens. The first inn was kept by Capt. Rogers, and the first 
store by Fortunatus Eager. The first mill was built by D. Kelley, 

' 2 Bap., Cong., Friends, M. E., and Prot. E, 

8 This town embraces Township No, 4, or Cornelia, of the 
Boylston Tract, and Porcia and a part of Lucretia, of Constable's 
Towns. 

8 Martins Creek was formerly called "Poarivg Brook." At 
Chimney Point, near the center of the town, this stream has worn 
a channel through the shale and Utica slate, for 2 mi,, to the 



depth of 200 to 250 feet. This remarkable chasm above the 
" Chimney" is tortuous, with precipitous sides, and in many 
places is so narrow that the stream occupies the entire space 
between the ledges. Whetstone Gulf, upon Whetstone Creek, 
in the s. part of the town, is a similar ravine. 

^0 Among the first settlers were Elijah Baldwin. 5Irs. Richard 
Arthur and sons, Reuben Pitcher and sons, N. Cheney, Eli Ro- 
gers, Ehud Stephens, N. Alexander, Stephen Searls, Joseph 
Sheldon, ChiUus Doty, A, Conkey, D, Ashley, g. Gowdy, C, and 
D. Shumway, and J, and 0, Moore. W. Martin built 'the first 
mills, and in 1SU7 a paper mill. 

n 2 M. E., 2 Union. Bap., Presb., and Second Advent. 

12 This town embraces Township \o. 3, or Shak.«peare, of the 
Boylston Tract, It was named from the daughter of U. B. 
Pierrepont, the proprietor, 

t8 This place was laid out in 1826, by Charles Dayan, 

14 Several of the French company located at the head of navi« 
gation on Beaver River, where they designed to build a city. 
.\ sawroill was built, a half-dozen houses were erected, and the 
plHCe received the name of *%'astoi~fiUe." Jacob Obesier and 
Kodolph Tillier were engaged in this project. 

16 Bap.. M. B., Evan. Luth.. and R.C. 

1'' This town embraces Townships 13 and 8, or Ruraliella and 
llyl>la, of the Boylston Tract, It was named from the cele- 
brated Seminole cliief. 



LEWIS COUNTY. 



379 



the s. w corner of the co. Its general inclination is toward the s. w. Its surface is undulating, 
and the highest points are 1500 to 1600 ft. above tide. The streams are branches of Fish Creek 
and Salmon River. The soil is a moderately fertile, sandy loam. Nearly all the town is yet a 
wilderness. Osceola is a p. o. in the s. part. Settlement was commenced about 1838, by 
Seymour Green, agent for Pierrepont. There are 2 churches in town, M. E. and Ind. 

PIRICKKEY' — was formed from Ilarrisburgh and " Han-isoii," (now Rodman, Jefferson co.,) 
Feb. 12, 1808. It lies upon the highlands in the n. w. corner of the co., and has an average eleva- 
tion of 1300 ft. above tide. It forms the watershed between Deer River and Sandy Creek, the 
head branches of which constitute the principal streams. A series of swamps extend along the 
K. border. In the town are several mineral springs, one of which has acquired considerable local 
notoriety for its medicinal qualities. The soil is a light, slaty loam upon the hills, and a deep, 
black loam in the valleys. PincUney, Hfew Boston, Barnes Corners, and Crouks 
Corners are p. offices. Settlement was commenced in 1804, under Abel French, agent of Mr. 
Henderson.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810. There are now 4 churches in town.' 

TURINT — was formed from Mexico, (Oswego co.,) March 14, 1800. Martinsburgh was taken 
off in 1803, another portion was annexed to Martinsburgh in 1819, and West Turin was taken off 
in 1830. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, s. of the center of the co. Its w. boundary is 
800 to 1000 ft. above the river, giving to the town an easterly inclination. The surface is level, 
except near the w. border, where it ascends to the slate hills, and in the E., where it descends to the 
river intervale. The soil is generally a deep, fertile loam mixed with disintegrated slate and lime- 
stone. Turin, (p. v.,) situated in the s. part, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* 
Pop. 438. Houseville,^ (p. v.,) in the n part, has a pop. of 90. The first settlement was made 
about 1797, by Nathaniel Shaler, of Middletown, agent of Wm. Constable and part owner, and the 
town was rapidly settled by immigrants from New England.' The first church (Presb.) was 
organized Sept. 19, 1802, by Rev. John Taylor. There are 6 churches in town. 

WATSOar'— was formed from Leyden, March 30, 1821. "Brantingham" (now Greig) was 
taken off in 1828, Diana in 1830, a part of Croghan in 1841, and a part of New Bremen in 1848. 
It lies upon the E. bank of Black River, and extends from near the center of the co. to its E. border. 
Its surface is level or gently rolling in the w. part, but in the central and E. parts it is more hilly ana 
broken. It is watered by Beaver River, Independence Creek, and several smaller branches of 
Black River. " The central and E. parts are yet covered with unbroken forests ; and a large tract 
upon the extreme e. border constitutes a portion of the far famed "John Brown's Tract." In the 
recesses of these forests are numerous beautiful lakes that are scarcely known except to hunters. 
Chases Lake, on the s. border, is noted for its beautiful scenery and is much visited by tourists. 
The soil is light and sandy. Watson,^ (p. o.,) situated on Black River, in the w. part of the town, 
is a hamlet. The early settlers located along the river, and settlements were not made in the interior 
until about 1815.'° The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1820. There are 3 churches and 1 
church edifice (M.E.) in town." 

■WEST TIJRIIV— was formed from Turin, March 25, 1830. Osceola was taken off in 1844, 
Montague in 1850, and High Market and a part of Lewis in 1852. It lies upon the w. bank of 
Black River, s. of the center of the co. Its inclination is toward the E., its surface rising by suc- 
cessive terraces from the intervale of Black River to the hills 800 feet above. Its streams are 
Sugar River, which flows easterly through near the center of the town, and numerous smaller 
creeks and brooks. Lyons Falls, upon Black River, plunge over a ledge of gneiss rock 63 feet in 
height, at an angle of about 60°." These falls form an excellent water power but little used. 



' By the act organizing this town. Township No. 9. or ITandel. 
of the Eleven To^vnB. was annexed to Lewis co. The town was 
named in honor of Charles C. Pinckney, a statesman of S. C. 

* Among the early settlers were J. Penington, Phineas Wool- 
worth, N. E.Moody, Stephen Hart, James Ilnnt, and Stephen 
Armstrong. Frencii was succeeded in 1805 by Jesse Hopkins, 
and he by I. W. Bostwick, a few years after. Owing to its great 
elevation, the town is liable to deep snows, and, in consequence, 
it3 settlement was retarded until a recent date. Since the in- 
troduction of dairying, it haa become an important town for the 
jiroduction of the staple products of the county, — butter and 
cheese. 

3 The census reports 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Bap., and 
K.r. 

* There are 3 gristmills upon Mill Creek, near Turin, and a 
woolen factory 1 mi. below the village. 

^ ^auod from it« founder, Eleazar Uoase. 



• Among the early settlers were Enoch .Johnson. Zscchene 
and John Higby, Levi, Elijah, Justus, and Reuben Woolworth, 
Thos. Kilham, Ezra Clapp, C. Williston. Kleazar House. 7.. Hush, 
and W. and O. Shepherd. The first birth was that of Cynthia 
Clapp ; and the first marriage, that of Levi Collins and Marj 
Bush. 

' ;i M. E.. 2 Presb., and 0. S. Bap. 

8 Named from James Watson, of N. Y., former proprietor. 

8 Among the first settlers were Eliphalet Edmonds. Isaac ana 
Jaboz Puffer, Jonathan Bishop, David Durfy, Ozem Bush, J. 
Beach, and H. Stone. 

to A bridge was built across the river near this place in 182N 
It has recently been rebuilt at the joint expense of the State and 
town. 

" Bap., Seventh Day Bap., and M. E. 

12 Formerly called " High FuUs," The rock has been but 
slightly worn; but the iron which enters into its compositioa 



380 



LEWIS COUNTY. 



The soil is a deep, fertile loam upon the river valley, and a slaty loam upon the w. hills. Con- 
Stableville* (p. v.) is situated upon Sugar River, at the foot of the Slate Hills, near the center 
of the town. Pop. 472. Colllusville,^ (?•'''•!) in the e. part of the town, contains 2 churches 
and a population of about 200. Liyons Falls/ (p. o.,) on Black River, is a hamlet. The first 
settlement was made at Constableville, in 1796, by Nathaniel Shaler.* There are 9 churches in 
town.^ 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Slock, Arjriculiural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Lewis County. 



NAWRfl OP Towns. 


Acres OF Land. | 


ViLDiTlON OF 1868. 


PoPtlLATION. 1 


1 

•5- 

1 


1 
1 

300 
489 
227 
245 
243 
1.82 
226 
399 
421 
429 
118 
313 
110 
232 
349 
183 
462 






Schools. 


'2 

i 


1 

1 
1 


a 

1 


If 


*« 

e 


5 

1 


o 

702 

1,219 

fr»7 

MS 

679 

632 

657 

930 

1,096 

1,325 

269 

783 

262 

493 

907 

422 

1,183 


1 


^1 


il 




5.524 

21.9.61, 

6.747, 

4.S54 

12.4101 

7,718 

4.099 

13.670 

16.230 

22.024 

16.669 

8.030 

1,029 

11,266 

13,720 

4.705 

15.400 


100.361 

9,0974 

84.9634 

S1.4sli 

10.264 

28.966 

14,638 

6,937 

6,724 

20.718 

9,999 

25.6.S6J 

61.9924 

>■ 13,1504 

6.642 

I 8.546 

8,693 


$146,905 
483,101 

86,467 
164,088 
198,993 

66.822 

77.629 
361.466 
471,9.57 
461,768 

28.387 
140.504 

68.087 
170.113 
262.698 
113.013 
315.696 


$.i;i.6S9 

93,018 

2.068 

3.660 

22.600 

500 

4,900 

62,600 

150,626 

49,700 

200 

36,270 

200 

10,100 

30,460 

14,036 

74,600 


J199,494 
676.119 

88.625 
15S.248 
221,493 

67.322 

82.629 
404,066 
622,582 
601,4.58 

28,687 
175,774 

68.287 
180,213 
283.048 
127,048 
390.195 


829 

1,162 

630 

660 

661 

693 

600 

926 

1.048 

1.164 

312 

864 

261 

646 

841 

608 

1,295 


364 
490 
222 
241 
239 
181 
212 
369 
368 
462 
116 
306 
104 
123 
344 
173 
424 

4 707 


296 
430 
190 
192 
113 
189 
219 
277 
342 
393 
120 
300 
107 
207 
287 
186 
251 


11 
12 

9 

8 
11 

7 

8 
14 
12 
23 

7 
10 

6 
10 
12 

9 
10 


734 
899 
461 
468 
611 
600 
678 
707 
682 
1,053 
228 
693 
256 
560 
760 
381 
79S 


Deumark 




Ilarrisburgh 




Leydoa 


Martiusburgh 












West Turin 




Total 


184.540 


L 497.14.13 


3.677.173 


697.816 


4.174.988 


I9 8nn 


19 4-Tq 


4Q07 


4 098 


1T9 


10.358 








Names of Towns. 


LrrE Stock. | 


AOKICOLTUEAL PE0BCCT8. 


CTS. 


5" 

a 
11 

C2 


1 


III 
111 


i 


§■ 
« 


1 
354 
727 
227 
280 
484 
277 
182 
875 
807 
978 
61 
491 
131 
466 
803 
280 
931 


BasH. OP Graih. i 




11 

St. 


II 


Daisy Prodc 


1 


&> 

1 




0, S 


Croghan 

Denmark 


120 
648 
179 
223 
366 
163 
117 
446 
494 
712 

65 
177 

60 
323 
412 
164 
449 


680 

1,034 

401 

319 

rai 

608 
340 
790 
664 

1,167 
177 
625 
282 
610 
843 
382 

1.144 


26f 

2.16C 

38- 

42 

1,32( 

76 

60 

2.1& 

2,37 

2,42 

16 

64. 

16 

1,14 

1,78 

40 

2,05 


170 

1,791 

317 

188 
) 684 
i 458 
) 88 

1 944 
630 

r 1,365 
i 17 
i 403 
• 160 
S 8,S4 

4 667 

2 392 

5 1,038 


3.676 

1,257; 

148 

1,022 

141 
43 

2,209 

978 

31 

3,486 

40 

209 

487 

1,603 

38 


12,006 

44,673 

14,6424 

20,424 

28,14Si 

19,124i 

11,724 

62,1354 

3S,6la 

i 72,123 
8.092 

, 18,460 
7.349 
38,218 
46,373 
17,130 
68.719 


1.460 
6.487 

636 
1,1474 
4,084 
2,3534 
1,926 
5,566 
4,665 
6,0474 

4864 
1.386 

730 
4.1174 
4.403 
1,0364 
6,183 


14.363 
16.940 

9.638 
10,986 
11,029 
17,850 

8.011 
23.130 
13.047 
25.896 

7,699 
17,271 

4,829 
13,636 
11.694 

8.074 
29.069 


40 

8,671 

78 

236 

3,337 

36 

210 

7,600 

18.939 

16,088 

112 
183 

1.202 

11,013 

164 

4,391 


33.212 

183,849 

36,900 

41,240 

130,111 

64,761 

34,824 

178,566 

123,103 

164,966 

8,306 

68,437 

16,090 

109,480 

168,731 

43,030 

189,020 


237,796 

624 

60.60(1 

147.79S 
24.200 
6:'..40ll 
204.6(HI 
497..'.U 
332,327 

7,200 

67,180 
124,846 

26,600 
113,167 


259 
980 
839 
380 
681 1 

1.7964 
104 
7604 
759 

1.438 
437 
043 
163 

1,0654 
100 
718 

1.408 




Harrisbnrgh 

High Market 
























'I'otal 


6.097 


10..697 


19,16 


1 10.086 


8 3.6,1 


115,228? 1 606.7 49i 1 


61,802 


243,841 


72,198 


1,676,515 


1,896.741 


12,801} 

























has gradually dissolved, and the precipitous banks at and below 
tue tails are so colored by it that they seem tu have been painted 
by art : hence they are called the " Wctured Itocke.'' 

1 Rallied Irom \\ m. Cunstaljle, son of the original proprietor. 

3 Named from Homer Collins. 

^ s amed from Caleb Lyon, lirst resident agent and proprietor 
of iLe Urautiugham Tract. 



* Among the early settlers were Jas. and Seth Miller, E, Cro- 
foi)t. W. Hubbard. John Ives, Levi Hough. H. Scrautoo, AVil- 
iiird Allen. Horatio G. Hough, J. Kockwell, aud Jonathan Col- 
lius. Kx Bishop L. S. Ives is a son of Levi Ives, formerly of 
this town. 

& 3 Union, 3 R. C, 2 M. E., and Prot. E. 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY, 




This county was formed from Genesee and Ontario, Feb. 23, 1B21. 
A portion of Allegany was annexed in 1846, and aaother portion 
in 1856. It occupies a nearly central position in the w. half of the 
State. It is centrally distant 205 mi. from Albany, and contains 
655 sq. mi. Its surface is an upland, rolling in the N. and hilly in 
the s. The hills upon the s. border are 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above the 
valleys and 2,000 to 2,200 ft. above tide. From their summits the 
surface declines toward the n., the extreme n. border being 500 to 
to 800 ft. above tide. The slopes are usually smooth and gradual, 
except along the banks of the streams ; and nearly every acre of 
land in the co. is arable. 

The streams generally flow in deep ravines. They are usually 
bordered by steep, and sometimes precipitous, hillsides. The principal stream is Genesee Kiver, 
flowing N. E. through the w. part of the co. In the s. its course is between steep and often precipi- 
tous banks, but further N. it is bordered by broad and beautiful intervales.' Its tributaries are Cone- 
Bus Creek, Fall Brook, and Canaseraga Creek, from the E., and Beards, White, and several other 
small creeks, from the w. Coshaqua Creek is a tributary of the Canaseraga. Hemlock and 
Honeoye Outlets flow along the e. border, and a few tributaries of the Susquehanna take their rise 
in the s. part. Conesus Lake, near the center, and Hemlock Lake, along the e. border, occupying 
long, narrow valleys, are the only considerable bodies of water. 

The underlying rocks, commencing upon the N. border, are the waterlime of the Onondaga salt 
group, the Onondaga and corniferous limestones, Marcellus and Hamilton shales, Genesee slate, and 
Portage shales and sandstones. The limestones of the N. are extensively quarried for lime and 
building stone ; and the sandstones of the Portage group furnish excellent building stone and flag- 
ging. The soil, derived from the disintegration of these rocks, in all the elements of fertility has no 
superior in the State. Until the commencement of the ravages of the midge, wheat was the staple 
production ; but it has been principally superseded by the spring grains. Broomcorn is largely 
cultivated along the Genesee Flats ; and considerable attention is paid to cattle and sheep growing 
and dairying in the s. part. 

The county seat is located at the village of Geneseo. The courthouse is beautifully situated 
upon a fine lot in the n. part of the village.' The jail, in the rear of the courthouse, is an old 
building, without means of ventilation, and it is impossible properly to classify the prisoners. The 
clerk's office is a small fireproof building upon the courthouse lot. The co. poorhouse is located 
upon a farm of 118 acres about 1 mi. E. of Geneseo. Its average number of inmates is 107, suj>- 
ported at a weekly expense of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of §2,000. A school id 
taught 9 or 10 months in the year. The house is well constructed and is very well kept. 

The Genesee Valley Canal extends along the valley of the Genesee from the n. bounds of the co. 
to Mt. Morris ; thence it turns s. E. to Coshaqua Creek and up the valley of that stream to Nunda, 
and thence s.w. to the Genesee at Portage, where it crosses the river upon a wood aqueduct sup- 
ported by stone piers. The Dansville Branch Canal extends from Mt. Morris s. E. to Dansville.' 
The Canandaigua & Niagara Bridge Branch of the N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Cale- 
donia. The Bufialo & N. Y. City R. R. extends s. e. through Portage and Nunda. The Bufi"alc, 
New York & Erie R. R. extends s. e. through Caledonia, Avon, Livonia, Conesus, and Springwater. 
The Genesee Valley R. R. extends s. through Avon, Geneseo, and Groveland to Mt. Morris. 
Five newspapers — one daily, three weekly, and one monthly — are now published in the co.* 



1 The Genesee is subject to an annual overflow, the w^ter 
often covering the entire flats which border opon it. This fre- 
quently causes destruction of property; but it is a source of con- 
stant fertility to the soil. 

* The first CO. officers were Moses Ilayden, first Jtidge : Jamea 
Oanson, County Clerk; OideOQ T. Jenkins, Sfieriff; and James 
Rosebur^h, Surrogate. 

* 1*he liighest levd of the Genesee Valley Canal within this 
CO. is 622 feet above the Erie Canal at Rochester and 1,132 feet 
above tide. 

* TJte Jirisrow Advertiser and Genesee Farmer, the fii-st paper 

published in the Co.. was commenced at Moscow in 1S17 
bv llezeluah Ripley. About 1821 it passed into the 



bands of Jamee Percival, who removed it to Qeoeseo 
and changed the name to 

The Livingston Rfgister. In 1829 Anson M. Weed and Allen 
Warner became proprietors: and it was successively 
published by Warner, Percival, EUas Clark, Wm. fl. 
Kelsey, and Richard M. Miel. In 1835 Miel became sole 
proprietor. He was soon after succeeded by D. S. Curtis. 
In 18.37 its publication was suspended. It was soon 
after revived, and published for a short time by HuglL 
Harding. He was succeeded by John Kempshall, who 
published it until 1840, when it was discontinned. 

The Livinqslon Journal was commenced at Geneseo in 1822 by 
Chauncey Morse. Asahel Harvey was subsequently 

381 



382 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 



Before the advent of the -vrhitep, this co. -was the seat of several of the principal villages of the 
Seneca Nation. Considerable advances had been made in the arts of civilization, and a large 
quantity of land had been cleared and was cultivated. Corn, apples, and peaches vrere extensively 
produced. The orchards were destroyed, and the whole region was laid waste, by Gen. Sullivan, 
in 1779. The co. was included in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, and in the Morris Reserve.* 
The latter tract was subdivided into several tracts, generally distinguished as separate patents. 

In Sept. 1797, a treaty was held with the Indians at Geneseo, at which they ceded all their 
lands in this co. to the whites, except several small reservations.^ The first settlements were made 
about 1790, previous to the extinguishment of the Indian title. The most prominent of the early 
settlers M'ere James and "Wm, Wadsworth, from Durham, Conn., who located at Geneseo, June 10, 
1790. They were large landowners, and by a wise and liberal policy they greatly facilitated the 
settlement of the surrounding region. The greater part of the early settlers were immigrants from 
New England. York and Caledonia were settled principally by a colony of Scotch. 

AVOIV — was formed, as " Sartford" in Jan. 1789. Its name was changed in 1808. Rush was 
taken off in 1818. It is the center town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling and 
moderately hilly upland, terminating in fiats on Genesee River, Deming Hill, on Lot 192, is 
the highest point in town. The principal stream is Conesus Creek, or Outlet, a tributary of 
Genesee River. The soil upon the uplands is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay, 
and on the flats, a deep, rich alluvium. Avon, (p. v.,) in the w. part, a sta.tion on the G. V., and 
B., N. Y. & E. R. R's., celebrated for its medicinal springs,^ was incorp. June 13, 1853. It contains 
3 churches, 5 large hotels, and 879 inhabitants. East Avon, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 
2 churches and about 35 houses. South Avon, (p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 9 houses. 
Ijittleville, IJ mi. s. of Avon, contains a church, gristmill, furnace, and 23 houses. The first 



assnciated with him. In 1829 Levi Hovey became pro- 
prietor; and it was successively publielied by Benj. 
Dennison. H. F. Evans, Evans & Woodruff, and Wm. J. 
Ticknor. Its publication was suspended in 1^34 or "35. 
In the ftU of 1S35 the establisliment was purchased by 
David Mitchell and W. H, Kelsey, who revived the 
paper under the name of 
The Livivqatnn Democrat. It was continued until 1R.17, when 
its publication was suspended. In the fall of that year 
S. P. Allen became proprietor of the press, and revived 
the pnper under the name of 
The Livingston Republican. In Sept. 1846. it 
passed into the hands of John M. Campbell; and was 
successively published by Joseph Kershner and Chas. 
E. Bronson. In 1849 James T. Norton became pro- 
prietor, and is its present publisher. 
The DansviUp Chronicle was commenced in 1S30 by David Mitch- 
ell and Benj. Dennison. Deunison soon retired, and its 
name was changed to 

rhe. Village Record; it was soon after discontinued. 

The Wc^ittm New Yorker was published at Dansville a short 
time in 18 — by A. Stevens & Son. It was succeeded by 

The Dansville Wln'r/. published by Geo. W. Stevens. Chas. W. 
Dibble was the publisher about 1 year, when it again 
passed into the hands of Stevens, who in 1848 changed 
the name to 

The Dansville Courier. In 1849 or '50 it passed into the hands 
of H. D. Smead. who chanp;ed it to 

Tfu: Dansville Democrat. It subsequently passed into the hands 
of Gen. A. Sanders, who removed it to Geneseo and 
changed the name to The Geneseo Democrat, which 
was discontinued in 1859. 

Tfit Livinijston Sentinel was commenced by Col. H. C. Page in 
1S57. and published until 1860, when it was discon- 
tinued. 

The Livingston Courier was commenced at Geneseo in 1831 by 
C. Dennison. InlS32 it passed into the hands of Henry 
P. Evans, and was discontinued in 1833 or '34. 

The Livingston Courier waa published at Geneseo in 1832 by A. 
Bennett. 

The Mount Morris Spectator was commenced in 1834 by Hugh 
Harding. In 1848 he united it with The Livingston 
County Whig and changed its name to 

The lilTln^ston Union, under which title it is still 
published by Hugh Harding. 

The Dansville Times was published in 1R35 by D. C. Mitchell.' 

The Nunda Gazette WAS started in 1841 by Ira G. Wisner. It 
wa*! continued about 1 year, when it was removed to 
Mount Morris and its name changed to 

The Genesee Valley Recorder. It was discontinued about 1843. 

The Dansr-Uk Republican was published in 1X42 by David Fair- 
child. 

The Liinnaston Onint]/ Wltigvas started at Mount Morris in 
l'^43 by Geo. B. Phelps. It subsequently passed into 
the hands of James T. Norton, nnd in ls4S waa sold to 
Hugh Iliirdinjr, who united it with The Movint Morris 
Specta-tor. 

Vhe Geneseo Deitwcrat was started at Geneseo in 1843 by Gilbert 



F. Shankland. It was removed to Nunda in 1S47, and 
in 1H48 to Ellicottville, Cattaraugus co. 

The Livivqston Express, semi-mo., was published at Mount Mor- 
ris in 1843 by J. G. Wisner. 

The Mount Morris Daily Whig vtusi issued from the office of 
The Livingston County Whig in June, 1846, and dis- 
continued in August following. 

The Cuylervilk TAegraph was started at Cuylerville in IS47 by 
Fi-anklin Cowdery. In 1848 it passed into the hands of 
Peter Lawrence, who soon after removed it. 

The Dansville Chronicle was started in June, 184S, by Richard- 
son & Co.. and was discontinued in 1851. 

The Nunda Democrat was started at Nunda in IS48 by Milo D. 
Chamberlain. It was soon discontinued. 

7'he Fountuin. mo., was started at Dansville in 1849 by J. R. 
Trembly, and continued about 2 years. 

The Dansville Daily Sentinel was commenced in 1859. and pub- 
lished until 1860, when it was discontinued ; Col. U. C. 
Page, editor; W. J. La Kue, publisher. 

The Nttnda Telegraph was started in 1850 by Chas. Atwond. It 
was continued about 1 year. 

The Nunda Tim.es wa.g started in Jan. 1852, by N. T. HacliFtaff. 
In July following the office was burned and the paper 
discontinued. 

The Lima Weekly Viidtor was started at Lima in 1853 by A. H. 
Tilton and M. C. Miller. It was subsequently published 
I)y Raymond &. Graham and by S. M. Raymond, who 
changed its name to 

The Genesee Valley Gazette. It was discontinued nbout IS.'iO. 

The New Era was commenced at Hunts Hollow in 18.M by 
David B. and Merritt Galley, boys, respectively 15 and 
17 years of age. In 1855 it waa removed to Nunda and 
its name changed to 

The Young America. It was discontinued in about 1 year. 

Tlie Ijetter Box, mo., started at Glen Haven, Cayuga co., 
in 1857, by J. M. Jackson and Miss II. N. Austin, waa 
removed to Dansville in 1858, and is now published by 
M. W. Simons. 

The Dansville Herald was commenced in 1849. and is 
continued at this date; G. A. Sanders, pul'lisher. 

The Valley City Register was commenced at Dansville in 1859 
by W. J. La Rue. Discontinued in 1S60. 

1 The w. boundary of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase waea 
line extending due n. from the Penn. line to the junction of 
Genesee River and Canaseraga Creek, and thence northerly 
along Genesee River to the N. bounds of the co. 

2 The Indian Keservatione within the limits of the co. were: 
Cannawagrus. containing 2 sq. mi. on the w. bank ofG^nesi-a 
River, w. of Avon ; Little Beards Town and Big Tree, containing 
4 sq. mi. on the w. bank of the Genesee, opposite (ifneseo; 
Squakie Hill, containing 2sq. mi. on the w. bank of the Genesee, 
N. of flit. Morris; and the Gardeau Reservation, of 2S aq. mi., 
lying one-half in this co.. s. of Mt. Morris. See p. 711. The 
Indian titles to these lands have all since been extinguished. 

8 These springs— two in number, and about one-fourth of a 
mile apart — are located about I mi S. w. of the vina;;e. The 
lower spring discharges about 54 gallons of water per minnto. 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 



383 



eettlement was made in 1785.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1795 ; Rev. Daniel 
Thatcher was the first preacher. There are 6 churches in town.* 

CAIjEOOIVIA — was formed, as ''Southampton,^^ March 30, 1802. Its name was changed 
April 4, 1806. A part of York was taken ofi" in 1819. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. 
The surface is level or gently undulating, and a considerable portion of it is stony. Genesee 
River furms the e. boundary. Caledonia Spring, in the n, part, covers an area of about 2 acres; 
and the outlet forms a good water-power, a few rods n. of the spring. The soil is a clay loam, under- 
laid by limestone.' In the s. part is a valuable quarry of limestone, yielding excellent lime and a 
fine quality of building 8t^)ne. Caledonia^ (p- V-O in the N. part, a station on the B., N. Y. Sc 
E. R. R. and C. & N. B. Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., contains 3 churches, a grist and saw mill, a 

brewery, and 623 inhabitants. The first settlement was made about 1797, by Peterson, a 

r>ane, and Brooks, an Englishman.* The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1805; and 

the first settled preacher, Rev. Alexander Denoon, was installed Aug. 17, 1808.^ 

COIVESCS — was formed from Livonia and Groveland, as ^^Freeport" April 12, 1819. Its 
name was changed to "Browersville," March 26, 1825, and to Conesus, April 15, 1825. It is the 
central town upon the e. border of the co. Hemlock Lake forms the e. and Conesus Lake a part 
of the w. boundary. Its surface is hilly. The Marrowback Hills in the e. part, w. of Hemlock 
Lake, rise to about 1,200 feet above it. A deep valley extends s. e. from near the center into 
Springwater, through which the B., N. Y., & E. R. R. passes. The principal stream is Mill 
Creek. The soil is generally a clay loam. ConeNtis Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a 
gi'ist and saw mill, and about 40 houses. Couesus (p. o.) is a r. r. station. Foots Corners 
and Union Corners are hamlets. Settlement was commenced at the head of Conesus Lake, in 
1794 or '95, by James Henderson, from Penn.* The first church (Meth.) was organized in 1814.' 

GEIVESEO — was formed in Jan. 1789. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. 
Its surface is undulating, with an abrupt declivity of 200 to 300 feet toward the river, on the w. 
Genesee River, forming its w. boundary, is bordered by fertile flats of an average width of about 
half a mi. The other principal streams are Fall Creek, and several small brooks that flow w. into 
the river and e, into Conesus Lake. On Fall Creek, s. of the village, is a perpendicular fall of 
70 feet. The soil is clay and clay loam. Geneseo,^ (p-"^-0 a station on the G. V. R. R., was 
incorp. April 21, 1832; it contains the co. buildings, 5 churches, the Geneseo Academy,^ 2 banks, 
a library, gristmill, furnace, and machine shop, and about 2,000 inhabitants. Settlement was com- 
menced by Lem'l B. Jenkins and Capt. Noble, about 1788 or '89. near the village.'" The first 
church organization is supposed to have been in 1795, in the n. e. part of the town, near Lakeville." 

GROVEL.AWD— was formed Jan. 27, 1789. A part of Conesus was taken ofi* in 1819, and a 
part of Sparta in 1856. It lies near the center of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly. In the w. 



The qiinntily of water from both springs continues about the 
(iam<' durinp; the year. Several Iare;e hotels have been erected 
for the accommodation of visitors, large nurahers of whom visit 
the ppriiiga annually. The foUowins is the analysis of a wine 
gallon of water from each of the springs : — 
Loiver ^ring. 

GraiDB, 

Carbonate of lime 29.33 

Chloride of calcium 8.41 

Sulphate of lime 67.44 

Sulphr\te of masnesia 49.61 

Sulphate of eoda 13.73 

Amount of solid contents 158.52 

Cubic fitches, 

Sulphvirotted hydrogen 10.02 

Nitrogen 5.42 

Oxygen 66 

tT:]^[Kr or New BaUi spring. 

Grains. 

Carbonate of lime. 26.06 

Chloride of sodium 5.68 

Sulphate of lime 3.52 

Sulpliate of maKnesia. 8.08 

Sulphate of soda- 38.72 



Amount of solid contents _. 82.96 

Sulphuretted hydrogen 31.28 

' Among the early settlers were Gilbert R. Berry, at the river, 
w. of Avon Village, and Timothy Ilosmer, at Littleville, Capt. 

Thompson, and Rice, in I'SO. (Jillirrt R. Rerry kept the 

first inn. and established the first fm y iieri^sg Genesee River, in 
17S9. Thefirst .sawmill was built by Tininthy Ilosmer, at Little- 
nlle. in 1790, and the first gristmill by the Wndsworths. in 1792. 
The first school waa kept by Pedie Joiner, at Avon, in 17U2. 



5 2 M. E., Prot. E., Rap., Presb.. and R. C. 

8 Refore the ravages of the wheat midgecommenced, this waa 
one of the best wheat growing towns in the State. 

■* David Fuller settled near the Spring, in 1798; and in that year 
and 1709 John MoLari>n. Peter Campbell. Alex. McDonald, John 
Cameron, and Jotin and Donald McVean. from Scotland, settled in 
town. Hines Chambprlain was an early settler. The fi rst deiith 
w.Ts that of John McLaren, in 18(X); and the first maniitge. that 
of nines Chamberlain and Widow McLaren. The first inn was 

kept by Peterson; David Fuller kept an inn in 1798. The 

first store wa.s kept by Alex. McDonald, in 1799. The first mill 
was built by the Pulteney Land Company, at the Spring, in 1801- 
02: and the first woolen factory, by Donald McKenzie, in 1822. 
The first school was taught near tho Spring, by Jeannette Mc- 
Donald, in 1804. 

6 The census reports 3 rhurches; M. E.. Presb.. and Ref. Pi-esb, 
« Hector McKay settled in 1798. Harvey May in 18'!H, Dnven 

port Alger in 180S, Jas. Steol and Wait A'rnold in isli), Thonmi 
Young in ISll, and Andrew Arnold in 181(-. Thefirst store wsa 
kept by A.&G. Arnold, at the center, in 1818. The first sawmilS 
was built in 1S03 or '04, on Mill Creek, near the center; and tlu 
first woolen factory in 1819, by Hosea Gilbert. 

^ There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Univ. 

8 Originally called "Big Tret,''' from an immense elm tree thai 
stood on the banks of the river near the villa^'e. 

* This institution is located on Temple Hill, in the e. part of 
the villa'ie. Tlic buildings were erected in IS'26. James Wads- 
worth was principally instrumenfcil in starting the schooL U 
is under the control nf the RufFalo Synod. 

10 Wm. and James Wadsworth settled in town in 1700. They 
came from Durham. Conn., with a small party, ami lociit* d nit 
the present sitn of the village. Richard Steele kept tho fiist inn. 
in 17'.i3, and llall & Mini;r the first store, in 1794. 

" The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Presb., M. E., Prot. E., and 
R. C. 



384 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 



part are extensive flats, occupying about one-fourth of the area of the town. The principal streams 
are Canaseraga and Coshaqua Creeks, which empty into Genesee River near the n. w. corner of the 
town. The soil upon the upland is clay loam, and upon the flats a rich alluvium. Oroveland 
Corners, (Groveland p. o.,) e. of the center, contains 1 church and 14 houses. Hunts Cor- 
ners^ (East Groveland p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 1 church and 9 houses. Oroveland 
Center is a p. o. in the n. w. part. The first settlement was made by Charles Williamson, agent 
for the Pulteney Estate, in 1792.^ In that year he built several houses in the n. w. corner of the 
town, and there located a small colony of Germans, and called the settlement ^^ Williamshurgh,'^ 
This colony soon after left, and the entire village disappeared. In the s. w. part, at the junction 
of the Dansville Branch with the G.V. Canal, is a Shaker settlement, numbering 120 persons. 
They own a tract of 2,000 acres. There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Presb. 

liEICESTER^— was formed, as ''Leister,'' March 30, 1802. Its name was changed Feb. 9, 
1805. Mount Morris was taken off in 1813, and a part of York in 1819. It is the center town on 
the w. border of the co. The surface is undulating, with extensive flats in the e. It is drained 
by Genesee River, which forms its e. and s. boundaries, and by Beards Creek^ and its tributaries. 
The soil is a sandy and clayey loam on the upland, and a rich alluvium on the flats. Squakie Hill 
and Big Tree Reservations were within the limits of this town. JWosco^T, (p-"^") iiear the cen- 
ter, incorp. about 1850, contains 3 churches and 320 inhabitants. Cuylerville, (p. v.,) in the 
E. part, incorp. in 1848, contains a church, a distillery, and 354 inhabitants; Gibsonville, (p. v.,) 
in the s. w. part, a paper mill, sawmill, and 16 houses. Ebenezer Allen was the first settler, soon 
after the close of the Revolution, but left soon after. The first permanent settlement was com- 
menced by Horatio and John II. Jones, in 1789.* The census reports 4 churches in town.^ 

LiI]>IA — was formed, as ''Charleston,'* Jan. 27, 1789. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. It 
is the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is undulating and hilly. It is drained chiefly by 
Honeoye Creek, which forms the e. boundary. Tlie soil in the s. e. is clay and clay loam, and in 

the N. w. sandy and gravelly loam, liima^ {p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. , . It 

contains 4 churches, the Genesee "Wesleyan Seminary, Genesee College,® and about 1,200 inhabitants. 
Soutll L.iiua, (p. V.,)— Hamiltons Station, on the B. N. Y. & E. R. R.,— in the s. w. corner, con- 
tains 13 houses. Settlement was commenced by Paul Davidson and Jonathan Gould, from Penn., 
in 1788.'^ The first religious society (Presb.) was organized Oct. 1, 1795, by Rev. Daniel Thatcher.^ 

lilVOWIA— was formed from " Pittstoiim,'' (now Richmond, Ontario co.,) Feb. 12, 1808. A 
part of Concsus was taken off in 1819. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. The 
surface in tJie s. part is moderately hilly, and in the n. undulating, Conesus and Hemlock Lakes 
lie partly within the town. Their outlets, and that of Canadice Lake, are the principal streams. 
The soil in the valleys is a clay loam, and on the uplands a sandy and gravelly loam. Livonia. 
Center, (Livonia p. o.,) a r. r. station, contains 2 churches and 408 inhabitants ; Livonia Sta* 
tion, (p.v.,) 1§ mi. w., on theB., N. Y. &E. R. R., a manufactory of agricultural implements, and 
31 houses; South Lii'onia (p.v.) 1 church and 13 houses; Hemlock Lake, (p. v.,) in the 
S.E., 2 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, and 319 inhabitants; and Lakeville, (p.v.,) at the 
foot of Conesus Lake, 4 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and 28 houses. The first settlement was 



1 Amonp the parly eettlers were Wm. Ewens, Wm. Ix-mon, 
John Ewart, and W. Il.irria. The first school was taught !it 
'■•WiJUamifhurfih:' by Pam'l Morphy. about 1793, Tho first mill 
was built by Chaa. Scholl, for Chaa. Williamson, on Lot 58. in 
1797 ; the first inn was kept in ■' WilUamslmrgh.^^ by Vfm. Ijemon, 
in 1795: and the first store, in the same place, by Alexander 
McDonald, in 1795 or '96. 

2 Named from Leicester Phelps, son of Judge OliTer Phelps. 

3 Named from Little Beard, an Indian chief, whose principal 
Tillage. Little Beards Town, was situated on the present site of 
Cuyrerville. Little Beard was one of tho worst specimens of his 
race. He was chiefly instrumental in the horrid torture of Lieut. 
Boyd in 1799. In a drunken row, in which both Indians and 
whites were engaged, at Stimson's tavern, in Leice^er. he was 
pushed out of the door, and, falling from the steps, received a 
fatal injury. 

^ Amonp the other early settlers were Elijah Hunt, Alexander 
Ewing. and Maj. Wm. Lemon. Jellis, Thomas, and Wm. Clute. 
from Schenectady, were also early settlers. The first child 
born was James Jones, May 5, 1791 ; and the first death, that of 
Mrs. Horatio Jones, in June, 1792. The first inn was kept by 
Leonard Stimson, in 1797. He also opened the first store, sixm 
after. The first sawmill was bnilt by Ebenezer Allen, at Gih- 
pouville, in 1792; and the first gristmill, by Oliver L. Phelps, 
near Moscow, in 1799. 

& Presb.. M. E.. Bap.. Ref. Presb. 

' These institutions are located on a beautiful eminence in the 



N. W. part of the village. The seminarj' was founded in 1830 by 
the Genesee Conference of tho M. E. Church. It was opened for 
pupils in 1832. The first building, erected at a cost of $20,000, 
was destroyed by fire In May, 1842. The present building waa 
immediately erected of brick, at a cost of about $24,000. It has 
a main s. front of 136 feet, with an E. and w. front, by wings ex- 
tending back each 96 feet. Between these wintjs is a paved 
court. A farm of 70 acres is attached to tlie institution. This 
seminary has sent out more students than any other institution 
in Western New York. The college was founded in 1849, has — 
professorships, and is under the general snpervision of the Gene- 
see and East Genesee Conferences of the M. E. Church. 

7 Abner Miles, from Mass.. settled in 1789; John Miner and 
Asahel Burchard in 1790; Steven Tinker and Solomon Hovey, 
from Mass., in 1791 ; and Col. Thomas Lee. Willard and Amasa 
Humphrey, Reuben and Gideon Thayer, Col. David Morgan, and 
Zebulon, Moses, Asahel, William, and Daniel H. Warner, from 
Mass., previous to 1795. The first marriage was that of Simeon 
Gray and Patty Alger, in 1793; the first death, that of Mrs. 
Abbott, mother of Mrs. Paul Davidson, in 1791. John Sabin 
taught the first school, in 1792 and '93. Reuben Thayer kept the 
first inn, in 1793. and Tryon k Adams the first store, in 1794. 
The first sawmill was built hy Reuben Thayer, in 1796; and 
Zebulon Norton built the first gristmill, in 1794. 

8 The census reports 6 churches in town; M. E., Presb,, Bap.. 
Univ., Christian, and R. C. 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 



3S5 



made by Solomon Woodruff, from Conn., on Lot 32, in 1792.^ There are 10 cliurclies in 
town.^ 

MOITWT MORRIS'— -was formed from Leicester, April 17, 1818. It lies on the w.borderof 
the CO., s. of the center. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly. It is drained by Genesee River, 
which forms its n. and w. boundaries, Coshaqua Creek, which flows through the s.e. corner, and 
Beveral small streams, its tributaries. The soil is a clay loam. A part of the Gardeau Reservation 
was in the s. w. part of this town. Iflount Morris,* (p. v.,) in the n. part, was incorp. May 2, 
1835. It is on the G. V. Canal, and is the southern terminus of the G. V. R. R. It contains 5 
churches, 2 furnaces, a printing office, bank, machine shop, 3 flouring mills, a sawmill, paper mill, 
and 1,851 inhabitants. Tuscai'Ora, (p.v.,) in the s.e. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 
192 inhabitants ; Brooks Grove,^ (p. v.,) in the s. part, a church and 16 houses; Ridge (p. v.) 
a church and 13 houses. River Road (River Road Forks p.o.) is a hamlet. Ebeuezer Allen 
commenced settlement, in 1784 or '85.® The census reports 9 churches in town.' 

IVORTH DAlVSTILiIiES— was formed from Sparta, Feb. 27, 1846. A part of Sparta was an- 
nexed in 1849. It lies on the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the highest 
summits being 600 to 800 feet above the valleys. The hills are generally arable, Canaseraga' 
Creek flows through the N. w. part, and Mill Creek through the s. The soil upon the hills is a 
clayey and gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy loam. In town are valuable quarries of build- 
ing and flagging stone. DansTllle, (p. v.,) w. of the center, Was incorp. May 7, 1845. It is the 
terminus of the Dansville Branch of the G. V. Canal. It contains 9 churches, the Dansville Semi- 
nary,*^ 2 printing offices, a bank, a water cure, 5 flouring mills, 3 paper mills, 2 furnaces, a plaster 
mill, machine shop, pail factory, sash and blind factory, distillery, 2 tanneries, and 5 breweries. Pop. 
2,879. ConimonsTilie, in the n.w. part, contains a sawmill, furnace, and about 25 houses. 
Settlement was commenced at Dansville Village, by Amariah Hammond and Cornelius McCoy, from 
Penn., in 1795. David and Jaa. McCurdy, step-sons of McCoy, came at the same time." The first reli- 
gious services were held by Rev. Andrew Grey, in 1798. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1800.*- 

WUA^DA — was formed from Angelica, (Allegany co.,) March 11, 1808. Portage was taken 
off in 1827. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the highest 
summit, near the center, being about 1,200 feet above the canal at Nunda Village. The principal 
stream is Coshaqua Creek, which flows through the N. w. part. The soil is a sandy loam, inter- 
mixed with gravel and clay. On Lot 53, stone is quarried for building purposes. A small spring 
on the same lot emits gas. JVunda, (p. v.,) in the w, part, on the G. V. Canal, was incorp. April 
2G, 1839. It contains 6 churches, the Nunda Literary Institute,*^ a gristmill, sawmill, furnace, 
machine shop, and tannery. Pop. 1,125. IVunda Station, (p. v.,) on tlie B. & N Y. C. R. 
R., in the s. w. part, contains about 20 houses ; Coopert-tville, in the n. part, a gristmill and 
about 20 houses. £ast Hill^ in the s.e. part, is a p.o. The first settlement was commenced 
near the village, by Phineas Bates and Beela Elderkin, in 1806.^* The first church (Bap.) was 
formed in 1819; Elder Samuel Messenger was the first preacher^^. 

* Can-Eme-ra-ga, an Indian name sijnifymg "amont_ the slip- 
pery elms." 

10 This institntion was started in the sprine of 1S5S. The 
building and grounds cost $12,000 to $16,000. It is under the 
supervision of the M. E. denomination. 

n Among the other early settlers were Daniel P.. Samuel, and 
James Faulkner. Nathaniel and William Porter, from Penn.. in 
179ti ; Jacob Welsh. Jacob Martz, and his son Conrad; deorg*' 
Shirey, and Frederick Barnhart, fi-om Penn., in 1798. William 
Phenix, Jas. Logan, David Scholl, and John VaTidevcntcr. were 
also early settlers. The fJrst marriage was that of William 
McCartney and Mary McCurdy. Thos. McLain taught the fir^t 
school, in 170S or "991 ^^amuel Faulkner kept the tir.^t iTin, in 
1790; Daniel P. Faulkner, the first store. In 1797 and '9.S; David 
Pcholl erected the flre^t eau-mill, in 175i5, and the flrst gristmill, 
in 1796. Mr. SchoU was Charles Williamson's millwright, and 
built the mills for the I'ulteney Estate. 

12 There are 9 churches in town; 2 Presb., 2 R. C. Prot. E., 
M. K., Bap., Kvang. Luth.. and Germ. Evang, Kef. 

13 Opened in 1844. The building was burned in June, 
1S59. 

n Among the other early settlers were David Corey and 
bi-other, Peleg and Reuben Sweet, Abnor Tultle, Gideon Powell, 
Wm. P. Wilc'ix. John II. Townser. and James Paine. Th(' tirst 
inn waa kept at the village, by Alanson. Hubbell, in 1S20, and 
the tirst store by Wm. P. Wilcox, near tJie center. Willous^hby 
Lovdll built tho first Hawmill. in 181S, and San\uel Swain and 
Lindi»ey Joslyn the first gristmill, In 1828. 

ifi There nri* 7 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap^ Proab., HI. 
E., Prot. E., Univ., and K. C. 



1 Among the other early settlers were Higby and Peter 

Briggs, in 1794. Philip Short, in 1796. David Benton, in 1798, and 
Geo. Smith, Je»e Blake, Nathan Woodruil. Smith Henry, and 
Thomas Grant, mostly from Conn., and all of whom came in 
previous to ISOO. The first child born was Philip Woodruff, Feb. 

19, 1794; the first death, that of a child of Higby. in 1797. 

Dorias Perk taught the first school, in 1798 and '99; Solomon 
Woodruff kept the first inn, in 1794 ; Isaac Bishop the first store, 

in 1803 or '04. The first sawmill was built by Higby, in 

i79o; and the first gristmill, by Thomas Van Fossen, in 1799. 

2 3 Bap.. 2 M. E., 2 Presb.. Christian, Univ., and H. C. 
» Named from llnbert Morris. 
♦Formerly called *'^/V/i,< JT'TZ." from Ebenezcr Allen, the 

first settler. Col. John Trumbull, of Kevulutionary memory, 
at one time contemplated making it his pluce of residence. Hft 
planted an orchard, selected a site, and made some preparations 
for building. He changiKl the name to "Jii^hmmtd Hill'^ 
When he abandoned the idea of settling here, the place received 
its present name. 

& Named from General Micah Brooks, one of the purchasers of 
'he Gardeau Reservation, and who settled at this place. 

* Among the eiirly settlers were Benj. W. Rogers, Isaac Bron- 
ion.Gen. Slills. and Jesse Stanley, from Conn. The first store was 
kept by Ebenezer Allen, about 1790. He brought in a lot of goods 
from Pliiladelphia. for the purpose of trading with the Indians. 
The first mill was built abunt 1820, by William Shnll. 

' 2 Presb., 2 M. K., Meth.l'rut., Bap., Prot.E..Hef. Prot.D., and R.G. 

8 Named from Daniel P. Faulkner, a prominent pioneer settler 
familiarly known as Capt. Dan Faulkner: hence the name 
" DanNville." In area this is the smallest town in the co., and 
OQQ of the smallest in the State. 



2§ 



386 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 



OSSIA3J— was formed from Angelica, (Allegany co.,) March 11, 1S08. It was set off from Alle- 
gany CO. in 1856. It is the center town on the s. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, 
the highest summits being 600 to 800 feet above the valleys. Sugar Creek flows s. E. through near 
the center. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam, and on the hills a sandy loam, with some clay 
in the e. part. In the n. w. part is a small gas spring. Ossian Center (Ossian p.o.) contains 
2 churches and about 18 houses; and West Vie'W (p. v.) a sawmill and about 12 houses. The 
first settlement was made at the center, by Judge Richard W. Porter, and his brother, James Porter, 
from N. J., in 1804.' The first church (Presb.) was formed Sept. 29, 1818.^ 

PORTAGE'— was formed from Nunda, March 8, 1827. It is the s.w. corner town of the co. 
Its surface is hilly, the highest point, near Portageville, being about 200 feet higher than the r.r. 
Genesee River forms the w. boundary of the town. Its banks are steep and rocky, 100 to 200 ft. 
high and in many places perpendicular. Coshaqua Creek flows through the e. part. The soil in 
the e. part is a clay loam, and in the w. a sandy loam. Oakland, (p. v.) in the N. E. part, con- 
tains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, woolen factory, tannery, furnace, and 35 houses ; Hunts 
Dollow (p. V.) 2 churches, a tannery, and 31 houses. Portage Station, on the B. & N. Y. 
C. R. R., is on the line of Wyoming co. Settlement was commenced by Jacob Shaver, on Lot 150, 
in 1810.* The first church (Presb.) was formed at Hunts Hollow, about 1820.* 

SPARTA — was formed in Jan. 1789. A part of Springwater was taken off' in 1816, West Sparta 
in 1846, and parts ofNorthDansville in 1846 and '49. Apart of Dansville (Steuben co.) was annexed 
in 1822, and a part of Groveland in 1856. It lies s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly, the 
highest summits being 800 to 1,000 ft. high. Canascraga Creek flows on the w. border. The soil on 
the hills is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. Several small 
sulphur and gas springs are found near Scottsburgh. Scottsbui'gh,^ (p. v.,) in the n. part, con- 
tains 2 churches, a steam saw and grist mill, a furnace, and 34 houses. Hforth Sparta, (p. o.,) 
in the n. w. corner, Sparta, (p. o..) in the w., and Reeds Corners, in the s. part, are hamlets. 
Settlement was commenced near Scottsburgh, by Jesse Collar, from Penn., about 1794.' The 
census reports 6 churches.' 

SPRISTGWATER— was formed from Sparta and Naples, (Ontario co.,) April 17, 1816. It is 
the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is very hilly, the highest summits being 600 to 1,000 
ft. above the valleys. The principal stream is the inlet of Hemlock Lake, which flows N. through 
the town, w. of the center. Conhocton River rises in the s. E. part and flows s. info Steuben co. 
The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Springwater, (p. v.,) a r. r. station, n. w. of the center, 
contains 2 churches, a sash and blind factory, a sawmill, and 62 houses. East Springwater, 
(p.o.,) in the n.e., is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by Seth Knowles, from Conn., on 
Lot 18, about 1807.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1816."' 

WEST SPARTA— was formed from Sparta, Feb. 27, 1846. It is an interior town, s. of the 
center. Its surface is hilly, the summits being 500 to 700 ft. above the valleys. In the n.e. is an 
extensive marsh, known as the Canaseraga Swamp. Canaseraga Creek flows N. along the e. border. 
The soil is a clay loam in the N. and a sandy loam in the s. About one-half mi. N. of Byersville, 
in a small stream called Butter Brook, is a perpendicular fall of about 60 ft. Kj'sorvllle, 
(p. V.,) in the n. part, on the G. V. Canal, contains 79 inhabitants ; Union Corners, (p. v..) 
locally known as " Brushville," on the line of Mt. Morris, 2 churches and 17 houses ; Byersville, 



1 Among the other early settlers were Richard N. Porter, Jas. 
Haynes, and James Croghan. about 1806, Jacob Clendenin, in 
18U7, Orrieon Cleveland. Wm. and John Gould, and Ileman 
Orton, about 1810. Luther Bisbee wa.-? an early settler in the 
N. w. corner of the town. The first child born was Abraham 
Porter, in 1805 ; the first marruigo was that of John Geleon and 
Betsey Shav, in 1816; and the first death, that of John Turner. 

killed by the fall of a tree, in 1807. Weston taught the first 

B«hool. in l^l."i and '14 ; Oliver Stacy kept the first inn, in 1817 ; 
and Daniel Canfield the first store, in 18i;4. The first sawmill 
■was built by Nathaniel Porter, in 1808 or '09 ; and the first grist- 
mill, by John Smith, in 1826. 

2 'There are '2 churches in town ; Presb. and Al. E. 

3 Name derived from the portage or cariying place around 
the falls of Genesee Itiver. For description of Portage Falls and 
R. R. Bridge, see pp.710. 

* Ephraim Kingsley and Seth Sherwood settled on Lot 169 in 
1811; Joseph Dixon, above Portageville. Col. Geo. Williams, 
Russel Messenger, and Sanford Hunt all settled about 1814. 
Horace Miller tsiught the first schwi. in lSt7. The first inn 
was kept by Prosper Adams, in 1817: and the first st+ire. at 
Hunts llullow, by Sanford Hunt, in 1818. Russel Messenger 
built the first sawmill, in 1816, and the first gristmill, in 1817. 



6 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., Meth. Prot., Prot E., 
and Bap. 

6 Named from Matthew and William Scott, early settlers at 
this place. 

7 Darling Havens settled at North Sparta : John Niblack. on 
Lot 28; John Smith. Asa Simmons, Robert Wilson, and Thomas 
Hovey, previous to 1798; and Peter Roberts, on Lot 27, in 1799. 
Samuel and James Rodman were early settlers. Moat of these 
were from Penn. The first school was taught by Thos. Bohan.an, 
in 1800-Cl. The first inn was kept by Darling Havens, at North 
Sparta, about 1800; and the first gristmill was built by Wm. D. 
McNair, in 1810. « 2 M. E.. 2 Presb.. Bap., and Evang. Kef. 

» Among the other early settlers were Kber Watkins. Joshua 
Herrick. Peter Welch. Adam Miller, and Samuel llin.s, in 1808; 
Reuben and Pbineas Gilbert, from Mass.. in ISlu; Mul'Ii Wilson, 
Henry Cole. Samuel Sparks, James Blake, Benj. l.ivi i ni.>re, and 
David Frazer. Jacob Cannon settled on the e. bill in 1M2. The 
first death wjis that of Mrs. Benjamin Farnham. in 1813. James 
Blake taught the first school, in 1813-14. Oliver Jennings kept 
the first inn. about 1815. Ilosea H. Grover kept tlie firi^t store, 
in 1815. The first sawmill was built by Samuel Hines, in 1809; 
and the first gristmill, by Hugh Wilson, in 1813. 

to There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., Bap., M. E., Christian. 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 



387 



(p. V.,) in the s. part, 61 inhabitants. Woodville, in the s. e. comer, is a hamlet. Settlement 
was commenced in the s. part, by Jeremiah Gregory, in 1795.' The first church organization was Bap.^ 

YORK — was formed from Caledonia and Leicester, March 26, 1819. A part of Coyington was 
annexed in 1823. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is undulating, 
with a general inclination to the E. Brown and Calder Creeks flow E. through the central and N. 
parts. The soil in the center and s. is a clay loam, and in the N. E. part a sandy and gravelly loam. 
York Center (York p. o.) contains 4 churches and 321 inhabita,nts ; Fowlerville,' (Inver- 
ness p.o.,) in the n.e. part, 2 churches, a machine shop,* and 369 inhabitants ; GreigTSvlIle, 
(p. V.,) in the s. part, a church and 22 houses ; PifiUrdinia/ (Piflard p.o.,) in the s.E. part, on 
the G. V. Canal, a church and 23 houses. Settlement wa.s commenced in the n.e. part, by several 
Scotch families, about the year 1800.* The first church (Scotch Ref. Presb.) was formed in 1816.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Sehools, Live 
Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Livingston County. 



Avon 

Caledonia. 

Conesus , 

Geneseo 

tiroveland- 

Leicester 

Lima. 

Livonia 

Mount Morris 

North Dansville. 

Nuuda. 

Ossian 

Portage 

Sparta 

Springwater 

West Sparta 

York 

Total 



Acres OF Land. 1 




•s 


•^ 


£ 




1 






s> 






S 


2n,743 


6,084 


■2(1,602 


6,276 


13,M5i 


6,889J 


22,306i 


6,979 


10,479 


8,058J 


17,309} 


3,418 


14,410} 


3,342 


19,444i 


3,S82S 


22,469 


6,679 


3,3S4 


1.632 


12.78.':j 


6,902S 


10,82S 


12.720 


10,361 


5,6264 


12.225i 


8.217 


18,787i 


13.313i 


12,973{ 


7.086J 


24.723i 


6.0934 


273.290i 


109,09Si 



Valuation op 1868. 



^ 




a 


e* 


fc) 


c ^ 




% ^ 


g 


t£ 


Oi 


eL,a, 


991.606 


64,700 


1,022,484 


151,067 


445,061 


77,831 


1,152,820 


637,726 


701,563 


61,632 


671,277 


68,609 


868.639 


341,695 


792,626 


207,525 


1,293.812 


187.607 


492.448 


314,932 


6.53,173 


69,600 


296,443 


6.4.50 


352,961 


25,756 


447,368 


24,160 


484,436 


163,844 


456,118 


39.551 


1,166,649 


112.960 


12.189.374 


2,545.333 



1,060,,306 

1,173,551 

522,892 

1,790,645 

763,195 

729,788 

1,210,234 

1,000,151 

1,481,319 

817,380 

622,773 

302,893 

378,716 

471„50S 

648.2,80 

495.669 

1,279.609 



Population. 



1,352 

1,063 

718 

1.471 

800 

1,026 

1,324 

1,301 

2,045 

1,058 

1.426 

711 

7.57 

626 

1,296 

774 

1,434 



19,811 19.446 



1,342 

928 

695 

1,412 

810 

1,060 

1,346 

1,334 

1,997 

1,823 

1,462 

602 

782 

607 

1,185 

722 

1,348 



467 
463 
270 
479 
280 
367 
641 
481 
663 
695 
662 
234 
302 
232 
460 
286 
482 



7.224 



483 
346 
300 
605 
272 
330 
227 
498 
790 
711 
403 
260 
313 
141 
483 
283 
587 



344 
242 
184 
338 
177 
239 
381 
465 
606 
467 
430 
179 
430 
217 
355 
192 
381 



1^. 



994 

607 

537 

1,002 

636 

76S 

934 

770 

1.495 

1,284 

1,076 

525 

623 

447 

ef4 

656 
940 



5,507 197 14.255 



Names of Towns. 



Avon 

Caledi>nift. 

Concaus 

Geneseo 

Groveland 

Leicester 

Lima 

Livonia. 

Mount Morris 

North Dansville.. 

Nunda, 

Ossian 

Portiige 

Sparta 

Spring; water.- — 

West .-^parta 

York 

Total 





Live Stocs. 








AoRicDiTtjKAi Products 




II 












Bosh, of Gbain, 


a. 






DAUtr Pboddcts. 1 


i 


<«1 


5 


?■ 


^ 

e 




S 


13 


11 








o. 


3>K 


■s ^ 


838 


SS5 

1,369 


S 


g 


1,507 


g 


I' 


e 


|a< 


^^ 


ft. 05 


£ 1 


676 


12,745 


109,079 


88,0644 


3,094 


10,389 


21,010 


66.170 


4,070 


1,101 


2,682 


772 


10.552 


1,809 


134,445 


53,8074 


3,056 


10,646 


9,360 


72,831 


3,879 


618 


971 


608 


8,733 


778 


39,504 


34,235 


2,263 


4.502 


8,120 


52,043 


1,196 


616 


1,277 


610 


8,015 


1,271 


88,643 


64,7364 


3,2074 


6,714 


25,141 


43,392 


6,2974 


892 


1,432 


837 


5,634 


1,035 


70,331 


42,6364 


2,3054 


6,180 


21,302 


72,385 


1,364 


820 


1.366 


700 


4,487 


1,079 


105,634 


79,436 


2,128 


8,604 


10,899 


63.711 


3,600 


793 


856 


606 


8,361 


1,309 


75,540 


77,442 


2,469 


8,0.57 


16,654 


68,805 


10.025 


1,034 


1,303 


6S6 


11,771 


1,745 


87.779 


68,316 


3,377 


8,092 


29.422 


90,122 


15..539 


1,058 


1,546 


1,081 


6,934 


1,756 


85,337 


72,6154 


2,5044 


9,122 


11,431 


95,250 


2,085 


212 


143 


221 


1,499 


338 


13,821 


9,680 


434 


1,787 


3,345 


16.275 




754 


994 


794 


3,616 


1,038 


33,149 


33,6984 


1,82S} 


9,723 


10,918 


8-2,736 


2,086 


365 


671 


410 


2.646 


699 


16.984 


18,060 


1.099 


4,027 


2,865 


38.690 


1,376 


474 


668 


486 


4.155 


751 


39,288 


36,4784 


1,4094 


12,026 


14,549 


54,984 


3,590 


613 


967 


646 


2,173 


1,084 


37,678 


33,869} 


1,7994 


6,948 


17,435 


67,749 


1,361 


903 


1,159 


831 


6,298 


1,169 


18.630 


65,475 


2,5394 


13,7114 


11,910 


86,862 


6.173 


670 


941 


665 


3,992 


1,099 


31,708 


29,991 


1,5.504 


5,226 


6,845 


69.690 


8,741 


1.206 


1 ,SKO 


961 
11,420 


13,698 


1,517 


128.551 


76,6004 
874,033 


6J31} 
40.286} 


12,529 


23,869 


83.706 
1.084.281 


9,861 
80,7214 


12,867 


19,074 


115,208 


19,974 


1,114,881 


136,2834 


245,065 



II 

if_ 

144 

6S4 

S« 

70 

4At 

5«7 
899i 
35 
1.352 
264 
614J 
573 
S7U 
822 
962 



1 Among the other early settlers were William Stevens, in 
1790, Abel Willsey, in 1797, Benjamin Wilcox, in 1798. and Samuel 
McNair, in 1-S04. The first inn was kept at KysorviUe. by 
Ktjenezer McMast^r, about 1S2*); the firet store, at Union 
Corners, hy Jonathan Russel. in 1S23. The first wool-carding 
and cloth dressing mill waa built by Benjamin llungerford, in 
1814; aud the first grietmill, by Samuel Stooer, in 1823. 

2 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb^ M. E., Bap., and 
Christian. 

5 Named from Wells Fowler, the first settler at the village. 
< Manufactures all kinds of agricultural implements, and turns 
out $70,000 to $80,000 worth of goods per year. 



6 Named from David Piffard, a prominent settler at this place. 

* Among the early settlers were Donald and John McKenzie, 
Angus McBeAn. John and Alexander Frazer. Archibald QilliH, 
anii John McCall. David Martz was an early settler. Jobii 
Russ, from Vt.. settled at the center, in ISO"; Kalph Brown, in 
18U8; and .Tohn Darling, from Yt.. in 1809; and James Calder in 
tlie N. part of the town. The first birth was that of Angus 
McKenzie. The first inn was kept by N.ithan Buss, in 1817 : the 
first stnre. by Chandler Piersons, in ISIG. Kalph Brown built 
the first gristmill, in 1818. 

^ The census reports 9 churches in town; 2 Presb.. 2 M. K., 
Bap., Cong., Asao. Presb., Abso. Ke£ Presb., and Ref. Presb, 



MADISON COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Chenango, March 21, 180G, and named 
in honor of President Madison. That part of Stockbridge e. of 
Oneida Creeli was annexed from Oneida in 1836. It is situated in 
the central part of the State, is centrally distant 98 mi. from Albany, 
and contains an area of 670 sq. mi. The extreme N. part is low, level, 
and swampy ; but the central and s. parts are hilly, and constitute a 
portion of the general system of highlands which occupy Central 
New York. The hills generally hare rounded outlines and steep 
declivities, their highest summits being 500 to 800 ft. above the 
valleys and 900 to 1,200 ft. above tide. The highlands are divided 
into separate ridges by a series of valleys extending n. and s., and 
they form the watershed between Susquehanna River and Oneida 
Lake. The principal streams upon the n. slope are Chittenango' Creek, forming a part of the w. 
boundary of the eo., Oneida Creek, forming a part of the E. boundary, and the Canaseraga,^ Canas- 
tota,' and Cowaselon Creeks: and the principal flowing s. are Unadilla River, upon the e. border, 
Beaver Creek, Chenango River and its branches, Otselic* Creek, and Tioughnioga River. The 
principal bodies of water are Oneida Lake, forming the N. boundary, and Owahgena or Cazenovia 
Lake, near the center of the w. border. The latter, a beautiful sheet of water, 4 mi. long, is 900 ft. 
above tide, and is completely surrounded by gradually sloping hillsides. The lowest rocks of the 
CO., outcropping along Oneida Lake, belong to the Clinton group. The red iron ore peculiar to this 
group is found to a limited extent, but not in sufficient quantities to render mining profitable. Next 
above this successively appear the Niagara and Onondaga groups, underlying the whole swampy 
region.* The red shales form the surface rook s. of the swamp, and beds of gypsum extend along 
the base of the hills. These beds are extensively quarried in some sections, and furnish an excel- 
lent quality of plaster. Upon the N. decli\-ities of the hills successively appear the water lime- 
stone, Pentamerus limestone, Oriskany sandstone, and Onondaga limestone. From these groups 
are obtained an abundance of waterlime, quicklime, and building stone, all of excellent quality. 
Next above appear the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, covering more than one-half of the 
entire surface of the co. The Tully limestone, Genesee slate, and Ithaca groups are found to a 
limited extent covering the tops of the southern hills. A large share of the co. is covered deep with 
drifl deposits. The soil upon the flat lands of the n. is generally a red clay, with great quantities 
of muck and marl in the swampy regions. Upon the northern declivities of the hills the soil is a 
gravelly loam intermixed with lime and plaster, and is very productive. Farther s. the soil upon 
the hills is a clayey, gravelly, and shaly loam, best adapted to pasturage, and in the valleys a 
gravelly loam and alluvium. The people are principally engaged in stock raising and dairying. 
Hops are largely cultivated. Manufactures are principally confined to two or three villages. 

The CO. seat is located at Morrisville. The courthouse is a two story wooden building, pleasantly 
situated on a small park, fronting on a main street. It was built in 1849, and contains the court' 
and jury rooms.' The clerk's office is a small, brick, fire-proof building adjoining the courthouse. 
The jail was burned in the winter of 1858. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 135 acres 
near Eaton village, 5 mi. s. e. of Morrisville. The average number of inmates is 130, supported at 
a cost of 56 cts. per week each. A school is taught during the whole year. The farm yields a 
revenue of $1,500.* The principal public works in the co. are the Erie Canal and the N. Y. Central 



1 Meaning "waters divide and nin n." Seaver, in " The Life 
of Mary Jcmisftn," pays it is a corruption of the Oneida word 
'■ Chn-ti'-'-naiiny." siffnifyin^ "where the sun eliines out." 

3 SleaninE " Big Elkshom." Seaver gives it as " Ka-na-so-wa- 
ga." signifying " several strings of beads with a string lying 
across." 

* •* Ka-ne-to-ta," sipnifying " pine tree standing alone," 

* Meaning "Capfull." 

6 In the marsh near Canastota a brine spring is found. A 
boring of 190 ft. was made here; but the water obtained was 
not sufficiently strong to warrant the further prosecution of the 
work. 

' The first courts were held alternately at "the schoolhouse, 
ni-ar David Barnard's, in Sullivan, [now Lenox,] and at the 
388 



schoolhouse in the village of Hamilton." The first officers were 
Peter Smith. First Judge: Sylvanus Smalley, Edward Green, 
Elisha I'ayne, and David Cook, Associate Jutfges; Asa B. Sizer, 
Oi. CliTk; Jeremiah Whipple. Sheriff: and Thos. H. Hubbard, 
Surrofjnte. In 1810, Cazenovia was selected as the site of the 
CO. buildings, and Col. John Lincklaen and Capt. .Tackson were 
appointed to superintend the building of a courthon,=e. A brick 
building was erected, and the first court was hold in it in ,7an. 
1812. in 1817 the co. seat was removed to Morrisville, and the 
first court was held there Oct. 7, 1817, 

^ Ellis Moss, Sani'l White, and Oliver Pool were appointed to 
superintend the erection of the courthouse. 

8 This institution consists of three two story stone buildings; 
the poorhouse proper, a lunatic asylum, and a hospital. 



MADISON COUXTY. 



389 



R. R., extending through Lenox and Sullivan. Among the hills are several large artificial reser- 
voirs, used as feeders for the canal. Cazenovia Lake is used for the same purpose. 

There are seven weekly newspapers published in the co.^ 

Nearly all the s. half of this co. belonged to the tract known as the "Chenango Twenty Towns."' 
A strip lying between this tract and the Military Tract, including De Ruyter and the greater part 
of Cazenovia, was embraced in the Lincklaen Purchase. The Oneida Indian Reservation, origin- 
ally embracing all the n. part of the co., was subsequently divided into several large tracts. 
The "New Petersburgh Tract," or purchase of Peter Smith, includes nearly all of Smithfield and 
Fenner, the n. part of Cazenovia, and a strip a mile vride across the s. part of Stockbridge. The 
remainder of Stockbridge was included in the reservation of the Stockbridge Indians. Lenox and 
Sullivan constituted the N. w, portion of the Oneida Indian Reservation. The first settlements were 
made by squatters upon the Oneida Reservation, in 1790.* The permanent settlements were com- 
menced about 1795, and the co. rapidly fiHed up with immigrants, principally from New England. 



1 The ^flHh'son FrechoMer was commenced at Peterboro, be- 
fore or in the early part of 180S, by Jonathan Bunce & 
Co. It soon after appeared aa 

The Prtfholder, and was continued until 1813. It was then 
changed to 

Tfie Miidis>m (Jounlij Herald, and was continued several years. ' 

The Christian and Citizen was published at Peterboro, in 1854, 
by Pruyn k Walker. 

Tht Pilot was established at Cazenovia. in Aug. 1808, by Oran 
E. Baker, and continued until Aug. 1823. 

The Republican Monitor was started at Cazenovia, in Sept. 1823, 
by L. L. Rice. It was published by John V. Fairchild 
from April, 1S25, until Jan. 1832, by J. F. Fairchild 
& Son until July, 1840, and by J. F. Fairehild until 
March 4, 1841, when it was discontinued. 

The Stud^mts Afis<>:lla7ii/, semi-mo., was published at Cazenovia, 
in 1S31, by A. Owen and L. Kidder. 

Tfie Union Herald wns commenced in Mav. 1835, by L. Myrick 
and E. W. Clark. In 1836 Qark w'ithdrew ; and in 1840 
the paper was discontinued- 

Tlie Gzzenovia Democrat was started in Sept. 1836, by J. W. 
Chubbuck & Co.; it was edited by J. W. Dwindle. In 
Feb. 1837, it was discontinued. 

The Madison Qmnty Eagle was commenced at Cazenovia, in 
Feb. 1840. bv Cj'rus 0. Pool. In 1^41 it was published 
by Thos. 8. Myrick and "W. H. Phillips. In June, 1842, 
Myrick withdrew; and in May, 1845, its name was 
changed to 

Tkc Madison County Whig. In Aug. 184S, Phillips was suc- 
ceeded by H. A. Cooledge, by whom the paper was 
changed to 

The Madison County News, in Oct. 1853. In May, 1854, it was 
ag^iin changed to 

TJie. Madison County Whiff ; and in Jan. 1857, it was discontinued. 

Th£ Abditionist was started at Cazenovia, in 1841, by Luther 
Myrick, and continued 2 years. 

The Madison and Onondaga Abolitionist was published in 1843, 
by Luther Myrick. 

The Madison Republic was commenced at Cazenovia, in Jan. 
ISoO, by W. H. Phillips, and continued about 3 months. 

The Oxzenovia Gojzdle was published by Baker & Debnam, from 
Oct. 1851. until May, 1852. 

The Progressive Christian was established in April, 1853, by A. 
Pryne. and was continned 2 years. 

Tlie Cazeuovia Republican was commenced May 1, 
1K54. by j^eiif'ca Liike. Hh prcHent publisher. 

The Gaxtte and Madison Cnnritt/ Advertisi'r was established at 
Peterboro in May, iSl". by John B. Johnsnn and son. 
It was removed to Morrisville in 1819, and discontinued 
in 1822. 

The Madison Obgem'er was commenced at Cazenovia. in Jan. 
1821, by Kico & Hale. It was removed to Morrisville 
in 1822; and in 1824 Bennett Bicknell became its pub- 
lisher. In 1829 it was united with The Hamiiton Re- 
corder, and was issued as 

The Observer and Recorder. In 1832 it passed into the hands 
of H. C. Bicknell and Jas. Norton, and in 1834 into 
those of Jas. Norton. In 1835 it was changed to 

Tlie Madison Observer. In 1839 J. and E. Norton 
beciune its publishers, and in 1866 Edward Norton, by 
whom it is «till published. 

The Hamilton Recordi'T was started in 1817. by John G. Stower 
and P. B. Havens. In 1819 it passed into the hands of 
Stower & Williams, and afterward into those of John 
P. Van Sice. In 1829 it was removed to Morrisville 
and united with The Observer. 

The Madison Farmer was published at Hamilton, in 1828, by 
Nathaniel King. 

The Civilian was started July 27, 1830, by Lorin Dewey. In 
Feb. 1831, it passed into the hands of Lewison Fairchild, 
and in Nov, 1S31. it was di-wontinued. 

Tfu Hamilton Courier was commenced by Q. R. Waldron, In 
Feb, 1834, and the following year it appeared as 

The Hamilton Courier and Madison Oo. Advertiser. It was con- 
tinued until 183S. 



The Hamilton Palladium was started in 1838. by John Atwond, 
and continued 6 years, a part of the time by J. & D. At- 
wood. 

The HamHion Eagle was published In 1839, by G. R. Waldron. 

The Literary Visitor was published at Hamilton about 3 monibu, 
in is42, by Dennis Redman. 

Tlie Devwcratic Reflector was started at Hamilton by 0. R. Wal- 
di'on, in 1842. and was published by Waldron & Baker 
from 1843 until 1854, and 2 years by Waldron alone, 
when it was united with The Madison Co. Journal, 
and appeared as 

TUe Democratic Republican. It is now published 
by Waldron & James. 

The Madison County Journal was commenced in Sept. 1849, by 
E. F. & C. B. Gould. W. W. Chubbuck. F. B. Fisher, 
and T. L. James were afterward interested in its publi- 
cation ; and in 1856 it was united with The Democratic 
Rcjiect/ir. 

The Mill Boy "| were published during the campaign of 1844, 
and >the former at the Palladium and the latter at 

The Polker } the Reflector office. 

The Land Mark was published as a campaign paper in 1850. 

The New Tork State Radii vias removed from Fort Plain, Mont- 
gomery CO., in 1854, by L. S. Backus, and continued 
about 18 months, when it was returned to Fort 
Plain. 

Tbe Democratic Union was commenced at Hamilton, 
in 1N56. by Le^i S. Backus; and in 1857 it passed into 
the hands of W. H. Baker, its present publisher. 

The Canastota Rrqister was published in 1S30. by Silas Judd 
and n. B. Mattieou. and in 1831 by H. S. Merrilt. 

The Canastota Times was commenced in 1857, by Geo. H. Mer- 
riam, and was discrintinued the following year. 

The Canastota Eagle was started Nov. 4, 185S, by J. E. 
N. Backus, its present publisher, 

The Chitlenango Herald was established in 1832, by Isaac Lyon, 
and was published successively as 

The Chitt^nango Republican, 

The Phcenix, and 

The Democratic Gazette, until 1856, when it was discontinued. 

The De Ruyter Herald was published in 1S35, by C. W. Mason. 

The Protestant Sentinel was brought from Schenectady to De 
Ruyter in Nov. 1S36. and was published by J. & C. H. 
Maxson until the fall of 1837. It then passed into the 
hands of Wm. D. Cochran, by whom it was issued as 

The ProtfMant Sentinel and S'Tenth Day Baptist Jmirnal. In 
Feb. 1840, Joel Greene became its publisher, and changed 
it to 

The Seventh Day Baptist Register. In 1841 it passed into the 
hands of James Bailey, by whom it was continued uutU 
1845. 

The National Banner was commenced at De Ruyter in Oct. 
1847, by A. C. Hill, and continued 2 years. 

The Central New Torler was published at De Huj*ter, by E. F. 
& C. B. Gould, from Sept. 1848, until May, 1851. 

The Banner of tfie Times was started at De Ruyter, by Walker 
& Hiil. and continued until 1855. 

The Oneida Tl-'graph was commenced at Oneida, in Sept. 1851. 
by D. IL Fmst, In June, 1854, it passed into the hands 
of Jobn Crawford, and was changed to 

Tlie Oneida Saclienif under which name it is still pul^ 
lished. 

Tlie CIrctilar was established in 1852, and is published 
weekly at the Oneida Community, 
s Tlie following is a list of these townships within the limitfl 

of this CO.: 



Lebanon 'No. 5. 

Geori;etown " 6. 

Brookfleld " 19*20. 



Nelson No. 1. 

Eaton '* 2. 

Madison " 3. 

Hamilton " 4. 

The Canastota Tract in this co. was granted in lieu of the 
school lotB reserved in the '* Twenty Towns ;" but by some over- 
sight was sold with those lands. 

• See page 461. 



390 



MADISON COUNTY. 



BROOKFIELD— -n-as formed from Paris, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1795; and Columbua 
(Chenango co.) was taken oif in 1805. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly 
upland, broken by the valleys of Unadilla River and Beaver Creek. Unadilla River forms the e. 
boundary. Beaver Creek flows through near the center, and the E. branch of the Chenango through 
the N. w. part. Several smaller streams take their rise in the town. The soil is a gravelly loam. 
ClarkviUe,' (Brookfield p.o.,) incorp. April 5, 1834, contains 2 churches, the Brookfield Aca- 
demy, a hoe and fork manufactory, gristmill, and tannery. Pop. 578. L.eonai'd$viIIe (p. v.) 
contains 1 church, a bank, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 366. Xorth Brookfield (p. v.) 
has 275 inhabitants. South Brookfield (p. o.) is a hamlet, and De liancey'ap. o. The first 
settlement was made by Daniel Brown, in 1791.* The census reports 6 churches in town.' 

CAZEKfOTlA* — was formed from Paris and Whitestown, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1795. De 
Ruyterwas taken off in 1798, Sullivan in 1803, Smithfield and Nelson in 1807, and a partof Fenner 
in 1823. It is the central to^^^l upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, 
broken by the valleys of Chittenango and Limestone Creeks. The summits of the hills are 300 
to 500 feet above the valleys. Owahgena or Cazeuovia Lake, in the n. part of the town, is a 
beautiful sheet of water about 4 mi. long. Its outlet — Chittenango Creek — forms a part of the 
boundary between this town and Fenner. In its course it has a fall of several hundred feet, afford- 
ing a great number of valuable mill sites. At the Chittenango Fall the water plunges in a beautiful 
cascade perpendicularly over a ledge of limestone rock 136 feet in height. Limestone Creek flows 
across the s. part of the town. Hydraulic and common limestone are quarried near Chittenango 
Falls. The soil in the N. and central parts is a gravelly loam, and in the s. a clayey loam under- 
laid byhardpan. CazeilOVia, (p. v.,) incorp. Feb. 7, 1810, is beautifully situated on Chittenango 
Creek, at the foot of Cazenovia Lake. It contains 7 churches, an academy,' a bank, and several 
manufactories.* Pop. 1177. Slew Woodstock (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 273 inhabit- 
ants. Cbittenango Falls is a p.o. Settlement was coumienced in 1793, by John Lincklaen, 
from Amsterdam, Holland.' The first church (Presb.) was organized May 17, 1799, with 5 mem- 
bers ; and the Rev. Joshua Leonard was the first pastor. The census reports 9 churches in town."* 

DE RUITTER" — was formed from Cazenovia, March 15, 1798. Georgetown was taken off in 

1815, and German (Chenango co.) in 1806. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface con- 
sists of hilly upland, broken by the valley of Tioughnioga River. The summits of the hills are 
400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Tioughnioga River and its tributaries. 
The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam on the hills and alluvium in the valleys. Be Kuytcr, 
(p. V.,) incorp. April 15, 1833, contains 3 churches, an academy,^' and sevcriil manufactories.'' Pop. 
727. Slieds Corners is a p.o. The first settlers were Elijah and Elias Benjamin and Eli 
Colgrove, in 1793." The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder Joel Butler, Nov. 5, 1799.'* 

EATOBJ'* — was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It is an interior town, situated near 
the center of the co. The surface is a rolling upland, broken by the valley of Chenango River 
into two ridges, whose summits arc 400 to 600 ft. in height. The Chenango flows s. through the 
center. The outlet of the Eaton Reservoir flows through a deep, narrow ravine, and affords a large 
number of valuable mill sites. Hatchs Lake and Bradley Brook Reservoir, and several smaller 
reservoirs, are in this town. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed with clay in the valleys. 
Morrisville," (p. v.,) situated on Chenango River, was incorp. April 13, 1819. It contains 3 



1 Named from .Toaeph Clark, f_umerly Stite Seaator. 

2 A fork manufactory, gristmill, sawmill, and tanuery. 
8 Named from .lolin De Lancy. 

* John and EliiLs Button, Lawton Palmer, Saml. H. Burdick. 
Saml. Billings, David Maine, Stephen Collins, Thos. and James 
Rogers, and Paul and IVrry Mastwn settled in the town in 1793. 
Stephen Hoxie, Simeon, Nathaniel, and Eleazer Brown, Henry 
Clark, Kohert Randall. A3;i Frink, Ethan, Oliver, and Phineas 
Babcofk, Ira and Nathan Burdick. and Youman York were also 
early settlers. .Tohn Button built the first gristmill, in 1792; 
and Reuben Leonard opened the first store, in ISO! . The first 
school was taught by Asa Carrier, in the winter of 1796-97. 

6 2 Seventh Day Bap., 2 M. E., Bap., Dniv. 

6 Named from Theophilus Cazeuove, the first genera! agent 
of the Holland Land Company. 

I The Oneida Conference Seminary is a large and flourishing 
institution, under the care of the Methodist denomination. 

8 In and near Cazenovia, on Cliittenango Creek, are a woolen 
factory, paper mill, oil mill, town clock factory, furnace, ma- 
chine shop. 2 gristmills, and a sawmill. 

« Archiliald Bates. Wm. Qillett. Wm. Miles, Benj. Pierson. 
Noah Taylor, Saial. S. Forman. Ira Peck. Nathan Webb, Shubael 
Brooks, and others named Tyler and Auger settled in the town 



in 1793 ; and Joseph Simms, Isaac Moss, Gideon Freeman, and 
David Fay soon after. The first birth w.as that of a child of 
Noah Taylor, in 1794. John Lincklaen built the first saw and 
grist mills, in 1794. 

10 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Presb., Prot. E., Union, and Univ. 

u Named from Admiral De liuyter, of the Dutch Navy. 

13 The De Ruyter Institute is under the careof the Seventh Day 
Baptist denomination. 

13 2 tanneries, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, oil mill, furnace, and 
tmbinetware manufactory. 

1^ Joseph Messenger and Sam'l Thomson settled in the town 
in 1795. Darius IJenjainin, Justus, Jeremiah, and Ebenezer 
Gage, and Daniel Page were also early settlers. The first birth 
was that of Frederick Benjamin, about 179S : Joseph .M. ssenger 
opened the first inn. in 1796 ; Samuel Bowen kept the first store; 
Joseph Rich built the first sawmill, in I.S117, and the fiist grist- 
mill, in 1S09. The first school was taught by Kli Gage, iu the 
winter of 1799. 

l& There are 6 churches in town ; 2 Friends, and 1 each Bap., 
Seventh Day Bap., M. E., and Presb. 

18 Named from Gen. Wm. Eaton, commander of the U. S. mili- 
tarv forces in the expedition to Tripoli. 

IT Named from a family of eiirly settlers in town. 



MADISON COUNTY. 



391 



churches, a newspaper office, and several manufactories.* Pop. 715. Eaton, (p-v.,) commonly 
called ^^ Log City,'' contains 3 churches and several manufactories.^ Pop. 510. West Eaton, 
(p. V.,) commonly called " Lcevilley'* contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, sawmill, and about 40 
houses; and Pratts IIollon'^ (p-'^-) 1 church and about 20 houses. Pine "Woods is a p. o. 

Settled in 1792, by John and James Salisbury, from Vt. ; but the first permanent settler was Joshua 
Leland, from Sherburne, Mass., in 1793.* Tlie first church (Presb.) was formed in 1805.^ 

FEBfflVER® — was formed from Cazenovia and Smithfield, April 22, 1823. It is an interior 
town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland. Oneida, Canaseraga, and 
Chittenango Creeks have their sources in this town. The latter forms a part of its av. boundary. 
Extensive marl beds are found ; and on the bank of Chittenango Creek calcareous tufa is quar- 
ried and burned into lime. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Perry ville, (p. v.,) partly 
in this town, contains 2 churches and 25 houses. Fenner (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- 
ment was made about the year 1793.'' The first church (Bap.) was organized Aug. 23, 1801.® 

GEORGETOW^N— was formed from De Ruyter, April 7, 1815. It lies upon the s. border 
of the CO., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Otsellc Creek 
into two ridges. The summits of the hills are 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal 
streams are Otselic Creek and its branches. The soil upon the hills is yellow loam, and in the 
valleys a gravelly alluvium. Creorg^etown (p. v.) contains 3 churches, and has a population 
of 280. The first settlement was made by Ezra Sexton, in 1804.* Lewis Anathe Muller, a French 
refugee, settled in this town about 1810, and remained until the restoration of Louis Philippe.*** 
The first religious services were conducted by Ezra Sexton, at the house of Bethel Ilurd, in 1805." 

HAIUIETO^ — was formed from Paris, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1705, and was named from 
Alexander Hamilton. Eaton, Lebanon, and Madison were taken ofi" in 1807. It lies upon the s. 
border of the co., between Lebanon and Brookfield. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the 
valleys of Chenango River and its east branch. The soil is a gravelly loam in the valleys and a 
clayey loam upon the hills. Hamilton,^^ (P-^m) incorp, April 12, 1812, is situated on the 
Chenango Canal. It contains 4 churches, the Hamilton Academy, the Hamilton Female Seminary, 
2 newspaper offices, and a bank. Pop. 1448. The Madison University, located at this place, 
under the care of the Baptist denomination, was incorp. March 26, 1846. It consists of a 
grammar school, a collegiate and a theological department. Nine professors are employed, and 
in 1857 31 theological students, 123 under-graduates, and 71 grammar school students were in 
attendance. .The libraries connected with the university contain about 8,900 volumes." Earl- 
ViHe,^* (p. V.,) on the line of Sherburne, (Chenango co.,) contains 2 churches, and has a pop. of 441, 
of which 233 are in this town. Poolville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 houses, and 



1 A Bilk ffictory, distillery, tannery, iron foundry, machine 
shop, gristmill, and sawmill. There were formerly several woolen 
factories in and near Morrisville, but they have been abandoned. 

2 A woolen factory, a tool fuctory and trip hamnier, distillery, 
tannery, gristmill, and sawmill. 

* Named from John and Matthew Pratt, early settlers. 

* John H.and Bonj. Morris settled in the town in 1794; Benj. 
Morse, Daniel Abbey, Simeon Gillett, Levi Barney, and Elijah 
Hayden, in 1705; Joseph Moss, Wm. Mills. Lewis Wilson, Sam'l 

Shiclair, Humphrey Palmer, and McCrellis, in 179'^; and 

Rawson Ilarnmn, in 1797. Thos. Morris, Windsor and Ziba Co- 
man, Constandt, Robert, and Cyrus Avery, Joseph French, and 
Abiathar Gates were also early settlers. The first birth was 
that of Col. Uriah Leland, Nov. 1, 1793; the first marriase. that 
of Lems Wilson and Dorcas Gillett, in 1796; and the first death, 
that of Simeon Gillett. in 1796. Joshua Leland opened the first 
inn, in 1794, and erected the first saw and grist mills, in 1795. 
David Gaston kept the first store, in 1S04. The first school was 
taught by Dr. James Pratt, in the winter of 1797-98. — the first 
mouth at the house of Joseph Moss, the second near Morrisville, 
the third near Log City, and the fourth near the residence of 
Joshua Leland. 

^ The census reports 8 churches in town; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., and 
2 Cong, 
fl Named from Gov, Penner, of Rhode Island. 

7 Amoug the early settlers were Alpheus Twist and .Tames 
Munger, from C-onn.. who located a mi. s. of the center, Jona- 
than Munger and Pago in the N. part, and Kli&ha Freeman, 

Itburiel Flower, Ames Webster and Amanda Munger in the s. 
part. The first birth was that of a child of Alpheus Twist; and 
the first death, that of the wife of Alpheus Twist. Elder Nathan 
Baker was the first preacher. 

8 The census reports 6 churches; 3 M. E., Bap., and Prot. E. 

* Matthew Ilallenbeck. Joab Bishop. John C. Paine, and Bailey 
Carter settled in the town iu 1804, and Mitchell Atwood, Wm. 
Paine, Betliel Hurd. Joseph P. Flarrison. and Josiuh Purdy in 
1S05. Ebeaezer Ilull, Apollos Drake, Elijah and Alfred Browu, 



Jesse Jerrold, Zadock Hawks, John Gibson, Hunt, David 

Parker. Philetus Stewart. Calvin Cross, Dr. Smith, Benj. Bonner, 

Capt. Wliite, and Alvord, were also early settlers. The first 

birth wiis that of Weston Paine, in 1805; and the first death, 
that of Mrs. Ezra Sexton, iu 1807. Mitchell Atwood built the 
first sawmill, in 1800, and Bishop & Hunt the first gristmill, in 
1807. J. C. Paine was an early innkeeper. 

10 Muller settled ou the hill, about 3 mi. w. of Georgetown, 
erected a large and spacious dwelling, laid out extensive grounds-, 
excavated an artificial pond, and planted groat numbers of fruit 
trees. He attempt-'d the establishment of a village, by erecting 
2 storehouses, several dwollinga, a blacksmith shop, and a grist- 
mill. It is supposed that he brought with him to town not leas 
than $150,000, and that ho carried away not to exceed $1500. 
Wheu Bonaparte abdicated, Muller returned to France, leaving 
his wife and children in New York. He afterward returned to 
dispose of his property here. When he reached Georgetown, hia 
house was strippedof its furniture; his stock and every mL ."able 
article had disappeared; weeds covered the gardens, the w.ilks, 
the roads, and fields ; his village was forsaken, and the mill d** 
serted. The agent in whose charge he had loft his property had 
sold every movable article and deserted the place. Muller sold 
the property and returned to France; and to this day no ono 
knows who or what he was. 

u There are 3 churches in town; Bap., Presb., and Union. 

12 Formerly called '■^Payncsrilh'." 

^^ The '^ Hamilton Thenlngical Stmhmry'"' was established in 
1820, under the auspices of the Baptist Kducation Society of tlio 
State of New York. In 1834 a collegiate coursw was instituted, 
and the seminary assumed the name of the " I/amilUm Lite.rarif 
and Theological Seminary;" and in 1846 the insritution wa-s in- 
corp. as the Madison University. The theolngicul dt-partment 
is still under the control of the Baptist Educational Soii''ty. Tlw 
aggregate number of graduates of the theological department is 
3u2, and of the collegiate department 462. 

14 Named from Jouas Earl, Canal Commissioner. 



392 



MADISON COUNTY. 



Hubbardsville^ (p. v.) 20 houses. East Hamilton (p. o.) is a hamlet, and Soufb Ha- 
milton a p. 0. The first settlers were John Wells and Abner Nash, fi-om Mass., and Patrick 
Shields and John Muir, from Scotland, but late from Oneida co. They located upon Chenango, 
near Earlville, in 1792.* The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1796.' 

Ij'EBAIVOjV — was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It is the central town upon the s. 
border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, lying between the Chenango and Otselic Rivers. 
The summits in the w. part are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. The valley of Chenango River, 
extending through the e. part, is about 1 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides. The other 
streams are small brooks. The soil is a yellow loam underlaid by hardpan upon the hills and 
alluvium in the valleys. I^ebanon (p. v.) contains 1 church, a sawmill, tannery, and 25 houses. 
Smitbs Valley* and Middleport are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1792, 
by Enoch Stowell and Jonathan Bates, from Yt.^ There are 4 churches in town.* 

I^KWOX — was formed from Sullivan, March 3, 1809, and a part of Stockbridge was taken off 
in 1836. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is level in the n. and moderately hilly 
in the s. Canastota and Cowaselon Creeks flow through the town. Oneida Creek forms its e. 
boundary, and Oneida Lake a part of its n. boundary. The Cowaselon Swamp occupies a 
portion of the N. part. The soil in the n. is alluvium and in the s. a gravelly and clayey loam. 
In the town are beds of gypsum and of red fossiliferous iron ore. Near Cowaselon Creek 
is a small sulphur spring; and in the marsh near Canastota is a salt spring.^ Oneida (p. v.) 
is the principal station between Syracuse and Rome, on the N.Y. Central R. R. It is situated 
on Oneida Creek, and was incorp. June 20, 1848. It contains 5 churches, the Oneida Seminary,* 
a newspaper ofBce, and a bank. Pop, 1713. Canastota, (p. v.,) incorp. April 28, 1835, is a 
canal village and a station on the N. Y. Central R. R. It contains 3 churches, a newspaper ofl&ce, a 
bank, and a manufactory of astronomical and optical instruments.® Pop. 1081. Wampsville, 
(p. V.,) a station on the N.Y. Central R, R., contains 1 church and 25 houses. Pine Bush, 
(Bennetts Corners p. o.,) MerrllLsville, (Cowaselon p. o.,) and I^enOX Furnace are ham- 
lets. ClOCUvllle,^** (p, V.) contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, 2 flouring mills, and a saw- 
mill. Pop. 270. Quality Hill (Lenox p.o.) is a thickly settled country street near Canastota. 
Oneida Lake (p.o.) and South Bay are hamlets. Oneida Talley (p. v.) contains 1 
church and about 30 houses. Dui'haniTille (p. v.) contains 1034 inhabitants, of whom 234 
are in this town ;" the p, office is in Oneida co. The '* Oneida Community," of about 200 persons, 
organized upon a peculiar religious and social basis, are located upon a farm of 390 acres on 
Oneida Creek, 3 mi. s. of Oneida.*^ The first settlement was made in 1792, by Conrad Klok and 
his sons Joseph, John, and Conrad." The census reports 14 churches in town.^* 

MADISOIV— was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. 
of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland. The principal stream is Oriskany Creek. The 
Madison Reservoir and several smaller ponds of water are in this town. The soil consists of a 
gravelly loam in the valleys and a clayey loam upon the hills. ]Uadison, (P-'^-O incorp. April 
17, 181G, contains 4 churches, and has a population of 315. Bouckville^^ (P-"^-) contains 1 
church and 35 houses, and Solsville (p. v.) 17 houses. The first settlement was made in 1793.** 



1 Named from Calvin Hubbard. 

s Among tbe other early settlers were Pam'l and Elisha Payne, 
who lucrttfd upon tho present site of Haniilton Village in 179-1. 
Theophilus and Benj. Pierce. Jonathan Olmsted. Daniel Smith, 
and Nathan Foster settled in the town in 1795, and Thomas 
Greenly in 1796. 

8 The census reports 10 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 
Cong., Prot. E., and Univ. 

* Named from Justus Smith, a former resident. 

S Among the early Bt-ttlers were John. Charles, James, and 
Isaac Campbell, Thos. Hueston. Lent Bradley, Solomon Jones, 

Abram Webster. Dan'l Stowell. David Ilartson. Rider. Josh. 

Sniitb. Dea. Finney, David Shapley. Malchiah Hatch, Dr. Merriek, 
Elihu Bosworth, Bcnj. Ht-wes, and Capt. Moore. Elisha 'WTieeler 
built the first sawmill, and Daniel Wioeler the first gristmill; 
Israel Thayer kept the first utore. The first school was taught 
by Widow Nancy Campbell, a lady about 70 years of age. 

Bap., Cong.. M. E.. and Univ. 

7 At this spring: a boring waa once made 196 ft. deep. At that 
depth the auger broke, and the work was abandoned. The 
strength of the water at the surface was 2p by the instrument 
need, and it was increased to 9'^. — Geol. jV. K. HI. p. 273. 
• B The school w;is opened Sept. 29, 1S58, with about 200 pnpils 
and male and 4 female teachers. 

Established by Chas. A. Spencer. The microscopes and other 
instruments made here have acquired merited celebrity. The 
figuatorial telescope at Hamilton College was made here. 

*'' Named from Conrad Klok, who settled near this place. 



11 See page 470. 

12 This community was organized in 1R47, under John H. 
Noyes. with whom their peculiar religious and social tenets 
mostly originated. They form a gfneral community, holding a 
common interest in all things. The relation of the sexes is 
placed, not. like that of civilized society, on the ba.eis of law and 
constraint, neither on the opposite one of mere freedom, but on 
that of *■ iiispiratio'n.-' They are prinripally engaged in garden- 
ing, the nursery business, nulling, and the manufacture of eteel 
traps, sewing silk, tmveling bags, cravats, and palmleaf hat.8. 
The Circular, a weekly paper, is published by the Communists. 

13 The Forbeses, Buyas. and Suvders were the early settlers. 
1* 5 M.E., 5 Presh., 2 Bap.. Cong., and B.C. 

15 Named from Gov. Bouck ; formerly called "Jtihvsi'tlle." 

16 Samuel and Francis Clemens, Stephen F. Blackstone. John 
Niles. Seth Snow and his son Seth, Wm.and Da\id Blair. Jan>ea 
Collister, Daniel Perkins, Henry W. and Israel Bond, Elijah 
Blodget. Amos and Jesse Maynard. and Joel Crawford, settled 
in tbe town inl793; Gen. Erastus Cleveland. Thos. Mellen. Abiel 
Hatch, Jas. McClenathan, Geo.. Clias., and Job Peckhand. Benj. 
Simmonds. Sylvester Woodward. Elijah Thompson, Sam'l Jones, 
Jas. and Alex. White. Luther, Abiel, and Ephraim Clongh. and 
Jonathan Sloan, were also early settlers. The first births in 
town were those of Marcena Collister and Stephen Blackstone, 
both in 1794. Gen. Cleveland built the first gristmill and kept 
the first store. Henry W. Bond built the first sawmill, in 1793, 
Sam'l Clemens was an early innkeeper. 



MADISON COUNTY. 



393 



The first church (Cong.) was organized iu 1795, and the Rev. Ezra Woodworth was the first 
pastor.* ' 

WELSO^ — was formed from Cazenovia, March 13, 1807. It is an interior town, lying s. w. 
of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a rolling upland. The principal stream is Chitte- 
nango Creek. The Erieville and Eaton reservoirs are in this town. The soil is generally a gravelly 
loam. Erieville (p. v.) contains 3 churches and 191 inhabitants, and IVelSOn Flats (Nelson 
p. 0.) 2 churches and 146 inhabitants. The first settlement was made in 1794, by Asa and Jede- 
diah Jackson.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.' 

SmiTIIFIEED — was formed from Cazenovia, March 13, 1807. A part of Fenner was taken 
off in 1823, and of Stockbridge in 1836. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. 
Its sui-face is a hilly and rolling upland. The principal streams are Cowaselon and Oneida Creeks. 
The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Limestone and gypsum are obtained in the n. e. corner. 
Near Siloam is a small sulphur spring, Peterboro,* (p. v.,) on Oneida Creek, near the center, 
contains 3 churches and the Peterboro Academy. Pop. 350. Siloam (p. o.) is a hamlet. The 
first settler was Jasper Alesworth, in 1795.^ Judge Greene C. Bronson resided in this town for 
several years; and Hon. Gerrit Smith now resides in Peterboro. In 1858, Wm. Evans, of Boston, 
donated to this town the sum of ?10,000, to be invested, and the proceeds devoted to the relief 
and support of the destitute and needy.® There are 3 churches in town,'' 

STOCHBRIDCrE — named from the Stockbridge Indians — was formed from Vernon and 
Augusta (Oneida co.) and Smithfield and Lenox, May 20, 1836. It lies upon the e. border of the 
CO., N. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep valley of Oneida Creek, 
which extends in a n. and s. direction thi-ough near the center of the town. The summits of tha 
hills are 500 to 800 ft. above the valley. The falls of Oneida Creek consist of a succession of 
rapids and low falls, affording numerous valuable mill sites.^ Oriskany Creek takes its rise in the 
s. part. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Limestone is extensively quarried from the 
ledges that crop out upon the hillsides. Hydraulic limestone is also quarried near the falls of 
Oneida Creek. Gypsum is obtained near Cooks Corners. In this town are an ancient burial 
place and the ruins of an old fortification.^ Iffunnsville,^^ (p-'^'-O on Oneida Creek, contains 
I church and several manufactories." Pop. 287. Itnoxville^^ (Stockbridge p. o.) contains 3 
churches, and has a population of 138. Cooks Corners (p. v.) contains 1 church, a plaster 
mill, and about 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1791." A mission church was 
erected on the Indian Reservation, near Cooks Corners, about 1800.^* 

SUL.I.ITA1V'^— was formed from Cazenovia, Feb. 22, 1803, and Lenox was taken off iu 1809. 
It is the N. w. corner tovm of the co. Its surface is level in the n. and rolling in the s. The 
Cowaselon Swamp extends across the town from Chittenango Creek to the line of Lenox. South 
of this swamp is the Vlaie, or natural meadow.^^ Chittenango Creek flows through the town and 



1 There are 6 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Bap., Cong., Friends, 
and Uuiv. 

2 Joseph Taw. Ebenezer Lyon, Sam'l andChaa. Swift, Jonathan 

Buell. Samuel Kioney. and Mitchell settled in the town in 

1794; Oliver Stone and James Ilinman, in 1795; Joshua Wells, 
David Wellington, Israel Patterson, llich. Kaiiev. Dan'l Adams, 
Horatio Simms. Abner Cauip, and Lemuel and Kldad Richardson. 
iu 1796. The first birth waa that of Palmer Wells, in 1796; and 
the first death, that of Mrs. Bishop, about ISOO, Jedcdiah Jack- 
eon kept the first inn, in 1794; Jeremiah Clark built tbe first 
sawniill. about ISOO, and Oliver Pool tbe first gristmill. Daniel 
Russell was the first storekeeper. Dea. Dunham was one of the 
earliest scboolteachera. 

8 2 M. E.. Bap., Cons., and Univ. 4 \amed from Peter Smith. 

* Oliver Trumbull settled in the town the same year. Peter 
Smith was the proprietor of the soil, and eettled at Peterboro at 
an early day. Among the early settlers were families named 
Cleveland, Coon, Babcock, Taylor, Messenger. Sti»ne. Rich. Love- 
land, Loouiis, Merrill. Spencer. Bump. Northrup, Lathrop, Soper, 
ghipman, Howard, Chaffer, Lyons, Moody. Spring. Myers, Brown. 
Austin, and Wright. Peter Smith built tbe first saw and grist 
mill. Jas. Livingston kept the first store, and Lewis Cook kept 
the first iun. Tabitha Havens taught the first school, in 1801. 

• The provisions of the benefaction are, that the amount shall 
be loaned in sums of not over $1000 each, upon good bond anil 
mortgage security ; and that as soon after 1862 as the accumu- 
lated interest amounts to a sufficient sum. a farm, of not less 
than 50 acres, shall bo bought, and snitablo buildings erected 
thereon, to be used as a home for the destitute. 

' Bap., Presb., and Free. 

8 About t mi. E. of Mnnnsville, near the center of the town, 
are several caves, in liraestoue, which have been explored but 
partially on account of noxious gases. In the rock that forms 



the bed of the stream are depressions resembling the footprints 
of men, cattle, and horses. 

• The burial place is on the hillside, about 1 mi. 8. E. of Munn:*- 
ville. A small bone image of a woman, iron and steel axes, guu 
barrels and fragments of guu locks, brass kettles, and tobacco 
pipes have been found. The axes are hatchet shaped, and are 
market! under the eye with three stars. The ruing of the fortifi- 
cation are in the s. w. part of the town. 

10 Named from Asa Munn. the first storekeeper in the town. 

U A woolen factory, a furnace, trip hammer and edgf-'-tool 
factnry. a sawmill, planing mill, and sash factory, and a gristmill. 

12 Named from Herman Knox, an early resident. 

13 Among the early settlers wore Oliver Steward. Natlian. Cal- 
vin. Barney, John, and Alfred Edson. Wm., Eli,iah, and Joseph 
Devine. Wm. Sloan, Benajah House, Annos Bridge, Jjis. Tafft, 
Aaron. Jairus, and Matthew Rankin. Jonathan Snow, Isaac 
Ohadwick.Talcott Divan, Watrous Graves, and Daniel Thurston. 
These settlers all located in the S. e. part of the town. The 

I first marriage was that of John Devine and Pollv Edson. in 
1793; and the first death, that of Widow Anna Hall, in 1795. 
The first saw and gi-ist mills were built by the Stockbridge In- 
dians, on their reservation, about 1794. The first school wp^ 
taught by Edward Foster, in 1797. 

n The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Cong., Bap., M. E., and Univ. 

16 Numed from Gen. John Sullivan. 

16 The Vlaie is covered to the depth of several feet with muck 
or peat underlaid by marl. It is destitute of timber, and sup- 
ports a rank growth of ferns and wecd^. "A ditch cut by the 
side of the road shows vertical stumps ;i feet below the snrfitco, 
and then a small growth near the surface; so that it would 
appear that two forests haveexisted there." This land was origin- 
ally covered with water; but it is now partially drained by ft 
ditch dug by the State. ,. 



394 



MADISON COUNTY. 



forms a part of its w. boundary. The Canastota and Oowaselon Creeks unite in the swamp and 
flow in an artificial channel to the lake. These streams afford numerous valuable mill privileges. 
On the Cauaseraga, near Perryville, is a waterfall 130 feet in height. Black Creek is a tributary 
of the Chittenango. Gypsum is found in numerous localities and is extensively quarried.' Water- 
lime is also obtained in the s. part.'' Marl and peat abound in the swampy regions. There are 
several mineral springs in town, the principal of wliich are the "White Sulphur Spring" and the 
"Yates Spring." The former — known as Chittenango Springs — is fitted up for the reception of 
visitors ; and the waters of both are celebrated for their medicinal properties.' The soil in the n. is 
a clayey loam alternating with muck and marl, and in the s. it is a gravelly loam. Clllttensin^O, 
(p. V.,) on Chittenango Creek, was incorp. March 15, 1842. It contains 3 churches, the Yates 
Polytechnic Institute, a bank, a woolen factory, gristmill, and tannery. Pop. 91G. Perryville* 
(p.v.) is partly in this town. Canaserag^a (Sullivan p.o.) contains 1 church and 25 hnuses, 
and Bridgeport (p.v.) 1 church and about 35 houses. Lakeport is a p.o. The first settle- 
ment was made in 1790, by squatters from the Mohawk Valley.^ The census reports 9 churches.' 



Acres of Land, Valualion, Pojmlation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Montgomery County. 



Namrs OP Towns. 


AOEES OP Laxb. 1 


VilCiTlON OP 1868. 


Population. 1 




.8 
1 

788 
975 
379 
799 
327 
333 
795 
344 

1,512 
641 
194 
314 
217 

1,026 






Schools. 


1 


1 


1 


II 


1 


1 


J 


1 





Is 


Bronkfield 


30.640J 

23,260i 

12,959 

20.828J 

15.021 

11.338i 

19.080) 

19,9l"4J 

32,206i 

17,468 

20,931 

11.820 

15,512 

26,3 09i 


1S,564J 
6,870 
6,859 
8,616i 
3,661 

10.275 
6,36SIJ 
6,171 

16,496i 
4,812 
6,130i 
3.426 
3.647 

15.707 


$599,120 
999.550 
338,085 
776.286 
387.606 
225.170 
721..330 
618.640 

1,690.330 
640,2.50 
455,460 
327.100 
321,910 

1.433.000 


$183,630 

476,950 

29,076 

149,800 

23.350 

34.870 

227,010 

73,120 

434,550 

123,400 

65,250 

48,700 

41,850 

343,000 


$782,760 

1,475.500 
367,760 
925,085 
410,956 
200,040 
948,:U0 
691,760 

2,124,8.80 
763,050 
620,700 
875,800 
363.760 

1.776.000 


1.891 

2,162 

973 

2,014 

791 

728 

1,847 

840 

4,021 

1,222 

967 

758 

1,037 

2.764 


1.879 

2,333 

948 

2.047 

831 

714 

1,890 

821 

3.779 

1,201 

909 

756 

1,016 

2,489 

21.672 


692 
890 
334 
727 
3U 
310 
700 
309 
1.422 
624 
362 
290 
381 
969 


631 
746 
309 
667 
291 
264 
676 
266 
868 
366 
351 
184 
298 
674 


27 
18 
11 
19 
14 
12 
16 
13 
30 
13 
14 
11 
16 
26 

239 


1.330 

1.474 
727 

1.227 
670 
564 

1,235 
616 

2,935 
783 
624 
569 
856 

2.051 

16.661 






















Stockbridge 




Total 


277,393j 


111.605i 


$9,432,786 


$2,2,54,166 


$11,686,941 


22,015 


8,221 


8,544 


6.349 


Names of Towns. 


Lite Stock. 


AaRICULTBHAl, PEODOCTa. 


-5 

II 
0.2 


t§ 


III 

2,029 
1,640 

638 
2.112 
1.069 

634 
1,679 
1.748 
2.656 
1.227 
1,325 

866 
1,327 
2,117 


1 


f 
§ 


1 

T7T0 

1,578 

677 

1,209 

876 

399 

1,208 

1,068 

2,677 

828 

1,083 

801 

853 

1.92S 


BCSB. OF GBAIN. 


1 


IS 


03^ 


DAmv Pboducm. 


5 




1»l 

0, ra 


■3 ^ 


Brookfield 

Cazt-iiovia 

De lUiyter 


1.056 

1,062 
448 
892 
631 
311 

1,092 
690 

1,588 
685 
630 
670 
681 

1.42S 


2.435 
2.157 
1.131 
2.14- 
974 
811 
2,02: 
2.091 
2.76; 
1.34t 
1,79.' 
1,24.' 
1.43( 
1.71( 


8.728 
4.713 
4.943 
4.606 
4.388 
2.867 
3,700 
6.423 
6.547 
4.762 
4.586 
2.149 
2,501 
6.644 


148 
1,S51J 

308 
642 

382 

11,880) 

1,313 

47 

778 

6.966, 

7.491 


99.221 J 

126.9404 

44.108 

80.566} 

82.585 

35,308 

72.020 

72.376J 

236.679 

67,761 

68.64Si 

71.973 

89.969 

162.776 


9,053i 

5,127 

3,756 

6,284 

2,520 

3,476i 

5,1,59 

6,108 

6,201 

4,582 

6,.594 

2,423 

2,742 

5.2375 


30,179 
20.669 

8,398 
16,78Sj 

9,342 

7,800 
15,650 
11,463 
25,627 
16,856 
17,367 

9..590 
11.976 
22.583 


63,62 
49,76 
28,33 
46,40 
46,74 
9,60 
39,16 
31.84 
48.41 
40,86 
60,86 
17,85 
26,lf 
34,16 


7 173.070 

3 186.705 

7 76.976 
2 169.410 
84.740 
9 70,906 
2 118.423 
6 137.488 

8 219.062 
113.045 

4 160.978 
96.414 
6 94.895 
4 147.587 


260.146 
186,356 
106.550 
290,776 

62,705 

69,586 
186,7.50 
161.492 

76.965 
113,490 
209,207 
122,078 
187,656 

64.838 


3.124J 
638 
627 
702J 
642 
731 
886 
844 

1.2511 
7684 

3,008 
216 

1.7.58 

1.978 

17,104} 




Georg.'town 












Stockbridge 

Sullivau 




11.753 


20.8,57 


24.06- 


66.647 


16,794 


30,797, 


1,300.89U 


68.263J 


224.278 


r 631,67 


7 l.,<40.298l 2.087.594 






































1 Gypeum is said to have been quarried here in 1800. 

2 In this town is a bfd of waterliiue, — the first discovered in 
the State. The material w.is first quarried and burned for quick- 
lime to he used on the canal: but it was fmiud that it would 
not slack. Experiments were then made, and the material was 
discovt-red to be hydraulic lime. 

a Following is a statement of an analysis of a pint of water 
from each of these springs. 

White Sulphur Spring. Yates Spring. 

Carbonate of lime 1.33 0.88 

Sulphate " " 8.22 1^ 

Sulphate of magnesia. 3.11 j ' 

'* " soda 1.G6 

Chloride of calcium tra^e o.U 

Organic matter trace trace. 

■* See page 391. 

6 These Bquatters were James and Joseph Pickard, Jacob, 
Pttvid. and Han-Yost Schuyler, Jacob Seeher, Gerrett and Geo. 
Van Slycke, John PoUley, and John Freemyer. They settled 



on the Indian Keaervation near Canasoraga. The Indians com- 
plained to the Governor of thf ir intrusion, and they were ordered 
to remove. They neglected to do so ; and in 1791, Col. Colbraith, 
the sheriflf of Montgomery co., was sent with a posse of CO men 
to dislodge them. Thoy still refused; and their movables were 
taken from tlu'ir dwflliiigs and their houses burned. They 
then removed to the neighborhood of Chittenango and settled 
on lands that the Sliite had lately acquired of the Indiana* 
John G. Moyer, .bihn Wiilroth. Capt. Timothy Brown, Solomon, 
Joseph, and David lletbe. QkA. Zebulon Douglas, John Mathews, 
Philip Daharsh. Nicliulas I'ickard, Ovid Weldon, Peter Dygart, 
John Keller. John towt-r, Wm. Miles. David Burtun. Timothy 
Freeman, and I'eter l-hlc settled in thf town shortly after. The 
first birth was that of Peggy SchuyU-r, in 1791; and the first 
death, that of a child of David Freemyer. John G. Moyer b-iilt 
the first saw and gristmill, and Jacob Schuyler kept the first 
inn. 

fl 3 Bap,, 2 M. E., Cong., Wes. Meth., Ref. Prot. D., and 
Union. 



MONROE COUNTY. 

_^^rm-r>-r,, Tnis county was formed from Ontario and Genesee, Feb. 23, 1821. 

A^^ v»-E!!^fi>v ^ It lies on Lalie Ontario, N. w. of the center of the State. It is cen- 

trally distant 202 mi. from Albany, and contains 682 sq. mi. The 
Q surface is generally level or slightly undulating, with a moderate 
inclination toward the lake. The shore of the lake rises in bluffs 
10 to 30 ft. in height ; and from its summit the surface gradually 
slopes upward to the lake ridge, a distance of 5 to 8 mi. from the 
lake. The summit of this ridge is 160 ft. above the lake; and from 
it the surface declines a few feet to the s., and then rises to the 
summit of the Mountain Ridge, a distance of 1 to 3 mi., and 310 ft. 
above the lake. South of this point the surface is gently rolling, 
the ridges extending n. and s. The summits of the ridges along 
the s. border are about 400 ft. above the lake and 600 to 650 ft. above tide. The principal stream 
is Genesee River, which flows a little E. of N. through the center of the co. Its valley is J mi. to 2 
mi. wide, bordered by ridges 30 to 60 ft. high. At Rochester the river flows over the solid limestone 
which forms the Mountain Ridge a distance of 96 ft., forming the Upper Genesee Falls, and 2J mi. 
below it again descends 105 ft., to near the level of the lake, forming the Lower Genesee Falls. 

The principal tributaries of the Genesee are Oatka and Black Creeks from the w., and lloneoye 
Creek from the e. The other principal streams of the co. are Sandy, Little Salmon, Salmon, But- 
tonwood, and Long Pond Creeks, w. of the Genesee, and Irondequoit and Four Mile Creeks, e. of 
that river, all flowing into Lake Ontario or some of its bays. In their passage from the central 
part of the co. to the lake, these streams nearly all flow over the limestone ridge in a succession 
of falls, foi'ming an abundance of water-power. The principal bodies of water are Lake Ontario, 
which forms its N. boundary, Irondequoit and Braddocks Bays, and Buck, Long, and Cranberry 
Ponds, all indentations from Lake Ontario and connected with it by narrow and shallow straits.' 

The lowest rock in the co. is the Medina sandstone, extending in a broad belt along the lake 
Bhore. Next above this is a thin stratum of the Clinton group, almost disappearing upon the w. 
border of the co. ; and next above is the Niagara group, forming the abrupt terrace of the Moun- 
tain Ridge. This rock forms an excellent building material, and is extensively quarried. It also 
yields weak brine springs in several localities. The underlying rocks in the s. part of the co. 
belong to the Onondaga salt group. Lime is extensively manufactured from the Niagara limestone ; 
and the rocks in the s. part yield gypsum and waterlime. A large part of the co. is covered 
with drift deposits, which mostly assume the character of ridges and rounded hills, many of them 
rising 50 to 100 ft. above the general surface. Tufa and marl are found in several localities, 
forming elements of fertility to the soil almost invaluable. A small quantity of iron is found 
associated with the Clinton group. 

The soil is generally very fertile. Along the lake shore it consists of a red, argillaceous loam, 
principally derived from the disintegration of the Medina sandstone. This is succeeded by a clay 
derived from the disintegration of the Clinton and Niagara shales. The soil in the s. part is im- 
pregnated with lime and gypsum, — two of the most important elements of wheat lands. Agri- 
culture forms the leading pursuit. Until within a few years past, wheat has been the great staple; 
but since the commencement of the ravages of the wheat midge, barley, corn, and oats have 
become the staple productions. Most parts of the co. are well adapted to the culture of fruit, 
and apples and peaches are largely produced. Wool growing is extensively carried on, and 
stock growing and dairying are beginning to receive considerable attention. The manufactures 
are extensive, though mostly confined to Rochester and vicinity. They consist chiefly of flour, 
machinery, edge tools, cars, and almost every variety of articles of iron. Rochester is the busi- 
ness center of the co. ; and from it a large trade is carried on with the surrounding rich agricul- 
tural regions. The canals and railroads centering at this place give it facilities for an extensive 
inland trade and commerce. A limited amount of commerce is carried on upon Lake Ontario. 

1 Tlie Irondpquoit Bay ia a narrow, deep body of water, ox- i the deepest ravine along the >'. border of the State. Some geo- 
tendin* inland about 6 mi. from the lake shore. From its a. logists have supposed that Genesee lliver formerly flowed 
•rtremity a deep valley extends several mi. further 8., forming j through this valley. 



396 



MONROE COUNTY. 



The CO. seat ig located at the city of Kochester.^ The courthouae, situated upon Buffalo St., 
near the center of the city, is a commodious brick edifice, with an Ionic portico supported by four 
massive pillars. The building is surmounted by a dome, the summit of which is 150 ft. high. It 
contains the usual offices and rooms for the court and co. officers, the co. clerk's office, and rooms 
for the city officers.^ The jail is an old stone building, situated upon the bank of the Genesee, 
in the s. part of the city. The poorhouse establishment is located upon a farm of 134 acres in 
Brighton, just s. of the city line of Rochester. It consists of three large buildings, one of which is 
used for an insane asylum. The average number of inmates is 300, supported at a weekly cost 
of 68 cts. each. A school is taught throughout the year. The farm yields a revenue of §3,500. 

Four daily, 2 tri-weekly, 8 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 3 monthly papers are published in 
the co.^ 



1 Tlie first CO. officers were Elisha B. Strong. First Judge 

Tirauthy Barnard, Jtulge; Joseph Spencer, Assi&tant Justice; 

James Seymour, Shei-ijf; Nathaniel Rochester, Clerk; and 

Elisha Ely, Siirmgate. 

- The first courthouse was built in 1821, soon after the organ- 
ization of the CO. It was removed to give place to the present 

Btructure in 1852. The present courthouse w.as built at a cost 

of $50,000, at the joint expense of the city and co. 
8 T/ie Rochester Gazette, the first paper published in Monroe 
CO., was commenced in 1816 by Augustine G. Danby. 
John Sheldon and Oran Follett were subsequently as- 
sociated with hijii; and in 1831 the paper passed into 
the hands of Levi W. Sibley, publisher, with Derlck 
Sibley a** editor, and its name wa^ changed to 

The Mcniroe Republican. In 1S25 Whittlesey & Mumford became 
proprietors. In July. lS27.it was purchased by Luther 
Tucker & Co.. who clKumid its name to 

TlLe Kocliester Republican, and continued its publi- 
cation in connection with the Rochester Daily Adver- 
tiser until 1839. when the establishment passed into the 
hands of Thomas H. Hyatt. After passini^ through 
various hands, it is now published by Curtis, Butts & 
Co.; Isaac liutts, editor. 

The Rochester Tdegraph was commenced July 7, 1818. by Eve- 
rard. Peck & Co. In 1S24 Thurlow Weed became its 
editor, and in 1825 he and Robert Martin purchased 
the establishment. In 1827 they commenced 

The Semi- Weekly Telegraphy which in a short time was changed 
to 

I7« Rochester Daily Telegraph. In 1828 Weed retired, and the 
papers, daily and weekly, were continued by Martin. 
On the 1st of Jan. 1829, the daily was united with the 
Rochester Daily Advertiser, and in 1S30 the weekly 
was merged in the Rochester Republican. 

27W True Genesee Farmer, mo., wiis publish-'d a short time 
about 1824 by Wm. A. Welles; N. iTondsell, editor. 

The Rochester Album was commenced in Oct. 1825. by Mac-shall. 
Spaulding & Hunt. In 1827 it was united with the 
Telei;raph. 

The Rochester Doily Advertiser, the first daily paper w. of 
Albany, wa-^ commenced Oct. 25. 1826, by Luther 
Tucker and Henry C. Sleight, under the firm of Luther 
Tucker & Co. In 1S28 the partnership was dissolved, 
and the publication was continued by Tucker. On 
the 1st of Jan. 1829, the paper was united with the 
Rochester Daily Telegraph and issued as 

The RocheyUr Daily Adrertiser and Telfgraph, by Tucker 
& Martin. In 1^:29 Martin retired, and in 1830 
Tucker dropped the sub-title of Telegraph, Henry 
O'Reilly. H. L. Stevens, Thomas W. Flugg. and Hiram 
Humphrey were successively interested with Tucker in 
its publication as associate editors, until May 1839, 
when the establishment was transferred to Thomas H. 
Hyatt, who became editor and proprietor. After 
passing through several hands, the paper was united 
with the Rochester Daily Union, Sept. 1, 1856, and is 
now published as 

Tlie Rochester Daily Union and Advertiser. 
Isaac Butts, editor; Curtis, Butts & Co., proprieturs. 

The Rochfster Mercury was commenced in Jan. 1827, by Luther 
Tucker & Co. It was issued weekly in connection with 
the Daily Advertist^r, and was merged in the Rochester 
Republican when that paper passed into the hands of 
the Daily Advertiser. 

The Rochester Observer was commenced in 1827. Luther Tucker 
& Co.. printers; Rev. G. G. Sill, editor: Josiah Bissell, 
jr.. proprietor. After several successive changes of 
editor.^ and publishers, it was united u-ith the New York 
Evjingelist in 1832. 

Thfi Rochester Balance was commenced in Jan. 1828, by D. D. 
Stephenson. It soon passed into the hands of Thurlow 
Weed and Samuel Heron, who changed its name to 

The Anti-Masimic Inquirer. D. N. Spragne succeeded Heron, 
and Weed retired in 1830. In 1831 Eraatus Shepard j 
united the Western Spectator of Palmyra with it. In I 
1832, Alva Strong became connected with Shepard in I 
the publication, and in 1834 the paper was merged in I 
the National Republican. j 



The CVo/'fanian (Masonic) was commenced at Rochester in 1838 
by E. J. Hoberts. It was published about a year and 
a half and then removed to Albany. 

The Western Wanderer was commenced at Rochester in 1828 by 
Peter Cherry. It soon passed into the hands of Edwin 
Scranton, who changed its name to 

The Rochester Oem, It subsetpiently passed into the hands of 
Strong & Dawson, and was discontinued in 1843. 

T?ie Spirit of the Age, eemi-mo., was published in Rochester in 
1830 by Ames & Barnum. 

The Rochester Morning Courier was published in 1830 by E. J. 
Roberts. 

The Genesee Fanner was commenced in Rochester in Jan. 1831, 
by Tucker & Stevens, with N. Goodsell as nominal 
editor. It was continued by Tucker until the close of 
1839, when it was united with the Cultivator, at Al- 
bany. 

The National RepnliUcan was commenced at Rochester in the 
spring of 1831 by Sidney Smith. In 1833 a daily edi- 
tion, entitled 

The Morning Advertiser, was issued from the same office. It 
was soon after changed to 

The Evening Advertiser, and in 1854 Smith sold the establish- 
ment to Shepard & Strong, who united the Republican 
with the Inquirer and ihantted the name to 

The, Monroe. Denwcrat, and the name of the daily to 

The Rochester Daily Democrat. In 1836. George DaWiion became 
interested in the establishment, and acted as editor 
until 1839. In 1846, Alva Strong, Samuel P. Allen, 
and Henry Cook were editors and proprietors. In Dec. 
l^'iT. the papers were united with the Daily and Weekly 
Aiii-Tican, and the daily is now issued as 

Tlie Daily Democrat and American, and the 
Weekly as 

Tlie Monroe Democrat, by Strong, Allen & Hunting- 
ton, prnpiifitcrs. and S. P. Allen, editor. 

Tlie Tri-AVeekly Democrat is Issued from the same 
office. 

IJie Rochester Mirror was published in 1832 by Scranton A 
Holstein. 

The Age was published at Rochester in 1833. 

The American Revivalist and Rfjchester Observer was published 
in 1833 by N. C. Sastou. 

GoodsdVs Genesee Farmer was commenced at Rochester in 1833 
by Nahum Goodsell, ami continued a short time. 

77te Rightt of Man was published at Rochester in 1834 by the 
Anti-Slavery Socii'ty. 

The Family Journal and Christian Philnnthr(^nstvrH3 published 
at Rochester in 1834 by W. B. Van Brunt. 

The Monthly Genesee Famwr was commenced in 1836 by Luther 
Tucker. It was made up from the Weekly Genesee 
Farmer, and, with that paper, was united with the Cul- 
tivator in 1S39. 

TJieWatchman was published at Rochester in 1838 by Delazon 
Smith. 

McKenzie's Gazette was published at Rochester in 1838 and '39 
by Alexander McKenzie. 

The New Geve-'^ee Farmer, mo., was commenced in 1840. M. B. 
Bateman. editor. Its name was aft^Tward changed to 

Tlie Genesee Farmer. It was successively edited by 
Heniy Coleman, Daniel Lee, D. D. T. Moore, and James 
Vick, and is now edited and published by Joseph 
Harris. 

TJie Worl-ing Man's Advocate, daily, \vas commenced in Roches- 
ter. Oct. 19, 1839, by the Typographical Association. 
Henry C. Erink, editor. They also issued a i^eekly 
edition. In April, 1840, it was purchased by James 
Tick and George P. Frost, who changed its name to 

Tlie Evening Advocate. In 1841 it passed into the hands of John 
J. Reilly & Co., who changed its name to 

T/ie Evening Fost, and published it in connection with a weekly 
paper called 

The Western New }'fn-ker. On the lat of April. 1843. Erastus 
Shepard became proprietor, and in November foilv*wing 
the two papers were discontinued. 

The Rochester Dadi/ Whig, a campaign paper, was piiblished 1?» 
1840 by W'm. A. Welles. 



MONROE COUNTY. 



397 



The Erie Canal extends e. and w. through the co. It crosses the Irondequoit Valley upon the 
highest embankment upon the whole canal line. At Kochester it crosses Genesee Kiver npou 
an aqueduct built of solid blocks of Onondaga limestone. The Genesee Valley Canal intersects 
the Erie Canal at Rochester, affording water communication s. to near the Penu. line, and opening 
into Allegany River at Olean. The New York Central R. R. extends through the co., several of it3 
branches radiating from Rochester. The direct branch e. extends along the line of the Erie Canal, 
through Brighton, Pittsford, and Perinton, to Syracuse. The Auburn Branch extends 3. e. 
through Brighton and Pittsford to Auburn and Syracuse. The Buffalo Branch extends s. w, 
through Gates, Chili, and Riga ; and the Niagara Falls Branch extends w. through Gates, Greece, 
Ogden, and Sweden. The Genesee Valley R. R. extends s. from Rochester through Brighton, 
Henrietta, and Rush ; the Canandaigua & Niagara Bridge Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. extends 
through Rush and Mendon ; and the Rochester & Charlotte Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. 
extends from Rochester n. to the lake shore. 

The territory now forming Monroe co. formerly constituted a portion of the hunting grounds 
of the Seneca Nation, although it contained none of their principal villages. The region was 
frequently visited by the French ; but no permanent settlement was made till after the Revolution, 



Th& Dailr/ Sun was published in Rochester a few months in 
1840 by Alfred Oakley. 

The American Citizen was published at Rochester and Perry 
(Wyoming co.) in 1S41 by W. L. Chaplin. 

The Jeffersonian, daily, was published in Rochester a short 
time about 1842 by Thomas L. Nichols. 

The Cfifislian Guardian was published a short time in 1842 by 
Rev. J. Whitney. 

The M'^chartics' Advocate was published a short time in 1843. 

The Mochcstrr Daily American wm commenced Dec. 23, 1844, 
by Leonard Jerome & J. M. Patterson ; Alexander 
Mann, editor. A tri-weekly and a weekly edition were 
also issued. In July. 1S45, Lawrence R. Jerome became 
a partner, and in 1846 the establishment passed into 
the bands of Leonard & Lawrence R. Jerome. In 1846 
Dr. Daniel Lee was associated as assistant editor; and 
in 1S47 Reuben D. Jones was assistant. Dec. 1, 1857, 
the paper was united with the Rochester Daily Demo- 
crat aud issued as the Democrat and American. 

The Sochester Herald, daily, was published in 1844 by E. S. 
Watson. 

The Voice of Truth and Glad Tidings of the Kingdom at Hand. 
(Second Advent.) was commenced at Rochester in 1844 
by Elder Joseph Marsh. In 1S4S it was changed to 

The Advent Harbinger, and in 1849 to 

The Advent Harbinyer and Bible Advocate. It was subsequently 
changed to 

The Prophetic BxposUor and Bible AdT^o- 
cate, under which title it is still issued by the original 
proprietor. 

The Roch^^ter Temperance Jtmrnal was commenced in 1846, and 
Continued .i short time. 

The Geuesee Kvangelist was commenced at Rochester 
in IS4ti by Kev. Juhn E. Kuby. It is at present issued 
semi-monthly by R. W. Hill. 

Tlie Chridian Offering was published at Rochester a short 
time in 1847 by S. B. t^haw. 

The Penny Preacher waa published a short time by Eraetus 
Shepard. 

Tlie Gcnesre Olio, semi-mo., wag published in Rochester in 1847 
by I'ranklin Cowdery. 

Tbp N'-irfh .S'AfrwaH published at Rochester in 1S47 and '4S. 

Miemirn If'in'/'',lxb!"'fwa8 [niblishetl at Rochester in 1848. 

Frederick Douglasses Paper was commenced at Ro- 
chester in 1S48 by Frederiik Douglasa, editor and pro- 
prietor, and is still publiphed by him. 

The Wasliiruitrmian was published at Rochester in 1848 by C. 
H. i^edg■H^ck. 

The Ench- ater Girmania was published in 1S49. 

The Groningfi Oairant was commenced in 1849, and continued a 
few months. 

The ChrUti'in Sentinel was commenced in 1849, and continued a 
short time. 

Brewstir\<! Insurance Reporter was published in 1849 by II. A. 
Brewster, 

The Roch'Hti'r Daily Magnet was published in 1849 by Lawrence 
& Winants, — C. H. McDonald & Co., proprietors. It was 
discontinued in 1S50. 

Tfte Wool Grower and Stock Register, mo., was commenced in 
July, 1S49. Wliilein the hands of T.C. Peters, as editor, 
and D. D. T. Moore, it was merged in the Rural New 
Yorker. 

The Invexfig-itor was published a short time in 1850. 

The Medical Tmfh Teller was published a few months in 18 — 
by Dr. J. Gate.9. 

The Annunciator was published in 1850. 

The Cygrr-t was published in 1850 by the Young Men's Temper- 
ance Association. 

The Flag of Freedon was published in 1860 by Calvin H. Chase. 



The Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, semi-mo., was com- 
menced in Nov. 1850. by James White. In connection 

with it was published 
Thf Tmtth'K Instructor. 
Moore*s Rural Ne^w Yorker was commenced in 1850 

by D. D. T. Moore; its present publisher. 
The Western Luminary was commenced at Rochester by Rev. 

G. M. Cook. It was afterward removed to Buffalo. 
The Roche^r Daily Herald was commenced in 1850; L. K. 

Falkner, editor. In a few months it passed into the 

hands of Geo. G. Cooper, who changed its name to 
The Rochester Daily Times, C. Hughson, editor. It was dis- 
continued in 1S61. 
Anzelger des Nordeus, w. and tri-w., was commenced 

in 1852 by Ivraueer & Felix, — Louia Hurtz, editor,— 

and is still published. 
T?ie Youth's Tettiperiince Banner, mo., was published a short 

time in 18 — by a committee of the Temperance Society. 
The Eveninr) News was issued about 3 months in 1852 by E. 

Chamberlain & Co. 
The Naiionid Reformer was published a short time about 

1852. 
Beobachter am Genesee was commenced in 1852 by 

Adolphe Nolte, its present editor and proprietor. 
The Rochester Daily Union was commenced Aug. 16. 1852, by 

Curtis & Butts ; O. Turner, editor. In Dec. ibllowin^, 

Isaac Butts became etiitor. In iSept. 1858. it was united 

with the Rochester Daily Advertiser. A weekly and a 

tri-we(.'kly edition were issued from the same office. 
The Rochester Daily Tribune was issued in 1855-56, by Snow Sc 

IngersoU. 
The RochexUr Daily Free Press, a campaign paper, was issued 

in 1S56 by John N. Ingersoll. 
The Mercantile Journal was issued for 6 months in 1856 by C. 

n. McDonnell. 
The Evaiing American, a campaign paper, was issued in 1858, 

A. H. [?t. Germaine, editor. 
The Rochester Daily Times was commenctMi Jan. 24, 1859, by 

Charles W. Ilebard. editor and proprietor. It was dis- 
continued in April following, and re\ived in June as 
The Dally Elxpress, by C. W. Hebard & Co., by whom it 

in still publii^lied. 
Tile Journal of the Home, mo., connected with the 

Home lor the Friendless, is published in Rochester. 

Mrs. N. S. Barnes, editress. 
Tfte Brncl-port Recorder was commenced in 1828 by Abiathar 

M. Harris: it was published about 2 years. 
The Broclport Free Press was published in 1831 by Harris & 

Hyatt, and in 1832 by Thos. U. Hyatt. 
The Westf}'n Star -was published at Brockport in 1832 by Justin 

Carpenter. 
The Monroe Chronicle and Brockport Advertiser was published 

in 1833. 
The Atlas was published at Brockport in 1835 by D. D. Wait. 
The Brockprrrt Watchman was published in 1844 by E. F. Bridges. 
The Brockport Weekly Journal was commenced In gept. 1852, by 

Wm. Gardiner & Co. It was published about 1 year. 
The Brockport Gazette was commenced Oct. 1, 1865, by Wm. 

Haskell, and continued attout 3 months. 
The Daily Advertiser was commenced in Oct. 1S56, by 

Wm. H. Smith. It is circulated gratuitously, deriving 

its support from advertisements. 
The Brockport Republican was commenced in Jan. 

1S67, — H. W. Reach, editor.— and is still published. 
The Jeffersonian was published in Clarkson in lS.'iO by ^^ 

Bftleh. 
The Bime'ij/e standard was published at Honeoye Falls in 1839 

by Garry A Hough, and afterward by Morris & Veddei, 
The School Visitor, mo., is publibhtd at Spencerport. 



S98 



MONKOE COUNTY. 



The first settler was Ebenezer Allen, a torj, -who located upon the Genesee, near the present site 
of Rochester, in 1788. He soon after removed to Canada. The first permanent settlements were 
made in 1789, in Wheatland and near the head of Irondequoit Bay. During the next five years 
Fettlements sprang up in various parts of the co., though the general growth was greatly retarded 
by the difficulty of access, the dense forests, and the unhealthiness of the climate when the lands 
were first cleared. The unsettled condition of Indian affairs also had the effect to retard settle- 
ment ; and the War of 1812 almost put an end to improvement. At the close of the war, settlers 
came in more rapidly, and a great business began to develop itself at Rochester. The construc- 
tion of the Erie Canal gave an impetus to business, and speedily pushed settlements into every 
portion of the co. From that time the progress of the co. has been rapid and continuous. The 
CO. was contained in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The three western towns belonged to the 
Triangle Tract, and the remainder of the co. w. of the Genesee constitutes a portion of the cele- 
brated '' Mill Yard Tract."! 

BRIGIITO\-— was formed from " Smallwood,"^ March 25, 1814. A part of Rochester was 

taken off in 1834, and Irondequoit in 1839. It is an interior town, lying upon the e. bank of the 
Genesee, a little s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently rolling, with a slight inclina- 
tion toward the n. The deep valley of Irondequoit Bay is on the e. border. Its streams are 
email brooks, tributaries of the Genesee and Irondequoit. The soil is a sandy loam in the E. and 
a clay loam upon the river. Near the center are gypsum beds, formerly extensively worked. The 
people are largely engaged in raising vegetables for the Rochester market. There are several ex- 
tensive nurseries in town, Brighton, (p-'^-j) ^^ ^^^ n.e. part, contains a church and about 30 
dwellings. It is a canal village and a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R., where the two branches 
from the e. unite. A large brick and tile manufactory is located about 2 mi. s. of the village; and 
the Genesee Model School^ is situated upon a beautiful site 2 mi. s. e. West Brig^liton, (p- v.,) 
near the Genesee, s. of the line of Rochester, contains about 15 dwellings. In its immediate 
vicinity are the co. workhouse, poorhouse, and insane hospital, the Mount Hope Rural Cemetery, 
the Monroe co. almshouses, an extensive glue factory, and several other manufactories. The first 
settlement was made in 1790, by John Lu.sk and Oran Stone, who located about 4 mi, e. of the 
river.^ Rev. Solomon Allen, from Northampton, Mass., preached the first sermon and was the first 
settled minister. There is but one church (Cong.) in town. 

CHIIjI — was formed from Riga, Feb. 22, 1822. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center 
of the CO. Its surface is level or gently rolling, with a slight inclination to the e. Genesee River 
forms the e. boundary ; and Black Creek, a sluggish stream, flows e. through near the center. The 
soil is a clay loam, mixed with sand. South of Black Creek are several peculiar gravelly knolls, 
the principal of which is Dumpling Hill, near the river. Cbili, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 
a church and 15 houses ; IVortb Cbili, (p, v.,) a r. r. station in the n. w. corner, contains a 
church and 25 houses ; ClifYon, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church, a saw and grist mill, 
plaster mill, furnace, and 201 inhaVjitants ; .South Cbili is a hamlet. The first settlement was 
made in the e. part, by Joseph Morgan, in 1792.® There are 5 churches in town.^ 

CLiARIiSOW^ — was formed from Murray, (Orleans co.,) April 2, 1819, Union was taken off 
in 1852. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is level, with slight un- 



1 In his treaty with the Indiana, Mr. Phelps wished to obtain 
a tract w. of the Genesee; but the Indians were only will- 
ing to cede the lands e. of that river. A compromise was finally 
effected, by which a tract 2-4 mi. long by 12 mi. wide was granted 
to Phelps and Gorham for a mill yard. It is said that the In- 
dians were much astonished when they came to see the mill and 
know how much land was really required for a yard. The Mill 
Yard Tract was bounded e. by the Genesee, w. by a line parallel 
to and 12 mi. w. of it, and it extended 24 mi. 8. from Lake 
Ontario. 

2 This town embraces Township 3 of Range 7 of the Phelps and 
Gorham Purchase. It was orijjinally purchased by Gen. Hyde, 
Prosper Polly. Knos Stone, Col. Gilbert, and Joseph Chaplin, 
from Lenox. Mass. 

3 The original town. "BoykJ" was organized April 6, 1806. and 
embraced the six N. towns e. of the river. Penfield was taken 
off in li^lO, and Perinton in 1812. Some time in 1812 or '13 the 
name wiis changed to " Smalhonod ;" and March 25, 1814. it was 
divided into two parts, one taking the name of Brighton and 
the other of Pittsford. 

4 This institution was widely known as the "Clover Street 
Seminary.'' undir the care of Mrs. Brewster, the author of 
BIoss's Ancient History. 

6 John Lusk owned 1.500 acres at the head of Irondequoit 
Bay. Among the other early settlers were Joel Scudder, Chaun- 



cey and Calvin Hyde, Samuel Sheflfer, Enoe Blossom, Timothy 
Allyn.and Oliver Culver, — the last named from Orwell, Vt. In 
liSOo. most of the business upon the lake was done at Irondequoit 
Landing. In 1798, Judge John Tryon laid out a village 3 mi. 
above the head of the hay. and built a large wareh(^n-e. The 
place was callud " Tri/ous Toum." Asa Dayton kept an inn at 
this place, in 1801. A tannery and distillery wrre afterward 
built, and the place became quite a lively little village ; hut it is 

now entirely deserted. Turner taught the first school; 

Ira West kept the first store: and Solomon Hatch and Oliver 
Culver built the first mill, on Aliens Creek, in ISOG. 

Among the early settlers were Andrew Wortman. in 1794; 
Stephen Peabody, Col. Josiah Fish and his son Lebbens. from 

Vt.. who located at the mouth of Black Creek, in 179.'>. 

Widener and his sons Jacob, Abraham, "William, and Peter; 

Sot tie and family, Joseph Cary. Lemuel and Joseph Wood, ^^iimuel 

Scott, Joshua Howell. Benj. Bowen, John Kimball, I'illing- 

ham, Franklin and family, all settled previous to ISuii. The 

first birth was that of a childof Joseph Wood, in 1799. The first 
death occurred in the family of Joseph Morgan. Jam**s Chap- 
man kept the first store, in 1807 ; and Joseph Cary built the 
first mill. 

7 2 M. E., 2 Bap., and Presb. 

8 Named from Gen. Clarkson, an extensive landholder, 

who gave 100 acres to the town. 



MONROE COUNTY. 



309 



dulations in the s. It is di*aincd to the n. e. by the head branches of Sahuon and Little Salmon 
Creeks. The soil is a sandy loam, mixed with day. Clarb-SOn, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 
2 churches, a brewery, and 325 inhabitants. It is the residence of Ex-Linut. Gov. Henry R. 8el- 
den. Salt was manufactured to a limited extent by the early settlers. East Clarkson, (I'-v.,) 
in the s. e. corner, contains a church and 20 houses; West ClarKson, in the w. part, 30 
houses. The first settlement commenced in 1809, by James Sayres, Moody Truman, and Elijah 
Blodgett'. There are 3 churches in town; 2 M. E. and Cong, 

GATES^ — was formed March 30, 1802, as ^'Northampton" Its name was changed June 10, 
1812. Parma, Riga, and Murray (Orleans co.) were taken off in 1808, and Greece in 1822. It is 
near the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, and slightly inclined toward the n. Genesee 
River forms a small portion of the e. boundary on the s. e. corner. It is drained by small streams. 
The soil is a fine quality of calcareous loam, intermixed with clay. The people are largely engaged 
in raising vegetables for the Rochester market. Oates (p. o.) is 1 mi. n. of Gates Center. Gates 
Center and West Gates are hamlets; and Cold water is a station upon the Bufi*alo 
Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1809, by Isaac Dean, from Vt,^ 
The census reports 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Presb. 

GREECE — was formed from Gates, March 22, 1822. It lies near the center, on the n. border 
of the CO, Genesee River and Lake Ontario form its e. and n, boundaries. Its surface is rolling, 
with a general inclination toward the lake. Ifc is drained by several streams that flow into the 
small bays that indent the lake shore. These bays, six in number, beginning at the w., are 
respectively Braddocks Bay and Cranberry, Long, Buck, Round, and Little Ponds. The shifting 
sand bars at their mouths destroy their commer(?ial utility. The soil is a clay loam, with large 
tracts of drift sand along the lake shore. Charlotte,* (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, near the mouth 
of Genesee River, is a U. S. port of entry in the Gene^see District, and the lake port for Rochester, 
7 mi. above. It contains 2 churches, a lighthouse, 3 shipyards, a steam sawmill, 2 grain elevators, 
planing mill, and lumber yard. Pop. 400. Sis schooners are owned in the place ; and the lake 
steamers touch here daily during navigation. West Greece, (p. v.,) on the line of Parma, 
contains 2 churches and 30 houses; Xorth Greece (p. v.) a church and 20 houses; Soutti 
Greece, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, 25 houses; and Greece (p. v.) a church and 20 houses. 
Oanfords I^andlng*, (p. v.,) in the s, e. corner, at the head of navigation on Genesee River 
from the lake, contains 20 houses. Greece Center and Reads Corners are hamlets. 
The first settlement was made at the mouth of the Genesee, in 1792,^ by Wm. Ilencher and famil/. 
The census reports 7 churches in town.® 

MEMRIETTA'— was formed from Pittsford, March 27, 1818. It is an interior town, lying 
s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, Genesee River forming its w. boundary. The 
streams are small, and usually dry in summer. The soil is a fertile, argillaceous loam. East 
Henrietta, (Henrietta p. o.,) e. of the center, contains 2 churches, the Monroe Academy, and 
181 inhabitants. West lleurietta^ (P- v.,) s. w. of the center, contains a church, a steam mill, 
furnace, extensive carriage shops, and 40 houses. The first settlement was commenced by Jesse 
Pangburn, in 1806.® The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1811.* 



1 The first Bettlement was made at Clarkaon; and among the 
early settlers at that point were David Forsyth and Dea. Joel 
Palmer, from Conn. Eldridge. John, and Isaac Farwell came 
in ISIO, and located w. of Clarkson Village. Dr. Abiel Bald- 
win, from Saratoga, came in 1811. The first male cliild born 
was a eon of Mrs. Ctarksou; the first female birth was that 
of Betsey Palmer, in 1812. Charlotte Cummings taught the 
firHt school, in 1812. Ueury McCall kept the first store, about 
1810. 

2 Named in honor of Gen. Horatio Gates. 

* Among the early settlers who arrived in 1809 were John 

Sickles and Augustus B. Shaw. In 1817, Kzra Mason. 

Hartford, and Richard. Paul. Philip, Lisle, and Lowell Thomas, 
located in town. William Williams came in 1819. Tiie first child 
horn was a daughter of Ezra Mason, in 1818. Ira West kept 
the first store, and Isaac Dean built the first mill. 

< In June, 1813, tbo British fleet, under Sir .Tanif-s Yeo. 
landed at Charlotte and seized a quantity of provisions and 
whiskey. In Sept. of the same year the iioet again made its 
appearance at the mouth of the Genesee, and commem^ed a 
heavy fire upon the place; but the American fleet made its 
appearance, relieved the place, and the British escaped with 
considerable difficulty. In May, 1814, the British came once 
more, and, under cover of a flag of truce, a demand was made 
to deliver up the public stores at Rochester. The few militia- 
men who were present passed into and out of the woods in 
sight of the British, giving the appearance of a great number; 



1 and the enemy, suspecting an ambuscade, retired, after having 
furiously bombarded the woods for an hour. 

fi Among the other early settlers were John Love, in 1793, at 
the mouth of the river; Zadoc Granger and Gideon King, at the 
Lower Geneeee Falls, now Hanfords Landing, in 1796; and, in 
the winter of 1796 and '97, Eli Granger, Thomas King, tfimon 
King, Elijah Kent, Frederic Bushnell, and Samuel Lutta located 
in town. Kli Granger and Abuer Migells built a schooner at 
Hanfords (then Kings) Landing, in 1799. This was the first 
merchant vessel built by Americans on Lake Ontario. The first 
m;irriage was that of Thomas Lee and a daugliter of Wm. 
Ilenchir. Frederic Ilanford kept the first stoic, in 1810; ami 
Nathaniel Jones built the first sawmill. 

« 2 M. K., Fresh.. Bap.. Cong., Union, and B.C. 

' Named from Henrietta Laura, Countess of Bath, daugbtei 
of f^ir Wm. Pulteney. 

8 Maj. Isaac Scott received for military services 900 acres in 
the 3. w. part of the town, and aftemptfd a BPttlemoiit ^n 1790, 
but abandoned it in 1792. In 1HU6, Cliarlea Rice, Wm ; homp- 
son. Thomas Sparks, Moses Goodall. Geo. Dickinson. Sclal Heed, 
and Gidti'on Griswold settled in the w.part. In 1807, Ira Hatch, 
Jonathan Russell, Benjamin Hale, and the Baldwin family 
s.-ttlcd on what w;i8 called the Wadsworth Road. In ISO'.t. the 
Spring family settled near the center. Sarah Leppett taught 
the first school, in 1x09; James Smith kept the first etore; and 
Jonathan Smith built the first sawmill. 

"* The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., 2 Bap,, and Cong. 



400 



MONROE COUNTY. 



IROJWDEQITOIT*— was formed from Brighton, March 27, 1839. It lies on the n. border 
of the CO., E. of the center. Lake Ontario forms the n., Irondequoit Bay the e., and Genesee River 
the w. boundary. Its surface is rolling, with an inclina:ion in the n. part toward the lake and the 
deep valley of Irondequoit Bay on the e. The streams are small and flow n. and e. into the lake 
and bay. The soil in the n. part is sandy, and in the s. clay loam. Irondequoit, (p. v.,) near 
the center, contains 15 houses. A suburb of Rochester, in the s. w. corner, contains 50 houses. 
The first settlement was made by Wm. Walker, in 1791,^ There is no church in town. 

ME^^DOiV — was formed from Bloomfield, (Ontario co.,) May 20, 1812. It lies on the s. border 
of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface in the n. and e. is rolling, and in the s. w. moderately hilly, 
Honeoye Creek flows through the s. w. corner, and the headwaters of Irondequoit Creek through 
near the center. There are three small ponds in the n. w. part. The soil is a clayey, calcareous 
loam. Uoueoye Falls,^ (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, incorp. April 12, 1833, contains 4 
churches, 3 flouring mills, 1 gristmill, a sawmill, 2 woolen factories, a plaster mill, a manufactory 
of agriculturiil implements, and a stone quarry. It is a station on the Canaudaigua & Niagara 
Falls Branch of the N, Y. C. R. R. Pop. about 1,100. Mendon, (p. v.,) in the e. part, contains 
2 churches, a steam flouring mill, a steam sawmill, a foundery, and 20 houses ; and Meiidon 
Center (p. v.) a grist and saw mill and 15 houses. Sibleyville, in the s. w., is a hamlet. 
The first settlement was made at Iloneoye Falls, by Zebulon Norton, from Vt., in 1790.* The first 
church (Bap.) was organized in 1809 ;^ Rev. Jesse Brayman was the first settled minister, 

OGDE3J* — was formed from Parma, Jan. 27, 1817. It is an interior town, lying w. of the 
center of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, with a slight inclination toward the 
N. The streams are small brooks forming head branches of Sandy, Salmon, and Little Black 
Creeks. The soil is a fine quality of calcareous and clayey loam. It is one of the best wheat 
growing towns in the co. Spencerport^' (p. v.,) a canal village and r. r. station, in the n. e. 
part of the town, contains 4 churches, a furnace, tannery, gristmill, and sawmill. Pop. 578. 
Adams Basin, (p. v.,) is a canal village and r. r. station of 30 houses, in the n. w. part of the 
town. O^den Center contains a church and 35 houses. O^den is a p. o. Settlement was 
commenced in 1802, by George W. Willey, from East Haddam, Conn.^ The first preacher was 
Rev. Daniel Brown, in 1807 ; and the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1811.® 

PARMA^** — was formed from '■'Northampton,''^ now Gates, April 8, 1808. Ogden was taken oS 
in 1817. It lies upon Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the co. The surface is level in the n., and 
gently rolling in the s., with a slight inclination toward the n. Its streams are Salmon, Little 
Salmon, Buttonwood, and Long Pond Creeks. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, intermixed 
in places with sand and clay. Weak brine springs are found s. of Unionville. Parma Cor- 
ners^ (Parma p. o.,) upon the ridge, in the s. part, contains a church, the Parma Institute, a 
pump factory, and 116 inhabitants. Parma Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a machine 
shop, and 109 inhabitants. Unionville, n. of the center, contains 2 churches, a furnace, ma- 
chine shop, and 145 inhabitants. IVortli Parma is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 
the N. E. part, in 1794, by Rozaleet Atchinson and his sons Stephen and John, from Tolland, Conn," 
The first church (Bap.) was formed May 27, 1809.^'-^ 



1 Named from the bay. Called by the Indians Neo-daK)n- 
dii-qnat. eignifying a bay. 

* Walker was a ranger. He settled at the mouth of Genesee 
River, but shortly after removed to the w. side of the river, 
into the present town of Greece. Amonj the other early 

settlfrs were Park. Dunbar, Elisha Scudder, Dr. 

Hosmer, Enim-^r Keynolds. Jesse Case, and Adonyah Green, 
from Vt. The first death was that of Elijah Brown, in 18U6. 

* Long known as '■'Nort/ms Millsy'^ from the first mills, erected 
by Zebnion Norton. 

* Capt. Ball and Peter Sines, from Conn, came in with Mr. 
Norton. Among the other early settlers were Daniel WUliams, 
Capt. Treat, Rufua Parks, Ebenezer Rathbun, Benj. Parks, Wm, 
Hickox, Lorin Wait, and Keubon Hill, from Mass., in 1793. 

Tliese all settled in the E. part of the town. Sterling. 

.Ja.son Cross, Moore, and Calvin Perrin settled at Hone- 
oye Falls, in 1794; John Parks, Jonas Allen, and Joseph 
Bryan, in 1795 ; Charles Foot and Samuel Lane, in 1797. The 
first birth was that of Wm. E. Sterling, in 1795; the first mar- 
riage, that of Jason Cross and Mary Moon, in 1796; and the 
first death, that of John Moon, in ISOl. Welcome Garfield 
taught the first school; Abram Parrish kept the first inn; 
and James Dickinpon the first store. 

6 The census reports 9 churches in town; 2 Fresh., 2 Union, 
Prot. E., M. E., Bap., Cong., and Christian. 

* Named from Wm. Ogden, son-in-law of John Murray, original 
proprietor. The town embraces a portion of '' Mill Yard Tract." 

^ Named from Wm. H. Spencer, the pioneer aettler. 



8 Among the other early settlers were Ephraim, Abraham, 
Timothy, and Isaac Colby, and Wm. H. Spencer, in 1803; .To- 
siah Mather. Jonathan Brown, Henry Hahn, Daniel Wandle, 
Benajah Willey. John Webster, Benj. Freeman, and Daniel 
Spencer, in ISOi ; Judge William B. Brown and Daniel 
Arnold, in 1805; and Austin Spencer, in 1SU8. These early 
settlers were all from Conn. The first child born was John 
Colby, in 1805; and the first death was that of Mrs. G. W. 

Willey. in 1S03. Miss Willey taught the first school, in 

1807. George Huntley kept the first inn; Charles Church the 
first store ; and Wm. U. Spencer built the first sawmill. 

OThe census reports 7 churches in town; Bap., Cong., M. E., 
Meth. Prot., Presb., R. C, and Union. 

10 This town embraces the N. w. portion of the Mill Yard 
Tract. 

n Among the other early settlers were Michael Beach, Silas 
Leonard, Geo. Gtx)dhue, and Timothy Madden, in 1802; Jona- 
than Underwood. Gibbon Jewell, Geo. Huntley, Abner Brock- 
way, jr., Jas. Egbert, and Jonathan Ogden, in 1805; Hope and 
Elisha Downs, in 1S09; Augustus Mather, Lendell Curtisa, Sam'l 
Castle, and Kinnicone Roberts, in 1810; and Joshua Whitney, 
in 1811. The first marriage was thatof Capt. Jonathan Leonard 
and a daughter of Wm. Hincher. Alpheus Madden taught the 
first school, in 1804; J.Thompson kept the first store: Hope and 
Elisha Downs the first inn; and Jonathan Whitney built the 
firpt saw and grist mill. 

13 The census rej^vorts 9 churche.'! in town ; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 
Preub., F. W. Bap., Christian, and Cong. 



MONROE COUNTY. 



401 



PEXFIEliD'— was formed from "Boyle," March 30, 1810. Webster was taken off in 1S40 
It lies on the e. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is rolling, and in the w. it is much 
broken. Irondequoit Bay enters the N. w. corner. Irondequoit Creek iiows through the s. w. 
corner and forms a part of the w. boundary. It falls about 90 ft. in the village of Penfield. The 
other streams are small brooks. The soil is drift sand over argillaceous loam. Penfield, (p. v.,) 
ill the s. w. part, on Irondequoit Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a woolen 
factory, a foundery, and a manufactory of agricultural implements. Pop. 560. I.ovetts Cor- 
ners {Ea-st Penfield p. o.) contains 20 houses; Penfield Center contains 15 houses. The 
first permanent settlement was made by Lebbeus Ross and Calvin Clark, in 1801.'' There are 4 
churches in town.' 

PERIBfTOm*— was formed from "Boyle," May 26, 1812. It is the s. town on the e. line of the 
CO. Its surface is uneven, a ridge from the s. e. terminating near the center. Turk Ilill, in the s. 
part, is the highest point in the oo. The town is drained by the headwaters of Irondequoit Creek and 
its branches. The soil is a sandy loam. Fairport, (p. v.,) N. w. of the center, a canal and R. R. 
station, contains 5 churches, 3 flouring mills, 2 sawmills, a plaster mill, 2 planing mills, a sale- 
ratus factory, machine shops, and carriage shops. Pop. 685. Buslinells Basin, (p. v.,) in 
the w. part, on the canal, contains a church and 252 inhabitants; and Eg'ypt, (p. v.,) s. E. of the 
center, a church and 30 houses. Fullams Basin is a hamlet, on the canal. The first settle- 
ment commenced in 1790, but was mostly abandoned soon after. Glover Perrin was the first per- 
manent settler, in 1793.* Rev. Crane preached the first sermon. There are 8 churches in 

town.' 

PITTSFORD— was formed from " SmaUivood," March 25, 1814. Henrietta was taken off in 
1818. It is an interior town, lying e. of tlie center of the co. Its surface is undulating, with a 
gentle inclination toward the N. Irondequoit Creek flows through the n. e. part, and Aliens Creek 
through the w. part. The soil is sandy in the N., and clayey and gravelly in thes. Pittsford, 
(p. V.,) near the center, a canal and r. r. station, was inoorp. April 7, 1827. It contams 4 churches, 
a union school, and a flouring mill. Pop. 702. Cartersrille, in the E. part, on the canal, 
contains a distillery and 12 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1789, by Israel and 
Simon Stone.' The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1809.^ 

RIGA— was formed from " Norihampion," now Gates, April 8, 1808. Chili wa.s taken off in 
1822. It lies on the w. border of the co., near the s. w. corner. Its surface is level or gently undu- 
lating. Black Creek, a dull, sluggish stream, flows E. in a tortuous course through near the center. 
The soil is a clayey loam. Cliurcliville,' (p. v.,) n. w. of the center, on Black Creek, is a r. r. 
station, and contains 4 churches, a saw and flouring mill, foundery, and machine shop. Pop. 450. 
Ri^a Center, (Riga p. o.,) near the center, contains a church, the Riga Academy, and 25 
houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1805, under the auspices of James Wadsworth.'" 
The first church (Cong.) was formed in the fall of 1806 ;" Rev. Allen HoUister was the first pastor. 



1 Named from Daniel Penfield, an extenBive landholder during 
the early settlement. 

8 Asa CarpeDter tiad previously settled, but did not remain. 

(len. Jonathan Fassett. of Vt., Caleb Hopkins, Maybee, and 

four others, made a settlement, but soun after abandoned it on 
account of sickness. Hopkins and Miiytiee remained. As early 
aa 1804, Josiah J. Kellogg. Dan'l S^ilw^"lI, Uenj. .Minor, Jonathan 
and David Baker, Isa.ac Beatty. and llenrv Paddock, moved in. 
Daniel Penfield came in 1810. The first birth was that of a child 
of Mrs. Fiske; and the first de^atli w.oa that of Benj. Stilwell. in 
1804. Jos. Hatch taught the first school; Daniel Stilwell kept 
the first inn. in ISOfl; and Wm. McKinster the first store. The 
first mills were built by Daniel Penfield. 

' Bap., F. W. Bap., M. ¥,., and Presb. 

* Named from Glover Perrin, the first permanent settler. 

6 Among the early settlers were Jesse Perrin, in 1794, Abner 
Wright, in 1795, Caleb Walker, in 1799. and Asa and Edward 
Perrin, Levi Treadwell, Maj. Norton, John Scott, John Peters, 
and Gideon Ram.'idell, soon after. The first birth was th.at of 
Asa Wright, in 1797. Glover Perrin kept the first inn ; Gregory & 
Dean the first store ; and Richard Lincoln built the first grist- 
mill. 

« 2 Wes. Meth., M. E., Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., Univ., and Union. 

t Silas Nye, Joseph Farr, Alex. Dunn, and David Davis, from 
Washington CO., settled near the center about the same time; 



Thos, Clelland, Ezra Patterson, and Josiah Oirnins.>n soon after. 
In 1790 and "91, the Stone family, of 7 iwrsons, Caleb Hopkins, 
Wra. Acker, Israel Canfield, and Beiy. Miller, came in. The 
first marriage was that of N. Armstrong and Miss K.Cole. The 
first school waa taught in 1794. John Mann built the first mill, 
in 1805, on Irondequoit Creek, in the E. part of the town 

8 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., Prot. E., M. B., and 
Bap. 

« Named from Samuel Church, the pionoer settler at the vil- 
lage in l.SOS. 

le The first settlers were mostly from Mass. Elihu Church 
settled near the center, in March, 180G, .Soon atler. Samuel 
Shepard settled in the 3. w. part; Henry Brewster. S;iml Bald- 
win, William Parker. Ezekiel Barnes, Nehcmiah Frost, Samuel 
Cliurch, Jas. Knowl.-s, Thos, Bingham, Jos. Tucker, Knos Morse, 
and Geo. Richmond, in 1807; and Jos. Emerson and Klier and 
Chester Orcntt, in 1808, The first birth was that of a daughter 
of Sam! Church; the first male child born was Hiram Sheparii, 
in ISOii; the first de.ath wa.s that of Richard Church, in 1807. 
Jos. Thompson kept the first inn: Thompson & Tuttlc the first 
store, in 1808. Samuel Church built the flrrt sauiuiU, in 1808, 
and the first gristmill, in 1811, both at Churchvilio. 

u The census reports 6 churches in town ; 2 Cong., M. E., Pr«eb., 
Bap., and Univ. 



26 



402 



MONROE COUNTY. 




ROCHESTER^— -n-as taken from Brighton and Gates, and 

incorp. as a village, by the name of " IfochestervtUe," March 21, 
1S17. Its name was changed April 12, 1822, and it was en- 
larged and incorporated as a city April 28, 1834.^ It is located 
N. of the center of the co., upon Genesee River, 7 mi. from its 
mouth ; and it contains an area of about 8 sq. mi. The surfaoe 
is level or gently undulating. The N. Y. C. R. R. track is 280 
ft. above Lake Ontario ; and Mt. Hope Ridge, the higliest point 
upon the s. border, is 160 ft. higher. The city has a solid founda- 
tion of Niagara limestone, cropping out along the course of the 
river, but in other parts of the city usually covered with drift 
deposits. The Genesee flows n., dividing the city into two nearly 
equal parts. Its course through the city is mostly a succession of rapids and falls, affording an ex- 
tensive and valuable water-power, which is fully improved for manufacturing purposes,' 

The city is quite regularly laid out, most of the streets crossing each other at right angles. The 
N. and s. streets are parallel to the river, and upon the principal e. and w. streets bridges are 
built across the river.* The streets are usually well paved and bordered by commodious side- 
walks. The city is divided into 12 wards. 

The immense water-power furnished by Genesee River gives to the city great advantages for 
manufacturing.^ Mills were erected at an early period ; and gradually other machinery was added, 
until the present great amount and variety have been attained. The staple manufacture of the city 
is flour. There are now in operation 24 mills and an aggregate of 125 runs of stone. The mills 
have a capacity for grinding 800,000 bbls. of flour per annum ; and the aggregate capital invested 
is $700,000. Since the failure of the wheat crop in Western New York, a considerable portion 
of the water-power has been directed to other manufacturing purposes.® 

The culture of fruit and ornamental trees has for many years formed an important business 
of the city; and now the nurseries are among the most extensive in the country.' 

The cotnmerce of the city is large, though of much less importance than the manufactures. It 



1 Xamed fiLim Col. Nathl Rochester, one of the original pro- 
prietors. 

2 At the first village meeting, held May 13, 1S28, under charter, 
Francis Brown waa elected President, and Wm. Cobb, Everard 
Peck, Dan. Mack, and Jehiel Barnard. Trustees. The villaee 
corporation embraced 750 acres. The first city officers — elected iu 
June. 1S34 — were .Jonathan Child. Mayor; Louis Brooks, Tbos. 
Kerapshall. Elijah F.Smith, Fred'k F. Backus, and A.W. Ripley. 
Aldtrmcn; Ji'hn C. Nash, C/trA-.- and E. F. Marshall, JVeaswrer. 

3 The whole fall of Genesee River within the co. is 280 ft., of 
which 2iJ5 are below the s. line of the city. The falls evidently 
all once formed a single cascade; but the different degrees of 
hardness of the several rocks over which the rivf r flows have 
caused an unequal retrograde movement of the falls, until they 
have assumed tiieir present pof-ition. The surface shales have 
worn away gradually to a uniform slope, over which the water 
flows in a series of rapids. At the Upper Falls the stream falls 
a distance of 96 feet over the perpendicular edge of the Niagara 
limestone underlaid by shale. Below the Upper Falls the river 
flows IJ mi., through a deep ravine bounded by nearly perpen- 
dicular si'les. to the Middle F.ills, where it has a descent of 25 ft. 
One hundrL-d rods below, it descends S4 ft. over a ledge of Me- 
dina sandstone to the level of Lake Ontario. Several sulphur 
springs flow out of the rocks below the Middle Falls. 

* The river is crossed by 4 bridges, respectively at Buffalo, 
Court, Andrew, and Clarissa St«. The Court and Andrew St. 
Bridges are of iron, and the others of wood. The first bridge 
was built upon the site of the present Buffalo St. Bridge, in IslO- 
12, under a special act. The cost — $12,00i:i — was raised by tax. in 
Ontario and Genesee cos. The Ct'urt St. Bridge was first built 
in 1826, by individuals. It waa replaced by the present struc- 
ture iu 1858, at the city expense. The Central R. R. Bridge 
crosses the river a few rods above the Upper Falls. The canal is 
crossed by 5 substantial iron bridges, built by the State. Other 
bridges are built across the canal feeder and the various mill- 
races extending through the city. 

6 The situation of this water-power is very favorable for the 
growth of manufactures. Ve.'^sels from Lake Ontario can come 
up the river to the foot of the Lower Falls, 2 mi. below the 
center of the city ; and above the rapids the river is navigable to 
Mount Morris, a distance of 53 mi. The first mill was built 
by Ebenezer Allen, in 1788-89. He soon after sold out to Col. 
Fish and removed to Canada. This mill and one other were 
tiie only ones at this place until 1814. when Elisha and Henry 
Ely and Josiah Bissell built another at the Upper Falls. During 
this year a f'--w hundred bbls. of flour were si-ut to the Niagara 
frontier, — the first flour ever exported from Rochester. The 
I'hoenix l^Iills were built in 1818; since that time the number has 
I'lrgely increased, until now Rochester is one of the largest flour 
■wauuiacturingplaces in the country. It ia called the "FlourCity." 



6 Flour Borrds form an important item in the manufacturing 
interests of the city. There are now engaged in this business 
41 tirms. producing in the aggregate 250,000 bbls. annually, and 
giving employment to 400 men. 

Axes and Edge Tools are manufactured by 3 firms, with an 
aggregate capital of $180,000. and employing to 200 men. 

Machine Sfu^s, 9 in number, have an aggregate capital of 
$300,000, turn out goods to the amount of 3tiO0,000 per annum, 
and employ 750 men. 

Furnaces, 8 in number, employ 150 men, and have a capital 
of $320,000. 

The Duryee and Forsyth Safe and Scale ManufacturiTig Co. 
was incorp. in Dec. 1854, with a capital of $100,000. It givea 
employment to 250 men, and produces goods to the amount of 
$250,000 per annum. 

CoUmi Factories, 2 in number, give employment to 26 men, 
and produce $2;i0,000 worth of goods annually. 

Breivpries. 17 in number, have an aggregate capital of $130,000, 
and produce $250,000 worth of ale and lager beer annually. 

Boot Tards^ 15 in number, have a capital of $70,000, and 
manufacture $375,000 worth of boats annually. 

Coach a/id Carriatie. factoi'ies, S in number^turn out $150,000 
worth of carriages annually. 

Boot and Sho': tactories. 5 in number, give employment to 900 
hands, and turn out goods annually to the amount of $500,000. 

Cabinet Shops. 8 in number, employ 025 men, and turn out 
work to the amount of $500,000 annually. 

Chair Factorie:^, 2 in number, employ 300 men, and turn out 
chairs to the amount of $200,000 per annum. 

AmoDg the other articles annually manufactured are woolen 
cloths to the amount of $50,000. soap and candles to the amount 
of $i'O.OO0j carpets, paper, linseed oil. alcohol, paint, fire engines, 
rifles. &c. A carpet manufactory was started in 1832; and in 
1838 there were 2 in successful operation. — one at the Lower and 
one at the Middle Falls. The first paper mill was built at the 
Upper Falls, in 1S19. A large paper mill below the Lower Falls 
now produces paper to the amount of $1.^0.000 annually. It is 
chiefly engaged in the manufacture of printing paper. There 
are several sawmills, planing mills, and tanneries in the city. 
Besides these, there are many minor manufactories, in the aggre- 
gate giving employment to a large number of men and making 
use of a great amount of capital. The city ranks among the 
first manufacturing towns in the State. 

' EUwanger & Barry's Mount Hope Nursery, occupjiug 500 
acres, is probably the most extensive nursery in the world. 
Samuel Moulson's Old Rochester Nursery occupies 350 acres; 
Alonzo Frost & Co's. Genesee Valley Nursery, abnut 250; and 
Hooker & Bisseirs East Avenue Nursery, about 200. J. O. Bloss 

& Co., Chas. Moulson, Burtis, Mattison & Co., Wm. King, 

and Wm. Bryan & Cc'a nurseries occupy 60 to 100 acres each. 



MONROE COUNTY. 



403 



is carried on hy means of the canals, railroads, and Lake Ontario.' The exports consist of the 
products of the Genesee Valley and of the manufactured goods of the city. Pop. 43,877. 

Besides the cD. buildings, the city contains several fine public edifices. 

The City Hall, combined with the co. courthouse, has already been described. 

Corinthian Hall contains the reading room and library of the Atheneum and Mechanics' Asso- 
ciation, and is one of the finest public halls in the country. 

The Arcade, fronting BuSalo St., is a commodious building, containing the p. o., telegraph 
oflices, and a variety of other offices, stores, <tc. It has a broad promenade extending through the 
center, from which the various rooms open on either side. The roof is built mostly of glass, and 
the public walk is open to the roof. The rooms of the upper stories open upon galleries, which 
extend the entire length of the building on either side above the main walk or promenade. 

The Central R. R. Depot is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the State. It contains 
ample accommodations for the various R. R. offices, passenger rooms, and for the cars which arrive 
on the various roads that center there. Its roof is supported by iron'; and the whole structure 
presents a fine and imposing appearance. Several of the mercantile blocks, the banks, and private 
residences, are beautiful structures and worthy of becoming architectural models. 

The Public Schools of the city are under the control of a Board of Education, consisting of 2 
members from each ward and a Superintendent. The schools are graded, and the course of in- 
struction embraces all studies, from the primary through the higher branches taught in academies. 
The school buildings are 16 in number. The number of teachers employed is 104 ; 13 are males 
and 91 females. The number of children between the ages of 4 and 21 is 16,108, of whom 6,320, 
or 38 per cent., attend school during some portion of the year. The total expenses for 1857 were 
S58,945.55. Number of volumes in school libraries, 7000. 

The University of the City of Rochester was incorp. in Jan. 1850, and is under the patronage of 
the Baptist denomination. This school has an optional classical and scientific course. The present 
number of pupils is 140." 

The Baptist Theological Seminary,' connected with the University, was established Nov. 4, 1850. 
Its present number of students is 31. 

ITie Rochester Collegiate Institute, corner of Atwater and Oregon Sts., was established in 1854, 
and is at present a flourishing institution.* 

The Rochester Female Academy, on Fitzhugh St., was incorp. in 1837. 

The Allen Female Seminary and The Tracy Female Institute are flourishing private seminaries. . 

There are 8 parish schools connected with the E. C. churches of the city. 

The Rochester Atheneum and Mechanics' Association was founded in 1849. It has an extensive 
reading room and a library of 8,000 volumes. It sustains an annual course of lectures. 

The Female Charitable Society was organized in 1826, to furnish clothing and other articles of 
necessity to the destitute. 

The Home for the Friendless was organized April 11, 1849, to provide work for the needy who 
cannot obtain employment. 

The House for Idle andVagrant Children was opened .June 2, 1854. It is connected with the school 
department of the city; and to it are sent all vagrant children that are wandering about the streets. 

The Rochester Orphan Asylum was established in 183C and incorp. in 1838. It is a fine brick edi- 
fice, situated in the s. w. part of the city, upon a lot donated by the Hon. John Greig. Its average 
number of inmates is 84, supported by State and county appropriations and private subscription. 

The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum was opened in July, 1842. It is under the charge of the 
Sisters of Charity. It is situated in the rear of St. Patrick's Church. 

The Cartmen's Mutual Benevolent Society was incorp. in July, 1849. 

TJie St. Andrew's Benevolent Society for extending aid to indigent Scotchmen was formed in 1850. 

The St. George's Society was formed in JIarch, 1849, by the English residents of the city. 

The other societies in the city are the Monroe Co. Bible Society, organized in 1821 ; The Rochester 



1 The principal landing for the port of Rochester is at Char- 
lotte, at the mouth of Oenesee Kiver. 7 mi. below the city. The 
amount of imports at this port for the year 1858 was J;.'J38.25'2 ; 
exports, $126,197. The principal imports are wheat, flour, fish, 
lumber, horses, bjdes and skins, peas, and wool ; and exports, list- 
ings, fruit, fruit-trees, furniture, cheese, potatoes, and m.ichinery. 

The lighthouse is 57 ft. high, surmounted by a lantern 11 ft. 
diameter and 8 ft. high, with a 4th order of lens. It was erected 
inlS22. at a cost of $5,(XH). The pier is | of a mi.inleui^th, built 
of wood and stone ; and on the end is a beacon lighthouse. 



2 This institution at present occupies temporary buildinps 
upon Huflfalo St., in the midst of the citv. It owns a site of ^^2 
acres just E. of the city limits, upon which suitable huildiniis 
are in process of erection. Connected with the institution is a 
valuable library and a fine mineraloirical cabinet. 

* This institution has an endowment of S7.'>,000. It ha*» a 
German Theological Department. Us library contains 5,.'J00 
vols., 4,(i00 of which belonged to Dr. Auiriistus Neander, the 
German ecclesiastical historian. 

* See p. 741. 



404 



MONROE COUNTY. 



City Tract Society; the Industrial School Association; the CJirixiiari Doctrine Society; Society of 
St. Alphoiims, (German;) St. Joseph's Convent of liedempt ion ; the Academies of St. Patriclc, The 
Sacred Heart, and Our Lady of Mercy. The St. Mary's Hospital has an average of ahout 70 patients. 

The Western House of Befugc for Juvenile Delinquents, a State institution, established in 1844. 
if located upon a farm of 42 acres 1 i mi. N. of the courthouse. The buildings consist of a large and 
imposing main edifice, with wings containing offices, cells, a chapel, &c. and a variety of work- 
shops. They occupy a site of 4J acres, surrounded by a high wall. The average number of in- 
mates is nearly 400.' 

The first religious services held in the co. were connected with the French missions in the 17th 
century. The first church at Rochester (Presb.) was formed in 1815, and the church edifice was 
erected in 1817 ; Rev. Comfort Williams was the first settled minister, in 1816. Several of the city 
churches are among the finest church edifices in the State. There are now 46 churches in the city.^ 

Mount Hope Cemetery is located in Brighton, near the s. line of the city. It embraces a lot of 70 
acres located upon Mount Hope, the highest point of land in the vicinity, and one completely over- 
looking the city. It is laid out in excellent taste, and is one of the finest rural cemeteries in the country. 

St. Patrick's Cemetery contains 15 acres, and St. Joseph's Cemetery (German) 9 acres. 

The territory about the mouth of the Genesee first became known to the whites in the early ex- 
ploring expeditions of the French. A map of the region, prepared by Baron La Hontan, was 
published at London in 1703. Views of the Upper and Lower Genesee Falls had been published 
as early as 1708.' Many other adventurers visited the place and gave descriptions of it long previous 
to the Revolution. The country remained in the peaceable possession of the Indians until after the 
war, when immigration began to set in toward Western N. Y. The first settler who located at the 
falls was Bbenezer Allen, the notorious tory.* lie built a mill in 1788 or '90, but soon after sold 
out his improvements to the Pulteney Estate. The mill went to decay ; and there were no other 
white settlers for several years.* Among the earliest settlers were Jeremiah Olmstead, who located 
a short distance s. of the present site of the House of Refuge, in 1798-99 ; Wm. Cole, who estab- 
lished a ferry, in 1805 ; and Enos Stone, who built a mill, in 1808. In 1802, Nath'l Rochester, 
"Wm. Pitahugh, and Charles H. Carroll, from Md., purchased a tract of 300 acres at the Upper 
Falls ; and in 1812 they caused their land to be laid out for settlement. In the same year 
Francis and JIatthew Brown, from Mass., and Thomas Mumford, laid out a tract of 200 acres 
adjoining the fcprmer, and commenced the erection of mills, &c.° 

The war with Great Britain broke out at the time when the first eifurts were made to build up 
Rochester, and seriously retarded the progress of settlement. The fear of Indian hostilities and 
of hostile invasion from Canada caused many of the pioneer settlers to abandon their new homes 
and emigrate to the more populous sections of the country. At the close of the war, settlements 
commenced throughout Western N. Y. with increased rapidity ; and Rochester immediately felt 
the new impulse. A large number of settlers came in, mills were built, and the place immediately 
became the commercial and manufacturing center of the fertile Genesee country. The finishing 
of the Erie Canal gave a new impetus to the business of the place and served to greatly extend 
its manufacturing interests. Since that time the city has steadily and rapidly increased both in 
population' and business, until it has arrived at a front rank among the inland cities of the State. 

RITSH — was formed from Avon, (Livingston co.,) March 13, 1818. It lies near the center of 
the s. border of the co. Its surface is rolling, with a w. inclination. Genesee River forms its w. 
boundary; and Honeoye Creek flows w. through the town and enters the river near the center of 
the w. border. In the w. part, along the river, are extensive fiats. The soil is a sandy, calcareous 



1 The CPDtral building is S6 by m ft., and 3 stories high. The 
wings are each 148 by 32 ft.. — maliing the entire length of the 
building 382 feet. Juvenile dfliniuents are sentenced to this 
institution from the central, nnrthern, and western parts of the 
State, — those from the eastern part ln'ing sent to a similar insti- 
tution on Wards Island, New York City. The inmates spend a 
portion of each day in study and a portion in laboring at some 
useful employment. The principal business carried on is the 
manufacture of shoes and brushes, A library of 9.000 volumes 
is connected with the institution. The yearly cost is about 
$31,000, and the earnings of the inmates $12,000. See p. 42. 

= 10 Pre.sb., 8 M. E., 7 R. C, 4 I'rot. E., 4 Bap.. 2 Friends, and 
1 each Cong,, Univ., Unit.. Ref, Prot, D,, Germ. Evan., Germ. Ref., 
Second Advent, .Society of Christians, Brothers in Chi'ist, Evang. 
Association, and Jewish, 

5 Upon these early maps the Genesee was called " Casconchia- 
gon," or Little Senecas River. The water-power was not im- 
mediately improved, because every creek in the vicinity afforded 
sufficient power for the wants of the people, 

* .\aron Burr visited the place in 1705 and made a minute 
oad critical survey of the Falls, In 1797 Louis Philippe and his 



two brothers, then in exile, accompanied by Robert Morris, 
visited the place, 

6 See p. 39S, 

6 Charles Harford built a sm.all mill in 1S07, — the first one after 
that of Ebenezer Allen, The Browns built a race in 1812, and 
started a store. The same year Samuel J, Andrews and Moses 
Atwater laid out a tract of land for settlement. Among the 
settlers who came in about this time were Rev, Abelard Rey- 
nolds, Dr, Jonah Brown, (the first physician,) Abraham Starks, 
John Slatlick, (the first lawyer,) Henry Skinner, Israel Scranton, 
Liiscum Knapp, Ilezekiah Noble. Joseph Hughes, Ebenezer 
Kelly, Ira West, Elisha and Henry Ely, Porter 1', Peck, Josiah 
Bissell, jr„ Michael Cully, Harvey Montgomery, Charles D, 
Farman, and Geo, G, Sill, The first child born was a son of 
Enos Stone, Blay 4, 1810. Hamlet Scranton built the first framed 
dwelling, in 1S12, on the present site of the Eagle Tavern, 

"' The following table shows the progress of population since 
1830 :— 

1830 9,207 I 1846 26,965 

1836 14,414 1860 36,403 

1840 20,191 1866 43,877 



MONROE COUNTY. 



405 



loam on the uplands, and a rich alluvium on the flats. East Rusll (Rush p. ).) contains a 
church, a saw and grist mill, a carriage factory, and about 250 inhabitants ; WestRush, (p. v.,) 
in the w. part, a station on the C. & N. F. Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., contains a saw and grist 
mill and 30 houses; Xortli Rusli, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, about 1 mi. e. oi Scottsville 
station, contains a church and 10 houses. Genesee Vallej' R. R. Junction is 1 mi. w. 
of West Rush. The first settlement was commenced in 1799, by Maj. Wm. JIarkham and Ran- 
som Smith, from N. H.' The first settled minister was Elder Golf, (Bap.)^ 

SWEDEIV — was formed from Murray, (Orleans co.,) April 2, 1813. It lies on the w. border 
of the CO., near the center. Its surface is level and gently rolling. A high ridge passes E. and 
W. through tlie town, N. of the center. Salmon Creek rises in the s. w. part and flows in an e. and 
N. E. course through the town. The soil is clay and clay loam. Brockport,' (p. v.,) in the n. 
part, a canal village and r. r. station, was incorp. April 26, 1829, contains 6 churches, the Brock- 
port Collegiate Institute,* a bank, 2 newspaper offices, 4 founderies, a planing mill, a manufactory 
of mowers and reapers, an extensive carriage manufactory, and a rotai-y pump manufactory. Pop, 
2,143. Sweden Center, (Sweden p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 20 houses ; 
and West Sweden, near the s. w. corner, 2 churches and 15 houses. The first settlement was 
commenced in 1807,° by Nathaniel Poole and Walter Palmer. There are 10 churches in town.* 

IJBflOlV — was formed from Clarkson, Oct. 11, 1852. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. 
Lake Ontario forms its x. boundary. Its surface is slightly rolling and inclines toward the lake. 
It is drained by a niunber of small streams, the principal of which is Sandy Creok. The soil is 
a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. Salt was manufactured to a limited extent by the early 
settlers. Clarkson Center, (p. v.,) in tlie s. part, contains 35 houses ; iVortb Clarkson, 
(p. 0.,) in the E. part, 8 houses; Kendalls mills, near the s. w. corner, partly in Kendall, 
(Orleans co.,) is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1810, by Aretus Haskell.' 
There are 5 churches in town.' A Fourierite community was organized and located at the mouth of 
Sandy Creek, in 1843, under Dr. Theller, of Canadian Patriot War notoriety. The bubble soon buret. 

WEBSTER— was formed from Penfield, Feb. 6, 1840. It lies on Lake Ontario, in the n. e. 
corner of the co. Irondequoit Bay forms the w. boundary. Its surface from the ridge in the s. 
part has a gentle inclination to the lake. The shore rises in places 50 ft., and in the w., on Iron- 
dequoit Bay, 80 to 100 ft. The streams are small and flow n. into the lake. The soil is a sandv 
loam N. of the ridge, and clay and clay loam in the s. Salt was manufactured to some extent by 
the early settlers. W^ebster, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the ridge, .contains 4 churches, the Web- 
ster Academy, and 310 inhabitants; West Webster, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 40 
houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1805, under the agency of Caleb Lyon.' The 
first church (M. E.) was formed in 1812, by Rev. Solomon Pierce.'" 

WHEATIiAHfD — was formed from Caledonia, (Livingston co.,) as "Inverness," Feb. 23, 
1821. Its name was changed April 3, 1821. It lies upon the s. border, in the s. w. part of the 
CO. Genesee River flows s. on the E. border. Its surface is rolling. Oatka (or Aliens) Creek flows 
E. through near the center of the town. It is joined at Mumford by the Outlet of Caledonia Springs, 
forming an excellent water-power. The soil is loam, mixed with clay in the interior, and with sand 
and gravel in some localities, the whole underlaid by limestone. Gypsum is found in large quantities. 
Scottsville," (p. v..) in the e. part, contains 4 churches, a union school, extensive flouring mills. 



1 Among the early settlers were .Joseph Morgan, from the w. 

side of the river, and Spraker. from the Mohawk. Philip 

Brice, ChrysUil Thomas, Jacob Stall, and .John Bell, came in 
1801, from Md. ; ,Ioseph Sibley and Elisha Sibley, from Rensse- 
laer CO., in 1804; KlnaThan Perry and Thomas Paity, in l^OG. 
The first birth was that of .Toseph Morgan, in 1789. The first 
deaths were Mr. and .Mrs. Markham, in 1791. John Webster 
kept the first inn: Bem". Campbell the first store; and John 
Webster built the first gristmill. 

2 The census reports 5 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Evan. Luth., 
Bap., and Christiiin. 

* Named from lliel Brockway, a prominent early settler in 
the villiige. 

* This instilution is under the supervision of the Baptist de- 
nomination, and is in a flourishing condition. 

6 Siimuel Bishop, Hopkins. Isaiah White, and Sto|.hcn 

Johnson came in 1S07 : John Reed. Timothy Tyler, and Edward 
Parks, in ISOS. Reuben Moon, with his sons James. Amos, and 
Isaac, settled in 1809 and '10, in the E. part. .Tames Scott 
(colored) was the first settler in the s. part, in 1RU9. John 

Phelps. Rufus Hammond, and Kni;:ht were the ori'.-inal 

purchasers of the site of Brockport. James Seymour, <!eorge 
Allen, Thomas K. Roby, Ralph W. Ooold, Luke Webster, and 
Charles Kichardsoa wero early settlers. Samuel Bishop kept 



the first inn, in 1809 ; Charles Richardson the first store; and 
Brockway & Blodgett built the first mill. 
« .3 M. E., 2 Bap.. F. W. Bap., Cong., Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 

7 Josiah and Samuel Randall, from Maine, settled in ISIO; 

Stephen Baxter and John Nowlan, iu 1811 ; Strunk settled 

at the month of Sandy Creek, in 1811 ; Billings and .Manson 

Thomas, soon after. But few settlers came in until after 1S17. 
The first death waji that of Strunk, in 1812. A. D. Ray- 
mond kept the first inn ; Daniel Pease the first store ; and Alanson 
Thomas huilt the first mill, for Le Roy & Bayard. 

8 M. E.. Meth. Prot., Bap., P. W. Bap., and Union. 

* John Shoecraft. from Ulster Co.. Isaac Straight, Daniel Har- 
vey, Abram Foster, Paul Hammond, William Mann, William 
Harris, John Letts, Samuel Pierce, Samuel Goodeuough, and 
Benjamin Burnett, mostly from \. H.and Vt., settled about 18(W. 
The first birth was in the family of Caleb Lyon ; and tne first 
death, that of a child of .\. Caines. Wm. Harris taught the first 
school, in 1810. John Letts kept the first inn: ¥.' B. Corning 
the first store, in 1825; and Caleb Lyon built the first saw and 
grist mill, in 1806. 

10 There are 4 churches in town; Bap., M. E., Presb,, and Univ. 

n Named from Isaac Scott, the first settler and owner of thw 
present site of the village. 



406 



MONKOE COUNTY. 



plaster mills, a woolen factory, furnace, brewery and distillery, and a steam planing mill. Pop. 
925. lUuniford, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 3 churches, a saw and grist mill, machine 
shop, a thra.shing machine manufactory, and plaster mill. Pop. 535. Garbuttsville contains 
extensive quarries of plaster, flour and plaster mills, and 20 houses ; fVIieatland Center, 
(Wheatland p. o.,) near the center, contains 15 hou8e.s. The first settlement was made in 1789,' by 
Peter Shaefier, from Penn. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1811. The first pastor was 
Rev. Solomon Brown. The census reports 11 churches in town.^ 



Acres of Land, Vahiation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Monroe County. 



Names of Towns. 



Brighton 

Chili 

Clarkson 

Gates 

Greece , 

Henrietta.... 
Irondequoit. 

Mendon 

Ogden 

Parma 

Peotield 

Perinton 

Pittsfield 

Riga 

Rochester.... 

Ru8h 

Sweden 

Union 

Webster. 

Wheatland... 

Total.... 



AcKES OF Land. 



12.079J 
19,S55i 
16,473 
10.601 
24,289 
18.6271 
9,968 
18.931J 
18,042 
20.020J 
17,964i 
17,295 
12.648 
17,091i 
64U 
14,837 
17,602A 
19.969i 
18,464 
15,559 



316,840A 



1.672 

6,172i 

4,626 

1,935 

6,77ai 

3.991 

3,083 i 

4,412 

3,631 

6,01 2i 

4,962 

6,094 

2,080i 

4,000 

61 i 
3.656 
4.146i 
6,7065 
4,703 
3.667 



Valuation op 1858. 



^ 




o 


■s? 








il 






B5 


0.0, 


$1,032,786 


$36,463 


816.200 


36,454 


668,235 


112.035 


720.860 


118.700 


1,320,638 


120.953 


883,332 


207,2.50 


687.840 


48.234 


950,965 


102.186 


787,046 


79,700 


705,966 


86.121 


707,207 


43,600 


838,633 


64.000 


680.380 


92,100 


736,992 


7.S,462 


9.362,408 


2,682,566 


860,920 


83,910 


1,033,086 


275.229 


676,966 


28.400 


662,277 


94,871 


736,440 


137,149 


24.369,165 


4,414.362 



e 



$1,069,239 
851,664 
680,270 
837,660 

1,441,691 

1,090,582 
636,074 

1,063,151 
866,746 
791.086 
760,897 
892,5:33 
672,480 
816.444 
11.944,973 
944,830 

1.308.316 
606,366 
647,148 
873,689 



28,773,627 



:^ 



1,777 
1,131 
1.107 
1.221 
2.323 
1.106 
1,660 
1,625 
1,604 
1,404 
1,644 
1,661 
1,123 
1,050 
21,682 
889 
1.982 
1,263 
1,228 
1,439 



1,546 
1.072 
1,070 
1,126 
2,164 
1,039 
1,574 
1,490 
1,476 
1.379 
1,487 
1,514 
1,010 

976 
22,195 

861 
1.985 
1.116 
1.160 
1,377 



499 
390 
392 
423 
805 
416 
682 
649 
663 
632 
607 
070 
375 
384 
7,408 
301 
712 
442 
496 
4S0 



632 
400 
416 
469 
8.52 
357 
614 
694 
586 
566 
612 
547 
412 
385 
3,567 
318 
623 
444 
618 
503 



291 
318 
291 
296 
689 
300 
460 
444 
464 
453 
434 
433 
316 
202 
6,684 
215 
6-23 
323 
333 
283 



ScHOOl^, 






48,708 47.616 16,916 18,283 Il2..'i61 I i 245 32,916 



1,005 
697 
790 

1,044 

1,627 
706 

1,291 
913 
911 

1.164 

1.111 
988 
747 
835 
15,863 
646 

1,293 
896 
931 
96" 



Names of Towns. 



Brighton 

Chili 

Clarkson 

Gates 

Greece 

Henrietta.... 
Irondequoit. 

Mendon 

Ogden 

Parma 

Penfield 

Perinton 

Pittsfield 

Riga 

Rochester.... 

Rush 

Sweden 

Union 

Webster 

Wheatland.. 

Total,,., 



e 



694 

966 

824 

600 

1,365 

867 

613 

1,155 

1,009 

1,180 

1,044 

1,000 

831 

894 

1,644 

7«2 

9S6 

1,043 

891 

1,018 



655 

633 
1,479 
1,161 

646 
1,667 
1,061 

630 
1,222 
1,343 
1,665 
1,027 
1.606 

838 

1,146 

26 

861 
1,432 
1.629 
1,028 
1,006 



661 
966 
728 
616 

1,449 
822 
664 

1.067 
966 

1,236 

1,040 
918 
693 
746 
844 
6S6 

1,002 
968 
921 
793 



^ 



2,110 
8,745 
7.736 
1,165 
9,174 
6,065 
1,16- 
8,658 
6,690 
9,626 
4,999 
6,0u8 
3.669 
7,164 

6,734 
5,816 
10.617 
6,826 
6.869 



1,036 
2,142 
1, 

3,009 
1,966 

932 
1,303 
1.793 
2,905 
2,053 
1.676 
1,207 
1,782 

323 
2,102 
1,895 
2.398 
1.7.31 
1.978 



AORICDITURAL PRODUCTS. 



BcsH. OF GaAm. 



19.304 
49,074 
17,398 
17,228 
38,666 
64,710 
24,S09 
83,321 
62,183 
27,602i 
38,316 
44;943J 
32..343 
74,831 
200 
47,013 
620.59 
10,7664 
19,876 
107,999 



80,0774 

96,2s8i 

88,865 

69,966 

135,684^ 

115,292 

43.881 

117,6834 

107.7064 

128,8114 

131,003 

101,603 

68,9054 

84,0544 

2,179 

71,728 

82,999 

161,385 

94,973 

60,626 






118,913 21,981 17,684 116,817 34.727 819,5294 1,833.551 58,738} 654.551 491.491 1,643,616' 131,263 



3,3884 
4,239 
3,327 
2,594 
5.2894 
3,9394 
2,074 
2.444 
3.6664 
3.9694 
2,1934 
3,062} 
1,586 
2,431 
94 
1,981 
3,057 
3,6704 
3,227 
2,605 



crjo. 



34,815 
26,200 
13,542 
22,962 
98.293 
16,520 
87.633 
18,453 
32,609 
31,631 
67,044 
62,160 
30,668 
9.697 
2,130 
10,890 
10,653 
27,899 
42,686 
19,380 



20.187 
26,819 
27.1.54 
17,430 
61,656 
25,061 
12,031 
10,670 
40,528 
42,.509 
.58,714 
25,729 

7,818 
23,707 

1,715 
16.790 
30.210 
20,820 
33,477 

8,468 



Dairv Peodccts. 






60.828 

117.666 

69,411 

41,285 

169.986 

72,319 

45,612 

96,020 

110,217 

150,751 

94,318 

81,868 

40,633 

68,930 

378 

78,910 

88,909 

108,101 

126,350 

43,127 



i; s 



1,480 
4,360 

11.630 
850 
4.746 
7.873 
1,160 

13.036 
9.163 
9,693 

10,495 

10.li26 
670 

10,425 

4.400 
12600 
7.011 
3.335 
7,802 






152 

2S2 
263 

20 

1,379 

372 

53 
338 
2S9 
731 
6S0J 
144 

218 

ISO 
685 
4S6 
671 
404 



7,847* 



1 Mr. Shaeffer and his sona Peter and Jacob came in Dec. 
1789. They found a settlement commenced by Ebenezer Alien 
and his brother-in-law, Christopher Dugan, near the mouth of 
Aliens Creek, a short distance below Scott9TilIe. Allen had a 
comfortable log houee and about 60 acres of improvement. The 
Shaeflfers became the purchasers of his farm, paying $2.50 per 
acre. After the sale. Allen left with his family for Mount Morris. 
The valley of the river below Shaeffer'a was slow in settling; 
Joseph Morgan came in 1792. Andrew Wortman in 1794 or "95. 
Caleb Aspinwall, Peter Conkle. Frerierick and Nicholas Hetz- 
tiller were early settlers in the Shaeffiir noi^hborhood. Reuben 
Heath c.ame from Vt. in 1799. The S. w. part waa early settled, 
under the auspices of Charles Williamson, by Scotch, among 
whom were John McNaughton and family, near Mumford. 
T&aac Scott settled at Scottsville about 1790, aud Uonald McVean 



soon after. Zachariah Garbutt and family settled at what ia 
now GarbuttsviHe. in 1803; and Powell C;irpcnter, near Scotts- 
ville, in 1804. The first marriage was that of Peter Shseffur. jr., 
and a daughter of Jacob Schoonover, in 1790. (Ebenezef Allen 
had previously added another inmate to bis harem by a pro- 
tended marriage with Lucy Chapman. See p. 711.) The first 
death was that of Peter Shaeffer. sen. Jacob Scott kept the first 
inn, Philip Garbutt and Abram Uanford the first store; and 
Peter Shaeflfer, jr., built the first sawmill, in 1810. and the first 
gristmill, in 1811. John and Robert McKay built the fir.'^t grist- 
mill, at Mumford, in 1808; and Donald BIcKenzie erected the 
first cloth dyeing works w. of Genesee River. 

2 2 Presb., 2 Bap., 2 Friends, 2 R. C, Prot. E„ M. E., and Assa 
Ref. Presb. 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 







This county was formed from Albany, March 12, 1772, under the 
name of " Tryon Co.'"- Its name was changed April 2, 1784. On- 
tario -svaa taken off in 1789, Ilerliimer, Otsejijo, and Tioga in 1791, 
, Hamilton in 1816,' and Fulton in 1838. It lies on both sides of the 
;i, Mohawk, centrally distant 39 miles from Albany, and contains 436 
.1 sq. mi. The general system of highlands which forms the con- 
s' necting link between the northern spurs of the Allegany Mts. on 
; the s. and the Adirondacks on the N. extends through this co. in a 
N. E. and s. w. direction. Mohawk River cuts through the upland, 
and forms a valley 1 to 2 mi. wide, and 200 to 500 ft. below the sum- 
mits of the hills. The valleys of several of the tributaries of the 
Mohawk extend several miles into the highland district at nearly 
right angles to the river valley. The hills bordering upon the river generally rise in gradual slopes, 
and from their summits the country spreads out into an undulating upland, with a general inclination 
toward the river, into which every part of the surface of the co. is drained. The principal tributaries 
of tlie Mohawk are the East Canada, Garoga, Cayadutta, Chuctenunda Creeks, and Evas Kil, on the 
N., and Cowilliga, Chuctenunda, Schoharie, Auries, Flat, Oanajoharie, and Otsquaga Creeks, on the s. 
The highest point in the co. is Bean Hill, in Florida, and is estimated to be 700 ft. above tide, and the 
lowest point is the bed of the Mohawk, on the e. line of tlie co., 2G0 ft. above tide. 

Gneiss, the only primary rock in the ec, is found in patches, the principal locality being at " The 
Noses," on the Mohawk.^ Resting directly upon this are heavy masses of calciferous sandstone, 
appearing mostly on the N. bank of the river and extending into Fulton co.* Nest above this are 
the Black River and Trenton limestone, not important as surface rocks, but furnishing valuable 
quarries of building stone. The slates and shales of the Hudson River group extend along the s. 
border of the co. and are found in a few places N. of the river. Drift and boulders abound in 
various places. The soil along the river consists of alluvial deposits and a deep, rich, vegetable 
mold, and upon the uplands it is mostly a highly productive sandy and gravelly loam. The pro- 
ductions are principally grass and spring grains. The uplands are finely adapted to pasturiige, and 
dairying forms the leading pursuit. Upon the Mohawk Flats immense quantities of broomcorn 
are raised. There are several important manufactories in the co., consisting chiefly of woolen 
goods, cai-pets, paper, agricultural implements, sash and blinds, and castings. Quarrying is ex- 
tensively carried on.' 

The principal public works are the Erie Canal, extending along the s. side of the Mohawk, and 
the N. Y. Central R. R.,' on the n. bank. A wire suspension bridge crosses the Mohawk at Port 
Hunter, and wooden bridges at Amsterdam, Fonda, Canajoharie, Fort Plain, and St. Johusville. 
An iron bridge was built at Fort Plain, in 1858. 

The county seat is located at Fonda, a pleasant village on the Mohawk, built on the site of the 
ancient Dutch settlement of " Cmiyhnawaga."'' The courthouse is a fine brick edifice, containing 
the usual co. offices.^ The jail is a stone building, adjacent to the courthouse.' The co. poorhouse 
is located upon a farm of 150 acres situated in Glen, about 3 mi. e. of Fonda. The building is old 
and poor, and has few arrangements for the health, comfort, or convenience of its inmates. The 
average number of inmates is 125. The farm yields a revenue of |1,000. 
The first newspaper in the co. was established at Fort Plain, in 1827." 



1 Named from Wm. Tryon, Colonial Governor. Present name 
given in honor of Gen. Richard Montgomery, of the Revolu- 
tion. As first formed, this CO. embraced all of the .State w. of 
Delaware Kiver and a line extending N. throuph Schoharie, and 
along the e. lines of the present cos. of Montgomery, Fulton, and 
Hamilton, and continuing in a Btraight line to Canada. 

2 Taken off with Herkimer in 171*1, and restored to Mont- 
gomery March 31, 1797. 

8 This rock here contains pink colored garnets. 

* This rtx^k often contains in its cavities quartz and nodules 
of anthracite coal, which has led to foolish expenditures of large 
sums in mining for coal. Near Sprakers Basin traces of lead 
have been found. 

6 Stone from these quarries were used in the construction of 
canal locks and other public works. 

• Formerly ■' Sili,mrla<l;/ d: Utira R. R." Tlie Catskill * 
Canajoharie K. R., iucorp. in 1830, was opened to Cooksburgh 



from Cat.skill at a cost of $400,000. In 1.S42 it was abandoned, 
the track sold for $11,000 and taken up. 

' ^^Cavt/liriaw{t(ia" was one-half mi. E. of the courthouse, but is 
now included within the incorporation of the village of Fonda. 
Tiie CO. seat was removed from Johnstown in lS3(i. The condi- 
tions of the removal were that a subscription of $4.'J00 should ha 
rais<_'d, and a site of not less than 3 acres donated to Ihe Co. 
This removal occasioned great dissatisfaction, and led to tha 
division of the CO. in 1838. 

8 lly an act passed March 10. 1778, the sheriff's mileago iu 
Tryon Co. was directed to be reclioned from *' JfVir J\'osr.,<," which 
practice appears to have been cuntinued lor some time. 

* The jail is so constructed as not to answer the rectuii-emenrs 
of the law in the eUissification of prisoners. The courthouse and 
jail were erected at a cost of $30.G00. 

1" Tlie Watch Tower was begun at Fort liain iu 1S27 by S. M. 

407 



408 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



The early history of this co. is full of incident and interest. At the time of the first advent 
of the whites it was the principal seat of the Mohawks, one of the most powerful tribes of the Five 
Nations. The policy adopted by the early Dutch settlers of the colony, and continued by their 
English successors, strongly attached a majority of these savages to their interests; and the unpro- 
voked attack of Champlain, in 1009, made them hate the French in Canada with intense bitterness. 
In the wars that ensued, the Five Nations proved faithful allies to the English, and on many occa- 
sions shielded them from hostile attacks. In 1005-06 a French expedition, consisting of 600 men, 
under De Courcelles and De Tracy, was sent against the Indians, and proceeded as far as Schenec- 
tady ; but, after much suffering and the loss of many men, the army returned to Canada without 
affecting any thing. Within the next few years several French expeditions were sent against the 
western tribes of the Five Nations, and in return the Indians made a descent upon Montreal in 
1089, laid waste whole plantations, and destroyed many lives.^ In retaliation, Count Frontenac 
sent several expeditions against the Indians and English, one of wbich destroyed Schenectady in 
1690.^ In the winter of 1092-93 the French again invaded the Mohawk country, surprised and 
destroyed two of their three castles,* and took about 300 prisoners. In the engagement at the 
third castle they lost 30 of their number; and in their retreat they were pursued by Maj. Peter 
Schuyler at the head of 200 regulars and militia, who succeeded in killing 33 and wounding 26 
of their number and in rescuing 50 prisoners. Favored by the severe cold, the remainder escaped 
and fled to Canada through the great northern wilderness. Their sufferings on this journey were 
intense. As early as 1642-43, a French Jesuit visited the Mohawk settlements; and between that 
date and 1078, 10 missionaries of this order labored to bring over the Indians of this region to the 
French interests and the Catholic religion. Though attended with great hardships, and in one or 
two instances with death, these labors were in some measure successful, and in 1671 a large 
number of Indians removed from Caughnawaga to Canada.* 

A military post, known as Fort Hunter, was established near the mouth of Schoharie Creek in 
1711. About the same time a large number of German Palatinates, sent over by Queen Anne, 
settled upon the Hudson, and shortly after removed to Schoharie and the Muhawk Valley and set- 
tled upon lauds given them by Government. At about the same period a considerable number of 
Holland Dutch, from Schenectady and vicinity, found their way into the co. and extended their 
improvements up the valley. In 1730 the first mill n. of the Mohawk was built on the site of 
"Cranes" Village by two or three brothers named Groat; and this for a time served the settle- 
ments at German Flats, 50 mi. beyond.^ 

The land grants in this co. were made in comparatively small tracts. The first were issued as 
early as 1703. On the 19th of Oct. 1723, a patent of 12,700 acres, called '' Stojie Arabia," n. of the 



S. Gant, who was succeeded by John Calhoun & 

Piatt. In 1S30 it was published as 
The Ffrrt Plain S'titinH. 

The Fort riain tkiz^iU- %yas begun in 1833 by IT. L. Gros. 
The Fort Plain Republican was begun in 1835 by B. W. Gill. 

It was succL-edfd by 
The Tocsin in 1S36, II. Link, publisher. 
The Fvrt Plain Jourmd was comniencod in 1S3S hy W. L. Fish. 

It chant;ed owners several tiniea, and was finally 

discuiitiiiupd. 
The LxUheran Herald. 
The StiuleJits Gleaner, by students of the Fort Plain High 

School, was issued from The JourKal office. 
The Montgomery Phavtix was begun at Fort Plain Feb. 3, lS-41, 

by L. P. Backus, publisher, and D. F. Young, editor. 

In Mar. ls54 it was changed to 
The AloUa^vlc Valley Register, under which name 

it is now published by \Veh^t(■r i Matthewson. 
The Mohawk Flirnur was published at Caughuawaga at an early 

period. 
The Carutjoharie Telegraph was published by Ilenry Uoogh- 

kiik in lS25-i;6. 
The Canajoharie Sentind was published in 1827 ; Samuel Cald- 
well, editor. 
The Canajoharie Rrpublican was published in 1827-28; Henry 

Bloomer, editor, and afterward John McVean & D. F. 

Sacia. 
The Moiitgnmery Argits was published by J. McVean in 1831-32, 

ami continued by S. N. S. Gant till lh30. 
The Oanajohari*^ Investigator was published from 1833 to '36 by 

Andrew H. Calhoun. 
The Radii was begun in lf^37 by Levi S. Backus, a deaf mute; 

in Nov. is-ki. it was burned out, and removed to Fort 

Plain: in 1854 it was removed to Madison co., but has 

since returned to Canajoharie. For sevenil years the State 

made appropriations for sending this paper to deaf mutes 

throughout the State. 
The Mohawk VaUey Gazette waa published at Canajoharie by W. 

U. Kiggs from 1847 to '49. 



The Montgomery Union waa published at Canajoharie by W. S. 

Hawli-y. 1850-53. Four numbers of another paper were 

publis^hed at the same place in 1854 by S. N. S. Gant. 
The Mohawk Advertiser, published at Amsterdam by Dariua 

Wells, was changed to 
Tlie Intelligencer and Mohawk Advertiser in 1834. In 1835 it 

was published by John J. Davis, L. H. Nicholds. editor. 

In 183G it was published by S. B. Marsh, and, after 

several changes, it was changed in 1854 to 
The Aansterdant Recorder, which is now issued by U. 

Hayward. editor and publisher. 
The Mohawk Gazrtte was published at Amsterdam by Josiah A. 

Nootnan in lS3;)-34. 
The F'md:i }i.n>hl was issued by J. Reynolds. Jr.. in 1837. 
Tfi.' F-n'la S, „tui>K b'-gun in 1845; changed in 1869 to 
Tlie Montgomery Deniocratt I. M. Gregory, pub'r. 
The Anurican iStur. commenced wt Can.njoharie April 5, 1855, by 

\Vm. S. Ilawley, was removed to Fonda May 17, 1855. 

In 1857 it was changed to 
The Mohaivk VaUry American, and published by C. B. Freeman. 

In 1S58 this title was changed to 
The Am-t'i-ican Si-tr, now publi-ihcJ by Wm.S. Hawley as 
The Montgomery Co. Star. 
The M"i'lt/'nii>-ry Hliitj was begun at Fultonville in 1839 by P. 

.f. Mills. It passed into the hands of B. H. Pink- 

bani. acti in lS5,i it^ name was changed to 
The Montgomery Republican, and is now pub- 
lished by T. R. Ilorton. 

We are indebted to Prof 0. W. Morris, of New York, 

and to the files of The Pha'nix,for the above list. Many 

changes of ownership are not stated. 
1 Ooldj'7i's Five If^ations ; i^'mith's Hist. N. K 
s See p. 598. 

8 T^e " Lower Castle" was situated at the mouth of Schoharie 
Creek, the "Middle Castle" at th« moutli of the Otsquaga, and 
the "Upper Castle" at the mouth of the Now-a-da-ga or Imlian 
Castle Ci"eek, in Danube, Herkimer co. 

* An Indian village named Caughnawaga, 9 mi. above Moutreal, 
is the lesult of this emigration. ^Simms's "Hiil. Sclioltarte.^' 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 409 

Mohawk, was granted to John Christian Garlock and others for the benefit of the Palatinates. The 
principal grants were made between 1730 and 1740 ; and in 1762 there remained little, if any, un- 
patented laud in the co. 

About the year 1735, the British Admiral, Sir Peter Warren, acquired the title to a largo tract 
of land known as " Warreimbush," mostly in the present town of Florida, and sent out his ucijliew, 
Wm. .Johnson, then but ^1 years of age, as his agent. Johnson first located at the mouth of Scho- 
harie Creek; afterward he removed to 3 mi. above Amsterdam, and finally to Johustowu. Through 
the influence of his nncle he received the appointment of Agent of Indian Afl'airs, which gave him 
great facilities for intercourse and trafiic with the natives. Applying himself industriously to the 
study of the character and language of the Indians, and adopting their habits and dress whenever 
it suited his convenience, he gained an ascendency and influence over them never before enjoyed 
by any white person. His easy and obliging manners made him equally a favorite with the white 
settlers; and until his death, which took place on the 24th of June, 1774, the events of his life are 
intimately interwoven with the history of the co.' His title and estates descended to his son, Sir 
John Johnson ; but his commanding personal influence could not be inherited. Guy Johnson, son- 
in-law of Sir William,^ Col. Daniel Claus, and Col. John Butler, were attached to the interests of 
the Johnson family, possessed large estates, and lived in what were then considered sumptuous 
residences in the Mohawk Valley. They had considerable influence with both whites and Indians. 
In the controversy between the colonists and the mother country wluch resulted in the Revolution, 
the Johnsons and their adherents strongly espoused the cause of the King, from whom they had 
received so many favors. 

As a class, the German Palatinates sided with the colonies, and a majority of the other settlers 
entertained similar sentiments ; but for a long time they were overawed, and their efforts at organi- 
zation were thwarted by the zeal and activity of the tory leaders. In the spring of 1775, while the 
court was in session at Johnstown, through the influence of the tories the signatures of most of the 
grand jurors and magistrates were procured to a document opposing the measures of the Continental 
Congress.' This proceeding, coupled with others of a more aggressive and personal character, 
tended greatly to organize the opposition forces, to separate the friends and enemies of freedom, and 
to kindle feelings of bitter and vindictive hatred, which naturally led to all the horrors of civil war. 

" Tryon co" was divided into 6 districts ;* and, for the purpose of a more thorough organization, 
delegates were appointed in each by the Patriots to form a committee of public safety. Upon .a 
meeting of these delegates a significant remonstrance was addressed to Col. Guy -Johnson, Indian 
Agent, for his aggressive and partisan acts ; he withdrew in June, 1775, to Cosbys Manor, above 
German Flats, under pretense of holding a council with the Indians in the w. part of the co. ; 
and in a short time he fled to Montreal, by the way of Oswego, accompanied by a large number 
of dependents and followers, lie continued to act as Indian Agent during the war, and by liberal 
rewards and still more liberal promises he greatly stimulated the natural ferocity of the Indians, 
and incited them to more active hostility. He was joined in Canada by Joseph Brant, a distin- 
guished and educated Mohawk chief, and John and Walter N. Butler, 2 tories who afterward 
gained an infamous notoriety. At the head of marauding parties of tories and Indi.ans, they after- 
ward returned and committed the most inhuman atrocities upon their old friends and neighljors. 
Sir John Johnson remained at "Johnson Hall," but continued active in his intrigues, and kept up a 
correspondence with Col. Guy Johnson in Canada. His preparations to fortify "Johnson Hall" ex- 
cited alarm ; and in Jan. 1776, a committee, consisting of Gen. Philip Schuyler, Gen. Ten Broeck, 
and Col. Varick, was despatched from Albany to consult with the local committee of safety and satis- 
factorily arrange matters. Gen. Herkimer called out the militia; and the aSiiir was finally settled 
by the surrender of Sir John as prisoner, and an agreement that his Scotch tenants should be 
disarmed. He was sent to Fishkill, but, being released on parole, ho soon returned to Johnstown 
and resumed his intrigues. In May, Col. Dayton was sent with a regiment to again arrest him ; 
but, being warned of their approach. Sir John and his followers fled to the woods, and finally 
reached Canada by the way of Saoandaga and Racket Rivers, after 19 days of fasting and suflfering.' 
Sir John received a commission as colonel m the British service, raised a regiment of tories known 



* For his services while in command of the expedition which 
resulted in the defeat of the French undel' Diesliau. at tlie head 
of Lalie Georsie, lio received the title of Baronet and a gift of 
£5000 from Parliament. From this time until his death he lived 
in ease and opulence, devoting his time to the management of 
public affairs and the improvenleut of his estate. 

2 Succeedeil f^ir William an Indian Agent. 

* Annals of Tryon Co., p. 4rt. 

* These districts were " Mohawk" adjoining Albany, ** Canajo- 
harie," on the s. side of the Mohawk, and *'ralaiini;,'' ou the N., 



extending up the river to Little Falls, *' Grrman Flats," and 
'^ Kingslandj" still farther up the river, and •' Olii England Dis- 
trict" w. of the Susquehanna. The tirst 5 of these districts 
were formed March 24, 1772. On the Sth of March. 1773. tho 
oriKinal name — " ■S'^m'? Aral'ia" — was changed to ** Palaiinf-.^^ 
"German Flats'^ to *' Kivt/sland" and ••h'ini/slami" to "Cfrman 
Flats" Old England Dist. was formed April 3, 1775. 

^ The Indians at St. Regis still preserve a tradition of this 
event, and state that the party were reduced to the utmost ex- 
tremity before they reached the iuhabited region. 



410 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



as " Jiilinson's Greens," and was active and bitter in Lis hostility throughout the war.* Through 
the influence of the Johnsons, all of the Five A'ations, with the exception of a portion of the Oneidas 
and Tuscaroras,^ were attached to tlie British interests, and were liberally aided by arms and pro- 
visions in their frequent incursions into the frontier settlements under the Butlers and Brant.' 

In the summer and fall of 1777, this co., in common with the whole northern and western fron- 
tier, was the scene of great alarm and of stirring military events, produced by the expedition of 
Burgoyne. Gen. St. Leger, at the head of a large body of tories and Indians, was dispatched by 
the way of Oswego to reduce the rebel posts and settlements on the Mohawk and join the main 
army at Albany. On the 3d of Aug. they laid siege to Fort Schuyler, upon the site of the present 
village of Rome. The militia of Montgomery co. were called out, and, under Gen. Ilerkimer, 
marched to the relief of the fort. On the way the bloody battle of Oriskany was fought, in which 
200 of the brave patriots of the co. were killed and as many more carried into Indian captivity.* 
In the latter part of the same month, Genls. Arnold and Learned, at the head of 900 troops, marched 
up the river, and St. Leger hastily abandoned the siege and fled.* The destruction of the valley 
was thus averted, and for several months the inhabitants were allowed to remain undisturbed, save 
by small scalping parties, that hung round the unprotected frontiers and cut off the defenseless 
inhabitants. 

In the spring of 1778, Gen. La Fayette, accompanied by Gen. Schuyler and Col. Duane, went to 
Johnstown and held a conference with a body of Indians, which resulted in a treaty of considerable 
subsequent benefit to the settlers. In the following summer the horrible butcheries at Wyoming, 
Harpersfleld, German Flats, and Cherry Valley were perpetrated ; and in the summer of 1779 the 
army of Gen. Chnton marched from this co. to join Gen. Sullivan's expedition against the chief 
villages and farming grounds of the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Seneoas. On the 21st of May, 1780, 
Sir John .Johnson, at the head of 500 Indians and tories, suddenly made his appearance at Johnson 
Hall. He arrived about sunset on Sunday, and, dividing his force into two parties, at daylight the 
next morning he made a simultaneous attack upon Tribes Hill and Caughnawaga. Several persons 
were killed and others taken prisoners, and every building upon the route, except those belonging 
to tories, was burned. The militia began to collect in considerable numbers, and toward night Sir 
John hastily retreated, and safely reached Canada by the way of the wilderness w. of the Adiron- 
dack SIts.° Near the last of the July succeeding, the militia of the co. were employed to convey a 
provision train sent to the relief of Fort Schuyler; and on the 2d of Aug., while they were absent, 
Brant, at the head of 500 Indians and tories, made an attack upon the settlements in the neighbor- 
hood of Fort Plain. Fifty-three dwellings were burned, 16 persons slain, and 60 women and chil- 
dren carried into captivity. Upon the approach of the militia from Johnstown and Schenectady, 
the party retreated. On the loth of the following Oct. a large party of tories, Indians, and Cana- 
dians, under Sir John Johnson, Brant, and Cornplanter, made their appearance in the Mohawk 
Valley, at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, after having laid waste the Schoharie settlements above. 
From this point they marched up the valley, burning the houses, destroying the property, and 
murdering or taking prisoners all that they met. The militia under Gen. Robert Van Rensselaer 
hastily came together and marched to attack the invaders. On the 18th of Oct., Col. Brown, who 
commanded a small stockade fort at Stone Arabia, acting under the order of Van Rensselaer, 
marched out with 150 men to attack the enemy ; but, receiving no support from the main army, the 
little detachment was soon routed, with the loss of the commander and 30 to 40 men killed. Sir 
John halted at Fox's Mills, about 8 mi. above Fort Hunter, in the town of St. Johnsville, and 
erected a temporary breastwork. At a late hour in the day he was attacked by a detachment under 
Col. Dubois, and the Indians under his command were defeated.' The Americans, under Van 
Rensselaer, fell back 3 mi. and encamped ; and the next morning, upon marching forward to renew 
the attack, they found that the enemy had fled.* Sir John finally succeeded in making his escape, 



1 Annals of Tryan Co.; Simm^s BUt. Schoharu Co, : Hnuah's 
Hist. St. Law. Co.; Dimlap'sEist. o/N. T.; Benton's Hist. Berk. 
Co. 

s About LW Oneidas and 20O Tuacaroras joined the British. — 
AnnaU of Tryon Co. 

s The Americans made several efforts to attach the Six Nations 
to their interests, or at least to induce them to remain neutral. 
In the winter of 177&-77, Col. Harper was sent to ascertain the 
object of the assembhne; of a large body of Indians at Oquago, on 
the Susquehanna. In the succeeding .Tune, Brant, with a party 
of Indians, made a levy upon the settlers of the Unadilla; and 
many (led to a place of safety. Gen. Ilerltimer, at the head of 
S80 militia, marched to meet him : and on the 27th of June. 
1777, a conference was held between the general and the chief, but 
without producing any definite results. AU efforts to propitiate 
the Six Nations were then abandoned, and all conferences ceased 



until the close of the war, when the Indians were called upon, 
as vanquished enemies, to confirm the surrender of most of 
their lands as an atonement for their hostility. 

* There was scarcely a hamlet in the vaUey that did not lose 
one or more of its inhabitants. 

6 For farther particulars concerning these transactions, see 
page 316. 

6 The principal object of this incursion was to obtain the 
silver plate which had been buried by Sir John on his first hasty 
flight from Johnson Hall. The plate was recovered and carried 
to Canada in the knapsacks of 60 men. 

' This engagement is known as the battle of '' Klocks Field.'* 

8 Du Bois had nearly gained the victory, when Van Rensselaer 
came up and gave orders not to renew tlie battle until the signal 
should be given from headquarters. The forces of the former 
were onder arms all night, momentarily expecting the promised 



MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 4U 

though his force was greatly reduced by hunger, fatigue, and the continual, harassing attack* 
of the militia, which hung upon their rear. 

The pruspects uf the Mohawk Valley were now gloomy iu the extreme. Nearly every settlement 
had been desolated, and nearly every family had lost some of its members.^ In the spring of 1781, 
Col. Willett assumed the command of the American forces on the Mohawk, and, by his military 
skill, daring, and knowledge of Indian warfare, he not only successfully repelled all attacks made 
upon the Mohawk settlements, but carried the war into the enemy's own country. 

On the 9th of July, 1781, 300 Indians, under a tory named Doxtader, made a sudden attack upon 
the settlement of Currytown, (iu the town of Koot.) After burning the buildings and collecting a 
lar^e amount of booty, they retreated. Col. Willett, at the head of 150 militia, immediately pursued 
and overtook them at "i>w77rt/(,'* (Dorlach,) a few mi. over the line of Schoharie co, A severe skirmish 
ensued, when the Indians fled, leaving 40 of their number dead on the field.* The final incursion 
into the Mohawk Valley was made Oct. 24, 1781, by a party of 600 British and Indians, under 
Maj. Ross and Walter N. Butler, who made their first appearance in the neighborhood of Warrens- 
bush. They marched to the vicinity of Johnson Hall and commenced the usual work of plunder 
and murder, but were arrested by a sudden attack by forces under Cols. AVillett, Rowley, and 
Harper. A severe engagement ensued, resulting in the retreat of the enemy. Col. Willett pur- 
sued, and, coming up with the rear guard at West Canada Creek, another skirmish took place, in 
which the infamous Walter N. Butler was killed.* The shattered remnant of the British forces 
escaped by way of Oswego. This aftair practically ended the war in Tryon co., and the remaining 
citizens, stripped of almost every thing except the soil, were allowed to resume in peace their accus- 
tomed employments.* In a few years the ravages of the war were completely obliterated, and the 
fertile regions of Central and AVestern N. Y., which had become known through the military expe- 
ditions that had traversed them, soon began to fill up with a New England population. The 
splendid domains of the Johnsons and other royalists were confiscated, and the feudal tenants 
of the colonial period were replaced by enterprising freeholders under the new government.* 



AMSTERDAJ»I«— was formed from*' Cauyhnawaga,'''^ March 12, 1793. Perth (Fulton co.) was 
taken ofi" in 1831, It lies on the n. bank of the Mohawk, in the n.e. corner of the co. Its surface 
consists of the intervale along the river, and a rolling upland gradually rising for the space of 2 
mi. and attaining an elevation of 300 to 500 feet. The principal streams are the Kayaderosseras, 
3 mi. w. of Amsterdam Village, Chuctenunda,^ at the village, and Evas Kil,® near the e. border. 
The soil in the valley is a deep, rich alluvium, and upon the hills it is a fertile, gravelly loam. 
Near Tribes Hill are extensive stone quarries. A considerable amount of manufactures is carried 
on in town, consisting of mill machinery, agricultural implements, carriages, car springs, and 
carpets, at Amsterdam Village, and of woolen goods at Hagamans Mills. Amsterdam, ^° (p. v.,) 
incorp. April 20, 1830, contains 4 churches, the Amsterdam Female Seminary, a bank, printino- 

signal; and they had the inexpressible mortification and chagrin human suffering. He surpassed the savages in barbaritv; and 



to see the beaten foe slipping through the net in which they 
had been caught, without the possibility of preventing their 
escape. Had it not been for the indecision or cowardice of Gen. 
Van Rensselaer, the whole party might have been taken. At 
the time, he was openly charged of cowardice or treachery by 
the Oneida chief, and he entirely lost public confidence. 

1 Some idea of the extent of these ravages maybe formed from 
aetatement prepared by the supervisors of "Tr^o^co.," dated Dec. 
20, 1780. and addret^sed to the legislature. They therein stated 
that 700 buildings had been burned within the co. ; that 3.54 
fumiliea had abandoned their habitations and removed; 613 
persons had deserted to the enemy ; 197 had been killed, 121 
taken prisoners; and 1200 farms lay uncultivated by reason of 
the enemy. This statement did not include Cherrj' Valley, 
Newtown-Martin. Middlefield, Springfield, Harpersfield, and 
Old England District, which had been totally deserted and 
abandoned. The population of the co. at the beginning of the 
war was about 10,000. Wliile the sufferings of the colonists 
Were thus great, the Indian loss was much greater. Their whole 



many a victim was saved from his clutches by the interposition 
of the Indian chief Urant. 

* Special acta were passed in 17S0, '81, and 'S3, directing the 
commissioners of sequestration to relieve certain distressed fami- 
lies. Rev. Baniel Gros. of Canajoharie, acted as almoner of tho 
commissioners: and his acts are preserved among the public 
papers of the State. 

6 For several years after the war, ghosts were reported as fre- 
quently seen stalking about the old residences of the royalists. 
The appearances which gave rise to these reports were doubtless 
the tories themselves, returned in disguise to obtain valuables 
which had been secreted upon their previous hasty flight. The 
settlers, who had suffered so much, were slow in forgetting the 
injuries they had received ; and for many years after, few. either 
Indians or tones, who had been engaged in the war, could show 
themselves in the settlement ■with safety. 

6 Named by Emanm-l E.LeGraff, a Hollander and earlv settler. 

7 On the yth of March. 1780, the portion of Mohawk district 
N. of the river was set off and named '^ Caxtrjhnawago .'" The 



country had been ravaged, their homea and crops destroyed, i first town meeting was held at the house of .lohn B."^\VimpleJ! 
and a large portion of their number had died in battle or by *' Caughnawaga'* was formed as a town, March 7, 17S8. It em- 
fltarvation. At the close of the war the miserable remnant of i braced all that part of Montcomerv co. lying N. of the Mohawk 
the once powerful nations humbly sued for peace, and were and E. of a line extending from The Nost^s N. to Canada. This 
content to accept terms that deprived them of almost their town was divided in 1793 into Amsterdiun, Mayfield, Broudalbin 
entire country. and Johnstown. * 

* By stratiigem Col. Willett succeeded in drawing the Indians j 8 Signifying "Twin Sisters," and applied to the streams flow- 
into an ambuscade. They fled so hastily that all their bapgage I ing into the Mohawk on opposite sides; in some documents 
and plunder was captured. On their retreat they murdered a i spelled Chuct-to-na^ne-da. 
number of prisoners to prevent their escape. i » Pmnounced E-vaws-kll; named from Mrs. Eva Van Alstyne, 

3 Walter N. Butler was one of the most inhuman wretches , who was wounded and scalped by the Indiana in 1755, while 
that ever disgraced humanity. Ferocious, bloodthirsty, and crossing this stream, 
cruel, he seemed to revel in perfect delight at the spectacle of | ^o i'ormerly called " Vudersburgh." 



412 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



office, and several manufactories. Pop. 2044. Ila^amans Mills (p. v.) has 124 inhabitants, 
Cranesville' (p-"^-) 92, and Maniiys Corners S houses. Tribes Hill,^ (p-o->) on the line 
of Mohawk, is a hamlet. A wire suspension bridge here crosses the Mohawk to Florida.^ The first 
settlement was commenced about 1710, by Dutch and Palatinates. About 1740, SirWm. Johnson 
built a large stone mansion upon the w. side of the Kayaderosseras, 3 mi. w. of Amsterdam 
Village.^ This building was fortified and named "Fort Johnson." Col. Daniel Claus and Guy 
Johnson, sons-in-law to Sir William, occupied fine mansions respectively 1 and 2 mi. below Fort 
Johnson,* previous to the Revolution. The first settlers at Amsterdam Village were Albert Veeder, 
E. E. De Graff, Nicholas Wilcox, and Wm. Kline. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 
1792.® The first settled minister was Rev. Conrad Ten Eyck, in 1799. There had been preaching 
in town at a much earlier period. 

CAIVAJOUARIE'— was formed as a district March 24, 1772, and as a town March 7, 1788. 
Cherry Valley was taken off in 1791, Minden in 1798, a part of Root in 1823, and of Minden in 1849, 
It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surfiice consists of the intervale of Canajo- 
harie or Bowmans Creek,^ and undulating uplands 200 to 600 feet above the valley. The soil is a 
gravelly loam, derived from the disintegration of the underlying slate, in some places intermixed 
with clay. The cultivation of hops receives some attention, A small woolen factory is located 
on Bowmans Creek. Canajoliarie, (p. v.,) incorp. April 30, 1829, contains 5 churches, the 
Canajoharie Academy, and 2 banks; pop. 1500. Abridge crosses the Mohawk at this place, con- 
necting it with the village and r. r. station uf Palatine Bridge. Anies,^ (P-^m) in the s. part of the 
town, contains an academy and 204 inhabitants, and Bwel,^° (P-^-t) in the s. w. part, 25 houses. 
Sprout Brooli., (p. o.,) Mapleton, and IflarNliville are hamlets. The first settlement in 
town was commenced in early colonial times; but the precise date is not known." During the 
Revolution the people warmly espoused the American cause, and were afterward among the greatest 
sufferers in the Mohawk Valley .^^ Gen. Clinton, while marching to join Sullivan in 1779, made this 
place his headquarters for some weeks.^^ In Aug. 1780, Brant made an incursion into the valley 
and destroyed nearly the whole settlement. ^^ During the war several other incursions were made; 
and the people were often driven to the utmost extremity. Several small forts were built in the 
town, which afforded some protection to the people.*^ In 1795, Archibald and James Kane estal> 
lished themselves as merchants at this place, and commenced a business which soon grew to be one 
of the largest in the interior of the State. ^® In 1823, the *' Central Asylum for the Instruction of the 
Deaf and Dumb" was located near Buel, in this town; but in 1836 it was united with the one pre- 
viously established in New York City." The first church (Free Will Bap.) was organized at Ames, 
in 1796-97, by Rev. George Elliott.^« 

CHARIiESTOJV— was formed from Mohawk, March 12, 1793.^^ Glen and a part of Root 
were taken off in 1823. It is the most southerly town iu the co., and the only one not bordering upon 
the Mohawk. It lies upon the high plateau region immediately w. of Schoharie Creek ; and the 



> Named from David Crane, who settled here in 1804. 

2 So uamed because the Indian tribes were wont to assemble 
here. 

8 A Remington suspension bridge built here some years since 
fell of its own weight before it was finished. 

* This edifice was richly ornamented with earrings of oak and 
mahogany ; and at the time of its erection it was one of the finest 
mansions in the colony. It is still standing, and is the jiroperty 
of Ethan Aikens, Esq. Sir William lived here for many 
years, surrounded by numerous dependents, and was frequently 
visited by great numbers of Indians, by whom he was highly 
esteemed, lie built a mill upon the Kayaderosseras, near his 
mansion. 

6 The former of those was bnrned. and its site is now occupied 
by the hotel of Chas. Chase. The latter, known as " Guy Park," 
is etill standing, between the r. r. and river, 1 mi. w. of Am- 
sterdam. It is now owned by Jas. Stewart. A tract 1 mi. 
square was originally attached to each of these residences, but 
the whole was confiscated and sold with the estates of the tories. 

• This ( hurch became Presb. in 1&03. There are now 8 churches 
In town; 2 Presb., 2 M.K., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., Prut. E., and 
Evang. Luth. 

' " Con(i/ox/iar«" in the act of incorporation. Indian name, Ga- 
na-jo-hi-e, said to siguify a " a kettle-shaped hole in the rock," or 
"the pot that washes itself," and refers to a deep hole worn in 
the rock at the falls on the creek 1 mi. from its mouth. 

8 It is said tliat the Indian name of this stream is ■* Te-ko~ha- 
ra-wn." The fulls on this creek, about 1 mi. from its movith,are 
Interesting to scientific men for the different geological forma- 
tions there exposed and the holes of various sizes worn in the 
locks. 

9 Hasaed la honor of Fisher Ames. 



10 Named in honor of Jesse Buel, of Albany. 

11 An Indian school was taught at Canajoharie, in 1764, by 
Philip Jonathan. 

12 At the buttle of Oriskany many of the prominent citizens 
of this place were killed. Among thetn were Col. Cox, Lieut. Col. 
Hunt, Maj. Van Slyck, Capt. Henry Devendorf, Robert Crouse, 
Jacob Bowman, Andrew Dillenback, Capt. Jacob Leeber, Charles 
Fox, and Lieut. Wm. Leeber. 

13 While Gen. Clinton was at this place, Henry Hare and Wm. 
Newbury, two notorious tories, were arrested and executed as 
spies. They had formerly been citizens of the town. A deserter 
named Titus was also shot here. 

1* See page -HO. 

IS A fort was built here at an early period as one of the chilin of 
fortifications to Oswego. It was 100 feet square. 15 ft. high, witli 
bastions at the angles, and was ai med with sevenil (small cannon. 
In 1781 the house of Philip Van AUtyne was palisaded, and 
named Fort A'an Rensselaer. It is still standing. Fort Ehle 
stood Imi. E. of Canajoharie. An Indian bui-ial ground occupied 
the hillside just w. of the village, and several skeletons have 
been found, in a sitting posture, facing the e. 

1* In 1799 their purchases of potash and wheat amounted to 
$120,000. 

IT This asylum was established mainly thcouyh the instni- 
meutality of Robt. Bowman, of this town, and its course of in- 
struction was modeled after that at Hartford, Coun. I'rof 0. W. 
Morris, now of the New York Asylum, was its last principal. 

18 The census reports 11 churches; 3 M. E., 2 Kef. Prot. D., 2 
Evang. Lutb., Presb., F. W. Bap., True Dutch, and Uniun. 

1" Hy an act bearing this date, the old town of Muhawk was 
abolished, and its territory was erected into Florida and Charles- 
ton. The present town of Mohawk is of much more recent oi igiu. 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



413 



greater part of the surface is an undulating upland. On the e. it descends in steep declivities to 
the valley of the creek, which is here a narrow ravine. Its streams are small. The soil ii gene- 
rally loam intermixed with clay, and is particularly adapted to spring grains and dairying. The 
town has a limited amount of manufactures, consisting principally of sash and blinds, woolen 
goods, and flour. Burtonsville,' (p. v.,) on Schoharie Creek, in the s. e. corner of the town, 
contains 32 houses ; Cliarleston Four Corners, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, 30 ; and 
Cliarleston, (p. v.,) near the n. border, 20. Carytown and Oak Ridge are hamlets. 
A portion of this town was included in the patent of 25,400 acres granted to "Wm. Corry in 1737; 
and others were portions of the " Stone Heap Patent," granted to John Bowen and others in 1770, 
and Thomas Machin's Patent of 1787. The first settlements were probably made previous to the 
Kevolution.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.' 

FLiORIDA — was formed from Mohawk, March 12, 1793. It embraces that part of the co. 
lying s. of the Mohawk, and E. of Schoharie Creek. The greater part of the surface is a rolling 
upland, 600 ft. above the valley. Bean Ilill, in the s. w. part, is the highest land in the co. The 
declivities bordering upon the streams are usually steep. The two principal streams within its 
borders are Chuctenunda and Cowilliga* Creeks. The soil and productions are similar to those 
of neighboring towns. Several sulphur springs are found in town, the most noted of which is near 
Scotch Bush. The Erie Canal crosses the Schoharie Creek between this town and Glen, on a 
costly aqueduct. Broomcorn is one of the principal agricultural products, and brooms are exten- 
sively manufactured. Port Jackson (p. v.) is a canal village on the Mohawk, opposite Amster- 
dam. Pop. 309. Minaville, (p. v.,) on Chuctenunda Creek, near the center, contains 95 inhabi- 
tants. Fort Hunter,^ (p-o-.) at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, and Scotch Bush, (p.o.,) 
near the s. border, are hamlets. One of the 3 Mohawk castles was situated at the mouth of 
Schoharie Creek at the first advent of the whites. The first white settlement in this co. is supposed 
to have been made in this town. Fort Hunter' was built here by the whites in 1711. Queen 
Anne's Chapel was soon after erected, and was furnished with a valuable set of communion 
plate by Queen Anne.' The fort was garrisoned until after the French War, when it was aban- 
doned. During tie Revolution the chapel was inclosed with palisades, and converted into a strong 
fortress defended by cannon. In Oct. 1780, several houses were burned on the opposite side of the 
creek by the forces under Sir John Johnson, but the fort was not molested. Before the close of the 
war several newly arrived German emigrants settled in town, and they were followed soon after by 
Scotch and Irish families.' The first preacher after the war was Rev. Thos. Romeyn, (Ref. Prot. D.,) 
in 1784. The census reports 5 churches in town.' 

CrLiElV — was formed from Charleston, April 10, 1823. It lies in the s.w. angle formed by the 
junction of Schoharie Creek and the Mohawk. Its surface consists principally of uplands about 600 
feet high, descending by abrupt declivities to the narrow intervales along the streams. The princi- 
pal streams are Auries" Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk, and Irish Creek, a branch of the Scho- 
harie.'^ The soil is generally a clayey loam. One mi. E. of Voorheesville is a chalybeate spring." 
Fultonville" (p. v.) is situated on the Mohawk and the Erie Canal. Pop. 850. Voorhees- 
ville, (Glen p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 40 houses, and AurlesTille, (p. v.,) a 
canal village near the mouth of Auries Creek, 170 inhabitants. The land bordering upon the river 
was granted in 10 patents to diflerent persons in 1722 to 1726, and the greater part of the remainder 
to James De Lancey in 1737. Peter Quackenboss settled on Scott's Patent, near Auries Creek. 



1 Buckwheat flour' for the New York market is extensively 
manufactured at this place. 

2 Robt. Winchell. Nathan Tracy, Aden B^o^vnley. and Joseph 
Burnhap settled near Kimballs Corners, Abia Boaman near 
Charleston P. 0.. Henry Mapes, Abner Thrnop. and David and 
Nathan Kimball at Charleston. Thomas Machin, Capt. .John 
Stanton, ,Tohn Eddy, and Ezekiel Tracy were also early settlers. 

» Bap., M. E., Ref. Prot. D., Christian, and Union. 

* Said to si^inify " WHlow." 

5 The Indian name for this place was I-can^le-ro-pa, or Tfron- 
dJl-Io-ga, "two streams coming together." The first Indian castle, 
which stood near this place, was called" Os'Sev-m-^on" or" 0»- 
e-ym-ofwi-re." — N. T. Colonuil Hist. 

• The contracts to build this fort, and one at Oswego, were 
taken Oct. 11, 1711, by Garret gymouce, Barent and Hendrick 
Vroman, John Wemp, and Arent Van Patten, of Schenectady. 
The walls of the first were 150 feet square and 12 feet high, and 
were formed of logs pinned together. It was afterward enlarged 
and strengthened. 

' This chapel was for a long time under the charge of the " So- 
ciety for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts." and a mis- 
■ioaary and Indian school were supported here. The chapel was 



demolished in 1820 to make room for the canal. The parsonage, 
still standing, is probably the oldest building w. of Schenec- 
tady. It was sold a few years since for $1500, and the proceeds 
were divided between the Prot. E. churches at Port Jackson and 
Johnstown. 

8 Wm. Bent kept the first store at Port Jackson. The first 
bridge of any importance over Schoharie Creek was built in 
1796, by Maj. Isaiah De Puy. The route 8. of the Mohawk was 
the one principally traveled for a great numtK?r of years. An 
Indian school was taught at Fort Hunter in 17C9. 

» 2 Ref Prot. P., M. E., Asso. Presb., and R. C. 

1^ Named from Jacob S. Glen, a prominent citizen of the town. 

n Auries Creek is the Dutch fnr"AdriansCreek."It w.-is named 
from an Indian in the vicinity. Tlie Indian name was Ogh-rack-ie. 

w Upon Schoharie Creek, about 2 mi. above its mouth, is a high 
bank formed by a landslide, and called by the Indians CoKjaugh- 
ri-ty, signifying '' steep bank," or " perpendicular wall." — Simmyt 
Bist. Schoharie. 

" In early days fruitless attempts were here made to obtain iron. 

W Named in honor of Robert Fulton. Ttio village site waj 
known as " Van £^s Swamp'' during the Revolution^ — Simmt'9. 
Hist. Schoharie 



414 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



poon after it was secured, and was probably the first white inhabitant of the town. About 1740, 
16 Irish families, under the patronage of Sir Wm. Johnson, settled on Oorry's Patent, a few mi. s.w. 
of Fort Hunter. After making considerable improvements, they abandoned their location and 
returned to Ireland in consequence of threatened Indian disturbances.* The first church (Ref. 
Prot. D.) was formed at Glen ; Rev, Henry Y. Wyckoff was the first pastor.^ This town was the 
scene of many interesting incidents connected with the war. It furnished its full proportion 
of victims at the battle of Orlskany, and sustained an equal share in the losses and sufferings 
from Indian incursions.^ The last council within the co. previous to the Revolution was held 
between the Indians and Americans Oct. 13, 1775, on the farm now owned by John S. Quacken- 
boss, on the Mohawk Flats, 2 mi. e. of Fultonville. 

MISD£^ — was formed from Canajoharie, March 2, 1798. Danube (Herkimer co) was taken 
off in 1817. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, in the extreme w. part of the co. Its surface 
is principally an undulating upland, with steep declivities bordering upon the streams. The 
principal streams are the Otsquaga* and its tributary the Otsquene. Prospect Hill, called by the 
Indians " Ta-^a-jo-rhies,^'^ lies upon the Otsquaga opposite Fort Plain. The soil is a fine quality 
of gravelly and clayey loam, and is particularly adapted to grazing.^ Fort Plain^ (p. v.,) 
incorp. April 5, 1832, is situated upon the Mohawk, in the e. part of the town. It contains an 
academy,' bank, printing oflSce, and 4 churches. Pop. 1502. ]>Iindeiiville, (p. v.,) on the 
Mohawk, in the w. part of the town, contains 30 houses, and Fordsborougrh, (Mindenp.o.,) 
on the w. border, 25. HallsvBlle,^ (p-o.,) Freysbusli,^ (p-o.,) and Ilessville^ are hamlets. 
In this town are found the remains of one of those ancient fortifications which are so common in 
Central and Western New York and throughout the Western States, showing that the co, was 
inhabited long prior to the advent of the Indians.^^ During the French War, Fort Plain was 
erected on the summit of the hill, half a mi. n. w, of the village.^* During the Revolution, several 
other forts were built to protect the people from the sudden attacks of the Indians,'^ The first 
settlements in this town were among the first in the co. The early settlers were Germans, among 
whom were the Devendoi-f, Waggoner, and Gros families, Andrew Keller, and Henry H. Smith." 
John Abeel, an Indian trader, settled here in 1748.^* In common with the other valley towns, 
these settlements were ravaged by Brant and Johnson in 1780. At the time of Brant's incursion 
the men were mostly absent, and the women were shut up in the forts for safety. Upon the 



1 A Bon of the first settler married Annie, dauijhter of Capt. 
John Scott, the patentee, and settled on the site of the present 
CO. poorhouse. Their son John, bom about 172.'), was the first 
white child born on the s. side of the Mohawk, between Fort 
Hnnter and German Flats. Cornelius Putnam settled at Ca- 
daughrity, Richard Hoff 1 mi. w. of Glen. Nicholas tJardinier and 
John Van Eps on the Mohawk, and Charles Van Epa at Fulton- 
ville. Near the house of the Van Eps a small blockhouse was 
erected toward the close of the Revolution. Joo. Hazard taucht 
the first school, at the house of J. S. Quackenboss; Wm.Quacken- 
boss keptthe first inn at Aurie8ville,inl797, and John Starin 
one still earlier at the present villaire of Fultonville. Jer. Smith 
opened the first store in Glen, in 1797. A. D. Quackenboss kept 
a store on the Mohawk. E. of Fultonville. Peter and Simon Mabie 
built the first sawmill and carding machine, in 1797, and Peter 
Quackenboss a gristmill, on Auries Creek, soon after. 

2 The census reports 4churches in town; 2 Ref. Prot. D.,M.E., 
True Dutch. 

8 In the fall of 1779 George Cuck. a noted tory, who had often 
led scalping parties of Indians to the homes of his old neigh- 
bors, was seen lurking about, and at one time was fired upon 
and narrowly escaped. It was supposed that he had returned 
to Canada; but toward spring it became known that he was con- 
cealed at the house of John Van Zuyler, a kinsman and brother 
tory. A party surrounded the house, dragged Cuck from his 
hiding place and shot him, and arrested Van Zuyler and sent 
him prisoner to Albany. In the fall of 17S0 the whole settle- 
ment was ravaged, and many of the people were mnrdered. One 
day Isaac Quackenboss, while out Inmting, discovered three hos- 
tile Indians sitting upon a log. He fired, and killed two, and 
mortally wounded the third. 

4 Mohawk, Osquago, signifying "under the bridge." 

6 Said to signify '* Hill of Health," or " Fort on a hill." 

■ The dairy products of this town are greater than those of any 
other in the co. Hops are also largely cultivated. 

7 The '■ Fort Plain Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute" 
is supported by the patroniige of all dt'noniinationa. The 
academic building is a fine structure, situated upon a command- 
ing eminence ovt-rlooking the village and valley. 

8 Named from Capt. Robert Hall. 

9 Named frum John Frey, a lawyer and loading patriot who 
resided here during the Revolution. 

10 These mounds and ruins are the most easterly of any of the 
Kind yet discovered. They are situated 4 mi. s. of Fort Plain, on 



a tongue of land formed by the valleys of Otsquaga Creek and 
one of its tributaries. This tongue is 100 ft. above the streams, 
and the declivities are almost precipitous. Across the tongue, at 
its narrowest part, is a curved line of breastworks 240 ft. in 
length, inclosing an area of about 7 acres. A gigantic pine, 6 ft. 
in diameter, stands upon one end of the embankment, showing 
that the work must have been of great antiquity. — Smithsonian 
Omtributions, Vol JL Art. 6. 

11 This fort was built by aFrench engineer for the Government, 
and was the finest fortification in the valley. It was octagonal, 
'6 stories high, each story projecting beyond the one below. In 
the lower story was a cannon, which was fired in cases of alarm 
to notify the people of danger. 

12 Fort Plank was situated about 2 mi. N. W. of Fort Plain, on 
the farm now occupied by C. House. Fort Clyde was situated 2 
mi. s. w. of Fort Plain, near the residence of Peter Deveudorf, at 
Freysbush. Fort Willett was w. of Fort Plank. 

18 Henry Hayse, a German, taught the first school; Isaac 
Countryman built the first gristmill, soon after the war, and 
Isaac Paris kept the fir?t store, about the same time. A large 
stone dwelling was erected here for the sons of Gov. Clark in 
1738, but was soon abandoned. It obtained the reputation of 
being haunted, and was given away, 50 years ago, on condition 
that it should be demolished. 

n In his previous intercourse with the Indians, Abeel had 
married the daughter of a Seneca chief, after the Indian 
fashion. A child of this marriage was the famous chief Corn- 
planter. Abeel subsequently married a white woman, and at the 
commencement of the war was living upon hie farm. Turing 
the incursion of Oct. 17S0, Abeel was taken prisoner by a party 
of Indians, and. while momentarily expecting death. Corn- 
planter addressed him as father and assured him of his safety. 
He was given his choice either to accompany the Indians under 
the protection of his son. or to return to his white family. He 
chose the latter; and after the warCornplanter visited bim,and 
was received by his Fort Plain relatives with the civilities due 
his rank and manly bearing. The chief died at his residence in 
Penn., March 7, 183fi. Stone, in his Life of Brant, says that 
Cornplanter was more than 100 years old at the time of hia 
death. Mr. Webster, of Fort Plain, a descendent of John Abeel, 
states that Abeel did not make his appearance in the Indian 
country until 1748. and that Cornplanter was born about 1750. 
This would make his age about 30 when he accompanied the ex- 
pedition that took his father prisoner, and but 80 when he died. 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



415 



approach of the enemy the -women showed themselves dressed in men's clothes, and the Indians 
thereupon kept at a respectful distance. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized at Fort 
Plain, long before the war. The census reports 9 churches in town.* 

MOIIAWH. — was formed from Johnsto-RTi, April 4, 1837.^ It lies upon the n. bank of Mo- 
hawk River and near the center of the n. border of the co. The surface is uneven, and gradually 
rises from the iiver to the n. line, where it attains an elevation of about 400 ft. above the valley. 
Its principal screams are Cayadutta and Pa-de-nos-ca-ra^ Creeks. The soil is generally a good 
quality of gravelly loam. Fonda,^ (P-^-O pleasantly situated upon the Mohawk, is the co. seat 
Besides the co. buildings, it contains 2 churches, a bank, printing offices, and several manufactories 
Pop. C87. Tribes Ifiill^ (P-^-O on the border of Amsterdam, contains 327 inhabitants. The 
site of the present viUage of Fonda was called " Cang/mawaga"^ by the Indians, and was one of the 
favorite resorts of the Mohawks. It was the scene of some of the earliest labors of the French 
Jesuits among the Five Nations, two of whom lost their lives here in 1646. The names of the first 
actual white settlers are not known. Nicholas Hansen^ settled at Tribes Hill before 1725, and 
others, by the names of Fonda, Vanderworker, Doxtader, and Fisher, at an early day.' Among the 
other residents of the town before the Revolution were Col. John Butler and his son Walter N., 
who afterward attained an infamous notoriety for their inhuman atrocities and for the vindictive 
hate which they seemed to cherish against their old whig neighbors.^ The principal weight of the 
incursion of Sir John in May, 1780, fell upon the two settlements of Tribes Hill and Caughnawaga.^ 
In the autumn of the same year the second incursion of Sir John swept over the town, destroying 
the greater part of the property that escaped the first. A stone church (Ref. Prot. D.) erected in 
1763 is still standing.^° Rev. Thos. Romeyn was the first pastor. In 1795 he was succeeded by 
Rev. Abraham Van Home." The census reports 3 churches in tovra ; Ref. Prot. D., True D., M. E. 



1 3 Evan. Luth., 3 M. E., Ref. Prot. D., 2 Univ. 

* Care should be taken not to confound this town with one of 
the same name 8. of the river, abolished in 1793. See Note 1 to 
Charleston. 

8 Signifying "trees having excrescences." 

4 Named from Douw Fonda, who removed from Schenectady 
and settled here in 1751. At the time of the Revolution Im was 
Jiving on the flats, between the present turnpike and the river, 
a few rods E. of the road leading to the bridge, at which place he 
was murdered by the Indians under Sir John, May 22, 1780. At 
the time of his death he was 84 years old. In former years he 
had greatly befriended the Johnson family; but the ruthless 
savages led by Sir John spared neither friend nor foe. His three 
Bon3, John. Jellis, and Adam, were stanch whigs, residing in 
the neighborhood. Indian name, Garuarwa-da, "on the rapids." 

6 Meaning '■ stone in the water," or '■ at the rapids." 

* Patents of 1000 acres each, on the Mohawk, were granted to 
Nicholas Hansen and his brother Hendrik July 12,1713. 

7 The first birth N. of the river, of which there is any record, 

was that of Henry Hansen. Collins taught a school in 

1774. Jellis (Giles) Fonda is said to have been the first merchant 
W. of Schenectady. He carried on an extensive trade with the 
native tribes, and with the whites at Forts Schuyler and Stan- 
wix and the forts at Oswego. Niagara, and Schlosser. His sales 
consisted chiefly of blankets, trinkets, ammunition, and rum, 
and his purchases of peltries, ginseng, and potash. At one time 
before the Revolution his ledger showed an indebtedness of over 
$10,000 in the Indian country. John Chaley was an early settler 
at Tribes Hill. He was in the war, and found his own brother 
arrayed against him. 

8 Alexander White, Colonial Sheriff of Tryon co.. rpsided on 
the present site of the courthouse. He was a zealous tory, and 
was obliged to flee to Canada. He was succeeded by John Frey, 
appointed by the Provincial Congress. 

* The detachment against Tribes Hill was led by Henry and 
Wm. Bowen, who had lived in the vicinity, Psissing the tory 
settlement of Albany Bush (in Johnstown) without molesta- 
tion, they proceeded to the home of Gerret Putnam, a stanch 
whig at Tribes Hill, and there by mistake murdered two lories, 
who had hired the place a short time before. From this place 
they went up the river, plundering the houses and murdering 
their old friends and neighbors. Every building was burned 
except the church and parsonage, and several slaves and white 
male prisoners were carried to Canada. The women were not 
particularly molested on this occasion. At the house of Col. 
Fred. Fisher they were warmly received by the Col.'e family, 
consisting of himself, his mother, and hie "two brothers John 
and Harmon. The Col.'s wife and children had been sent to 
Schenectady for safety ; and his two sisters and an old negro, on 
the first aiarrn. fled to the woods and escaped. The Indians 
made a desperate attack upon the house, and a constant firing 
was kept up by the inmates until their ammunition was ex- 
hausted. They then all retreated to the chamber except John, 
who Btoo<i in the stairway and defended it with a hatchet until 
he had killed 7 Indians. He then retreated above, and. slipping 
upon some peas whirh lay upon the floor, he fell, and was dis- 
patched with a tomahawk. Harmon Jumped out of the window 



to put out the fire that had been applied to tho roof, and while 
standing on the fence he was shot, and fell across the fence dead. 
The mother was knocked down with the breech of a gun and 
left for deiid. The Col. was also knocked down by a tomahawk, 
dragged down stairs by his hair, and thrown upon the ground, 
when an Indian jumped upon his back, drew a knife across hia 
thruat. as was supposed, cutting it from ear to ear, then, cutting 
round the scalp, seized it by his teeth and tore it from his head, 
and finally gave him a blow in the shoulder with his hatchet 
and fled. The Col. had not lost his senses throuf.h all thia 
mangling, and his throat, being protected by a leather belt worn 
inside of his cravat, was only slightly wounded. As aoon as the 
Indians disappeared, he arose, went up stairs and brought down 
his mother, placed her in a chair and leaned her up against the 
fence: returned, and brought down the body of his brother 
John and laid it on the grass; then, becoming exhausted from 
loss of blood and the effect of the scalping, he lay down "jpon an 
old rug that lay out of doors, — as he supposed, to die. The old 
negro and girls soon returned, and found the houst burned 
down and the dead and wounded as described. By sij^ns the 
Col. made known to the negro that he wanted water, who imme- 
diately brought it from the creek near by and gave it to him to 
drink, and also bathed his head, which restored his speech. A 
tory named Clement passing by, the negro asked what he should 
do: the reply, given in German, was. ''Let the d— d rebel die." 
According to the directions of the Col., the negro cjiught tho 
colts, which had never been broken, harnessed them to the 
wagon, and took him to the house of Putnam, at Tribes Hill. 
From there he, together with his mother, sisters, and the bodies 
of his brothers, was conveyed across the river to Wemples, and 
thence in a canoe to Schenectady, where they arrived about sun- 
down, and he had his wounds dressed for the first time. After 
five years' Bufi"ering, he nearly recovered from the effects of his 
wounds. He built a new house on the site of the old one, and 
liveil 29 years after he was wounded, — for several years holding 
the office of First Judge of the co. His mother also recovered 
from her woiinds, and lived with him. After the war the In- 
dian who scjilped him returned to the settlements, and stopped 
at a tavern kept by a tory at Tribes Hill. The wife of the land- 
lord, who was a whig, sent word immediately to tho house of 
Col. Fisher that the Indian was there and would soon call at 
his house. The family, knowng that the Col. had sworn re- 
venge, and wishing to prevent any more bloodshed, kept the 
news from him. As they were all in the front room, about the 
time the Indian was expected they overset a pot of lyoupon tho 
hearth, and persuaded the Col. to go into the back room and lie 
down until they cleaned it up. While the Col. was gone, the 
Indian came to the door, where he was met by the old lady, who 
addressed him in the Indian tongue, told him her son's inten- 
tions, and pointed to a gun which was always kept lo.aded in 
readiness for him. The Indian listened, gave a grunt, and ran 
away with all speed. 

10 In 1845 it was fitted up as an academy; but the school was 
Boon after discontinued. 

11 He died in lS4i\ at an advanced age. During hia ministry 
he married 1500 couples.— .Si'mmj** Schoharie. 



416 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



PAliATISJE — was formed as a district, by the name of "Slone Arabia," March 24, 1772 ; its 
name was changed Marcli 8, 1773. It was formed as a town Marcli 7, 177'8, embracing all the terri- 
tory between " Little Falls and The Noses," and extending from the Moliawk to Canada. Salisbury 
(Ilerk. CO.) was taken off in 1707, Stratford (Ful. co.) in 1805,Oppenheim (Ful. co.) in 1808, Manheim 
(Uerk. CO.) in 1S17, and Ephratah (Ful. co.) in 1827. It lies on the N. bank of the Mohawk, w. of 
the center of the co. Its surface is mostly an upland, 200 to 500 feet above the valley, broken by 
deep, narrow ravines, and descending irregularly toward the river. The principal streams are the 
Kau-a-da-rauk,' in the E. part of tlie town, and the Garoga, in the w. The soil is fertile, and well 
adapted to grazing.^ Stone Arabia, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains about 15 
houses, and Palatine Bri<l§re, (p. v.,) on the Mohawk opposite Canajoharie, 40. Palatine 
Cliurcll, (Palatine p. o.,) on the w. border, is a hamlet. The iirst settlement was made in town 
in 1713, by German Palatinates, who came over in 1710. The larger part of the Stone Arabia Patent 
was within the limits of this town.' Wm. Fox settled near Palatine Church, and Peter Waggoner 
a little below, on the Mohawk, in 1715. The early records of the settlement are lost.* A stockade 
called Fort Paris, tlie ruins of which are still visible, was built at Stone Arabia, and another, called 
Fort Keyser, 1 mi. n. The disastrous engagement resulting in the death of Col. Brown was fought 
within this town, between Stone Arabia and the river.* The Ref. Prot. D. church at Stone Arabia 
is one of the oldest in the valley.' The stone church (Luth.) at Palatine Church was built in 1770.' 
The census reports 3 churches in town ; 2 Ev. Luth., Ref. Prot. D. 

ROOT' — was formed from Canajoharie and Charleston, Jan. 27, 1823. It lies upon the s. bank 
of the Mohawk, near the center of tlie co. The hills which border upon the river rise abruptly to 
a height of 030 feet,' and from their summits the country spreads out into an undulating upland. 
The high hills just below Sprakers, on opposite banks of the river, are called "The Noses." The 
high ridge near the e. border is known as "Stone Ridge." The principal streams are Platte Kil, 
and Lashers and Flat Creeks. Mitchells Cave,'" in the vicinity of The Noses, consists of several 
apartments, with the roof hung with stalactites. The soil is a fine, gravelly loam. Leather- 
ville (Rootp.o.) contains 15 houses, and Currytowrn," Sprakers Basin, (p.o.,) Flat 
Creeli, (p. o.,) and Brotvns Ilollovr, about a dozen each. Yatesville is a hamlet 
on the canal. The first settlers were Jacob Devendorf, at Currytown, Rudolph Keller, David and 
Fred. Lewis, and Jacob Tanner.'^ Tlie first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Currytown. 
Rev. Peter Van Buren became its pastor in 1806." The principal incursions into this town during 
the war were those made in the summer and fall of 1781. The weight of the first of these, led by 
the tory Doxtader, July 9, 1781, fell upon the settlements in and near Currytown.'* In Oct. of the 
Bame year Ross and Butler passed through the town, but committed no depredations, except cap- 
turing part of a funeral procession, and taking a few prisoners at Stone Ridge. 

ST. JOU]VSTIl,L,E'5_was formed from Oppenheim, (Fulton co.,) April 18, 1838. It lies 
upon the N. bank of the Mohawk, in the w. part of the co. Its surface consists of a broad river 
intervale and a broken upland gradually rising N. of it. Its streams are East Canada, Crum, Fox, 
Zimmermans, Caldwell, and Mother Creeks. Upon East Canada Creek, IJ mi. from its mouth, are 
a succession of falls and rapids descending 75 feet in a distance of 80 rods. The soil is a fine 
quality of gravelly loam. St. Jobusville, (p. v.,) on the Mohawk, was incorp. in 1857. It 
contains a woolen factory, and is an important station on the Central R. R. Pop. 648. The 
first settlement at the village was made by Jacob Zimmerman, in 1776.'* During the Revolution 



1 Said to Btgnify " broad." 

2 More cbeese is made in thia town than in any otiier in the 
CO. The aggregate is more tlian .100,000 Ibg. 

> This purchase extended along East Canada Creelc, in the rear 
of Hansen's and Van Slyke's p.atent8. 

* The German was the language taught in the first schools. 

Robinson taught an English school in 17P2. and Alexander 

F.wing in 17«3. Wm. Fox built a gristmill in 1750, which was 
burned in 17 SO. 6 See page 410. 

* The records of this church commence in 1739, when it had 
but 10 members. The present edifice was erected in 178.^, and 
the church was reorganized in 1790. A Luth. church built at 
Stone Arabia in 1770 w.as burned in 17^0. 

T The subscriptions for this church were mostly furnished by 
the Nellis families, who became tories; and in consequence the 
church was not burned. Sever.al shots were tired into it by the 
party under Sir John Johnson, one of the shot holes being still 
visible. 

9 Named in honor of Erastus Root, of Delaware co. 

8 As surveyed by Capt. Thomas Machtn. 

w Named from the former owner of the farm on which the cave 
^ situated. 



u Named from Wm. Curry, the patentee. 

'2 The first schools were German. Glaycher taught an 

English school at The Noses, in 1784. Albert Tanderworker 
kept the first inn. at an early day. 

13 The census reports 3 churches in town ; Christian, M. E., 
Ref. Prot. D. 

1* Upon the alarm being given, the settlers hastened to a 
picketed blockhouse near the dwelling of Henry Lewis, closely 
pursued by the enemy. Every house in the village except one 
was set on fire; but the flames were extinguished by the van- 
guard of Col. Willett's forces, under Capt. Robert Kean. Frede- 
rick, son of .Tacob Devendorf, was scalpt^d, but he recovered. 
Jacob, jr., another son, was taken prisoner, and was scalped on 
the retreat of the Indi.ans. He also recovered, and lived to the 
age of 85 years. He died in 1854, one of the wealthiest farmers 
in the valley. Mary Miller, a little girl, was scalped and found 
alive, but died soon after. Several other prisoners were mur. 
dered. Most of the cattle driven away were abandoned, and 
found their way back to the settlement. 

16 Named from St. John's Church, built in the village at an 
early day. 

10 Xbe first settlers of the town came in long prior to this, 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



417 



the house of George Klock, nearly three mi. w. of PaUitiue Church, was stockaded aud named 
" Fort House.'" The house of Jacob Zimmerman was also stockaded. These forts wore both at- 
tacked, but never taken. Fort Hill, situated on an eminence e. of East Creek, was erected during 
the French War. It was repaired aud used during the Revolution. The battle between the forces 
of Sir John and the advanced guard of Van Rensselaer's army, under Col. Dubois, was fought at 
"Klocks Field," near "Fori House," Oct. 18, 1780. The enemy forded the river, and retreated up 
the ''alley during the night following. The Indians, in small parties, continued to prowl al.«iut the 
settlement during the war, and shot and captured several of the inhabitants.^ ClarksburgU 
is a hamlet, containing a pitchfork manufactory. A church was built by George Klock in 1756 ; 
the Rev. Mr. Rosekrautz was the first preacher, and John Henry Disland the second. The census 
reports 2 churches ; Ref. Prot. D. and Union. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Liv» 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Montgomery County. 



Names op Towns. 



Amsterdsim... 
Canajoharie... 
Charleston.... 

Florida 

Glon 

Miiiden 

Mohawk 

Palatiae 

Root 

St.Johnsviilr. 

Totiil... 



Acres OP Land. | 




■s 


1 


1 










1 


g 


16,066i 


3,989 


20,i)9CJ 


3,701i 


21,716J 


4,923 


20,053 


6,S86l 


18,-31i 


4,442i 


24,156 


6,794J 


16,517 


3,706J 


19,612i 


4,329J 


23,0434 


7.372 


8,066 


2,677 


194,4671 


40.720J 



Valuation of 1858. 



."? 



« 



779,698 
849,073 
311,517 
688,024 
601.470 
938,762 
602,022 
607,813 
667,033 
279.479 



6,114,891 



l>.l>i 



76,900 
113.200 
23:i00 
93,400 
43,160 
98,380 
66,360 
68,073 
60,976 
41,651 



664.079 



856,958 
902,273 
334.617 
681,424 
644,620 
1,037,042 
658,372 
676,880 
708,008 
321,130 



6,778,970 



1,909 
2,054 

962 
1,632 
1,542 
2,401 
1,567 
1.291 
1,478 

903 



15,787 16.021 



749 
612 
369 
544 
483 
764 
487 
231 
464 
277 



s; 
■& 

600 
673 
386 
612 
666 
860 
560 
428 
619 
327 



188 
391 
249 
396 
304 
665 
348 
349 
809 
208 



3,306 



Schools. 



61 



1.482 
1.566 

828 
1,190 
1,137 
1,765 
1,270 
1.005 
1,012 

677 



Names of Towns, 



Amsterdam 

Canajoharie 

Charleston 

Florida 

Glen 

Minden 

Mohawk 

Palatine 

Root 

St. .lohnsvilie,. 

Tot.ll 





Lite Stock. 








Agricultueal Proddcts 




II 












Bdbh. 


OF Grain. 


s 






Daisy Pkoddcts. 


s 


?1 




?• 


e 










» 9> 








lb 




ts 


960 


a 


2,402 


g 


S 


§ 


e 


si: 


«^ 


a, B) 


^ e 


6S9 


1,059 


1,399 


3,8941 


121,000J 


3,497 


14,207 


16,632 


91,993 


1,320 


901 


1,779 


1,967 


2,(i41 


2,007 


4,313 


166,944 


4,2084 


14,367 


11.187 


140.705 


]84,.512 


850 


1,411 


1,204 


4,866 


1,188 


1,783 


127,9144 


2,9054 


6,609 


18,237 


114,398 


16.050 


1,212 


1,694 


1,356 


2,8S7 


2,060 


10,240 


213,334 


4,9374 


13,676 


23,776 


126,140 


4,836 


986 


1.199 


1,132 


3,824 


2,033 


10,469 


181,5924 


3,962 


14,749 


16,983 


106,410 


13,290 


1,074 


1,691 


3,120 


2,197 


2,641 


6,668 


192,2214 


0,461} 


24,923 


16,756 


187.346 


405,417 


867 


1,381 


1,658 


3,818 


2.620 


10,648 


171,019 


6,490 


23.194 


21,024 


173,952 


13,490 


866 


1.626 


2,676 


1,092 


2,457 


10.070 


134,371 


6,4054 


14.824 


10,746 


117,548 
120,124 


■ 494,923 


1,036 


1,649 


1,682 


4,885 


1,628 


3,294i 


146,2184 


3,4344 


11,449 


18.070 


79,010 


366 


612 
13.701 


1,147 


400 


811 


2,647 


27,011 


3,230 


7.256 


4,550 
155,861 


34.710 
1,211,385 


265,800 


8,836 


16,801 


29,061 


18,834 


63,017 


1,471,8264 


44,6324 


146,164 


1,538,664 



154 

4631 
3.344 

306 
1.097 
1.451 
1,309 
1,829 
1,992 

341 



but tho precise liate ia unknown. They were Germans, and 
among them were families named Hellebralt, Waters, Getnian, 
Van Reissen, Walratb, and Klock. A German school was 
taught by Henry Hayes at an early day. The first Enelif^h 
Bcbool was taught bylxtt Ryan, an Irishman, in 1702. Chris. 
Netlis kept an inn in 17S3, and a store in 1801. Jacob Zimmer- 
man built the first gristmill, during the Revolution, and Geo. 
Klock tlie stTond, in 1801. 

1 Named in compliment to Christian House, the builder. 

* In the spring of 1780 Philip Helmer deaerted to the enemy. 



He had previously been paying his addresses to a daughter of 
Philip Rcllinger, and upon a plan being formed to take tho 
family of tho latter prisoners, he forewarned them in time to 
rally a party to their assistance. An ambuscade was formed, 
and the Indians would have been killed or captured, had it nnt 
been for tho indiscretion of one of the party, who, upon their 
approach, yelled out. at tho top ofhis voice, "Lord Gufl Almighty, 
friends, here they are!" The Indiana fled with the loss of only 
one. 



AT 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 




The city of New York^ was incorp. by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1652, 
and its municipal powers were confirmed and enlarged by Gov. 
Dongan, April 22, 1686, and by Gov. Montgomerie, April 19, 1708. 
An act was passed Oct. 14, 1732, confirming its rights ; and sub- 
sequent enactments were embodied in one act in the revised laws 
of 1813 and in the revised statutes of 1828. Numerous changes 
in the details of the municipal government have been made from 
time to time."^ 

The CO., from the beginning, has embraced Manhattan, Gover- 
nors, Bedloes, Ellis's, Blackwells, Wards, and Randalls Islands, 
and the lands under water to low water mark on the shores 
opposite, in Westchester, Queens, and Kings cos., and in New 
Jersey.^ Manhattan Island is 13^ mi. long, by 2^ mi. wide at the broadest part. It is centrally 
distant 130 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 22,000 acres.* It is separated from West- 
chester CO. by a strait known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek,^ and Harlem River. The surface of the 
island was originally quite broken by ridges of gneiss and hornblendic slate, especially in the n. 
part ; and immense masses of rock and earth have been removed in grading.^ A deep valley 
extended across the island on the line of Canal St. ;' another near Carmausville f el third at Man- 
hattanville ; and a fourth at Tubby Hook, near the n. extremity. The s. part of the island was 
covered with drift and boulders, presenting conical hills, some of which were 80 ft. above the present 
grade of the streets. Fresh water was readily obtained by wells sunk to the surface of the rock ; 
and the porous nature of the soil has greatly favored the construction of deep foundations and 
vaults without annoyance from water.^ 

Along the e. shore, from 94th St. northward, and around Harlem, the surface is very level, and 
to some extent covered with salt marshes. On the w. side, toward the n., the valleys are often 
deep and the hills precipitous. The highest point, at Fort Washington, is 238 ft. above tide. 

Both sides of the island afford ample facilities for commerce ; and the noble harbor embraced 
within the shores of New Jersey, Staten Island, Long Island, and the city has scarcely an equal 
for extent, safety, and facility of access, and for the amount of its commercial transactions.*** 

The preservation of this harbor from injurious encroachments has been a subject of solicitude ; 
and investigations which these have occasioned have developed many interesting facts connected 
with its interests." 



> Named from the Duke of York, afterward Janiea 11. By 
the Duti'h n;tmed "^ New Amsterdavif" and by the Indians 
" Jtfajihutfdn.'' 

2 Important acts were passed in 1R30, lS-19, 1.S51. 1853, and 
1857. the h^^t mentioned embracing all the essential features of 
tlie city govormueDt. 

3 The queetion of jurisdiction upon the river was long a sub- 
ject of dispute with New Jersey. A summary of the contro- 
versy is given in our account of the Boundaries of the State, 
pp. 17. 18 

4 The widest part of the island is at 8Sth St., where it is 12,500 
foet across. 

6 The creek flows from Hudson to Harlera River, at Kings- 
bridge. 

* White limestone of coarse quality appeared at the surface on 
the E. aide, between 13th and 16th Sts.. and on the w, from '29th 
to 3lBt Sts. The strata of gneiss are nearly verticil, often bent 
and contorted, and in places they contain interesting minerals. 

7 A body of water known as the Collect l*nnd. (from Kolk, a 
pit.) bordered by a marsh, extended from near Pearl t^ Franklin 
6t. and from Elm to Orange St. It was 50 feet deep, and w:is 
connected with the Hudson by a narrow inlet nearly on the 
present line of Canal St, It was a favorite resort for skating in 
■winter ; and upon it experiments in steam navigation were made 
by John Stevt'us in 1796-97 and '98, and by John Fitrh in 1796 
and '97. The Halls of Justice, known as the Titmbs, and the "Five 
Points" district, now occupy the site of the ancient pond; and a 
large sewer under Canal St. represents the position of the 
outlet. 

8 Known as the Clendening Valley. The Croton Aqueduct 
crosses this on a magnificent series of arches and piers of solid 
masonry. 

9 Until 1842 the city was entirely dependent upon wells fur 
Its eupplv of fresh water. See p. 424. 

41S 



10 The strait known as Harlem River and Spuyten Doyril 
Creek is too shallow and crooked to be available for commerce. 
Various plans have been proposed to improve it; but none have 
been caiTJed into effect. Harlem River is about 800 to 1,000 ft. 
wide, and mostly bordered by narrow, marshy flats, behind 
which the banks rise into hills. At Kingsbridge the bank is 
ISO ft. high and nearly perpendicular. The Hudson Kiver R. R. 
and the Harlem R. K. cross these waters, and also the High 
Bridge, (used only for the Croton Aqueduct and fuot passengers.) 
and the Harlem Bridge, at the head of 3d Avenue. The latter 
was a toll bridp:e until the expiration of the charter in the spring 
of 1858. Macomb's Bridge, formerly at the head of 7th Avenue, 
was much used; but it is now down. A dam was constructed 
at this place for using tide water; but, being found to impede 
navigation, it was removed. In 1S27 a co. was formed to build 
a canal across the upper end of the island, and in 1S80 a similar 
plan wa.^ proposed, and a canal was partly built, trjices of which 
may be seen on the e. side of the island, at lOtith St. One of the 
objects of this canal was to gain access to a marble quarry; hut 
the stone was found to be of inferior quality, and the project 
was abandoned. The capacity of the harbor of >ew York is 
limited only by the depth of water on the bars at its entrance 
near Sandy Hook. Vessels of about 23 ft. draft can pass at high 
tide. The approaches by way of Long Island Sound have no 
practical limitation of this kind; and vessels of 60 ft. draft could 
approach the upper part of tlie island and land on the West- 
chester shores adjacent without difficulty. 

11 The Colony and State have at sundry times granted to the 
city lands under water Jtdjacent tn its shores, the riparian owners 
being usually secured in the right of pre-emption. The principal 
of these grants have been as follows : — 

10S6, — All vacant lands on Manhattan Island to low water mark, 
with rivulets, coves, and ponds, were secured by the 
charter granted by Gov. Dongan. 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



419 



Although the city forms but a siugle organization, it has localities known by distinct names? 
as villages or neighborhoods ; but the number of these is gradually becoming obliterated as popula- 
tion increases ; and most of them -will soon be known only to tlie student of history.^ 

Of the several islands, other than Manhattan, comprised in New York City and cc, those in the 
harbor are owned by the General Government and occupied as military posts, and those iu the 
East River are chiefly owned by the city and devoted to charitable and penal institutions.^ 



1708.— All vacant lands on Long Island shore, between high and 
low water marks, between the Navy Yard and Red llook, 
were granted. 
1730.— Land under water, 400 ft. wide, between junction of 
Charlton and Washington Sts. and Markettii-ld St. on 
the Hudson, and from Whitehall to Houston St. on the 
K;ust iliver, was secured. These grants, with the pre- 
vious ones, compriije '209^ acres. 
1807. — Land uuder water, 400 ft. wide, extending northward 
fruiu pn-vious grant 4 mi. on tbe Uudsou and 2 mi. on 
the Kast Kiver, was granted. 
1826, — The s.tme was extended to Spuyten Duyvil Creek on the 

w. and Harlem R. on the e. 
1821.— Land GOO ft. wide in front of the Battery w;is added. 
1837. — Land under water on the w. to 13th Avenue line was 

st'Cured. 
1852. — Land under Harlem R. from such exterior line as the 
corpoi*ation might fix. to the shore, was gr.inted. Other 
extensions were authorized in 1828, 1830, 1835, 1846. 
Assein. Doc. 8, 1856. 
Tn 1811 the exterior line was fixed by the commissioners for 
l.iying out the city into streets; but changes of their plan 
and the extension of streets led to encroachments upon the 
channel, requiring remedial measures. An act was accordingly 
passL'd, March 30, 1865. appointing 5 commissioners in pursuance 
of advice of a Senate committee of the year previous, and these 
persons, associating with themselves several officers of the 
General Government, proceeded to examine the subject. The 
harbor and shores were surveyed and sounded, the effects of 
tides and currents examined, maps constructed, and lines for 
the limitation of piers and bulkheads recommended, and mostly 
confirmed by law, April 7, 1857. These surveys were performed 
by 10 parlies of about 200 persons from the U. S. Coast Survey, 
at a cost of $S5,000. The reports of the commission embrace a 
large amount of st-itiatical and historical information. — As&evi. 
J}oc. 8, 1850; &«. Doc, 40, 120, 1857. 

The first dock was built frum Broad to Dock St., on the East 
River. There are now 66 piers on the w. and 78 on tbe e. side 
of the city. A part of these are built and owned by the corpora- 
tion, others by individuals or companies, and others jointly by 
the city and individuals. Of the last class the city pays one-third 
the cost of building and receives one-half of the revenues. The 
city owns ZS> piers and 7 half-piers on the Hudson, and 31 piers 
and '20 half-piers on the East Itiver, — the former valued at 
$1,42S.OOO. and the latter at $1,829,000. They are under the 
care of the Street Department. 

The wants of commerce led to the erection of a lighthouse on 
Sandy Hook, at the expense of the colony of New Yurk. in 1702. 
which was supported by special duties upon commerce until 
ceded to the U- S- Feb. 3, 1790. The commissioners for its erec- 
tion were .lolin Cniger, Philip Livingston, Leonard Lispenard, 
and Wm. Bayard. It was burned in 1776. Within the Hook are 
lights at Princes Bay. Fort Tumpkius, Robins Keef. and Whit<>- 
hall Laniiing. and numerous buoys to mark tbe channels. 

The tidi.1 enters at t'andy Hook at 7h. 29m. past the moon's 
Bouthinj;, and rises at (.iovernors Island from 2.2 to 6.1 ft., the 
mean rise being 4.3 ft. The harbor was frozen over in 1780, and 
again in 1S2U. On the former occasion persons passed on the 
ice to Star<'n Island. It sometimes happens that thy Hudson 
and Eiist Itivers will be closed for a few hours in intensely cold 
seasons, and people have on these occ;Lsions rashly attempted to 
cross; but the occurrence is not common. 

I The following is a hst of the principal of these localities: — 
Bloomlngdale, on Broadway, between luuth and 110th 
Sts., 7 mi. fr.ini the i.'ity Hall, presents a very neat appeanince. 
and consi.«t9 mostly of suburban dwellings. It is the seat of an 
orphan and a lunatic asylum. — the latter forming a branch of 
thM N. Y. Ilospitd. It was called by the Dutch '^Bloonend 
Dal" — Flowery Vjdb^y. 

Carmansvllle, on 10th Av- above 155th St., named from 
families named Carman, former owners of the adjoining lands, 
is r-hierty made up of country seats. 

Coriaers Hook; at the angle in the East Iliver near 
Grund St.. named from Arent Van Corlaer, was called by the 
Indians '* N«cbl;ink." 

Domtnles Hoolc lies on the Hudson, between Duane and 
CAnal .Ms., embracing 02 acres. It was acquired by ground brief 
frt>m Stuyvesant July 4. 1654, and was afterward granted to the 
J*n-'li.'ih Clinrch. 

Fort AVashtngton, (Washington Heights p.o.,) a short 
distance almve Carniaiisville, is an elevated site, once fortified, 
and now uccupied by fine dwellings. The Deaf and Dumb Asy- 
lum is located near tbis place. 

Greenivlcli, ntiw merged in the city, was 3 mi. above the 
City Hall, on the Hudson. It was named by Capt., afterwiird 
Bii Peter, Warten, who owned it. Tbe Indian name was 



" Sapokanigan." The N. Y. State Prison was formerly located 
here. 

Harlem (p. o.) lies between 8th Avenue and East Hiver, 
above lUiith St. The principal business is on 3d Avenue. It 
has several churches, important manufactories of India rubber, 
chemicals, caudles, ale, beer, carriages, and row boats, and 
several private schools. 

Kiugs Garden, west of Broadway, between Fulton and 
Re.ide Sts., is now partly held by Trinity Cburih and leased. 

Ijispeuards Meadcvvs was an irregular tract on both 
sides 01 West Broadway irom Keade to near Spring St., and along 
Canal .-^t. from the Hudson to Orange St- 

KlauliattanvlUe, (p-o..) on the Hudson, between 125Ch 
anrl 132d Sts., w. of 'Jtb Avenue, contains a convent, Catholic 
colletre. and manufactories of iron, paint, and refined sugar. 

Strykerg Bay, on the Hudson, at 96th St., is a R. R. 
station. 

Tubby Hook lies on the Hudson, one-half mi. s. of 
Spiiyten Duyvil Creek. 

Turtle Bay is on the East River,2 roi.N.of Corlaer Hook. 
Its name is a corruptiuu of the Dutch "Deutel Bay," or M'edge 
Bay. 

Yorltville, on the east side of Central Park, extends to 
the East Kiver. from 79th to 90th Sts. 

2 Governors Island was formerly called " Nutten 
I.slmid," mid by the Indians -'Pag-ganck." It lies 1,066 yards 
s. E. from the Battery, and eontaius 72 acres. It is separated 
from Long Ishmd by Buttermilk Channel, formerly shallow, 
but now of sufficient depth for the largest ships. This island 
Was bought by Gov. Van Twiller, and has always been reserved 
for public defense. Quarantine was located here from 1794 to 
1797. In the settlement of accounts with the U. S., New York 
undertook to erect fortifications here as payment for her pro- 
portion of the expenses of the Revolution. Jurisdiction was 
ceiled to the U. S. Feb. 15, 1800, with Fort Jay. then partially 
erected. By the authority of an act passed March 26, 1794, 
£30,000 were expended by the State in fortifications, under the 
supervision of Geo, Clinton, Matthew Clarkson, James Watson, 
Kichard Varick. Nicholas Fish, Ebenezer Stevens, and Abijafa 
Hammond. A further sum of £2U,000 was granted April 6, 
1796, to complete the works on this and •' Oi/.^U-r-^ (now Ellis) 
Islands. Castle William (named from Gen. Willirtius of the 
N.Y. Militia) is a round lower on the w. shore of the island. fiuO 
feet in circumference and 60 feet high, mounting 80 casemate 
and 40 barbette guns. The land side is open, and a covered 
way leads to the works in the center of the island. Fort Co- 
lumbus is a star-shaped work of 5 points on the summit of tho 
island, mounting 105 guns; and South Battery, fronting But- 
termilk Channel, has 13 guns. These works from 1830 to 1858 
cost $285,i>97 ; and they are adapted to a garrison of 800 men. 
Tbe island is used as a receiving station for newly enlisted 
troops, and a school for instructing boys in music. About 60 
lads of 14 years and upward are usually under instruction 
upon tbe drum, bugle, and other instruments. 

Bedloes Island* 2.950 yards s. w. from the Battery, was 
nanu-d hum Isaac Bedloe, the patentee under Gov.-Nicoll. It 
was known for some years as *^ Kenned t/s Islaiid." It was 
ceded to the U. S. in 1800, having been previously used for 
quarantine purposes. It is now occupied by Fort Wood, erected 
in 1841 at a cost of $213,000. on the site of a fort built about 
the beginning nf the century. It mounts 77 guns, and accom- 
modates a garrison of 350 men. During several months ia 
1.S49 it was used by the Commissioners of Emigration as a 
b.Hpital. 

Kilts Island, formerly known sib " Oyster." "Bucfrinff." 
and '■ (iibbtV Island, lies 2.050 yards s.W. of the Battery, and 
is occupied by Fort Gibson,a work built in 1841-41, at a cost of 
So.O'jO. mounting 15 guns and requiring a garrison of 80 men 
Tbe pirate Gibbs and 3 associates were huug here April 2:^ 
, 1831. 

BlacUn^ells Island is a long, narrow island in the 
Kast Kiver, extending from 5l8t to 88th Sts,. and cnttiiuing 
120 acres. It was named from the Blackwell family, who 
owned it for a hundred years or more. It is now owned by tbo 
city corporation, and is the seat of various penal and charitable 
institutions. This island was formerly called " Mmining Island^** 
from Capt. John Manning; and by tbe Indians it was named 
'■Minnahanock." It was patented to Gov. Van Twitler, and 
continm-d private property until 182«, when it wiia sold by 
James Blackwell to tbe city for $30,000. In 1843 tbe city paid 
$20,000 more M perfect the title. 

AVards Island, named from Jasper and Bartholomew 
Ward, former proprietors, extends along the Kast Hiver, oppo 
site New York, from lOlst St. to lliath St.. and cont;nns 200 
acres. It was formeily called '• Great JSarcut' or " Great Born' 
Island, and by the Indians was named '* Teu-kcn-aa." It wa» 



420 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



Tie city is divided into 22 Wards, which are again subdivided into 149 Election Districts, and 
Buch other civil divisions as the election of State, city and co. officers, the administration of jus- 
iice, and the regulation of municipal ordinances require.' 

Tlie Board of Supervisors in New Y^ork co. is composed of 12 persons, who are so 
classified that 2 are elected or appointed annually. A ballot can have but one name ; and it is 
the duty of the canvassers to declare that the two persons having the highest number of votes are 
elected.' Their general powers and duties — which chiefly concern taxes and assessment — are the 
same as those of Supervisors in other cos. 

Tlie Leg'lslative PO'tver of the city government is vested in the Common Council, con- 
sisting of 2 co-ordinate branches, — a board of 17 Aldermen and a board of 24 Councilmen.' The 
former are elected by single districts for 2 years, and the latter are elected annually, 6 to each 
Senatorial district.* Ordinances must be passed by both bodies the same year, and receive the 
assent of the Mayor, to become valid. 

The regular sessions of the Board of Councilmen commence at 5 o'clock p. m. on the first Mon- 
day in each month, and continue on each Monday and Tuesday until the business of the month 
is concluded. Each house elects a presiding officer, clerk, and other officers ; and the journals of 
each are published. 

Tlie Executive Power is vested in a Mayor,* elected for 2 years, and in 7 Executive De- 
partments, viz., those of Police, Finance, Streets, Croton Aqueduct, Almshouse, Law, and City 
Inspector, — most of which are subdivided into bureaus, each having specific duties to perform. 
The Mayor is charged with the general administration of the city, nominates for the approval of 
the Aldermen eertain officers, and may suspend or remove officers within limits fixed by statute. 
He communicates annually and from time to time to the Common Council such messages as he 
deems proper. 

Xlie Police Department has general charge of police regulation in New Y''ork City, 
Kings, Richmond, and Westchester cos. By act of April 15, 1857, it was placed under the 
Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police District,' of whom the Mayors of New York and 
Brooklyn are ex officio members. 



bought by Van Twiller in 1637, confiscated in 1604, and granted 
to Thos. Delavel. The Wards bought it in ISOti; and in Dec. 
1847, a part was leased by the Commissioners of Emigration 
for an Emigrant Refnge and Hospital. Tlie Commissioners 
have since purchased 106 acres; and a portion of tlie remainder 
is used as a Potter's Field. The cost of buildings and improve- 
uieuts up to 1S58 was $260,000. The structures erected before 
18aO were slijrht barracks and shanties; but those built since 
are chiefly of brick. The island is supplied with Croton water; 
and a ferry connects it with 106tb St. 

Randalls Island, named from Jonathan Randall, who 
purchased it in 1784 and resided here nearly 50 years, lies N. 
of Wards Island, near the Westchester shore. It was formerly 
known as ^'Little Bam" Island. It was patented under the 
Dutch Government, but was confiscated in 16t'4 and granted to 
Thos. Delavel. It was subsequently named " BfJIeinl*-," " Talbots 
Jsland,^^ and *^ Mnntressors Island." The city purcha=:ed it in 
1835 for $.30,000. It is now occupied by nursery schools and by 
the establishment of the Soci''ty for the Reformation of Juve- 
nile Delinquentfl. A ferry connects it with 122d St. 

Sunken Itleadow Island lies adjacent to Randalls 
Island. 

1 The city was divided Dec. 8, 16S3, into 6 wards, known as 
South, East, North, West. Dock, and Out Wards. They were 
designated by nuiiihcrs. and a new ward was created by act of 
Feb. 2.3, 1791, to take effect Sept. a8, 1792. Those subsequently 
erected have been as follows: — 



8th. 1803. 




16th. 1836, 


from 12(.h. 


9th, 1803. 




17th, 1837, 


'• 11th. 


10th, 1808, 


from 7th. 


18th. 1846, 


" li;th. 


11th, 1825. 




19th, 18!i0, 


" 12th. 


12th, 1S25. 




20th, 1861, 


" Ifith. 


1.3th, 1827, 


" loth. 


2l8t. 1853, 


" 18th. 


14th, 1827, 


" Bth and 8th. 


22d, 1863, 


" 19th. 


15th. 1832, 


" 9th. 







a Tliis arrangement is made so aa to place the Board of Super- 
Tisoiei above the reach of party politics. 

8 The Aldermanic Districts, identical with the Assembly Dis- 
tricts, ai-e as follows: — 

1. South of Cliambers. Duane, Frankfort, Pearl, and Dover Sts. 

2. S. by Ist. within Broadway, from Chambers, through Frank- 

fort. Baxter, Bayard, Bowery, Center, and Catharine Sts. to 

East River. 
S. S. by Ist. within Broadway, from Chambers, through Spring 

St. to Hudson Hiver. 
4. S. by 2d. within Broadway, from Franklin, through Grand 

and Clinton Sts. to East Kiver. 
b 8. by 3d. within Brojidway, from Spring, through 4th and 

Clirietopher Sts. to Hudson Kiver. 



Within Broadway, Houston, Clinton, and Grand Sts. 

7. S. by 5th, within Broadway, from 4th, through llth St. to 
Hudson River. 

8. S. and e. by East River; w. and N. by Clinton and Houston 
StB. to East Kiver. 

9. S. by 7th, -within 0th Avenue, from 14th St., through 26th St. 
to Hudson Biver. 

10. Within Broadway and 14th St.. Avenue A, and Houston St. 

11. S. by yth. within Cth Avenue, from 2Gth St., through 40th to 

Hudson River. 

12. Within Houston St., Avenue A, 14th St. and East River, 22d 

Ward. 

13. 22d Ward. 

14. Within 14th St., from East River, Gth Avenue, 26th St. and 

East Kiver. 

15. S. by 14th. within 6th Avenue, from 26th St., through 40th 
St. to East River. 

16. 19th Ward. 
17. 12th Ward. 

* The election of city officers takes place annually on the first 
Tuesday of Dec, and that of co. officers on the day of the general 
State election, which is on the Tuesday after tlie first Monday 
of Nov. The officers of the co. are the Itocorder, City Judge, 
and other Judges of the co. courts. District Attorney and his 
assistants. Sheriff and his Deputies, Constables, Coroners, County 
Clerk, iiegister. Treasurer. Assessors, Tax Commissioners, Re- 
ceiver of Taxes, Commissioner of Juries, Commissionera of 
Deeds, and Supervisors. 

The Recorder is presiding judge of the ciiminal courts and a 
ma[i;istrate. Several of the co. officers are ex officio charged 
with duties more properly belonging to the city government; 
and the line of distinction between the two sets of officers is 
not well dofinpd. 

6 'I'he Mayor was originally appointed by the Governor and 
Council, and from 1777 to 1S22 by the Council of Appointment. 
Since 1S22 the Mayor has been elected. 

•* This District includes New York, Kings, Richmond, and 
Westchester cos. The Governor and Senate appoint 3 com- 
missioners from the city of N. Y., 1 from Kings, and 1 from 
Westchester or Richmond co. The city is divided into 11 Sur- 
gical Districts, each with 1 Surgeon ; and into 25 Police Pre- 
cincts, under a General and Deputy Superintendent. According 
to the Council Manual for 1858, the number of employees in tb'o 
police was 1.004, of wliom 11 were surgeons. 7 were attached 
to the oflficeof theCommi-ssioners. 6 were employed in the offico 
of the General Depat tment. 24 in that of the Deputy Superin- 
tendent, 21 as Detectives. 79 in attendance ar public offices and 
courts. 26 as harbor police, and 841 on police stations. The 
number is at times largely increased, and is annually becoming 
pel manently greater 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



421 



The Department of Finance is under a Comptroller, elected by separate ticket for a 
term of 4 years. This officer has charge of the fiscal concerns of the city, and reports the con- 
dition of its finances annually to the Common Council. The Department is divided into the Audit- 
ing Bureau, a Bureau of Arrears, a Bureau of Taxes, a Bureau of City Revenue, and a Bureau of 
Deposits and Disbursements, the officers of which are appointed by the Comptroller.' 



Number of cases annually before the Court of Sessions, for a term oft/ears. 



Tears. 



1S38, 
1839, 
1840, 
1841, 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845. 
1846. 
1847. 
1843. 
1349. 
1830. 
1851. 
1852. 
1853. 
1834. 
1855. 
1856. 
1857. 
1838. 













Misde- 










Petit Lahcekt. 


Assault and Battery. 


meanors. 






?: 


8 


















,B 


1 


1 
















1 


I 

^ 


'1 


1 


1 


c 
o 

'S 

e 


•!2 

I 


Total. 


ll 


I'l, 




261 


73 


125 


26 


429 






914 


434 


296 


27 


349 


93 


163 


33 


681 


... 


... 


1,219 


614 


241 


26 


526 


97 


226 


32 


488 






1,369 


839 


508 


28 


666 


78 


296 


30 


396 






1.466 


1,001 


682 


67 


744 


138 


287 


33 


376 






1,677 


1,119 


737 


63 


907 


142 


395 


64 


637 


... 




2,035 


1,311 


987 


55 


896 


148 


661 


86 


838 






2,619 


1,495 


1,068 


56 


991 


193 


616 


90 


1,158 






3,047 


1,741 


1,128 


66 


977 


220 


609 


87 


1,109 






2,902 


1,661 


1,076 


66 




173 


334 


48 


697 






1,262 


1,399 


981 


51 


i,064 


258 


436 


62 


672 


... 




2,548 


1,035 


1,003 


62 


1,180 


261 


658 


69 


938 


... 




2,996 


1,837 


1,120 


71 


1,419 


219 


837 


76 


1,382 


... 




3,933 


2,218 


1,402 


112 


1,453 


187 


662 


43 


1,194 






3,539 


2,079 


1,179 


94 


1,476 


214 


978 


51 


1,167 






3,885 


2,405 


1,264 


97 


1,415 


179 


1,230 


07 


1,120 






4,011 


2,570 


1,242 


119 


1,411 


108 


1,152 


66 


1,184 






3,921 


1,528 


1.159 


77 


2,047 


196 


929 


84 


1.004 


2S 


6 


4,364 


1,942 


1,628 


69 


1,7S8 


208 


986 


84 


l,4.'i4 


25 


4 


4,549 


2,803 


1,426 


41 


2,041 


273 


1.589 


284 


1,627 


101 


40 


5,955 


3,762 


1,824 


195 


1,919 


317 


1,697 


344 


1,784 


139 


60 


6.260 


4,676 


2,061 


134 



Cases tried in the courts of Oyer and Terminer and of General Sessions, for a period of 

eighteen years. 



Offenses. 



Murder , 

,\r9on, Istdf^ee. 

Manslaughter, various degrees 

Assault and battery with intent to kill or maim... 

Assault and battery with intent to rob 

Rape, and intent to commit rape 

Abandoning child in highway 

Robbery. 1st degree 

Kidnapping 

Uiot with assault 

Assault and battery 

Procuring abortion 

Bigamy 

Incest 

Sodomy 

Perjury and subornation of perjury 

Arson, not 1st degree , 

Bnrf;:lary, various degrees 

Attempt to commit felonies 

Embezzlement 

Grand larceny, Ac. 'M offense 

Petit larceny and attempt to commit _ 

Petit larceny, 2d offense 

Conspiracy 

Carrying slung shot (felony) 

Receiving stolen goods 

Accessory to felony 

Forgery, various degrees 

Accepting challenge to fight a dnel _ 

Breaking jail 

Aiding prisoners to escape 

Keeping gambling and disorderly house 

Nuisance 

Selling, insuring, and advertising lottery tickets. 
Libel. 



Cruelty to animals 

Selling liquor without license.. 



14 



307 



During 29 years ending with 1^58, 3S persons have been 
sentenced for capital crinvs, of whom 17 have been executed. 
14 hsd their sentences commuted to imprisonment for life, Iwas 
pardoned, 1 committe*^l suicide, and to 4 a new trial was granted, 
of whom 3 were convicted of manslaughter and 1 discharged. 



One was under sentence of death at the beginning of 185ft. — 
Chmmnn Council Atatiital, 1859, jr>. 75. 

1 ThoComptrolb>r reports quarterly a list of accounts auditod; 
and all drafr^ upon the city treasury must bo upon his warmiit, 
accompanied by vouchors. The foUowiug aggregates show the 



422 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



The Street Department is under the charge of the Street Commissioner, who is appointed 
for 2 years by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Board of Aldermen. He has the 
general direction of opening, altering, regulating, grading, guttering, and lighting streets, roads, 
places, and avenues, of building, repairing, and lighting wharves and piers, and of the construc- 
tion and repair of public roads and the filling up of sunken lots, under the ordinances of the 
Common Council. The paving of streets is not under his charge. The department has a Bureau 
of Street Imjirovements, of Repairs and Supplies, of Lands and Places, of the Chief Engineer of 
Fire Department, of Collection of Assessments, of Wharves, of Roads, and of Lamps and Gas. Of 
each of these bureaus there is a superintendent, or chief, and several clerks, numbering in the 
several offices of the Department nearly sixty persons.' 



condition of the city finances at the beginning of 1859 and the 
operations of the preceding year : — 

Appropriations in 1858 for city government $ 5,950,967.94 

Expenditures 4,959,355.19 

Eicpcnditures in 1858 on trust and special ac- 
counts 10,549.621.64 

Receipts in 1858 17,152,471.19 

Permstnent city debts redeemable from Sinking 

Funds. Jan. 1, 1859 14,399,998.00 

Funded debt redeemable from taxation, same 

date 1,224,000.00 

Funded debt redeemable from Central Park 

assessments 1,600,000.00 

Estimated value of public parks 14,761,526.00 

" " bulkheads, wharves, and 

piers 3,257,600.00 

" " real estate occupied by mar- 
kets 1,114,000.00 

" " Croton Aqueduct Depart- 
ment 15,476,000.00 

** *' property used for Common 

Schools 1,200,000.00 

** " property used for ferry pur- 
poses 1,200,000.00 

" " property used by Fire De- 
partment 315,813,00 

" " property used by Governors 

of Almshouse 1,250,000.00 

" " real estate of all kinds 41,626,639.00 

Assessed TOlnoofreal estate within city in 1858... 368,346,296.00 
" " personal estate within city 

resident 160,813,462,00 

" " personal estate within city 

non resident 12,03-1,532.00 

" " personal estate within city, 

total 162,847,994.00 

" " real and personal estate 831,194,290,00 



The valuation, tax. and rate, for a series of years, at intervals 
of 6 years, from 18U5 to 1825, was as follows : — 





Valuation. 


City and 

County 

Tax. 


Stale Tax. 


Total Tax. 


as. DoUs. 


1806 

isin 


$26,645,867 
25,486,370 
81,636,042 
69,530,763 

101,160,046 


$127,094.87 
129.727,16 
197,613.38 
270,361.19 
330,868.82 






50 per 1 

51 " " 
4U " " 
49 « " 
381 .< .. 


1815 
1820 
1825 


$163,372.08 
69,530.76 
60,680.03 


$361,286.46 
339,891.94 
387,448.85 



The property, both real and personal, in New York, is of im- 
mense value, and is increasing at a very rapid ratio. The taxes 
are uuiformly heavy, and much higher than the average taxes 
of the other portions of the State. The following tables show a 
summary of the 

Yalvation and Taxes for a series of years. 



1826 
1830 
1835 
1.840 
1845 
1S60 
1S65 
1853 



Value of 
Real Estate. 



$64,804,060 
87,603,680 
143,742,426 
187,221,714 
177,207,299 
207,142,576 
330,976,866 
368,346,296 



Value of 
Personal Es- 
tate. 



$42,434,981 
37.684,938 
74,991,278 
66,011,801 
02,787,527 
78,919,240 
150,022,312 
162,847,994 



Total Value. 



$107,238,931 
125,288,618 
218,723,703 
252.233,615 
239,995,617 
286,061,816 
486,998,278 
531,194,290 



Amount 

raided by 

Tax. 



$.383,759.89 
609,178.44 
965,602,94 
1,354,836.29 
2,096,191,18 
3,230,086,02 
6,843,822.89 
8,021,091,31 





Comparative Valuation and Taxes 


of the City and i 


^tatefor a series of years. 






Total VALniTioN. 


Total Tax. 


Rati of Tax is Mols, 

ON $1. 


City. 


State. 


City. 


state. 


City. 


StaU. 


1835 
1840 
1845 
1850 
1855 
1858 


$218,723,703 
262,135,615 
239,995,517 
286,061,816 
487,060,838 
631,222,642 


$532,418,407 

641,369,819 

605,646,095 

727,494,683 

1,402,849,304 

1,404,907,679 


$618,494.00 
1,354,797.29 
2,096,191.18 
3.230,085.02 
6:844,772,42 
8,621,091.31 


$2,299,290,67 
3,089,920.94 
4.170,527.95 
6.312.789.23 
11.679,016.69 
15,426.593.20 


4.5 
6.4 
8.7 
113 
12.0 
16.2 


5.0 
4.9 

6.9 
8.6 
8.3 
10.98 



I Moat of the streets in the lower part of the city are \vinding 
aud crooked ; but above the old settled Dutch portion they are 
Tery regular. An act passed April 3, 1807, appuinted Simeon I>e 
Witt, Gouverneur Morria, and John Rutherford to lay out and 
Hurvey the whole island n. of Fitzroy Koad, (Oansevoort St.,) 
Greenwich Lane, (Greenwich Avenue,) and Art Street, (Waverly 
Pl.ice,) to the Bowery Road; and down the same to North St., 
(Ilouston St.,) and thence to the East River. The powers of 
these commissioners were more amply specified in an act passed 
March 24, 1809 ; and Canal St. was by this act to be made a 
covered passage for the waste waters of its vicinity. The labors 
of the commission ended ^vitbin the time specified, and their 
maps were tiled in the secretary's office March 11, 1811. The 
surveys under this plan were executed by John Randall, jr., 
with great accuracy, and finally completed in 1821. To the 
commendable forethought of these gentlemen is the city in- 
debted Jbr the admirable arrangement of its up town streets 
and avenues. 

The Stre^ta of the portion covered in this survey generally ex- 
tend from the Hudson to the East River direct, and are known 
by their numbers, the highest being at the time of first survey 
164. but since extended to 223. Above 1-ith St. these are known 
only by their nuniliers. and the lots upon them are numbered 
E and w. from Fifth Avenue. They are each 00 feet wide, ex- 
cept Uth, 23d. 34th,42d,5:th.72d. 79th, 80th, 96th. lOGtb.llOth, 
I25th, 135th, 145th, and 155th, each of which is 100 feet wide. 



The blocks between them vary from 184 to 212 feet, being gene- 
rally about 200 feet, or about 20 blocks to the mile. 

The Avfniws run nearly N. and S., and are numbered from E. 
to w.. beginning upon the East River. Several short avenuea 
on the E. side of the city are designated by letters, as Avenue A, 
beginning at the one next e. of First Avenuo. These avenues 
are each 100 feet wide, except s. of 23d St., where Avenues A 
and C are 80 feet and Avenue B 60 feet. North of 33d St. Fourth 
Avenue is 125 feet wide. The blocks between the avenues are 
610 to 920 feet, being generally 800 feet. 

The Lands and Places belonging to the city date their title 
from Dongan's charter, by which all waste and unappropriated 
lands on Manhattan Island to low water mark, and all rivers, 
bays, and waters adjoining, were confirmed to the city. The 
real estate now belonging to the Corporation, amounting to 
$41,453,039, is mostly in use for Waterworks. Police, Fire, Alms- 
house, School, or Market purposes, or as parks, piera, bulk- 
heads, and wharves, ferries, and public buildings for municipal 
purposes. The city owns, besides these, 
Uncommuted quitrents reserved on property when 

sold, and water grants yet to be issued $900,000 

Lots under lease without covenants nf renewal 325,000 

" " " with " " 500.000 

Common lands 500,000 

Sundry lofB and gores of land 250,000 

Real estate in Brooklyn 50,000 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



423 



The city contains 20 public and several private parks, most of which are inclosed with iron 
railing and handsomely laid out.^ 

The Fire Department in some form has existed since 1653, when tlie city enjoyed the 
privilege of collecting a beaver for each house and a guilder yearly for each chimney to support a 
fire apparatus. The Fire Department in its present form was incorp, April 16, 1831 ; and its powers 
have been modified by acts of March 25, 1851, and April 3, 1855.^ 



1 Tkt Central Park, for the purpose of construction, is in 
charge of a special Board of Commissiouers, consisting of 10 
members, who servf without pay, and n-port annually to the 
Common Council. The history of this park is briefly as fol- 
lows : — 

On the 5th of April. 1851. Mayor Kingsland, in a special mes- 
sage to thf Common Council, called attention to tht" importance 
of a public park sufiiciently ample to meet the growing wants 
of the city population. The message was referred to a select 
committee, who reported in favor of purchasing the tract of 150 
acres between 66th and 75th Sta. and 3d Avenue and the East 
River, known as Jones's Wood. An act was passed July 11. 1851, 
allowing this to be taken; but. from £ome errors in the act, thw 
Supreme Court refused to appoint Commissioners, and the law 
wae repealed April 11, 1854. On the 5th of August, 1851, a com- 
mittee was appointed to examine whether another more suitable 
Bite for a park could not be found ; and the result of the inquiry 
was the selection of the site now known as the "Central Park." 
between 5th and Hth Avenues, originally extending from -iOth 
to 106th Sts., and in 1359 extended to 110th St. The act for 
creating this park passed July 2a, 1853, and an act for its regu- 
lation and government April 17, 1867. The grounds are '2k 
miles long by i mile wide, embracing 840 acres, of which 136 
are occupied by Croton reservoirs. It will be crossed by 4 
thoroughfares, sunk below the general surface and passing 
under the carriage ways and other avenues of the park, so as 
not toobstructthemovemeutof visitors. Accesstothe grounds 
cannot be had from these transverse roads. This pai'k is now 
under construction, and will embrace a parade ground 50 acres 
in extent, for the maneuver of large bodies of infantry, cavalry, 
and artillerv : a botanical garden, cricket grounds, playgrounds, 
poods for skating in winter, and every variety of scenery which 
a surface naturally rugged and broken can be made to present. 
The plan embraces carriage drives and bridle paths, winding 
ways for pedestrians, and broad, noble avenues for promenade; 
fountains, lawns, terraces, and every variety of woodliind 
scenery. Ground is reser\'ed for a public hall intended for con- 
certs; for a large conservatory, and exotic terraces; for a geo- 
metrical flower garden, with wail foimtains; for an architectural 
terrace, with a large jet and tazza fountain : for public bouses 
of refreshment; for residences of the Superintendent and head 
gardener: for a police station, a zoological garden, and for an 
astronomical observatory, chartered in 185;^. The grounds now 
include the building erected and still used for a State Arsenal, 
but sold to the corporation, and the Mount St. Vincent Academy 
of the Sisters of Charity. There will be over 25 miles of walks, 
5 miles of bridle paths, and 8 miles of carriage road. The main 
entrance will be at the corner of 5th Avenue and 59th St.; but 
other entrances will be provided at convenient points on 7th 
Avenue on both ends, and along 5th and Sth Avenues. 

The BalUry comprises a tract of about 20 acres at the s. point 
of the island, planted with trees and fronting upon the harbor. 
It was formerly a place of fashionable resort; but, in the exten- 
sion of commerce, it has lost most of its prestige. It is still at- 
tractive on account of its cool breezes and refreshing shside. The 
point, formerly called " Schrer/frs Honk.^" showed a number of 
rocks above water, upon which a platform was built in 1003 for 
a battery. This shallow spot was afterward filled in; and in 
18.'>3-5G it was further extended so as to embrace its present 
limits. It is valued at $3,000,000. 

The Bmvting Gnen is a triangular park between Broadway 
and Whitehall St. and Battery Place. It is supplied with a 
fountain, but is not open to the public. This Park or Green 
formerly fronted the fort upon the Battery. Prior to the Revo 
lution, a leaden equestrian statue of Geo, III. was placed in it, 
which at the commencement of the war was thrown down and 
ro»-lted into bullets. The Green is valued at $135,000. 

Tht P.trk is a triangular space of lOJ acres between Broad- 
way. Chatham, and Chamber Sts., near the present center of 
commercial business in the city. The City Hall, Hall of Itecoids, 
Rotunda, and New City Hall, used for courts and public offices, 
are located upon it. It has a large fountain, which is seldom 
used. This tract, formerly called " Tin' Fields,^' or *' The Gjm- 
mon,'' from the beginning has been owned by the city and used 
for public purposes. While distant from the settled portion, it 
was used as a place of execution; and the victims of the negro plot 
proscription were here burned. In the early part of the Kevo- 
Uition the Sons of Liberty hero rallied to assert their rights; 
and at a later period it became the scene of cruelty as the piison 
and execution ground of American patriots. The s. gateway 
was formerly of marlde, beautifully finished, and surmounted 
bytwo marble balls, gifts from theTurkish Government to Com- 
modore Perry, and by him presented to the city. They had 
been made for cannon balls. The foundation of this gateway 
was laid with great pomp, the Mayor presiding and depMsiting 
lo it varioua coins, papers, and memorials, the Park ia now 



partly surrounded by an iron fence, and its sides are open for 
some distance to allow the easy paasai^e of pedestrians. Its 
central location renders it a favorite place for popular gather- 
ings, and, from the throng constantly passing, an audience can 
be swelled to thousands in a brief space of time. This Pai'k is 
valued at $3,000,009. 

Wasfiivt/ton Sfiuure, containing 9J acres, formerly the ^*Pot- 
tcr^s Field" lies between Wavcrly Place. McDougal. Fourth, and 
VVooater Sts. It is handsomely laid out, and is surrounded with 
residences of a superior class. It has a fountain, and is a favor- 
ite resort for promenade. It is estimated that 100,000 persons 
were buried here before the ground was taken for a park. It is 
valued at $816,000. 

Uniim Park is an oval area, with a fine fountain, on Broad- 
way, hounded by University Place, 4th Avenue, 14th and 17th 
Sts. It is much frequented in summer by nurses and children. 
It is valued at $504,000. Adjoining the park, but not within 
its paling, is the equestrian statue of Wasliington. in bronze, 
by 11. K. Browne, erected in 1S56 at a coat of over $;U),OtiO. It 
is 14 feet high, and stands on a granite pedental of about the 
same lioigbt. 

Tiinpkins Square, formerly a parade ground, is bounded by 
Avenues A and B and by 6th and 10th Sts. It is still new; but 
it is well laid out and will become an ornament to the eastern 
side of the city. A fountain is under construction, and other 
improvements are in progress. 

Madison Square, comprising 10 acres, between 5th and Madi- 
son Avenues and 23d and 26th Stfl., is beautifully laid out and 
planted with trees. The at^joiuing 8tre( ts are built up with 
first class dwellings, and it is one of the most fashionable 
places of px'omenade in the city. It is valued at $520,000. 
Adjoining this square on the west is a mot ument to the memory 
of General Worth. 

Stuyvp.sant Square, lies between 15tL and 17th Sts. and let 
and 3d Avenues, the 2d Avenue passing through it. It has a 
fountain on each side of 2d Avenue, and is tastefully laid out 
and planted with trees and shrubs. It was presented to the 
corporation by the late Peter G, Stuyvesant, and is valued at 
$196,000. 

Jtesenmir Square, adjoining the distributing reservoir, be- 
tween 40th and 42d Sts., on 6th Avenue, from 1851 to 1858 was 
occupied by the Crystal Palace. It is valued at $150,000, and is 
at present unimproved as a park. 

Manhattan Square, between 8th and 9th Avenues and 77th 
and Slst Sts., is a rough, unimproved piece of laud, valued at 
$^>8,000. 

Hamitton Square, at Torkville. between 3d and 5th Avenues 
and 68th and 69th Sts., has a rolhng surface, mostly ab^-ve the 
level of adjoining streets, and is uuincloscd and unimproved. 
The corner stone of a monument to Washington was laid with 
pompous ceremonies on this park Oct. 4, 1847; but the patriot- 
ism that instigated the enterprise was expended In the effort, 
and the work was abandoned without further action. The 
park is valued at $97,000. 

Mount Morris Square, between 120th and 124th Sts.. on both 
sides of Sth Avenue, not yet laid out, is valued at $40,000. 

A square of 17 acres was reserved for a park at Blooming- 
dale, between Sth aud 9th Avenues and 53d and 57tli Sts.; but 
the location of the Central Park has led to Its abandonment. 
In various parts of the city are several small triangular plats 
at the intersection of streets, valued at $10,000 to $!5,tHt0 each. 
The city also contains several parks not belonging to the city, 
which are laid out with great care and are truly ornamental. 

St. John's Park, or Ilitds'm Sqtiare, irontiiv^ St. John's Church 
and bounded by Hudson. Varick. Beach, and Laight Sts.. be- 
longs to Trinity Church, and is valued at $400,000. It is kept 
for the exclusive use of the inhabitants living nejir it, who pur- 
chase keys of the keeper at $10 per annum. It contains a 
beautiful fountain. 

Graniviercy Park, between 20th and 2]flt Sts. and 3d and 4th 
Avenues, is owned by those living around it. having been ced(d 
to them by Samuel B. Buggies. It is inclosed with an iron 
raUing and a thick hedge of sweet prim, and is planted witb 
ornamental trees and shrubs. It has a fountain in the center. 

2 Thiy department has a Board of Fire VVa7-de}is, consiBting 
of 14 members, a Chuf Enrrine':r and 13 assistants, and 3,700 
men, of whom 1,923 are members of engine companies, 1,262 
of hose companies, and 502 of hoi-k and ladder Cdmpnnies. 
This body of men constitutes a distinct and powerful combina- 
tion, whose services, although gratuitous, are prompt and in 
every respect praiseworthy, and whose interests the city author- 
ities find it their policy to protect. The city is divided intoS 
fire districts, furnished with 11 district fire alarm bells, all 
connected by telegraphic signals. There are 47 engine compa- 
nies, 57 hose companies. 15 hook and ladder companies, and 4 
bydraut companies. The first claas euginea fauve compaoiee of 



424 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



The Bureau of I^anips and Gas has in charge the lighting of the streets.' 
The Croton Aqueduct Department is under a board styled the Croton Aqueduct 
Board, consisting of a President, Commissioner, Chief Engineer, and Assistant, appointed by the 
Mayor and Aldermen for five years. It has charge of all structures and property connected with 
;he supply of Croton water and the collection of water rents, of the underground drainage of the 
;ity, of public sewers, of permits fur street vaults, of paving and repairing streets, and of digging 
rnd constructing wells. It has a Bureau of Water Rents, and one of Pipes, Sewers, and Pave- 
nents. The department was organized in July, 1849, under an act passed April 11 of that year. 
Previous to this the Water Commissioners were appointed by the Governor and Senate.^ 



Id men, the second of 60, and the third of 50. The hook and 
l.idder companife have each 50 niRD, and the hose companies 
eiich 30, The nnmber of fires in the year, ending Feb. 17, 1859, 
waa 261, and of alarms, 160. The leas by fire on buildings was 
%^9?,fiil, and on stock $514.999.— of which the Cryetal Palace, 
burned in Oct. 1858, formed a large item. During the last year 
two large st^-am fire engines have been obtained; but, except 
in extraordinary cases, they are not used. The city owns about 
80,0i}0 feet of hose. The Department elects one Fire Commia- 
Bioner annually for a term of 5 yeai-9 from among exempt fire- 
men. Thfse commissioners form a Board to decide upon the 
formation of new volunteer companies, to investigate applica- 
tions for admission to companies, to examine into charges 
against membei'^. and for cause to suspend or remove them. 
The Fire Department possesses a fund derived from special 
trusts, donations, festivals, concerts, fines for violation of fire 
laws, and other sources, the income of which ia applied in aid 
of tho families of deceased and disabled firemen. Tlie report 
of 1857 Rhowed an expL-nditure of $30,567.91 hy the trustees of 
this fund. Among the items of this expense were 1,978 pairs 
of slioes and 500 tons of coal. The invested fund amounts to 
^95,250. Two .':chnlar8hips for educating the sons of firemen 
in the Dniversity of New York have beeu endowed by Myudert 
Van Pchaick. 

1 The city gas lights are furnished by three general com- 
panies, as follows: — 

The Ni'V} York Gas Li/jht Company was incorp. March 2fi. 1823, 
with a capital of $1.000l00O. It has works on 21st and 22d Sta., 
from 1st Avenue to East River, and has 6 large gas holders at 
that station and 7 others at different parts of tho city. It sup- 
plies the lamps s, of Grand St^ and haa about 130 miles of mains 
under the streets. 

Manhatt-jn Gas Lifjht Company was incoi-p. Feb. 26, 1830. with 
a capital of $l,noo.obO. It has 2 manufactories of gas, — one on 
tho Hudson, at ;iie foot of 18th St., capable of making daily 
3.00(1.000 feet, and one on East River, at (he foot of 14th St^ 
capable of making 3,000,000 feet daily. It supplies the city N. 
of Grand St., and has about 220 miles of street mains. It 
lights S.OOO street lamps and supplies 26,000 wton's and dwell- 
ings. In lf^67 it made 600,a}0,000 feet of gas, and in 1859 
830.000.000. 

HiirUm. Gas Liqht Company was incorp. Feb. 8, 1855, with a 
capital of $250,000. Its works are situated upon Ilarlem River, 
At the N. extremity of Ist Avenue. There are also several 
minor gas works for furnishing light to hotels and private esta- 
blishments. 

3 The Croton Aqueduct is the most extensive and costly work 
in America for sup|tlying a city with water: nn'l its magnitude 
justifies a somewhat minute account of its orig^in and subse- 
quent history. 

In 1741 the General Assembly pnased a law (which was con- 
tinued hy repeated enactments) for mending and keening in 
repair the public wells and pumps of the city. In 1774 Christo- 
pher Colles contracted to erect a reservoir on Broadway, between 
Pearl and White Sts.: and the plan was partially ca'rried into I 
effect before tho Revolution. In 1785 schemes were again agi- . 
tated, which led to surveys and examinations; and in 1799 the j 
Manhattan Company was fjrmed, ostensibly to supply the city 
with water, but really as a banldng institution, with a perpetual ] 
charter and large privileges. Its principal well was at the 
corner of Duane and Cross Sts., whence the water wa.s raised by 
steam and distributed in pipes; but the supply was limited in 
amount and was of very impure quality. During the next thirty 
years various schemes were proposed for constructing common 
and artesian wells, and open canals from the Bronx and other 
Streams in Westchester co. and Conn., and several companies 
were formed: but no practical steps were taken to secure the 
result. An act was passed May 2, 1S34, which authorized the i 
city to supply itself with "pure and wholesome water*' and to 
issue its stock to defray the cost. The Governor and Senate 
^pointed Stephen Allen, R. M. Brown. Charles Dusenberry, 
Saul Alley, T. T. Woodruff, and William W. Fox Commission- 
ers, under whom accurate surveys were made and various plans 
and estimates considered, which resulted in recommending 
that the water of the Croton he taken near it-s mouth and 
brought in an aqueduct to a reservoir on Murray Hill, 114 ft. 
above tide. Tliis plan was approved. March 11, by the Mayor, 
and in April. 1835, hy the people, by a vote of ll',367 to 5,903. 
David B. Douglass waf appointed Chief Engineer; but in Oct. 
18^6, he was succeeded by .lohn B.Jervis. The work was begun 
in the spring of 1837. and so far completed as to allow tho ad- 
fDissioD of water into the diatnbuting reservoir, July 4, 1842. 



Its completion was commemorated by a grand civic celebration 
Oct. 14 of the same year. 

This aqueduct is a covered canal, of solid stone and brick 
masonry, arched above and below. 8 ft. 5^ in. high. 7 ft. 5 in. 
wide at the widest part, and 40J mi. in length from the dam to 
the distributing resen-oir. It has a descent of 47.9 ft., or 13 
in. to a mi., and a capacity of supplying 60,000,000 gallons of 
water per day. At intervals of 1 mi. are openings through 
small towers for ventilation. The flow of water is generally 2 
to 3 ft. in depth, or 27.000.000 gallons a day. It is covered below 
the reach of frosts; and the surface works are carefully guarded 
by fences from injury by cattle. It passes through 16 tunnels 
in rock, varying from 160 to 1,263 ft., with a total of 6.841 ft. 
In Westchester co. it crosses 25 streams 12 to 70 ft. below the 
line of grade, besides numerous small brooks furnished with cul- 
verts. Ilarlem River is crossed upon High Bridge in two 48 inch 
mains. 12 ft. below the level of the grade of the aqueduct, and 
turuished with gate chambers at each end. This bridge is of 
granite, 1,450 ft. long, 21 ft. wide between the parapets, 100 ft. 
above the surface of high tide to the crown of the arch, and 114 
ft. to the top of the parapets. It rests upon 15 arches, 8 of 
which are of 80 ft. span and 7 of 50 ft. Upon one of the piers 
is inscribed the following record of the construction of the 
bridge : — 



Aqiteddct Brhwe. 
Begdn1«39; Finished 1848. 
Stephen Aixen, ] 
Saul Alley. watprCom 

C. DL'SENLERET, \ VVATERCOM- 
W.W.FOX, MI.SI0NERS. 

T. T. WOODRtTFF, I 



[ C0XTR.A,O 



John B. Jervis, Chief 
II. Allen, Prtnc. Assist. [ Eproi- 
P. IIastie, Risifknt 
E. H. Tracy, Assistant 
George Law, "^ „ 
Samdel Roberts, v 
Arnold Mason, J "^^■ 
The aqueduct of masonry is continued fiom the bridge 2 mi. 
to the Manhattan Valley, a depreaaion which is 4,171 ft. wide and 
102 ft. deep. This is crossed by an inverted siphon of iron pipes 
4,180 ft. in length, with a gate chamber at each end. The 
masonry ia then resumed, and the aqueduct is carried -t'oVV 
mi. to the receiving reservoir in the Central Park, crossing in 
this distance the Clendening Valley, 1,900 ft. across and 50 ft. 
deep, on an aqueduct, with archways for three streets, each of 
which has 30 ft. span for carriage way and 10 ft. span on each 
side for foot passengers. 

The receiving reservoir in the Central Park is 1,826 ft. long, 
836 ft. wide, covers an area of 3,505 acres, and has a capacity of 
150.000,000 galloD.s. The banks are of earth, IS ft. wide at top, 
and rise 9 ft. above the level of the water. The pipes pass 
through brick vaults. A new reservoir ia now under construc- 
tion adjacent to the former ones, and also upon Central Park. 
It ml! cover an area of 106 aires, and will be surrounded by an 
earth bank of irresular outline, which will constitute a broad 
promenade. The distributing reservoir at Murray Hill, between 
40th and 42d Sts. and 5th and 6th Avenues, is a stone structure 
in 2 divisions, designed to contain 36 ft. or 20,000,000 gallons. 
Its surface ia 115 ft. above mean tide. 

The cost of the work was $8,575,000, including water rights and 
land, besides $1,800,000 for distributing pipes. The expense came 
within 5 per cent, of the estimate of .Mr. Jervis, the Engineer. 
The annual interest, amounting to $665,000, is paid by direct 
water taxes and by some indirect taxes ; and a sinking fund is 
provided for the final liquidation of the debt. The construction 
of this work has lowered the annual rates of fire insurance about 
40 cts.on every $100 insured. Sing Sing Prison is supplied from 
the aqueduct as it passes near that place. 

The amount of pipe laid in different years has been as follows, 
up to 1859 :— 



Previous to 1849, 1,024,051 feet. 


Previoua to 1854, 


30.575 feet. 


July to Dec. 1849, 20,236 " 


1856, 


36.921 " 


In IS.iO, 41,328 « 


1866, 


29.983 « 


1851, 65.199 " 


1857, 


23,320 « 


, 1S52, 6.3.535 " 


1868, 


19,560 " 


1853, 33,782 " 







Total 1,388,380 ft. 
or 262 mi. 5.020 ft 

The amount of pipe of different Blzes (internal diameter) laid 
up to 1859 haa been — 

41,324 feet 
5,4no " 
44.S62 " 
60,878 " 
4,087 " 
A snrvey of the Croton Valley waa begun in 1857, with tbfl 



4 inch pipe 


9,473 feet. 


20 inch pipe 


6 " 


930.816 " 


24 " " 


10 " " 


6.875 " 


30 " " 


12 " " 


279,804 " 


36 « '< 


16 " " 


14,978 " 


48 " " 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



425 



Tlie AInistaouse Uepartinent is under the charge of a Board of Ten Governors of the 
Almshouse, generally known as the " Ten Governors/'^ The department was organized under 
an act of April 6, 1849, and was modified the succeeding year. This board has charge of the Alms- 
house, of the Relief and Support of the Poor, of the County Lunatic Asylum, of the Nurseries for 
Poor and Destitute Children, the Penitentiary, and ail the city prisons and houses of detention, 
except the sheriff's jail in Elbridge Street and the House of Refuge. All ordinary appropriations 
for this department must be submitted to a board consisting of the Presidents of the Boards of Al- 
dermen and Councilmen, the Mayor and C(jmptroller.^ If this board approves, it reports to the 



view of ascertaining its topography minutely, the better to 
decide upon future reservoirs or other structures ii8 they may 
be found necessary. The ridge line or watershed inclosing the 
valley above the dam is 101 mi. in length. The stream is 39 
mi. in li^ngth, and its tributaries 1-36 mi. The total area of the 
vallt'y is 362 square mi.; and within it are 31 natural lakes and 
ponds, many of which are available as reservoirs, and 16 of 
which have been minutely surveyed and estimated. 

The revenues from water rents from Oct. o, 1842, to Dec. 31, 
1858, have amounted to $6,725,947.98; and the amount has in- 
creased from year to year, — except in 1851 and 1S56, when it 
fell off. 

The public sewers connected with this department, since 
Feb. 6, IS46. have cost an expenditure of $163,527.13; and the 
amount of J^8,o72.00 has been collected from permits to connect 
premises with the public sewers. The length of sewers ct>n- 
Btructed by this department since its organization in 1849 has 
been 92 mi. 1,340 ft. 

1 The Governors of the Almshouse are elected by single ballot, 
one being voted for and two elected. This places the board above 
the control of party politics. 

2 Public measures for therelief of thepoorare among the first 
necessities of a civilized govt-rnment; and one of the earliest 
statutes of the General Assembly in 1683 was for this object. In 
1699 a law was passed fur the relief of the poor at their homes; 
and about 1714 the first almshouse was built, on the present site 
of the City Hall. In 1795 a lottery of £H).Oi)0 was granted for a 
new almshouse, and the large brick building on the Park near 
Chambers St. (burned in 1S.54) was erected. lu 1811 a tract on 
the Kast River, at the foot of 2tith St., was bought; and the first 
stone was laid Aug. 1, 1811. The present main edifice at Bellevue 
IIospit;il was opened April 22, 1816, as a hospital, penitentiary, 
and almshouse, at a cost of ^21,109. The management Wixs for 
many years intrusted to five commissioners appointed by the 
Cominou Council. In 1622 the average numoer of paupers was 
1,547 ; and the cost of the eatabliahment for several years was as 
follows : — 

In 1817 $90,886 1 In 1820 $84,420 

« 1818 ■.. 107.600 " 1821 85.000 

« 1819 105,509 I " 1822 82,200 

The law then required paupers to be returned to tho town 
where they had gained residence; but this waa often difficult. 
and vessels then, as since, often landed paupers in or near tiie 
city from distant places. In 1822 two vessels put about 100 
paupers on shore a few miles from the city, and broui^ht on 
their b:iggage. Efforts were made to remedy these abuses ; but 
it was fouml diflficiilt in a large population to distinguish those 
coming into the city liable to public charge, until they applied 
for relief in the eariy winter months. — Sfit. Doc. No. 86, 1824. 

Meanwhile the aOiiirs of the institutions at Bellevue became 
Tery corrupt and mercenary; but a malignant ftver, which broke 
out in 1825 and committed frightful ravages in the filthy wards 
and loathsome cellB, forced the question of reform upon tho 
public. In 1845 the Almshouse waa placed under the c;ire of a 
single commissiont-r, and in 1849 the present system of super- 
vision went into operation. 

Black wells Island was bought in 1S2S, and Randalls Island in 
1835. In 1848 the Almshouse was completed on the former ; and 
the whole of both islands is now devoted to ohjects of charity 
and reform, Kambills Island being in p;irt under the care of the 
Governors of the Almshouse and in part under tho Trustees of 
the House of Refuge. 

Upon Blackwells Island, commencing at the 8. end, are located 
resp'Ctively the 8mall Pox llnspital, the Penitentiary, Island 
Hospital, female and male Almshouses, Workhouse, and JyUnafic 
Asylum. Upon Wards Island is the Potters' Field, under the 
charge of the Ten Governors; and upon Randalls Isl.ind are (ho 
extcn^iive nurseries and hospitals for poor children. Uellevue 
Hospital, tho largest in the city, remains under tho charge of 
the Governors as a fever, surgical, and general hospital. The 
Coloied Orphan Asylum, Colored Home, four city itrisoiis. and 
the out-door poor, are also under the care of this department. 
A 8h'^)rt sketih of these several charges is essential to a full 
knowledge of the city. 

Bdlevtie Hospital is 350 ft. long, the center portion 5 stories 
high and the wings 4 stories. Upon each story are verandas 
and outside stairways of iron. Its arran;;ement8 throughout 
are ample and judicious, and it can accommodate 1,.'150 patients. 
It h:i8 a clinical theater fitted up for the accommodation of large 
classes of students. In 1X.">S the number of pre-icriiitions was 
14t6,6(j3; and the number of births is atjuut 35U,anuually. 



The resulta of its operation during 10 yeara have been as fol* 
lows : — 



Ybars. 


AdmitUd. 


Discharged. 


Remaining. 


Died. 


1849 


3,114 
3,728 
6,401 
6,020 
4,836 
6,213 
6,743 
6,4S4 
7.074 
7.925 


2.716 
3,224 
6..304 
4.449 
4.210 
6,634 
6.476 
6.186 
6.166 
7,612 


612 
671 
fiOO 
647 
6: 14 
674 
6S2 
602 
853 
843 


483 
446 
650 
633 
679 
726 
623 
604 
667 
812 


ISoO.. 


1S81 


1852 


1863 


1854 


1865. . 


1866 


1867 


1858 





The Stnall Pnx Hospital, Blackwells Island, was commenced 
April 1, 1854, and was finished in the same year. It is bnjlt, in 
tho Knglish gothic stvle, of stone quarried upon the island. It 
is 104 ft. by 44, 3 stories high, and cost S38,000. It is not de- 
signed for the treatment of paupers only, but is fitteii u|i with 
express reference to receiving persons able and willing to pay 
for their treatment, and where, secluded from friends to whom 
they might impart their disease, they may receive every atten- 
tion that science and the most attentive nursing can bestow. 
It is the only hospital of the kind in or near the city, ami takes 
the place of some old wooden buildings previously erected on 
the island. 

Its statistics have been as follows: — 



Years. 


Admitted. 


Discharged. 


Remaining. 


Died. 


1849 


263 
208 
2S6 
149 
166 
186 
56 
l.W 
197 
216 


241 
132 
276 
122 
104 
165 
48 
99 
14S 
198 


13 
48 
10 
12 
25 
5 
3 
11 
27 
5 


29 
41 
6S 
25 
39 
46 
10 
27 
33 
40 


1850 


1861.... 




1.S63. 


1864 


1866 . .. . 


1856 




1858 





The Penitentiary, opposite 55th St., is built of hewn stoje 
and rubble masonry. It consists of a middle building, 65 by 7G 
ft., and two wings, each 50 by 200 ft., malting the whole length 
of the building 465 ft. A new wing was finished in 1859; and 
another is needed for the accommodation of the inmates. The 
total number of cells is 1,736. The convicts are employed as 
occasion requires in quarrying and dressing stone for buildings 
upon the island, and as blacksmiths, shoemakers, carpenters, 
weavers, co<jperB, painters, wheelwrights. Ac. This establish- 
ment was finished in 1848, — since which time there have beea 
admitted and discharged the following numbers: — 



Years. 


Admit- 
ted. 


Dis- 
charged. 


Re- 
main- 
ing. 


Years. 


Admit- 
Ud. 


Dis- 
charged. 


Re- 

vuiin- 
ing. 


1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 


2,109 
3,575 
3,450 
4,444 
6,236 


2,066 
3.6S1 
3,374 
4.160 
6,233 


809 

803 

879 

1,173 

1,176 


1864 
1865 
1856 
1857 
1868 


6,983 
6,197 
4,0U 
3,058 
2,974 


6,286 
5,503 
1,549 
1.640 
2,075 


873 
611 
633 
743 
773 



Much the largest number of convicts are received from thi» 
police courts; over a third are females, and a very largo pro 
portion arc foreigners. Over half are committed for petit hir 
ciMiy; and the next largest number for assault and battery. 
The term of sentence is usually 1, 2, 3. 4. or 6 months; and but 
very few are sentenced to 1 year and upward. The longest 
term of years reported in 185S was 10, and this in only a single 
instance. 

The Island Hospital, Blackwells Tslaod, was first erected m 
184S, under tho name of the '"Penitentiari/ Hospital:' Its name 
was changed Dec. 15. IS-'h. The building was found to be con- 
structed 'in a most reckless and careless manner, and aa a 
public building WHS a reproiich to any city." It cniitinued in 
use, however, until deatruyed by fire, Feb. 13, 1858. At th% 



42b 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



Supervisors; and if it disapproves, it returns to the Ten Governors with objections. If the latter 
still adheres by a vote of two-thirds, the subject must be reported to the Supervisors. 



time of the fire it contained 600 inmates; but they were all re- 
moved without loss of life. In Feb. 1S5S, a most humane regu- 
lation was adopted, by which the eufferius poor are relieved 
vrlthout being committed as vagrants. The building now in 
the process of erection to supply the place of the former is 3| 
stories high, includes 14 wards and acoonimodationa for 744 
patients. As on other buildings on the island, convict and 
workhouse labor is largely employed in the erection. The 
fltatistica of the hospital have been as follows : — 



Yeabs. 


Admitted. 


Discharged, 


S^main- 
ing. 


Died. 


1849 


2,148 


1,919 


192 


292 


1850 


2,009 


1,923 


198 


80 


1851 


2,343 


2,177 


267 


97 


1852 


2,767 


2,651 


272 


111 


1853 


3,136 


2,864 


314 


109 


1854 


3,744 


3,415 


499 


144 


1865 


2,1.58 


2,241 


350 


66 


1856 


1,733 


1,697 


348 


38 


1857 


2,810 


2,649 


635 


74 


1858 


4,140 


4,175 


388 


113 



Almshoxises. — Of these there are two separate and similar 
structures, 650 ft. apart, entirely distinct in their arrange- 
ments, aiid each devoted to one sex only. Tliey are each com- 
posed of a central building 50 ft. square, 57 "ft. high to the 
roof, and 87 ft. to the top of the cupula, and two wings, each 
'K) by 90 ft. and 40 ft. to the roof. They are devoted to the 
care of the aged and infirm, and present the following result of 
operations : — 



Years. 


Admitted. 


Discharged. 


Rem^nn- 
ing. 


Died. 


1849 


1,672 


1,115 


1,197 


95 


1850 


2,355 


1.995 


1,304 


169 


1851 


2,783 


2,535 


1,349 


203 


1852 


2,624 


2,510 


1,2S2 


ISl 


1853 


2,198 


2,186 


1,143 


161 


18.54 


2,981 


2,434 


1.402 


288 


1855 


3,096 


2,730 


1,.511 


257 


1856 


3,359 


3,137 


1,458 


256 


1857 


4,204 


3,782 


1,561 


319 


1868 


3,890 


3,369 


1,096 


393 



Less than one-fourth of the whole number thus thrown upon 
the charities of the city are of native birth ; and more than one- 
half are females. The present almshouses have been in use 
since 184^. 

WdrJchousr. — This establishment was authorized by act of 
April 11. 1849. and grew out of a recommendation of the Prison 
Association of New York, in which the Society for Improving 
the Condition of the Poor concurred. A plan for buildings was 
adopted the succeeding season, and work was begun Oct. 3. 1849. 
Tlic N. wiug.3 storieshigh, has 150 rooms. openingupon galleries 
around a common central hall, and capable of lodging 600 per- 
sons. At the N. end is a cross arm 4 stories high, containing 
workshops. A central building contains the residence of the 
Superintendent, the kitchen, storerooms, offices, chapels; and a 
B. wing, for females, is constructed upon the plan and of the 
size of the n. wing. This establishment was designed for those 
able to work and who, not finding means of support, were will- 
ing to be committed, as well as such paupers, vagrants, and 
others as misht bo deemed fit subjects for employment. The 
males are usiiatly kept employed as circumstances permit, in 
quarrying and grading, and as carpenters, conpers, wheelwrights, 
painters, boat builders, blacksmiths, tinsmiths, shoemakers, and 
tailors. The females are employed in knitting, sewing, and 
other light occupations. This institution has scarcely resulted 
in the benefits anticipated, and of all the charities under the 
care of the Governors is perhaps the only one that might pos- 
sibly be dispensed with. It is found impracticable to keep all 
hands profitably employed; and the name of "'workhouse" loses 
its terrors when coupled with the idea of leisure hours, comfort- 
able quarters, and sufficient food. 

Its statistics have been as follows: — 



Yeaks. 


Admitted. 


Discharged. 


Hcmain- 
ing. 


Died. 


1860 


757 


604 


328 


28 


1851 


637 


601 


286 


8 


1852 


615 


89 


210 


11 


1863 


1.468 


921 


.529 


15 


1864 


3,894 


3.237 


1,186 


110 


1856 


4,447 


4,482 


956 


41 


1866 


4,034 


3,890 


1,022 


03 


1857 


4,347 


3,669 


1,701 




1868 


4,164 


4,685 


1,240 


40 



The number discharged does not include those escaped or 
sent to otlier institutions. 

The Luftatic AKf/lom, near the N. end of Elackwells Island, 
consists of an octagonal building 80 ft. in diameter and 50 ft. 
high, with a cupola and two wings at right angles to each other, 
each 245 ft. loug. One wing is devoted to either sex; and the 
arrangement of the wards admits of classification. Apart from 
this, ou the e. side of the island, is a building of stone, 59 by 90 
ft. and 43 ft. high, with a veranda on each side, which is ex- 
clusively devoted to the noisy and violent class, where they 
cannot disturb the more quiet. This structure is named " The 
Lodge," and, for obvious reasons, is not usually open to visitors. 
The Lunatic Asylum proper was begun in the spring of 1S35, 
and. after some months of suspension, the work was resumed 
in 1837, and the w. wing was finished June 10, 1839. The s. 
wing was built in 1847: and this, with "The Lodge," waa 
finished In 184S. The statistics during 10 years have been as 
follows :^ 



Years. 


Admitted. 


Discharged. 


Hcmain- 
ing. 


Died. 


1849 


469 


283 


401 


212 


1850 


391 


251 


464 


( 1 


1851 


441 


308 


617 


80 


1852 


406 


357 


627 


130 


1863 


487 


357 


642 


115 


1854 


486 


283 


655 


190 


1855 


371 


253 


673 


100 


1866 


366 


276 


697 


66 


1857 


326 


296 


627 


75 


1858 


355 


235 


655 


92 



This institution is admirably managed; but the proportion 
of recoveries is necessarily less than in those asylums in which 
only recent cases are admitted and the patients discharged 
when there is no longer a hope of recovery. This is, in one 
sense, an asylum of the incurable. 

The Pottprs' Field, on Randalls Island, was placed under the 
charge of the Governors of the Almshouse June 19, 1850; but 
its location and quality of soil were made a subject of com- 
plaint, and it was repeatedly presented by grand juries. A 
tract of 69 acres was purchased on "Wards Island, and brought 
into use in June. i8.V2. since which time the former field has 
not been used. About 2,500 interments are made annually at 
the public charge. 

The NiiraerifS and Niirsery Hospitals on Randalls Island 
consist of about a dozen detached buildings, not arranged on 
any systematic plan. The grounds are inclosed and of ample 
extent: and a farm is connected with the institution, which 
goes far toward furnishing it \\-ith culinary vegetables. The 
institution is provided with ample schools and playgrounds. 
The numbers remaining here at the begioning of 1^59 were 
88 men. 96 women, 833 boys, and 303 girls. The children are 
indentured, given for adoption, or returned to friends, as cir- 
cumstances warrant. 

Tfie Colored Orphan Asylum waa begun in the fall of 1836, 
and was incorp. April 16, 1838. It is situated on 5th Avenue, 
between 43d and 44th Sts., and is under the immediate charge 
of lady managers, who report to and receive funds from the 
Governors of the Almshouse Department. The numbers re- 
maining at the close of the several years since, under this ar- 
rangement, have been as follows: — 



1849., 
1850 ., 
1851. 
1852 ., 
1853., 



156 


1864 


176 


1866 


201 


1856 


207 


1867 


219 


1858 



..237 
,.233 
..234 
..225 
..219 



In 22 years it has received in the aggregate 970 colored or- 
phans. This institution is partially supported by benevolent 
contributions and partially by occasional appropriations from 
the State. 

The Colored Hcrme, on 1st Avenue, between 64th and 65th 
Sts., has 44 lots of ground, on which substantial buildings are 
erected. It was originally intended as a House of Industry. 
In Oct. 1868, the foundations of a new building were laid, 90 
ft. by 40, with a corridor from 6 to 12 ft. wide on the s. side, 
extending from each wing of the present building nearly 11^ 
ft., so that access may be had from all parts of the house with- 
out exposure to the weather. It contains departments for male 
and female hospitals, home for the aged and infirm, schoolu, and 
lying-ia and nursery accommodations. This is also under the im- 
mediate care of lady managers, and is sustained by contribn- 
tions, legacies, and grants from the State. In point of order and 
neatness it equals any hospital in the city. The niale hospital 
usually has about 30 inmates, the female hospital 75. the lying- 
in department 40. and tlie home of the aged 150. The average 
nnmbf-r of births is about 90 annually. 

The City Pri.-o7u~four in number, under charge of the 
Governors — are situated as follows; — 

The Halls of Ju^tii-e, or "Tombs," is situated on Center St. 
between Leonard Hnd Franklin. A portion is uccupied by court- 
rooms and prisons for persons awaiting sentence. The house 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



427 



The Couiniissioners of Eliiigration were incorp. by an act of May 7, 1847, and con- 
sist of 6 commissioners appointed by the Governor of the State, and of the Mayors of New York 
and Brooklyn, and the Presidents of the German Society and the Irish Emigrant Society. They 
Iiave cliarge of the Marine Hospital at Quarantine, the Emigrant Depot at Castle Garden, and 
numerous buildings on "Wards Island for the accommodation of the sick.' 

The Law Department is under a chief officer called the "Counsel to the Corporation," 
elected for three years. He has charge of all the law business in which the city is interested, when 
so ordered by the corporation, and institutes all legal proceedings necessary for the opening and 
widening of streets. He draws all leases, deeds, and other papers connected with the finances 
of the city. This department has a Bureau of Corporation Attorney, and another of Public 
Administrator. 

The City Inspector's Department is under a chief officer styled the City Inspector, 
who has cognizance of all matters afl'ecting the public health, pursuant to the ordinances of the 
Common Council and the lawful requirements of the Commissioners of Health and of the Board 
of Health. It has a Bureau of Sanitary Inspection and Street Cleaning, of Records and Statis- 
tics, and of Superintendent of Markets. Coroners report to this department all inquests made by 
them. The Inspector is required to report all births, marriages, and deaths within the city. He 
also appoints 2 Inspectors and Sealers of Weights and Measures, who hold office upon the same 
terms as Chiefs of Bureaus. One Street Inspector is appointed to each of the 22 wards, 1 clerk to 
each of the 11 markets,^ and a keeper and assistant to each of the corporation yards. 

The Judiciary Department comprises the First Judicial District of the Supreme Court 



of detention a^jncent ie an isolated building, containing 148 
cells. 

The JeffTson Markd Prison, at the corner of Greenwich St. 
and 6th Avenue, was enlarged in 1856, and 36 new cells were 
built. 

The Essex Market Prison, at the corner of Grand and Ludlow 
Sts., wlis completed in 1S57. 

The Prison at I'^rkviUe was abolished in March, 1856; but it 
has since been revived. 

The commitments during the year 1858 were as follows ; — 



n, ( Males 


1st IHst. 


2d Dist. 


3d Dist. 


ith Dist. 


13,955 

11,477 
478 
301 

.. 26,211 


3,091 

1,334 

64 

45 

4,534 


2,876 
693 
33 
31 

3,633 


689 


«^«"«-i Females...... 


191 

n 


BLACK. { l;'^;',--;;:;: 

Total 


3 

794 
.3.1172 





The. Oidi/oor Poor receive aid upon application at the ofBce of 
the Governors, in the Kotunda. on the Park. These poor are 
under the care of a superintendent and visitors; and some of 
the principal items for a series of years have been as follows 



Y«AE3. 


Bmaiions. 


Children^ 
Nursing. 


TVoTw'n of 

Paupers and 

Ctiildrm. 


Total of 
every kind. 


1860... 


$25,793.18 


$5,934.41 


$ 978.30 


$ 60.607.05 


1851... 


27,808.13 


7.925.06 


1,621.67 


59,336.64 


1852... 


31.119.85 


9,660.37 


9S0.05 


91,189.88 


1863... 


27,449.76 


10.158.60 


1,005.94 


82,136.74 


1854... 


26,516.76 


9,284.00 


1,687.41 


83,704.09 


1855... 


29,217.88 


9,900.25 


1,647.78 


121,861.14 


1860... 


41.334.13 


12,803.73 


2.448.15 


95.622.60 


1857... 


24.700.26 


10,586.47 


2,479.21 


108,766.75 


18.58... 


19.171.31 


10,774.75 


1,283.37 


140,924.71 



Large items are included in the last column for coal and 
wood, transportation of coal, and wages. The totil expendi- 
ttires of the department for all the charitios and other institu- 
tions coiJiiccted with them have been as follows: — 



1850 ... S40fi,fi52.60 
1851.... 481.967.3(5 
W52.... 501,896.18 



1853 .... $541,280.66 
1854.... 6.W,S74.46 
1855.... 816,672.00 i 



1856 $S39,172.58 

1857 896,204.45 

1858 835,228.52 



1 CasUf^ Gard^M, (formerly " CastU. Clinton,*') at the lower 
point of the Battery, on the Hudson, wm granted by the cor- 
poration of the city to the United States, in May, 1807, for the 
purpose of erecting a fortification. The present structure was 
huilt soon after; but the foundations were found not sufficiently 
strong for heavy ordnance, and the site was re-conveyed to the 
c:ori>oratioii under an act of Congress passed March 30, 1822. 
The buiUlint; waa subsequently used for the public reception of 
di-^itinguished strangers, and for concerts, op-'ras, public meot- 
iiigs, the annual lairs of the American Institute, and similar 



purposes, until leased in 1855 to the Commissioners of Emigra- 
tion as a landing place for emigrants. 

The Emigrant Befuge and Hospital, upon Wards Island, 
consists of several large buildings for hospitals, nurseries, and 
other purposes, located upon a farm of 106 acres. The total 
number of emigrants who have arrived in the port of New York 
since 1846 has been 2,486,463, distributed as follows : — 

1847 129,061 1851 289.515 1855 136.233 

1848 189,176 1852 300,992 1856 142,342 

1849 220,603 1853 284,945 1857 183,773 

1850 212,796 1854 318,43S' 1858 78.689 

The greater number of these proceed to their destination 
without expanse to the Commissioners. 

The Marine Hospital is noticed under Richmond County. 
See page 566. 

2 The markets of New York are owned by the city, and 
leased in small portions to occupants. They are as follows : — 
CathaHne — Catharine St., East River. 
Center — Grand and Center Sts. 
C/m^on^ Wash iagton and Canal Sta. 
Esse:r — Grand and Ludlow Sts. 
FranWrn— Old Slip, East River. 
i^H»o7i— Fulton St., East River. 
C'ouvcrneur — Water, corner of Gouvemeur St. 
Jefferarm — Sixth Avenue, corner of Greenwich Avenue, 
TmipJcins — Third Avenue and Sixth St. (now building of iron.) 
Union — Second and Houston Sts. 
Washingtrm — Fulton St., Hudson River. 

The principal market for wholesale is the Washington 
Market; and thither most of the teams from the surrotod- 
ing country resort for the sale of produce. The principal lish 
market is adjacent to Fulton Market, where facilities are pro- 
vided for unloading fishing vessels. The immense supply of 
anhnal food required by the population of New York has led to 
enormous investments of capital for the production, and corre- 
sponding arrangements for the bringing forward, of this class of 
provisions. Cattle are now seldom di-iven to market on foot. 
Illinois is the greate.st beef producing State in the Union, and 
its market cattle are brought by R. b., stopping on the way only 
3 or 4 times to rest and feed. About $12,000,000 are annually 
expended by New York and its suburbs for beef alone. The 
measures taken for supplying the city with fish, oyeters, and 
game are correspondiugly great, and have each in their several 
departments led to organized systems fur ftiruit-hiug their pro- 
portion with great regularity and in quantities proportioned to 
the demand. 

The markets for live stock in New York are provided entirely 
by individual enterprise: and the principal ones are now on 44th 
St. and 5th Avenue. The great market days are Tuesdays and 
Wednesdays; and. since supplies can reach the city nt all Bt-a 
sons with equal faciUty, the amount is distributed throughout 
the year in a proportion nearly uniform. This market cx-cupies 
14 acres, and has 150 yards, and, with its stalls, can accomnio 
date 5,000 bullocks, and an equnl number of sheep and calvei* 
The largest hog markets are at the w. end of 40th St.,aaJ on the 
Hudson, at the foot of y7th St. There are 2 other market 
places, — one on 6th St. E.of 3d Avenue, and one in Robinson St., 
where nearly 450.000 sheep have ber-n sold, bysidea cuws and 
calves. There are also extensive markets at Bc-rgen Hill. 



428 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



of the State, with 5 justices, the Superior Court, with a chief justice and 5 justices, the Court of 
Common Pleas, with 3 justices, the Marine Court, with 3 justices, and the Surrogate's Court. The 
criminal courts consist of a Court of Oyer and Terminer, held by a justice of the Supreme Court, 
a Court of General Sessions, held by the Recorder or city judge, Courts of Special Sessions, held by 
the pi )li(_^e justices, 4 Police Courts, and 6 Justices' or District Courts. 

The Burials from the city are regulated by law; and none can take place without a cer- 
tificate fniiu the Inspector's Department, and a record of the time, cause, and circumstances of the 
death, as far as can be ascertained.' 

Xlie Board of Ilealtli consists of the Mayor and Common Council. The Mayor is Presi- 
dent. The Mayor, the Presidents of the two branches of the Common Council, the Health Officer, 
the Resident Pliysician, the Health Commissioner, and the City Inspectors, are constituted a Board 
of Commissioners, who render advice to the Board of Health. The Health Officer is appointed by 
the Governor and Senate. The Mayor, with the advice of the Board of Aldermen, appoints an 
Inspector of Vessels. It is the duty of the Board of Health to watch over the health of the city 
and port, and conduct and attend to the business of the Quarantine establishment.^ 

Ferries are established from New York to Brooklyn, Jersey City, the islands, and to numerous 
points around the harbor. Up to 1810 the ferry boats were propelled by horse and man power; 
but during that year steam was introduced, and now it is exclusively used on all important routes. 
A few of the islands are reached only by row boats.' 

The facilities for passing from one point to another in the city are numerous, cheap, and con- 



The mim'ter of animals sold during 5 yearfl at the New York 
live stock markets has been as follows :— 



w 


? = .4 
III 


ell 






i 

^ 


•i 




1S.14 


115.846 


169,864 


13.131 


68.584 


565,474 


252,328 


1.058.690 


ISS.'i 


97.651 


l.S6,574 


12,110 


47.969 


688,741 


318.107 


1,147.609 


1856 


125,5115 


187,067 


12,857 


4,3,081 


402,739 


345.911 


1,051.655 


IS.W 


116.6)6 


162,243 


12,840 


,34.218 


444,0.36 


2S8.9.S4 


940,819 


1868 


144,749 


191,374 


10.128 


37,076 


447,445 


651.479 


1,238,101 



The number of bullocks from the several States sending to 
this market, in 1853, was as follows ; — 

Average. 
New York 30,980 695 



No. 



Pennsylvania 1,664 45 

Ohio 4,389 84 

Indiana 11,130 214 

Illinois 62.,S18 1,015 

Kentucky 9,409 181 



Virginia 895 

Connecticut 690 

Texas 1.214 

New Jersey 603 

Iowa 2,724 

Michigan 1,682 



No. 7'*'* 
Average. 

17 



11 
23 

11 
52 
32 



The mode of reaching market was as follows : — 

BuMocka, by Harlem It. R 10.558 

» Hudson River R. R 50,91fi 

» New York & Erie R. R 93,820 

« on foot 2,863 

Swine, by Nbw York & Erie R. R 301,671 

The above stati.'itica do not include barreled beef and pork, 
and animals shiughterud elsewhere and sent thither for sale. 
In some seasons over 3,000 slieep are slaughtered per week, at 
Albany, for the Xew Yorkmai'ket; and the amount from other 
places ia very lartje. 

1 The Burial Places of New York were originally around the 
churches ; and in 1822 there were 22 places of interment s. of 
the City Hall. The practice was found to be offensive to the 
senses and prejudicial to the public health, and was accordingly 
prohibited in the older parts of the city. The plan of marble 
cemeteries within t!ie city was proposed, and two were con- 
structed between 2d and 3d Sts. and the Bowery and 2d Av. 
Thes3 contained 234 and 156 vaults respectively, were built 
entirely of stone, and intended to receive each a large number 
of bodies. The plan was found unsuccessftil, and soon after was 
superseded by that of rural cemeteiii's. This appropriate cus- 
tom, introduced at Greenwood in lSi-12, has led to the laying 
out of many similar grounds, each rivaling the other in bejiuty 
of location and in plans for the adornment of the resting places 
of the dead. The principal of these are Greenwood, C.vpreas 
Hills. Evergreens, Mount Olivet, Calvary, Citizens' Union, 
Friends. Shearith Ti^rttel, and "Washington, on Long Island; 
Trinity, on New York Island; Beechwood.at. New Rochelle; Dale, 
ut Sing Sing; Oak Hill, at Nyack; and Machpelah, in West^ 
Chester co. ; and New York Bay and other.s, in New Jersey. 
The Potters' Field Ix-longing to the city is on Wards lisland. 
By an ordinance of Feb. 3, 1851, no burials are allowed g. of 
86th St. : and Trinity Church CVmetery, embia*;ioi; -3^^^^^ acres 
between the Hudaon and 10th Av. and 163d and I55th Sta., ia the 



principal one now in use on the island. It was purchased in 
1842. 

2 Pestilence has on several occasions committed frightful 
ravages among the population of the city. Among these visita- 
tions the following are worthy of reconl : — 

1702. — A pestilence, probably yellow fever, was brought from 
St. ThoniJis, of which 500 died up to ^ept., and 70 more 
during the first week of that month, out of a popular 
tiou of 6.000 to 7.000. 

1732.— In autumn an infectious fever prevailed, of which 70 
died in a few weeks. 

1743. — A "bilious plague" broke out, of which 217 died in one 
season. It was confined to swampy ground. This is 
the first official report on mortility to the Blayor. 

1745. — Malignant yellow fever prevailed. 

1747. — The bilinus plague re-appeared. 

1791. — The yellow fever prevailed, of which 200 died. 

1794. — Yellow fever again appeared, occasioning much alarm, — 
though only 'J.0 to 30 died. 

1795. — The yellow fever prevailed, carrying off 730, of whom 
500 were foreigners recently arrived. 

1796. — A malignant fever prevailed, from filling in of docks, of 
which 70 died. 

1797. — The yellow fever occasioned 45 deaths. 

1798. — Memorable for its pestilence, — probably yellaw fevei^ — 
which appeared in New York in the first week in 
August, and proved fatal to 2,080 persons, of whom 
1,110 were men, 5S9 women, and 885 children. 

1799. — Yellow fever again prevailed, but much less aggravated. 

1801.— About 160 died of yellow fever. 

1803. — From 600 to 700 died in New York of yellow fever. 
Since this year regular statistics of mortality for the 
city are preserved for eacli vear, from which it appears 
that yellow fever in 1805 destroyed 270, and in 1822, 
166; and that cholera destroyed 3.513 in 1832; 971 in 
1834; 5.071 in 1849; and 374"iii 1852. The mortuary 
tables show during the 50 years ending with 1&53 a 
total of 364,698 deaths. 

3 The ferries running to and from New York are under the 
exclusive jurisdiction of the corporation, and deiive their 
authority by lease, usually for a term of years. The following 
is a summary of those now running: — 

Staten Island F>rri/, from Whitehall St. to Quarantine. Cliflon, 
and Stapleton. Also extends to New Brighton. Factory Vil- 
lage, and Port Richmond. It is leased to the Staten I.sl md & 
New York Ferry Co. until 1865. at an annual rent of ?,j,100. 

HamiUfm Avenuf. Ferry, fiom Whitehall St. to IlamiUnn At., 
Brooklyn, 1,765 yards in length, is leased to the Union Ferry 
Co. until 1861. 

South Ferry, from Whitehall St. to Atlantic St., and Lovr Inland 
Rail Road. Brooklyn. 1,476 yards in length, is hased to 
the Union Ferry Co. 

Wall Street Ft'rry, from Wall St. to Montague Place, I'rooltlyn, 
1,150 yards in length, belongs to the Union Ferry Co., and 
is leased until 1862, at an annual rent of $5,000. 

Fuitnn Sfrrfl Ferry, from Fulton St. to Fulton St.. I'rooklyn, 
730 yards, belongs to the Fulton & Union Ferry Co., and, 
including the South and Hamilton Avenue Ferries, renta 
for Si5.i.i00. It is leased until ISid. 

Peck Slip Ferry, from Pock Slip, foot of Ferry St fot, to 
South Sth Street. William8l'ur.ih, 2.800 yda., is I -.sfil to .T. 
V Merserole & Co. until 1869, at an animal rcut of $J1,000. 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



429 



venient, and the establishment of all of them is so recent aa to be within the memory of every adult 
citizen. They consist of 5 city rail roads and 29 lines of omnibuses.^ Since the introduction of 
rail roads and the multiplication of steam ferries and steamboat routes, a lar^e number of persons 
transacting business in the city have been enal)led to provide residences in the country adjucent, 
where they can enjoy the comforts and luxuries of a rural home without a sacrifice of business 
interests. A large proportion of the inliabitants of Brooklyn, and great numbers residing within 
30 mi. of the city, on Long Island and Staten Island and in the adjacent parts of Westchester 
county and New Jersey, are in this manner closely identified with the business of the city, and 
might in one sense be included in its population. New York and its immediate suburbs are thus 
80 united in interests that they virtually constitute one great metropolis, and would probably at 
this time number, within a radius of 10 mi. from the City Hall, about a millitm and a quarter of 
inhabitants.^ 

The institutions of New York designed to meet the intellectual and social wants of the people in 
extent and variety have no equals in America; and many of them surpass all similar institutions 
in the world. These institutions, noticed under special heads, are devoted to education, both general 
and special, to benevolent objects in various forms, to religion and morality, to intellectual culture, 
and to the promotion of the useful and fine arts. They do not strictly all belong to the city, nor 
do they adequately represent the wants of the city population. Many of the schools and other in- 
stitutions, from their peculiarities and excellence, attract great numbers from abroad ; and, on 
the other hand, a great number of educational institutions in the adjoining counties depend for 
support almost entirely upon city patronage. A reciprocity of interests between city and country 
is thus kept up in intellectual as well as in business affairs. 

The Public ScbOOl System of New York now constitutes one of the most important in- 
terests of the city, both in regard to its effect upon the social position of the people and in the 
amount of its annual expenditures. There were reported, at the close of 1858, a free academy^ 
for the complete collegiate education of boys, 4 normal schools for the instruction of teachers, 57 
ward schools, including 51 grammar schools for boys, 48 grammar schools for girls, and 55 primary 
departments for both sexes; 35 primary schools, 42 evening schools, of which 23 are for males and 



Boosevdt .^reet Ferry, from Roosevelt Street to Bridge Street, 

Bmoklyn. 1.450 yds., is leased to the Union Ferry Co. until 

1867. at $3,000 per annum. 
JctTHfis Street F<'rry is establislied from James Slip to South 7th 

Street. William sbuigh. 
Catharine Street Ferry, from Catharine Street to Main Street, 

Brooklyn, 736 yds., is leased to the Uuion Ferry Co. until 

1863, at $16,000 per annum. 
Vixisimi Ax^fniie Ferry extends from Grand Street to South 7th 

Street. Willianisburgh. 
Orand Street Ferry, from Grand Street to Grand Street, Wil- 

liamsburgh, is 900 yds. in length. 
Houst'm StreH Frtn'y, from Uoustun Street to Grand Street, 

Williamaburgh. 700 yda.. is lensod to the Houston Street 

Ferry Co. until 1863, at SG.l"iO0 per annum. 
Tenth Stiret Ferry, from 10th Street to Green Point, is leased 

until 1865, at $250 per annum. 
Twenty-Third S/n-et Ferry, from 23d Street to Green Point, is 

leased until 1863, at $100 per annum. 
Hunters Point Fe.rry, fromSltb Street to [lunters Point. Queens 

CO., is leased to A. W. Winants until 1867, at $100 per an- 
num. 
Black-wells Island Ferry extends from 61st Street to Blackwells 

Isbtnd. 
Mellgate Ferry, from 86th Street to Astoria, Queens cc, is leased 

to S. A. ilalsey until 1867. at $50 per annum. 
J^rds Islond Ferry extends from lOCth Street to Wards Island. 
Randalls Islawl i^^rrf^s extend from 122d Street to the Institu- 
tions under the charge of the Ten Governors, and from 117 th 

Street to the House of Itefuge. 
Jersey City Ferry, from Cortland Street to Jersey City, 1 

mile, is leased to the Jersey City Ferry Co. until 1866, at 

$5,000 per annum. 
Barclai/ Street Ferrv, from Barclay Street to HoboUen, N. J., is 

leased to J. C. & R. L. Stevens untU 1865, at $100 per an- 
num. 
(hnal Street F»Try. from Canal Street to Hnbokon. N. J., is leased 

to J. C. & R. L. Stevens until ls60. at $fiOO per annum. 
Christojiher Street Feri'V, from Christopher Stn^et to Hubokon. 

N. J., is leased to J. C. & R. L. Stevens untU 1862, at $^^0 

per annum. 
Weehawken Ferry extends from 42d Street to Weehawken. N. J. 
Elysiajt Fields i^erry extends from 19th Street toElysian Fields, 

N.J. 
The Union Feri'v Co. owned on the Ist of Nov. 1858, eighteen 
boats. Viilu.-d at $480,800. 

* Some of the principal facts concerning the city rail roads 
are as follows : — 



Cars run at frequent intervals and use horse-power. Fare, 
uniformly 5 cents. On 3d Avenue to Hiirlem, lents. 

Second Avnur extends fiom Peck Slip, tbroiigli Pearl. Chat- 
ham, Bov.ery, Grand, and Chrystie Streets and 2d Avenue, to 
23d Street; thence to 4L;d Street. Returns througli 2d Avenue, 
23d Street, 1st Avenue, Allen and Grand StroL-ts, Bowery, Chat- 
nam. Olivei", and South Streets. 

Third Avenue extends through Park Row, Chatham. Bowery, 
3d Avenue, and Yorkville, to Harlem River Bridge. 12tith St. 

Kew Yorlc d: Hitrkm If. R. extends through Park Row, Cen- 
ter, Broome, and Bowery .Streets, to 4th Avenue, and up to 42d 
Street, where locomotive trains stop. 

Sixth Avenue extends through Vesey, Church, Chambers, W. 
Broadway, Canal. Varick, and Carmine Streets, and 6th Ave- 
nue, to -iith Street. 

Eighth Avenue extends through Vesey, Clmrch, Chambers, 
W. Broadway, Canal, and Hudson Streets and 8th Avenue to 
W. 59th Street. 

Ninth Amiu^, track laid and used to 54th St. 

The Hudson River B, II, and New Haven R. R. run no city 
cars. 

The omnibuses all have the names of their roxites pnintod 
upon the outside. The rates of fare are 4, 5, or 6 cts.. which Is 
paid without regard to distance trnveletl up'in or within them. 
Licenses are granted annually : and in 1858 439 stage licenses 
were taken at $20, and 5 out-of-town lines, at $5 per stage, 
amounting in the agj;regate to $10,3.'i5. All otht-r conveyances 
for public hire are also licensed, the number in 1858 being, hacks, 
41)2. and special hacks, 320. 

2 MoKt of the suburban distrii^ts of New York witln'n tliisStalo 
are particularly noticed in this work in the cnntie^ and towns 
in which they are located. Jersey City, wliich lias grown np 
within a few years, had, in 1855, 21,715 inliabitants. Jt is the 
terminus of tlie New Jersey R. R., connecting wiih lines S. and 
w.. and the Union R. R.. connecting with tht^ New York & Erie 
and the Northern New Jersey R. R. It is the landing place of 
tlie Cunard steamers, the seat of important manufactures, and 
the reeidence of multitudes duing bu'ine.'-s in New York City. 
Hoboken City is also a place of consid* raljle iniportmce fnun 
its proximity to the city. It had. in 1S55. G.727 inhabitants. 
Hudson City, in the rear of these, had 3 322 inhabitants; and 
numerous other places along tlie Hudson in N. J. are receiving 
attention as desirable places fi>r hnines. 

3 The Frc« ,4cm//'my was estjiblisbed by an actofMny 7. 18.^7, 
subject to a popular vote, which gave li).404 for and 3,400 against 
the measure. An edifice in the'gnthic styb- of the f.ownb.allfl 
of the Netherlands. 80 by 100 f(.. was erected on Lexington Avo- 
nuej corner of 23d Street, in 1S48, with acconiniodatious for 



430 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



19 for females, and 11 corporate schools.' In the same year there were employed 1,729 teachers, 
— of whom 440 were males and 1,289 were females. 

Tbe Public Scbools are managed by a Board of Education, consisting of two commis- 
sioners from each ward. The local affairs of each ward are managed by local Boards of Trustees. 
The present system was organized under an act of 1812 ; but it has been modified by various acts 
since. In 1853 the Public School Society was dissolved and the schools under its control were 
merged in the ward schools of the city. The Board of Education distributes its duties among 
committees, and appoints a City Superintendent to exercise a general supervision over the schools.' 

Academies and Colleges. There are in the city 3 academic institutions, 2 colleges, 4 
medical colleges, 2 theological schools, and a great number of schools for perfecting students in 
special branches of education.' In addition to the schools sharing in the distribution of the school 
fund, there are a great number of mission, charity, parish, denominational, and private schools, of 



1.000 pupils. The cost of the grounds, buildings, furniture, ap- 
paratus, and library was $100,801.48; and the cost of mainte- 
nance to Jan. 1, 1859, was $33,238.17. The students and the 
graduates in eilch year have been as follows : — 





1849. 


1860. 


1861. 


1852. 


1863. 


Students 

Graduates.... 


201 


2S5 


383 


498 


636 
17 




1654. 


1855. 


1856. 


1867. 


185S. 


Students 

Graduates.... 


637 
20 


688 
32 


875 
20 


805 
21 


885 
25 



Applicants for admission to this school must reside in the 
city, tie 1-i yuais of age, and must have been students in the 
common schools 12 months, and must sustain an examination 
in the ordinaj-y English studies. The school has a 5 years' 
course of study, and its graduates receive the dc-gree of A.B. 
Several medals and money prizes have been endowed, and socie- 
ties of students and alumni have been formed. 

1 The number of pupils in 1S58 was as follows : — 



Normal schools 850 

Corporate schools 10,697 



General aggregate 171,768 

Average attendance 51,430 



Free Academy 8S5 

Boys' grammar school- 29.309 
Girls' " " .. 26,991 

Primary department.... 59,276 

Primary schools 23,760 

Evening schools, about. 20,000 

2 The '• Free School Society," afterward tho " Public School 
Society," was founded in June, 1805, and its first school was 
opened May 17. 1S06. During its long career tliis honored society 
disbursed millions of dollars of public money, afforded educa- 
tion to 600,000 children, and fitted 1.200 teachers at its normal 
schools. It twice tendered its property to tlie city authorities 
to satisfy a popular objection that so much property shuuld not 
be managed by a corporation ; but in both instances the tender 
was declined. After the society was dissolved, its books and 
papers were deposited with the New York Historical Society. 
Its re;il estate used for school purposes consisted of 15 public 
BChoolhouses, a trustees' hall on Grand Street, and a workshop 
on Crosby Street. — Dissolution of fab. Scfuiol Si^c. utkI Rep. of 
Com-., p. 7. 

The 11 corporate schools share in the public money, but are 
in no sense under the care of the Board. Tho exj)enses of the 
public schools in 1858 were as follows: — 

Salaries of teachers and janitors $ 556,445.93 

New schoolhouses, repairs, purchase of new sites.. 228,810.13 

Fuel 25,217.08 

Books, stationery, and apparatus 105.328.31 

Salaries of superintendents, clerks, and ofBcers of 

the board 23,398.51 

Support of Free Ac;ulemy, including repairs 45.834.73 

Evening schools 64,515.03 

Normal schools 11.290.22 

CoDtiugent expenses 45.427.05 



Total expenses of public schools $1,106,266.99 

» The academies subject to the visitation of the Regents are — 
Tlie Deaf and Dumb Institution, incorp. April 15, 1830. 
Grammar School of Columbia College, incorp. April 7, 1838. 
New York Free Academy, incorp. Oct. 31, 1849. 
Rutgers Female Institute, incorp. Jan. 23. 1840. 
Gilumbia OAlege was ch;irtered as ** King's CoUci^e" Oct. 31, 
1754, and under the Colonial Government was :dded by a lottery, 
grants of lands, and liberal private donations from England. 
A plot of ground between Murray, Barclay, Church, and Oiapel 
Streets was given by Trinity Church for the college site, and 
the corner stone was laid July 23. 1756. The building wa.-? fin- 
ished in 1760, and during the Revolution it was used for a hos- 
pital. In 1792 tho trustees established a medical school, and 
BUBtained ituntil 1813. The college remained in its first location 
until the premises were greatly enhanced in value by the growth 



of the city and the spread of commercial establishments around 
and beyond it. An act was passed March 19, 1857, authorizing 
the purchase of another site for college purposes, in accordance 
with which the grounds at the foot of Park Place were sold for 
$596,650, the college still retaining many lots on Barclay Street, 
Park Place, Murray Street, and College Place, wliich are rented 
for long periods, and whose prospective value it is impossiblo 
to estimate. The premises lately owned by the Trustees of the 
Deaf and Dumb Asylum on 49th Street, near 4th Avenue, were 
purchased, with 4 other lots, for $75,366.10, and fitted up at a 
total cost of $114,1136.01. This change is understood to be only 
a temporary one, the ultimate intention being to locate on the 
premises of the Botanical Garden, between 47th and 51st Streets, 
on 5th Avenue. This garden, originally embracing about 20 
acres, was laid out by Dr. David llosack, early in the present 
century, for the introduction of exotic plants, experiments in 
agriculture and horticulture, and the promotion of science. 
The Governor, in his message of 1S06, commended the object 
as worthy of public aid. In 1810 a memorial from the cor- 
poration of New York, the County and State Medical Society, 
and the Governors of the New York Hospital was addressed to 
the Legislature, in pursuance of which the Garden was pur- 
chased fur $73,000, upon the appraisal of 3 commissioners, and 
placed in charge of the Regents of the University. The latter 
placed it in the hands of the Trustees of the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, April 1, ISll. In 1814 it was granted by 
the Legislature to Columbia College, upon the condition that 
within 12 years the College should be removed thither ; but in 
1819 this condition was rescinded, and $10,000 was given to the 
College to aid in extending the premises upon the original loca- 
tion. These grounds have also increased greatly in value, and 
the College is at tliis moment perhaps the wealthiest in the 
Union, with this important feature: that its wealth is not 
coupled with irksome conditions and provisions, but left free to 
the discretion of its trustees. A gi-ammar school has been 
many years connected with the College. 

Thf. University of the City ofAew Fork, located on the E.side 
of Washington Square, occupies a fine marble building in the 
PMglish collegiate style of architecture. It is 100 by 200 ft. on 
the ground; and besides the portion occupied by the College, it 
contains rooms leased to societies, artists, and professional per- 
sons. This College gi-ew out of a discussion with regard to a 
University on a more extended plan than any in the Union. A 
convention of Iitei*ary and scientific gentlemen was held in the 
fall of 1830, and in that year a subscription was opened to raise 
$100,000 for the establishment of a University. A heavy debt de- 
pressed it until 1854. It has a Preparatory, a Collegiate, and a 
Professional Department; the last embracing 5 schools. — viz.: 
of Art, of Civil Kngim-ering, of Analytical and Practical Chem- 
istry, of Medicine, and of Law. It has a total of 38 professors 
and 765 stud^'nts. 

T/ie Chllegp of Physicians and Surgeons is located on 23d St. 
and 4th Avenue. The site and grounds are leased with privilege 
of purchase, and funds derived from the proceeds of the sale of 
the building on Crosby St., formerly owned by it, have be^n 
raised to effect the purchase. The edifice now used is 75 bv 100 
ft., and is valued at $90,000. The first story is leased for stores. 
The College wa.s incorp. by the Regents in 1807, by virtue of an 
act passed March 21. 1791. Lectures were first held in 1807;-08. 
The Medical Department of Columbia College was merged in this 
Nov. 1, 1813. The College has 2 coui'ses of lectvu'es annually, 
and a library of 1.200 volumes. 

The University Medical College, formed under an act of (Feb. 
11, 1837, as a branch of the University of New York, is located 
on 14th St. between Irving Place and "3d Avenue. The building 
is 80 by 103 ft., 4 stories in front and 5 in rear, and is valued at 
$50,000. Its charter provides that 5 students of the Free Aca- 
demy shall be ai.lmitted free of charge except tbe matriculation 
fee. Its library numbers 5,000 volumes, and its museum is 
valued at $25,000. Two courses of lectures are delivered annu- 
ally. 

the New Tf/rk Medical CoUe^e. located on E. 13th St., was incorp. 

in 1850. The college building is 60 by 120 ft., and is valued at 

$70,000. It has a 5 months' course of lectures annually. Ten 

students are admitted upon payment of $2<i and m^Uricula'tion fee 

The Meiropditan Medical College^ located ut 68 E. Broadway, 



NEW YOKK COUNTY. 



431 



■which no reports are made collectively to the public. Many of these nave special courses of study, 
or are limited to ohjects not embi'aced in a general plan of e<hication. Several of these are nume- 
rously attended; and in some the extent of the course of study is equal to that in our colleges.^ 

About 250 periodicals, embracing daily, tri-weekly, semi-weekly, weekly, semi-monthly, monthly, 
and quarterly, are issued in the city of New Yoi*k, counting under one title the several editions 
issued from the same press, unless bearing different names.**^ 



was iucorp. March 28, 1857. It haa 2 courses of lectures annu- 
ally. 

Thfi New Torlc Preparatory School of Medicine, incorp. April 
13. 1859, has not Ueen fully organize*!. Its cliarttr allows it 
to confer the degree of Bachelor of Medicine upon persons of 
not less than lit years of age. after sustaining au examiuation 
in the studies emhrai^ed in its course, and places it under the 
visitation of the Kogents. 

The (blhgc of Pharmacy, chartered April 25, 1831, has rooms 
in the New Vork Medical College, at which lectures are delivered 
4 months annually, on Chemistry. Materia Medicii, ;ind Uotany, 
and diplomas aae given. By an act of Mitrch 11, 1K39, a diploma 
from this college is necessary for a person not otherwise duly 
qualified, to act as an apothecary in the city. 

The New York County Medical Socidy was formed July 12, 
1806, and now numWrs 4o(J members. 

Tht; Pathological Socvty for improvement in medical practice 
meets semi-monthly. 

The Academy of Medicine was formed in 1847 and incorp. in 
1851. It meets monthly at the University, and sends 5 repre- 
sentatives to the State Medical Socii-ty. There are several 
other medical and surgical societies in various parts of the city. 

r/w General The<ilf>gical iSeminwy of the Pmt. E. Church of 
the U.S. was established at IVew Haven in 1819 and removed to 
this city in 1822. It was incorp. April 5, 1822, and is well 
endowed. Its library numbers over 12.000 volumes. It occupies 
2 handsome stone buildings, each 50 by ItO ft. on 20th St., be- 
tween 9th and 10th Avenues. Its tnistees consist of the Bishops 
of the U. S. and others appointed in proportion to moneys 
g;ranted to the seminary. 

The Union Theolorjicul S^yninary (Presb.) was founded in 1836, 
and incorp. March 27, 1S39. It is located in Wavnrly Place, on 
8th St., and near Washington Square. It has a library of 16,000 
volumes. Its Board of Directors are clergymen and laymen, an 
equal number of each, elected for 4 years. 

Commercial coUegeSy writing schools, and studios fur instruction 
in the fine arts, are numerous. (See p. 748.) The School of D-^-.-^ign 
at the Cooper Union is eminent among these for the extent of 
its facilities and the numbers that avail themselves of thcni. 
Music, drawing, and painting are carefully tauijht in many of 
the city schools; and the facilities at the Free Academy for these 
studies are superior to those in most other institutions. 

I The Prot^stanf Episcopal Public School was founded in 1710, 
and lias continued until the present time. At some fnturo time 
it will be largely aided by a bequist made Sept. 20, 1796, by Dr. 
John Baker, who, having no heiis, devised his country seatnear 
80th St., on the P-ast Kiver, embracing 40 acres, for a charity 
school. With a prudent forecast, the t'Stator presei-ved the pro- 
perty from sale until aftrr the death of 9 persons then livintr; 
and the dense part of the city has already approached the 
premises. An ai-t passed April 16, 1S59, authorized tlie sale of 
portions, but no benefit has hitherto been received. In April, 
- 1859, 3 of the 9 lives were existing. 

The following are the principal of the Bomaa Catholic 
schools : — 

The College of St. Francis Xavier, 39 W. I5th St., is an institu- 
tion under the care of 10 Jesuit priests. 

0/nir7it of the MoH Iluly R,d<eriwr. in 3d St-, is under the care 
of 7 priests of the Order of Kedemptorists. 

St. Vincent's Academy, 44 2d St., is under the care of the 
Brothers of the Christian Schools. 

Acadtnny of Uw Holy Infancy, in Manhattanvillo, and the 

Cbnvent and Aradcmy if (he Si'^ed Heart, in Mauhattanville, 
are under (he charge of the Ladies of the Sacred Heart; the 
latter has 180 pupils. An institution of the same name at 49 W. 
17th St., under similar direction, has Nfi pui'ils. 

Mother House and Academy of Mount St. Vincent, on 105th 
St.. upon the premises of the Central Park, has 180 pupils. 

St. Mary^s Srhool, at 229 East Broadway, is under the charge 
of Sisters of Charity, and has 108 pu|)ils. 

St. Pefrr's School, at 16 Barclay St., is under the charge of 
Sisters of Charity, and h:is SO pupils. 

St. Joseph's School^ on 6th Avenue, is under the charge of 
Sisters of Charity. 

St. Lawrmrc SchnoJ, Yorkville, is under the charge of Sisters 
of Cliaritv, and ha.'^ 40 i)upil8. 

St. Sf'ph'^n's ^hool. 

St. Vinn-tirs School has 80 boys and 50 girls ; and 65 girls in 
the preparatory department. 

2^-ee Oitholic Schools. — There are 25 schools of this class re- 
ported in the city : at which 4.920 boys and S-.'i^O girls are t.iught. 
Most of the schools have male and female departments ; and of 
these 7 are tauirht bv Brothers of the Chiistinn Si.-hools, 9 bv 
Sisters of Charity, 2 by Ladies of the Sacred Heart, 2 by Sisters 
of Notro Dame, 1 by Sisters of Mercy, and 1 by lay teachers. 
Of several the tea'-hers are not specified. These schools are 
named St. Patrick's, St Mary's, St. Joseph's, St. James's, St. 



Francis Xavier's, Mauhattanville, St. Bridget's, Transfiguration, 

Mount St. Vincent, St. Lawrence, Sacred Heart Free School, St. 

Catharine's, Most Holy Redeemer's, St. Alphonso's, St. Vincent 

de Paul's. Nativity, St. Columba's, Holy Cross, St. Stephen's, St. 

John the Evangelist's, St. Paul's, Immaculate Conception, St. 

Nicholas, St. Francis's, and St. Johns's. 
2 New York Gazette, the first paper published in the Colouy 
of New York, was commenced in 1725 by William Brad- 
ford. It was the fifth then in existence in the Ameri- 
can Colonies. Bradford continued its publisher about 
17 years. In 1742 its name was changed to the 

New Yoi-k G'tzitte and Wixldy Post Boy, and it was publif^hed 
by Joint's Parker and a succession of owners until 1773, 
wlien it w:i.H discontinued. 

New York Wcclly Jmu-nul, the second paper in the Colony, was 
commenced in New Vork inl7o3 by John Peter Zenger. 
He died in 1746, and the paper wiis combicted by his 
widow, and afterward by his son, until 1752. when it 
was discontinued. This paper opposed the administra- 
tion of Governor Crosby and supported the interest of 
Rip Van Dam, who had previously conducted the ad- 
ministration. The ballads, serious charges, and, above 
all, the home truths in liis democratic journal irritated 
Crosby and his Council to madness. Zenger was con- 
fined several months by order of the Governor and 
Council for printing and publishing seditious libels, 
treated with unwarrantable severity, deprived of pen, 
ink. and paper, and denied the visits of his friends. 
The popular feeling, however, was Btronj<ly against 
these proceedings. The Assembly, notwithstanding the 
application of the Governor, refused to concur with 
him and his Council. The Mayor and the m;igistrate8 
also refused to obey the mandate of the Governor and 
Council, and to attend the burning of tlie libelous papers 
*-h3' the common bnngman and whipper, near the pil- 
lory." The grand jury manifested equal coutuniacy, 
and ignored the presentment against Zenger. The 
attorney general was then directed to file an i7>forma- 
tion. The jud j;es refused to hear and allow the excep- 
tions taken by Zenger's counsel, and excluded them 
from tlie bar; but he was ably defi-nded by other coun- 
sel, and especially by Andrew Hamilton, then a barrister 
of Philadelphia. Zenger pleaded uot guilty. His 
counsel admitted the printing and publishing of the 
papers, and offered to give their truth in evidence. The 
counsel for the prosecution then said, '"The jury must 
find a verdict for the king:" and gave the usual defi- 
nition of a libel, asserting that "whether the person 
deftinied wjis a private man or a magistrate, whether 
living or dead, whether the libel was true or false, or 
whether the party against whom it w.is made was of 
good or evil fame, it was nevertheless a libel," He then 
quoted from the Acts of the Apostles and from one of 
the Kpislles of Peter, to show that it was a very great 
offense to speak evil of dignities, and insisted upon the 
criminality by the laws of God and man of reviling 
tho.'io in authority, and consequently that Mr. Zenger 
had offended in a most notorious and gross manner in 
scandalizing his Excellency our Governor, '"who," said 
the counsel, '■ is the k ing's immediate representative, and 
supreme inngistrateof this province." Mr. Hamilton re- 
marked in his reply, that we are charged with printing tt 
certiiiu /«/.«e. malicious, seditions, and scandalous libel. 
The word false must have some meaning; or else how 
came it there? and he put the case, whether if the 
information had been for printing a certain (n« libel, 
would that be the same thing. " And to show the 
court that I am in good earnest," said he, " I will agree 
that if he cim prove the tacts charged upon ua to be 
false, I will own them to be scandalous, seditious, and 
a libel." He then further ofl"ered that, to save the 
prosecution the trouble of proving the papers to be 
false, the defendant would prove them to be true. To 
this Chief Justice De Lancey objected, '-You caunot 
bo admitted to give the truth of a liliel in evidence: 
the law is clear that you cannot justify a libel." IVIr. 
Hamilton maintained that leaving the court to deter^ 
mine whether tlie words were libelous or not rendered 
jurie.'^ useb'rts, (^ir worse. "It was true," he said, "in 
times past it was a crime to speuk truth, and in that 
terrible court of Star Chamber many worthy and brave 
men suffered for so doing; and yet even in that court 
and in those bad times a great and good wan durst sfiy, 
what I hope will not be taken amiss in mo to say in 
this place, to wit: — 'The practice of information for 
libels is a sword in the hands of a wicked king and an 
arrant coward to cut down and destroy the innocent. 



432 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



The 93eneTOlent Institutions of New York are numerous, aud comprehend measures 
for the relief of nearly every variety of human suffering. Those under the direct charge of the 
city have already been noticed. The greater part of other institutions of like character are under 
the management of companies incorporated for limited and special objects. Prominent among these 
are the hospitals and dispensaries, affording relief to every class of the sick and distressed. Up to 
1857, at these various institutions, 179,377 persons had been vaccinated; 1,666,559 patients had 
been treated ; and $297,761.60 had been expended. The Legislature usually appropriates money 
to several of these institutions.* Several of the more important of the benevolent institutions 
are supported wholly, or in part, by the State, among which are the Deaf and Dumb Asylum,^ 
the Institution for the Blind, and the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents. 



The one cannot, because of his high station, and the 
other (litre not, because of his want of courage, defend 
himself in another manner.' " The jury, after a short 
consultation, returned a verdict of not guilty, to the 
great mortification of the court and of Zenger's perae- 
cutora. but with great satisfaction to the people. Such 
■was the struggle which the press had to maintain only 
one hundred years ago, and only forty years before the 
Kevolution gave to its freedom the sanction of Govern- 
ment and the impress of authi«rity. — Introduction to 
the Nat. History of tlie Siatf hi/ Wm. U. Seward. 
Ttit New Tork Evcnivg Post was commenced in 1746, but was 

soon discontinued. 
The New York Mercury was commenced by Hugh Gaine. and 
continued by him 31 years. It was discontinued at the 
close of the Revolutionary War. 
The, New Tori- Oaze.ttr vfnB commenced in 1759 by Wra. Wyman. 
It continued irregularly until 1707, when it was dis- 
continued. 
The American Chronicle wae commenced by S. Farley in 1761, 

aiid was discontinued the next year. 
The Neio Vnrk Packet was commenced in 1763. It had only a 

brief existence. 
The Neiv Tnrl- Journal and General Advertiser was commenced 

in 176G by John Holt. 
The Ni:w T<ri'l: Chrtmicle was commenced in 1768 by Alexander 

and .Tames Robertson, and continued until 1772. 
Iiivmgton''s New York Gazetteer; oi\ The Connecticut, New Jersey, 
Hud:^nn's Pivrr, and Quebec Weekly Advertiser, was 
commenced in 1773 by James Rivington. This paper 
appeared during the Revolution a.s 
The Rnynl Gazette, semi-w., published by "James Rivington, 

jtrinter to the king's most excellent mnjesty." 
New York Packet ami American Advertiser was cnmmenced in 
1776 by Samuel Loudon. No other papers appeared in 
New York until the close of the war. 
For list of papers since the Revolution, see p. 442. 

1 The New York Hospital, founded in 1770. was incorp. June 
13, 1771. and is under the care of 26 governors. It has two very 
extensive establishments, — the hospital proper, upon Broadway, 
between Worth and Duane Sts.. and the Blooniiugdale Lunatic 
Asylum, on I17th St. near 10th Avenue. The first hospital, 
built in 1773-75, was burned. A new one was soon after betrun, 
and while still unfinished was occupied by British and Hessian 
troops for barracks, and it was not finally opened for patients 
until Jan. 3, 1791. On the l4tb of Marcli,*180G, the Legislature 
enacted that $12,500 should be given to the hospital annually 
for 50 years, on condition that apartments for various forms and 
degrees of insanity should be prepared, and that an annual re- 
port be made to the Legislature. The sum thus appropriated 
was to be chargeable upon duties on aucti"n sales. In 1801 a 
lying-in ward was opened, and continued 20 years. In 1806 the 
lunatic department was organized, and one of the buildings of 
the present hospital was erected; but in 1816 a change of site 
■was authorized. A library was founded in 1796, and a patho- 
logical cibinet in 1^40; butasuitabh- building was not provided 
for the latter until 1^56. In 1S53 a new and spacious building, 
6. of the main hospital, was erected, upon a plan the most perfect 
that experience could devise. It was finislied in 1855, at a cost 
of $140,103.92. Clinical instruction, both medical and surgical, 
has long been given ; and two operating theatres have been pro- 
vided for this purpose. Tlie hospital on Broadway is now limited 
to the receiving of cases of sudden injuries from accident, and 
non-contagious diseases in which there is prospect of improve- 
ment; and it is not intended for the support of the incurable, 
or to supply in any sense the place of a poorhouse. Those re- 
ceived are either supported gratuitously, or pay at a rate barely 
BufBcient todefr<aycost of support. The former constitute about 
40 per cent, of the entire number treated. Seamen are received 
and their expenses are paid wholly or in part from the hospital 
money paid by the U.S. Government. From Feb, 1, 1792, to 
1856, 106.111 patients had been received, of whom 77.390 had 
been cured and 4,768 relieved. Of the 10.893 who died, many 
wtTB brought in from the street in a dying condition. Nearly 
4,000 now receive tlie benefits of the hospital yearly. 

The Lunatic Asylum, in 1818, was located at Bloomingdale. 
A building was commenced May 7, 181^*, and wiis opened to 
patients in June. 1821. The plan comprehends a cr-nter build- 
ing 211 by 60 feet, with 2 detached wings. A wing for the vio- 
iMQt insane male patients was built in 1830, and another for the 



like class of females in 1837, making the whule cost, up to 1839, 
$200,000. In 1854 two spacious 2 story brick buildings were 
erected, at a cost of $52,000. From M"ay, 1S21, to Jan. 1866, 
4,182 patients were leceived here, of whom 1,911 were cured, 
851 improved, and 471 died. The grounds have an extent of 
about 40 acres, and are finely adapted to outdoor exercise in fine 
weather. The annual expense of hot hinstituticns is alinut $146, 000. 

M. rinc6nt'}t Hot.pifal, at 102 and 104 E. 13th St., was esta- 
blished by, and is under the care of. Sisters of C'hnrity. 

.S/. Luke's Hoi^ital is located at tlie corner of 5tb Avenue and 
54th St. The building was erected in 1854, and is designed to 
accommodate 230 patients. 

Jews' Hospital is on W. 28th St., between 7th and 8th Avenues. 
The society was formed and a building erected in 1854. The 
hospital has received a bequest of $20,000 from th^ late Mr. 
Touro, of New Orleans. 

Wu77ian's Hospital, on Madison Avenue, was established in 
Feb. 1855, by Dr. J. Marion Sims, and incorp. April 18, 1857, 
under 27 governors. 

New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, at the corner of 2d Avenue 
and 13th St., was incorp. March 29, 1822. The present building 
was completed in ISSti, ut a cost of $41,252.39, including the lot. 
It has usually received appropriations from the city and State. 
Previous to 1856, 51,580 persons had received treatment in the 
institution. 

New Y'lrk Ophthalmic Hospital, on Ptuyvesant St.. was in- 
corp. April 21, 1852, and opened May 2.5 fullowing. A course 
of lectures upon diseases of the eye is delivered annually. 

The Children's Hospital, on E. 51st St., npar Lexington 
Avenue, was established for the cure of poor children otherwise 
destitute of aid. It is under the care of an association of ladies. 

New Asylum for Lying-in WomeTi, at 85 Marion St., is under 
the care of lady managers. 

The New York Dispensary, on White, corner of Center St., 
was established in 1790, and incorp. April 8, 1795. It supplies 
the district s. of a line passing through Spring, Broadway, 14th, 
1st Avenue, Allen, and Pike Sts. 

The Eastern Dispensary, at 74 Ludlow St., was incorp. April 
25. 1832. It supplies the district e. of the latter and s. of 14fh St. 

The Northo'n Dispensary, on Christoph-'r. corner of 6th St., 
was incorp. Nov. 28, 1828. and opened in 1829. Its district lies 
w. of Broadway, between Spring and 23d Sts. 

The Demilt Dispensary, on the corner of 23d St. and 2d 
Avenue, was incorp. May 7, 1851. It was f 'unded upon the be- 
quest of Miss Demilt, and cost about $30,000. Its district is E. 
of 5th Avenue, between 14th and 40th Sts. 

Nerrth We.'itern Dispnisary, at 511 8th Avenue, wae incorp. 
May 29, 1852. Its district is w.of 5th Avenue, between 23d aud 
60th Sts. 

The German Dispensary, at 132 New Canal St., was organize^ 
in Jan. 1857. Professors of the College of Physicians serv 
gratuitously, and have distributed the labor into divisions. 

The Homeopathic Dispensary, at 59 Bund St., was establisheA 
in 1855 by Dr. Otto Fnllgraff, and is supported entirely by private 
subscription. 

2 The New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was in- 
corp. April 15, 1817. and opened May 12, 1818. It was located 
in the *'New City Hidl" until 1839, when it was removed to E, 
50th St., corner of 4th Avenue. — the premises now occupied by 
Columbia College. It there remained until the wants of the 
institution required more ample accommodations and the 
growth of the city suggested a retreat from the approaching 
pressure of business. A fine tract of nearly 40 acres at Fanwood, 
on the Hudson, on 164th St., was accordingly purchased, and 
the erection of buildings was commenced in 1853. They are in 
the aggregate 650 feet in length, and cover 2 aci-es. The insti- 
tution has accommodations for 450 pupils. The work was suffi- 
ciently advanced to justify removal toward the close of 1866. 
The cost greatly exceeded the estimate; and under an act of 
April, 1857. the institution was assmned by the State, with all 
the property connected therewith. Pupils are received from 
every co. of the State, and to a limited extent from New Jersey. 
It is strictly an educational institution, and is desigUfd to im- 
part a useful amount of literary instruction, aud the knowledge 
of some meclianical operation by which to gain Bui>port. Dr. 
Harvey P. Peet has been for many years Presidt^nt of the Insti- 
tution. 

The New Yrirk Institution for the Blind, incorp. April 21, 1831, 
was opened March 15, 1832, principally throuu'Ii tiie influence 
of Dr. Samuel Akerly, Samuel Wood, and Dr. John D. Russ. A 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



433 



The city of New York has a large number of charitable corporations chiefly dependent upon 
private subscriptions for support ; and their management is highly creditable to those who have 
bestowed their time and money for the relief of the suffering and friendless. Several of these 
have received aid from the State and the city in their organization and support.^ 



Hcliool with 6 pupils waa opened May 19. 1832, at 47 Mercer St., 
undoi' Dr. Rusa. Hy the aid of fairs and donations from indi- 
vidual;^ and the city, a piece of ground and buildings on 8th 
Avenue were obtaiufd of James Boorman at a nominal rent, 
with a covenant to sell. An instructor in the mechanic arts 
waa procilrt-d, and Dec. 2, 1833, the first public exhibition waa 
held at the City Hali. The euccess in teaching from raised 
letters and characters, the proficiency of the 16 pupils in roadiiiK, 
geography, arithmetic, and especially in music, and the skill of 
their workmanship in mats, mattresses, and baskets, excited 
great interest. The present site, between 8th and 9th Avenues 
and 0.3d and 34th Sts,, was purchased of Mr. Boorman at a re- 
duction of more than $10,000 below what it could have been 
sold for; and on the 3uth of April, 1836, $12,000 was given by the 
State, conditioned to the raising of $8,000 more by the managers. 
In 1839 $15,000 waa given to erect buildings. Annual reports 
are made to the State Legislature. State pupils have been 
received since 1S34; and for many years the institution has 
received pupils from »w Jersey. The site, originally beyond 
the improved portion of the city, is now in themidst of a densely 
settled quaiter, and the square which it occupies is valued at 
$400,000. The managers are endeavoring to obtain leave to sell 
and erect new buildings on the upper part of the island. The 
proceeds of the sale would, it is believed, procure new and 
8U]»erior premises without other aid. The institution now has 
'JOO pupils, and employs 11 blind instructors and assistants. Tlie 
manual trades taught are broom, mat, bandbox, and mattress 
making and needle work. Musical instruction is received with 
great facility by the blind; and with those that evince decided 
talent it often becomes a means of support. Those of proper age 
aro instructed in the common and higher branches of English 
education: and the number of books with raised characters now 
jirepared for the blind is quite extensive, including the entire 
Bible, and volumes upon almost every branch of useful learning. 

Thi-- New Fork Juvenile Asylum is intended to secure tho 
maintenance and promote the welfare of children under 14 years 
of age who may be in destitute circumstances. This asylum 
was incorp. June 30, 1S51. Its office is located at 23 W. 13th St., 
ind its temporary asylum is at the foot of E. 50th St. A per- 
manent asylum, erected on 175th St., near High Bridge, was 
"l^enod April 2. 1S56. This society takes children between 7 
aud 14 intrusted to it by parents, guardians, or other com- 
petent authority, and affords them the means of a moral and 
industrial education. A fund originally of $50,000, and after- 
ward of $20,000 in addition, was raised by subscription; and to 
this $40,000 was added by the city. The total number sent 
to the house of reception up to Jan. 1859, was 4,893. Several 
companies of children are sent annually to the Western States, 
to be indentured to farmers and others, under the direction of 
a judicious person. Children are also bound out in the city 
and viciuity as ciccasion otfers. An act of March 25, 1856, di- 
rected a sum not exceeding $75 per annum to be levied by tax 
and p.iid to this asylum for each child committed by the city 
and supported by the society, and gave $20,000 toward the 
erection of a new house of reception on 13th St. The edifice is 
now nearly completed. 

Tfi£ Socidii fur the Prevention of Pauperism^ formed Dec. 16, 
1817^ after promoting the establishment of the first Savings Bank 
and other institutions of public utility, resolved itself into 

Thii Societi/ for Oie. Jiefi/rmation of Jui'enile DeUnquent^^ Dec. 
19, 1823, and measures were taken to carry the purpose implied 
by the name into effect. An act of incorporation was obtained 
March 29, 1824; and, having in that year raised $17,000 and 
obtained possession of the V. S. Arsenal near Madison Square, 
the establishment was opened Jan 1, 1825, with 9 inmates. This 
place was burned in 1839, and the location changed to a building 
on the East River at the foot of 23d St., erected for a fever hos- 
pital. In 1S51 the society exchanged a parcel of land it pos- 
Bessed on Wards Island for about 36 acres on the s. end of Kan- 
d.ill8 Island, where the corner stone of a new building was laid 
Nov. 24, 1852. by the Mayor. The buildings were opened Nov. 
24, 1854. The male department will consist of a central build- 
ing and 4 winge, of which 2 are parallel to the front of the 
center building, and form together with it a front of 590 ft. upon 
the river. The other two wings are to radiate from the center 
of the rear at angles of 60°; they have not yet been erected. 
The arrangement admits of the necessary classification and 
embraces every modern improvement. A workshop 3 stories 
high and 30 by 100 ft. is erected in the rear of each of the front 
wings. The female department, when completed, will be on a 
plan similar to the other, of 250 ft. front, and otherwise propor- 
tionally smaller. With the refuse stone obtained in excavation 
and gniding, a sea wall was built out to low water mark ; and 
some seven acres were thus added to the grounds. The entire 
ci^st. including the fitting up, to Nov. 1854, was $310,441.15, of 
which $14,109.39 had been for the Female Department. The 
whole number of inmates from its first opening to 1859 was 
7,650; and at the beginning of that year it contained 463 boys 
fluid 77 girls. A female denartment is now in course of building, 



and when complete will afford to the whole a capacity for 1.000 
inmates. Juvenile offenders from the several counties have been 
as follows : — 





■0 
00 


i 


g 


i 


1 


i 


i 


1 


N. Y. Police 


126 
90 

4 
17 
26 
30 

7 


126 
75 

7 
25 
27 
27 

7 


102 
123 

27 
46 
27 

S 


142 
70 
11 
37 
44 
24 
14 


96 
73 

8 
40 
70 
47 

8 


61 
44 

7 
48 
66 
23 

8 


9a 

203 
6 
62 
67 
23 
19 


83 

139 

1 

18 
23 
32 
17 




Gov. of Almshouse... 






Other Cos 





Of the cos. not enumerated, Westchester has sent 15, Ulster 
11, Queens 10, Dutchess 9, Orange and Columbia each 8. Suflblk 
7, Greene 6. Schoharie, Saratoga, and Oneida each 4. Monroe and 
Sullivan each 3. Onondaga, Putnam, and Rockland each 2, and 
Erie and Kichmond each 1. Of 2,641 received in 8 years, 2,039 
were white boys, 439 white girls, 138 black boys, and 26 black 
girls; as to nativity, 1,548 were Irish, 445 American, 218 Ger- 
man, 150 English, 53 Scotch, 30 French, 10 Italian, 4 Swcdos.and 
1 each Spanish, Polish, Russian, Prussian, Dane, Dutch, Welsh, 
and Belgian. 

The Pris'/n Association of New York, incorp. in 1846, for the 
relief and encouragement of discharged convicts, is elsewhere 
more fully noticed. It has a female department, organized in 
1844, to provide employment for discharged female prisoners. 

1 The Orphan Asylum Society of New York was incorp. April 
7, 1807. It was located on the banks of the Hudson, near 80th 
St., in 1840. It has 9 acres of grounds and a building 120 by CO 
ft., [ileawintly situated. About 200 orphans are supported in 
the institution. 

Tlie Society for thr R die f of Half -Orphans and Df:stitvte Cfiil- 
dren was established Dec. 16, 1SS6, and incorp. April 18, 1837. 
It is located at No. 7 10th St., and is usually known as the 
•' Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum." It has received donations 
of $20,000 from John Uosburgh and of $5,000 each from Jarnea 
Boorman, John Jacob Astor. Peter G. Stuy^esant. and the 
daughters of John Mason. The whole number of inmates re- 
ceived up to 1859 was 1,884, and the number then remaining was 
136 boys and 101 girls. — Common Council Manual, 1859,^. 5S0. 

The Rmnan Catholic Orphan Asylum, on Prince St., was 
incorp. April 29, 1836. It is under the charge of Sisters of 
Charity, and has 300 inmates. — all females. 

St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum has a male aid female depart- 
ment. The male department, on 5lBt St., has 400 inmates, and 
the female department, on Prince St., corner of Mott St.. 300. 
They are both under the same trustees, and are managed by 
Sisters of Charity. 

The Orphans' Home of the Protestant Episcopal CfiurcJi, at 74 
Hammond St.. was incorp. April 16, 1838. 

Leake and Wiitts Orphan House is located at Manhattanville, 
between 9th and 10th Avenues and 111th and 112th Sts. This 
noble charity was founded by the bequest of J. A. Leake, and 
enhanced by the liberality of Mr. Watts, who waived a claim he 
had upon the legacy. It is incorp. under the general law. 

St. Luke's Home for Jndiyent OiHstian Females is at 453 
Hudson St. 

Hmise and School of Industry, at 100 W. 16th St,, is for the 
gratuitous instruction of poor females in needle work. 

Association for the Relief of Respeciahle Aged and Indigent 
Females is located at 20th St., between 2d and 3d Avenues. 

Nursery for the Children of Poor Womeny at 223 6th Avenue, 
is under lady managers. 

Maijdalin Female B>nerolent Asylum, between 88th and 89th 
Sts and 4th and 5th Avenues, is under the care of lady mana- 
gers, has 40 inmates, and is designed to encourage reform in 
abandoned females. 

American Female Ouardian Sbciety and Honufor the Friend- 
less, on E. 30th St., between 4th and Madiflon Aveuues, waa 
formed in 1834. It received by donations in 1857 and '58 
$49,719.79. The home school had 108 girls and 112 boys, indus- 
trial pchool No. 1 340 girls, and No. 2 166 girls. It is managed 
and chiefly supported by ladies. 

St. Oiitharijie's 0>nvent and House of Protection, on Honstou 
St., corner of Murray St., is under the charge of Sisters of 
Charity. 

New York Ladies* Home Missionary Sodeiy of the Methodist 
Episcopal Cliurch, on the site of the "Old Brewery," 61 Park St., 
was incorp. March 20, 1856. 

St. Joseph's Asylum was incorp. April 15, 1869. It is designed 
to support and educate in some useful employment poor orphan, 
half-<")rphan, homeless, and neglected children, especially of 
German origin. It has 16 managers. 

Five Points Houst of Indwtry is- located on North St., Not 
166, 157, 169. 



2S 



434 



IJEW YORK COUNTY. 



Numerous institutions of beneficence are established upon the principle of mutual support, all 
of which derive their means from fixed contributions of members. The number of these is very 
great, including many which are limited to particular nationalities and to certain mechanical or 
other occupations.* The city has a large number of religious associations and societies for the pro- 
motion of morality, — some national or cosmopolitan in their field of operation, and others local in 
their range. While some of these oppose vice and wrong in their widest sense, others restrict 
their efibrts to narrower limits of labor and concentrate upon a single object the united efforts of 
their members. There are at present about 290 churches in the city of New York.^ 



Children's Aid S"Cieti/, oflBce No. 11 Clinton Hall, Astor Place, 
WH« Ibrmed in 1853. It has for ita object to provide homes and 
enijiIoyrn'Mit for destitute children, and, to a limited extent, for 
adults of both sexes. Up to 1868 it had provided homes for 
3.576. In 1857 it sent 468 boys, 200 girls, 28 men, and 37 women 
to other Stiitea. It had opened 6 industrial schools, with a total 
of 9ti8 pupils, maintained a lodginghouse for newsboys and 
peddlers, at a low charge, and another one for girls, and had 
undt-r its direction several boys' meetings and libraries. Its 
annual expenses are about $15,000, not including a large amount 
of gratuitous services, 

jVfiw York Association for Improving the Omdition of the Poor 
was formed in 1843, and incorp. Dec. 6, 1848. Its object is to 
aflFord temporary relief to such as do not come within the sphere 
of other existing charities, and to elevate the physical and moral 
condition of the indigent. To discountenance indiscriminate 
almsgiving and street begging, it inquires through its visitors 
into the merits of applications, and for this end has a super- 
visory council of 5 to each ward, and as many visitors as maybe 
needed. It is supported by annual donations and collections, 
and in the year ending Oct. 14, 1857, expended $41,480.88. 

The American Bible Society, formed May, 1816, as a national 
institution, claims notice in this place from the spjicious and 
elegant edifice which it has erected. This structure occupies 
three fourths of an acre, and is nearly triangular, extending 
198 ft. on 4th Avenue, 202 ft. on 8th St., 96 ft. on 3d Avenue, and 
232 ft. on 9th St., with a court within. It cost nearly $-300,000, 
and contains the offices of numerous religions and denomina- 
tional societies. Its manufactory of Bibles and Testaments, when 
in full operation, employs 600 persons. A City Bible Society was 
formed several years before the one above noticed ; and nume- 
rous kindred associations have been formed at different periods. 
"1 Of this class are Masonic, Odd Fellows, and other secret so- 
cieties who possess funds for the relief of the sick, the support 
of widows and orphans, and the burial of the dead. Others, 
limited to particular occupations, some of which have been dis- 
continued, have been chiefly na follows : — 

The Marine Socieiy of New Fork waa created by patent April 
12, 1770. It h;is fur its principal object to collect moneys, by 
admission fees and yearly duos of members, for the relief of the 
widows and orphans of seamen. Up to 1S26 it had distributed 
$88,100 for these objects. Its meetini^s are held at the United 
States Hotel, corner of Pearl and Fulton Sts. ; and its chief im- 
portance DOW arises ftom the circumstance that its president is 
one of the trustees of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, on Staten Island. 
The importance of that noble trust will serve to perpetuate this 
society. 

Thf Nciu York Nautical Society was established in 1820, for 
(•haritable purposes and the promotion of useful improvements. 
Its mi>ml>ers were those who had been shipmasters or com- 
manders of vessels. 

The New York WatermarC s Society was formed in 1825, for be- 
nevolent purpoees and the jwomotion of useful improvements in 
navigation. It is supposed to have been discontinued. 

The PiloCs Charitable. Society was foi'med in 1817, for benevo- 
lent and tharitable purposes. 

The Humane Society was formed in 1787. 

The Association fttr the Relief of Disabled Firemenis a charity 
devoted to the objects expressed in its tide. 

G-neral Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, was incorp. 
March 14, 1792. 

The Mutual Benefit Society and the 

MiUxi/ilAid Sficiety of the City of New York are now extinct. 

The House Carpenters'' Society ; the 

New York Society of Journeymen i^ipwrights ; the 

Pro^ndent Society ; and the 

Benevolent Society are charitable associations, from which 
we have no returns. 

Matdtatian Provident Society of the City of New York was 
li^rmed Nov. 17. 1708. 

Friendly Society of the Town 3/ Harlem was formed Feb- 10, 
1809. 

New York Mason^^ Society whs formed Feb. 20, 1807. 

Stint D tvitPs Benevolent Society (Welsh) was formed in 1800. 
It was s<xin discontinued. 

Albi'tn Benevolent Society was formed about 1800. It was 
goon discontinued. 

Ancit^nl Britons' Benefit Society was formed about 1805, from 
the two latter, and incorp. Feb. 27, 1807. It continued until 
1835, when the 

Saint Daind's Benefit d- Benevolent Society waa formed. It 
-Jividi'd 3 yeiLTS after ; and in Jan. 1841, 

SaijU David's BenefU Society and 



The Welsh Society were formed. These were merged in the 

^i7i( David's Benefit Society, which is still continued. 

Saint Patrick's Society and the 

Hiber7iia P)'ovident Societyqfthe CUyofNew Forfc were formed 
in April, 1807. 

Saint Andrew's Society {Scotch) was formed in 1756. Ita anni- 
versary is Nov. 30. 

Caledonia Society of the City of New York was formed. April 6, 
1807. 

Saint Gem-ge's Society is a society of English. 

Saint Nicholas Society (Dutch) is chiefly composed of the dfr> 
scendants of the old Dutch colonists. 

New England Siciety holds its anniversary Dec. 22. 

Besides these, there are and have been a great number of so- 
cieties and unions, particularly among the German. I rish, Italian, 
and other foreign classes, and among the Jews and other denomi- 
nations, concerning which it is difficult to procure full statistics, 
or even the names. The " George Clinton Society," '* Washington 
Benevolent Society," " Tammany Society," or " Columbian Or- 
der," (the latter founded in 1805, and still existing,) are among 
those memorable for their political influence; the "Society of 
Cincinnati," for its Revolutionary jisaociations, and the " Wilber- 
force Philanthropic Society," '-Manumission Society" of 1785, 
'* Society for the Belief of Imprisoned Debtors," and a great variety 
of others, for their labors iu the field of charities, but which have 
disappeared with the abuses they combated, and their elements 
re-organizt'd under other names, for new labors which the mis- 
fortunes, vices, aud crimes of mankind are constantly providing. 

2 The following table contains some of the principal statistics 
of the churches in the city. The dates of first churches in the 
several denomin;itions are given upon the authority of Green- 
leaf's History of the Churches of New York. The lists given 
by that author include several societies not owning church 
edifices, on which account the numbera are lai"ger than those of 
the census: — 



Denouinations. 



Clt 



African Methodist 

Associate Presbyterian 

Associate Reformed Pres- 
byterian 

Baptist. 

Calvinistic Methodist and 
other 

Christian 

Congregational 

Cont;regational Methodist. 

Disciples 

Evangelical Lutheran 

Free Will Baptist 

Friends 

Jews 

Methodist Episcopal 

Moravian 

Presbyterian 

Primitive Methodist 

Protestant Episcopal 

Protestant Methodist 

Reformed Covenanters 

Reformed Protestant Dutch 

Roman Catholic" 

Second Advent 

Seventh Day Baptist 

Swedenborgian or New 
Jerusalem 

Unitarian 

Universalist 

tTnited Covenanters 

Wesleyan Methodist 

Other churches 



Total 218 264 249 288 



1829 
1804 



1663 

1703 
1706 
1766 
1748 
1716 
1829 
1664 



1626 
1783 



1808 
1819 
1796 



^^ 



^C) 



Sit 

*, o ^ 



10» 



63 



<» These numbers may include churches other than those 
termed common or "Close C-ommunion" Baptists. 
ft Several of these became Presbyterian. 
• Father Jogues, a Jesuit, was the first Roman Catholic priest 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



435 



The Lllerary and Library Societies of the city exert an important influence upon 
the iutellectual condition of the people. Many of the libraries are extensive and are provided with 
ample accommodations for the preservation and care of the books and for the convenience of 
students.^ 

The population of New York has increased with great rapidity since the commencement of the 



in New York. lie suffered martyrdom at Caughnawaga, Sept. 
27, 1642, at the hands of the Iroquois. The first religious ser- 
vices of this Church were held by Father Farmer, of Philadelphia, 
about 17N1-82. The first church was built in 1786. and named 
St. I'eter. Its chief benefactor was Charles III., King of Spain, 
who gave $10,000. 

The first church edifice was erected near the Fort, in 1633, 
and in lii42 was superseded by one built of stone within the 
Fort. The Reformed Dutch Church retained the ascendency 
until 1664, when the chapel in the Fort was devoted to the 
Fnglish service. Trinity, formed in 1697, 1'eceived grants of prop- 
erty from the Government, which by the subsequent growth 
of the city have become enhanced in value beyond parallel in 
AmeriCii, if not \fi the world. Its revenues are UBually consi- 
dered adequate not only for the support of its several chapels 
and other edifices of worship, but for aiding liberally the poorer 
churches of this denomination throughout the country. Its 
income, already very large, will in a few years be greatly in- 
creased as leases at a low rate for long periods expire and the 
property is again offered for lease. The property of the Col- 
legiate Dutt^h Church is also of great value, and surpassed only 
by that of Trinity Church. During the Kevolution the Pres- 
byterian and Dutch Chuirhes were used by the Briti.';h as riding 
schools, prisons, and for other military purposes. Within a few 
years most of the church buildings in the lower part of the city 
have been sold, their sites occupied for commercial purposes, 
and costly edifices of great architectural beauty have been 
erected "up town." 

1 The New York Library Society was first started in 1700, 
when Rev. John Sharp, chaplain of Lord Bellemont, gave a col- 
lection of books to be styled the '' Public Library of New York." 
The society was inccrp. in 1752. and was organized under its 
present name in 1754. The library was mostly scattered during 
the Revolution; but its charter was revived Feb. 18. 17S9. and 
the bookii as fir as possible were recollected. It was at first 
kept in the City Hall. In 1793 it was removed to a building in 
Nassau St., afterward to Chambers St., and in 1840 to a new 
building corner of Broadway and Leonard Sts. It was after- 
ward moved to the Bible House, and in 1857 to its present 
quarters. University Place, between 12th and 13th Sta. The 
]ibr.ary building is a fine edifice, and the library now contains 
40,000 vols. 

Tlie Neto York HistoHcal Society was organized Dec. 10, 1S04, 
and incorp. Feb. 10. 1S09. After occupying rooms many years 
in the New York University Buildings, it was removed in 1857 
to a new. fireproof building on 2d Avenue, corner of 11th St., 
which was dedicated Nov. 17 of that year. This society pos- 
sesses a library of 30.000 volumes, particularly rich in historical 
works and manuscripts, a choice gallery of paintings and collec- 
tion of antiquities, coins, medals, and charts. Among its collec- 
tions are a series of large tablets of Assyrian sculpture, the gift 
of James Lenox. Esq. Under a special act of April 12, 1850, 
the premises were made exempt from sale on execution, and the 
law is ?o framed that the society's property cannot be encum- 
bered by mortgage. Regular meetings of the society are held 
on the first Tuesday of each mouth. 

The Mercantile Library Association, at Clinton Hall, Astor 
Place, was organized in 1820, and has a library, reading room, 
lecture room, and cabinet. It was originally intended for the 
use of merchants' clerks, but is now accessible to all. Its 
library, especially hill in periodicals, numbers 65.000 volumes; 
and the association has about 4.500 members. It formerly occu- 
pied the premises of Old Clinton Hall, on Beekman St., near 
the Park. 

Tiew Vorlc Law Institute^ founded through the exertions of the 
late Chancellor Kent, was formed in 1S2S and incorp. Feb. 22, 
1830. It contains about 6.500 volumes, forming one of the most 
valuable and perfect collections of the kind in the United States, 
It is hjcated at 4.^ Chambers St., to which place it was removed 
in 1855. Membership is confined to counsellors, solicitors, and 
attorneys. Judges of the Federal and State Courts, and stran- 
gers generally, are allowed to visit and use the library. 

Ttit Mfchanir^ Institute, located at No. 20 4th Avenue, was 
incorp. April 24. 1833. Its objects are to diffuse knowledge 
among the mechanical classes, to found lectures on natural, 
mechanical, and chemical philosophy, and scientific subjects, 
to open schools, and hold annual fairs. It has established 
classes in modeling, machinery, architecture, and ornamentjil 
drawing, a winter course of lectures, a reading room, and a 
library of 6.000 volumes, all of which are free to mechanics, 
workingmen, and apprentices of the city. 

T/te Astor Library was founded upon a bequest of $400,000 
made by John Jacob Astor in his will, Aug. 22, 1839. Its tru.i- 
tees organized in May, 1848. and employed Dr. Joseph O. Cogs- 
well to visit Europe for the purchase of books. On the lOth of 
Dec. 1849, they adopted a plan for an edifice, 120 by 65 ft., 
which was opened to the public Feb. 1, 1854. On the 3l8t of 
Oct. 1865, Wm. B. Astor presented to the tmsteea a lot, 80 by 



100 ft., adjoining the libmry, upon which has been erected a 
building similar to the first, the two forming the most spacious 
library rooms in America. The building.n will contain 200,0t"i 
volunies. and half that number are aire.idy in the library. 
This noble institution is situated on La Fayette Place, in a q-iii t 
quarter of the city, and is open to all without charge. Bookd 
are not allowed to be taken from the rooms. The trustees ar^i 
required to report annually to the Legislature. 

'Jlie Printi^rs' Preii Library, located at No. 3 Chambers St., 
was founded in 1823 ty the New York T\pogi-aphical Society, 
for the benefit of those employed in printing and binding book-i. 
It hu.s 3,500 volumes. 

nie Apprentices' Library, at Mechanics' Hall, 472 Broadway 
near Grand St., is free to apprentices, and open to journey meu 
upon payment of $1 annually. It numbers IG.OiJO volumes. 

The Libraries of the City Corporation, of Columbia College, of 
the Free Academy, of the several hospitals, of the medical col- 
leges, of the theological seminaries, of the Bible Societies, and 
of several other institutions, are extensive, and some of them 
are very valuable in their several departments. 

The Crioper Iitstitute, a fine edifice of brownstone, covers an 
entire block between 3d and 4th Avenues and 7th and 8th 
Streets. It was erected by Peter Cooper, Esq., at a cost of 
$300,000, to promote the advancement of science and a know- 
ledge of the useftil arts. The first and second stories are to ho 
rented and the avails devoted to the expenses of the estahlish- 
ment. In the basement ia a lecture room, 125 ft. by 82 ft., 
and 21 ft. high. The tliree upper stories are arranged for 
purposes of instruction, and contain a very large hall, with a 
gallery designed ultimately as a free public exchange. A school 
of design is in operation in these rooms, and is attended by sonio 
50 young ladies under instruction in engraving, lithographic 
drawing, and painting. The design of this institution is emi- 
nently creditable to the enlightened views of its munificent 
projector, and will associate bis name with those who have done 
much for the useful arts and deserved well of mankind. The 
building is known as "The Union," and, in accordance with an 
act of February 17, 1857, it has been placed in charge of trustees. 

The American histitute was incorp. May 29, 1S29. for the pur- 
pose of encourairing and promoting domestic industry iu this 
State and the United States, in agriculture, commerce, manu- 
factures, and the arts. It aims to promote these objects by an 
annuiU exhibition of machines and manufactures, the awaiting 
of premiums, and the formation of a repository of models and 
a library of books relating to the useful arts; and for this pur- 
pose it may hold property producing an income of $30,000 per 
annum. It has connected with its organization a farmers' club, 
which holds monthly meetings, and occasional cattle shows, 
plo\ving, and spading matches, as its oflScers may direct. The 
annual fairs of the Institute were formerly held at Castle Gar- 
den, but in 1857 were transferred to the Crystil Palace, where 
its 3Uth fair was prematurely ended by the burning of the 
Palace Oct. 5, 18j>S. The amount awarded for premiums fmm 
1835 to 1857, both inclusive, has been distributed as follows: — 



1835, S 779.00 

1836, 1,039,50 
18.37, 1,093.50 

1838, 1.259.50 

1839, 1.155.44 

1840, 820.60 



1S41, $1,183.03 
1842, 1,155.96 
184;J, 1,191.55 
1S44, 1,192.44 

1845, 1,848.17 

1846, 3,226.10 



1847, $2,592.78 

1848, 3,089.83 

1849, 2.482.61 

1850, 4,303.72 
1S51, 4,091.76 



1852, $4,917.43 

1853, 3,366.77 

1855, 3,209.97 

1856, 6,693.49 

1857, 3,160.34 



This society has successively occupied premises on Liberty St. 
near Broadway, at 41 Cortland St., 187 Broadway, the City Hull, 
Broadway, corner of Anthony St.. and 351 Broadway. The taiit 
named premises it now owns. In 1859 it removed to the Cooper 
Institute building. In 1835 it commenced the publication of a 
monthly journal that continued through several vulumea. The 
annua] reports of the Institute to the Legislature since 1841 are 
voluminous and valviable. 

The Lyceum of Natural History, located on 14th St., wan 
incorp. in 1818. It has a large library relating to the n.itural 
sciences, and a cabinet. It was first opened in the rear of t.'ie 
City Hall; thence it was removed to Stuyvesant Institute, anJ 
finally to its present locality. 

llie. AmcHciin Geographical and Statistical Stciety wart 
incorp. under the general law April 30. 1852. and, after several 
years' sojourn in the University Building. h;i8 recently been ro 
moved to Clinton Hall, Astor Place. It hoids monthlv meetings 
at the rooms of the Historical Society, and in forming an ex on- 
sivo and valuable statistical library. The objects of the society 
are expressed in its name. It publishes a monthly journal, 
chiefly of original papers. 

The New yi*rk Academi/ of Mtctic, corner of Irving Place and 
14th St.. was incorp. April 10, 1R52. The building is 121 ft. by 
114 ft., and will seat 4,000 persons. It is riclily decorated, and 
is constructed with express reference to fine acoustic effect 
The cost is estimated at 8350,000, 

The city has about 15 theaters and a great number ot 



436 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



present century.^ The completion of the Erie Canal gave an impetus to its growth and greatly 
increased its business transactions. The commerce of the city, without a parallel on the Western 
continent, has already been noticed in the general article upon the commerce of the State. Tlie 
financial institutions are of a number and magnitude commensurate with its wants aa the great 
center of commercial wealth in the nation.* 

The manufactures of the city form one of the most important branches of the industry of the 
inhabitants. They embrace nearly every variety of article produced in the civilized world, and the 
aggregate capital employed is very great. The last State census reported 2,424 manufacturing 
establishments. In single instances the capital invested exceeds a million of dollars, and the 
number of persons dependent upon these large establishments for employment extends to several 
hundred. The above estimate does not profess to include the minor trades, in which little is in- 
vested beyond an industrial education and a small stock of implements and materials, but which 
in the aggregate amount to considerable sums. A large number of manufacturing establishments 
legitimately belonging to the city are located in the several suburban places for economy of rent 
and for room ; and if these were added to those located in the city the aggregate would probably 
be nearly equal to that of the most noted manufacturing cities of Europe. 

The Public Building^s of New York are many of them elegant and substantial struc- 
tures, combining strength and durability with architectural beauty. Among the most noted of 
these is the U. S. Custom House, the Merchants' Exchange, and the City Hall.^ 



miuor places of amusement, generally of a special character 
and devoted to exhibitions of art, curiosities, and other objects 
of attraction. The first theater in New York was opened in 
Nassau St. Sept. 17, 1753, and the first play acted was " The 
Conscious Lovers." 



1 Popidation at various periods. 



1756 13.046 

1771 21.862 

1790 33,131 

1800 60,489 

1810 96,373 

1814 95,519 



1825 166,086 

1830 197.113 

1835 268.089 

1840 312,710 

1845 371,223 

1850 515.547 



1820.. 



123,706 1 1855 629,810 



1698 4,937 

1703. 4,375 

1723 7,248 

1731 8,622 

1737 10,664 

1746 11,717 

'1749 13,294 

2 lliere are now 5 incorporated and 49 free banks in New 
Tork City, which together presented the following total aggre- 
gate of resources in their quarterly returna of March 12, 1859 : — 

Capital $68,324,657 

Notes in circulation 7.845,947 

Profits * 6,640,888 

Due banks .*. 27,251,889 

Due iudividuals and Corp. other than banks 631,061 

Due Ti-easurer of State of New York 119,822 

Due depositors on demand 80.679.650 

Other sums due 471,666 

Total liabUities 191,865,843 

Loans and discounts 123,983,075 

Over-drafts 69,467 

Due fi-om banks -. 5,357,188 

Due from directors 4,119,438 

Due from brokers 3.281,632 

Real estate 5,967,164 

Specie 25,068,132 

Cash items 17,481.781 

Stocks and promissory notes 12,020,306 

Bonds and mortgages.^ 52:1,869 

Bills of solvent banks 1,023,402 

Loss and expense account 372,920 

Total resources 191,865.643 

There are 16 savings banks in the city, with an ag^egate 
•mount of S36,S1)4,419 on deposit, and with $38,757,860 in 
resources. — Report of Supl. Batik Departttwiit 1869; Assem. 
Doc., No. 87. 

The first movement toward a savings bank was made Nov. 
29, 1816. when at a public meetins; the plan was discussed and 
approved. The first deposits were made July 3, 1819. and 
within six months $153,378.31 had been deposited by 1,527 per- 
sons, and of this sum $6,606 had been withdrawn. Up to 1857, 
$47,630,067.61 had been deposited in these institutions. They 
owe their origin to the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism. — 
Oommon Cmincil Manual, 1858, p. 624. 

The Clearing Home Association was formed Oct. 1, 1853, for 
the purpose of facilitating the settlements of banlcs with each 
other. It« office is on Wall, corner of William St. The ar- 
rangements are so perfected that the entire daily settlements 
of all the banlts in their immense transactions with each other 
are made in six minutes. The whole amount of bank funds 
which passed through this institution up to Aug. 31, 1858, was 
$30,675,9;i3,556.5ti; and during that period so perfect has been 
the system of balances that the error of one cent has never 
been made. 

Fire Insurance Companies, to the number of 75. with an ag- 
Itvegate capital of $17,664,000, are located in the city. Besides 



these, a large number of agencies for companies in other 
States and in foreign countries are established in the city. The 
amount of capital invested in marine, life, and other Jnsnranco 
companies is not known, as no general reports are published. 
A list of these companies is elsewhere given. There are also 
several trust companies, with large cajiital, and a very great 
number of companie-s, associations, and individuals engaged in 
the business of banking and exchange, of which no statistics 
are attainable. 

The Chamber of Commerce was instituted in 1768. and incorp. 
by patent March 13, 1770. It probably owes its origin to tha 
necessity felt toward the close of the colonial period, of con- 
certed action to protect the interests of trade against the usurp- 
ations of the British Government. Its rights were confirmed 
April 13, 1784. and it has since continued in operation without 
material interruption. Its objects are to adjust disputes and 
establish equitable rules concerning trade, and to operate upon 
public sentiment in the procuring of such acts and regulations 
as the commercial interests require. Within a short time it 
has commenced the formation of a library of statistical and 
commercial works, and opened rooms sufficiently ample and 
convenient for the wants of the association. Its first report 
was published in 1859. 

3 The Custx)m Hoiise, located on Wall St., on the site of the old 
Federal Hall, is a marble structure, in the Greek order of archi- 
tecture, with a Doric portico at each end. It has a marble roof, 
and is fireproof throughout. It was commenced in May, 1834, 
and finished in May, 1841, at a cost of $950,000. 

The Merchants Exchange, on Wall St., built of Quincy granite, 
is 171 by 144 ft., and 77 feet high. A portico in front is sup- 
ported by 18 Ionic columns, 38 feet high, each formed of a single 
stone weighing 45 tons. The rotunda is 80 ft. in diameter and 
SO ft. high. The building is owned by an incorporated company, 
and cost over $1,000,000. 

The Oi/y Hail, on the Park, is 216 by 105 ft., with two storiea 
and a high basement. It is built in the Italian style, and is 
faced with marble except on the north side. It was begun Sept. 
26, 1S03, and finished in 1812, at a cost of over half a million of 
dollars. The upper story and cupola were burned Aug. 17. 1858, 
and have since been rebuilt. It is occupied by the Common 
Council, County Clerk, and various city and county offices. The 
first City Hall, built in 1698, stood on the present site of the 
Custom House, at the head of Broad St. 

The Hall of Record s, on the Park, is chiefly interesting from 
its historical associations. It was formerly the debtors' prison, 
and in the Revolution it was the prison into which American 
prisoners were crowded, and from which grcxt numbers wera 
taken to execution. In 1832 it was a cholera hospital. Tha 
pillars upon the ends are of modern origin. 

The Rotunda., on the Park, was built by John Tanderlyn in 
1818, for the exhibition of panoramic views, and is now an office 
of the Almshouse. It reverted to the city at the expiration of a 
ten years' lease. 

The Halls of Justice, or " The Tcrnibs,*' on Center St., is a stmc- 
ture built of Maine granite, in the Egyptian style of architecture. 
It is a hollow square. 252 by 200 ft., with a large central bnilding. 
It was erected in 1838. Executions take place in the open courts 
within its walls. 

The Ncvj Armort/, or Dotvn-Tmvn Arsenal, corner of White and 
Elm Sts., is 131 by 84 ft. and 2 stories high. It is built of blue 
stone, and is supplied with nsirrow windows for easy defense 
against mobs. It is used as a receptacle fur a part of the artillery 
of the Ist Division N. Y. State Militia, and as a drill room. 

An arsenal was boilt by the State a few years since, on ground 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



437 



The Commercial Buildings and Private Residences of New York are many 
of them on a scale of great raagnificenoe. The first of these are built of marble or a beautiful kind 
of brownstone ; and in the upper part of the city are numerous streets which for miles present un- 
broken lines of palatial residences. Within the past few years a great improvement has taken 
place in the character of the commercial buildings erected, and many of them now in size and ele- 
gance have no superiors in the world. ^ 

The Bay of New York was first discovered by Henry Hudson, then in the employ of the Dutch 
East India Co., Sept. 12, 1609. A settlement was made upon Manhattan Island by a company of 
Dutch traders, under the auspices of the West India Co., in 1612 ; but no permanent agricultural 
occupation began until 1623. During this year 30 families of Walloons from the Flemish frontiers, 
and a number of domestic animals, were sent over to form the nucleus for the permanent occupa- 
tion of the country. SarahdeRapalje.achild of one of these fiimilies, born soon after their arrival, 
was the first white child born in New York. In 1626, Peter Minuet, the first Dutch Governor of 
the colony, purchased Manhattan Island of the natives for |24, and during the same year he caused 
a fort surrounded by cedar palisades to be erected. A new fort was begun in 1633 and was 
finished 2 years after.^ The Colony of New Netherlands increased slowly ; but in 1652 a feud arose 
between the company and settlers, which continued during the entire period of the Dutch occupa- 
tion. The interest of the company was solely to make money by their operations ; and they pur- 
sued their object by the exercise of an arbitrary power and without any regard to the prosperity 
of the settlers. This controversy tended greatly to develop democratic sentiments in the hearts of 
the people, and prepared them for the events which subsequently happened. In 1664 the colony 
fell into the hands of the English, and a new immigration took place, which materially changed 
the character of the population. A city charter, granted in 1652 and confirmed in 1686, secured 
many of the privileges since uninterruptedly enjoyed by the people, and formed the basis of all 
subsequent enactments. From the English conquest to the Revolution the history of the city is 
merged in that of the State and has no features of special interest. 

Trade and commerce have been from the first the leading elements of the industry and wealth 
of the city, and in colonial times every measure of Government tending to embarrass trade occa- 



now wilhia the Central Park, and which has recently been sold 
to the Coiiiniissioners of the Park for $275,000. 1 1 was constructed 
very poorly, iuid was hardly finished before it began to tumble 
.down From a part of the proceeds of this property a new 
arsenal was built, in 1858. corner of 7th Avenue and 35th St.; 
but, before it was finished, the roof, constructed on a novel plan, 
fell in by its own weight on the morning of Nov. 19, 1S58. 

Th^ Post Office occupies the old stone edifice of the Middle 
Dutch Church, on Nnssau, Pine, and Liberty Sts. It is small 
and incouveniant. and poorly adapted for the purposes of a post 
office. In the Revolution the pews of the church were broken 
up for fuel, and the building was used as a prison, and at one 
time aa a riding school. The project of a building for a post 
office on or near the Park has been agitited ; but there is at 
present no arrangement tending to that result. 

The Assay Office occupies an unassuming marble building 
adjacent to the Custom Ilouse, formerly one of the branches of 
the United States Bank. Its operations are elsewhere noticed. 
See p. 122. 

1 Under the first race of colonists the style of architecture 
was an exact copy of that prevailing in Holland; and for many 
yearn New York was noted for buildings with peaked gables, 
tiled roofs, and hiL-'h, wooden stoops. After the English con- 
quest, a greater variety in style was introduced. Of iate years 
the march of improvement has completely obliterated the old 
Btyle of houses, and scarcely a vestige of the olden time re- 
mains. One of the most interesting relics of the infancy of 
New York now remaiuing is a venerable pear tree at the corner 
of lath St. and 3d Avenue, formerly on the farm of Ooveruor 
Peter Stuyvesant. It is widely known as ''The Stuyvesant 
I'ear Tree." 

2 The first fort waa built in the rear of Trinity Church, near 
the river, and portions were found in 1751 by some workmen 
in digging thiough a bank. The next fort stood on what is 
now tin* linwliiig Ureen. then a high mound of earth overlook- 
ing the bay and adjacent country. A threatened invasion by 
the forces nf Cromwell, in 1C53, led to the construction of an 
embankment and ditch across the then n. line of the city. This 
fortification extended along the present line of Wall St.; and 
from it that street derives its name. In 1692 a war with Franco 
occasioned a further attention to the defenses of the city, and 
led to the erectinn of a battery on the rocky point at the s. end 
of the island. A stone fort, with 4 bastions, afterward built at 
the same place, included most of the Government offices, and 
bore the name of the reigning sovereign for the time being. It 
remaiiii'd until finally taken down in 1788. In the summer of 
1776, while an attack was expected from the British army, the 
city was strongly fortified. On the s. point was the Grand 
Battery, of :J3 guns, with Fort George Battery, of 2 guns, just 
fcbove it and near the Bowling Green. McDougall's Battery, of 



4 guns, was built on a little hill near the North River, a little t\'. 
of Trinity Church. The Grenadiers' or Circular Battery, of ft 
guns, was above, and the Jersey Battery, of 5 guns, on the left of 
the latter. On the E. of the town were Coenties Battery, of 5 
guns, on Ten Eyck's wharf; Waterbury's Battery, of 7 guns, at 
the shipyards; Badlams Battery, of 8 guns, on Rutgers Hill, 
near the .lews' burial ground; Thompson's Battery, of 9 guns, 
at Hooriis Hook, and the Independence Battery, on Bayards 
Mount, corner of Grand and Center Streets. Breastworks were 
erected in several places in the city, and fortiticatioiie were 
erected on Governors Island, Paulus Hook, (Jersey City,) 
Brooklyn Heights, and Red Hook. During the War of 1^12-15 
great apprehension prevailed at several times, and during the 
first year bodies of militia were stationed in New Utrecht a-id 
on Staten Island to repel any attempt on the part of the enemy 
to land. Subsequently, fortifications were bepun at Harlem, 
and in Brooklyn volunteer companies were formed, aud the 
citizens generally became familiar with the discipline of the 
camp and the duties of the soldier. In Aug. 1814, for the pur- 
pose of constructing a lino of fortifications to prevent the ex- 
pected approach of the enemy, it was arranged that 3 military 
companies of Brooklyn should turn out to work on Mmuiay. 3 
military companies and 1 fire company on Jhiesdoy, the people 
of Bushwick on Widncaday, of Flatbush on 77iursda)/, of Flat- 
lands on Friday, of Gravesend on S>iturdiiy. of New Utrecht 
on Mf/nday, and the Mechanics' Society of Brooklyn, the mili- 
tary exempts, and 2 fire companies, on Tuesday. The patriotic 
diggers crossed the ferries every morning with banners and 
music, and large parties worked in the night by moonlight. 
The citizens of New York were not behind their neighbors- ia 
patriotism, aud numerous volunteer associations pressed their 
services upon theCommittee of Defense, without regard to party 
or statioii in life, and the rich and the poor wrought togethei 
with the most patriotic emulation. Many gave money freily 
to the work, and these zealous labors continued so long aa 
there appeared reason to anticipate danger. During the same 
month the General Government made a requisition for 2(i.0(K) 
militia from New York and New Jersey to repel an attack 
which WHS reported to be in preparation. The funds to meet 
the expenses were raised by the city, but were repaid by the 
Genf;ral Government the next year. Four hundred heavy 
cannon were mounted on the various forts, and large quantitiea 
of ammunition weie collected. The fleet in charge of Commo- 
dore Decatur was also prepared for the emergency; aud it is 
probable that these prompt preparations sjived the city from an 
attack. Toward winter the hostile fliet bore off" to the south, 
and the enemy closed their opeiations before New Orleans. i)u 
" Kvacnation Day" in 1814 the Governor reviewed 25,000 troops 
In New York. — a larger nimiber than ever before or siuM 
muBtered in one body in America. 



438 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



fiioned great uneasiness. This city was annjng the first to feel the eifects of the arbitrary measurea 
of Great Britain, and was among the earliest to resist their tendencies.* The aristocratic element 
was probably stronger in this city than in any other part of America ; and this was arrayed in 
favor of the British measures and against the " Sons of Liberty." Many prominent citizens, who 
had warmly sympathized with the popular movement in the hope of gaining redress of grievances, 
at length yielde^l their opposition when there appeared no alternative but war, and continued 
active or quiet friends of the Royal Government while it lasted. Several members of the first 
Provincial and Continental Ctmgress afterward became friends of the king. The British forces 
took possession of the city immediately after the battle upon Long Island, Aug. 26, 1776, and 
remained until Nuv, 25, 1783. The anniversary of this last event, known as "Evacuation Day," 
is still held in grateful remembrance, and is usually celebrated by military parade or other cere- 
monies. 

In 1785 the first Congress of the United States after the war met in this city and held its ses- 
sions in the City Hall, corner of AVall and Nassau Streets. In the gallery of this building, facing 
Broad St., Gen. Washington was inaugurated first President, April 30, 1789. The New York 
Legislature returned to this city in 1784 and continued its sessions with intervals until finally re- 
moved to Albany with the State offices in 1707. The Port of New I'ork was made a port of 
entry soon after the peace. Its revenues were collected under the State Government till 1789, but 
have since formed a mo^t important source of income to the Federal Government. The receipts 
from customs at this port considerably exceed those of all the other commercial cities of the Union 
together, and defray nearly one-half the expenses of the General Government. In the midst of its 
general prosperity the city has had seasons of adversity.''^ At different times destructive fires have 
occurred, which have for a time seriously retarded business. 



1 The principal events wbich occurred in the city during the 
troubles leading to the Kevnlution are biiefly its f>noM'9: — 
1765, " Sons of Liberty'" were organized to oppose 

the Stamp Act. 
1765, Oct. 31. — A committee of correspondence with other colo- 
nies was appointed. 
1765, Nov. 1. — The Stamp Act took effect, and popular excite- 
ment bec;ime '•xtrenie. Tlie Lieut. Governor 
was liurned in effigy before tbe fort. 

1765, Dec. 26. — The ship Minerva was boarded by the Sons 

of Liberty in search of Bt:imp paper. Tho 
paper was traced to a brig soun after, and ten 
packages were seized and burned. 

1766, June 29. — The Assembly petitioned for a bronze statue of 

Pitt to be erected. 
1766, Oct. 18-22.— The liberty pole on the Common (Park) wag 
repeatedly destroyed, and there was iiuiuiiicnt 
danger of a collision between the populace 
and the trorips. 
1770, Jan. 13. — New attempts were made to destroy the liberty 
pole, and the soldiers became riotous. 

" Jan. 17. — At a meeting of 3.0W citizens resolutions were 
passed not to submit to the acts of oppression. 

*' Jan. 18. — A cnllision took place between the soldiers and 
citizens at Golden TTill. 

*' Jan. 30. — The Corporation forbade the erection of a new 
liberty pole, and the people soon after pbinted 
one on tbeir own land, inscribed "Liberty 
and Property." 

** March 29. — Another attack was made upon the pole, which 
excited great indignation, and led to its being 
nightly guarded, until May 3. 

* May. — A committee of 100 was formed to resist the 

importation of goods under the obnoxious 
laws; but they receded from their purpose 
July 9, and agreed to import every thing but 
tea. 

** Aug. 21. — A leaden equestrian statue of George TIT. was 
erected in Buwling Green. Thin statue was 
thrnwn down by the populace on the receipt 
of the Declaration of Indr-pendence. July 10. 
1776. It was sul'sequently melted up into 
bullets in the family of Gov. AVnlcott, of 
Connecticut. It is said that 42.000 bullets were 
made from the metal, and these did service 
against 400 British soldiers afterward sent 
into Cnnn. by Gov. Tryon. 

** Sept. 7. — A marble statue of Pitt was placed in Wall 
Street, in gratitude for his services in the re- 
peal of theStamp Act. In consequence of the 
course of Pitt after he became Lord Chatham, 
this statue wa** mutilated by a mob May 21. 
1772, and. having b-cnme an unsightly, head- 
less tnmk, it was remuved, under an act of 



March 7, 1788. It is now preserved in the 
Fifth Ward Hotel. West Broiidway. 

1773, Nov. 5.^ — The Committee of Vigilance denounced the im- 

portation of tea and agreed to resist it3 
landing. 

1774, April 21. — A vessel laden with tea arrived at Sandy Hook, 

but was not permitted to land ; and in a few 
days it was sent back to London. About 
the same time 18 chests of tea privately 
brought into port were destroyed. 
" May 19. — A great meeting was held in the ■' Fields.'* at 
which strong revolutionary resolutions were 
passed. A committee of 51 were appointed; 
but the next day a majority of them receded 
from their position, and the Whigs requested, 
their names to be struck off. 

1775, April 3. — The Colonial General A.ssembly finally ad- 

journed. 
" July 25. — Delegates were elected to tbe Continental Con- 
gress. 
" Aug. 23. — Capt. Lamb was ordered by Provincial C-ongresa 
to remove the cannon from the battery in the 
city for the forts in the Highlands. Resist- 
ance was offered from the Asia man-of-war, 
stationed off the battery; but 21 pieces — all 
that were mounted — were safely carried away. 
2 Two dreadful fires occurred while the city was in possession 
of the enemy. On the 21st of Sept. 1776, a fire spread from 
Whitehall Slip w. of Broadway, 8. of Barclay Street, burning 
402 houses, or one-eighth of the entire city. Anothi'r broke out 
on Cruger's Wbarf. Aug. 7. 1778. which burned 300 houses in 
Great and Little Dock and the adjacent streets. Commissioners 
were appointed May 4, 1784, to settle claims to the soil and 
lay out streets in these burned districts. Destructive fire^have 
since occurred, as follows : — 
1811, May 19.— Upon Chatham Street 80 to 100 buildings were 

burned. 
1828, $^00,000 worth of property was burned. 

1835, Dec. 16. — A fire broke out in the lower part of the city, 
which was not arrested until 40 acres, mostly 
covered by large stores, were burned over, 
and S18.o60.000 worth of property was de- 
stroyed. It was the most disastrous fire that 
ever occurred in the city. 
1845, July 19. — A fire broke out near Wall Street, and extended 
to Stone Street, ravaging the entire di.'itrict 
between Broadway and the e. side of Rrt.>ad 
Street. Five to eight million dollars' worth 
of property was destroyed. 
1858, Oct. 5.— Tbe Crystal Palace was burned. 

Theaters in New York have been burned as follows : — 
Park. 1820. 184S ; Bowery. 1828, 1836, 1838, 1845 : Mount Pitt 
Circus, 1828; La Fayette, 1829; National, 1839, 1841; Niblo's, 
1846 ; and FrankUn, 1849. 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



439 



Papers and Periodicals now published in the City. 



Naub. 



American 
AnuTicim 
AuiiriciiD 
Amcrit'im 
American 
Anifrican 
American 
American 
American 
American 
view.. 
American 
American 

American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 



Agriculturist 

Baptist &. Home Missionary Record 

Craftsmnn 

Dru*cgistfl' Circular 

Farmers' Magazine 

Furf'ign & Christian Unioo 

Free Mason 

Home Missionary Journal 

Homeopathic Review. 

Journal of Kducation & College Re- 



Medical Gazette.... 
Medical Monthly- 



Merchant 

Mining Chronicle 

Missionary 

National Treacher 

Phrenolugical Journal- 
Publishers' Circular 

Kail Koad Guide 

Kail Road Journal 



American Railway Review- 



American Temperance Union & No'W York ) 
Prohibitiunist / 



American Turf Register 

Americanischer Agriculturist 

Americanischer Botschafter 

Appleton's Railway & Steam Navigation Guide.. 
Architectural Advertiser A Builders' Register... 
Argus & United States Military & Naval Chron- 
icle 

Atlnntiscbe Blatter 

Bankers' Magazine & Statistical Register 

Bank Note List 

Bank Note List & Reporter 

Bank Note Register & Detector of Counterfeits.. 

Bible Advocate 

Bible Society Record 

Bible Union Quarterly) 

Bible Union Reporter j" 

Billiard Cue 

B(x)ksellers' Medium & Publishera' Advtrtiser.. 

Boys' & Girls' Own Magazine 

Brother .Tonathan 

Carriugton's Commissionaire 

Cliess Monthly 

Christian Ambassador 

Christian Advocate & Journal & Zion's Herald.. 

Christian Itiquirer 

Christian Intelligencer 

Church Journal 

Churchman's Monthly Magazine. 

Coach Makers' Monthly 

Corn Exchange Reporter 

Corner Stone 

Cosmopolitan Art Journal 

Courrier dee £tats-Unis 

Y Cymbro Americauidd 

Demcxratic Age 

Demucrattc Review & United Statea Magazine.. 

Dental Monitor 

Dinsmore's Railway Guide 

Disturoell's Rail Roud Guide 

Dollar Weekly E.xpre83 



Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature... 

Educational Ilertild 

Educational News 

Engineer 

Examiner 

Excelsior 

Familienblatter 

Fleur de Lis 

Foreign Missionary , 

Frank Leslie's Budget of Fun , 

Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper.... 

Frank Leslie's Illustrated Zeitung 

Frank Leslie's New Family Magazine. 

German Bank Note Reporter 

Golden Prize 

Good News 



(h-iginal Piihlishers. 



A. B. & R. L. Allen.. 

C. C. P. Crosby 

G. F. Tisdnll 

H. Bridgemau. 
J. A. Nash. 

Edward Vernon 

J. F. Brennan. 



Henry M. Smith . 



Absalom Peters & S. S. Randall 

C.Meredith Reese, ed.; A.J.Dix.pub, 
E. H. Parker, ed.; E. P. Alien, pub- 



Bryant & Stratton , 

W. B. MoncI; k Co , 

George Whipple , 

Wni. II. Btdwell, ed , 

Fowler i ^Vells , 

Charles R. Rode , 

Dinsmore k Co , 

D. K. Miner & G. C. Shaeffer.. 

Alexander Mann, ed 



Rev. Dr. Marsh.. 



W. T. Porter 

Orange Judd 

American Tract Society.. 

D. Appleton & Co , 

W. U. Randall & Ca 



!= ft, 



1842 
1835 



1849 
1829 



w. Orange Judd, present publisher. 

w. 

s. mo. 



mo. 

mo. 



18-lfi 
lfi2U 
1839 



1831 
1859 

1837 

1840 



J. Crawley 

F. Rauchfuss. 

J. Smith Homans, jr., ed 

L. S. Lawrence & Co 

A. Nichols & Co 

Gwyne & Day 

Amerii-au & Foreign Bible Society ... 
American Bible Society 

American Bible Union. 

O'Conner & Collender. 

0. A. Roorback 

William L. Jones 

Wilson & Co 

J. S. Penn, ed. ; J.W. Carrington, pub. 
P. Miller k Sons. 

Hallock & Lyon 

Wangh k Mason 

Unitarian Association 

Charles Van Wyck 

Rev. John Henry Hopkins, jr 

Rev. B. T. Onderdonk 

E. M. Stratton. 

William H. Trafton 

Dr. S. Jacobs. 

Quarterly Association 

Charles Lasnile , 

John M. Welch 

C. Edwards Lester, ed , 



J. O. Ambler 

Dinsmore k Co.. 

J. Disturnell 

J. k E. Brooks.. 



J. H. Ayremand k W. 11. Bidwell.... 

Smith, Woodman & Co 

Tvison k Phinney 

John IliUyer « 

Edward Bright , 

Albert Palmer , 

Dilthey k Gambs , 

H. H. Lloyd k Co. 

Board of Missions of Presb. Church. 

Frank Leslie 

Frank Leslie , 

Frank Leslie , 

Frank Leslie , 

Frederick Gerhard 

Meniek B. Dean 

Carlton & Porter 



1859 
1845 
1853 



1858 
1859 
1840 
1855 

1848 
1830 
1S47 
1830 
1853 



1856 
1S2S 
1855 
1S58 
1838 
1857 
1850 



IS44 
IS57 
1858 



1842 

1854 



mo. 
mu. 



E. II. Parker k S. H. Douglass, pre- 
sent publishers 



w. Now pulilisLed by J. H. Shuttz 

k Co, ; H. V. Poor. ed. 
American Railway Bureau, pub. 

I Begun at l'hiladeli)hia as Journal 
of the American Temperance 
Union ; united with Prohibition- 
ist, at Albany, in 1851, and re- 
moved to New York, 
mo. John Richards, present pub. 
mo. 
mo. 
mo. 
mo. 



mo. Com. in Baltimore in 1846. 



mo. 
mo. 



Beiy. H. Day, present publisher. 



Henry Lyon, present publisher. 
Carlton k Porter, present publishers. 



E. P. Allen, present publisher. 



d. k w. 

Cambro-American, Eng. k Wwlsh. 

mo. 

mo. Conrad SwacKhamer, pres. pub. 

mo. I 

mo. 

mo. 1 

A s. w. edition was some time issued,* 
as the New York Fxpress and Ad- 
vertiser. 

mo. W.H. Bidwell, present pub. 

nio. 

Quarterly. 

w. 

w. 



mo- Child's Paper, Metb. Epjg. 



440 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



Papers and Periodicals now published, continued. 



Original Publishers. 



& a. 



Oreat Republic Monthly.. 



Oaksmith k Co.. 



Hall's Journal of Health 

Handel's Zeitung 

Harper's New Monttily Magazine 

Harper's Wf^ekly Journal of Civilization.. 

Herald of Light 

Historical Magazine & Notes and Queries- 



Home 

Home & ForeiKU Record of Presbyterian Church 

Home JournaJ 

Home MjgHzine 

Home Missionary 

Home Mission Record 

Homeopatliic Review 

Horticulturist 



Humorist 

Humphrey's Journal of the Daguerreotype & 
Photographic Arts 

Hunt's Merchants' Magazine 

Insurance Monitor & Commercial Reporter 

Irish American 

Irish News 

Irish Vindicator 

Jewish Messenger 

Journal of the American Geographical & Sta- 
tistical Society 

Journal of Commerce, Jr 



W. W. Hall 

W. Meyer 

Harper &, Brothers 

Harper & Brothers 

New Church Publication Society. 
C. Benj. Richardson 



Beadle k Adams. 



1859 
1854 



1850 
1857 



1857 



Changed from Emerson's Putnam's 

Magazine, 
mo. 
d. & w, 
mo. 



mo. Begun at Boston; 
New York. 



George P. Morris & N. P. Willis 

James 0. Reed 

American Home Mission Society.-... 
American Baptist Home Miss. Soc, 



1854 
1849 



Journal of Finance k Bank Reporter 

Journal of Industry k Monthly Price Current 

of Labor 

Journal of Medical Reform 

Journal of Medicine k Collateral Science 

Journal of Missions & Youth's Day Spring.. 

Journal of Specific Homeopathy 

Knickerbocker, or New York Monthly Magazine 



La Cronica 

Ladies' Newspaper 

Ladies' Repository 

Ladies' Visitor 

Ladies' Wreath 

Leader 

Le Bon Ton , 

L'Echo Fraugais 

L'Eco d'ltalia 

Life Boat 

Life Illustrated 

Little Guide 

Littell's Living Age 

Liviniston's Monthly Law Magazine 

Lutherischer Herold 

Masonic Messenger 

Mercantile News & Mauuf;icturers' Reporter- 
Merchants' k Manufacturers' Journal 

Mercury 



Merry's Museum & School Fellow.. 

Message 

Methodist Quarterly Review, , 

MetropoliUm Record 

Military Gazette , 

Mining and Statistical Magazine.... 



Missionary Advocate , 

Missionary Herald 

Monthly Record of the Five Points House of 

Industry 

Morniug Courier k New York Enquirer 



Mother's Magazine k Family Monitor 

Musical Pioneer 

Musical Review k Record of Musical Science. 

Literature, and Intelligence 

Musical World & New York Musical Times 

National Anti Slavery Standard 

National Humorist 

National Mag:izine 

National Police Gazette 



New Jerusalem Messenger- 
New Yorker 

New Yorker Abendzeitung... 



A. D. Downing, ed. ; L. Tucker, pub. 



Max Conheim k Otto Brethauer. 



S. D. Humphrey. 

Francis Hunt 

T. Jones, Jr 

Lynch k Cole. 

Tho. Fr. Meagher 

E. D. Connery & Co 

Rev. S. M. Isaacs k Son.. 



1839 
1853 
1849 
1854 



John T. Schultz k Co 

Hallock, HaleA Hallock... 



S. T. Hodge., 



Association 

J. D. Friend 

Purple k Smith, eds.; 

A. Mervin 

Humphrey k Palmer.. 
Peabody k Co 



1854 



1859 
1855 



M. De La Pena 

John Hillyer. 

Carlton k Porter 

Laura J. Curtis 

John F. ScoTill 

John Clancy 

S. T. Taylor 

Alex. Trey 

G. F. Secchi de Casale 

American Seaman's Friend Society.., 

Fowler & Wells 

H. H. Lloyd A Co. 
Stanford & Delisser. 

John L. Livingston 

Henry Ludwig 

M. J. Drummond 

W. Gutman k Co 

Thos.K. Kettel.ed.; A. Palmer, prop, 
Krauth k Caldwell 



1853 



S.G.Goodrich 

W. C. Cnnant. 

J. McClintock. 

E. Dunnig-an k Bro.., 

C.G.Stone 

Geo. M. Newton 



IS.'^e 
1S5S 
1852 
1839 

1841 

1828 
1859 



J. P. Durbin 

Presb. Board Miss.; 



A. Merwin, ed.. 



1845 
1S43 



L. M. Pease. 

James Watson Webb.., 



Rev. S. Whittlesey.. 
J. P. Woodbury 



removed to 



mo. 

mo. 

mo. 

mo. 

Begun at Albany. RemoTed to Roch- 
ester; P. Barry, ed. Removed to 
Philadelphia in 1855 : J. J. Smith, 
ed.; R. P. Smith, publisher. Re- 
moved to New York in 1858 ; A. 
0. Moore, present publisher. 



G. W. k A. G. Wood, present pubs. 

mo. 

w, 

J. R. Taylor, present publisher. 



d. Issued from the office of The New 
York Journal of Commerce. 



mo. 
mo. 

mo. John A.Gray, present publisher 
L. G. Clarke, ed. 



mo. 

mo. 

uio. 

w. 

mo. magazine. 

8. w. 

d. 

mo. 

w. 



B. mo. 

mo. 

w. 

mo. 

Caldwell, Southworth k Whitney, 

present publishers. 
J. N. Stearns k Co., present pubs. 

Carlton k Porter, present publishers. 
w. J. Miliary, present publisher, 
mo. Removed from Albany. 
Changed from Mining Magazine; 

Thos. McElrath, present ed. 
Carlton k Porter, present publishers. 



Mason Brothers 

Richard Storrs Willis 

American Anti Slavery Society.. 

Stearns k Co 

Abel Stevens, ed 

Robert A. Seymour 



John L. Jewett 

Cornelius Mathews.. 
Rudolph Leow. 



1828 The w. ed. formerly Weekly Coo- 

ricr & New York Enquirer. 
1833 H. H. Lloyd, present publisher. 
1856 F. J. Huntington, present publisher. 



1858 
1849 
1840 
1856 
1852 
1845 



1855 



mo. CarUon A Porter, present pube, 

w. Geo. W. Malsell k Co., present 

publishers. 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



441 



Papers and Periodicals now published, continued. 



Name. 



Original Publisher. 






New Yorker Beobachter.. 
New Yorker Demokrat... 
Nfcw Yctker Humorist..,. 



New York Daily News... 



New York Day Book. 

New York Diapatch 

>'ew York Clipper.. 

New Y'ork Colonization Journal ..... 
New York Commercial Advertiser.. 



New York Commercial Times.. 
New York Evangelist 



New York Evening Post-. 
New York Express 



F. Schwedler 

F. Schwedler 

Cobnheim & Brethauer 

/Gideon J. Tucker, ed. ; Mclntyre 1 
\ & ParaouB, pubs J 

R. W. Stimson 

A. J. Williams 

Frank Queen 

J. B. Finney 

Francis Uail & Co 



Adams, Upham & Co... 
Field & Craighead ..... 



1846 
1843 
1832 
1826 

1858 
1830 



Wm. Coleman. 

Townsend & Brooks.. 



New York Family Courier «.. 

New York Freeman's Joarnal- 

New York Ilenild 

New York Ledger 

New York Observer 

New York Municipal Gazette... 

New Y'ork Sentinel 

New Y^ork Spectator. 

New York Times 



Jas. Watson Webb 



J. A. McMasters 

James Gordon Bennett 

D. Anson Pratt 

S. E. & R. C. Morse 

B. Merrian, ed 

f Sentinel Printing Co., Col. H. C. 

\ Page, editor , 

Noah Webster 

Uemy J. Raymond 



New York Tribune Greeley & McElrath.. 



New York Weekly 

New York Weekly Chronicle.. 



Nick Nax 

North Amerioan Homeopathic Journal 

Our Musical Friend 

Parish Visitor 

Path Finder 

Periodical Paper of the Am. & For. Bible Soc.. 

Photographic & Fine Art Journal 

Picayune 

Polylingual Journal 

Porter's Spirit of the Times 

Principle 

Programme 

Protestant Churchman 



A. J. Williamson. 
Holman & Gray.... 

Leison & Haney.... 
Wm. Radde 



H. Dyer; Rev. C. W. Adams, pub.. 
John F. Whitney.^ 



Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Review. 

Racing Calendar & Trotting Record 

Radical Abolitionist 

Rail Road & Financial Advertiser 

Real Estate Advertiser & Reporter 

Republican 

Sabbath Recorder 

Sabbath School Visitor 

Sailor's Magazine 

Scalpel ' 

Scientific American .-. 

Scottish American Journal 

Scott's Reiwrt of Fashions 

Seventh Day Baptist Memorial 

Shipping ACommercial List & N. Y. Price Cur- 
rent 

Shoo & Leather Reporter 

Sh(M^maker 

Sociale Republic 

Sower & Missionary Recorder 



Spectator 

Spirit of Missions 

Spirit of the Times 

Spiritual Telegraph 

StJLats-Zeituug 

Standard Bearer , 

Student & School Mate ... 

Sunday Advocate 

Sunday School Advocate .. 

Sunday School Banner 

[Sunday School Gazette.... 

jSunday School Times 

Swedenborgian 



Henry U. Snelling^ 

Gunn & Co. 
Hiram C. Sparks. 

Wm. T. Porter 

John B. Conklin 

C. M. McLachlio & Co 

f H. Anthon, S. H. Tyng, & E. H. 

t C ■' 



Geo. W. Wilkes & Co. 

Wm. Goodell 

John Ilillyer 

J. W. Wheeler 

John Uillyer. 



1853 
1S35 
1847 

1848 
1848 

1860 

1797 
1851 



1850 

1857 
1855 
1858 
1852 

1847 
1845 
1851 



d. & W. 

w. 

W. D. Parsons, present pub. Weekly 
ed. issued as the New York Na- 
tional Democrat. 

d. & w. Yanevrie, Horton & Co. pubs. 



mo. 

d. semi. w. issued as New Y'ork 
Spectator. 

Issued part of the time as the New 

York Evangelist and New York 

Presbyterian, 
d., 6. w., & w. Wm. C. Bryant & Co., 

present publishers, 
d. & s. w. James & Erastus Brooks, 

present publishers. The Dollar 

Weekly Express issued from the 

same oflBce. 
d., fl. w., & w. Changed from the 

Weekly Courier & Enquirer. 
(R.C.) 

d.,s. w., & w. The d. begun in 1837 
Robert Bonner present publisher., 
S. E. Morse Jr. & Co., present pub. 
Published occasionally. 



3. w.; published by Francis Hall & Co 
d., 8. w., & w.; also California and 

European editions. Raymond, 

Wesley & Co., present publishers, 
d., 8. w., & w. ; also California and 

European editions. U. Greeley & 

Co., present publishers. 



& Co., present 



Canfield.. 



1843 



W. B. Maxon . 



H. G. Lawrence.. 

Munn & Co 

Jas. W. Finlay .., 

G. C. Scott 

W. B. Maxon. 



Antms & Boome.. 

D.J. Field 

D. J. Field & Co.... 
Gustave StruTe 



Orville A. Roorback .... 

Daniel Dana. J r 

John Richards 

C. Patridge 

Anna UU. 

N. A. Calkins. 

James L. Smith 

Carlton & Porter 

American S. S. Union.. 



1845 
1850 
1832 
1848 
1845 



Pharcellus, Church 
publishers. 



w. (Sheet music.) 
mo. 



Abram C. Dayton, present pub. 

mo. 

d. 



Seventh Day Bap.Publication Society. 

Seventh Day Baptist. 

American Seaman's Friend Society. 

mo. 



1825 



Rev. Benj.F. Barrett. 



1848 



1S08 
1858 
1858 



w. 

mo. Board of Publication Reformed 

Protestant Dutch Church, 
mo. 
Removed from Burlington, N. J. 



442 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



Papers and Periodicals now puhlished, concluded. 



Name. 



Original pvhlisher. 



Remarks. 



Tablet , 

The Advocate of Moral Reform & Family Guar- 
dian 

The Albion 

The Atlas 

The Carrier Dove 

The Century 

The Cliililren's Magazine 

The Child's I>aper 

The Churchman 

The Constellation 

The Crayon 

The Hiiiiieopathiat 

Tlie Independent 

Thr Inventor 

The iHraelite Indeed 

The New York Journal of Commerce 



D. & J. Sadlier & Co.. 



J. R. McDowell 

W. Young A Co 

Ilerrick & Seaman., 

Daniel Dana, Jr 

Tbos. McKlrath 

F. D. llaniman 



John Hecker 

Park Benjamin, ed 

W. J. Stillman & J. Durand, 



B. W. Benedict 

Low, Hnecall & Co.. 

G. R. Lederer 

Association 



The Press 

'The Printer 

^The .Sun 

Theological k Literary Journal 

Thompson's Bank Note Reporter 

Tiftanv'B Monthly 

TnithTeller 

United States Economist & Dry Goods Reporter. 

United States Hotel Directory 

United States Insurance Gazette 

United States Journal 



Daniel Adee. 

Henry k Himtington.. 

Moses Y. Beaoh , 

Daniel N. Lord, ed 

J. F. Thompson , 

Joel Tiffany. 

Wm. Durman 

Joseph Mackey 

Ropes. Williams & Co.. 

G. E. Currie 

Albert Palmer 



United States Mining Journal , 

United Sttites Railroad and Mining Register.... 

Wall Street Broker 

Water Cure Journal 

Workin<( Farmer 

Yankee Notions 

Y(tnng Cliriatian , 

Ycung Men's Magazine 

Youth's Temperance Advocate 

Y Drvch a'r Gwyliedydd 

YTraethodydd 



1835 
1S22 
1S39 

1858 
1S52 



1R31 
1859 
1855 



1848 
1857 
1857 
1827 



1858 
1S33 

1848 
1840 

1830 



John Hillyer , 

Geo. M. Newton. 

John S. Dye , 

Fowler & Wells , 

Fred. McCready...." 

J. W. Strong , 

Thos. Lyon 

N. A. Calkins. Rich. McCormick, ed. 
John Marsh 



1843 



Wni. Roberta. 



1852 
1855 
1851 
1840 
1854 



Formerly McDowell's Journal. 
Devoted to British news. 



mo. P. E. S. S. Union. 

mo. American Tract Society. 

Geo. Roberts, publisher. 

W. HollingB worth, publisner. 

s. mo. 

Joseph H. Richards, present pub. 



d.,8. W..& w. Hallock, Halo k Hal- 
lock, present publishers. 



d. k w. M. S. Beach, present pub. 
Franklin Knight, present publisher. 
w. P. Adams, publisher. 

w. Michael Madder, present pub. 



mo. J. M. Emerson k Co., present 
publishers. 



mo. 
mo. 



V. (Mirror & Watchman.)' 



Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution. 



Since the Revolution, the following papers have appeared and 
Ijeen discontinued. The list is very imperfect: as, among the 
constant changes that are going on, it is impossible to ascertain 
precise data. It is possible that a few in this list may be still 
issued, and very probable that others may continue to exist 
under a different name : 



Names of Papers. 



Abbott's Religious Magazine.mo. 
Academician, The 



Account, Weekly 

Advertiser, Daily 

Advertiser, New York Daily 

Advocate & Journal, New York, 
d. k w. 
Advocate, New York American, 

changed from Journal 

Age, The 

Age, The 

Age. The d. 

Age of Reason 

Agricultor, New York.„ 

Alexandrian , 

Alliance, New York. 



Alligator, The 

Almighty Dollar, The 

Amaranth, The mo. 

Amateur. The jno. 

Ambassador. The mo. 

American Advocate for Equal 

Rights to Man w. 

American Architect 

American Artisaa 

American biblical ilepoa. .....qr, 



Publishers. 



John Wiley 

A. k J. W. Picket, 

eds 

Bacon k Stimson... 
Childs k Swaine.... 
Dwight, Townsend 

k Co 

Redwood k Fisher.. 

Redwood & Fisher.. 

Jacob Acker 

Grattan k Meighau 
Kendrick k Co 



Allen k Co.. 



C. J. 

: E. 



C. C. Leigh, 

Warren 

Wilkes 

Stephen H. Branch 

C. C. Champlin 

John Henry 



C. M. Saxton.™.. 

S. Fleet 

J. H. Agnew 



1818 

1848 
1785 



1830 

1833 
1K31 
1844 
1856 
1846 
18.^2 
1835 



1852 
1858 
1S51 
1848 
1832 
1842 

1844 
1847 

1847 
1843 






1855 
1859 



Names of Papers. 



American Celt 

American Chronopress mo. 

Ameriran Citizen d. 

American Citizen 

A merican Citizen k Watch Tower 
American Eclectic 



American Eclectic bi-mo. 

American Ensign w. 

American Ensign d. 



American Family Journal. ...mo. 



American 
American 
American 

Reportei 
American 
American 

graphy. 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 



Farmer & Mechanic... 

Flora mo. 

Foreign Anti Slavery 

- mo. 

Journal of Education. 
Journal of Photo- 



Jubilee 

Keystone 

Laborer mo. 

Lancet mo. 

Magazine 

Mail 

Mechanic 



American Mechanics' Magazine- 
American Metropulis. 

American Mineral ogical Journal 

American Minerva. d. 

American Missionary Register, 

mo. 

American Monthly Magazine.... 



McGee k Mitchell- 
Alba Honeywell.... 
James Cheetham... 
John R. De Puy 



Absalom Peters k 
S. B. West 

J. 11. Agnew 

Burns k G.immons 

Association. Burns 
k Gammons 

Rev. D. Newell k J 

' R. Wisner 

E. B.Carter 

A. B. Strong, ed..... 



Joseph McKean.. 



C. A.Steele 

Wm.Goodell 

Caliicot k Webster 
Greeleyi McElrath 



Samuel Loudon 

Park Benjamin 

J. M. Van Osdel k 

S. T. Porter. 

D. K. Minor 

H. O. Dayler 

Archibald Bruce.... 

Geo. Bruce & Co 

U. F. M. Soc. Z. 

Lewis k others... 
W. Hallet k A. D. 

Patterson 



18 r. 5 
18.S0 
1806 
1843 
1806 

1841 
lS4;i 
1844 



1847 
1.S43 
1849 

1S44 
1847 

1845 
1856 
1851 
1S42 
1831 
1787 
1847 

1840 
1832 
1845 
1S19 
1793 

1820 

1833 



1826 
1846 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 
Papers and Periodicals discontirMed since the Revolution, continued. 



443 



NAME3 OP Papers. 



American Monthly Magazine & 

Critical Review. 
American Moral & Sentimental 

Magazine 

American Musical Jourual...mo. 

American Patriot 

American Patriot 

American Patriot k Public Ad- 

vertJaer 

American Penny Magazine 

American Phouographer. 

American Plow Boy 

American Protestant 

Americ-an liepertory of Arts, 

oience, &■ Manufactures 

American Repository mo. 

American Review & Literary 
Journal 

American Review & Whig Jour- 
nal 

[American Spectator 

American Sporting Magazine, 
mo. 

American Temperance Intelli- 
gencer 

American Temperance Magazine 

American Temperance Magazine 
& Sons of Temperance Offering 

American Temperance Recorder, 
mo. 

American Whig Review, changed 
from American Review & Whig 
Jon mill. 

America's Own 

America's Own & Weekly Fire- 
man's Journal 

Anglo American 

Anglo Saxon mo. 

Annalist, The 

Anti Masonic Review & Monthly 
Magazine 

Anti Slavery Reporter 

Appleton's Mechanics* Maga- 
zine mo. 

Arcturufl 



J. H. Bigelow & 0. 
L. HoUey 



Thomas Kirk ., 

Jas. Dunn 

Association .... 



Samuel 0. Brower. 
Thood. Dwight.jr. 
John W. Leonard.. 

D. K. Miner 

C- R. Moore, agent. 



J.J. Mapes, ed.. 
W. A. Cox. Me- 
chanic Institute.. 



C. B. Brown, ed... 

Wiley & Putnam., 
B. F. Romaine ..... 



C. R. Golden .. 



S. P. Carey- 



Oliver k Bro.„ 



E. B. Cfailda.ed.-... 



Argns.orGreenleaf' 8 New Daily 

Advertiser 

Argua & United States Gazette.. 

Aristidean mo. 

Arthur's Home mo. 

Artist, The mo. 

Asmonean 

Atlantic Magazine mo. 

Atlas, The 



Atlas Magazine s. mo. 



Atom. The 

Badger's Weekly Messenger 

Banner of the Confltitution 

Baptist Advocate 

Bapti.st Memorial mo. 



Baptist Repository.. 



Barnburner, The 

Beacon, The 

Belles Lettres Repository mo. 

Better Times 

Bible Examiner s. mo. 

Biblical Inquirer 

Biblical Journal 

Bibliotheca Sacra k Theological 

Review. 
Biabee's New Monthly Magazine 

Booksellers' Advertiser 

Book Trade, The mo. 

Bowery Boy. The 

British Chronicle 

British NewsA Old Countryman 

Broadway .lournal 

Bunker Hill. The 

Business Reporter k Merchants 

and Mechanics' Advertiser. 
Cabinet, The 



H. D. Patterson, ed. 



R. k G. S. Wood.... 

Henry Dana Ward 
Am. Anti Sla. Soc.. 

J. M. Adame. ed.... 

Matthews k Duyc- 

kiuck 



J. Greenleaf. 

Capt. N. Cook 

Lane & Co 

DeWitt&Davenport 

F. Guarre 

Robert Lvon 

E. Bliss & E. White 
J. D. Porter & E. 

Prescott 

Swinburne, Rogers 
A Co 

Robert G. Hatfield. 

B. Badger, ed 

Condy Raquct 

Robert Sears 

Rev. Enoch Hutch- 
inson, ed. 

Jafs. Van Valken- 
burgh 

W. J. Tenney 

G. Vail 

A. T. Goodrich &Co. 

U. Hagadorn 

George Storrs 

J.E. Jones 

Israel Post 

B. B. Edwards k E. 
A. Park 



West k Trour 

H. Wilson 

P. F. Harris 

P. Brown, ed 

Vinter k Moody... 

John Biscoe 

S. B. Dean k Co.. 

H. L. Bamum .... 
Henry P. Piercy . 



1819 
1799 



1817 

1797 
18;i5 
1S41 
1S43 

1806 
1845 
1851 
1833 
1845 

1840 

1840 

1801 

1845 
1841 



1834 
1851 



1851 
1848 



1849 

1851 
1842 
1847 
1849 

1829 
1834 

1851 

1841 

1795 
1S41 
1845 
1857 
1843 
1849 
1824 

1830 

1S34 
1847 
1831 
1831 
1840 



1829 
1848 
1S43 
1819 
1840 
1844 
1850 
1842 

1844 
1839 
1834 
1850 
1856 
1842 
1849 
1845 
1844 

1S34 
1830 1831 



1858 
1825 



Names of Papers. 



Calumet bi-mo. 

Calumet of Peace 

Campaign, The 



Campaign of Freedom 

Canfidd'a American Argus... 
Catholic Expositor & Literary 

Mag.izine 

Catholic Expositor k Literary 

Magazine mo. 

Catholic Magazine 

Catholic Register 



Child's Masrnzine ....mo. 

Childrens' Magazine mo. 

Choral Advocate & Singing Clas.g 
Journal 

Christian Diadem mo. 

Christian Family Magazine.. mo. 

Christian Inquirer 

Christian Journal & Christian 
Rngister 

Christian Magazine mo. 

Chiistian Parlor Magazine.. .mo. 

Christian Review quar. 

Christian Spiritualist 

Chronicle Express 

Chronicle of the Times 

Churchmen's Monthly Magazine 

Citizen, The 

Citizen of the World 

City Chronicle 

City Guide 

City Hall Reporter k New York 
General Law Magazine 

City Journal and Ladies' Daily 
Gazette 

City Recorder 

Cobbett'.i Political Register 

Code Reporter. mo. 

Colored American 

Columbian d. k s. w. 

Columbian for the Country 

Columbian Ladies and Gentle- 
men's Magazine 

Columbian Magazine mo. 

Comet, The 

Commercial Advertiser & Spec- 
tator 

Commercial Register. mo. 

Constellation 



Constellation 

Corrector, or Independent Amer- 
ican mo. 

Corsair. The 

Cosmopolite a semi-mo. mag. 



Cosmorama 

Cricket. The 

Criterion. The 

Critic, The 

Crystal Fount 

Cuban 

Cyclopedia Indianensis 

Daily Court Calendar 

Daily Evening State Register..... 

Daily Gazette 

Daily Globe 

Daily Plebeian 

Daily Stat*?8man 

Day's New York Bank Note List 

Democratic Chronicle d. 

Democratic Republican 

Dental Recorder 

Dewitt k Davenport's Monthly 
Literary Gazette 

Diary, or Loudon's Register 

Dime, The 

Dispatch & Tattler d. 

Dollar Weekly 

Downfall of Babylon 

Dry Goods Reporter k Mer- 
chants' Gazette 

Dyp'a Bank Bulletin d. 

Dye's Bank Mirror. b. mo. 



Publishers. 



L. D. Dewey ., 



O'SuUivan k Til- 
den 



John Dillon Smith 
k P. Gallagher... 



Rev. A Ten Bi-oeck 



Mason k Law 

Z. Patten Hatch . 
Rev. D. Newell.... 
B. Bates , 



T, k J. Swords. 
Ilopkiiisi Seymour 
Rev. D. M^ad... 
James Woolsey, 



P. S. Wiggins 

T. Swords 

John McClanahan. 
G. Vail 



Solon Horn ... 
John Lomas.. 



Daniel Rogers.. 



Sam. E.Cornish, ed 
Charles Holt 



John .Tuman, ed... 

Israel Post 

H. D. Duhecquet.. 



Franklin Woods & 
Co 

Green,Clark&Bart- 
lett , 

John Henry 



N. P. Willis 

Prentiss, Clark 

Co 

Burton. 



Chas. R.Rode 

Wm. Leggett , 

Burnett k Allen.. 

J. Mesa 

Piatt & Peters 



J. A. Scovill . 



L. D. Shaumra 

Childs k Co 

Abijah Ingraham. 

Mahlon Day 

Wm. D. Hait 

W. Hagadorn 

Chas. W. Ballard.., 



Samuel Loudon 

De Land* Clay 

Jas.G. Wilson&Co. 
HerrickA Roper... 



John S. Dye.. 
John S. Dye. 



1R35 
18J2 

1844 
1S48 

1830 



1S43 
1839 

1840 
1827 
1835 

1850 
1S48 
1843 
1825 

1S17 
18(J*i 
1845 
1S35 
18.04 
180*2 
1828 

1804 ; 

1854 
1834 
1847 
1850 

1833 ] 

1842 

1816 ] 

181(i 

184S 

1S37 

ISIO 

1819 1 

1844 
1845 
1834 

1807 

1855 

1830 ] 

1845 

1815 

1M5 

1839 

1849 

1845 
1S55 
1828 
1843 
1S55 
1843 
1845 
1856 
1843 
1845 
1842 
1S48 
1819 
1S34 
1X31 
1855 

1851 

1791 : 

1854 

1S40 

1843 

1835 

1845 
185S 



1R24 
ISll 



1836 



44i 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution, continued. 



NiMES OF Papers. 



Dye"8 Wall St. Broker^ 

iiclio &■ Literary Military Chron- 
icle 

Eclectic Museum 

Edumud, Charles &, Co.'s Bank 
N<'teLiBt 

Emancipator 

Euu-nild & Political Literary &. 
Commercial Recorder 

Emerson's Putnam's Monthly... 

Emigrant, The 

Emigrant &. Old Countryman.... 

Emigrants' Magazine mo. 

Empire Magazine mo. 

Empire State 

Empire State Democrat 

l-^uteipriad. The a. mo. 

Pipicureaa Gondola 

Era, The 

Eureka, or National Journal of 
Inventions, Patents,^ Sciences 

Europeaoj The 

European, The ^. 

European American 

European News 

Evangelical Guardian & Review 

Evening City Gazette 

Evening Gazette 

Evening Herald d. 

Evening Mirror d. 

Evening Signal 

Evening Star d. & s. w. 

Evening Star 

Evening Tattler 

EvLirgreen mo. 

Evergreen, The mo, 

Evergreen, or Monthly Church 

Offering 

Every Youth's Gazette 

Examiner, The mo. 

Examiner, The 

Excelsior 



John S. Dye 

Crawley, Milne St 

Co 

John H. Agnew, 



Joshua Leavitt, ed 
Hugh H. Byrne 



John S. Bartlett... 
John S. Bartlett... 

John Wiley 

M. R. Andrews 



Hiram Cummings.. 
G. W. Bleecker ..... 

Isaac D. Geiger 

W. T. Adams &, Co, 
J. L. Kingsley k J. 

P. Pierson 

John W. Moore 



G.F. S.deCasale, 
Kimber Sl Fine... 
Aeao. of Clergymen 



Expositor &, Bajiking Circular... 

Express Messenger 

Family Companion mo. 

Family Keepsake mo. 

Family Magazine mo. 

Family Minstrel s. mo 

Family Record 

Family Visitor & SilkCultnrist. 

Farmers' Guide to Science & 
Practical Agriculture 

Farmers' Library k Monthly 
Journal of Agriculture \. 

Farmers, Mechanics, Manufac- 
turers, & Sporting Man's 
Magazine juo. 

Fathers' Magazine mo. 

Female Advocate s. mo. 



Fireman's Gazette 

Fisher'i National Miigazine k 
Historical Record 

Flag of the Free 

Flatf of Our Union 

For. & Domestic Chronicle. ..mo. 

Forcep, The quar. 

Forrester's Boy's k Girl's Maga- 
zine 

Frank Leslie's Gazette of Fashion 

Frank Leslie's New York Jour- 
nal 1 

Franklin Daily Advertiser 

Freedom's Journal 

Free Enquirer 



Freeman'a Journal A Catholic 
Reiiister 

Free Press 

Free State Advocate 

Gazette of Education k Snnday 
School Journal g. mo. 

Gazette Extraordinary 

Gazette of the Union 



K. G. Evans 

Kingsley, Barton k 

Co 

MoiTis k Willis 

Jonas Winchester.. 

Noah & GUI- 

W. Burns 

Dillon k Hooper.... 



J. Winchester.. 



J. Winchester 

B Gardnier. ed 

J. Stevenson 

W. H. McDonald k 
Co 



A. L. Stimson 

P. Childs&C-o.... 
Burdick k Scovill 
Redfield k Lindsley 
Chas. Dingley... 
Ridgeway k Co. 
Theodore DwigbtA 
others 



1847 

1846 
1843 

1 840 
1834 

1824 



L. Scott k Co. 



Geo. Honston 

John Wiley 

W. Goodell 4 S. P. 

Hine9 

Robert Sears 



Rev. Wood Fisher.. 
Williams Brothers. 
S. French 



Tooth Manufac. Co. 



W.C. Locke.. 
Frank Leslie... 



Frank Leslie.... 



Cornish & Ruewaru 

Frances Wright & 

R. D. Owen 



Jm. M. White.... 
Wm. Hagadorn.. 
Jas. B. Swain 



183; 
1836 
1834 
1848 
1840 
1842 
1831 
1863 
1860 

1846 
1836 
1856 
1849 
1847 
1817 
1828 
1846 

1843 
1827 
1840 
1834 
1846 
1840 
1841 
1840 

1844 
1843 
1812 
1833 

1849 
1849 
1866 
1846 
186' 
1834 
1.S36 
1861 

1839 



1826 
1834 

1832 
1835 

1845 
1848 
1848 
1843 
1855 

1845 
1853 

1856 
1832 
1827 



1843 
1834 
1866 

1843 
1843 
1847 



1869 
1836 



1848 



Names of Papers. 



Publishers. 






Gazette of the Union. Golden 
Rule, 4 Odd Fellows' Com- 
panion ICrampton 4 Clark. 1838 1 18.52 

Gazette of the United State8.-.d.'Lan,v & Turner 1789 

Genius of Temperance Wm. Goodell & S. 



Geographical 4 Commercial Ga- 
zette mo. 

Gleaner, The 

Globe 4 Democratic Union d. 

Globe & Emerald, or Saturday 
Journal of Literature, Politici, 
4 Arts 

Golden Rule 

Good Samaritan Messenger 

Gospel Herald. 

Gospel Luminary 

Gospel Sun.., 

Gospel Witness 

Green's National Guardian 

Halcyon Luminary 4 Theolog- 
ical Repository 

Harbinger, The 



P. nines.. 



J. Disturnell 

Charles King 

Caspar C. Childs ... 

T. W. CTerke 4 Co. 



F. Fisk 

Millard 4 Clough.., 



n.irt's Path Finder 

Herald of Christian Love 4 

Working Man's Friend 

Herald & Gazette for tlte Country 

Herald of the Union 

Hewitt's Excelsior 

Holden's Dollar Magazine... mo. 

Home Circle mo. 

Home Companion 

Home Missionary 

Honest Wrath 

Home's Rail Road Gazette... 
Hudson's Exchange Shipping 

List tri-w 

Human Rights 



AsBoc'ation 

American Union of 
Associationists 



Geo. Bunco & Co ... 
C. Edwards Lester. 
H. W. Hewitt 



Illustrated American News., 

Illustrated News 

Illustrated News 



Illustrated New York News. 

Independent Journal 

Independent Reflector 

Independent Republican 

Industiial Agent 

Infant Drummer 

International MonthlyMagazine 



Investigator. The 

Inveterate, The 

Irish Democrat 

Irish Evangelist 

Irish Volunteer 

Iron Platform 

Island City 

Isi-ael's Herald 

Janus 

Jeffersonian, The 

.lewish Chronicle mo. 

Journal. The 

Journal of Christian Education.. 



Journal des Dames mo. 

.Tournal of the Fine Arts 

Jonrnal of the Fine Arts 4 Mu- 
sical World. mo. 

Journal of the People tii-w. 

Jonrnal of Progress 

Journal of Public Morals 



Jonrnal of Useful Knowledge 4 
Monthly Record of New Pub- 
lications ^ 

Journal of Women 

Juvenile Wesleyan 

Knickerbocker Gazette 

Ladies' Casket mo. 

Ladies' Companion mo. 

Ladies' Diadem mo. 

Ladies" Keepsake 4 Home Li- 
brary mo. 

Ladies' Weekly Miscellany 



Garret 4 Co 

S.M.Giddings&Co. 

Absalom Peters 

M. Doheney, ed 

C. Home 



Wm. H. Hudson ... 

Amer. Anti Slavery 

Society 



P. T.Bamum4 H. 
D. Bea«h 



Webster 4 McLean 



1865 1856 
1840 



1826 
1845 
1860 
1830 
1830 
1850 
1838 



1S4.S 
1847 

1850 
1796 
1851 
1846 
l«f.O 
1856 
18,57 
1828 
1856 
1849 

1836 

1836 
1852 
1843 



1819 



1843 



1853 
18,61 
1783 
1762 

(1806,1807 

Wm. Newell 4 Co.. 1S48I 

J. Uillyer 1851 

Stringer 4 Town- 
send 1S.50 

Jarvis F. Hanks.... '1830 
Denman 4 Horn ... 11849 
John McLaughlin.. 1832 

John Hurley 1861 

M. O'Connor 1,S43 

Wm. Oland Bourne 1S6 
1846 



R. Henisen 

Childs.Devoe & Hill 
E. R. McGregor. 

B, Brandreth 

Rev. Beiij. 0. Pier 
4 B. J. Height... 

Wm. B.Taylor.. 



W. T. Brockelbank 
4 Co 



Harmonical Asso. 

Goodell, Hines 4 

NiltiS 



Worthy L. Lee. . 

L. Neelv 

J. C. Burdick.... 
Wm. Snowdon .. 
J. C. Burdick.... 



Burdick 4 Scovill.. 



1849 
1S52 
1835 
184;! 
183: 

1843 



1861 
1847 
1863 



1850 
1834 
1839 
1844 
1848 
1836 
1848 

1885 
1807 



1866 
1862 



1862 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 
Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Mevolntion, eoniinued. 



445 



Nambs of Papkhs. 



Lady's Own , 

Lancet. The 

Lantern. The 

Last Section Visitor 

Leonori's Bank :Note List 

Liberia Advocate, New York & 

St. Thoma.'^ 

Life Insurance Examiner 

Life in New York 

Light Ship 

Light Ship & Sunday School 

Monitor 

Literary American 



Literary Gazette... 
Literary Journal- 



Literary Mi?ceIlaoY 

Literary k Scientific Kepository 
& Critical Review 

Literary & Theological Review 
mo. 

Literary World 

Livingston &. Wilmer's Express- 
Lyceum Reporter k Critical Mis- 
cellany mo. 

Magazine for the Million 

Magazine of Horticulture 

Magazine of Useful k Entertain- 
ing Knowledge. 

Magnet 

Mason k Tnttle's Advertiser 

Masonic Register k Union. ..mo. 

McKenzie'B Gazette 

Mearson's U. S. Bank Note Re- 
porter 

Mechanics k Farmers' Magazine 
of Ueeful Knowledge 

Mechanics' Magazine 

Medic:U k Phif. Journal & Re- 
view 

Medical Repoaitory k Review of 
Medicine k Surgery 

Mentor k Fireside Review 

Mercantile Advertiser 



Myron Finch. 

G. P.Quiickenbose, 
ed 

Swinburne & Pat- 
terson 

R. F. Tuckerman k 
Co 

J. P. Trow k Co.... 

Wiley & Halsted.-, 

Leon. Wood. jr., ed, 
C. F. Hoffman 



Le Roy Sunderland 



J. F. Adams 

Atex. McKenzie.. 



Mercantile Advertiser & New 
York Advocate 

Mercantile Guide & Family Jour- 
nal 

Merchant's l>ay Book d. 

Merchant's Intelligencer 



Merchant's I-edger d. 

Message Bird 



Methodist Protestant 

Metropolitan 

Metropolitan Courier of the 
Union 

Metropolitan Magazine 

Mid-Day Courier with the Morn- 
ing Mails V 

Midnight Cry 

Military Monitor & American 
Register 

Minerva, The 

Minerva, or Literary, Entertain- 
ing. 4 Scientific Journal 

Ming's New York Price Current. 

Mining Journal k American Rail 
Road Gazette 

Mirror of Fashion 

Mirror of the Times 

Monitor, The 

Monitor k Messenger 



Monthly Bulletin 

Monthly Cosmopolite.. 



Monthly Diadem 

Monthly Distribution 

Monthly Family Circle k Parlor 

Annual 

Monthly Journal of Agriculture 



Puhlish^rs. 



E. B. Cbilda, ed.. 

J. G. Bennett 

Jackson k Co 

W. 0. Bourne 

L. J. Leonori 



John C. Johnston. 



Mortimer J. Smith 



Miner k Shaeffer.. 

3.k T. Swords 

J. & T. Swords 



Butler k Munford 
in 1830. 



Amos Butler k Co. 

Wm. E. Blakeney.. 
N. R. Stimson k 

G. Foster 

Eustis, Prescott k 

Co 

Pratt k Requa 

T. Brockelbank k 

Co 

A. T. Piercy 



Geo. Mearson... 
Joseph Mason.. 



Joshua V. Mines... 

Joseph Desnones. . 

E. Bliss k E. White. 

J. Houston & J.G. 

Brooks 



John E. Grant.. 
Genio C. Scott... 
W.W.Wallace.. 



J. E. Jones & C. 
B.Turner 



Prentiss, Clarkl k 
Co 



Geo. P. Metcalf. 

John 3. Skinner.... 



1849 

1H43 
1852 
1846 
I860 

1C48 
1849 
1850 
1845 



1835 



1852 
1849 



18.34 
1847 
1843 

1843 
1844 
1840 



1843 
1844 
lSo4 

1838 

1848 

1830 
1837 



1810 
1839 

1807 

1834 

1852 

1849 

1832 
1846 

1842 
1836 
1852 

1847 
1835 

1814 
1839 

1812 
1822 

1824 
1809 

1847 
1839 
1848 
1850 

1851 
1840 

1848 
1S50 
1835 

1841 

1845 



1824 






1848 



Names of Papers. 



Monthly Lecturerof the National 
Socifty of Literature & Science 

Monthly Magazine k American ) 
Monthly Review J 

Monthly Military Repository 

Monthly Recorder 

Monthly Recorder of Five Points 
House of Industry 

Monthly Record of Prison Asso- 
ciation 

Monthly Register, Magazine, k 
Review of U. S 

Monthly Repository & Library 
of Entertaining Knowledge... 

Monthly Tr.ide Gazette 

Mural & Daily Advertiser 

Moral Lyceum 

Mormon. The 

Morning Chronicle d. 

Morning Chronicle d. 

Morning Chronicle d. 

Morning Chronicle k Tippecanoe 
Advertiser 

Morning Post 

Morning Post k Family Gazette.d 

Morning Star 

Morning Telegraph 



John Brlsted.. 



Morning Times k Commercial 
Intelligencer .' 

Morning Watch 

Morris's National Press Journal 
for Home 

Musical Magazine 

Mustang Bulletin mo. 

National Advocate jsk, w. 

National Advocate for the Coun- 
try 

National Democrat 



National Trades Union ., 



National Union 

Naval Magazine bi-mo, 

Ned Buntline'a Own , 



New Charitable Monthly , 

New Church Messenger quar. 

New Church Repository mo. 

New Era & American Courier, 
d. k w. 

New Industrial World 

New Mirror 

New Montlily Messenger 

News Boys' Pictorial 

New World 



Publishers. 



Theodonis Foster... 

Brown, 

T. k J. 

Swords 

Clias. Smith 



loeoaorui 

rc. B. 

< ed.; 
{ Swort 



Si 



L. M. Peaae 

Prison Asso.of New 
York. 



F. S. Wiggins 

G.S.Wells 

GoodcU & Hines.... 

C.C.I'. Crosby 

John Taylor 

Lazarus Beach 

Lewis Jones & Co... 
John W. Moore 



Joseph Osborne 

Story & Hildreth... 

Williams Bro 

De Witt Blood- 
good 



N. J. Eldridge 

J.V.Hines & others. 



Geo. White 4 Co. . 



M.M.Noah 

A. Ingraham, ed.; 

C. C. Childs, pub. 
D. Darling & E. J. 

Tan Cleve 



Rev. C. S. Stewart., 
Edward Z. C. Jud- 

8on 

W. C. Conant.... 



New York American 

New York American for the 
Country 

New York American Republic... 

New York Ameiican Sentinel ... 

New York Amulet A Ladies' 
Literary & Religious Chronicle 

New York Aurora 

New Y'ork Bulletin 

New York Business Chart 

New York Cabinet 

New York Cadet 

New York Cadet & Daughter of 
Temperance 

New York Christian Messenger.. 

New York Chronicle 

New York Citizen 

New Y'ork City Budget 

New York Columbian s.w. 

New York Commercial Tran- 
script 

New York Crusader 



New York Cynosure 

New Y'ork Daily Bee 

New York Daily Gazette... 

New York Daily News 

New York Daily Sentinel.. 



J. W. Bell 

John White.... 

Geo. P. Morris 

B. Badger 

Dexter 

Park Benjamin, ed.; 
J. Winchester, 
pub 

Johnson Verplanck 



1799 
1796 
1813 



laoi 

1797 
1813 



1867 



1855 

1830 1 

1855 

1832 

1833 

1855 

1803 

1802 

1842 

1840 
1810 
1832 
1848 

1846 

1840 
1838 1 

1846 
1835 
1853 
1812 

1826 

1851 

1835 
1824 
1830 

1848 
1855 
1851 
1850 



D. K. Miner.. 
J. F. Trow.... 



F. Fisk, ed 

ThOH.Dunn English 



W. H. Starr .. 
J. N. Moffatt.. 



Daniel Cady 

P. Price 

Judd A Maclay... 
J. F. Trow A Co.. 

R. F. Mather 

Alden Spooner. 



Kellogg A Taylor. 
G. F. tiecchi de Ca- 



John L. Knapp 

Archibald McLean. 



Evans & Stanley ... 



1851 
1843 
1842 
1856 

1839 
1820 

1834 
1843 
1846 

1830 
1841 
1840 
1847 
1830 
1860 

1847 
1832 
1851 
1843 
1861 



1842 

1863 
1843 
1834 

i; 

1843 
1830 



1833 



1817 



m& 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 
Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution, cotitinued. 



Names op Papers. 


Publisfiers. 


- s 


M 
*1 


Names op Papers. 


Publishers. 


li 

1844 

1808 
1841 
1860 
1S31 
1840 
1652 
1666 
1845 

1848 

1831 
16J4 

is: 60 
1823 
1837 

1825 

1848 
1830 
1822 
1866 
1830 
1835 
1807 
1820 

1S31 
1822 
1846 
1830 

1836 

1833 
1832 
1843 

1838 
1842 

1843 
1836 

1858 

1855 
1846 

1853 

1795 
1831 
1840 

1832 
1827 
ISIO 
1S46 

1832 

1834 
1833 

1833 
1856 
1848 
1849 
1851 

1864 
1S4S 
1829 
1S13 
1841 

1841 

1808 

1843 
1860 


11 
1866 

1843 
1827 


New York Daily Times 


E. Philip Williams. 


1849 
1842 

1849 
184S 
1848 

1848 

1830 
1S46 
1824 
1826 
1843 
1847 
1855 

1843 

1830 

1846 
1868 
1826 

1831 
1802 
1R45 
1810 

1846 

1767 

1786 
1843 

1826 

1819 

1825 

1843 
1860 

1790 
1S4.3 
1860 

1830 
1810 

1809 

1810 

1823 
1861 

1797 

1831 

1864 
1839 
1843 

1823 
1860 

180O 

1824 
1830 

1844 
1781 

1788 

1840 

1865 


1853 

1857 
1858 

1840 

1827 

1821 

1811 
1811 

1814 

1842 
1804 


New York National Reformer ... 
New Y'ork Patriot & Morning 


Thos. Ainge Devyn 
J. J. Negrin 




New Yiti k Directory & Busineea 
Bulletin 






Jas. McKean 

Woodard & Co 

S. Skinner 


New York Dissector. quar. 


Dr. H.H.Sherwood 

E. Weston & Co 

H. M. Onderdonk, 
ed 




New York Pilot 


New YurkKccleaiologist.....Jiio. 

New York EveniDg Journal 

New Ynrk Evening: Irfdger 


New York Planet 


Kellogg & Co 




C B Norton 


Bu3h, Cook & 






New York Recorder 

New York Recorder & Baptist 1 
Register / 

New York Register & Anti Ma- 
sonic Review...., semi. mo. 

NcwYork Register A Gazette.mo. 

New York Register of Medicine 


Colley & Ballard.-.. 
J E. Wright, jr . 
\ & L. S. Cutting 

Henry Dana Ward 
W Green 


Greene & Co 


R. Tvrrell 


New York Examiner 


M. M.Noah. 


Wm. L. McKenzie. 


New York Expositor mo. 


Jas. Warnock 

D K.Miner 


C. B. Norton 


New Y'ork Farniprs & American 


New York Religious Chronicle... 


Gray & Bunce 


New York Farmers' & Historical 




New York Review & Atheneum 


E. Bliss & E.White. 
Henry Clapp & T. 

B. Aldrich. 
Geo. Mearson & Co. 


New York Farmer & Mechanic.. . 
New York Fireman's Journal.... 


W. H. Stewart & 

J. M. Steam 8 

John W. Fowler.... 






New Y'ork Gazette & General 


Long, Turner & Co. 


New Y'ork .^eutinel s. w. 


Michael Tookey.>... 






New York Jeffersonian 


E Charles 


New York Spectator s. w. 

NewYurk Sporting Magazine.mo. 


Francis Hall & Co.. 




New York Journal of Education 
New York Journal A Patriotic 


J. McKean, S. S. 
Randall & J. S. 








New York Standard s. mo. 

New Y'ork Standard & Statesman 


Henry House. 
John G. Mumford.. 

A. Nash & Co 

Rev. A. Dickinson... 

Wooster Beach 

Holland, Sanford 
& Davies. . . . 


Thos. Greenleaf..... 

Eleazer Osgood 

S Owen 


New York Journal, or Weekly 




New York Telescope.. 




New York Times . 


New YVirk Literary Gazette & 
4> B K Itepository 


Jas. G. Brooks 


New York Transcript d. 

New Y'ork Traveler 


Haywood, Stanley 
&Co 


New York Literary Journal & 




New York Literary Magazine & 


Jas. S.Brooks 


New Yoik Visitor mo. 

New York Visitor & Parlor Com- 


J. W. Harrison 


New Y'r.rk Luminary & "Weekly 








S. C. Hill 


New York Washincton Reformer 




New York Magazine & Literary 










R. Roster A Co 

D. M. Reese, ed 

Association of Phy- 
sicians & Sur- 


Nfw York Waverley and Lite- 


B.Baker & Co 

Cleaveland&McEl- 


New York MedicaKiazette...mo. 
New York Medical Inquirer.jno. 

New York Medical Magazine.mo. 
New^ York Medical & Philoso- 


New Y'ork Weekly Critic 




Geo. R. Hazewell... 

Cleaveland & McEl- 

rath 




New York Weekly Leader 

New York Weekly Magazine & 
MiscellnneotiH Kepoaitory 




John Bull 


New York Medical & Philo.scH\ 
phical Journal quar. J 

New York Medical & Philoso-) 

phical Ke^iBter J 

New York Medical Times mo 

New Y'ork Medical Repository... 

New York Mentor semi. mo. 

New York Mercantile Journal 

tri-w. 

New York Messenger & Traveller 


John W.Francis. 
Jacob Dyck- 
man. & John 

Beck._ 

jDre. Hosack & 




New Y'ork Weekly Messenger... 
New York Weekly Messenger & 


P. Donaldson 

Burnett & Smith.... 
Morris & Willis 


New York Weekly Mirror 

New York ^A'etkly Museum 


H. D. Bnlklpv 

S. L. Mitchell, E. 
Miller. & E. H. 






Gavin, Rodgers & 
Co 


New York Weekly Register & 


S. Wild 




Lyon&Hillyer 

A. L. Stimson 


New York Weekly Whig 

New York Weekly Whig.d. & w. 




0. L. Holley & H. 
D.Ward 


NewY'ork Mirror & Ladies' Lite- ") 
rary Gazette j 


f S. Woodworth & 
\ G.P.Morris.-. 


Thos. L. Nichols.... 




Nisbitt's American Times 

Norton's Literary Adveniser 

Norron's Literary Gazette & 
Publishers' Circular 


G. F. Niebitt & Co.. 
Chas. B. Norton.... 

Chas. B.Norton.... 


New Y'ork Missionary Magazine. 

mo. 

New York Monthly Chronicle.... 

New York Morning Herald. 




Agsociationof Phy- 


A. Nash * Co 

J. L. O'fnllivan * 

S. J. Tilden 

Morton & Horner. 








S. Marks 








Olive Plant & Ladies' Temperance 


Pierce A Reed 

J. J. Negrin 


New York Morning Post & Daily 


L'Oracle, L'Kcho du Jour, & 




Chas. Dingley. 




Organ of the Washington Sec. 




New Y'ork Musical Review & 


Parker s Jturnal & Weekly Gaz. 


Wm. B. Parker..... 







NEW YORK COUNTY. 
Papers and Peritdicals discontinued since the Revolution, continued. 



447 



Names of Papers. 



Puhlishers. 



John W. Moore.... 

Miss A. Reed 

Park Godwin 

A. Noonan & Co... 
Peabody &. Co 



James Webster... 



J. Frank 

Pooler iCo. 

Dr. J. M. LovelL. 



Parley's Magazine. mo. C. S. Francis A Co.. 

Parlor Annual mo. Rev. D. Newell 

Parlor Magazine 

Passion Flower 

Path Finder 

Paul Pry 

Pcabody's Parlor Journal 

Pekin Tea Company's Gazette... 

People's Democratic Guide 

People's Friend and Daily Ad- 
vertiser 

Penny Dispatch 

Penny Gazette 

Petit Courrier dea Dames, or 
Monthly Journal of Fashion... 

Photographic Art Journal.. ..mo. 

Picture Gallery 

Plain Dealer 

Pooler k Co.'s Weekly Dispatch.. 

Popular Educator mo. 

Price Current 

Progressive Democrat 

Propagandist mo. 

Protestant Episcopal Pnlpitjno. 

Protestant Magazine 

Protestant Vindicator 



Public Advertiser 

Public Ledger 

Publiebers' Journal & Teachers 

& Parents' Companion 

Pulpit Reporter 



Joseph Barlow.- 



Putnam's Monthly Magazine. 

Quarterly Anti .Slavery Magazine 

Quarterly Paper of Foreign 
Evangelical Society 

Rail Road Advocate 

Rambler's M;igaxine & Histori- 
cal Register mo. 

Real Estate Gazette 

Rechabito and Temperance 
Bugle mo. 

Reformed Dutch Magvtzine 



Register and Spirit of the Press.. 

Register of the Times 

Religions Magazine mo. 

Reporter & Banking Circular.... 
Reports of Practice Cases in 

New York Courts mo.l Abbott Bros. 

Republic, A Monthly Magazine 

of Am. Lit. Pol. & Arts 

Republican Watch Tower ...e. w. 
Reviser mo. 



Wm. Leggett 

(Formerly Wilson's 

Dispatch) 

A. Montgomery 

Alex. Miny 

E. Stranahan 

John F. Trow 

H. Dyer 

L. D. Dewey 

Bowne, Wisner k 

Co 

J. Frank k Co... 



O.ITutchinson 

Holbrook, Buck- 
ingham k Co 

Geo. P. Putnam 

Elizur Wright, jr... 



John S.Taylor.. 
Z. Colborn 



M. k T.J. Strong. 
R. P. D. Clergy- 
men 

V. B. Palmer 

J. Crooker 

0. Batcbeler, ed. 



fe| 

1843 

1845 
1S36 
18.36 
1843 
184U 
1S34 
1847 
1841 

1806 
1860 
1854 

1838 
1851 

18-44 
1830 

1861 
1863 
1807 
1S49 
1860 
1831 
1834 

1835 
1807 
1842 



1850 
1863 
1836 

1843 
1867 

1809 
1866 

1845 

1834 
1849 
1797 
1836 
1831 






Revue Framjaise des Families et 

des Personnantis 

Richardson's Journal 

Rough k Ready„ 

Rush Light 

Sabbath M^igazine- mo. 

Sabbath Monitor mo. 

Sabbath School Monitor.. ..s. mo. 



Sachem 

Sacred Circle- 



Sargent's New Monthly 

Saturday Emporium 

Saturday Evening Gazette.., 



Saxoni's Musical Times. mo. 

Seard" Family Visitor mo. 

Sears' New Monthly Magazine... 

Self Instructor mo. 

School Fellow 

School and Home Journal 

School Mate 

Scientific Oirreppondent 

Scientific Mechanic 

Scottish Journal.— 

Scottish Patriot 

ScoviU'B Family Gazetteer. 

Scrutinizer..— s. w. 

Shamrock, or Hibernian Chron.. 



TlioB. R.Wiiitney.. 

Jas. Chatham 

Rev. Silas E, 
Shepherd 



Wm. Cobbett.. 



Myron Finch.... 
Myron Finch k 

Chas. Parker 

Thos. Picton 

Judge Edmonds, 

Dr. Dexter, k O. 

G. Warren 

Epes Sargent. 

Edmund B.Green. 
T. W. Clarke k S. 

Paine 



Robert Sears 

Josiab Holbrook... 

J. S. Dickerson 

Marcius Willson... 
Rev. A.R.Phippen.. 

A. C. Morey 

Rufus Porter , 

J. O. Cumiuings 



Chas. Y. Baldwin. 
Edward Gillespie.. 



1851 
1801 

1854 

1844 
1857 
1847 
1799 
1835 
1845 

1841 
1853 



1852 

1843 
1844 

1K27 
1849 
1851 
1846 
1843 
1855 
185' 
1850 
1S46 
184' 
1840 
1840 
IS.'.O 
1827 
1830 



1799 



1858 



Names op Papers. 



Shekinah... 



Shilling Gazette mo. 

Sober Second Thought 

Spectator 

Spirit of the Age 

Spirit of the Age .« 

Spirit of the Age.- 

Spirit of Seventy-Six 



Publishers. 



Brit 



Partridge k 

ton 

Moore k Jackson... 
Daniel E. Sickles... 
Geo. F. Hopkins.... 



a ?; 






5^3 



Sporting Chronicle 

Standard Bearer mo, 

Slarus & Co.'s Monthly Bulletin- 
Stars and Stripes 

Star Spangled Banner — 

Star in the "West, or Marion 
Chronicle 

Statesman.... 

Stimmet'8 k Pettigrew's Ameri 
can Report of Fashions 

Student & Young Tutor.- 

Sunday Era 

Sunday Herald 

Sunday Leatler 

Sunday Mail 

Sunday Morning News 

Sunday Morning News 

Sunday News 

Sunday Keporter 

Sunday School Journal s. mo. 

Sunday School Visitor 

Sunday Times & Noah's Weekly 
aiessenger. 

Sylvester's New Reporter 

Sylvester's Reporter, Counter- 
feit Detector, and New "ifork 
Price Current 

Tailor's Eclectic Repository. .mo. 

Teachers' Advocate &. Journal of 
Education 

Temperance Advocate 

Temperance Budget a. mo. 

Thalia, or the Gentleman's Com- 
pany. 

The German Correspondent 

The Great City 

The Log Cabin 

The Man 

The Nation 

The New 'Yorker 

The New Y'orker 

The Old Countryman 

The Parthenon 

The Parthenon 

The People 



Scovill k Hyatt 

Fowler i Wells 

J. G. Brooks 4 E. 

"V. Sparhawk 

Wm. T. Porter 

Rev. H. Dyer 



Fay 4 Carr 

Dexter k Bro 



T. W. Cummings.. 
C. C. Tuuison 



J. S. Denman.. 



Geo. Glentworth 
Ingraham & Sweet 



Sam. Jenks Smith. 
J. Leavitt 



The People's Press 

The People's Rights 

The People's Weekly Journal.... 

The Pick 

The Plain Dealer 

The Plow mo. 

The Plow, the Loom, k the Anvil 

The Prophet 

The Protestant, or Exposer of 

Popery 

The Rainliow 

The Ramshorn 



Tlie Recruit 

The Republic 

The Rights of All.. 

The Rising Sun 

The Rover , 

The Sun 

The Transcript 



The Town.. 



The Uncle Sam.. 

The Union d. 

The Union d. 

The Unit 

The War 

The Way of Life 

The Whig 

The Whip 



S. Tail 

Amer. S. S. Union. 
P. E. S. S. Duion.. 



Sylyeater k Co.. 



1853 
1846 
1844 
1798 
1845 
1847 
1849 

1836 
185-2 
1847 
1847 
IS43 
1857 

1812 



1851 
1848 
1S50 
1861 
1866 
1831 
1S36 
1840 
1847 
1832 
1829 
1836 



1840 



S. J. Sylvester.., 
D. S. & G. Williams 
J. M. McKean k E. 

P.Allen 

Goodell 4 Hines.... 
W. Goodell k S. P. 

Uines 



H. Greeley 

Geo. H. Evans.. 



H. Greeley 4 Co.... 
Stuart & Webster. 
J. T. Pickering, ed, 
S. Woodworth 



J. Devin Riley 4 
W. E. Robinson, 

R. 4 T. Hamilton., 

Windt & Evans... 

R. Walsh 

Joseph E. Scovill.. 

Wm. Van Norden.. 

C. M. Saxton.... 

J.'S. Skinner4 Sons 

S. Rrannon 

Rev. Geo. Eourue 4 
Dr. Brownlee — 



Van Rensselaer 4 

Rogers 

Gallagher4 Morrell 
.Jonas Winchester.. 
S. E. Cornish. 



Labra& Dean 

Day 4 Wisner 

Haywood, Lynd 4 
Stanley 

Andrews, Beau- 
mont 4 Co 

Dexter A Bro 

J. Phillips 4 Co..... 

M. M. Noah 



S. Woodworth4 Co. 
Edgar 4 Herriea.... 



Geo. B. Wooldridge 



1832 
1845 



18-16 
1831 



1820 

1,S45 

1840 1 

1S34 

1849 

1835 

1850 

1842 

1827 

1861 

1849 

1841 

1844 

1850 

1,S36 

1.536 

1852 

1S48 I 

1845 

1830 
1841 

1847 
1848 
1843 
1830 
1860 
1844 
1834 1 

1836 

1846 
1847 
1843 
1842 
ISiiO 
1812 
IS.-iS 
1850 
1843 



1856 



448 



NEW YORK COUNTY. 



Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Rev(^ution, concluded. 



Names of Papers. 



The World 

The Yankee 

Time Fit'ce 

TraasactionB of American Eth- 
nological Society 

Traveller, Times, & Journal.. 

True American 

True Flag 

True Sun, Daily 

True Sun 

True "Wesleyan 

Two Worlds 

United States Advertising Cir- 
cular 

United States Economist 

United States Farmer & Journal 
of American Institute mo. 

United States Law Jom-n3L..mo. 

United States Magazine 

United States fllUitary and Na- 
val Argus 

United States Nautical Magazine 
&. Naval Journal 

United States Review " Demo- 
cracy" mo, 

United States Service Journal... 

Univercoelum & Spiritual Philo- 
sopher 

Universal Traveller 

Universalist Union 

Vial of Wrath; Junk Bottle of 
Destruction 

Visitor & Ladies' Parlor Maga- 
zine 

Voice of the People 

Wall Street Journal 

Wall Street Reporter 

Washingtonian 

Washingtonian Daily News 

Washingtonian Organ 

Washington Kepublicau 

Water Cure Visitor &■ Health 
Journal 

Weekly Chronicle 



Publishers. 



J. M. Church 

Williams Bro.... 
Philip Freneau.. 



Society 

Hunt & Adams, 
Wm. E. Blakeney.. 
Dexter & Bro, 
Assoc'n of Printers 
Gallagher* Kettell 

0. Scott 

John W. Moore. 



S. Fleet 

George F. Hopkins 
J. M. EmerBon& Co. 

John Crawley, ed... 

Griffiths & Bates... 

Llovd & Campbell.. 
S.W. W.Tompkins 



Daniel Hewitt 

P. Price 

(Satire upon Mil 
lerites) , 



W. S. Hawley.... 
Fred. Robinson.. 



Herrick & Ropes.. 

L. Starr &Co , 

James Burns 



Joel Shew. 
Hudson & Co„. 





■4-3 




c s 


S| 




1837 




1S4S 




1797 


1800 


IS^I 




is:ii 




1«,V2 




1S57 




184;) 


184,5 


1849 




1R4.5 




1843 




1SS1 




1862 




1843 




1825 




1864 




1838 




1855 




18,53 




1S26 




1847 




lH4:i 




1836 




1843 




1840 




1846 




1851 




1842 




1S4,S 




1S43 




1843 




1810 




1840 





Names op Papehs. 



Weekly Inspector 

Weekly Journal.. 

Weekly Memorial & New York 

City Record 

Weekly Museum 

Weekly New Yorker 



Weekly Review. 

Weekly Tattler 

Weekly Times 

Weekly Universe 

Weekly Visitor 

Weekly Western World.. 
Welcome Guest 



Thos. G. Fessenden 

N. R. Stimson 

Pickering, Beau- 
mont & Oakes.... 



West's Sunday News.. 
MTjig Union 



White Man's Newspaper. 

Whittlery's (Mrs.) Magazine 

Wide Awake 

Wilson & C/O.'e Dispatch. jno. 

Woman's Temperance Paper 

Wood's Quarterly Retrospect of 
American & Foreign Practice 
of Medicine & Surgery.. 

Woodworth's Youth's Cabinet 

Workers' Journal , 

Working Farmer., mo: 



Working Men's Advocate 

Yankee Doodle 

Y Cyfaill (The Friend) 

Young America 

Young America 

Youth's Cabinet s. mo. 

Youth's Companion & Weekly 

Family Visitor 

Youth's Friend mo. 

Youth's Penny Gazette 

Youth's Temperance Lecturer 

mo, 

Zion's Watchman.- 



Wm. Fairman & C. 
D. Stuart 

VanWinkleA Riqua 

Dillon & Hooper. 

N. T. Eldredge... 

Will iamsoni Burns 

Daniel Cady. 

J. F. Bridge 

WinchesterA Hack- 
staff. 

Frederick West 

S. Do Witt Blood- 
good, ed. 



A.G.Whittlery,ed. 
R. Bonner 



MaryC.Taughan,ed 



R. & G. S. Wood... 
F. C. Woodworth.. 



Kingman, Cross & 
Co. J . J. Mapee, 
ed. 

Geo. H. Evans 

W. H. Graham 

W. Rowland. 

Geo. H. Evans 



Si 



1806 1 
1850 

1812 
1807 

1851 
1S46 
1842 
1849 
|1846 
1832 
1837 

1851 
1846 

1848 
1851 
1849 
1S64 

1851 



1847 1 

1839 

1849 



N. Southard 

Bnmett & Smith.. 



Amer. S. S. UnioD.. 
Goodell, Hines & 

Niles 

Le Roy Sunderland 



1.830 
1847 

1844 
1S66 
1838 

1832 
1843 
1861 1 

1832 
1836 



/ ,.::M:S 




< ft, 

b 



NIAGARA COUNTY. 




This county -was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. Erie iras 
taken off April 2, 1821. It lies upon the w. border of the State, in 
the angle formed by the junction of Niagara River and Lake On- 
tario. It is centrally distant 255 mi. from Albany, and contains 
558 sq. mi. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. 
It is divided into 2 distinct parts or terraces by a ridge extending 
E. and w. The lake shore is a bluif 10 to 30 feet high, and from its 
summit the lower terrace slopes gradually upward to the foot of an 
elevation known as the mountain ridge, where it attains an elevation 
of 100 to 150 feet above the lake. This ridge extends e. and w. 
through the n. part of Royalton and Lockport, and near the center 
of Cambria and Lewiston, and forms the N. declivity of the s. ter- 
race. At its w. extremity it has an elevation of 250 feet above the lower terrace, and is nearly 
perpendicular. This height gradually declines toward the e., and upon the e. line of the co. it has 
an elevation of 80 to 100 feet. Through the central part of the co. the ridge is divided into two 
declivities, separated by a plateau from a few rods to a half mi. in width. The upper ridge is 
limestone, and for many mi. presents the face of a perpendicular cliff. Throughout the co. the 
ridge is too steep for cultivation. The s. half of the co., extending s. from the summit of this ridge, 
is very level. It has a slight inclination toward the s., and terminates in the Tonawanda Swamp. 
The whole inclination of the slope within the limits of the CO., however, does not exceed 30 feet. 
The lake ridge — supposed to have been the ancient shore of the lake — extends w. from Orleans co. 
through Hartland and Newfane, thence turns s. w., and appears to terminate near Lockport Village. 
It appears again farther w., and at Cambria it is divided into two parts, the N. extending n. w. 
about 3 mi. and gradually declining to the level of the general surface, and the s. extending s. w. 
and uniting with the mountain ridge 4 mi. e. of Lewiston.' This ridge is composed of sand and 
gravel and the usual debris thrown up by a large body of water, and in character is essentially 
different from the surrounding surface. It varies from 5 to 25 feet in height, and is 20 to 150 feet 
in width. The n. descent is generally slightly longer and steeper than the s. The lowest rock in 
the CO. is the Medina sandstone, which crops out in the ravines along the shore of the lake. It is 
the underlying rock of the w. half of the co., and extends to the foot of the mountain ridge. This 
ridge is composed of the sandstones and limestones belonging to the Niagara and Clinton groups, 
the heavy masses of compact limestone appearing at the top. The Onondaga salt group occupies a 
nan'ow strip along the s. border of the co. Nearly the entire surface is covered with deep deposits 
of drift, the rocks only appearing on the declivities of the mountain ridge and in the ravines of the 
streams. 

Springs of weak brine are found in the ravines throughout the n. half of the co. They exude 
from the Medina sandstone ; but none of them are sufficiently strong to be profitably worked. The 
Medina sandstone which lies at the foot of the mountain ridge has been quarried at several places 
for paving and flagging. Above the sandstone is a layer of impure limestone, about 4 feet thick, 
from which water cement is manufactured. The Niagara limestone furnishes an excellent building 
material and a good quality of lime. The principal quarries are situated in the vicinity of Lock- 
port, and from them was obtained the stone for the construction of the canal locks at that place.' 
A vein of this stone filled with fossils admits of a high polish, and is used for ornamental purposes, 
presenting a beautiful variegated appearance. 

Niagara River forms the w. and a part of the s. boundary of the co. It flows almost due w. from 
the E. extremity of Grand Island to the Falls, and thence nearly due N. to Lake Ontario. It con- 
tains several small islands belonging to this co., the principal of which are Tonawanda, Cayuga, 
Buckhorn, and Goat Islands. In its passage from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, a distance of about 



1 This deflection In the course of tbe lake ridge must have 
been caused by a large bay that extended 8. toward L'X-kport: 
and the N. branch of the ridge which terminates so abruptly in 
Cambria was undoubtedly a bar extending into the lake. Two 
large streams probably discharged their waters into this bay,— 
one through tlie ravine in which the Erie Canal is located, and 
ODe through a deep ravine about '^ mi. w. of Ijockport. At the 

2» 



head of the latter ravine is a nearly perpendicular precipice, at 
which point must have been a waterfall. 

2 This stone is found along tbe whole course of tbe niountaiu 
ridge, and can be quarried in every town. The di'ep cut in the 
canal w. of Lockport is through this strata, and theperjicndiiiiiar 
ledges of rock on each side present the most favorably location 
in the co. for quarrying. 

448 



450 



NIAGARA COUNTY. 



30 mi,, the river descends 334 feet, the difference of level between the two lakes. Above Schlosser 
and below Lewiston the current of the river is not very rapid, and the descent is trifling, so that 
nearly the whole fall is condensed into a space of about 8 mi. The plateau in which the basin 
of Lake Erie is situated extends to the mountain ridge at Lewiston, the summit of the ridge being 
34 feet higher than Lake Erie. The river originally must have flowed over the face of this preci- 
pice, at which time Niagara Falls were 7 mi. below their present position. By the wearing away 
of the rocks the falls have gradually receded, becoming lower at each period of their progress, and 
leaving a deep, rocky channel, with ragged and precipitous banks 200 feet high, to mark their 
course and attest their power.* At the present time the falls are at the abrupt angle where the 
river changes from a w. to a n. course, and the water is precipitated in part over' the front or ex- 
tremity of the chasm and in part over the side, the two parts of the fall being at nearly right 
angles to each other. Goat Island, having an area of about 70 acres, lies between the two falls, its 
w. edge being a continuation of the precipice over which the water fiows.^ The principal fall at 
the head of the chasm on the w. side is known as the Canadian or liorse Shoe Fall,^ and the fall 
K. of Goat Island as the American Fall. The Canadian Fall is 2000 feet wide and 154 feet high, 
and the American Fall 900 feet wide and 163 feet high; and it is estimated that 100 million tone 
of water tinw over the two falls every hour. A mi. above the edge of the falls a series of rapids 
commences, the water descending 60 feet before taking the final plunge.* From the foot of the 
cataract the river flows about 2 mi. in a comparatively still current, but from that point to Lewiston 
it is compressed within narrow banks, and flows through the tortuous, rocky channel in a perfectly 
tumultuous and resistless torrent. The immense body of water in Niagara gives to tlie falls, and 
to the rapids both above and below, a grandeur scarcely equaled by any other of nature's works. 
Here one uf the largest rivers in the world, forming the outlet of the great internal fresh water seas 
of North America, plunges down the shelving rapids and leaps into the profound chasm below, and 
then whirls and struggles with an apparently almost irresistible force in its rocky channel for 7 
mi., and at last emerges from it.s mountain barrier and spreads out into the calm and peaceful 
waters of Ontario. Scenes of surpassing sublimity and grandeur open upon tlie view at every 
point, and pilgrims from every part of the world flock hither to offer their devotions at one of the 
great shrines of universal nature. 

Tonawanda Creek forma the greater part of the s. boundary of the co. Along its course are a 
series of extensive marshes knovm as the Tonawanda Swamp.* The other principal streams are 



I The precipice over which the water flows is composed of 
solid, compact limestone, with sliale above and below. The 
wearing away of the shale above has formed the rapids, and 
the disinte^ation of that below has left the limestone in over- 
hanging masses until they break off with tJieir own weight. 
The dip of the rock is toward the s. ; and as the falls recede the 
surface of the limestone will come nearer and nearer the present 
bottom of the fall, until, at a distance of 4 mi. farther back, it 
will entirely disappear, and, the soft shales wearing away irre- 
Rularly, the river will at some distant period of the future fall 
ID a series of rapids. 

* Luna Island lies upon the precipice N. of Goat Island, and is 
separated from it by a stream 65 feet wide, wlitch forms a dis- 
tinct fall. Beneath the shelving rock over which this small 
cataract flows is a recess of 30 feet, known as the Cave of the 
Winds. Three small isiands lying near the head of Goat Island 
•re called the Three Sisters. Bath Inland lies hetwet-n Goat 
Island and the American shore, about 50 rods above the falls. 
A bridge extends from the American shore to Bath Island, and 
another thence to Goat Island. The first bridge was built in 
1817; but the next spring it was swept away by the ice. The 
one built in I^IS, and rebuilt in 1839, was rei)laced by the pre- 
sent iron bridge in 1857. The cribs were sunk in the rapids 
from the end of a long platform projecting from the shore and 
heavily loaded with stone to keep it firm. As one crib was sunk 
and filled with stone, the platform was pushed forward and 
another simk at its extremity ; and so on to the island. Before 
the brid::re was built, access to the island was attended with 
great p>Til. and very few persona had attempted it. It was done 
by shoftting down in boats from above, a strong rope being 
fastened to the shore, by which the boat in returning was swung 
bach. It is related that the first white person who visited the 
island wrs Israel Putnam, in 1755. while on a campaign against 
Fort Niagara. — DuiighVs Traveij', IV, 88. The Indians appear to 
have crossed occasionally, and tracea of their graves are still 
seen. On the 23d of Feb. ISll, Augustus Porter applied for the 
pnrchase of the island, upon which to keep sheep, and alleged 
in his petition that the wolves that infested the settlement ren- 
dered this business nest to impossible withoiit some asyhim 
like this for their preservation. It was afterward bought by 
tlio Porters. 

■ This name was given from the semicircular shape of the 
ffdf^ of the eliff over which the water flowed. The shape now 
yt Dearly that jf a right angle. 



* Numerous improvements have been made to afford facili- 
ties to visitors. A staircase constructed at the N. extremity 
of the Aniericiin Fall, some years since, was burnt and re- 
built in 185H : another, upon Goat Island, was built in 1829, and 
called the Biddle Staircase; and another near Table I!ock, upon 
the Canada shore, by which visitors can descend lu the bottom 
of the precipice. A row boat ferry crosses the river from ths 
foot of the American Staircase, and a carriage road extends up 
the bank on the Canadian side. A little w. of Goat Island, iu 
the midst of the rapids near the edge of the precipice, a stone 
tower 45 ft. high was constructed, iu 1^33, to aflbrd a more ex- 
tensive view of the falls. The '• Afatd of the J/'-s^ " a email 
steamer, makes trips upon the river from her dork, a little above 
Suspension Bridge, into the foam and mist just below the Cana- 
dian Fall. The awful majestj' of this cataract is seen to great 
advantage in the winter season, when the spray settling upon 
all objects in the vicinity covera them with a glittering crust 
of ice. The rocks below become loaded with immense masses; 
and in extremely cold winters the river below gets blocked in 
so as to form a natural bridge,overwhii'hpeople venture tocross 
to the Canada shore and even up to the island. In the winter 
of 1S41-42 the river was passable for several months, and a 
small house was built near the center for the sale of refresh- 
ments. The ice was estimated to be 100 ft. thick. A year seldom 
passes without several fatal accidents happening at these falls, 
and an enumeration of those who have been drawn into the 
rapids, or who have slipped from the precipice and been mangled 
»ipon tho rocks below, would form a long and mourulul cata- 
logue. In 1827 the Mi( higan, a condemned schooner, was sent 
over the falls, with several animals on board, in the presence 
of 16.000 spectators. She mostly went to pieces iu the r.ipids. 
In 1S29 the schooner Superior, and in 1841 the ship Detroit, 
were lowed into the rapids, but the foiTner lodged several days, 
and the latter was permanently grounded upon the rocks in the 
rapids. 

6 This swamp could be drained if the State dam at tlie mouth 
of Tonawanda Creek was removed: and this onlj' is needed to 
convert the tract into the most productive region in the co. As 
the land is cleared, it becomes suffici'-ntly dry for agricultural 
purposes. The mnck and marl which abound it (he swamp, 
and the limestone and gypsum whieh underlie it, are all sourc« 
of great agricultural wealth. 



NIAGARA COUNTY. 



451 



Four Mile, Six Mile, Twelve Mile, and Eighteen Mile Creeks, — named from their respective dis- 
tances from the mouth of Niagara River, — Fish and Golden Hill Creeks, all emptying into Lake 
Ontario; Mud Creek and East Branch, tributaries of Tonawanda Creek, and Cayuga and Gill 
Creeks, tributaries of Niagara River. The streams that flow n. have all worn deep ravines in the 
drift deposits; and they are frequently interrupted by falls, furnishing abundance of water-power, 

A strip of land extending from the summit of the mountain ridge about 2 mi. s. is covered 
with a sandy loam, and the remainder of the upper terrace is clayey, largely intermixed with 
muck along the s. border. The soil between the mountain and lake ridges is a clayey loam, and 
along the lake ridge and N. of it it is a sandy and gravelly loam. The people are principally 
engaged in grain raising, for which the co. is most admirably adapted ; barley, oats, corn, and 
potatoes are the staple agricultural products.' The manufacture of flour and other articles itj 
largely carried on at Lockport, and the manufacturing interests at Niagara Falls are on the 
increase. The vast water power that can be made available at the falls will continually attract 
the attention of practical men, until eventually an immense manufacturing interest will be built up. 

The CO. seat is located at the village of Lockport.^ The courthouse is a stone building erected 
upon a fine lot in the w. part of the village.' The jail, situated upon the same lot, is a well con- 
structed stone building, but destitute of means of ventilation. The average number of inmates in 
27. The CO. clerk's office is a stone fireproof building contiguous to the courthouse.* The poor- 
house is located upon a farm of 130 acres 3 mi. n. w. of the courthouse. The average number of 
inmates is 95, supported at a weekly cost of 50 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of $1000. 
A teacher is constantly employed to teach the children and to exercise a constant supervision over 
them. The insane are properly provided for, and are uniformly treated kindly.^ 

The Erie Canal enters the co. near the n. line of Royalton, and extends s. w. to Lockport, thence 
nearly due s. to Tonawanda Creek, and thence along that creek to its mouth. The heaviest and 
most extensive work upon the canal is at Lockport, where the passage of the mountain ridge is 
efi*ected. A series of combined double locks, 5 in number, overcomes an elevation of 56 ft., and 
from the summit a deep cut through the solid limestone extends several miles westward.* The 
Rochester, Lockport, & Niagara Falls Division of the N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Royal- 
ton, Lockport, Cambria, and Niagara, and a corner of Lewiston and Wheatfield, terminating at 
Suspension Bridge upon Niagara River. The Bufiiilo & Lockport Branch R. R. extends s. w. 
from Lockport through Cambria, Pendleton, and Wheatfield. The Bufiiilo & Niagara Falls R. R. 
extends along Niagara R,iver through Niagara and Wheatfield, and a n. branch iw extended to 
Lewiston. The Canandaigua & Niagara Falls Branch R. R. unites with the B. & N. F. R. R. at 
Tonawanda.' Three daily and five weekly newspapers are published in the co.^ 



1 ^Vhcat formed the great staple of the co. until about 1S50, 
wheu the nii(i{j;e commenced its rtiVHges. 

• When the c^. was first erected, the co. seat was fixed at Huf- 
fnlii. The huihlinfrs were given up to Erie co. upon the erection 
of the latter Cdunty. 

8 This biiilding was erected in 1P24. The first co, officers were. 
Augustus Porter, First Jadgf.; I<o«is S. Le Coutenlx. O*. (l:rk ; 
Asa Kansom, Sheriff"; and Archihald S. Clarke, Surrogate. 

• Ruilt in 1856, at a cost of $13,000. 

6 The Senate Committee in ISOB ronclndetl the report upon 
this institution as follows: — "The lionse is well kept, atui by 
the result proves that, as a ^luestifm of economy merely, it is 
les? expensive to niaiutaio a good poorhoutne tluiu it is n poor 
one." 

• The project of building a ship canal around Niafjan Falls has 
from time to time excited much attention, and several survevB 
have been made, but thus faj* without result. Tbo earliest in- 
corporation for this object was in 1798. 

7 In 1S38 a horse-car R. R. was built from Lewiston, .? mi., to 
connect with the Lockport & Niagara Falls K.U.; but the track 
has tieeli transferre*! to the Centi'al K. It. Cki. The Niagara A 
Lake Ontario U. R., extending from Niagara Falls t*> Youngstow n, 
haslifen built, hut it is not yet in operation. 

• The I>!i(igti}-a DemncraLthe first paper published in the co., 

was started at Lewiston in 18'21 by Uenjaniin Furgnson. 

In the following year it was removed to Lockport, and 

Bi>t>n after chaufted to 
The Locl-porf Ohy^n-atori/. In Aug, 1822. it passed into the 

handftof nrsamusTunj4'V,aml in 1S28 it was united with 

the Niairani Sentinel and Issued as 
The Sentinfl and Observalnrtj. In 182S, IVter Beean^n, jr., be- 
came the proprietor, and changed it to 
The Loci-port Journal. In 1S29 It was purchased by Asa Story 

and chan'.:fd to 
The Loclr^vyrt Balance. In 1834 it was united with The tJazctte, 

under the name of 
The Balance and Gazette. 1 1 w-is eonn afterward changed a^ain to 
Thel^Khpfrt Halann; It was sucressiv-iy piiblishe*! by Isa-ic 

C.Cotton and T. II. Ilyitt until 1S3., when il was sold to 

Turner^ Lyon and merged lu Tbo Niagara Democrat. 



The Lewistnv Sevtivrl was commenced at Lewiston in 1R23 by 
James O, Daily. It soon after pns^^ed into the hands 
of Oliver lirnce, who removed it to Lockport and issued 
it as 

The Niagara Sevtivd. In 1828 it was united with The Lockport 
Observatory. 

The Ga:eVe was started at Lockport in 1833 by P. Baker. 1=. 
1-^34 it was united wilh The Talanre. 

The Niofjura Dnmcrut was started at Lockport in 1835 by 
TiinicT k Lyon. In lt-37 it was united with Tho 
Ualuiice and i.^sued as 

The Niognrn Drmocrat and Locl-pori Balance. The latter part 
of the title was soon dropped. In 1F39 it passed into 
the hands of T. P. Scoville: and in 1846, into thoHeof 
Turner &. McCollnm. It wa.s continued by different 
publishers until 1858, when it was united with The 
Ijorkport Advertiser. The weekly edition is dii« 
issued as 

The IVlagara Democrat, by A. S. Prentiss. 

The yiajar.i I'atarA.t w.is (.ominciici-d at LocUpint In 1846 by 
|{. II. Stevens, an<l was continued by liunnjhrey A Fox 
and ('. .1. Fox until I8-.I. 

The Daihj Ca:ett>' wa- puUliahed at Niagara Falls during tho 
summer of 185 ' by l*<iol & SI -.■prr. 

The Loch'pcrt Daily Adver'iafr was commenced in Feh. 1*^54, by 
A. S. I'r-nti'rt. Juue 1, 1''5 , it wan niiitid with TUo 
Di'm n^rat. as 

Tlie XiOckport Dally Advertiser and Demo- 
crat, nnder whieh title it is still issued. 

The Niajiar t rn,irn-r \v;\a B'arti'd at L rkport. May 1. 1S27. ^y 
M. Cadwiill idi-r. It was sncceSaiVL-Iy isj^ued by Gorj:© 
I!re«e. T. T. FI ijilec, Cr.uid.iU &. Uiighain, C. L. tkcil.', 
and S. S. lomniy. 

The Lficl-port Dailf/ Oiitr'er v/»!t comnn-nced by Cramlall St 
lii'i:;ham in 1K44, and ctm iuiuil successively by D. S. 
rraiidiUI. C. L Skeeln. and S. S. Pomroy. un il U6», 
when both the daily and weekly wuru united with llie 
.Tr.urnd: tli.- d;\ily '^ 

The Journal and Coiu-iery and the weekly bj tba 
uame of 



452 



NIAGARA COUNTY, 



This CO. was a portion of the domain of the Seneca Nation, though none of its principal villages 
were located within its limits. The first European visitant of whom there is any record was La 
Salle, a French adventurer, who, accompanied by Tonti and Father Hennepin, conducted an expe- 
dition up the lakes for the double purpose of traffic with the Indians and of extending the French 
influence among the native tribes. In the fall of 1678 he established a trading post on the present 
site of Fort Niagara, at the mouth of Niagara River, and soon after laid the keel of a small vessel 
of 60 tons, at the mouth of Cayuga Creek, above the falls. Tliis vessel was launched in the com- 
mencement of the following summer, and christened the Griffin; and on the 7th of Aug. the party 
set sail upon Lake Erie.^ The first work at Fort Niagara was a simple palisade; t>ut in 1687 De 
Nonviile, the French commander, constructed there a fort with four bastions. This was soon after 
besieged by the Senecas ; and, a fatal sickness having destroyed most of the garrison, it was soon 
after abandoned. Joncaire, another French adventurer, built a house on the present site of Lewis- 
ton in 1721 ; and about 4 years after another defensive work was erected on the old site of the 
palisade of La Salle. This fortress was afterward enlarged, and became one of the most important 
French posts w. of Montreal. In the summer of 1759, Gen. Prideaux, at the head of a large force 
of regulars and provincial troops, was sent to reduce the place. The fort was besieged about the 
1st of July; and on the 25th it was surrendered to Sir Wm. Johnson, upon whom the command 
of the expedition had devolved upon the death of Gen. Prideaux.^ 

The fortress was repaired and garrisoned by the English; and during the Revolution it became 
the headquarters of the marauding parties of tories and Indians that desolated the frontier settle- 
ments along the Mohawk, Susquehanna, and Delaware.* Fort Niagara continued in possession of 
the British until 1796.* The portion of the Tuscarora Indians who were allies of the English during 
the Revolution removed to the neighborhood of Fort Niagara after tlie destructive campaign of Sulli- 
van, in 1779, to obtain means of preventing absolute starvation. The Senecas donated them a square 
mi, of land, and subsequently the Holland Land Co. 2 sq. mi. In 1804 they purchased an addi- 
tional tract of 4329 acres, for $13,722. On the 19th of Dec. 1813, Fort Niagara, then in possession 
of an American garrison, was surprised and taken by the British; and it continued in their pos- 
session until the close of the war. The villages at Lewiston and Niagara Falls were burnt about 
the same time. In 1826, Fort Niagara was the scene of Morgan's imprisonment pre^^ous to his final 
disappearance.^ The land in this co. was all included in the Holland Purchase, except the small 
reservations of the Tonawanda and Tuscarora Indians, and a strip of a mile in width along Niagara 
River, reserved by the State for the purposes of a portage road around Niagara Falls. The first 
settlements were commenced about the beginning of the present century, and the growth of the 
CO., in common with the whole territory of the Holland Purchase, was rapid. The great impetus 
to growth, however, was given by the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 and the subsequent 
construction of railroads. In 1837 the co. became the seat of great excitement connected with the 
so-called Patriot War. Most of the Patriot forces that rendezvoused upon Navy Island — within 
British territory, and just above the rapids of the falls — were transported from Schlosser, upon the 



The Intelligencer, both of which are now issued by 
RichardsoD & FreemaD. 

Priestcraft Exposed was published from 1828 to 1830 at Lock- 
port by L. A. Spaulding. 

The Lockp(/rt Jmtrnal was started in July, 1851, by M. C. Rich- 
ardson; and in 1S52 

The Lock-port Daibi Journal was commenced, and both editions 
were continued until 1859, when they were united with 
the daily and weekly Courier, as already noticed. 

The Frontifr ^ntiTid-waB published at Lockport in 1S37, during 
the " Patriot War" excitement, by T. P. Scoville. 

Tlie Lockport Chronicle was started at Lockport 
April !>. 1.S59, by S. S. Pomroy & Co. 

The Levriston Tel^f/raph was started at Lewiston in 1836 by John 
A. Harrison & Co., and was continued about 3 years. 

The Niagara Falls Jovmal was published a short time in 1837 
by Francis & Ward. 

The Niagara Cltranide was published at Niagara Falls in 1838 by 
J. Simpson. 

The Niagara Vataract was started in 1846 at Lockport by 
Stephens & Humphrey, and continued a short time. 

The Iris was commenced at Niapara Falls in 1846 by George H. 
Hackstaff, and was continued until 1S54. 

The Niagara Times was published at Niagara Falls from Oct. 
1855 to Oct. 1S57, by W. E. Tunis. 

The Nla^fara Falls Gazette was started May 17,1864, 
by IVil A Sleeper, by whom it is still issued. 

The Niagara City Herald was started at Suspension 
Bridge in Oct. 1855. by ti. H. Hackstaff : and in the fol- 
lowing year it passed into the hands of N. T. Hackstaff, 
by wlioin it is Duw published. 
^ The vessel sailed through Lakes Erie and Huron to Qreen 



Bay, where it cast anchor and remained some time. After being 
freighted with a rich cargo of furs, it started on its return voy- 
age; but from that time no tidings ever came of the vessel or 
crew. La Salle and Father Hennepin left the vessel on its up- 
ward voyage at Detroit, and afterward penetrated the western 
wilderoess to the Mississippi River. 

2 While Sir Wm. Johnson remained at this place he made a 
contract with Wm. Stedman to construct a road for a portage 
from Lewiston to Schlosser above the Falls. This road was 
finished in 1763; and on the 20th 6f June of that year the fcon- 
tractor started with 25 loaded wagons from Lewiston, under the 
convoy of 50 soldit-rs. As the party were passing a deep gulf 
upon the very edge of the clifl" known as the Devil's Hulc, they 
were assailed by a large force of Senecas who were lying in 
wait for them, and the whole party except one were driven off 
the precipice, which here has a perpendicular height of ISO ft. 
Wm. Stedman escaped by forcing his horse through the ranks 
of the Indians; and one soldier — a drummer — was saved by his 
belt catching in the top of a tree below and so breaking the 
force of his fall. 

s The prisoners taken upon the war-paths were generally con- 
ducted to this place, where they were often obliged to submit 
to the terrible ordeal of the gauntlet. A premium was also here 
given for scalps, stimulating the Indians to murder. The toriea 
who rendezvoused here were usually more inhuman than the 
Indians. 

* Col. Smith, who commanded this post at the time of its sur- 
render, was the commanding officer of the Biitish at the battle 
of Lexington. As Niagara was one of the very last posts sur- 
rendered. Col. Smith may with propriety be said to have par- 
ticipated in both the opening and closing acts of the American 
Revolution. * See page 323. 



NIAGARA COUNTY. 



453 



American shore ; and great excitement prevailed in consequence. The steamer Caroline, engaged 
in furnishing re-inforcements and supplies to the insurgents, was cut from her moorings, on tho 
night of Dec. 29, by a British force, set on tire, and sent over the falls. This event was the occa- 
sion of a long diplomatic controversy between the Governments of the United States and Great 
Britain, and at one time war seemed almost inevitable. Since that time no event has occurred to 
disturb the peaceful progress of improvement. 



CAMBRIA — was formed from "WilUnk," (now Aurora, Erie co.,) March 11, 180«. Hart- . 
land, Niagard, and Porter were taken off in 1812, Lewiston in 1818, and a part of Lockport in 
1824. It is an interior town, w. of the center of the co. The mountain ridge' crosses thi-ough the 
center of the town and divides it into two nearly equal portions. In the N. and s. the surface is 
level or undulating. The lake ridge crosses the n. part of the town. The principal stream is 
Twelve Mile Creek. The soil consists of alternations of sandy and clayey loam. Pekiu (p. v.) 
lies partly in Lewiston, but principally in this town. It contains 2 churches and about 60 
dwellings. IVortll Ridg^e and Cambria., in the n. part of the town, are p. offices. The first 
settlement was made in 1800, by Philip Beach, from Le Roy.^ There are 2 churches in town, 
Cong, and M. E. 

HARTIiAWD' — was formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812. Royalton was taken off in 1817, 
Somerset in 1823, and a part of Newfane in 1824. It is the central town upon the E. border of the 
CO. The surface is level or gently undulating, the greatest inequality being along the lake ridge, 
which crosses the s. part of the town. The principal streams are Eighteen Mile and Johnsons 
Creeks. The soil s. of the ridge is a clayey loam, and n. it is a sandy and gravelly loam. Jolin- 
SOns Creek, (p. v.,) located on the creek of the same name where it crosses the lake ridge, con- 
tains 1 church aJhd has a population of 114. Ilartland Corners, (Ilartland p. o.,) on the 
ridge in the w. part of the town, contains about 18 dwellings. Ittiddlcport* is partly in this town. 
The first settlement was made in 1803, by John and David Morrison.^ The first church (Bap.) 
was organized at Johnsons Creek in 1817. There are 5 churches in town.' 

1.EWISTOIV' — was formed from Cambria, Feb. 27, 1818. It is the central town upon the w. 
border of the co. The mountain ridge extends through the town, dividing it into two nearly equal 
portions. Along the base of this ridge the surface is broken or rolling, but elsewhere it is level. 
Gill and Six Mile Creeks, and several smaller streams, take their rise in this town, and Niagara 
River forms its w. boundary. The soil is a sandy loam. The Devil's Hole — a dark chasm, 150 ft. 
deep, upon the high bank of the Niagara, in the extreme s. part of tlie town — ^was the scene of a 
sanguinary battle during the Old French War.' Five mi. above Ft. Niagara, bordering upon the 
river, is a flat of several acres, about 65 ft. lower tlian the surrounding country. It is called Five 
Mile Meadow: it was here that the British forces landed the night before the capture of Fort 
Niagara, in Dec. 1814.' Liewiston,"' (p. v.,) incorp. April 17, 1822, was reserved by the State 
and patented by single lots. It is situated on Niagara River, at the base of the mountain ridge. 
It is the terminus of the Lewiston & N. F. R. R., and the head of navigation from Lake Ontario. 
It contains 4 churches, and has a pop. of 1,014. The Lewiston Suspension Bridge across the 
Niagara River was erected in 1850 and '51." Dickersonville (p. o.) is a hamlet. Soutll 
Pekin is a p.o. in the s. e. part. Pekin lies partly in this town. Fort Gray, a temporary forti- 
fication erected during the War of 1812, occupied the verge of the mountain ridge just above the vil- 
lage of Lewiston. The Seminary of our Lady of Angels, a Catholic institution, is situated on 



1 Upon the verge of this ridge, in the E. part of the town, are an 
ancient fortification and burial places, occupying about 6 acres. 
Rude Iran implements, pieces of copper, fragments of earthen- 
ware, charred wood, and corncobs have been plowed up within 
the area. Nearly in the center, overlaid by sandstone slabs, 
was a deep pit filled with human bones, many of which ap- 
parently belonged to men of almost giant size. — Turner's Hist. 
Holland Purchase. 

s John Forsyth and Walter Neal settled in the town in 1804, 
and Chapman Uawley, Dauiel Howell, Joseph Elewett. James 
Prentice, and Amariah Stoughton soon afterward. ITie first 
birth wag that of Philip Beach, jr., in 1603: and the first death, 
that of Nehemiah Street, a traveler, who was murdered in 1790. 
Philip Beach op^'ned the first inn, in 1800, and Joshua Shep- 
pard tho first store, in 1816. Joseph Hewett built the first saw- 
mill, in 1800, and Christian Howder the first gristmill, in 1815. 
The first school was taught by Mrs. Neal, in 1808. 

8 Named from Ilartland, Vt. 

* Sec page 456. 

> ZebuluD Barnum, Jedediah Eiggs, Isaac Southwell, and Dan'l 



Brown moved into town the same year, and Abel Barnum and 
Oliver Castle in 1805. The first dejith was that of Isaac South 
well, in 180G: the first inn waa opened by Jephtha Dunn, in 1809, 
and the first store, by Dan'l Vau Horn, in 1816. The first school 
was taught by Nancy Judson, in the summer of 1813. 

• Bap., Frieuds, M. E., Prot. M., end R. C. 

' Named from Gov. Morgan Lewis, at the suggestion of Judgu 
Silas Hopkins. 

8 See p. 452. » See p. 280. 

^'^ An academy was established at this place in 1828. Besides 
participating in the general fund, it was endowed by the L*'gis- 
lature with tho proceeds 'jf the ferry license, which some years 
yielded $800 to $900. When the I-ewislon Suspension Bridgn 
was finished, the ferry was abandoned and the academy dis- 
continued. 

u This bridge was built by two joint stock companies, — one 
incorp. by the Legislature of N. York and the other by the 
Canadian Parliament. The roadway is 849 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, 
and 60 ft. above the water. Cost of the structure, $58,000. 



454 



NIAGARA COUNTY 



the river bank in the s. w. part of the town.^ The site of the village of Lewiston was occnpied by 
the French at ilifleieut times previous to and during the Old French War; but the first permanent 
eetttements were made about the year 1800.*^ The first church is said to have been founded by 
Brant, at the Mohawk settlement, a little e. of Lewiston.^ There are now 8 churches in town.* 

I.OCKPORT — was taken from Cambria and Royalton, Feb. 2, 1824. It extends from the 
central part to the southern bounds of the co. The surface in the northern part of the town, 
through which the mountain ridge extends, is broken and hilly ; in the central and southern parts 
it is level. Eighteen Mile and Mud Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is a clayey loam 
intermixed with marl, and in the n. it is stony. The Niagara limestone crops out along the 
mountain ridge, and extensive quarries have been opened in and near the village of Lockpurt.* 
Underlying this is a stratum of hydraulic limestone, from which waterlime is made; and sand- 
stone belonging to the Medina formation is also quarried n. of the ridge.* The manufactures of 
the town are extensive, and consist principally of flour, lumber, leather, and machinery. I^ock- 
port,'' (p. V.,) the CO. seat, was incorp. March 20, 1829. It is situated on the Erie Canal and the 
declivities of the mountain ridge. It is an important station on the Niagara Falls R. R., and is the 
terminus of the branch road to Buffalo. The water-power created by the canal locks at this place 
has given rise to numerous and extensive manufacturing establishments.^ The village contains 
15 churches, a high school,^ 3 newspaper offices, 3 banks of issue, and 1 savings bank. Pop. 8,939. 
ft'riKlitN Corners, (p. o.,) in the n. part of the town, and Rapids, (p.o.,) in the s. part, 
are hamlets. Hickory Coroers, in the w., is a p. o. The first settlement was made at Cold 
Spring, about 1 mi. e. of Lockport Village, by Charles Wilbur, in 1805.^** There are 21 churches 
in town.^* Ex-Gov. Washington Hunt is a resident of this town, 

]VEWFA]\E— was formed from Ilartland, Somerset, and Wilson, March 20, 1824. It extends 
from near the center of the eo. to the lake shore. The surface is level. EiglUeen Mile Creek 
crosses the town, dividing it into two unequal portions. The soil is generally a sandy loam; but 
in some parts it is clayey. Olcott, (p. v.,) on the lake shore, at the mouth of Eighteen Mile 
Creek, contains 3 churches and about 30 dwellings. Cbarlotte, (Newfane p.o.,) on Eighteen 
Mile Creek, near the center of the town, contains 2 churches and about 25 dwellings, HesS 
Road, in the e., and Cooiuer, in the w. part, are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 
1807, by Wm. Chambers^^ and John Brewer, from Canada.*' The first religious services were con- 
ducted in 1811, by a colored Methodist minister from Canada. There are 5 churches in town.'* 

IVIAGARA — was formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812, as " ScMosser;" its name was changed 
Feb. 14, 1810. Pendleton was taken off in 1827, and Wheatfield in 1836. It is the s.w, corner 
town of the co., occupying the angle made by the abrupt northerly bend of Niagara River. Its 



1 This Seminary is under the cbargp of the ** Prusts of the 
Conyreffation of the Afiss^iov of St, Vincent de Pavl Jristitutifm," 
find is designed to educate boys aud young men for the priest- 
hood. Itwasincurp.inlSSS. The buildings are not yet completed. 

2 Among the settleifl who were in the town in 1800 were Jos. 

and John Howell, Middaugh, Henry Hough, Henry Mills, 

McBride, Thos. Hustler, Wm. Gambol, and Fred'k Wood- 
man. Geo. Howell was the first child born in the town and in 
the CO., in 1799. Middftugh kept tavern in 1788, and McBiide 
built a tannery about 1799. The first sawmill was built by Joe. 
Howell, in 1808. and the first gristmill by John Gray, in 1815. 
The Tusrarora Reservation is in this town. 

8 This was probably some time during the Bevolutionary War. 
Erant was an Episropalirtu ; and the services were usually con- 
ducted by sctme one attached to the British garrison at Ft. Nia- 
gara. The church was built of logs and bad no belfry. The 
bell was hung upon a croas-bar resting in the crotch of a tree 
near by. 

* Presb., Prot. E., Univ., and R. C. at Lewiston, Cong, and 
M. E. at Pekin, M. E. at Dickersonville, and Indian church on 
the Reservation. 

& The principal of these quarries are along the canal, in the s. 
part of l^ockport Village. There are alno quarries abont a mile 
E.of the village, and others a little further w. This limestone is a 
very excellent building material, and large quantities are shipped 
to distant places. The locks at this place, and numerous culvtTt.s 
on the cunal. are built of it. A cave of small extent exists 
under the village of l-ockport. 

6 The principal quarries from which sandstone is obtained are 
at Rattlesnake Hill, N. w. of the village. This stoue is used 
principally for flagging and paving. 

' So named from there being a greater number of locks here 
than at any other place on the canal; and to these the village 
owes its origin. 

8 Five tlouring mills, with an aggregate of 30 run of stone. 7 
fawmills, 5 stave and shingle factoriea, 1 sash, duor, auU blind 



factory, 1 planing mill, 2 tanneries, a woolen factory. 2 maehind 
shops and founderies.a plow factory, a distillery, and a plaster- 
mill. A hydraulic canal three-fourth.s of a mi. long has been 
coustnicted upon the decli%ity of the ridge, from which the water 
is distributed to various manufactories. The water is taken from 
the upper level of the canal and returned to the lower. A con- 
siderable proportion of the water-power is obtained from the 
water tiiken from the lower level. 

^ The " LocLport Um'nn School'* was incorp. March 31, 1847. 
Connected with it is an academic depiirtnit-nt. under the super- 
visiou of the regents. The number of pupils in attendance in 
1856 was 742. 

10 Jededi.ih Darling settled in the town in 1808. Gregory 

in ISnO. Thomac Miles, ^illiman Wakeman. David Carlton, and 
Geo. Miller in 1810. and Alex. Freeman and John Dye in 1811. 
The first inn wa* opened by Clias. 'Williur. in ISOii; the first 
sawmill was built by Alex. Freemau, in ISll. and the first grist- 
mill by Otis Hathaway, on Eighteen Mile Creek. This was a 
small mill, which was built in 20 days. L. A. Spauldtng waa 
then building, and soon after finished, a stone mill of 7 stories 
in height. Simeon Ford erected a woolen fjictnry in 1>'28. The 
first school was taught by Olinda Moore, in the summer of 1816. 

" Bap.-Cong., Friends. Luth.. 2 M. E.. 2 Presb.. 2 Prot. E., 2 R.C., 
Univ., and 2 Af Meth. at Lockport Village, and Dutch Evang., 
Dutch Ref , Lmh., 2 M. E., and Wea. Meth. in other parts of the 
town. 

12 Chambers Temoved to Grand Island ; and about the ytar 
1825, attempting to iross Niagara Kiver above the cataract 
in a skiff, he waa drawn into the rapids and carried over the 
falls. 

13 Cotton settled in the town the same year. Burgovne, 

Kemp, and Peter Hopkins in 1«08. and Wm. and James TiVisnei 
in ISIO. Levi Ellis built the first saw and grist mill, in 1811, 
for James Van Horn. Asa Douglas opened a store at Olcott, in 
1812. The first school was taught by Bezaleal Smith, in 1815. 

1* 2 M, E., Bap., Univ., and Wee. Meth. 



NIAGARA COUNTY. 



455 



surface is level. Cayuga and Gill Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is a heavy clay. 
Goat Inland and the American part of Niagara Falls helong to this town. At Suspension Bridge, 
on the river bank, is a sulphur spring, which has been fitted up for the accommodation of 
visitors. JViag^ara Falls, (p. v.,) incorp, July 7, 1848, is situated on Niagara River, at the 
cataract. It is the terminus of the Rochester & N. F, R. R., of the N. F, & Lewiston R. R., of the 
Bufialo & N. F. R. R., and of the Canandaigua & N. F. R. R. It contains 5 churches, 1 newspaper 
office, II hotels, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 2,976. The village owes its ex- 
istence to its proximity to the great cataract. Thousands of visitors, from every part of the U. S. 
and from almost every country in the world, annually visit this, one of nature's greatest wonders. 
Nearly all the business of the community is connected with this periodical visitation, and consists 
of hutel keeping, livery business, and matters of a kindred nature. A large and by no means 
unimportant business has grown out of the sale of spar ornaments and fancy articles made by the 
Indians. IVIa^ara City, (Susperision Bridge p. o.,) incorp. June 8, 1854, is situated on Niagara 
River, 2 mi. below the falls. The Rochester & N. F. R. R. connects at this place with the Lewis- 
ton & N. F. R. R., and with the Great Western Railway across the Suspension Bridge.^ The vil- 
lage contains 6 churches, a newspaper office, 15 hotels, and a charitable institution known as the 
De Veaux College for Destitute Orphans and Children.* Pup. 1,365. This place participates 
■with Niagara Falls in the business made by the annual influx of visitors to the cataract. No 
places of equal size on the Continent have a greater amount of hotel accommodations than these. 
I^a 8alle is a p. c. at the mouth of Cayuga Creek. In the fall of 1G78 the French voTjayeurs 
La Salle, Tonti, and Father Hennepin, with their companions, established themselves at the mouth 
of Cayuga Creek and remained until the *' Griffin" was launched the following season.^ Other 
places along the river were temporarily occupied by the French at different times; but the first 
permanent settlement was made at Schlosser in 1759, by John Stedman, accompanied by his 
brothers Wm. and Philip.^ The first religious services were conducted by Father Hennepin, at the 
time of the French sojourn at Cayuga Creek.® There are now 12 churches in town.' 

l*E]VDl<ETO]V® — was formed from Niagara, April 16, 1827. It is the central town on the s. 
border of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating. Tonawanda Creek forms the s. 
bounds of the town, and Sawyers Creek crosses the w. part. The soil is generally a clayey loam. 
Peiidleton, (p. o,,) on Tonawanda Creek, contains 1 church and 16 dwellings. Pendleton 
Center, Beach Ridge, and Mapleton are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 
1805, by Jacob Christman.® There are 5 churches in town.^** 

PORTER"— was formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812. Wilson was taken off in 1818. It is 
the most westerly town on the lake shore. Its surface is level. Four Mile and Six Mile Creeks, 
and the w. branch of Twelve Mile Creek, cross the town in a northerly direction, and Niagara 
River forms its w, boundary. The soil along the lake shore is composed principally of a marly 
clay ; in the central and southern parts it is a sandy and gravelly loam. Besides the crops which 



1 A hydraulic canal haa recently been constructed from a point 
on Niagara lliver about i mi. above the rapids, diagonally across 
the point of land upon which the village in situated, to near the 
river bank ^ mi. below the falls. Along the bank is a long 
basin, in which the cttnal terminates, and from which the water 
is discharged through a great number of races into the river 
below. This canal is | of a mi. long, 70 ft. wide, and 10 ft. deep, 
and will maintain a running stream equal in quantity to 2436 
cubic ft. per second. The company by whom the canal has been 
built was organized March 22, 1853, with a capital of $500,000. 
One of the largest paper mills in the V. S., on Bath Island, was 
burned during the past year, (1*<58.) 

* The Niagara Suspension Bridge, which crosses the river at 
this place, was commencfid in 1S62 and finished in 1855. It is 
821 ft. in length from center to center of the towers, and 247 ft. 
above the water. It has 2 floors, — the lower for a carriage way, 
and thu upper for a rail way, upon which 4 rails are so laid as 
to make tracks of 3 different gauges. The cost of the structure 
was about $400,000, and the stock of the company $500,000. 
The tirst line wa." got across the river at this place by the aid of 
a kite. With this a larger cord was drawn over; and finally a 
rope, upon which pulleys could be run. bearing the wires of 
which the bridge is composed. The chief engineer was John A. 
Roebling. 

* The De Veaux College was established according to the pro- 
visions of the will of Samuel De Veaux, who bequeathed for that 
purpose pereon;tl property to tlie amount of $154.4:12 and real 
estate valued at $3*>.2l3, besides 330 acres of inalienable land. 
The building was erected in 1855-56. It is built of stone, haa 2 
■tories and an attic above the ground story, and a front of 100 ft., 
with a depth of 54 ft. The members of the school are supplied 
by the iostitutlun with food, clothing, aod books. By the pro- 



visions of the will of Mr. De Teaux, the prvsident of the collega 
must always be a clergyman of the Prot. K. Church, and the 
institute itself under the control of the Diocese of Western New 
York. Members of the school are appointt-d by the board of 
trustees, the children of parents belonging to the Prot. E. Cliurch 
having the preference. When once received, the children are 
under the sole charge of the trustees until they attain their ma- 
jority. See &7iate Dnc. 1858, No. 118. The college repi)rtB an. 
Dually to the Legislature. 

* See pnge 452. 

6 During the period of English occupancy a small settlement 
grew up at Schlosser. There were, besides tlie .'^tedmiin house, 
(which was a large and spacious 2i story building.) about 15 
other dwellings. The Stedmans moved away in 1795 and left 
Jesse Ware in possession. Judge Augustus Porter settled at 
Schlosser in 180G. The first sawmill was Iniilt by Johu 
Stedman. The first school was taught by Kzekiel Hill, in 1807. 

* In his account of their sojoura Fatlier H.-nn-pin says, ''I 
had one hut especially designed for observinj; prayers iu holy- 
days and Sundays." 

I Bap.. Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and R. C. at Niagara Falls. 
Cong., Ref. P. D., Evang., Prot.E., Presb., and M. E. at Niagara 
City, and M. E. at Cayuga Creek. 

8 Named from Sylvester Pendleton Clark, Ex-Gov. of Cirand 
Island. 

* Among the first settlers were Martin Van Slyke and John 
and Adam Fulnier. The first death was that of Martin Van 
Slyke, in 1814. S. 1'. Claik kept the first inn. in 1H22, and .l.-ny 
Jenks the first store, the same year. The first school was taught 
by DawBon, in the winter of 1816. 

W 2 M. E., Presb . Luth., and K.C. 

II Named from Judge Augustus Porter. 



45o 



NIAGARA COUNTY. 



are common to all parts of this co., considerable quantities of apples, peaches, and other fruits are 
raised. Youngsto^TU,* (p. v.,) incorp. Aug. 22, 1854, is situated on Niagiira River, aboutono 
mi. from its mouth. It contains 3 churches and has a pop. of 768. Ransoiuville,^ (p-v.,) 
in the s. e. part of the town, contains 2 churches. Pop. 195. East Porter is a p.o. Fort 
IViag'ara" is situated on the lake shore, at the mouth of Niagara River. Transient settlements 
■wore made at very early periods by the French at Ft. Niagara ; but no permanent settlement was 
made until the early part of the present century.* There are 7 churches in town.' 

KOYAliTOHf' — was formed from Hartland, April 5, 1817, and a part of Lockport was taken 
off in 1S24. It is the s. E. corner tovra of the co. The surface is generally level or undulating, 
except in the N. part, where the mountain ridge crosses the town. Johnsons, Eighteen Mile, and 
Mud Creeks take their rise in this town, and the Tonawanda forms its s. boundary. The soil is a 
clayey loam. ^liddleport' (p. v.) incorporated in 1858, lies partly in Hartland, but principally 
in the N. E. part of this town. It is situated upon the Erie Canal, and is a station on the R. & 
N. F. R. R. It contains 5 churches and has a pop. of 689, (586 in Royalton, 103 in Hartland.) 
Gasport," {p-Y.,) situated on the canal near Eighteen Mile Creek, is a station on the R. & N. F. 
R. R. It contains 1 church and an academy.' Pop. 273. Orangreport, (p. v.,) on the canal, 
in the n. w. part of the town, has a pop. of 224; Royalton, (p. v.,) in the central part, of 168: 
and Keynales Basin, (p. v.,) on the canal, of 132. L.ocust Tree and South Royal- 
ton are p. offices. MclVallS Corners is a hamlet in the w. part. The first settlement was 
made in 1803, by Thos. Slay ton and Gad Warner.'" The first religious services were held in 1806; 
the first religious society (Christian) was organized in 1817, and the first church edifice was built 
the same year." There are 12 churches in town.''^ 

SOMER.SET— was formed from Hartland, Feb. 8, 1823, and a part of Newfane was taken 
off in 1824. It is the most easterly town upon the lake shore. The surface is level. Golden Hill 
and Fish Creeks cross the town in a N. B. direction. The soil is generally a sandy loam ; but in 
some places it is clayey. Near the mouth of Fish Creek is a small salt spring, from which salt was 
formerly made. Somerset, (p. v.,) N. of the center of the town, contains 3 churches and about 
30 dwellings. County Eine, on the line of Orleans co., and Eake Road and VFest Somer- 
set, are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Jacob Fitts and Zacharias Patr 
terson.'" The first religious services were conducted by Daniel Shepardson, in 1816, and the first 
church (Bap.) was organized in 1820. There are 5 churches in town." 

WHE ITFIEED— was formed from Niagara, Jlay 12, 1836. It is the most southerly town 
in the co., and lies partly on Niagara River and partly on Tonawanda Creek. The surface is level 
or gently undulating. Cayuga and Sawyers Creeks cross the town, the former in the western 
part and the latter in the eastern. The soil is generally a hard, clayey loam, difficult to cultivate. 
About a mi. e. of Tonawanda is a sour spring, and about 2 mi. n. a sulphur spring. A considerable 
part of the town is yet unimproved. The greater proportion of the population consists of immi- 
grants from Prussia and other parts of Germany.'* BergfllOltz,'* (p. v.,) near the center of the 
town, contains 1 church and about 80 houses; Martinsville, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, 1 church 



1 Named from John Tounfr. the first merchant at the place. 

2 Named from Clark Kansom, one of the early settlers. 
» See pages 45, 452. 

* John LloyJ, who was a soldier stationed at Fort Niagara in 
1799. settled in town iu 1801, 3 mi. from the fort. Sihas Hopkins 
settled in 1802, Tlios. Brown, Elijah Doty, John Clement, and 
John Waterhonse, in 1803, and John Brown in 1805. Robert 
Gurnsett liept the first inn, and John Yonn^ the first store, in 

1808. John Clapsaddle built the first sawmill, in 18115, and the 
first gristmill, in 1817, The first school was taught by Wm, 
Cogswell, in the winter of ISOG. 

6 3 M. E,. Bap., Presh., Wes, Meth., and K. C, 

* Named from Royalton, Vt. 

' So named from its being midway on the canal between 
" Np.ivport" (now Albion) and Lockport, 

8 So called from the fact that g;is escapes from the earth here. 
This ga.s is inrlainmable: and at one time it was conveyed through 
iron pipes frmu the spring to a store, which was lighted by it. 

« Founded in 1854. 

10 Joshua Slay ton, Elswnrth. Lnuden Andrews, and Alex. 

Hasl<ins settled in town in Isol. stfjilieu Bngliy, Stephen Hoyt, 
and Sam'l Capon, in 180.S, and llaruuiii Treadwell in 1806. The 
first birth was that of Bau'l Vauj^hii : the first marriage, that 
of Henry Kiswoi-th and Polly Cornish, in the spring of 1810; 

and the "first death, tliat of Elsworth, in 1804. Gad Warner 

built the first sawmill, In 1817. The first tavern was opened in 

1809, by Fi;ik. 

n This was one of the first churches upoa the Holland Fur- 



chase. It was painted red, and was called " The Rfd Meeting 
House." 

12 3 M. E., Bap., Christian, Cong,, F,W, Bap., Luth., Presb., R.C, 
Univ., and Wes. Meth. 

13 Arcliiliald Whittun, Philip Fitts, and Truman and David 
Mu'lL,'rtt s.ttli'd in till' town the same year. Tiie first birth wjis 
th.it of IVlilah Fitts, in 1811: the first marriage, tli.at of John 
Slierwooil and Rebecca .^leiid. in 1817 ; and the first death, that 
of Philip Fitts, in 1814. Jusijih S. Itniiev opened the first inn, in 
1817. and Jos. IVI. Carpenter tli.- first store, in 1823, The first saw- 
mill was built by John Randolph, in 1822,and the first gristmill 
by Archibald McDowell, in 1820, The first school was taught by 
Marstou Sherwood, in the winter of 1817. 

" 2 B.ap,. Friends, Presb,, and M, E. 

15 They nearly all cultivate the soil ; but their farms are 
usually very small, consisting generally of not more than 5 to 10 
acres. They retain in a great measure their own manners, cus- 
toms, and nationality. They have their own churches and 
schixds: their pa-stors and schoolmasters came from Germany 
with them, and Germ.an is the language of the pulpit and th« 
sclioolroom. Their houses are nearly all one story, rough framed 
buildings, unclapboarded, and filled in with unburned bricks. 
Several of them are built of hewn logs, the crevices filled with 
clay : and some are clapboarded on the gable ends down as far 
as the level of the eaves, 

11 These villages were named from places of the same names 
in Germany. 




^ 






0' 



R3 



1 



■^ 


* 


^ 


« 


4 


1 

^ 


uz 


1 




■>x3 


a 




S 


Vj 


« 


^^ 


§ 


§t^ 
~ ^ 


S 
^ 




K 


* E^ 


a. 


S 'S 


!fl 


^ 


t) 


'^•^5^ 


u-. 


>=; ,--; 


>■ 




g 


-"> 



N. 



I s 



vl 






>l^. 



S ^ 



NIAGARA COUNTY. 



457 



and about 60 houses ; Jotansburgr^ in the central part, 1 church and about 50 houses ; and 
Walmore,* (p. v.,) in the n. w. corner of the town, 2 churches and 12 houses. These are 
straggling German villages. Shawnee, (p. v.,) in the N. E. corner of the town, contains 1 church 
and 15 houses. Tonawanda, (p. v.,) on the line of Erie co., lies partly within this town. 
The first settlement was made by Geo. A''an Slyke, in 1802, at the mouth of Tonawanda Creek." 
There are 7 churches in town.* 

WIliSOW*— was formed from Porter, April 10, 1818, and a part of Newfane was taken off in 
1824. It is situated on the lake shore, N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is level. The E. 
branch of Twelve Mile Creek* crosses the town near the center, and the w. branch in the N. w. part. 
The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Wtlson, (p. v.,) incorp. June 25, 1858, is situated on the E. 
side of Twelve Mile Creek, near its mouth. It contains 3 churches and the Wilson Collegiate 
Institute. Pop. 666. East Wilson, South YVilson, and North Wilson are p. oiiices. 

The first settlement was made in 1810, by Stephen Sheldon, Reuben Wilson, Goodman, John 

Eastman, and Gilbert Purdy.' The first church (Presb.) was organized Jan. 18, 1819. There ara 
now 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. E. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Bivellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Niagara County. 



Names op Towns. 



Cambria 

Hartland..... 

[ Lewiaton 

Lockport.... 

Newfane 

Niagara 

Pendleton... 

Porter 

Koyalton.... 

Siiuierset 

Whcatfield.. 
Wilson 



Total.. 



Acres of Land. 



I 



17.214 
20,836J 
16.812 
21,813i 
22,268i 
6,754i 
9.843J 
11.014 
27.74Si 
18.202 
10.7 6S} 
21,768 



207,043} 



6,767 
9,600 
6,819J 

13,684J 

10,173 
6.088 
6,1 69A 
6.721 

12,968 
8,313 

10,037 
8.269i 



101,110 



Valuation of 1858. 



$760,657 
839,722 
724,371 

2,689,229 
818,182 

1,448,126 
420,049 
697,697 

1,253,211 
666.161 
866,310 
802,867 



11,776,382 







e 



$808,447 
881,022 
792,103 

3,163,629 
850,247 

1,732,826 
447,149 
619,147 

1,356,002 
694,111 

1,700,110 
829,971 



1,999,382 13,774,764 24,810 23,472 



^ 



1,126 
1,527 
1,665 
6,676 
1,641 
2.913 

972 
1,362 
2,598 

952 
1,641 
1,739 



1.091 
1,606 
1,596 
6,711 
1.523 
2.544 

854 
1,2.81 
2.332 

971 
1.611 
1.568 



530 
2,364 
618 
808 
374 
484 
905 
379 
616 
650 



407 
642 
681 
2,286 
619 
967 
359 
484 
931 
378 
675 
622 



8,951 



12 
18 
13 
18 
16 
7 
8 
11 
24 
14 
7 

6,9791 166 



2S' 
623 
2MI 
1,613 
340 
439 1 
272 
3361 
600 

492, 



el 

727 
1,100 
1.214 
6,011 
1,217 
],9S6 

772 

979 
1,561 

780 
1,070 
1,268 



17,726 



Names of Towns. 



Cambria.... 
Ilartland... 
Lewiston... 
Lockport... 
Newtiiue..,. 

Niafrara 

PeniUeton.. 

Porter 

licviilton... 
.^iimerset... 
Wlieatfield, 
Wilson 

Total, f 





Lite Stock. 






Agriccitdbal Products. 




1 


8 

1 


|1^ 
III 


i 


1 


.5 


Bosh, of Grain. 


1 
3,490 


22.343 


11 
Ml 


Daisy Pkodocts. 




1 


0,0] 


1i 


946 


1,768 


I.OIS 


6,316 


1,369 


67,773 


89,816 


36,352 


98.077 


12,280 


1.301 


1,696 


1,196 


9.090 


2,221 


20,201 


88,124 


3,801} 


33,865 


22.614 


110,460 


12,353 


2,798 


1,1.61 


746 


6,034 


1,413 


68,238 


63,962 


3,4.36 


18,«84 


26,900 


76,322 


405 


1,634 


1,655 


1,640 


6,834 


3,207 


69,320i 


120.463J 


5,400 


29,613 


30,191 


124,266 


4,170 


1,177 


1,837 


1,082 


8,243 


2,031 


66,661 


94,506 


3,»J2i 


29,714 


16,441 


91,246 


8,460 


662 


635 


486 


800 


MS 


21,637 


37,176 


l,676i 


6.905 


5,934 


22,386 




692 


813 


688 


2,111 


932 


28,540 


62,968 


1,627 


8,526 


6,939 


46,434 


1,361 


824 


1,054 


720 


6,327 


1,389 


69,291 


47,797 i 


2,893 i 


18.724 


19,868 


66,779 


8.697 


1,636 


1,900 


1,479 


12.450 


2,701 


41,480i 


171,2S0 


6,337} 


30,R74i 


49,217 


164,271 


17,813 


966 


1,376 


816 


9,929 


1,614 


38,021 


64,693i 


2,463S 


21,927i 


18,066 


70,063 


6,711 


606 


992 


8S7 


2,038 


1,606 


36,090 


68,306 


2.695i 


19,476 


4.629 


60,515 


820 


1,293 


1,863 


1,151 


11,197 


2,869 


84,672 


103,288 


4,056 


34,697 


20,947 


127,499 


8,383 


14,334 


16,630 


11,708 


78,359 


21,766 


690.926 


1,002,271 


41,117i 


276,448 


255,997 


1,038,307 


71,443 



11.499 



ISee note 16, p. 456. 

s John Flarrey and Walton eettled in the town In 1807, 

and Geo. Burgher, Jacob Stoner, and Wm. Scott, in 1809. James 
Field kept thp firat inn, in 1808, and Judge Wilkinson the first 
store, in 1822. The first BawiniU was built by Col. John Sweeney, 
in 1825. 

3 4 Kvanp:. Luth., Bap.. M. E., and Mennonite. 

< Named from Reuben Wilson, one of the earliest aettlera, and 
the first BtiperviBor. 

& In 181 1, about 4 mi. from the mouth of this creek, In the lake, 



a few rods from the shore, Mr. Goodman found a 4 lb. Frpnch 
Bwivel, loaded with a ball and 3 grape shot. A large pile of bul- 
lets and considerable quantities of ballast iron were subsequently 
found on the shore near bv. 

The first birth was that of Warren Wilson, in 1811. Joshua 
Williams and Daniel Sheldon built the first sawmill, in 1S15, 
and Hi-uben and Luther Wilson the first gristmill, in 1824. 
Benj. Douglas opened the first store, in 1817, and T. T. Upton 
the first inn, in 1818. The first school was an evening school 
for adults, taught by Luther Wibon during Jan. and Feb. 
1817. 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 




:\ 




This county was formed from Herkimer, March 15, 1708. Lewia 
and Jefferson were taken off in 1S05, and a part of Oswpjio in 
1816. Portions were annexed to Clinton in 1801 and to Madison 
in 1836. A portion of Chenango was annexed in 1804.' It lies 
near the center of the State, 100 mi. from Albany, and contains 
1,215 sq. mi. A broad valley, nearly level, extends e. and w. through 
the center of the co., and from it, both n. and s., the surface rises 
* ; \ / ■ J into a broken and hilly region. The highlands which occupy the 

'6j , ..'/^'J:--- .-■"''v;^'^ s. part are arranged in ridges extending n. and s., the highest sum- 
mits, on the s. border, being 600 to 1,000 ft. above the valley of the 
Mohawk. North of the central valley the surface rises abruptly to 
a height of 800 to 1,200 ft., and spreads out into a nearly level 
plateau, broken by the ravines of the streams. The E. part of the central valley is drained by the 
Mohawk, flowing E., and the w. part by Wood Creek, flowing w. This valley affords a natural 
road from the Hudson to the great lakes, and is the lowest pass through the Appalachian Mt. 
system. The Mohawk rises upon tlie N. border of the co., and flows in a southerly direction to 
Rome, and thence s. E. to the E. border of the co. Its principal tributaries from the n. are Nine 
Mile Creek and Lansing Kil, and from the s. Sauquoit and Oriskany Creeks. Black River flows 
across the n. e. corner of the co. East Canada Creek forms a portion of the E. boundary ; the 
head branches of the Unadilla and Chenango drain the s. border, and Oneida, Wood, and Fish 
Creeks drain the w. part. Oneida Lake, extending several mi. along the w. border, is the only 
large body of water in the co. In the extreme N. e. corner are several small lakes and ponds. 

The rocks of this co. include nearly the whole, series lying between the gneiss, which covers the 
N. E. part, and the Hamilton group, which outcrops on the s. hills. The Trenton limestone, Utica 
slate, Oneida conglomerate, and Clinton group have received their names from being so distinctly 
developed in this co. Of useful minerals the co. has the lenticular clay iron ore of the Clinton 
group, bog ore in the swamps near Oneida Lake, and, probably, magnetic ore in the n. e. part.. 
Marl and peat have been found in some places. Waterlime and gypsum quarries have been 
wrought to some extent. Building stone in great variety and of superior quality has been exten- 
sively quarried. Mineral springs are found in several places. The S(jil in the N. E., derived from 
the disintegration of the primitive rocks, is light and sandy, and is capable of producing only a 
Boanty vegetation. This region is sparsely settled, and is not capable of supporting many in- 
habitants. The central valley is one of the most fertile portions of the State. The soil is a fine 
quality of sandy and gravelly loam and alluvium, finely tempered with lime and gypsum. The 
highland region s. of the river has a soil composed of clay and sandy and gravelly loam, and ia 
best adapted to pasturage. The richness and diversity of the soil make this co. one of the best 
agricultural regions of the State. The people are chiefly engaged in agriculture, the principal 
branches of which are grain raising in the valleys and dairying and stock raising upon the hills. 
Hops are largely cultivated in the s. towns. The manufactures of the co. are extensive, though 
principally confined to Utica and the villages along Oriskany and Sauquoit Creeks. 

The county is a half-shire, the co. buildings being respectively located at Utica and Rome.''' 
The courthouses and jails at both places are well built and conveniently arranged. The clerk's 



1 Montgomery, Herkimer, and Oneida conntieg originally ex- 
tended in long, narrow strips to the St. Lawrence. In 1801, 
Lisbon — then an immnnse town upon the N. border — was an- 
nexed to Clinton co. It is not certain whether Tracts 1, 2. and 
3 of Macomb's Purchase were intended liy this arrangement to 
belong to Clinton; but in 1802 they were annexed to St. Law- 
rence Co. Oneida co. was named from the Oneida Indiana, who 
inhabited and owned this and some adjoining counties. The 
■word Oneida signifies "the people of the stone." The Indians 
had a strange tradition concerning a certain stone, which fol- 
lowed them in their wanderings atid finally rested on the sum- 
mit of one of the highest hills in the eo., fioni which their 
beacon fires couM be seen to a great distance, and upon which 
tliey assembled to hold council or prepare lor war. A boulder 
of gneiss, which tradition identified as this palladium of 
the Oneidas. a few years since was t.iken from the farm of 
James 11. Gregg, in the town of Stockbridge. and placed in a 
prominent positiou near the entrance of the Utica Cemetery, 
453 



on the Bridgewater Plank Road, about a mi. s. of TItica. — 
Joneses Chieidu, p. S40; KiiUx and Be/fftlnti'^tis of the Utica 
Cemttery Asso. 1849. p. 33: S-nale Dor. 1840, Nn. 24. p. 46; 
Scttfifilcra/t's Hist. CondUion and ProspecL't nf Indian Tribes, I, 
p. 17fi. 

2 The CO. Beat of Ilerkimer co. was originally Kcated at 
Wliitestown; and upon the division of the co. the lecorils wera 
retained by Oneida. The act erecting Oneida co. directed the 
first courts to be held at the scboolhouse near Frrt Seiiuyler, 
(Home.) and required the courthouse to be tuilt \vithin 1 mi. 
of the fort. By an act of April 6. 1801, Thomas .tetikins and 
IIcz. L. Hosmer. of Hudson. .lohn Th'tmpson, of Stillwater, and 
Dirck Lane, of Troy, were appointed to locate the courthouse 
and jail of Oneida co. These buildings were comiileted several 
years afterward, and the courts were held here and at Whites- 
boro' during many years. The courthouse and jail at Home 
were burned al'out 184^. anil rebuilt within 3 years after. The 
clerk's office was removed to Utica in 181t>, and the academy at 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



459 



office is a fireproof building, located at Utica. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 195 acres 
about 2 mi. s. w. of Kume. It has an average of 222 inmates, supp;»rled at a cost of $1.U0 per 
week each. Separate buildings have been provided for lunatics and for a pcsthouse.^ 

The Erie Canal extends through Utica, Wliitestown, Rome, and Veruna. The Chenango Canal 
extends s. from Utica, up the valley of Oriskany Creek, thi-ough New Hartford, Kirkla.nd, Mar- 
ehall, and a corner of Augusta, connecting with the Susquehanna River at Binghamton. The 
Black River Canal extends n. from Rome along the valleys of the Mohawk and Lansing Kil 
through "Western and BoonviUe, connecting with Black River above Lyons Falls, in Lewis c6. 
The Oneida Lake Canal extends w. from Rome to Wood Creek and along that stream to its mouth 
The N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Utica, Whitestown, Rome, and Verona, The Black River 
&, Utica R. R. extends from Utica n. through jMarcy, Trenton, Remsen, and Steuben to Boonville.* 
The Waterrown & Rome R. R. extends from Rome N. w. through Annsville and Camden. A large 
number of plank roads have been built in the co. ; but they are mostly abandoned. 

Four daily, 9 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, 1 quarterly, and 4 monthly newspapers are now published 
in the co.^ 

At an early period of the English occupation of New York the colonists became acquainted with 



that place was used for holding courts for many yL-ars. A new 
courthouse waa built at Utica in lS51-f,3. The first co. nfficers 
were JedeUmh danger, Fint Judge; Geo. Huntington and I»av)d 
Ostrom. Judirrx ; .Umas Piatt, Clerk; \Vm. Colbratb, SheriJ)'; 
and Arthur lireese, Sui-rogate. 

1 An act was passed in 1S59 for the sale of the poorhouse pre- 
mises and the piirt-hase of a new site. 

- This load has been partially built along Black River through 

Lewis CO.; but work upon it ia now suspended. It was the 

original di'-iiign toextend the road to Clayton and Ogdensburgh. 

* Tilt Wt:sfcni Cenlinel was commenced at WInteeboro" in Jan. 

1794, by Oliver P. Jiaton. He waa ?uccteded by 

Lewis, and afterward by Lewis & ^\ ebb. The paper 

was continued about 6 years. 
The Whitrstown Gii::eUf- was commenced in .Tune, 1796, bj- Wni. 

McLean. In 1798 it was removed to Utica aud con- 

tinu'd :is 
The TV)n(.\sf' ivn Gaz'tte and Cain's Patrol, In 1803 it was pur- 
chased by John H. Lathrop, and was soon after merged 

in 
The. Utica Patrint, commenced by Asahel Seward and Ira Mer- 
rill. iVIr. Lathrop continuing as editor. In 1811 it 

passed into the bandsof W ni. H. Mayiiard; and in ISlti 

it was united with 
Th( Patrol, cnnimeuced in Jan. 1815. by Ppwnrd &. Williams, and 

the combined paper whs puMished a.s 
TfU! Patriot and P^drol, W. H. Maynard. e'iitor, and Seward & 

W ilUanis, publishers. In 1S21 its name was changed to 
The Utirii Sfutinel. In 18'Jo it «a,s united with the Columbian 

Gazette and published as 
The Sentinel atid Guzitte. In 1^2S 8. 1). Dakin became proprie- 
tor, and in ISJ^ he t-old to Hufus Northway and 1). S. 

Portrr. In P-Sl Mr. Porter withdrew. In 1834 Mr. 

Niirthway united the Llucidatur with it and changed 

its iiiiUie to 
The Ovi'in Whig. In 18JS it was merged in the Oneida 

\\>«lilv Herald. In 1^42 Mr. Northway commenced 
The Llirx I'"'l)/ Gn:rtt>\ Wm. Albn and it. U. Slicrman. editors. 

KiMStns (lark. Wni. H. fmlerhill. Ezekiol Barron, Alex. 

.^^■wanl. II. C. Potter. J. M. Lyon, John Arthur, N. D. 

.lewcll. and KIUs & Kohertswcre successively interested 

in its jutblication. In Jan. 1S57, it was united with 
The Cfirtt Mrrnitw H-ridd. and assun'ed the n;inm of the 
Dtica Moriilikg Herald and Gazette, and is still 

puMi-h./<l. 
The Columhiun Patrinlir Gazellr was commenced at Rome by 

Ihns. Walker and Ebenezer Kiiton in Aug. 1799. In 

lS(»o Mr. Katon retired, and in 1S03 it was removed to 

Utica and publiwhed as 
The Columhvm Giz*'tte : and in 1825 it was united with the 

Utica Sentinel by Mm. J. Bacon and S. D. Dakin. 
The Eluiifhitor wa.^ cuinmenred inl><2y byB.B. IlotchkJn. editor. 

and ^\'. Willi;iins. publisher. It was united with the 

tin.-i.la Wliit; in 18;i4. 
The Gncida M"rni}i'i Hiralil was commenced by R.W.Roberts. 

R. U. .^herman. and Geo. B. Colaton. in Nov. 1847. A 

weeklv edition whs also published, called 
The Oneida W^tklij Herold. In 1848 Mr. Colston withdrew, and 

in ISf)? the papers were united with the Utica Daily 

Gazette. 
Viica Chri.^iian Magazine vas commenced by the Oneida Arho- 

ciation and Presbytery in 1813, and was publiBhed 

about 3 vears. 
The Cluh was j-ubli-'^hed at Utica by Henry Ooodfellow k Co. 

about 3 months in 1814. 
The Civil find h'riii/ious InUUigencer was started in 1815 at 

SanK»'ififld by Jos.Tenney. In 1825 it was changed to 
The Savgfrjield Itittlligfttcer. and in 1835 it was removed to 

"■Franl.lin Village,'' now Fiibius, Onondsiga Co. 
The Utica Observer was commenced by E. Dorchester tu 1816. 



In 1818 it was removed to Rome and it3 name 
changed to 

T!te Oneida Observer. In 1819 it was returned to Utica and its 
original name was resumed. A. G. Danly, K. A. May- 
nard, Eli Maynard. C. C. Griffith, John P. Bush. John 
F. Kittle, and A. M. Heaidsley were successively inte- 
rested in the pubjicaliou. In 1848 a daily edition waa 
issued, called 

The XJtlca Dally Observer. In 1853 the papers united 
with the Utica Democrat, and arc now publi>hcd by D. 
C. Grove, the weekly edition as tho 

Obgerver aud Democrat. 

The Utica Democrat was commenced by John G. Floyd in 1836. 
It was succes.'-ively jjublished by Kdwaid Slurris, Jarvis 
M. Hatili. and Ik-njumin Welch. In 1S53 D. C. Grove 
became owner, and united it with the f bttervi-r. 

The Utica Christian Le-positi'iy. mo., was conmu-n' ed by Merrill 
k Hastings in 1822. \Vm. Williams, publisher. About 
1825 its nimie was changed to 

The Western Recorder, a weekly religious paper, G. Tracy, pub- 
lisher. It was continued several yewrs. 

The Baptist Register was commenced by Llders. Oiilnsha & 
Wiley. In 1825 it was published under the auspices of 
the Baptist denomination, Alex. Beebe. editor, and 
Cephas Bennetti publisher. In 1S3(I it waa leased to 
Bennett k Bright for 5 years; and in 1^35 the lejise was 
renewed for 7 years. In 1840 Mr. Bright withdrew. It 
Was succest-ively published by IJenneit, I'lickus k Haw- 
ley, Bulplius BeMiett, A. M. Beebe, and D. Beiinett. and 
in 1854 it was sold and united with the New York 
Recorder, of the city of New York. 

The Baptiit Situday-School Journal, mo., was commenced in 
1828 by C. Bennett. 

The Univei-Falist, mo., was commenced at Utica by Rev. J. S. 
Thompson, L. R. ^lnith. & G. B. Li(*lier in 1825. It waa 
removtd to 1 hil.idelphia in about 1 year. 

The Wextei-n AV7?rf(/y /<chool VisiUnit and Christian Miscellany 
was commenced at Utica by G. S. Wilson in 1826. 

The Utica IvttUiiimcer was commenced by E. S. Lly in 1826. 
In 1830 Joseph H. Buckinghani became editor and 
Joseph Colwell publihher, aud in 1^31 tho paper waa 
united witli 

Thf- Mechanics' Press, commenced by J. M. Ladd k W. Pchram in 
1829. The united papers were published a short time aa 

The Utica Intelligencer and Mechanics' Press, by Joseph Colweil, 
proprietor. 

The Utica Magazine was commenced in 1827. It soon passed 
into the hjinds of Rev. Dolphus i^kinner, who issued it 
senii-nionihly as 

The Erangdicul Magazine, In 1830 he united it with the Go.";- 
pel Advocate of Auburn, and published it weekly as the 

Eravyehcai Mag-izive and G"S})el Advtrale. In iSyl' it was 
inergfd in the Christian Ambassiidor. since published 
siiuultnneou.sly in New York and Auburn. 

Tlif Gt'sjit'l Mnsfugfr w.is commenced at Auburn by Rev. John 
C. Rudd in 1S27, and waa removed to Utica about 1835 
and publinhed aa 

The G"spel Mr.-sengtr and Church Record. After the death of 
Mr. Ruiid, Rev. Wm. A. Matson became editor. The 
piiper is still pnblitiheil as 

The GoHpel Messenger. 

J fu: Aiiien\an Ciliziit w;is publinhed at Utica by Geo. S. Wilson 
—Bennett k Bri^iht. printers— in 1830. 

The Christian Juunial was pubU^ht-d at Utica in 1830 by E. S. 
Bari'owB. 

The Co-Openit'fV, eemimo., was pul lished at Utica in 1832 by 
l.uartus Ginves. M. R. Bfli tlett. editor. 

The Leier was publitjhed at Utica by \\ ni. S. Spear in 1832. 

The Onnda Thvuvrnt was commenced at Ltiia in 1833, and 
continued about 2 years. 



460 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



the wonderful natural channel of navij^ation that extended through this cc, and which, with a 
short and easy portage, connected the Mohawk with the great lakes and the fertile regions of the 
West. About the commencement of the last century, plans were proposed for improving this route 
and for fortifying the most important points upon it. The portage at Rome, from the Mohawk to 
Wood Creek, became a point of the first importance, and it was occupied as early as 1725 ; and a 
fortification known as Fort Bull was built upon Wood Creek soon after. On the 27th of March, 
1756, this fort was surprised by a party of French and Indians, under M. De Lery, who had pene- 
trated through an interior route from La Presentation, on the St. Lawrence, by an exhausting 
march of 15 days. The garrison were unprepared ; yet they made a spirited but ineffectual, re- 
eistauce, and nearly every person perished. Alarm was carried to Furt Williams, on the Mjhawk, 
4 mi. distant, and a force was hastily sent to relieve Fort Bull, but arrived too late to render assist- 
ance. The enemy, after wasting the stores and provisions, retired with their prisoners and plunder 



Tfie. Oneida Standard was commenced at Watervitle in 1833. 
It w;i3 subsequently removed to Utica, and after the 
diycontinuanco of the Democrat it assumed the name of 

The Standard and Democrat, Quartns Graves, puMisher. In 
1835 it became obnoxinus to its enemies from its aboli- 
tionism, and on the evening of Oct. 21 the office was 
entered by a mob and a part of the type aud furnitui'e 
were thrown into the street. 

The. Friend of Man was commenced at Utica by the N. Y. State 
Anti-Slavery Society in 1836, Wm. Goodell, editor. In 
1841 Stanley P. Uoupli became editor, and in 1842 
Wesley Bailey became proprietor, and united with it 
the Abolitionist, of Cszenovia. and changed the name to 

Tht Liberty Press. It was discontinued in 1.S49. 

The Vtica T'etntaler was commenced by Wesley Bailey in 1849. 
In 1856 A. K. Bailey became proprietor. In INoS it was 
united with the llion Independent, the new paper 
takin'4 tht» name of 

The Central ludepeudeut, under which title it is now 
published by G. W. IJung^y k A. K. Bailey, editors. 

Youtfi's Miscdlany was published at L'tica by Beunett & Bright 
in 18S4. 

The Christian Tisitant, mo., was published at Utica by A. B. 
Gruosh in 1835. 

The TuUsmnn was published at Utica by Bennett & Bright m 
1835. 

Mothers' Afnnthit/ Jmtitral was published at Utica by Kingsford, 
Bennett & Bright in 1836. 

TJie Examiner was published at Utica in 1836, and 

The Freeman at Utica in 1837, both by E. Dorchester. 

Y Ceuliad^v'r Americaniddf mo., (Welsh, American 

Messenger,) was commenced ai Utica in 1832. In 
1834 it was removed to Steuben, and is now published 
by Rev. Robert Everett. 
Anii-Slavirt/ Lf'cturer was published at Utica a short time by 
Will Guod.ll iD lh3ii. 

Y Cyfaill (Wclt^b, The Friend) was removed from New 

York by Kev. W. Rowland in 1^41. In 1844 it was re- 
turned to New York. In 1854 it was removi-d to Rome, 
and in 1867 to Utica. It is now published by Thus. 
•Jenkins. 

(Antral Xluj York Washingtonian was published at Utica and 
Rome in 1842. 

The Weslei/a7i Methodist was commenced at Utica by David 
Plumb in ls41. A paper, known successively as the 
Cortland Luminary and Ref. Meth. Intelligencer find 
the Fayetteville Luminary, was united with it, and the 
name changed to the 

Methodist lifformer. In 1842 it was removed to Cazenovia. and 
soon after to Utica, W. Bailey, publisher. In 1S43 it 
was raertred in the True Wesleyan, of New Yoi-k City. 

The Utica Daily News, the fin^t daily papei' in Utica. was com- 
menced by Joseph M. Lyon, John Arthur, C. Edwards 
Lester, and .Tarvis M. Hatch, in Jan. 1842. It was con- 
tinued about 7 months. 

The JMcanian was published a sliort time by Squires Sl Soliss 
in 1842. 

Tbe American Journal of Insanity (quarterly) 
was commenced by Dr. A. Brigham in 1843, and was 
edited for a time by Dr. T. R. Beck. 

The Washingtonian was published at Utica by J. C. Donaldson 
in 1843. 

CyseU Hfn Wladyn Americanidd (Welsh) was published at 
Utica by E. E. Roberts in 1843. 

Toung Lading Miscellany was published at Utica by Bennett, 
Backus & Hawiey in 1S43. 

Seren Arllewinnl, (Welsh, Western Star,) mo., was commenced 
at Utica in June, 1844. In 1846 it was removed to Penn. 

Washi7ig(imian News was published at Utica by Matteson Baker 
in 184.^. 

The Clititun Signal was commenced by Paine & McDonald in 
1S46. In 1848 its name w-a;^ changed to 

The Radiator; and in 1849 the original name was resumed. 
In 1850 it was published as the 

Oneida Chief, by Ira D. Bruwn. In 1855 it passed into the 
hands of Francis E. Merritt, and in 1857 into the 
bands of John U. Osburu, who changed its uamo to the 



Clinton Courier, and still continues its publication. 
The Gcidral JVeivs was published at Utica by M. Baker in 1846. 
Haul Gomer, (Welsh, Gomerian Sun,) semi-mo., w:i8 commenced 

in 1847 and issued 1 year. 
Tlie Central City Cadet was started at Utica in 1849 by James 

& Howard. In 1S50 it was clianged to 
Tlie Cadi:C;! Banner, and was soon after discontinued. 
The Equalizer, a campaign paper, was pubhshed at Utica in 

1850. 
The Opal, mo., was commenced in 1851. It is edited and 

printed by patients of the Lunatic Asylum. 
The American Free Missionary was removed from McGrawville 

to Utica in 1850 or "61. 
The American Baptist was commenced by the Free Mission 

See, W. Walker, editor, in 1850, In 1856 it was re- 
moved to New York City. 
The Diamond, mo., a boys' paper, was published at Utica 2 

months in 1850 by A. K. Bailey, E. Wetmore, and C. 

W. Butler. 
Tlie IVortliem Farmer, mo., was commenced at Utica 

ill Jan. isr.j. Jt is now edited by T. B. Miner. 
The Rural American was commenced at Utica in Jan. 

1S56, as a semi-mo. In Jan. 1859, its publication wa* 

commenced weekly. It is now edited by T. B. Miner. 
Mechanics^ National Reporter was published at Utica a short 

time in 18.31. 
The Utica Kvenlng Telegraph was commenced by 

Thos. R. McQuade. J. F. Mc^nade, editor, in M.'iy, 1852. 

In Feb. 1858, the office was burned. Tlie publication 

was resumed in May, and is still continued. 
The Scin}tif.c Daguerrean, mo., was commenced at Utica by D. 

D. T. Davie and Guerdon Evans in Jan. 1853. 

Y Gwylifilydd (Welsh, The Watchman.) was commenced at 
Utica by a company, Morgan Ellis, editor, in 1854. In 
1856 it was removed to New York City and united with 
Y Diych. 

The Oneida Demoh-rat, semi-w., was published at Utica in 1854 
by Paul Keiser & Co. 

Young Folk's Advocate, mo., was commenced at Utica 
in July, 1^58. It is now edited and published by T. B. 
Miner. 

The Civil and Reliqioxis Intelligencer was published at Sanger- 
field in 1818. 

The Rome Republican was commenced by Lorin Dewey in Feb. 
1825. In May following. Channcey Beach succeeded as 
publisher; and in 1830 the paper was united with the 

Oficida Republican, commenced in June. 1828. by J, P. Vau 
Sice. The unitL-d papers were continued by Van Sice, 
under the title of 

The Rp-publican. In 1831, E. Moon purchased and enlarged the 
paper, and changed its name to the 

Rome Tel'yraph. Jas. N. Harris, John Boydon, H. A, Foster, 
aud others were successively interested in its publica- 
tion. In 1838 it passed into the hands of ll.Waldley, 
who changed its n:ime to the 

Demoa-atic ."^ntinet, Calvert Comstock, editor. In 1840 L. D. 
Dana became editor; and in 1845 H. T. Utley and 3.W. 
Jlorton purchased it and changed its name to the 

Rome Sentinel. In Sept. 1846, Morton sold to A. J. 
Rowley; and in 1847 Utiey sold to A. J. Rowley & Co., 

E. Comstock, editor. In 1850 Rowley became sole pro- 
prietor; and in Jan. 1852, he sold to Elan Comstock. 

Rome Daily Sentinel was commenced by C. & E. Com- 
siuck. in connection with the Rome Sentinel, in July, 
1>^52. In Oct. 18,^4, E. Wager aud D. D. Rowley, the 
present publisbeis. bought one-half, and in April, 1^55, 
the remainder, of the establishment. 

The V':r}ion Oatritr was commenced in July. 1835. In 184*) it 
w;is remi'vt-d to Home, and its name changed to 

The Roman Citizen, C. B. Gay. editor, and H. N. Bill, 
propnetiir. .1. K. Kenyon. J. P. Fitch. Alfred Sanlord, 
Geo. Scott. G. II. Lynch, A. D. Griswold. and A. C. 
Sunford were successively interested in its publication. 
In Oct. 1854. A. Sanford became sok- projU'ietor. In 
1855 the oflBce was burned. The publication uf the 
paper was soon alier resumed by Mr. Sanford, and id 
Btill continued by bim. 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



461 



towai'd Black River. Oswego was besieged by the French during the summer, and was surren- 
dered on the 14th of Aug. Alarmed at the success of the French, and greatly in fear for hia 
personal safety. Col. Webb, then commanding on the Mohawk, destroyed Forts AVilliams and 
Craven, and hastily retreated down the valley to Albany, leaving the frontiers to the mercy of 
the savages ; and the sequel is written in blood in the annals of the Upper Mohawk Valley. 

Fort Stanwix was erected in the summer of 1758, on the site of the present village of Rome. It 
was heavily armed ; but the war ended without furnishing occasion for its use, and upon the peace 
it was allowed to fall into ruin. In June, 1776, Col. Dayton was sent by the Continental authori- 
ties to rebuild this fort, which was from this time named Fort Schuyler. Col. Peter Gansevoort 
was ordered hither in April, 1777, with the 3d Regiment, and while still unfinished the fort 
was besieged by the tories and Indians under St. Leger. This movement formed part of a plan 
of operations against the colonies which contemplated the reduction of this fort and the ultimate 
meeting at Albany of the three British armies from Lake Champlain, the Mohawk, and New York. 
To relieve this post, Gen. Herkimer was sent with a detachment of troops chiefly raised in "Tryon" 
CO. This army fell into an ambuscade at Oriskany, where the memorable battle, elsewhere 
noticed, was fought on the 5th of Aug. 1777. While most of the savages were absent from their 
camp, a well conducted sortie from Fort Schuyler, by a party under Colonel Willett, attacked 
the camp of the enemy and took a large quantity of baggage and stores, 5 British standards, and 
the papers of most of the officers. The discontent which this incident occasioned among the 
Indians was increased to insubordination by the mysterious reports brought in by the emissaries 
of the Americans ; and on the 22d of Aug. the siege was raised, and the enemy retreated by the 
way of Oswego to Montreal. Portions of these troops subsequently joined Gen. Burgoyne and 
shared the fortunes of that ofBcer. The fort was destroyed by fire and flood in May, 1781. 
Through the influence of Rev. S. Kirkland and others, the Oneidas were induced to remain neutral 
or join the American cause, and were rewarded by liberal concessions at subsequent treaties.' 

Settlement had extended into the borders of the co. before the Revolution ; but every vestige of 
improvement was swept away during the war. Civilization re-appeared with peace ; and before the 
beginning of the present century the hardy pioneers of New England had pressed into nearly every 
town. The completion of the Western Inland Navigation Co.'s improvement in 1790, and of the 
Seneca turnpike and other early thoroughferes for emigration, and the construction of the Erie Canal 
and the 3 lateral canals which here join it, and of the railroads which cross it, have formed marked 
eras in the improvement and prosperity of the co. In wealth, population, and enter^irise it now ranks 
among the first cos. in the State. 



ASr]VSTIL.I.E' — was formed from Lee, Florence, Camden, and Vienna, April 12, 1823. It lies 
on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is broken with ridges or swells, running 
E. and w., gradually increasing in height toward the N. There appear to have been at some period 
three small lakes in the town, two of which have broken through their barriers and loft fine, fertile 
valleys. The e. branch of Fish Creek' forms a part of the e. boundary, and flows through tlie s. k 
part ; and the w. branch of the same stream forms a part of the s. boundary. Several small streams 
are tributaries of the E. branch, the principal of which are Furnace and Fall Creeks. On the latter. 
near its mouth, are three falls, of 14, 20, and 60 ft. respectively. The soil is clayey in the s., and 
sandy, gravelly, and stony in the other parts. Cclenmore, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 
sawmills, 1 gristmill, and 15 houses. Taberg,' (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, 3 



The Compass was published at Verona in 1840. 

The ParlfT Journal and LiUrary Ni'ws Letter of Central New 

York, rao., waa published at Rome by Graham & Co. 

in ISW. 
Thi Primit've Christian, eemi-mo., was published at Rome by 

R. Mattison in 1845. 
The Camden Gazette was published at Camden by Munger & 

Ptewart in 1842. 
The Spiritaal Magazine^ mo., was published at the Oneida Re- 

sel've in 1848. 
The Oneida Mirror waa published at Camden by Edward 

Packard in 1849. 
The Central Stale Journal waa commenced in 1850 by L. W. Piaine, 

S. S. Norton, editor. Its name waa soon after changed to 
The Central iV-w Tork Journal, and in Jan. 1863, to 
Tlu Vernon Transcript, J. R. HowU'tt, proprietor. In Oct. 1855, 

Nilea .Jewell became a partner ; and in 1856 the paper 

waa discontinued. 
The Boonville Leilyer was commenced by Jamea H. Norton in 

March. 1852. It afterward passed into tije hands of 

Kin Kent. In March, 1855, Mr. Kent sold to L. L. 

Childs A Co.. who changed its name to the 
Black River Herald, unde"- which title it is now pub- 

li-sbeil by L. L. Childs. 



The Waterville Advertiser was commenced by R.W. Ilathawav in 
1851. ■* 

The Empire suite BeallhJournalv{ii%commeiiceAnt'Komem\Hb\. 

The Waterrilie Journal w-as commenced in .Jan. 1855. by A. P 
Fuller & Co., C. li. Wilkinson, editor. It was discon- 
tinued in March. 185i3. 

The Waterville Times was commenced in Jan. 1867, 
by McKihbin & Wilkinson, and is still published. 

T Arweinydd, semi-mo., (Welsh, The Leader.) waa com- 
menced at Rome in Jan. 1858, by R. R, fileredith, editor, 
and Thos. T. Evans, assistant editor. 

1 The Oneidaa reserved a large tract of land in the treaty of 
1788, but ceded portions in 1795, 17'.I8, lSO'->, 1805, 1807, 1809, 
1810, 1811. 1815, 1817, 1824, 1826, 1827, and 1840. when they 
finally ceded the last of their lands held in common and received 
individual portions. Most of them have euiigrateU to M'isconsin ; 
and but about 60 now live in this co. — Census of 1865, vp. 500, 
503, 513. 

2 Named from the wife of J. W. Bloomfield. the first settler. 

3 Called by the Indians Te-ge-ro-ken, " between the inouth.s." 
A branch of the creek was called Aon-ta-gillon. *' Cn-ek at point 
of rocks." In the neigliborluwd of Fall Creek are severaj 
ravines with very pictures(iue scenery. 

* Named from au iron-mining town In Sweden. The Oneida 



4G2 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



Bawmills, 1 gristmill, a furnace, tannery, several small manufactories, and 40 houses. BlOSS- 
vale is a p. 0. in the s. part. The first settlement was commenced in 1793,^ by John W. Bloom- 
field, from N. J. The census reports 4 churches in town.'-' 

AUtrfSTA' — was formed from Whitestown, March 15, 1798. A part of Vernon was taken 
off in 1.S02, and a part of Stockbridge (Madison co.) in 183G. It lies on the w. border of the co., 
s. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland. Two ranges of hills extend n. and s. through the 
town on opposite sides of Skanandoa Oreek, affording limestone of excellent quality for lime and 
building purposes. Oriskany Creek flows through the extreme s. e. corner, and Skanand»ja Creek 
flows N. through near the center. The soil is a fertile, clayey and sandy loam. Augusta, 
(p.v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 100 inhabitants. HUOX Corners, (p.v,,) 
N. w. of the center, contains a church and 200 inhabitants. Oriskany Falls, (p. v.,) in the 
s. E. corner, contains a church, a saw and grist mill, machine shop, distillery, and 711 inhabitants. 

The first settlement was made by Gunn, in 1793.* The first religious services were held at 

the house of Fairbanks, in 1794.* 

AVA® — was formed from Boonville, May 12, 184G. It is the central town on the n. border of 
the CO. Its surface is a moderately uneven upland, 700 to 1,000 ft. above the Rome level. It is 
drained by Fish Creek, the e. and w. branches of the Mohawk, Point Rock, and Blue Brooks. 
Several small sulphur springs have been found in town. The soil is a gravelly loam. Ava 
Corners, ( Ava p. o.,) w. of the center, contains 20 houses. The first settlement was commenced 
by Ebenezer Harper, in 1798.' A Friends meeting house is the only place of worship in town. 

1{OOIVTIL.L.E^ — was formed from Leyden, (Lewis co.,) March 28, 1805. Ava was taken 

off in 1840. It lies on the n, border of the co,, e. of the center. Its surface is a hilly, broken up- 
land, 800 to 1,000 ft. above the canal at Rome. Black River flows through the n. e. part, and 
Lansing Kil rises near the center and flows s. to the Mohawk. Its soil is clayey loam, in many 
places thickly covered with boulders and often inclining to sand. Near the village are immense 
deposits of drift. Its e. border extends into the great forest, and presents the meager, sandy soil 
and naked rocks peculiar to that region. There is a gas spring Ig mi. w. of the village, and a 
sulphur spring l\ mi. s. The latter has acquired some local celebrity. Boonville, (p- v.,) 
in the n. w. part, was incorp. in 1855. It contains 3 churches, a printing ofiice, several manu- 
factories, and 1,000 inhabitants. It is the present n. terminus of the Black River & Utica R. R. 
It is on the summit level of the Black River Canal, and has a large trade with the country n., w., 
and E. Alder Creek, (p-v.,) in the s. e. part, contains a church and 20 houses. Forest 
Port, (p. v.,) near the s. E. corner, on the line of Remsen, contains 20 houses, llawkjnsville, 
(p. V.,) N. w. of the center, contains a saw and grist mill, chair factory, carding mill, and 339 in- 
habitants. Ilurlbutville is a p. o. The first settlement commenced in 1795.* The first 
church was formed in 1805.'** 

BRIUGEWATEU"— was formed from Sangerfield, March 24, 1797. It is the s. e. corner 
town of the co. Its surface is uneven. The valley of the w. branch of the Unadilla and its tribu- 
taries, locally known as *' Bridgewater Flats," in the n., is about a mi. wide, but decreases to about 



Glass ami Iron Manufacturing Co. begau operations here in 
1809. In 1811 a Mitat I'uriiaci; whb ereitod. Formerly hollow 
ware was extensively made; but at present pig iron is the chief 
product. 

1 The first settlement was mad^ at Taberf!. Among the early 
BettlerB w.-re Klias Brewster. Adam P. Campbell, Mcbolas Arm- 
stroni, and Squire Fairservice. 

2 Pr.sb., M. K., Bap., and It. C. 

3 This town is included in the s. part of the tract leased from 
the Oiieidiirt in 1791 to l'et**r tmitb. Tlie lejwe is eiiid to hiive 
been for 939 yeai-s. Tiie tract wns divi<led into 4 allotm'.nta, the 
first of which lies wholly witliin tliis town. The lease was 
asi^umed by thf State in 1795-97. snd patents were gianted to 
settlers, Smith ret linin.; 6 lota in the town jis part pnyment for 
his lease. The tirst Sr-ttlera took Ihejr lands an tenants iindir 
Smith. Part nf the Oneida lieservation, purchased in 1795 
anJ sold at auction in 1797, is included in the n. part of the 
town. 

* Amonz tbe early settlera wito Renjtmin Warren. David 
Morton, .lolin AUlen, Icliabm) Stalfurd, Joseph and Abraham 
Forbi-s, Imuica-id Ueiijaniin Allen, Amos Parker, Tboa. Ciesaty, 
07.ia.s and Lemuel Hart. .lames Keyndds. Abel Prior, Thom;»8 
Spaff.trd. I Z'-n Saxtm, Abiel Liudsey, and Francis O'Toole. The 
fiist birth w:m lli;it of Peter t^nli;h Ciunn ; (he first marriape, 
ih;if of Da id Hart wnd Catharine Putnam; and the first death, 
til, it nf Llea/er I'utniUii, in 17if5. T. TaHsaty built the fiist 
Kiivvmill. iu 179J, at Oiiskany Falls. A gristmill wus built the 
wxt je-tr. 



^ The census reports 5 churches in town ; 2 Cong.. M. E., Bap., 
and Union. 6 Named from a city in Burmah. 

' /ephaniiih and Abner Wood settled in town about 1800. 
Messrs. Bain.inl. Fauiiin(;. Adams, Mitchell, Beck, and TilFany 
were early settlers. Salmon Hates kept the first inn. in ISOO. 
Benj- Jones built the first Siiwniill, in l&Ol. — at whiih linii- there 
were only 9 other inhabitants in town. The road cut tbniugh 
fiom Fort Stanwix to the French settlement on Idack Kiver, 
toward tiie close uf (he last century. led thiou-Lh this town : and 
traces of it nniy still be tfeen. Sevei-al tributaries of M ick Kivei 
take their rise in bwamps in the N. £. part of the town. 

B N:imed from (.ierrit Boon, agent of the Holland hand Co., 
who mude the firnt settlement. In early limes it was called 
"Buoii'b Upjier Settlement." 

* Andrew Kdmniids came on in 1795 aa an a^ent of the Hoi 
land Land Co., with several men, built a sawmdl, and nm- 
nienced a gristiiiil, which w.is finished the next yeiir. Luke 
Fisher and son, Pbinea.s Martin, nnd SilMS Southwell. Asabel 
and Kzekiel Porter. Aaron Willard, Jacob Springer-, .lephtlm 
King, and Flezekiah Jones came iu 1790. Lemuel Hou^h and 
Darnel Pitcher were early settlers. The first birth was tliat of 
a dau^ijhter of Jamb Sprinirei-; .ind the fiist marriajie. tli;it uf 
Henry Evans and Elizaleih Edmunds. The fiist store and inn 
were opened by the agents of the company. 

10 Uev. I'aniel Smith was the fir.-t minister. There are now 5 
chuiches in town ; I'resb., M. E., Pap., Union, and It. C. 

11 The*' Line of Property," run in accordance with a treaty 0/ 
1718, passed throu<;h this town. — Jonai's AnnalSjjj. 11^. 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



463 



half that width itt the s.' The hills rise, on the E. and w. borders, 300 to 500 ft. above the valley, 
tlieir declivities being often steep. The w. branch of the Unadilla' flows s. through the town. 
The soil in the e. is a gravelly loam, and in the w. clay. Stone is quarried in the n. e. part. 
Urid^ewater, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 3 churches, the Bridgewater Academy, and 300 
inhabitants. IVortll Brldge«'ater (p. v.) contains 16 houses. Babcock Hill (p. o.) is 
a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1788,' by Joseph Farwell. There are 3 churches 
in town ; Cong., Bap., and Univ. 

CAMDESf — was formed from Mexico, (Oswego co.,) March 15, 1799. Florence was taken off 
in 1805, Vienna in 1807, and a part of Annsville in 1823. It lies upon the w. border of the co., 
near the N. w. corner. Its surface is rolling, gradually rising toward the N., where it is broken by 
hills whose summits are several hundred feet above Oneida Lake. The w. branch of Fish Creek 
flows diagonally through the town toward the s. E. Mad River from the n. unites with it near 
Camden Village ; and Little River, a tributary, forms part of the s. boundary. Tlie soil is a 
sandy loam, in some places gravelly Snd stony, but genei-ally well adapted to grazing. Cam- 
den, (p. v.,) in the e. part, was iucorp. in 1834. It contains 3 churches, saw and grist mills, a 
sash and blind manufactory, pump factory, 2 tanneries, a cloth manufactory, and 802 inliabitants. 
West Camden, (p. v.,) near the n. w. corner, contains 20 houses. Ilillsboroug'li, (p. o.,) 
in the s. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement commenced near the close of the last century.* 
The first religious society was formed Feb. 19, 1798, by Rev. Eliphalet Steele.* The church re- 
ceived from the heirs of John Murray an endowment in lands yielding a revenue of $112. 

DEERFIEIiD — was formed from Schuyler, (Herkimer co.,) March 15, 1798. Marcy was 
taken off in 1832. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. Its surface is mostly a high 
plateau, 600 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk, forming the n. continuation of the Ilassenolever Mts. 
of Herkimer co. A broad intervale, partly overflowed in high water, extends along the Mohawk 
oppos;te Utica; and on the n. e. the surface descends abruptly to the creek. The Mohawk flows 
along the s. w. border of the town, and West Canada Creek along the n.e. border. The soil on 
the flats is a deep, rich, alluvial loam, and on the hills a slaty and gravelly loam. Deerlleld 
Corners, (Deerfield p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, 3 carriage shops, and 50 houses. 
A tliickly settled suburb of Utica extends toward tlie village. IVortll Gage, (p. o.,) in the n. 
part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1773.' The first religious servicis were 
held in 1798, by Rev. Eddy. There are 4 churches in town.' 

F1.0K.E1VCE* — -nas formed from Camden, Feb. 16, 1805. A part of Annsville was tasen off 
in 1823. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling, and 250 to 300 ft. above the 
Rome level. Mad River flows s. E. through the town. The soil is stony and light and is underlaid 
by the Hudson River shales. A portion of the town is still covered by forests, wnich extend n. to 
near Jefl'erson co. Florence, (p. v.,) n. of the center, contains 3 churches, 3 sawmills, a grist- 
mill, tannery, and 40 houses. Empey ville, in the e. part, contains a church and 20 houses. 
East Florence (p. o.) and Florence Hill are hamlets. The first settlement commenced in 
1801,' by Amos Woodworth. The first religious society (Cong.) was formed Dec. 16, 1810 ;'" Rev. 
Samuel Sweezey was the first settled minister. 

FliOYD" — was formed from Steuben, March 4, 1796. It lies in the interior, e. of the center 
of the CO. Its surface is rolling, gradually rising to the N. border, where it attains an elevation 
of 200 to 300 ft. above the valley of the Mohawk. Nine Mile Creek" flows through a small portion 



1 The excaviition which forms thft valley hiiB been filled to au 
immense de|)lli with drift; and ruclt ciuinot be found witliin a 
great dii^timce below the BUrliico. Cedar BWanips extend along 
Beveral of the streams. 

* Called also the Ti-a-na^da^ra. — Jojirs's ArtTials, p. 122. 

3 Among the early settlers were Kzra I'arker, Kphraim and 
Nathan Waldo, ~ L\ man, and .lesse, Jo<'l, and Abner Ives. 
Ezra Parker kept the first inn ; Major Farwell built the fiiBt 

sawmill; and Thomas the Hrst gristmill. This is the 

Biuallest and le ist populous town in the co. 

* Henry WiUiims was the first permanent settler, in 1796-97. 
Jesse Curtis had previously built a sawmill; hut he did nut 
settle in town until some time nt'trr. Levi Matthews, lianiel 
Parker, Seth and .loel Dunbar, Aaron Maithews. fc^amuel Wood, 
Thos. C'oniHtock. rjihu Curtis, i^aniuel Hoyce, Noah and Andrew 
Tuttle. Hei'jamin Barnes, sr, and jr., Philip llarnea, Israel Stod- 
dard, and Cirrier were e;irly settlers, 'i'he first birth was 

that of i\' ah I*. Tnltle ; the first marriage, that of Llihu Curtis 
and Ann.i '.rrthrop; and the first d aths were those of Mrs. 
BaC'in and a eliiUl, who were drowned in crossing .Mad River in 
a c.inoe. hiiliu Curtis kepi the first inn, iii 1799; and Timothy 
W. \\ ood tile lir..t store, about the same lime. 

6 There are now 6 churches in town; M. K., Wea, Uetb., 
Pl-ut. K., Cong., and K. C. 



* George G. Weaver, Capt. Mark Damoth, and Christian Real 
settled at the Corners in 1773. In 1776, hearing that a band of 
tories and Indians were planning a descent upon the settlement, 
they retreated to Little Stone Arabia. In I7S4 they returned, 
and about the same time I'eter, Nicholas, and George Weavel, 
Geo. Damoth, Nicholas and Philip Ilarter, came in. buring the 
first 15 or 20 years the settlements did not extend to tlie N. part 
of the town. The Cox and CofiiQ families were the first in that 
part. ' Hap., Calv. Meth., Union, and li. C 

8 .\amed from the city of Florence, in Italy. 

9 The first settlement commenced under the auspices of Wm- 
Hcnderson, owner of Township 4 of ^criba's Pat<'nt. He gave 

Amos Woodworth, .lohn .'^pinning, and Turner hit acres 

each, t> connnence a pettlemont. Azariah Orton, Cra^ ford 

and his son Clark, Norman VVaugh, lienoni and I'benezer Bar- 
low, Ambrose Cui tis, Kpliraim Wright, .Joseph Olc tt, and Benj 
Young came soon alter. Several of the latter settled at Florence 
Uill. Nathan Thompson kept the first inn. 

"^ There are 5 churches in town; 2 M. K., 2 Union, and Bap 

tt Named from Gen. Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of tho 

Derlaratiiin of Independence, who purchased a pait of Fonda's 

Patent and removed to this co. in Ihoy. — J(fnes's Annals of Oneida 

Oi.pp. t.'jri,705. 

t* tjulled by the Indiana Te-ya-nun-soke, " a beech tree stauding." 



464 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



of the s. E. part. The soil is of good quality arnl vrell adapted to grain and grass. Floyd Cor- 
uers (Floyd p. o.) contains a church and 20 houses. The first settlement commenced about 1790, 
hy Capt. Benjamin Pike.* There are 4 churches in town ; Cong., "Welsh Meth., Union,^ and R. C 

KIRKIiAIVD^— was formed from Paris, April 13, 1827. Marshall was taken ofi" in 1829, a 
part was annexed to New Hartford in 1834, and a part of Paris was annexed in 1839. It lies in 
the interior, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two general 
ridges by the valley of Oriskany Creek. The hills are 200 to 500 ft. high, and the declivities are 
generally steep. Oriskany Creek flows n. e. through near the center. The soil is a rich, calcareous 
loam. Near Clinton Village are quarries of good building stone. Iron ore is found ; and several 
thousand tons are annually shipped by the Chenango Canal, t4) Constantia, Taberg, and Penn. Great 
attention is paid to fruit growing, and this town excels every other town in the co. in the amount 
of fruit raised. The town derives its greatest interest from its extensive educational institutions, 
which entitle it to the appellation of the Literary Emporium of Oneida co. Cliiiton (p. v.) was 
incorp. April 12, 1843. Hamilton College* is located upon a hill overlooking the Oriskany Valley. 
Its buildings consist of Dexter Hall, or North College ; Kirkland Hall, or Middle College ; Hamil- 
ton Hall, or South College ; a chapel, laboratory, and an observatory. The course of study embraces 
a collegiate and a law department. A grammar school, under a separate board of trustees, is con- 
nected as a preparatory department. The college libraries contain about 10,000 volumes, and the 
cabinet of natural history contains about as many specimens. The village also contains 5 churches, 
2 newspaper offices, the Clinton Liberal Institute,^ a grammar, a boarding, and a high school, and a 
few manufactories. Pop. 1,174. I>lcliicliester« (Kirkland p. o.,) a manufacturing village,® in 
the N. part, contains 30 houses. Frauliliu, near the center, contains the Franklin Iron AVorks' 
and 35 houses. Clarks Mills/ in the n. corner, is a manufacturing village, and contains a 
cotton factory, grist and saw mill, and 40 houses. The first settlement commenced in 1787, by 8 
families.* Religious services were first held in the cabin of Capt. Poot.^** 

1 Among the early settlers were Stephen Moulton, Wm. and 

Nathaniel All'-n, James Chase, Elisha Luke, ■ Howard, Hope 

Smith, Daviil Bryan, Samuel Denisou. James Bartlett, Put- 
ney, Jarvis Pike, Capt. Nathan Townsend. and Thomas Bacon — 

mostly from Cunn, The first death was that of Foster; the 

second, that of Xathau Thompson, who was killed by a falling tree. 

3 The plan r>f ownership of the union church ia peculiar. The 
eeats are owned and transferred by purchase, and the owners 
meet on the first Monday in each year and vote what denomina- 
tion shall occupy the house the ensuing year. 

* Niuned from the Rev. Samuel Kirkland, an early missionary 
among the Oneida Indians, who settled in the county in 1792. 
He was the principal founder of an academy since merged in 
Hamilton Colk-ge. He died in 1808; and a monument Wiia erected 
to his memory by the Northern Missionary Society. 

* Hamilton Oneida Academy "was incoip. by the Regents. Jan. 
31, 1793, mainly through the exertions of the Rev. .Samuel Kirk- 
land. In 1794 a commodious building was erected, the corner 
stone of which was laid with much ceremony by Baron Steuben. 
The school was opened the same year under the ReV. John Niles, 
whose successors wore Rev. Robert Porter. Seth Norton, and 
Rev. James Robbins. The success of this academy was highly 
gratifying to its friends; and the rapid development of Central 
New York sugt^ested tlie necessity of more ample facilities for 
inatructiuu and an extension of its course of study. Clinton and 
Fairfield became active competitors for the honors of a college, 
and charters of similar character and conditions were granted 
to each, under the names of Hamilton and Clinton Colleges 
respectively. By a compromise between the friends of the rival 
locations, the latter institution was never organized. Clinton 
went on with its literary college, and employed the most active 
person in the Fairfield enterprise aa its agent; while Faiifield 
organized a medical college. Hamilton CoIU-ge was chartered 
MMy 26. 1S12. and went into operation soon after, under the 
presidency of the Rev. Azel Backus. His successors have been 
Henry Davis, in 1817 ; Sereno E. Dwight, in 1833; Joseph Penny, 
in 1835; Simeon North, in 1S39; and Samuel Ware Fisher, in 
18fiS. The college is chiefly under the influence of the New 
School Presbyterian and Congregational Churches. From 1819 
to 1832, dissensions between the Trustees and President seriously 
retarded the prosperity of the institution; and during the same 
period insubordination among the students was of frequent 
occurrent-e. From 1S3S to 1S46 the college received $3,i)0i> 
annually from the St-ate; but the present Constitution cut it off 

.from the receipt of a balance previously appropriated, and the 
grant has not been since continued. The Trustees many years 
since adopted the custom of admitting students unable to pay 
tuition fees; and. from incautious extension, this usage became 
an abuse that showed itself upon the treasurer's books. The 
receipts from tuition became only a quarter as great as pre- 
viously, while the catalogiie indicated by its numbers an in- 
rrea'iing prosperity. It was found more difficult to abandon 
tliis practii;e than it had been to adopt it ; and it is still continued 
t>nfl great an extent as the means of the institution will justify. 



These causes have embarrassed the finances of the college; but 
efforts are about being made to relieve it from debt. The sum 
of SoO.OOO was granted by the State, June 19. 1S12. to aid in 
founding the college. Wm. H. Maynard, of Utica. in 18.S2 gave 
$20,000 to endow a professorship of law; and S. Newton De.\ter, 
of Whitesboro, in 18:^6 gave his persona] obligations f'<T $15,()00 
to endow a professorship of the Greek and Latin lan;:u;iges. The 
observatory was built in 1854, at a cost of So.OOO besides the instru- 
mt^nts. which' have cost more than twice that sum. 

6 The Clinton Liberal Institute was founded in 1832; it ie 
under the patronage of the Universalist denomination, and has 
a male and a ft-male department. The building for the former 
is of atone, 96 by 52 feet, 4 stories above the basement, and ha« 
accommodations for 100 students. The female department is au 
elegant structure. 144 by 60 ft.. 2 stories high above the base- 
ment, and has an average attendance of 5U pupils. A small 
montlily paper, named the. *'Leaf Bud," *' Summer Leaves," 
"Autumn Leaves." or ■' Wintergreen," according to the season, 
is published at this institution. Home Cottage Seminary is a 
private institution, established in 1854 as a ladies' seminary, by 
Miss L. M. Barker. The edifice is 60 by 112 ft., and cost— in- 
cluding 8 acres of land — 820,000. It has been united with another 
ladies' school under Miss A. Chipman, and ia very prosperous. 
An issue styled the " Home Cottage Quarterly'' is published by 
the pupils. This seminary forms the female department of the 
grammar school. The Clinton High School, for males only, was 
established May. 1858, by Rev. B. W. Dwight and D. A. Holbrook. 
It is located ^ mi. from the village, cost $18,000, and has accom- 
modations for 80 students. 

6 The Manchester Manufacturing Co., incorp. in 1815, gave 
employment to 100 hands, and manufactured cotton cloths to 
the amount of $100,000 per year until Aug. 19, 1855, when it 
was burned. 

^ The Franklin Iron Works mannfacturos 4.00Q tons of pig 
iron annually, from ore obtained in the immediate vicinity. It 
gives employment to 100 men, and turns out work to the 
amount of Sloo.OOO annually. 

8 Clark's Mills manufacture brown sheeting, and are furnished 
with 128 looms. The proprietors also have a manufactory of 
cotton cord, rope, and batting, and a gristmill and sawmill. 

9 Moses Foot, his three sons Bronson, Luther, and Ira. and his 
son-in-law, Bfirnabas Pond, were of this number. Ll-vI Shear- 
man. Solomon Hovey. Ludin Blodget. Timothy Tuttle. Samuel 
Hubbard, Randall Lewis, Cordial Storrs, John Bulleu. and Capt. 
Cassey were early settlers. Mrs. S. Hovey was the first white 
woman who moved into town. The first child born was Clinton 
Foot ; the first marriage was that of Roger Leveret and Elizabeth 
Cheseborough ; and the first death was that of Mrs. Merah 
Tuttle. Skenandoah, an Oneida chief, died in this town, March 
11. 1816, aged 110 years. Capt. Cassey built the first gristmill, 
in 1787. and a sawmill the next year. The village was early 
named from Gov. Clinton; and the vicinity was known by the 
Indians as Ka-de-wis-day. 

10 There are 5 churches in town; 2 Cong., Bap., R. C, and Union, 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 465 

IjEE^ — was formed from Western, April 3, 1811. A part of Annsville was taken ofif In 1823. 
It lies in the interior, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly, gradu- 
ally rising from the lowlands in the s. to an elevation of 500 to 800 ft. above the canal at Home. 
The w. branch of the Mohawk flows through the n. e. corner, and Fish Creek forms a part of the 
\» . boundary. The soil is a clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam, and in some localities very atony. 
Lee Center (p. v.) contains a church, saw and grist mill, tannery, and 40 houses. Lee, (p. v.,) 
in the s. w. corner, contains a church and 20 houses. Delta, (p. v.,) in the s.e. corner, on the 
line of "Western, contains a foundery, tannery, and 228 inhabitants. West Branch, (p-v.,) 
in the n. e. corner, contains a saw and grist mill and 20 houses. Stokes- (p. o.) is a hamlet. The 
first settlement commenced in 1790, at Delta, by Stephen and Jleuben Sheldon.^ The tirst reli- 
gious society (Cong.) was formed in 1797, under Rev. James Southworth.* 

MARCY^— was formed from Deerfield, March 30, 1832. It lies on the n. bank of the Mo- 
hawk, E. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling ; a wide intervale borders upon the river, 
from which rises an irregular table-land 300 to 500 ft. above the valley. Nine Mile Creek flows 
through the w. corner. The soil on the upland is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam, and on the 
flats an alluvial deposit, which is annually increased by the spring floods. Stlttsville, (p. v.,) 
on the line of Trenton, contains a church, saw and grist mill, cotton factory, and 40 houses, 
Marcy is a p. o. The first settlement commenced in 1793,^ by John Wilson. The census re- 
ports 6 churches in town.^ 

MARSHALL,— was formed from Kirkland, Feb. 21, 1829. It lies in the s. part of the co., 
the s. w. corner bordering on Madison co. The surface is a hilly upland, the hills rising 200 to 300 
ft. above the valleys, Oriskany Creek flows n. e. through the w, part. The soil is a fertile, sandy 
loam. DeanSTille,^ (p. v.,) on the n. border, contains 2 churches, an academy, and 185 in- 
habitants. Ilanover, (Marshall p. o.,) near the center, contains a church and 15 houses. 
Forge HoHow contains a church, a forge, and 35 houses. The first white settlement was com- 
menced in 1793,* by David Barton, The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1797.^** 

]¥EW HARTFORD— was formed from Whitestown, April 12, 1827. A part of Kirkland 
was annexed in 1834. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is level 
or gently undulating, except in the extreme e. part, where is a low range of hills. Sauquoit Creek 
flows N. through near the center. The soil is a rich, calcareous loam. IVeiv Hartford (p. v.) 
contains 4 churches, 2 cotton factories, a batting factory," a flouring mill, tannery, and 892 in- 
habitants. Washing'ton Mills (p. v.) contains the Washington Steam Mills, OneJda Woolen 
Mills, and 50 houses. New York Upper Mllis^ (New York Mills p. o..) on the n. border, 
contains a church, a cotton factory, dye house, steam mills, and 40 houses. Willow Vale, in 
the s. part, contains a factory for making cotton machinerv,'' a foundery, and 40 houses. The first 
settlement was commenced by Jedediah Sanger, in 1788.^^ The first church (Presb.) was formed 
in 1791, by Rev. Jonathan Edwards ; and the first settled minister was Rev. Danl. Bradley. The 
census reports 6 churches in town.^* 

PARIS^^ — was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792. Brookfield, Hamilton, and a part of 



1 Named from Lee, Mass., whence some of the early settlers 
came. 

2 Sometimeg called " Nisbets Corners, " and '* Lee Corners." 

3 Among the early settlers were David Smith. John and Benj. 
Spinninf:, Stephen and Nicholas Salisbury, Nathan Barlow, 
Wm. Taft, Dan. and Seth Miller, Frederic Spragne. — - Hall, 

Jas. Young. Chas. OifTord, Elisha Parke, and Potter. The 

first birth was that of Fenner Sheldon, in 1791 ; the first mar- 
riage, that of Dan. Miller and Amy Taft ; the first death, that 
of Job Kaird. in 17^8. David Smith built the first sawmill, at 
Delta, and G^n. Floyd the first pristmill. in 171>6. 

* There are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Friends, and UnioD. 
6 Named from William L. Marcy, since Governor of the State. 

* James, Thos., Isaac, and Jacob Wilson and Tull were 

early st-ttlers. The first death was that of John Wilson, in the 

fill of 1793. Camp kept the first inn, about 1810; and 

John F. Allen built the first mill, ahout 1825. 

' 2 Cong., 2 Bap., M. E., and Calv. Meth. 

B Named Irom Tho8. Dean, long an agent of the Brothertown 
Indians. 

* The Brothertown Indians were settled previous to the 
Revolution on a reservation in this town and Kirkland given 
them by the Oneidas. They were remnants of New England, 
Hudson Eiver, and Long Island Indians, who were collected 
toward the close of the Colonial period, and numbered, when 
first n-moved hither, about 400 sonls. Coming from many dif- 
ftrent stocks, they adopted the English language and some of 

30 



the arts of civilized life. They were mostly scattered dnring 
the war, but afterward returned, and many of tbem became 
thrifty farmers; hut the greater part acquired the vices of the 
whites, and a part of thenisold out and went to Green Bay. In 
1850 the last of the tribe uade adieu to their homes and moved 
West. Among the early white settlers were Warr--ii Wjlllaros. 
Hezekiah Eastman. Capt. Simeon Hu>>bard, and Lovi Baker. 
The first birth was that of Col. Lester Baker. 

JO It was called the Hanover Society; and their edifice, after 
standing 40 years, was rebuilt in 1841. There are now 4 
churches in town ; 2 Cong.. M. E.. and Univ. 

" The "Utica Cotton Mills" have a capitalof $100,000, mn 
8.000 spindles and 150 looms and emjiloy 190 handi. and turn 
out 1,800.0(10 yds. of clcth annually. They have a dry house, 
machine shop, and gas works. • 

12 This establiehment has a capital invested of $40,000. and 
employs 80 hands. 

1' Among the early settlers were Asahel Be^ich, Amos Ives, 

Solomon Blodget, Salmon Butler. Joel Blair. Agift Hill. 

Wyman. Sb-phen Bushnell, Oliver Ctdlins. Joseph Jennings, 

Joseph Higles. Nathan Seward, John French, Kellogg. 

Kisley Olmstead, Seymour, Butler. Hurlbut, 

Kilborn, and Montague. Jedi-diiih Sangi-r bniit th** 

first mill. 

1* Presb., M. E.. Prot. E.. Bap., Uninn. and Friendn. 

IS Named by the inhitbitants in ncliniiwledgmenl of the kind- 
ness of Isaac Paris, a merchant of Fort Plain, who, in the year 



4«jG 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



Cazenovia, (Madison co.,) Slierliurne, (Chenango co.,) and Sangerfield, were taten off in 1795, and 
Kirkland in 1827. A part of Kirkland was taken oif in 1839. It lies on the e. border, near the 
s. E. corner of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Sauquoit Creek. The 
hills bordering the valley are 200 to 400 ft. high, and their declivities are generally steep. Sau- 
quoit Cn-ek flows n. through the town, e. of the center. The soil is a sandy, calcareous loam. 
East Sauquoit and West Sauquoit, (Sauquoit p. o.,) contiguous villages on opposite sides 
of Sauquoit Creek, contain 2 churches, extensive cotton factories,* 2 paper mills in the immediate 
vicinity,'^ 2 sawmills, a gristmill, a tannery, and 690 inhabitants. Clayville, (p. v.,) near the 
center, contains a church, 2 furnaces, an agricultural implement manufactory,^ extensive woolen 
mills,* and 817 inhabitants. Cassville, (p. v.,) near the s. border, contains a church, gristmill, 
tub factory, and 40 houses; Paris Hill, (Paris p. o.,) in the w. part, a church and 30 houses; 
Ilolnian City, in the e. part, a furnace, a whiffletree iron manufactory, and 12 houses. The 
first settlement commenced in 1789.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1791, by Rev. Jonar 
than Edwards; Rev. Eliphalet Steele was the first pastor. There are now 8 churches in town.® 

RE5ISEM' — was formed from Norway, (Herkimer co.,) March 15, 1798. A part of Steuben 
was annexed in 1809. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is an elevated upland, 
broken by hills and ridges and with a mean elevation of 1,200 to 2,000 ft. above tide. Black River 
and its tributaries drain the central and n. parts ; and West Canada Creek forms a small part of 
the s. E. boundary. Otter, Long, and White Lakes are in the n. part. The soil is generally a light, 
sandy loam. A large part of the town is still covered by the primitive forests forming. a portion 
of the great Northern Wilderness. Renisen, (p. v.,) a station on the B. R. & U. R. R., in the 
s. w. corner, contains a church, furnace, steam mill, and 510 inhabitants. Forest Port, (p. v.,) 
on the line of Boonville, contains 20 houses. Port Woodhull is a hamlet. The first settle- 
ment Commenced in 1792, by Barnabas Mitchell.'* There are 12 churches in town." 

R07IE — was formed from Steuben, March 4, 1796. It lies upon the Mohawk, a little w. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is level, and some portion of the w. part is low and marshy. The 
Mohawk flows s. e, through the e. part, and Wood Creek flows w. through the n. w. part.'** Fish Creek 
forms the n. w. boundary. The soil is generally a highly productive, gravelly loam. Rome, 
(p. V.,) upon the Mohawk, s. e. of the center of the town, was incorp. March 26, 1819. It is a half- 
shire of the CO., and it contains the co. buildings, 12 churches, 4 banks, 2 newspaper offices, the 
Rome Academy, and several manufactories." It is the s. terminus of the W. R. & C. V. R. R. and 
of the Black River Canal, and is an important station upon the Central R. R. and the Erie Canal. 
Pop. 7,083. West Rome is a thickly settled suburb just w. of the limits of Rome. 8tan'«vix, 
(p. V.,) a canal village, contains about 15 houses. Greens Corners is a station on the Central 
R. R., near the s. w. corner. Rid^e lUillS;, near the center, contains 15 dwellings ; and Hortli 
Rome is a hamlet. The first settlement was made at the *' Carrying Place,"^^ before the French 



of Bcarcity, 17^S0, supplied them with Virginia corn on a liberal 
credit, iimi fiiiiilly accepted payment in such produce as they 
were enal-lcd to supidy. 

1 The "Quaker Woolen Factory," eatablished in 1812. In 

1827 it ci'mmenced the manufjicture of cottun. and now em- 

, ploys 100 liands, rawi 110 looms, and can make 3.0U0 yards per 

day. TIii> >;anie Co. -have another mill, that employs 50 hands 

and nin>; lO bmnis. 

*'lli-r'' mills employ 30 hands, and make about IJ tons of 
priTitiiu p.i|ier dally. 

8 The inanuficture of scythes was commenced in 1834. The 
hu9in<-:s h:i,i siiiCf been largely increased; and at present about 
$200,<KXI is invested in the works. Scythe-', hoes, forks, and 
other fitrming tools are extensively maiiufictured. 

* The woolen inills wero started in 1843. They manufacture 
broodclotlis snd blankets, and employ 80 hand-^. 

6 The first settlement was mad« by Oipt. Iticp. Among the 
early settli'rs were Bctij'u Karnes and hia ■^on Benjamin, John 
Humart'>n. Stephen Barnet, Aaron Adams, Abiel Simmons. 
Phinpas Kelloa;g, John and S>Ivesti^r Butler. A^a Sbepard, 
Kirkland ('.ritfiri. and Benjamin Merrill. The firflt death was 
that of \\m. ^wall. in 1790. Abner Baeoii kept the first inn, 
and .lani'S Ort 'ii the firat store, in 1S02. 

« 2 M, I-;.. 2 Prot. K., 2 Cong., Bap., and Presb. 

' Named fmni Henry llemsen. Patentee of Remsenburgb. 
Tlin town embraces most of llenisenburiih Patent, and portions 
of Kaston's Wo idhull'9, Servia's and other tracts. 

8 Among the early aettlera were John Bomer, Nath'l Rock- 
wood. Bettij L" Clerc, Perez Farr. and Joniih Dayton, in 1793. 
Tn 18i18, David Mound. John Gai. Grillith I. Jone-", John Owens, 
and Iluiih lluLihes, Welsh immigriin'a, settled, and were soon 
followed I'y a lar;:;e immigration of their coimtrymen. This 
town CQUtiuns more natives of Walea than any other town in 



the State; and, including their children of American birth, the 
Welsh number more than half the population. The fir.-t birth 
was that of Polly Mitchell; and the first death, that of Capt. 
Peck. Broughton White kept the first store, in 1803. 

9 5 Calv. Meth., 3 Cong., 2 M. E.. and 2 Bap. 

W Between the Mohawk and Wood Creek wa.'i a portage ofabotit 
1 mi. in length over level ground. Karly in the bist century 
propositions were made to bnild a road across this point ; and in 
170ti the Western Inland Navigation Co. constructed a canal 
between the two streams, and the route speedily became the 
great tlioroughfare of travel. This canal was most of the way 
on the line of the present Erie Canal, through the village. The 
Indians called the place Den^-wain-sta. "a carrying place for 
canoea." Wood Creek was called Ka no-go-dick. The old canal 
wa? constructed under the superintendence of Peter Colt. 

n The princip.al manufactories are a plow factory, foundery, 
planing mill, several sawmills, and the repair shops of the W. R. 
i C. V. H. R. 

12 The first settlers came in at an early period, but their names 

are unknown. John Roof and Brodock were engaged in 

the carrying trade at this place in 1760. The former wan first 
store and inn keeper. Jedediah Phelps. John Barnard, George 
and Uenry Huntington. Joshua Hathaway. Dr. Stephen White, 
Roswell fellows, Matthew Brown, aeu. and jun., Seth Ranney. 
David Brown, Ebenezer. Daniel W.. and Thonia'J Wright. Thomas 
Selden, Solomon and John Williams. Peter Colt, Wm. Colbrath, 
Abijah and Clark Putnam. Caleb Reynolds. Rufus K;iston. Thos. 
Gilbert. Moses Fish. Stephen Lampman. Jeremiah Steves, and 
John Niles were earlv settlers. — Jones's Avj.als.p. 372. The first 
birth waa in the family of John Roof. Aug. 28, 1769. The first 
sawmill was erected in 1758, and the first giistniill in 1795. A 
State Arsenal was erectc<l here in 1808, on tlip present site of St. 
Peter's Church. The U. S. erected an arsenal and workshop a 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



4GT 



War of 1755. The subsequent history of the place is full of incidents of general interest.* The 
first church (Cong.) was formed Sept. 5, 1800.''' 

SAIVGERFIEI^D^ — was formed from Paris, March 5, 1795. Bridge-water was taken off in 
1707. It was transferred from Chenango to Oneida co. April 4, 1804. It is the w. town on the 
s. line of the co. Its surface is a moderately hilly upland, 700 to 800 ft. above the Mohawk at 
Utica. The streams are small, and flow n. to the Mohawk and s. to Chenango River. The soil 
in the valleys is a rich alluvium, and on the hills a gravelly loam. Waterville,* (p. v.,) near 
the N. border, contains 4 churches, a bank, an academy, a newspaper office, a saw and grist mill, 
distillery, and 1,109 inhabitants. San^^erfleld Center (Sangerfield p. o.) contains a churcli 
and 30 houses ; and StocU'^vell Settlement, in the s. part, about 20 houses. The first settle- 
ment was commenced by Zerah Phelps, from Mass., in 1791.^ There are now 7 churches in town.* 

STEtlBEIlI' was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792. A part of Mexico (Oswego co.) 
was annexed, and Floyd and Rome were taken off, in 179G ; and Leyden (Lewis co.) and Western 
in 1797. Parts of Steuben's Tract in Western and Remsen were annexed in 1803 ; and a part waa 
annexed to Remsen in 1809. It lies in the interior, n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a 
hilly, broken upland, rising 800 to 1,200 feet above the Mohawk.^ The streams are small. Cincin- 
nati Creek rises in the interior, and forms part of the e. boundary. The soil is a gravelly loam ; 
and boulders are numerous. Quarries are worked, from which a good quality of building stone is 
obtained. Steuben Corners (Steuben p.o.) is a hamlet, in the s. part. Steuben Station, 
on the B. R. & U. R. R., is on the line of Boonville. The first settlement was commenced in 
1789,* under Baron Steuben, The census reports 7 churches in town.*° 

TRENTON — was formed from Schuyler, (Herkimer co.,) March 24, 1797. It lies upon the w. 
bank of West Canada Creek, near the center of the e. border of the co. The surface rises from the 
creek to the height of 400 to 600 feet ; and from the summits it spreads out into an upland broken 
by ridges of drift. Cincinnati Creek flows through the n. part, and Nine Mile Creek through the 
s, part. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, best adapted to grazing. The celebrated Trenton 
Falls, upon West Canada Creek, are within the limits of this town.^^ Trenton,*^ (P-^-O upon 
Cincinnati Creek, at the mouth of Steuben Creek, contains 3 churches and 50 houses. Trenton 
FallS^ (P*Vm) a short distance below the Falls, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 20 
houses. SoutU Trenton, (p. v.,) upon the old Utica turnpike, contains 2 churches and 30 
houses. Holland Patent," (p. v.,) in the w. part of the town, is a station upon the B. R. & 



little w. of tho viUa^. in 1813, under the direction of Major 
James DaUiba. It is still owned by the Genenil Gov-ernmeiit. 
but 19 not in vtso. In 1784. (Jen. Waahington came thus far on a 
toor of I'UsinesB and pleasure. lie. in company with Gefl. Clinton, 
ownwl a tract of land in this co. of about -i,*)!)!! acres, compiisiii-^ 
a part of Coxboroui^h and Carolina Townsliips in the town of 
AVe(<ttnoi-t'I«nd. 

1 Fort Williams, on tho Mohawk, and Fort Bull, on Wood 
Creek, were built on tlie line between Albany and Oswe^in 
about I7'2ft. Fort Bull was surprised by M. De Lery and a party 
of French and Indians, numbering 3t>2 men, March 27, ITSU. 
The English lost the fort and all the stoies which it contained, 
and 9U men. Furts Williams and Craven, located on the Mo- 
h.-iwk. just helow Home, were deatioyed by Gen. AVobb in 1756, 
after the reduction of Oswego by the French. Tort Stitnwix 
was begun .Tuly 23,1758, by Brigadier Gen. John ftanwix, of 
the royal army. It was a square work, with bastions nt the 
corners, and stood a few rods s. of the present park in the village. 
It was of earth and timber. Bunouiidrd by a ditch and mounted 
with heavy cannon. In June, 177G, Col. Dayton took possession 
of it and named it Fort Schuyler. It was besieged in 1777 by 
St. Lt'ger. Within the last few years the ground upon which th.^ 
fort stood has been leveled; and not a vesti*ie of it now remain**. 
Fort Newport was a small square fort un Wotxl Creek, built in 
the French War. An octag mal blockhouse was built about 
1795, iluring the alarm from Western Indian wars. 

SThecxMisus reports 17 churches: SCalv. Meth.,2Dap.. 2 M.E., 
2 Presb,. 2 U. C, Kv. laUh.. Genn. Metli., I'rot. K.. and Univ. 

8 Named from Jedediah &inger the pioneer of New Hartford, 
who g-ivp 5(1 acres of bind to the first church. This town is No. 
20 of the Chenango 20 Tnwiisliips-and, toicether with No. 18 and 
part of 19, was purchased in 1790-91 by Mi .hael Myers, J. Sanger, 
end John J, Morgan, for '.i shillii'ga and 3 shillings 3 pence per 
acre. Much of it was Bettlcd und»*r perpetual leases. 

■* Called by tho Indians i^ki-na-wis. " Largo Swamp." 

6 llaie and wife, and Nalhan Gurney. came in in 1792; 

and Benj. White, Phineas Owen, Sylvanos Dyer, AgJihel Bellows. 

N'lithanrel Foi-d, Henry Knowltui. Jonathan Stratton, Clark, 

C-ol. David Nortnn. aiid about :!0 others, in 1794. The first birth 
was that of a daughter of/-. Ihelps, in 1792; the fir^t niarriajre, 
that of Sylvanus Dyer and Hnnnah Norton: and the first death, 
that of Sibyl Knowlton. Pnllv Dyer taught (he first echoni; 
and Justus and Ebenezer Hale kept the tirst inn and store. Tho 
first store in Waterville was kept by Sylvanus Dyer, in 1799. 



8 2 Cong., M, E., Prot. E.. Presb., Bap., and R. C. 

' Named from Baron Steuben. In May. 17S6, the Legisl.iture 
granted bim 16,000 acres in this town. He settled soon after, 
built a log liouse, and collected a colony of tenants, but did not 
live to See his contemplated improvements carried nut. He was 
struck by paralysis Nov. 25. 1799, and died 3 days after. He 
was wrapp^-d in liis cloak and laid in the eai th with his star of 
knighthiK^I upon his breast. Shortly before La Fayette's visit in 
1826. his reniiiins were taken up a?id re-interred under a tablet 
upon rained masonry. Ilia property was mostly liequoathed U* 
Wm. North and Benj. Walker, his aids. His library was given 
to a young man named Mulligan. Col. Walk.T gave a Welsh 
Bap. Siicicty a lease of 60 acres of land, oof wliich was woodland, 
around the grave, witli no other rent than tho obligation t*) 
keep this woodland fenced and the range of animals prevented 
therein. Tbi'* condition is cirefully observi-d. 

8 .^Uirrs Hill is tho highest p.)int in the co. On i clear day, 
Lake Ontario, partji of 7 counties, and the buildings of Hamilton 
College can be seen from its summit. 

s.'^amiiel Sizor. Capt. Simeon Fuller, and David Starr were 
early settlers. The first birlh was that of St-phen Brooks, jr. ; 

and tho first mairiatro, that of William Case :ind Piatt. The 

town wa-i extensively sett!e<l by Welsh immi':rant9. A religiims 
magazine, (Welsh,) " Y Cenhadwr America idd," is publialioa 
in town. i« 2 M. K., 2 Ouig.. 2 Hap., and Calv. Moth 

n This favorite place of resort was first brought to public 
notice by .lohn .'^lurnian, proprietor of the first public hotel for 
visitors, erect'-d in 1822. The falls are I-'s-j interesting from tlirt 
volume of water and height of fall than fi-r the ptculiar wild 
ni'ss of the snrronniling f^cenery. 'i h-^ ravine through which 
thi' stream flows is worn through the Trcuton lim'^stone to tho 
depth of 70 to 2:10 ft. The sides are n-arly perjiendicnlar; and 
tlie water dewecnds by 5 distinct cascades a total depth of 200 ft. 
in tho ppice of half a mile. The Imiiao nanie-; Kn-na ta. "daik 
brown wat'T," and Kuy-aho-ra. "slanti'g water," have been 
applied to this place. Trenton Village was called Ono-lia-dab- 
que, -'in the b.)ne."* 

1- Incorp. April 19. 1819, as " OUlenhorvf.reUlt," and chnn'Wi 
April 2t}, I8;{3. to its present name. Its 1 rst niine wat giveu 
by Boon, in memory of a Du'ch pitiiot and statc-^mau who per- 
ished on the sc-ifToki in ir.l9 age I 82 —Jnftfft'x Omida, p il'.i. 

'3 Named from Henry, U>rd Holland patent^.^ of 20.0()'> arn-s, 
principally in this town. He sold to -cih .tnd Horace JohnsoB 
and Andrew Cra-rio. 



468 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 




U. R. R. It contains 6 churches, the Holland Patent Academy, and 353 inhabitants. Pros- 
pect, (p. V.,) on West Canada Creek, above the Falls, contains 2 churches, Prospect Academy, an 
extensive sawmill, a tannery, and 60 houses. Stittsville, (p. v.,) on the lineof Marcy, in thes. w. 
corner of the town, contains a church, cotton factory, sawmill, tannery, and about 40 houses. Itia 
a station upon the B. R. & U. R. R. Settlement was commenced in 1793, by Gerrit Boon, from 
Holland.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed soon after ; Rev. Fish was the first pastor,^ 

UTICA' — was incorp. as a village April 3, 1798. It was 
formed as a town, from Whitestown, April 7, 1817, and was 
incorp. as a city Feb. 13, 1832. It lies upon the s. bank of the 
Mohawk, on the e. border of the co. A wide intervale extends 
along the river ; and from it the surface rises in gradual slopes 
toward the s. w. It lies upon the Erie Canal, and is the n. 
terminus of the Chenango Canal. It is an important station 
upon the N. Y. C. R. R., and the s. terminus of the B. R. & U. R. R. 
It is the center of one of the best agricultural sections of tho 
State ; and its trade is extensive. It is largely engaged in manu- 
factures, among which are cotton and woolen goods, millstones, 
screws, musical instruments, telegraphic apparatus, and a great 
variety of other articles.* 
The City Hall is a fine, large, brick building on Genesee St., s. of the canal. It contains a large 
public hall, common council room, and rooms for the several city officers. 

The Public Schools are under the charge of a Superintendent and Board of Education. They 
are graded, and include all departments from the primary to a thorough academic course. They 
employ 45 teachers, — 6 males and 39 females. The whole number of children between the ngea 
of 4 and 21 is 8,000, of which 3,226, or 40 per cent, attend school during some portion of the 
year. The total expenses of the schools for 1858 were 115,546.82. The number of volumes in 
the district libraries is 3,018. 

The Uiica Academy, long an independent school, now constitutes the High School of the public 
school system of the city. 

The Uiica Female Academy is a flourishing institution, situated between Washington St. and 
Broadway, near Genesee St. It was founded in 1837, and its property is valued at $25,000. 
The Academy of ike Assumption is under the care of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. 
The State Lunatic Asylum is located upon a large lot on an eminence near the w. line of the 
city. It receives insane persons subject to co. charge, where there is a reasonable prospect of 
relief, and such others as its accommodations will admit. Until recently it has received iusiane 
convicts; but this class will hereafter be sent to the asylum built for that purpose at Auburn. 
The average number of inmates during the last 16 years has been 381 annually,* 



* Boon was an enterprising pioneer and agent of the Holland 
liAnd Company, the same that purchased in Western New York, 
Alone, or with I^e Roy, Bayard, McEvers, and Bu^iti, he purchased 
in trust for that company 46,057 acres of Outhoudt'a Patent, 
6.026 of Steuben's Patent, 1,'JUO of Machin's Patent, and i;3,609 
of Servis's Patent. The last named, lying mostly in this town, 
was granted in 1768 to Peter Servis and 24 others for the benefit 
of Sir Wm. Johnson. This tract was conveyed by the trustees 
above named to the Holland Company in 1801. Among the 
other early settlers were Col. Ad;im U. Mappa. Dr. Fr. A. Vander- 
temp. Judge John Storrs, Col. Kobert Liicks, Peter Schuyler, 
.Pohn P. Little, Cheney and John Garrett. Wm. RoUo. Col. Thos. 
HiL-ks. Edward Hughes, and Hugh Thomas. Boon returned to 
Holland, where he dii-d many years after. The first child born 
waa Adam Parker, in 1796; the first marriage, that of Jacob 
Joyce and Widow Peck ; and the first death, that of ^^ Nelson, 
in 1795. 

* The census reports 15 churches; 4 M. E., 3 Bap.. 2 Presb., 
(0. S.,} Bap.. Cong., Calv. Meth,. Prut. E., Union, and Unita. 

8 The ludians called the locality Ya-nun-da-da-sis, or U-nun- 
da-ga-gca, "around the hill.'' After an old stockade, built in 
early times, was razed, it waa called Teva<lah-ah-to-da-gue, 
*■ ruin of fort." 

* ThK EagU MiUs give employment to 120 hands, and produce 
1.500,0*>0 yard3 of cotton cloth annually. 

The Uti<'Ai SU-am, CotU-n Stills employ 330 hands, and produce 
1,100 yds. of cotton cloth daily. 

The Utica Wolen Mills employ 180 hands, and use 350,000 
11)6 of wool in the manufacture of cassimeres annually. 

The Utica Steam iVitolen Co. gives employment to 250 hands, 
and uses 1.800 lbs. of wool per day. 

The Utica Screw Manufacturing ffe. employs 50 hands, and 
turns out goods to the amonat of $60,000 annually. 



The Utica Millstone Manufactory and Phtstcj- MiUs give em- 
ployment to 50 men, and turn out $60,000 worth of prithicta 
an Dually. 

The city ajso contains extensive manufactories of starch, 
flour, clothing, org.ins, pianos, castings, machinery, stone ware, 
fire brick, carpets, oilcloths, leather, lumber, beer, and cigars. 

6 An asylum of this kind was recommended by the Governor 
in 1830, and was annually urged by its friends, until an act was 
passed, March 10, 1836, appointing 3 commissioners to purchase 
a site not exceeding Slo.oOO in value, nud to contract for build- 
ing. N. Dayton, C. McVean, and R. Withers were appointed; 
and in 1?37 a fiirm of 1.00 acres was bought at the joint expense 
of the State and the citizens of Utica. ($G,300 of $16,300.) and 
in that year Wm. Clarke, Francis K. Spinner, and Elam Lynds 
were appointed commissioners to erect buildings. The first 
plan (prepared by Clarke) embraced 4 buildings, each 550 feet 
long, fiicing outward, connected by open veiandae, and in- 
closing a coxirt of about 13 acres. The main building was 
erected and the foundations were laid, when the plan was re- 
duced and attention given to finishing the main building. 
By act of April 7, 1842. the asylum was put in charge of 9 
managers, appointed for a term of 3 years each by the Gov. 
and Senate, a majority of whom must reside witliin 5 mi. of 
the asylum. Dr. Amariah Briirham was chosen Sup'-rintendent, 
and upon his death (Sept. 8, 1849) Dr. Nathan D. Benedict suc- 
ceeded. The present Superintendent is Dr. John P. Gray, who 
was appointed in 1853. 

The building was partially destroyed by a fire set by one of 
the inmates July 14, 1857. The walls remained standing, and 
the premises have been refitted without interruption of opera- 
tions, and with improvements far exceeding in safety and con- 
venience those that were destroyed. The sum of $6S,74*J was 
granted in 1858 to rebuild the premises; and the labor ii> now 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



4G9 



Besides the foregoing institutions, there are in the city 10 private schools, 5 banks, and 24 
churches.' 

The site of the city is included in the colonial grant of 1734, styled Cosby's Manor. Settle- 
ment began soon after the Revolution ; and in 1787 there were 3 log huts at this placc.^ The 
construction of the Seneca Turnpike and of a bridge gave the first impulse to its growth ; nnd 
the Erie Canal in a few years doubled its business and population. Although the city has ex- 
perienced disasters, its general growth in wealth and numbers has been steadily forward, and its 
geographical position, lines of communication, and natural advantages are guarantees of its 
future increase.' 

VERWOIV — was formed from AVestmoreland and Augusta, Feb. 17, 1802. A part of Stock- 
bridge (Madison co.) was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center.* 
Its surface is rolling, the mean elevation being about 200 ft. above the Mohawk. The principal 
streams are Oneida Creek, forming the w. boundary, and Skanandoa Creek,' flowing through the 
E. part. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly and clay loam, underlaid by limestone, waterlime, 
and gypsum. Very few towns in the State surpass this in all the elements of fertility. A 
mineral spring is found a mi. N. w. of Vernon Center. Ternon, (p. v.,) upon Skanandoa 
Creek, n. of the center, was inoorp. April 6, 1827. It contains 2 churches, the Vernon Academy, 
a private seminary, bank, newspaper office, and tannery. Pop. 330. Ternon Center (p. v.) 
contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. Oneida. Castle, (p. v.,) on the w. line, contains a 
church, academy, and 337 inhabitants, of whom 275 are in this town. Turltey Street is a 



nearly completed. The buildings are well supplied with water 
and guB, and have ample fixtures for the extiuguishuient of 
fires in future, including steam force pumps, ample reservoirs 
of water, and pipes for filling the attic and upper rooms with 
steam. The asylum has shops and gardens for the employment 
of such as prefer it, and various amusements, — fairs, festivals, 
musical and theatrical entertainments, books, pictures, inno- 
cent games, ajid such other modes of occupation as are found 
to exert a salutary influence upon the ''mind diseased." The 
Opal, a monthly magazine, is edited and printed at the asylum 
by its inmates; and the American Journal of Insanity, a quar- 
terly journal, is conducted by its otRcei s. The aggregate sta- 
tistics of the asylum firom Jan. 16, 1843, to Dec. 1, 1858, have 
been as follows :— 















Perce.vtage 


Percentage 


Yes. 


^i 




1 






OF RECOV'S. 


OF Deaths. 


li 




■^1 
1? 


h 






•^ 


.53 


■s 

7 


267 


s5 


«^ 




1.S43 


109 


276 


48.62 


19.'20 


2.63 


6.44 


1844 


?.1(i 


?.75 


132 


16 


471 


65.93 


48.80 


3.39 


6.78 


1845 


2fi5 


W.1 


135 


21 


553 


60.94 


46.07 


3.79 


7.92 


1848 


WS 


?,'!7 


1,33 


22 


b'J2 


46.99 


39.46 


3.63 


7.77 


1847 


415 


4'2S 


187 


48 


802 


46.06 


43.69 


5.98 


11.66 


1848 


474 


4(15 


174 


86 


877 


36.70 


42.96 


9.80 


18.14 


1849 


454 


3(B 


503 


69 


S,57 


44.71 


56.07 


8.05 


15.19 


1850 


4.'?a 


.•i67 


171 


51 


816 


39.49 


46.59 


6.25 


11.77 


1S51 


440 


366 


11'.! 


48 


7U6 


23.46 


30.60 


6.03 


10.91 


186'2 


441 


.son 


1.56 


.39 


825 


36.37 


40.00 


4.72 


8.84 


1853 


4'?,3 


4?4 


169 


.39 


849 


39.95 


39.66 


4.59 


9.'22 


1854 


444 


3D0 


164 


65 


836 


37.16 


42.06 


7.75 


14.63 


1S55 


467 


■.'.75 


^?.H 


32 


726 


27..W 


46.64 


4.41 


6.85 


1856 


4.14 


'24'i 


100 


.30 


697 


22.24 


41.73 


4..30 


6.61 


ISii? 


463 


2.35 


95 


32 


696 


20.52 


40.42 


4.59 


6.88 


1858 


489 


333 


114 


31 


787 


23.31 


34.23 


3.96 


6.33 



Of the 5,516 patients received up to Dec. 1. 1S58, 4,896 were diR- 
charged, of wliom 2,226 recovered. 801 were improved, and 1.194 
Were unimproved: 63ijiiad died, and 39 were not insane. Great 
success attends the treatment in most cases when received at an 
eiirly stage ; but when the disease has continued a year or inure 
thechancesof recovery rapidly diminish, and in a few years cease 
altogether. The asylum is not designed as a hospital for in- 
curables; and when the prospecta of recovery or improvement 
Cease, it ia ife peneral custom to return patients to their friends 
or to JDL-al institutions of support. 

Of those admitted in the year ending Nov. 30, 1868, 172 were 
malus and 161 females: 23 were between 10 and 20; 91 between 
20 and ,30; lOS between 30 and 40; 62 between 40 and 50; 3(i 
lielween 50 and 00; and 11 between 60 find 70. 98 males and 
87 females were married; 76 males and 64 females were single; 
6 were widowers and 10 widows; 17 bad received academic and 
23y a commnn school education; 43 could only read and wiite; 
12 could read but not write; and 11 were entirely without edu- 
cation. 396 had labortou8, and 25 professional and literary, em- 



ployments; 8 were in trade, and 4 had no occupation. 210 
weie natives of New York ; 44 of Ireland ; 19 of Eng. ; 16 of (ier- 
many; 6 of Conn.; 4 each of Canada, Scotland, France. Penn., 
Vt., and Mass.; 3 each of N. H. and Wales; 2 each of Maine 
and Switzerland; and 1 each of R. I., Ohio. 111., and Sweden. 
The principal causes were, so far as ascertained, ill health, 48; 
hereditary, 28; predisposed, 22; intemperance and vice, 20; re- 
ligious excitement, 19; excessive labor and anxiety, 17; vicioue 
indulgences and domestic trouble, each 15; busiiie.ss perplexi- 
ties, 12; menstrual irregularities, 11 ; and puerperal fever, and 
excessive labor and exposure, each 10. 

1 4 Bap., 3 M. E., 3 Prot. E., 3 R. C. 2 Presb., Evang.. Ev. 
Luth., Jewish, Calv. Metb., Kof. Prot. D., Germ. Meth., Wes. 
Meth., 0. S. Bap., and Univ. 

* Fort Schuyler at this place was bnilt in 1758, and named 
from Col. Peter, an nncle of Gen. Philip Schuyler. It was a 
stockaded work, and stood between Main and Mohawk Streets 
below Second Street. A blockhouse was bnilt before the 
close of the Revolution on the site of the present depot. 
Among the early settlers were Uriah Alverson, Philip Murey, 
Francis Foster, Stephen Potter, Joseph Ballon, Jason Parkei_ 
John Cunningham, Jacob Cbrestman, and Matthew Hubbell. 
The first store and inn were kept by John Post, in 179i). on th« 
N. corner of Genesee and M'hitesboro' Sti'eets. Post had been a 
dealer among the Indians, and purchased large quantities of 
ginseng. Some years after, he run 3 "stage boats' for passen- 
gers to Schenectady. In 1804, Parker & Stephens received a 
grant of the sole riglit of running a stage to Canandaigua 
twice every week between May and October. Mails were ex- 
tended from Canajoharie to this place in 1793. the iuhitbifants 
along the route paying the expense. Bryan Johnson, in 17'J7, 
commenced purchasing produce for cash, and began a business 
that had been mostly monopolized by the Kanes of Canajoharie. 
The latter soon removed to Utica; and the spirited rivalry of 
these men, and others who soon joined in it, gave a wide repu- 
tation to the place as a maiket town. John C. Devr-reux, Watts 
Shearman, John Bissell. and Daniel Thomas were also c.irly 
merchants. Nathan Williams, Erastus Clark, Francis A. Blood- 
good, and Joseph Kirklaud were early lawyers. 

3 The population of the town and city of Utica has boon as 
follows : — 



1840 12,782 

1845 12.190 

1850 17.565 

18S5 22,169 



1813 1.700 

1820 2.972 

1«25 5,040 

la.-iO 8,323 

1835 .10,183 

* The territory of this town was included in the original 
Oneida Reservation. Among the patents granted in town were 
Bleecker'8 South Patent, Bas Chard's Patent of 4,911 acies, 
Abraham A'an Eps and Rev. John Sargent's Patent. Thi. prin- 
cipal Oneida village was called Kan-on-wall-o-hu-le. A Bmall 
remnant of this once powerful nation of Indians still livo in 
the s. w. p.irt of the town. 

6 Named from the celebrated Oneida chief, and signifying 
Ilemkick, or stream of hemk-cks. Alluding to this iuterpreiar 
tion of his name, this chief once made this striking remark: 
— *'I am an aged hemlock. An huiulrcd winters have wbistltd 
through zny branches. 1 am dead at the topi" 



470 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



thickly populated farming neighborhood. 
religious services were held iu 1801.^ 



The first settlements were made in 1794-97.^ The first 



VERONA — was formed from "Westmoreland, Feb. 17, 1802. It lies on the w. border of the 
CO., near the center. Its surface is generally level, slightly rolling in the e., aud marshy in the 
w. Oneida Lake and Creek form the w. boundary, and Wood Creek^ the n. boundary. Scverai 
small streams in the town are tributaries to these. The soil is a deep, rich, alluvial loam. There 
is a mineral spring in the e. part of the town.* Terona (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a tannery, 
and oO houses. Durliamville, (p-v-,) on the w. border, partly in Madison co., contains 2 
churches, a glass factory, foundery, tannery, and 1,034 inhabitants. Yerona Depot, (p-o..) 
a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., contains 10 houses. State Bridge (p. v.) contains 20 houses; 
Ui^^i^isville (p. v.) 25 houses ; ]Vew London, (p. v.,) in the n. part, 30 houses ; Scouon- 
doa, (p.v.,) in the s. part, on the line of Vernon, 20 houses; Yerona Mills (p. v.) 20 
houses ; Dunbarton a glass factory and 20 houses ; aud Staeeys Basin 10 houses. 
Settlement was commenced in 1792, by Geo. A. Smith ;^ Rev. Joseph Avery preached the first 
sermon. There are now 10 churches in town.® 

VIE^M A' — was formed from Camden, April 3, 1807, as *' Orange." Its name was changed to 
''Bengal,'' April 6, 1808, and to Vienna, April 12, 1816. A part of Annsville was taken off in 
1823. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface, rising from Oneida Lake 
on the s. border to an elevation of about 100 ft., spreads out into a rolling plateau. The n. w. part 
is hilly. "Wood Creek and Oneida Lake form the s. boundary. Fish Creek forms most of the e. 
boundary, and unites with Wood Creek before it enters Oneida Lake. The w. branch of Fish 
Creek forms a part of the n. boundary. The soil is a light, sandy loam, underlaid by clay: in 
the s. w., along Fish Creek, it is alluvium. Good building stone is quarried in the E. part, and 
large quantities of bog ore have been raised from the marshes near the lake. Vienna, (p. v.,) 
in the e. part, contains a church and 110 inhabitants. IVortli Bay, (p. v.,) in the s. part, near 
the lake, contains 2 churches, 3 sawmills, a shingle mill, and 25 houses. ItlcConnellSVilley 
(p. V.,) in the n. part, on the line of Annsville, contains 20 houses ; Elpis, a church and 8 houses. 
Fish Creek Lauding contains 20 houses : West Tienna, (p. v.,) on the lake, 20 houses. 
Pine is a hamlet, in the E. part. The first settlement was commenced near the close of the last 
century.^ There are now 6 churches in town^ 

"WESTERIV— was formed from Steuben, March 10, 1797. Lee was taken off in 1811. It lies 
in the interior, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by numerous gul- 
lies worn in the slate by the streams. Mohawk River and Lansing Kil Creek meet near the 
center and flow s. and s. w. into Rome. The soil in the valleys is alluvium. Stone quarries are 
worked which have furnished large quantities of stone for the Black River Canal. Western- 
Ville (p- V.) contains a church, a tannery, and 287 inhabitants. IVortU Western (p.v.) con- 



^ The first settler was Joaiah Bushnell, in 1794. Upon the 
reliiiquishniL'nt of the Indian title iu 1797, a large nuniher of 
families from Mass. snd Conn, came in; ami within 2 years 
every fiiim in town was taken up. Among the early settlers 
were fiimilies named Hills. Bronson. Wetniore, Holmes, Stone, 
Gridley, Smith. Bisnell, Foot, Goodwin, Kiishie, I>e Votie. Austin, 
Stannard. Griswold, Alvord, Thrall, Wilcox, Church, Spencer. 
Carter, Marshall. Tuttle, Bush, MclOwen. Wilcoxsun, and Web- 
ber, on Bus Churd's location, around Vernon Center; Rev. John 
Sargent, aud fimilies niinied Codner, Marvin, and McKwen. on 
Sargent's Patent; Skinner, Lawrence, Shedd, Gratton. Deland, 
Spauldin,i:,Gnint, Kc-lli».rg, Tryon. Cirter. Moore. Simons, Doane, 
May. Maiian. Page, Ingmham. Crocker, Graves. Soper, Norton, 
Dix, Vaughan, Wright. Cody. Kebey, Raymond, Ailing. Hasel- 
titie. Carpenter, Hungerford, Burley, and Darling, on tlie "Re- 
servatioo;" Griffin- Webster, Stone, Hotchkiss, Wanen, Youngs, 
"Willard, tjangdon, and Neller, in the g. w. part; Brockway, 
Upham. Cole. Davis, Blount, Brookins, Day, Frink, Neys, Camp- 
hell, Huntington, and Cook, iu the n.; and Van Ejis, Hubbell, 
VViirner. I'ierson, Fatten, and Root on the Van Eps Patent. The 
first deiith was that of a daughter of Josiah Bushnell, in 179'>. 

Sessions taught the first school, in 179S: A. Van Eps kept 

the first store, in 1798; and Asahel Giidley built the first grist- 
mill. ■ 

2 There are now 8 churches in town; 3 Presb., 2 M. E., Bap., 
Cong., and Unita. 

* A royal blockhouse was built at the mouth of this creek 
^bout 1722. It was about 8 rods square, on a slight elevation, 
lud Burrounded by a ditch. 

* A hotel and water-cure has been erected for the accommoda- 
tion of visitors and patients. The water is nearly saturated 



with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and yielded to Prof. Noyes'a 
analysis the following ingredients to the gallon: — 

Muriate of soda .720 gr. 

Lime, with a little magnesia 6S •' 

Sulphate of lime _. CO " 

The water resi-mbles in many respects that of the Harrogate 
Springs in England. 

^ Smith was 8 d;iys working his way through snow, ewamps, 
and thickets from Westmoreland. Among the early ?ettiera 
were Asahel Jackson, in l?^^. near the Mockhouse; La Whitten 
de Wardenou, at Oak Orchard, on Wood Cr«ek. in 1796 or '97. 
Among the early settlers in tlie s. part iu 170S were Brooks, 
Langdun. Avery, Eamen, Bosworth, Pomeroy. Day. Ellis. Fisher, 
Phelps, Benedict, Loomia, Warren, Tilden, Todd, Skinner, Bil- 
lington, Wheelan. Bobbins, Clark, Bishop, and Brown. The 
first Itirth was that of Eva Smith, in 1795 ; and the first death 
vftLA that of a child of Wardenou. in 1797. who was buried iu its 
cradle for want of a coffin. — Jonf:s's Oueid/i O)., p. fi71. Asahel 
Jai kson kept the first inn. in 1796. The first saw and grist 
mills were built for the Indians, 
fi 3 M. E., 2 S. D. Bap.. Presh., Bap., Friends. Union, and R.C. 

7 Gen. A. Hamilton. John Lawrence, and John B.CIiurch, under 
proceedings in chan-.-ery, beGime owners of this t'^wn. 

8 Timothy Halsted. Fisher, Jarvis, Peter Gibbons, 

Isaac Babcock, Alex, and Jonathan Graves. Eliakim St_iddiird, 
Allen Nichols, and David Stone were early settlers. The tirst 
birth was that of Polly Bhtkesley. in 1803; and the first dwith, 
that of Alex. Graves, by an accident in a sawmill, in IStl. 
Lyman Mathers tauglit the first school; Wm. Smith kept the 
first inn, in ISol. Ambrose Junes built thi^ first sawmill, in 
18t)l ; and Wm. Smith the first gri^tmillj about 1S04. 

» 3 M. E., Cong., O. S. Bap., Bap. 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



471 



tains a church and 15 houses. Hillside (p. o.) contains 8 houses. Big Brook (p. o.) U a 
hamlet, near the e. line. Delta (p- v.) is in the s. w. corner, mostly in the town of Lee. The 
first settlement commenced in 1789, by Asa Beckwith and his sons Asa, Reuben, Wolcott, and 
Lemuel, and Henry Wager.* The tirst church (Bap.) was formed in 1798 ; Rev. Stephen Parsons 
preached occasionally. There are now 6 churches in town.^ 

WESTMOREL.AIVB— was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792. A part of Whites- 
town was annexed March 15, 1798. Verona and part of Vernon were taken off in 1802. It is au 
interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surf^ice is a rolling upland, with a mean eleva- 
tion of 150 to 250 ft. above the Muhawk. The streams are mostly small brooks. Iron ore has been 
obtained in large quantities for the Westmoreland, Lenox, Onondaga, and Paris furnaces. Several 
quarries of fine building stone have been wrought; and from some of these grindstones were for- 
merly manufactured. The soil is principally a gravelly and clayey loam, adapted to grain raising 
and pasturage. Hampton, (Westmoreland p. o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains 3 
churches, several manufactories,^ and 400 inhabitants. I^owell^ (P-^-O in tlie n. w. part, con- 
tains a church and 25 houses. Hecla Works, (p. v.,) s. w. of the center, contains a large fur- 
nace* and 1(5 houses. Lairdsville,^ (p. V.,) in the s. part, contains a church and 15 houses. 
Spencer Settlement, on the n. line, and Eureka, 2 mi. s., each contains about 15 houses. 
The first settlement was made by James Dean, upon a patent granted to him under an act of Mav 
5, 1786.S The first church (Cong.) was formed Sept. 20, 1792.' 

lVUITESTOW]^8_^as formed March 7, 1788, and included an indefinite amount of territory 
extending westward. Steuben, Mexico, Paris, and Westmoreland were taken off in 1792 ; a part 
of Cazenovia (Madison co.) in 1795 ; Augusta and a part of Westmoreland in 1798 ; Utica in 1817 ; 
and New Hartford in 1827. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, a little s. e. of the center of the 
CO. A broad, flat intervale extends along the Mohawk ; and from it the surface rises in gentle slo^pes 
about 100 ft. and from the summits spreads out into a rolling upland. Oriskany Creek^ flows 
N. E. through near the center, and Sauquoit Creek through the e. part. The soil is mostly a fine 
quality of gravelly loam and alluvium, well adapted to grain raising. Wliitesboro',"* 
(Whitestown p. o.,) in the Mohawk Valley, in the s. e. part of the town, was incorp. March 20. 
1813. It contains 4 churches, the Whitestown Seminary, a bank, and several small manufoctories. 
It is a canal and r. r. station. Pop. 953. Oriskany, (p. v.,) near the mouth of Oriskany Creek. 
is a canal village and r. r. station. It contains 5 churches and several extensive manufactories.** 
Pop. 711. Yorkville and Wew York Iflills, in the s. part, are manufacturing villages, upon 
Sauquoit Creek, the former containing about 50 houses and the latter 3 churches and 00 houses." 
■Walesville, (p.o.,) Colemans Mills, and Pleasant Valley are hamlets or thickly 
settled farming neighborhoods. The first settlement was made by Judge Hugh White and his 5 
sons, Daniel C, Joseph, Hugh, jr., Ansel, and Philo, in May, 1784." This was the first settlement 
in the co., and became the nucleus of civilization for Central N. Y. The first church (Presb.) waa 
formed Aug. 20, 1794 ; the first settled pastor was Rev. Bethuel Dodd.^* 



1 These settlers, with one exception, continued to reside on 
their flrat locations until their deaths. Gen. Wm. Flnyd. one of 
the signers of the Declaration of Independence, settled here in 
1S03. and continued a resident until his death in 1821. The 
leasehold tenure long retarded settlement, and is still a source 
of dissatisfaction. 

2 3 M. E.. Calv. Meth.. Prpsh., and Friends. 

8 The Malleable Iron Works of Smith. Parker, Hallack & Co- 
at this place, employ 40 hands, and have a capital of S20.000. 
Buell's Hardware Manufactory has b capital of $30,0U0, and gives 
employment to 5fJ hands. 

■• These works, engaged in the manufacture of shelf hardware, 
have a capital of $io.o6o. and employ 40 hands. A blnst furnace 
established here near the commencement of the century was 
run 30 years. 

f' Named from Samuel Laird, an early settler. 

* This patent names Dean's Creek 03 Kanaghtarageara. and a 
small branch nf Oriskany Creek, Kan-you-stot^ta. Among the 
other early settlers were .lonathan Dean. Silas l'heli)9, Kphraim 
Blackmer, Neliemiah .lones, .Joseph .Tones. .Ii'seph Blackiner.jr,, 
and Samuel I*;iird, — all of whom located on Dean's Patent. In 
17R9. settlements spread rapidly, and .John and Nathaniel Town- 
send, fienjamin Blackmer. John Vaugban. Josinh i^tillman, 
Nathan Loomis, Joshua Oreen. Joseph Blackmer. sen.. Amos 
Smith, John Morse, Daniel Seely, Klijah Smith, Samuel Starr. 
Alexander Parliman. and Stephen Kri^ihinn located in town. 
Mr. Dean was an Indian trader, acquired the language of the 
natives, and exercised much influence over them. Ue received 
this grant through a stipulation made by the Indians ns a 
reward for services rendered to their nation. Althmi-ih greatly 
ittucbed to him, these savages upon one occasion came near 



taking his life to atone for the deal i of one of their number who 
waa accidentally killed by a Dutchman on the Mohawk. Ho 
died Sept. 10, 1S23, aged 76 yetirs.— Jones's Oneida, p. 749. A 
MSS. account of Indian mythology, written by him, is in the 
State Library. 

? The census reports 6 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Ixip., 0. S. 
Bap., and Friends. 

8 Named from Hugh White, the pioneer settler. 

^ Signifying " river of nettles." 

10 The first courthouse of Herkimer co. was erected here in 
1793. A clerk's office of the Supreme Court of the State was 
established at this place April 4, 1807. 

11 Oriskany Manufacturing Co., incorp. Feb 16, 1811. for the 
manufacture of woolen cloths, was the oldest lo. of ttie kind in 
the State. It had S sets of machinery, and employed 130 hands. 
The Dexter Manufacturing Co. had 12 sets of machinery, and 
employed 130 h^rids. These factories are not now in operation. 

12 The New York Mills, an extensive manufaitory of cutton, 
has branches at Yorkville. Now York Mills, and Upper New 
York Mills, — the last named in New Hartford. It has a capital 
of $200,000. 

13 Among the other early settlers were Amos Wetmore, Jonas 
Piatt, Geo. Dotjlittle, Thomas R. Gold. Ileiiben Wilcox, Arthur 
Breese. Enoch Story, Elizur Moseley. Cal-'b Douglass, Wm. <; 
Tracy, fterrit Y. Lansing, and Henry K. Storrs. The first child 
born was Esther White; and the flr^t death, that of Mrs. 
Blacksley, soon after the first settlement The first gristmill in 
the town and co. was built in 178S, by Judge White, Amos Wet- 
more, and John Beardsley. 

"There are now i;iciinrctn'8 in town; 3 Prejb., 3 M. E., 'i 
Bap., 'Z Prot. E,, Cone., Calv. Meth., and Uuiou. 



472 



ONEIDA COUNTY. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Oneida County. 



Names of Towns. 


Acres OF Land. 1 


Valuation of 1858. 


Population, | 


1 

1 


1 

i 






Schools. 


■s 


1 


S 


•sa> 






1 


1 


K 


E 


1 


1 

14,1884 


1 

18.843 


1 


lii 


..J 
e 


1 




821 


2 
416 


v| 

•■l'5 

17 


.li 

Co 
1,172 


' AniisvUle 


$256,260 


$6,960 


$263,210 


1.380 


1.335 


469 


Augusta 


14,247 i 


3,3214 


315.190 


53.200 


368,390 


1.183 


1,200 


428 


480 


378 


12 


983 


9.192 


13,295 


96.262 


4,800 


101,062 


670 


872 


219 


229 


207 


9 


601 


Boonville 


18,290J 


21,810i 


412.895 


12.400 


425,295 


2,365 


2.069 


748 


823 


560 


23 


1,650 




11,5761 

13,42U 

16.990 

13.131 

16.716# 

16,303i 


3,105J 
17,683 

4.616 
17.146 

5.S89 

3,706 


231,240 
294,849 
298,999 
137,985 
263,760 
688,760 


31,370 

9,300 

4.300 

2,660 

22,616 

104 700 


262,610 
304,149 
303.299 
140,636 
276,376 
693.4.50 


615 
1,431 
1,149 
1.461 

725 
1,866 


688 
1,469 
1,108 
1,361 

718 
1,944 


246 
604 
387 
490 
273 
636 


267 
606 
421 
639 
286 
728 


191 
622 
292 
417 
196 
522 


8 
14 
11 
17 
11 
17 


486 
1,169 

769 
1,204 

619 
1,268 




Deertield 






Kirkland — 


Lee 


18.059 


9.967 


287,430 


28,660 


316,980 


1,633 


1,487 


665 


695 


481 


17 


1,190 


Marcv 


16.161 


3,366 


279.410 


8.400 


287.810 


916 


861 


342 


355 


281 


12 


682 




16.374 


3,6214 


347.166 


28,760 


378.916 


1,096 


1,062 


391 


431 


325 


10 


636 


New Hartford 


15,366} 


2,6304 


664,030 


34,900 


688,930 


2,132 


2,385 


707 


827 


418 


18 


1,536 


Paris 


16.769 


3,6094 


646,729 


81,450 


628.179 


1,825 


1,870 


679 


768 


481 


16 


1,281 


Rerosen 


14.056i 


67,687 


217,085 


13,400 


230,486 


1,423 


1,261 


478 


608 


366 


14 


1,028 


Kome 


22.942 


19,3264 


1,795,690 


620,931 


2,416.621 


6,449 


6,271 


1,660 


2,032 


84.8 


21 


3.531 


Sangerfield 


14.S10i 


3,803 


332,510 


180.560 


613,060 


1,216 


1,208 


449 


491 


340 


11 


927 




17,884i 
21.800i 


8.0414 
6.8434 


168,103 
348,160 


5,180 
56.760 


163,283 
404,920 


827 
2,078 


766 
1,909 


299 
626 


307 
734 


246 
627 


13 

1 1^ 


530 
1.183 


Ti-euton 


Utica 


2,.323 


292 


3,126,920 


1,347.511 


4,474.431 


10,548 


11,621 


3,193 


4,339 


2,173 


19 


8.000 


VernoD 


19,564} 


4.2824 


676,410 


24.170 


699,680 


1,624 


1,4,81 


638 


619 


329 


12 


1.090 


Verona 


26,325i 


15,3414 


19.3,360 


17.700 


211,050 


3.712 


3,211 


1,205 


1,350 


882 


27 


2.327 




13,595 
21,762t 
22,426} 


22.139 
9.2924 
4.242} 


278,900 
278.900 
422,600 


27,952 
27,952 
33,000 


306,862 
306,8.'i2 
455,600 


1,686 
1.286 
1,615 


1.863 
1,260 
1,664 


623 
462 
389 


662 
490 
675 


463 
326 
603 


19 
21 
17 


1,363 
1.027 
1.166 




Westmoreland 


Whitestown 


14,636i 


2,8134 


729,650 


231.218 
3,020,669 


960,868 


2,289 


2.649 


727 


1,106 


340 


13 


1,649 


TotaJ 


438,80Cii 


286.694J 


13,568,133 


16578,792 


63,977 


63.772 


17,782 


21.176 


13,016 


412 


38.616 




Live St 


)CK. 1 1 




Agricu 


-tubal 


PRODDcra. 1 


• 

1 
to 




«.-= 








Bdsu. 


OF Qraim. 




•?;■ . 


V, 


Daibv Pboddcts. 
















is 

II 










s" 


I=.i 


s 


& 


K 






v 


li 


It 

5 o'S 


■B »: 






15 


6SS 


6 


§ 


1,076 


'^ 


Si 


e 


20,004 


!■? 


a, ^5 


£ g 


■S.2 


Annsville 


,W7 


1,473 


i,25e 


1,360 


1.537 


73,370} 


3.7094 


8,341 


195.966 


3.585 


1,9964 




628 


1,0.60 


1,06 


2.178 


1.857 


2,33,4 


74.592 


2,401 


11,34! 


3,S,13S 


107.980 


34.830 


803 




287 
607 


642 
1.064 


1.21- 
2.61- 


922 
800 


470 
1.059 


92 
323 


28.945 
69.061} 


3,615 
6,586J 


13.182 
32.052 


3.775 


81.020 110.200 
223.625 5.:iO0 


1.124 
9734 


Boonville 


Brid^ewater 


459 


809 


1.13 


2,039 


863 


727 


68.789 


3.640 


16,84J 


22.15( 


66,705 146,670 


249 




620 


1.160 


1.10 


) 1,878 


881 


1,470 


39.484} 


3.233 


16,6U0 


23,60( 


108.645 


15.926 


1.694 


Deerfield 


,')06 


866 


2..37 


874 


1,268 


606 


82.206 


4.199 


30,211 


17,33( 


120,170 


482.900 


1.319 




299 
636 
697 
7.51 


749 

872 

1,131 

1,287 


1,00 
2,06 
1.26 
2.21 


3 807 
J 1.641 
I 2,041 
J 2.1 .M 


810 
1,086 

985 
1.095 


1,919 
1.608 
1.7644 
3,1.53 


36.9404 
73.8074 
91.642 
87,065 


4,001 
4.426 
3.991 
6.5614 


16.982 
19.888 
26.820 
21.675 


11,770 
18,201 
49.296 
22.812 


124,550 
120,310 
131,368 
206,869 


63-36U 
186.400 

37.508 
112.687 


46 

1,136 

413 

2.215 






Ue 




686 
635 


994 
1,652 


1.88 
1,28 


) 2.068 
1 1,9113 


1.134 

768 


1,716 
3,4564 


70.814 
98,374 


4.2824 
3.869} 


38.846 
20,380 


19,355 
37,309 


160,319 
103.260 


24,907 
31,372 


742 
657 




New Hartford 


746 


936 


1,47 


1.362 


1.261 


786 


66.768 


4.988 


27.076 


62.328 


109.263 


67,426 


1,273 


Paris 


746 


1,129 


1,7,3- 


, 2,219 


1,129 


1.281) 


106,9444 


4.300 


34.186 


39,342 


148.775 


150.165 


660 




464 

1,090 

827 

626 


639 
1,339 
1,008 
1,020 


1.78 

2.62 

87 

2,76' 


5 862 
i 2,353 
3 6.974 
1 1,267 


716 

2,309 

722 

981 


9864 

9,008 

8S7 

30 


37,638 

133,412 

66. 894 

38,7744 


4.1534 
6.496 
4.006 
6.1164 


22.022 
43.767 
19,681 
17,789 


1,466 
22.534 
22,63b 
11.057 


184.969 
174.296 
71.609 
260.800 


116,000 
127.629 
15.080 
131.473 


1.250 

1,141 

385 

2,427 




San^orfield 


Steuben -. 


Trenton 


778 


1.246 


3,16 


; 1,148 


1.210 


466 


86,56^4 


7.453 


28,175 


28.819 


157,968 


639.529 


860 




493 
835 


106 

1.218 


49 
2.05 


r 84 
I 1.910 


831 
1.164 


2,634 


10,347 
104,1701 


1.1.56 
4.197 


6,715 
17,661 


1.242 
28.069 


7.712 
136.465 


400 
357.376 


636 


Vernon 




1,051 

678 
774 


2.482 
1.403 

1.2S9 


2,66. 
1.10 
2,98 


5 3,094 
) 2.263 
} 2,647 


2.091 


1.609 


127,36H 
61,2,=.7i 
86.288 


8.931 
3.229 
6.9954 


31.306 
16.876 
23,781 


37,962 

19,440 
22,713 


244.277 

82.715 

263.090 


176,566 
26.210 
247.900 


1.5624 
2.0064 
1,7364 


Vienna 


1.161 ;! 2,0S2 
1.366, 1 3.047 




Westmoreland. — 


852 


1..658 


2 41 


3,636 


1.569 1 621 


103 3971 


6.7921 


28,336 


46,696 


225,012 


99.474 


432 


Whitestown 


791 


958 


1.29 
47T79" 


J 1.386 


1,339 ! 62 1 


69,0514 
lT62,869l 


4.7071 


27.606 
624,648 


26,244 


95.668 


11,766 


316 


Total 


17.398 


30 


.038 


t 60.841 


31. 


22H 


44.560} 


124.9334 


634,262 '3,912,176 3,311,11* 


27,989i 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Herkimer, March 5, 1794, and in- 
cluded the original Military Tract. Cayuga was taken oiF March 
8, 1799 ; Cortland, April 8, 1808 ; and a part of Oswego, March 1, 
1816. It was named from the Onondaga tribe of Indians, whose 
principal residence was within its border. It lies near the center 
of the State, centrally distant 127 mi. from Albany, and contains 
812 sq. mi. 

Its surface is naturally divided into two nearly equal parts by an 
E. and w. line, the N. half being nearly level, and the s. broken by 
ridges of hills and gradually sloping upward to a height of about 
1,000 feet on the s. border. These highlands constitute a portion 
of the most northerly spurs of the Central Allegany Mountains, 
where they sink down to a level with the lowlands which surround Lake Ontario. They are divided 
into five distinct ridges, all having a general N. and s. direction and separated by narrow and deep 
valleys. The most eastern of these ridges enters the town of JIanlius from the E., and extends 
northward to the immediate vicinity of the Erie Canal, the valley of Limestone Creek forming its 
w. boundary. Its highest point is 600 to 800 ft. above the valley. The second ridge lies between 
the valleys of Limestone and Butternut Creeks and embraces the highlands of Fabius and Pom- 
pey, the w. part of Manlius, and the E. part of La Fayette and De Witt. In Pompey this range 
attains an elevation of 1,743 ft. above tide. The lower or N. part of this ridge is subdivided by 
the deep valley of the w. branch of Limestone Creek. The third range, between the valleys of 
Butternut and Onondaga Creeks, comprises the highlands of the central part of La Fayette, the w. 
part of De Witt, and the E. portions of Tully, Onondaga, and Syracuse. Its highest point, in La 
Fayette, is several hundred ft. lower than the hills of Pompey. The fourth range, between Onon- 
daga and Nine Mile Creeks, comprises the highlands of Otisco, the w. portions of TuIIy, La Fay- 
ette, Onondaga, and Geddes, and the e. portions of Marcellus and Camillus. The highest point of 
this range, in Otisco, is but a few ft. lower than the highest point of Pompey. The fifth range, 
lying between Nine Mile Creek and Skaneateles Lake and Outlet, comprises the highlands of Spaf- 
ford, the w. parts of Marcellus and Camillus, and the E. parts of Skaneateles and Elbridge. Its 
highest point, Ripley Hill, in Spafibrd, is 1,981 ft. above tide. The axis of this whole system of 
highlands, extending through Pompey, Fabius, and Tully, forms a part of the watershed between 
Susquehanna River and Lake Ontario. The declivities of these hills are generally steep ; but their 
summits are rolling and crowned with forests or cultivated fields. 

The geological formation of the co. consists of alternate strata of shale and limestone, overlying 
each other in nearly horizontal layers. The lowest of these, cropping out on the s. shore of Oneida 
Lake, is the Clinton group of shale, and successively above these, toward the s., the Niagara lime- 
stone, the red and green shales and gypsum belonging to the Onondaga salt group, the waterlime 
group, Oriskany sandstone, Onondaga limestone, corniferous limestone, Seneca limestone, Mar- 
cellus shales, Hamilton shales, Tully limestone, Genesee slate, and Ithaca shales. The last four 
mentioned are found upon the summits of the southern hills. The salt group occupies the very 
base of the hills ; and the limestones crop out along their declivities in an e. and w. line extending 
through the center of the co. The celebrated Onondaga Salt Springs are in the deep valley in which 
Onondaga Lake is situated, and the salt water is found above or within the strata of red shale. 
The salt wells are 200 to 400 feet deep. The green shales, embracing the hopper-formed strata, 
the magnesian or vermicular lime, and large quantities of gypsum in isolated masses, lie imme- 
diately above the red shales, and form the first declivities of the ranges of hills. The gypsum is 
extensively quarried, and is one of the most important minerals in the State.^ Next above these 
shales is the waterlime stone, — another important and valuable mineral.' The Onondaga limestone 



> Throughout the gypsum regions are found numerous tunnel- 
sbaped cavities at the surface of the ground, 5 to 30 ft. deep 
and about the same in circumference. These are supposed to bo 
caused by the underlying rociis being slowly dissolved by the 
rains, and the earth above falling into the cavity so formed. 
From year to year new cavities are continually forming. 



* This stone is burned and ground, and used for cement. II 
readily baniens under water, and may be used in all places ev 
posed to continual dampness. It was used in constnicting the 
locks on the Krio Canal, and is used on rail road work through- 
out the Western States and Canada. It forma ono of the most 
valuable exports of the co. 

473 



474 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



furnishes a Ijeautiful and valuable building stone; and nearly all of the limestone strata furnish 
quicklime of a superior quality. 

In variety, strength, and fertility, and in all the elements of perpetual productiveness, the soil 
of this CO. is not surpassed by that of any other co. in the State. It is extensively derived from 
the decomposition of the underlying rocks.^ But the northern towns are nearly all covered with 
drift, and their soil is generally a light, sandy loam, alternating with heavy clay. The vast d';- 
posits of lime upon the hills go far toward enriching the soil of the valleys. '■' In the central and 
N. portions the marshes are covered many feet thick with peat and muck formation, formed by 
the decaying vegetation of centuries, and furnishing the elements of almost boundless future 
fertility.^ More than one-half the entire tobacco crop of the State is raised in this co. 

The streams of the co. nearly all flow in a northerly direction and discharge their waters tlirough 
Oswego River into Lake Ontario. In their course from the highlands they often flow over perpen- 
dicular ledges and through narrow ravines, forming a great number of beautiful cascades, the 
principal of which will be more particularly noticed in the description of the different towns. Os- 
wego River, which forms a part of the E. boundary of Lysander, is formed by the junction of 
Seneca and Oneida Rivers. Seneca River* enters the n. part of the co. from the w. and pursues a 
winding course until it unites with Oneida River. It is a broad, deep stream, and has upon it one 
series of rapids, which has been converted into a valuable water-power. In the lower part of its 
course it contains a broad sweep or bend from a s. e. to a n. w. direction ; and at its extreme s. point 
it receives the Onondaga Outlet from the s. Oneida River, the outlet of Oneida Lake, is a deep, 
sluggish, crooked stream, 18 mi. in length, and forms a link in the chain of internal navigable 
waters of the State. Limestone and Butternut Creeks, after flowing through narrow and deep 
parallel valleys among the hills, unite in the n. part of the town of Manlius, and flow into Chit- 
tenango Creek a few mi, above its entrance into Oneida Lake, Onondaga and Nine Mile Creeks — 
the latter being the outlet of Otisco Lake — both flow into Onondaga Lake. Otisco Inlet, a small 
stream entering the co. from the s., may be considered the head branch of Nine Mile Creek. 
Skaneateles Outlet discharges its waters into Seneca River just beyond the w. border of the co. 
Several small streams take their rise in the s. part of the co„ and, Sowings,, form the head branches 
of Tiunghnioga River. The principal lakes in the co. are Oneida, Onondaga, and Cross Lakes, 
upon the level land of the n,, and Skaneateles and Otisco Lakes, in deep valleys among the hilU 
of the s. Oneida Lake, extending along the n. e. border of the co., is about 30 mi. in length ; and 
it forms a portion of the chain of the internal navigable waters of the State,* Onondaga Lake, 
celebrated for the salt springs which are found in its immediate vicinity, is about 5 mi. long.^ Cross 
Lake, upon the n. w, border of the co,, is a shallow body of water, about 5 mi, long, and may be 
considered as simply an enlargement of Seneca River, Skaneateles Lake, 16 mi, long, occupies a 
deep and narrow valley among the hills, and is considered one of the finest sheets of water in the 
State. The banks along its s, part rise precipitously to a height of several hundred ft., and the 
«cenery is singularly wild and rugged. Toward the n. the summits decline in height, and the 
land gradually and smoothly slopes down to the very edge of the water, forming a rich and ex- 
ceedingly beautiful landscape. Otisco Lake is about 4 mi. long, and is nearly surrounded by steep 
hills, 400 to 800 ft. above its surface. In the region occupied by the waterlime and Onondaga lime- 
stone formations are many deep rents and fissures, from 50 to 200 ft. below the surface, some of 
which contain little sheets of water. These remarkable depressions are evidently the result of 



1 *'Thi'8e systtms of rocks constitute the basis of our soils; 
tlieir p;iiticles. ffpiirateil by the action of the elements, have 
bnen decomposed and in process of time rendered fruitful. Be- 
wides these rocks, we have beds of gravel and rounded stones, 
tbftt have been brnu<;ht to us frnm the far North by water; and 
we often see largi^ boulders of granitic rocks that were brought 
liiTO on islands nf ice thnt once drifted about in the pea that, in 
H period far back in the world's history, subraerijpd all this part 
of the continent. The springs that flow from the lime rocks 
deposit tufa, — in many instances in sufficient quantitieg to make 
farm fences and to burn lime. So higlily are many of these 
springs charged with carbonate of lime that hb soon as the water 
meets the air it parts with a part of the lime and incrusts 
leaves and twijrs and whatsoever mfiy be encountered. These 
substances, perhaps, then decay, leaving perfect forms upon the 
flolid ritfk." — Ag. Address nf Htm. G'orgp. Gtuides. 

2 '-There are large deposits of marl in this c<t. ; one just E. of 
Syracuse is finely shown by the rail road cut tin;:; thmugh it. The 
p'reat Cicern Swamp is rich in this valual'Io fertilizer. Lake 
Sodom, in Manlius. is constantly depositing this mineral; the 
trees that fall into the lake are whitened wjtli it. <.)nondaga 
l^ake is surrounded by a marl bed. The lakes of Tully are also 
marl lakes." — Aa. Address of Hmi, Gfn. Gi'ddfs. 

8 "As we go south, the ragged front of the limestone gives us a 



hard soil to work. — beiug mixed with stones. — but of a most 
fruitful character. On still farther s. a grazing district takes 
the place of a wheat growing one. This change, however, may 
not be due entirely to changes in the composition of the forma- 
tions. The country has become decidedly hilly. We now find 
steep slopes, inclined surfaces, deep ravines, rounded hills, — in 
fine, all the characteristics of good fields and walks for sheep 
and cows, for sweet grass and pure streams of water." — 
Emmons. 

< This stream forms the drainage of nearly all of the small 
lakes in Central N. Y. Large sums of money have been ex- 
pended in deepening its channel at Jacks Keefs. upon the w. 
border of the co.. for the purpose of draining the extensive 
marshes near the outlet of Cayuga Lake. The enterprise has 
been partially successful, and a large amount of Tiiluable land 
has been reclaimed. 

6 The outlet of this lake is navigable; and a canal 7 mi. in 
length connects Wood Creek, one of its tributaries, with the 
Erie Canal at Higginsville. 

* A low, semi-marshy piece of ground, about 2 mi. in length 
and 1 in width, extends southward from the head of this lake, 
and is bordered by steep bluflfd 15 to 25 ft. high, — prolmldy the 
ancient border of the lake. In and around this marsh the salt 
springs are found. 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



473 



subsidence, as the faces of the cliffs arc nearly perpendicular, and the surface of the rocks above 
is much cracked and broken.^ 

The CO. seat is located at the city of Syracuse. The courthouse, a beautiful structure, Vmilt of 
Ononda<5a limestone and elaborately finished, is situated on W.Genesee St., near the center of the 
city.^ It is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the State.^ The Onondaga Penitentiary, a 
city and co. prison and workhouse, is a commodious brick edifice, situated upon an eminence a mi. 
N. E. of the courthouse. It contains apartments for a jail, and is also used for the imprisonmfint 
of criminals sentenced for short terms. Prisoners are received from Oswego and M:»dison cos. 
The clerk's office is a fireproof brick buildinp;, situated at the corner of Church and North Salina 
Sts. It contains rooms for the Surrogate and Supervisors. The poorhouse is located u]^on a fiirm 
of 34 acres on Onondaga Ilill, 4 mi. s. w. of Syracuse. The average number of inmates is 200, 
supported at a weekly cost of ^1.26 each. The building is commodious, but poorly ventilated. 
Little attention is paid to the improvement of the inmates ; and in accommodations, cleanliness, and 
attention to the sick and insane, the institution is not above the average of similar institutions in 
the State. 

The Erie Canal extends e. and w. through near the center of the co. The Oswego Canal ex- 
tends from the Erie at Syracuse, n. through Salina and Clay, to Lake Ontario at Oswego. The 
N. y. Central R. R. extends through Manlius. De Witt, Syracuse, Geddes, Camillus, A'^an Buren, and 
Elbridge. From Syracuse two divisions of this r. r. extend westwanl to Rochester, one via Clyde 
and Lyons, called the New Road, and the other via Auburn and Geneva, called the Old Road. 
The Oswego & Syracuse R, R. extends from Syracuse n. through Geddes, Van Buren, and Ly- 
sander ; and the Syracuse, Binghamton & New York R. R. extends from Syracuse s. through Onon- 
daga, Do Witt, La Fayette, Fabius, and Tully, uniting with the N. Y. & Erie R. R. at Binghamton. 
The Union R. R, is a short road extending from the n, terminus of the Binghamton road to the 
Erie Canal, in Geddes. 
Sixteen newspapers are published in theco. ; 4 daily, 10 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly.* 



I These lakes are sometimeB called "crater lakes,'' from 
their peculiar form, and sometimeB "green lakes," from the 
Color of their waters. 

* The first courts were held in barns and private residences 
at Onond^iga. Levana. on the shore of Ca.vun;a Lake, Cayuga 
CO., and Ovid. Seneca co. The first courthouse was erected at 
Onondii^a Hill, In 180W)6. The coinmissioners nppointed to 
select thrt site fi»r the courthouse were Asa Datifnrth. George 
Ballard, and Roswell Tousley. In IH'29 an act was passed to 
remnvi? the co. seat to tlie vilhige of Syracuse, and John Smith. 
Oren Hutchinson, and l^amuel Forman were commissioners to 
Behxt the site. The courthouse was finally built on a lot about 
midway between the then rival villages of Syracuse and Salina. 
It was destroyed by fire in 1856. and the present structure was 
erected soon after. The first co. officers were Seth Phelps, 
J^irst Ju'ige; Benj. Ledyard, Clerk ; John Uarria, Sheriff; and 
Moses De Witt. Surrogate, 

3 The library of the Court of Appeals is kept in the court- 
house. 

* The Dti-ve Gazette-, established at Manlius in 1806 by Abra- 

hiuii Ronieyn, was the first paper published in the co. 

At that time nn effort was made to change the name 

of the village from "Manlius" to *^Deme." The paper 

was continued about 1 year. 
2%e Herald of the Times was st.irted at Manlius in 1808 by 

Lcnnard Kellogg. In 1813 its name was changed to 
T7ie Manlius Times, and it was successively issued by James 

r-;irdsb V. Seneca Hale, and Daniel Clark. October 28, 

isls. Mr. Clark changed its name to 
7V(»; OrH'tidtiga 1 If raid ; soon after.it was changed to 
Tite Tivt's, and continued about 3 years. June 27, 1821, Thnr- 

low Weed became editor, and the name was changed to 
The Onnu'laga Oninty Republican. Octflber 27, 1S24, it passed 

into the hands of Laurin Dewey, who chau'^ed it to 
The On'ti'laga Jtfpublimn. Soon after, tuman A. Miller became 

proprietor, and the name was changed to 
The Manlius Ri'pnsitf/ry. It afterward passed into the hands 

of L. Sti!son. and was continued about 5 years. 
The Onondaga Flag was published at Manlius a short time in 

1831 by Fonda. 

The hyni was started at Onondaga Hollow in 1811 by Thomas 

C. Fay, and was continued about 2 years. Thurlow 

Weed commenced his apprenticeship in this offl-e. 
Tlve Onondaga liegistfr was established at Onondaga Hullow in 

1814 by Lewis H. Redfield, and was continufd until 

1829. when it was removed to Syracuse and united with 

the Oazette. under the name of 
The Onondaga Iftgistfr and Sf/raciise (Jmelte. In 18.12 it passed 

Into the hands of Sherman k Clark, who changed it to 
T^ie Si/ranise Argua, and continned it about 2 years. 
The Onondaga Gaselte was established at Onombiga Hill in ISlfi 

by ilvander Morse. Wm. Bay, author of " The Horrors 



of Slavery," was editor at one time. In 1821 it passed 
into the hands of Cephas S. McConnell, and was 
changed to 

The Onondaga Journal. In 1827 Vitus W. Smith became proprie- 
tor, and in 1829 he removed it to Synruse and united 
it with tlie Syracuse Advertiser, — the combined paper 
tiikint: the name of 

The Onondaga Standard, Sept. 10, 1S2X pnbHsh.-d by 
Wyinan & Smith. S. F., T. A., and A. b. >mith. W. L. 
Crandal, and Marcellus Famier were snbsequenlh in- 
terested in its publication at different time-* till 18iS, 
when it passed into the handn .>f A'^an & Snnnners. In 
1856 Agan sold his int-r-'st to Wni. Siinmiers: and the 
paper is now pulilislu-d tiy Sniinn''r~ A Bi other. 

The Syracuse Daily Standard was started in June, 
184ii. by S^inifh & Agan. and was continued o months. 
It was revived January 1, 1850, and is now publiwhed 
by Summers & Brother. 

The Onfmdaga Gazi-ile was established at Syracuse in April, 
IS-i."!. by John Durnford. and was the first paper started 
at Syracuse. In about a year it was clianged to 

The Syracuse Gazette and General Advertiser, and continued 
until 1829, when it was united with tho Onondaga 
Register. 

The Syracuse Advertiser was started in 1825 by John F. Wy- 
man & Thos. B. Barnum ; Norman Kawson was after- 
ward connected with it, but John F. Wyni^n sor^n as- 
sumed the entire control, and continned it till 1829, 
when it was united with the Journal and its name 
changed to the StJ>ndard. 

The Salina Si^'dinel was started in October. 182(5. in what is now 
the First Ward of Syracuse, by Reuben St. John. In 
1827 it was changed to 

The Silina Ihrald, and it was issued a short time by Josiah 
Buiice. 

The Courier was published at Jordan a short time in 1831 by 
Fred. Prince. In 1832 it was removed to Salina and 
changed to 

Tlie Salina Cauner and Enquirer, but was discontinued after 
a few numbers. 

The Ono7idaga Jtepabliran was stnrted at Syrscusp in 1830 by 
M". S. Campbell. In 1834 it passed into the hands of 
.1. B. Clark & Co.. and ils name was changed to 

The Omxtituti'malist. In is;;t5 L. A. Miller became its propiie- 
tor. and changed it to 

The Onondaga Chirf. In 1837 it was sold to J. M. Patterson 
and pnbliflhed as 

The Syracuse Whig. In 18.18 J. K. Barlow became proprietor, 
and continued it abimt 1 year. 

The Sgriirmf. American was stai ti-d at Syracuse in 1836 by 
John Adiiins, and wxi continued about 1 ynr. 

The American Patriot was starl'd at FranUliu Village ^now 



476 



ONONDAGA COUNTY, 



This CO. was the chief seat of the Onondaga Nation of Indians, the central of the Five Nations. 
Their name is said to signify " sons of the hills," or '* men of the mountains." To this nation wa8 
intrusted the care of the sacred council fire ; and upon their territory were held the great councils 
of the Iroquois, to decide upon peace, war, and matters of general policy. The Onondagas were 
regarded as particularly a sacred nation ; and their chiefs were more influential than those of any 
other nation. The most authentic accounts of these Indians seem to indicate that they were origin- 
ally a subordinate tribe, living upon the St. Lawrence near Montreal, and were held in subjection 
by the Adirondacks, then the most powerful nation of the North. Several hundred years before 
the discovery of America, they rose upon their oppressors, but were defeated. They then fled, and, 



Fabius) in 1836 by J. Tenney, and was continued for 3 
years. 

The TTesOrii Staff Journal was started March 20, 1S39. by V. W. 
k S. F. i^mitb. In ls44 its name was clianged to 

The Syracuse "Weekly •FoMrnal. In 1847 it was 
publislied by Barnet;, Smith & Cooper; and in 1849 
it piissed into the hands of V. W. Smith. In 1852 Seth 
Uiiight became proprietor, and George Terwilliger 
editor. In 1853 Danfurth Mtrrick became proprietor, 
and in 1854 it paeaed iuto the hands of T. S. Truair, 
Andrew Shuman editor. In 1855 J. G. K. Truair, 
bought the establishment ; and Sept. 1, 1856, Anson 
G. Chester assumed the editorial charge. It is now 
published by J. G. K. Truair k Co., Koduey L. Adums, 
eilitur. 

The Syracuse Daily Journal was established July 4. 
1S44, by S. F. Sniitb. It is now issued by J.G. K. 
Truair & Co., and edited by R. L, Adama and T. S. 
Truair. 

The Empire State Democrat and United States Review was 
started in 1840 by Hiram Cummings, and continued 
about 3 years. 

The Onontlaffa AlV-ssf n^f r was Planted in 1841 by Joseph Barber. 
In 1842 it was cbunged to 

The Si/raciiSia?i. and was continued about 1 year. 

The Moiiiitiff Senftnel (first daily paper in Syracuse) was started 
in Jan. 1843, by N. M. D. Latlirop, and was continued 
about 1 year, when it was changed to 

The Onondaga Sentinel, and issued weekly, with a few intervals, 
until 1850. 

The Democratic Freeman was staiied in 1844 by J. N. T. Tucker, 
continued a short time thereafter by James Kinney as 
publisher and J. N. T. Tucker as editor, when it was 
chantred to 

The Si/racuxf Star. In 1846 it was published bv Kinnev. Mari^h 
& Uaiiies; iu 1847-48 by Kinney & Marsh; in 1N40- 
50-51 by Kinney & Masters. It soon after piissed into 
tlie hands of Geo. F. Comstock, publisher, and Winslow 
M.Watson, editor. In 1852 S. Coruing Judd became 
editrir and proprietor. In (Ictober, 185cJ. it passed into 
tlie hands of Edward Iloogland. who changed it to 

The Si/racase Republican and continued it about 1 year. 

The Syracu.Kc Daili/ Star was established in 1846, and issued 
with tlie W'eelty Star until 1853, when it was changed to 

The SyracuM Daily Republican, and discontinued in about 1 
year. 

The Bugle Blast, a campaien paper, was published 3 months in 
1844 by S. F. Smith. 

Young Hickory, another ca.mpaign paper, w;is issued about the 
same time by Smith & Farmer. 

The Religious Recm-dcr (I'resb.^ was started in May. 1844, by 
terry &. I'latt. In 1847 it passed into the hands of 
Avery k Hulin, who continued it until 1853. 

The Liberty intelligencer was started in 1845 by Silas Hawley, 
and was continued about 1 year. 

The Young Ladies^ Miscellany was started Nov. 7, 1845. by a 
committee of young ladies belonging to the Syracuse 
Female Seminary, and was continued 12 weeks. 

TJte Tcachem'' Advocate was commenced in 1846 by L. W. Hall, 
publisher, and Edward Cooper editor. In 1847 it 
passed into the hands of Barnes, Smith & Cooper, 
and was continued about 1 year, when it was sold to 
Joseph McKean and removed to New York. 

The Onomlaaa Denuicrat was started in the spring of 1846 by 
Clark & West; Wm. L. Crandal. editor. In 1847 it 
was sold to John Abtiott. who changed it to 

Tfie Syracuse Democrat. At the end of 1 year it was sold to 
M'm. W. Green, and in 1847 to Agan & Summers and 
merged in the Onondaga Standard. 

The District School Journal, organ of tlie Stjite School Depart- 
ment, was removed to Syracuse from Albany in 1847. 
and publiehed 2 years by L. W. Hall, and 1 year by 
Barnes. Smith & Cooper, when it went back to 
Albany. 

The Syracuse RrviHllf, daily, was started In 1848 by Wm. L. 
Palmer k W. Summers, aud was cuutinued until Jan. 1, 
18.50. 

The Free Soil Campaigner, a campaign paper, was published 3 
months in 1848 by Agan k Summers. 

The Clay Banner, a campaign paper, was published about the 
game time from the Journal office. 



The Impartial Citizen, semi-mo., was started in 1848 by Samuel 

K. Ward, an<l was continued about 1 year. 
The Crystal Fmmtain was started in 1648 by A. B. F. Ormsby, 

and continued 3 months. 
T?ie Adi'pntist was published 3 months in 1849 by L. Delos 

Mansfield. 
The Literary Union was commenced April 7, 1840, by W. W. 

Newman, J. M. Winchell. and James Johonnot, and 

was continued about \\ years. 
The Free School Clarion was published a few months in the fall 

of 1849 by Wm. L. Craudal. 
Tlie Liberty Party Paper was started July 4, 1849, by John 

Thomas, and was continued 2 years. 
The Centnd City. d;nly, was published a short time in 1849 by 

Henry Barnes. 
The Syracuaean. mo., was established in 1850 by Wm. H. Mose- 

ley. In 1851 it was changed to 
The Syracusean and United States Revieio, and in 1^56 to 
Tlie Syracuseau and Ouondag;a County Re* 

view. It is 8tiU issued occasiunally. 
The Syracuse Jndepemient was published about 3 months in 

18.50. 
The Evening Transcript was started in 1850 by Washington 

A'an Zaudt, and continut'd about 2 months. 
The Archimedian was commenced in 1S50 ; B. F. Sleeper, pub- 
lisher, and John Abbott, editor. It was discontinued 

in 1851. 
The Central j.V''mj Yorler was begun in 1S50 by L. P. Rising, 

and was continued but a short time. 
The Family Cuinpanion, mo., was published a short time in 

1«50. 
The Temperance Protector, semi-mo., was commenced in 1S50 by 

Wm. 11. Burleigh, and was continued aliout 2 years. 
The Carson League was started in 1851 ; Thomas L. Carson, 

publisher, and John Thomas, editor. It was continued 

about 2 years, when it was removed to Albany. 
The American Medical ami Surgical Journal, mo., was started 

Jan. 1. 1851, by Potter & Russell, and was continued 

until 1856. 
The Journal of Health was issued about 6 months by S. H. 

Potter iul851. 
The Onondaga Deniohrai (German) was started in September, 

1852, by George Saul. In October, 1856, it waa 

changed to 
The Syracuse Democrat^ and is still continued by the 

original proprietor. 
The Deutsche Repuhlican (German) was issued a short time in 

1852. 
Tli£ Free Democrat was started in 1852 by J. E. Masters, pub- 
lisher, and R. It. lUiymond, editor. In February, ^^53, 

it was changed to 
The Syracuse Chnmicle. The paper was owned by a joint stock 

company, and edited by R. R. Raymond about 1 year, 

when George Barnes liecame proprietor. In June. 1855, 

Samuel H. Clark bought the concern, and S. W. Ar- 
nold assumed the editorship of the paper. In February, 

1856. the office was burned, and the paper was merged 

in the Journal. 
Tlie Evening Oironicle, daily, was issued from the Chronicle 

office during the continuation of the weekly paper. 
The Seraph's Advocate, mo., was started in the fall of 1852 by 

Miss Keziah E. Prescott, and was continued 1 year. 
La Ruche, a French paper, was started in 1852 by A. L. Walliot. 

A few numbers only were issued. 
The "W^esleyan was removed to Syracuse from New York, 

Jan. 1. 1858. by Rev. L. E. Matlack. In October. 1856, 

Cyrus Prindle became editor; and the pajier is still 

issued by him. 
The Juvenile Instructor^ semi-mo., is issued from the 

Wesleyan office, and is under the p;une management. 
The Reformer was published a short time in 1854 by A. Pryud. 
The UJiionist, mo., and 

The Unioji Herald, mo., were issued from the Reformer office. 
The Evangdicul Pulpit was stjirted in January, 1854, by Rev. 

Luther Lee. and was continued about 2 years. 
The Home Circle was published by L. W. Hall ubuut 1 year in 

1855. 
Tlie American Organ, daily, was commenced in 1855 by AVay & 

Minier. It stwn pa^^sed into the hands cf II.P Winsor 

and continued about a year. 
TIic Ojiondaga Hard S/iell waa started October 26, 1855, and WM 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



477 



embarking in canoes, went up the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, coasted along the lake to the 
mouth of Oswego River, and went up tliat river and settled upon the Seneca, near Three River 
Point. The nation finally divided into five tribes, and the central or Onondaga tribe went up the 
valley and settled near Onondaga Lake. Upon first entering the co. they fuund it inhabited by 
the AUeghans, or "Mound Builders," a tribe supposed to be akin to the Aztec tribes of Mexico, 
and one considerably acquainted with agriculture. The Iroquois gradually drove them off and 
took possession of their lands. The celebrated League of the Five Nations is said to have been 
made about 100 years before the first Dutch colony was planted at Manhattan, ^though there are 
many reasons for believing it was of a much older date. The principal villages of the Onondagas 
were along the shore of Onondaga Lake and Creek. The first visit ever made by a white person 
to the Onondaga country of which any record has been preserved was that of Samuel Champlain 
in 1615.^ In the summer of that year Champlain, with 10 Frenchmen, accompanied a party of 
Hurons in an attack upon the Iroquois. A battle was fought before the principal fort of the Onon- 
dagas ; but the invaders were repulsed with loss and were obliged to retreat.^ The French at an 
early period saw the necessity of obtaining the friendship of the Five Nations, the most powerful 
of all the Indian tribes. To this end, Jesuit missions were established at an early period, and one 
of the principal stations was at the seat of the Onondagas. The first missionary that ever visited 
the Onondaga country was Father Isaac Jogues, in 1042. He was afterward murdered by the 
Mohawks at Caughnawaga, Montgomery co. In the course of the next hundred years more than 
60 missionaries were sent to this region,, and at different times many of them were murdered.' In 
1655 acolony of 50 Frenchmen under the guidance of the priests, and with the consent of the Onon- 
dagas, made a settlement on the n. shore of Onondaga Lake, near the principal Indian village. For 
some time the colony flourished, and large numbers of the Indians were converted and baptized ; 
but at length the Indians became jealous of their neighbors, and in March, 1658, they determined 
to exterminate them. A friendly Indian having exposed the plan, the whites managed to escape.* 



discontinued after the publication of the second num- 
ber. Supposed to have been edited by J. J. Peck and 
John A. Green, jr. 

TVie Si/Tacuse Daily N'ws was started in 1856 by C. B. Gould, but 
was discontinued in a short time. 

The Syracuse Zeitun/j (German) was started August 15,1855, by 
Otto Reventlow, and was continued a short time. 

The Syracuse Weekly Courier was st;irted October 1, 1S(56, by 
F. L. Hasadorn. In November, 1858, it passed into the 
hands nf Halsted & Co. and was changed to 

The Onondaga Courier, under which title it ia still 
issued. 

The Syracuse Daily Churier — started at the same time as the 
Weekly — was changed by Halsted & Co. to 

The Central City Dally Courier, and is still pub- 
lished; n. S. McCuUum. editor. 

The Syracuse Central Democrat (German) was 
started ,!uly 2, 1858, by Joseph A. Hofman, and ia still 
cnntinued. 

The State League wfw started in Aug. 1858 by Thomas 
L. (."arson, and is still continued. 

Th/" Sfcattr^teh's T<-kf/rap/t was started in 1829 by William H. 
Child, and wiis continued several years. 

Th-e Criumhian waa commenced in 18;U by John flreves. The 
paper afterward passed into the hands of Milton A. and 
George M. Kinney, and wag continued until 1853. 

The Pricndly VisitanL a child's paper, was commenced in 1833 
by Joseph Talnott, a member of the Society of Friends. 
In 18.37 it was changed to 

Thf CliHiVs Oympamon. and was continued several months. 

The Acorn was established by Mr. Talcott in 18-11, and was con- 
tinued 2 or 3 years. 

The Skaneateles Democrat was commenced in 1840 
by William M. Beauchamp. It w.'< subsequently is- 
sued by W. H. Jewett, Philo Rust, and Jonathan Keeney. 
About 1851 it p.assed into the hands of Harrison B. 
Dodge, by whom it is still issued. 

The Naval Bulletin was issued from the Democrat office a short 
time in 1843. 

The Minfi-va was issued a short time in 1844 by W. H. Bean- 
champ, and was finally merged in the Democrat. 

The Juvenile Repn.vitory svus published at .Skaneatelesinl838by 
Luther Pratt. In 1840 it was removed to New York, 
and soon after discontinued. 

The Citiznn'' Pr^'.^s was puhliaheil H\ months at Onondaga Hol- 
low in 1S32 by Kussell Webb ami James 9. Castlo. 

The FayeftevitU Tim^ji was published at Fayetteville in 1836 by 
Henry W. De Puy. 

The Oommtmatid was started at Mottville Nov.27.1844, by John 
A. Collins as th« organ of the Skaneatelea community. 
It was continued about 1 year. 

The BaldwinsvilJe Republican was started in 1844 by Samuel B. 
West. In October, 1846. it pasaed into the hands of 
C. M. Hoemer and wa.s changed to 



The Onondaga Gazette. In 1848 it was issued by 
Sheppard & Hosmer, and is now published by S. Van 
Allen. 
The Jordan Trihu7ie was established in 1849 by P. J. Becker. 

In 1853 it was changed to 
The Jordan Transcript, and is now issued by Nathan 

Burrell. jr. 
The Daily Record was established in February, 1858, 
under the auspices of the Franklin Institute. Syracuse. 
It is published daily during the session of "the Me- 
chanics' Fair of the Franklin Institute; Anson Q. 
Chester, editor. 
1 Tt is possible that some of the French or Spanish adven- 
turers who flixked to this country about the commencement of 
the sixteenth century may have penetrated into the wilds of 
Central N. Y. In 1820 a farmer in Pompey found a stone, mostly 
buried in the earth, upon which was drawn the rude form of a 
tree with a serpent twined about it, and the inscription, Leo Do 
Lon, VI, 1520. It is supposed that it was placed to mark the 
grave of some early adventurer. 

* It is supposed that Champlain and his party came in byway 
of Oswego, and across the country to where Brewerton now 
stands. At this place they captured a party of Onondagas 
engaged in fishing. They then proceeded to the Onondaga fort, 
supposed to have been situated on Green Point, about 1 mi. N. w. 
of the principal salt springs. The fort was assaultei! ; but it was 
80 bravely defended that the Hurons despaired of taking it, and 
retreated. They were pursued by the Onondagas until they 
embarked in their canoes upon Lake Ontario. 

* The principal of these missionaries who have left records 
concerning the Onondaga country are Fathers Le Mercier, Da- 
blon. Cholonec, Le Moyne. Qnien, Le Jeune, Raguencau, and 
Lallemant. Father Lallemant is the first one who mentions the 
salt springs, in his journal bearing date of 1045-413. At times 
these missionaries seemed to meet with considerable success; 
but the intrigues of the rival French and English Governments, 
who were striving t^) secure the friendship of the Indians, con- 
tinually thwarted their work, and rendered tlieir lives at all 
times insecure. 

* Through the influence of the Mohawks, the Onondagaa 
agreed to murder the French, and the day was fixed for the per- 
petration of the deed. A young Frenchman, who had obtained 
considerable influence with the chief, persuaded him to have a 
general feast a few days previous to the proposed massacre, and, 
while the Indians were sleeping off" the effects of the debauch, 
the French launched upon the lake several light boats, which 
they had secretly constructed in the granary or storeroom of thjB 
Jesuits' house, and set off as rapidly as possible. The next day 
the Indians were surprised that the French did not leave their 
houses, but waited until near nit;ht before they broke in. They 
were completely astonished to find that the French had disap- 
peared, and — entirely ignorant of the constnirtinn of the boats 
— they ascribed the escape to supernatural means. 



478 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



tt is reported, upon the authority of the missionaries, that the principal chief of the Onondagas 
invited the French to establish another colony among them, for the purpose of instructing the In- 
dians in the arts of civilization. Accordingly, in 1G65, a number of French families, under the 
guidance of the missionaries, came into the country and located near the Indian fort and village 
which stood in the vicinity of the present village of Jamesville. After living in peace for about 
3 years, they were visited by a party of Spaniards who came in from the s., and the Indians be- 
came jealous of both and murdered them all.^ It is supposed that several other attempts were 
made by the French to colonize the country, as numerous remains of French works are found in 
several places.^ In the wars that ensued between the English and French the Onondagas bore 
their part, and were generally allies of the English. In IG95, Count Frontenac, the French Go- 
vernor of Canada, invaded the Onondaga country ; but he retired after burning a few -villages and 
murdering one old man. During the Revolution the Onondagas espoused the English cause, and 
many of their warriors, under the leadership of Brant, were engaged in the various attacks upon 
the frontier settlements. On the 19th of April, 1779, Col. Van Schaick, at the head of 150 men, 
invaded the Onondaga country by the way of Oneida Lake. A skirmish was fought near the s. w. 
limits of the present city of vSyracuse, in which the Indians were defeated.* In the fall of the 
same year, Col. Gansevoort, at the head of 100 men, was detached from Gen. Sullivan's army, at 
Geneva, and sent through the country of the Cayugas and Onondagas to complete the work of 
destruction wliich had been commenced. The villages of the Onondagas were burned, their corn 
was destroyed, and their sacred council tire was put out.. In revenge, small bands of the Indians 
attacked the defenseless frontier settlements upon the Mohawk and committed the most horrible 
atrocities. 

In 17>*8 a treaty was made with the Onondagas, in which they ceded to the State all their lands 
except the Onondaga Reservation.* The land thus obtained, and another tract lying w. of it, were 
set apiirt for bounty lands to Revolutionary soldiers, and became known as the Military Tract.* It 
included all the lands lying within the original limits of Onondaga co., and now constituting Onon- 
daga, Cayuga, Cortland, and Seneca, and parts of Tompkins, Oswego, and Wayne cos. 



1 It is rcprtrted that 23 Spnniards came up the Misaissippi, Ohio, 
and Allegany Uivers to Olean, and tlionoe across tlie country to 
Ouoiid'iKit, under thf gnidauce of an Iroquois. They had been 
informed by the Indians that in the N. there was a lake tlif 
banks uf which were covered with something shining and white. 
which t)iey understood to be silwr. Their disappointment wjis 
great wlien they found that the Tmlians meant salt instead. A 
quarrel arose between the Krenrh and Spaniards, which resulted 
in the murder of both by th<' Indian'^. 

* In mmy i)f the old for tificat ions have been found the re- 
mains uf French arms and merchandise, and a variety of re- 
mains evidently of much older date. The French doubtless 
found the fortifications partly built, and took possession of them. 
In Pompi'v were found seveml of these, and a cnnsidcrable 
amount of lan'i clep.red ; and it is supposed that quite a flourish- 
ing French settlement was here utterly destroyed at a period 
not long anteriur to ihe Revolution. 

> The official report makes the Indian loss 12 killed and 34 
prisoners. 

* The original Onondaga Reservation was a tract of land 
bounded on the E. by the military townships of Manlius and 
Potnpey, s. by the townships of Pnmpey and Marcellus, w. by 
the townships of Marcellus andCamiUus. N. by the townships uf 
Camilliis and Manlius and the public Reservation bordering 
upnn OniMuIaga Lake. The N. E. crirner was orij^inally at thi? 
former n. e. corner of Syracuse. The Reservation was about 
11| mi. long N. and s. by 9^^ mi. wide e. and w.. and inchided 
parts of tlie present towns of La Fayette, Camillus, Geddcs, 
De Witt, and the city of Syracuse, and all of Onoudaga. In 
1793 it w;w purchased of the Indians, reservinjr a tract in the 
8. B. corner i^ mi. n. and s. by nearly 4 e. and w.. and subdi- 
vided into 221 lots, mostly of 2.',0 acres each, exchisive of the 
sq. mi. originally granted to Wel)9ter by the Indians in 178S. 
The Lots 8 to 19, "^5 to 33, 39 to 47, and 53 to 65. inclusive, were 
made no account of, having been converted into a public Salt 
Re.-<ervation. The remainder were sold in 1796. The siamd pur- 
chas.i w;ia that of Feb. 25, 1817. bi-in'j a strip 1^ mi. wide from tlie 
E. Bide of the tnict reserved in the first purchase, and was sub- 
divided into 27 squai-e lots of 160 acres each. The third pnrchaae 
was that of Feb. 11, 1822, being a strip ^ mi. wide from the s, 
end of that remaining after the purcliasn of 1817. It was sub- 
divided into 7 lots. The present reservation is 4 mi. N. and .s. 
by a littk' less than 2^ e. and w,, contiiining — exclusive of 300 
acres in the N. w. portion, gianted by the Indians to Ephraiin 
\N'rliMt.M ill 1S23 — about 6,100 acres. It is situated one-half in 
Onoiid.igi and one-half in La Fayette. The number of Indians 
reni;iinins or tlie once powerlnl Onondaga Nation, as reporti'd 
by the last census, is 349, An Indian school is taught; but it 
naa had little success. The condition of the tribe luis visibly 
tmp'oved within the hist few years, and they appear to be 
ijov/ly learning the arts of civilization. The Onoadjiga Salt 



Springs Reservation was subdivided in 1821-24, by John Ran 
dall.jr. 

^ The Military Tract was laiij out into 25 townships, each in- 
tended to contain, as nearly as possible. 6o,i)iXl acies; and each 
township was subdivided into 10'' lots. Three more tnwnships 
were afterward addei. making 2S in all. The following is a 
complete list of them : — 



2 


T(rumship. 


Present Tbvms. 


Oounty. 


1 


Lysander 


Xysander 


Onondaga. 






and s. part of Granby ... 


Oswego. 


- 


Hannibal 


Town and w. part of city of 
Oswego, Hannibal, and 








N. part of Granby 


Oswego. 


3 


Cato 


Victory and Ira, and N. 








parts of Conquest & Cato, 


Cayuga. 


4 


Brutus 


Mentz and Rrutns, and 
parts of Conquest, Cato. 
Montezuma, Throop. and 








Sennett 


Cayuga. 


b 


Camillus 


Van Buren and Elbridge, 








and part of Camillas 


Onondaga. 


6 


Cicero 




Onondaga. 


7 


Manlius 


Dewitt and Manlius, and 






part of Salina 


Onondaga. 


8 


Aurelius 


Fleming, Auburn City. 
and (.)wasco, most of 
ThroopandSennett.part 
of Anrelins, and 1 lot in 










Cayuga. 


9 


Marcellus.... 


Skaneatelesand Marcellus. 






parts of Spafford and 










Onondaga. 


10 


Pompey 


Pomp?y, most of La Fa- 






y.tte. 3 lots in Otisco.... 


Onondaga. 


11 


Romulus 


Romulus, w. parts of Fa- 
yette and Varick, 4 lots 








in Seneca Falls 


Seneca. 


12 


Scipio 


Scipio and Venice, s. part 
of Ledyard, 5 lots in 
^'iles. and small point 








fis.w. coi.) of Moravia... 


Ciiynga. 


13 


Sempronius 


Moravia. Sempronius, and 










Cayuga. 
Onondaga. 






and part of Sp.ifford 


14 


Tully 


TuHv y. part Spafford. and 








Otisno 


Onondaga. 






Scott and Preble. 


Cortland. 



ONONDAGA CO U N T Y. 



479 



The first white person that took up his resilience withiu the limits of the co. after the Revolu- 
tion was Ephraim Webster, an Indian trader, who located his trading house on the banks of 
Onondaga Creek, near its mouth, in 1780. The next year he was accompanied by another trader 
named Neukerck, who died in the spring of 1787 and was buried near the trading house. In 1788, 
Asa Danforth and his son Asa, and Comfort Tyler, from Mass., came in, and located on the present 
site of Onondaga Valley. The salt springs soon became generally known, and attracted many 
immigrants to this region. The State reserved for salt purposes the territory surrounding the lake 
and known as the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation, embracing the greater part of the old town 
of Salina, now the towns of Salina and Geddes, and the city of Syracuse, all of which, except the land 
needed for the manufacturing establishments alone, has since been sold. In the treaty with the 
Indians, the salt springs were to be jointly used by the whites and Indians forever. The salt 
business immediately became important, and has since kept pace with the growth of the country. 
It is now one of the most important branches of business carried on in the State, and is constantly 
increasing.' 



Tbttmships of the Military 7*ract, continued. 



2 


Township. 


Present Tuvm. 


15 


Fabius 


Pabiua „ 

and N. parts of Truxtou 
and Ouyler 


16 


Ovid 


Ovid, Lodi, and Covert 


n 


Milton 


Genoa. 








18 


Ix)cke 


Locke and Summer UiH ... 
and Groton 


19 


Homer 


Homer and most of Cort- 
landville. 


20 


SoloD 


Solon. Taylor, and 8. part 
Truxtou and Cuyler 


21 


Hector 


Hector 


22 


Ulysses 


Ulysses, Enfield. & Ithaca, 


23 


Dryden 


nearly the whole of Dry- 


24 


VirgU 


Virgil, most of Uarfird 
and Lapeer, and 2^ luts 
in Cortlandville, and 1 
lot (2D) in Freetown 


25 


Cincinnatus. 


Freetown, Ciiiciiinatua, & 




Junius 




2fi 


Junius, Tyre. Waterhx). N. 






part of Seneca Falls 


27 


Galen 


Galen and Savannah 


28 


Sterling 


E. part Wolcott and Uutler, 
and Sterling 



County. 



Onondaga. 

Cortland. 

Seneca. 

Cayuga. 

Tompkins. 

Cay uga. 

Tompkins. 

Cortland. 

Cortland. 
Schuyler. 
Tompkins. 

Tompkins. 



Cortland. 

Seneca. 

Wayne. 
Wayne. 

Cayuga. 



Junius was added to compensate those who drew lots after- 
ward fuund to belong to the •'Boston Ten Towns;" Galen, to 
etipply those who belonged to the Hospital Department, and 
who at first were not provided for; and Sterling, to satisfy all 
the remaining 'claims. The U. S. granted lOtJ acres to each of 
the suldiers in Oliio; and it was leit njitional with them to sur- 
render this claim and receive the whole GOO acres in this State, 
or to retain the claim and secure hut 600 acres. The 100 acres 
reservL'd was taken from the s. e. corner of each lot. and bo- 
cime known as the State's Hundred. A charge of 48 shillings 
was m.ide upon ciich for the survey; and in default of pay- 
ment a reserve of 50 acres, known as the Survi/ Fi/ti/, was 
made. 

1 The first mention in history of the S;ilt Springs of Onondaga 
Is fuund ill the journal of Father Lalleniant, who visitt-d this 
region in 1645—16. He speaks of a salt spring, and of h fine 
spring of fresh water, coming out of th"* same bank, within 80 
or InO pac-iS of each other, on the margin of the lake. Father 
L>' Mo.vne, who visited the country in 1654. speaks of a spring 
which the Indians told him was fouled by an evil spirit. He 
made a persoiiiil examination of it, and made some salt from 
the water, whlh he carried to Quebec. Other missionaries of 
an early periiid make frequent mention of the salt springs ; and 
btfore the Knglish occupied the country the Indians had 
leameit how to inaiiufucture salt. 

At thf time of the fir.-it settlement the salt spring was located 
upon Ihu inar>h. immediately in the rear of the site of the 
present S^ilina puniphouse, and the salt water came up from the 
bottom. I'tiH Iinli.tns had excav:itcd a hole, which was con- 
Btantly filled with water to the surface of the ground. In 1789, 
Asa Danforth and Comfort T\ler cam* down from Onondaga, 
and brought with them a kettle, which they ani*pfn<led from a 
pole supported by 2 cmtched sticks; and in this ih'-y m!ide thH 
first silt ever manufactured by the present race ol scttl-TS. In 
about 12 hours they made l^ tiusln-lsof silt ; and, sicii-ting their 
kettle in th" hushes they went linme «itli tliL- product of their 
day's latmr. — feeling richer than they wouhi had they discovered 
a mine of gnld For several yoiirs it was customary for the 
settlers from all tiin surrounding region to bring kuttlus with 



them and manufacture sufficient salt for their own use. Tbu 
first settlers of Salina came in 1790. and principally located 
upon the summit of the bluff above the salt springs. Most nf 
them came with the intention of eutering into the manufacture 
of salt. At first kettles suspended fruni pules wi;re used exclu- 
sively ; but in a short time it was found more convenient to rest 
the kettles upon a pile of stones. The '-works'' were afteiwald 
covered to protect the manufacturer from the weatlier. 'IJie 
fi.r8t caldron kettle, set in an arch, was used by James Vnn 
Vleck. in 1793; and in a short time caldrons were exclusively 
used. Two kettles were afterward used, ami additions have hei" q 
made from time to time, imtil 20 to 104 kettles aie now put in a 
single blijck. The tirst salt made under a permanent building 
was manulactured by Elisha Alvord, as agent of the Federal 
Company, organized in 1798, and consisting of Asa Danfi>rtb, 
Jedediah Sanger,Datiiel Keeler, Thomas Hart. Ebenezer Butlei, 
and Hezekiah Alcutt. A new well, about 30 feet deep, was dug 
a tittle N. w. of the original one; and a building was erected 
large tnoujih to contain 32 kettles, set in 8 arches of 4 kettles 
each. From this time the works increased rapidly in si7.e and 
tiuinher. The manufacture of siilt was commenced at Geddes, 
in 1793, by James (^Jeddes, and in Liverpool about the same time, 
by John Danfortb. The brst wells at the old village of .*yra- 
curte weie cpened in 1830. By continuous pumping, the water 
in the wells becomes less and less salt, — the shallow wells 
failing first. This rendera the constant opening of new 
wells a matter of necessity. The first solar works were con- 
structed in 1821, by a company formed for that purpose. The 
introduction of the s^ilarvats produced so much opposition tliat 
the Legislature was obliged to pass special laws for their pro- 
tection. 

The 8;ilt water was at first dipped up by pails and carried to 
the places for boiling. In 1790 this method was superseded by 
a pump placed upon a platform above the spring, with open 
trou:.'h8 leaUiog to each block. At first each manufitcturer 
pumped water enough for his own use; but in a few years 
thereafter men were employed to pump for all. As the works 
incre;Lsed and were locnted at a distance from the spriu;;8, lines 
of pump logs Were laid from the springs to the various woiks, 
and a pump was used for each block, or group of bpicks. A 
horse-p*iwer for elevating salt water was used by Asa Danforth, 
jr., in 1805 ; and a water-power was obtained from several spring;* 
in the vicinity by him soon after. In 1807 or '08. a water-power — 
obtained by conducting Yellow Brook from the vieiniiy of the 
present county clerk's office, in a race, to Salina — was used by 
John Itichardson. All the works in which machinery was 
u^ed elevated the water by means of a wheel, to which buckets 
wore attached. An experiment was m.ide at an early period 
to raise salt water by means of steam. An immense tub. placed 
over the spring and connected with it by tubes, was fdled with 
steam, which was suddenly condensed by the Hdmissiou of cold 
water, a vacuum was produced, and the water would rvish up 
with great violence and fill the tub. This expeiiment was 
found too cosily fur general application. In 1821-22 the (\jarse 
Salt Company ere-ted a large pump, worked by machinery 
driven by the waste water from the canal, for the pu'po.'^e of 
supplying themselves with salt water. They also made arrange- 
ments to supply others, at certain pri.-es. Up to this time, the 
greater part of the water had continued to be raised by hand- 
pump^. In 1826 the State boui:;ht out the pump works of the 
Coarse Salt Company and enlarged them sufficiently to supply 
all the manufaeluiers with brine. 

The Salina pumphnuso is a fine stone building, completed 
in 1811, at a cost of iibout $30,000. The .Syracnse pumphouse, 
also of stone, was erected in 1858, at a cost of $30,!t00. A large 
ground reset voir has lately been constructed near the .'^yiacuso 
pumphouse, of HuHicieiit Ciipacity to contain water enough to 
manufieture Goo.OiW bushels of salt. The State do.--ign8 to 
double its capa ity immediately. 

The first greit improvement made in the manufacture of 
salt was the introduction of bittern pans, wbieh t loU phice 
within a few years alter the eummencemoiit of the business, A 
great nunibvT of uxpiu'iments have since been made; hut ttw 



480 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



CAMILiLlTS — -was formed from Marcellus, March 8, 1799. Elbritlge and Van Buren -were 
taken off in 1829 ; a part of Onondaga was annexed in 1834. It lies a little n. w. of the center of 
the CO. The surface is generally rolling, the ridges extending in a n. and s. direction. Nine 
Mile Creek flows n.e. through near the center, and along the s. line it is bordered by steep 
banks 100 to 200 feet high. In the n. w. corner is a large swamp. The soil is a rich, clayey and 



process of maoufactuie remains essentially the same as at first. 
Many experiments have been made to completely separate the 
impurities from the water before boiling, — but so far without 
complete success. The addition of alum to the water is found 
to harden tho salt and to render the process of crystallization 
more perfect, 'flie immense consumption of fuel at the boiling 
works has almost stripped the surrounding country of wood, 
rendering that article scarce and high. Lute experiments in the 
use of coal have been completely successful ; and by the con- 
struction of the Binghamton K. R. an avenue is opened directly 
to tlie Pennsylvania coal mines. 

In 1797 the Surveyor-General laid out a tract of 15,000 acres, 
surrounding the lake, known as the Onondaga Salt Springs Re- 
servation, which waa set apart for the location of salt works. 
It was supposed that this tract was more extensive than would 
ever be needed: and, pursuant to acts of the Legislature, all, 
except about 660 acres, was sold in 1822 and 1827. Since that 
time, however, the State has re-purchaned several tracts, and 
largo numbers of solar works have been erected upon private 
property. The amount of land at present owned by the State 
is about 700 acres. 

The salt wells are all located in the low lands that surround 
the lake. Their existence is doubtless owing to the nature and 
position of the rocks forming the basin of the lake. The Niagara 
limestone — a solid and almost seamless rock, about 100 ft. 
thick — crops out 8 miles N.of the springs. In common with all 
the rocks in the vicinity, it has a dip to the S. of about 26 ft. 
to the mile. This would make it extend under the lake, form- 
ing a floor to tho whole valley completely impervious to water. 
Above this formation are the red shales of the Onondaga salt 
group, nearly 500 feet in thickness. Observation and experi- 
ment have shown that these shales have been removed, by some 
great force of nature, from the whole valley which extends from 
the N. extremity of the lake several miles up the valley of Onon- 
daga Creek ; and the excavation has been filled with drift depo- 
sits, consisting chiefly of alternate strata of sand, clay, and 
gravel. The salt water is found permeated throui^h this drift 
in all parts of the v;dley, the strongest being found where the 
old valley is the deepest. The salt water is probably derived 
from the dissolving of particles of salt distributed through the 
whole mass of the green shales and plaster beds, which lie next 
above the red shales and which extend perhaps many miles 



under the hills. In evidence of the truth of this theory, it is 
shown that the green shales which have been exposed are lull 
of small hopper-shaped cavities, — the precise shupe assumed by 
crystals of salt when left to form by themselves, and one which 
no other crystal ever assumes. The water collects in this great 
basin, and is prevented from overflowing by ihtt impervious floor 
of Niagara limestone. The waters of the lake are probably 
prevented from mingling with the salt water by strata of im- 
per\iou3 clay and marl. About 50 different wells have been 
sunk for obtaining salt water, and a great number of experi- 
ments have been tried. The depth of the borings has been from 
50 to 600 ft. ; and in every case where the tubing has been snnk 
into the strata below the drift no brine has been obtained. Up 
to 1825 the water was obtained from square holes sunk in the 
marsh to the depth of about 30 ft. The first wells that were 
bored were 50 to 80 ft. deep. Subsequent experiment showed 
that by boring farther out on the marsh the wells conld be 
deeper and a better quality of water could be obtained. A tube 
sunk to the depth of 414 ft. penetrated a clay bed or the 
Niagara limestone, and d<'8troyeU the well, although at a depth 
of 392 to 397 ft. a bountiful supply of excellent water was ob- 
tained. A boring upon the hills, to the depth of 600 ft., pro- 
bably penetrated through the limestone and entered the Clinton 
group below. This htyt boring was m;ide with the hope of 
finding rock salt ; but not a single salt crystal has ever yet been 
found here in a natural state. 

Wells have been sunk at 4 points, giving to the salt manufac- 
ture 4 distinct centers. These are situated respectively at 
Salina, (now First Ward of Syracuse.) Syracuse, Liverpool, and 
Geddes. The number of wells now in use upon the Salt Springs 
Reservation is 15, of which 6 — from 150 to 310 ft. deep — are at 
Salina. 6 — from 255 to 340 ft. deep — are at Syracuse, and 3 — 
from 80 to 100 ft. deep — are at Liverpool. The Oeddes wells 
have been abandoned, as the water was not sufficiently strong 
to make the manufacture profitable. The Geddes works are 
now supplied from the wells at Syracuse. 

The strength of the water is tested by an instrument called a 
salometer, graduated so as to mark pure water 0° and water 
saturated with salt 100°. The water from the wells as now 
drawn ranges from 60° to 76°, averaging about 70°. An analy- 
sis of the various springs was made in 1837, by Dr. Beck, with 
the following result: — 





■5-1 . 




S 


1 


» 


"fe> 


_^ 


H 


|i 




LOCAUTIES. 


o s-= 




»^ 


2" 




■fe. 


"^j; 

'•^. 








1 




6 


.a 

1 


if 


Is 

61 


11^ 


S5 

11 


8 




138.65 
139.53 
146.50 


0.06 
0.07 
0.09 


0.10 
0.14 
0.17 


0.04 
0.02 
0.04 


4.93 
6.69 
4.72 


0.79 
0.46 
0.51 


2.03 
0.S3 
1.04 


130.66 
132.39 
140.02 


861.39 
860.40 
863.41 


1 




1 


1,000 


Salina 


Liverpool 


149.64 


0.07 


0.13 


0.03 


4.04 


0.77 


1.72 


142.85 


860.39 


J 





An analysis from a well yielding stronger water was after- 
ward made, with the following result: — 

Common salt 173.50 

Sulphate of lime, &c 8.60 

Water 818.00 



Total 1,000.00 

The water at the present time does not essentially differ from 
that last given, a hundred pounds of brine yielding about 175 
lbs. of pure salt. A bushel of s.ilt, weighing 56 lbs., is made 
from 36 gallons of water. Tlie temperature of the water as it 
rises from the ground ranges from 50° to 52° Fahrenheit. An 
analysis of the manufactured salt shows that 96 to 99 per cent. 
is pure salt, and the remainder is principally sulphate of lime 
and water. About four-fifths of the salt is made by boiling, 
and the remainder by sular evaporation. The water in the 
wells rises to the surface of the ground ; thence it is raised by 
combined suction and force pumps into hi^h reservoirs, from 
which it is distributi?d by pump logs to the various works. The 
machinery for pumping is propelled by water from the canals. 
The boiling works consist of two parallel arches, generally set 
with 25 to 30 k*-ttles each. They are covered with a roof, par- 
tially open, to allow the egress of steam; and under the same 
covers are accommodations for storing ami puckiiig the salt. 
Each of these works is technically called a -'block." A "cis- 
tern" is connected with each block, and from it a line of logs 
conducts the water along the top of the arch, between the rows 
of kottlcs. with a spout to each kettle. The greater part of the 
impurities are precipitated and fall to the bottom of the kettle 
liefore the water begins to boil. A shallow pan, called a 



bittern pan, is placed in each kettle when first filled, to receive 
these bitterns as they settle. The pan is removed before the 
water boils, and thf: salt is left nearly pure. The kettles 
usually have a capacity of about 100 gallons, and average in 
weight about 900 lbs. each. The ftiel is applied at one end of 
the arch, the chimney being situated at the other. Within the 
past few years several chimneys, ranging from 75 to 160 ft. in 
height, have been erected, for the purpo.se of using coal. The 
blocks are all situated along the canals, or side cuts from them, 
for convenience in obtaining fuel and in shipping the salt. 
The number of blocks upon the Reservation reported in 1869 
was 312, distributed as follows : — 





No. (if Slocks. 


No. of KdXlts. 


Syracuse 


52 

152 

62 

46 


2,998 
8,042 
3„304 

2,686 


Liverpool 

Geddes 


■1\,M 


312 


16,930 



The solar works consist of shallow vats, constructed of wood, 
and placed upon posts 2 to 3^ ft. above the ground. Each rat 
is 16 ft. square, or 16 by 18. and 9 inches deep. Movable roofs 
are so constructed that the vats can easily be covered in wet 
weather and exposed in dry. An aci-e of ground contains 
about 60 vats and covers, and an evaporating surface of mora 




Ul 

en 



CO 



# g 






^ tti 



< 



Z2 

<r 



c/5 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



481 



gravelly loam. Limestone and gypsum are both found in abundance.' A largft sulphur spring is 
found in the N. w. corner. Caitlillus, (p. v.,) on Nine Mile Creek, near the center of the 
Ujvrn, was incorp. in 1852 ; it contains 3 ehurclies, 2 flouring mills, and 552 inhabitants. Aiuboy , 
in the n. e. part, contains a church and 170 inhabitants. Belle Isle, (p. v.,) on tlie canal, 
1 mi. E. of Amboy, contains 1 church and 140 inhabitants. Falrmouilt is a p. o. near the E. 
border. Tlie first settler was Capt. Isaac Lindsay, who located upon Lot 80 in 1790.^ The first 
church (Presb.) was formed in 1817. There are 6 churches in town.' 

CICERO— was formed from Lysander, Feb. 20, 1807. Clay was taken off in 1827. It lies 
\ipou Oneida Lake, in the N. E. corner of the co. Its surface is level or very slightly undulating. 
An extensive swamp in the s. E part occupies one-third of the entire surface,* and another con- 
siderable swamp extends along the lake shore w, of South Bay. The soil is a clayey and sandy 
loam. Cicero Corners, (Cicero p. o.,) near the center of the w. line, contains 2 churches 
and 242 inhabitants. Bre'wertoii, (p. v.,) on the outlet of Oneida Lake, contains 2 churches 
and 621 inhabitants, of whom 421 are in this town. South Bay and Frenchmans Island arf places 
of resort for pleasure seekers.' Fort Brewerton,' one of the line of English fortifications between 
Oswego and the Mohawk Valley, was situated in Oswego co., on the shore of Oneida Outlet, oppo- 
site the present village of Brewerton. The first settlement was made by Dexter, a black- 
smith, who located on the river, opposite the fort, in 1790.' The first church (Presb.) was formed 
at Cicero Corners, in 1819; Rev. James Shepard was the first preacher. The census reports 6 
churches in town.' 

,CIiAT — was formed from Cicero, April 16, 1827. It is the central town upon the n. border 
of tlie CO. Its surface is very flat, and but little elevated above the level of Oneida Lake. Seneca 
River forms the w. and Oneida River the n. boundary. These streams are sluggish ; and along 
tlie latter is an extensive swampy region. The soil is in part clayey, and in part a light sandy 
loam. Fruit and onions are largely produced. Belgium, (Clay p. o.,) upon Seneca River, 
contains a church and 190 inhabitants; Euclid (p. v.) 2 churches and 140 inhabitants; Cen- 
tervlllc,' (Plank Road p. o.,) on the line of Cicero, 2 churches and 111 inhabitants. Tliree 
River Point (p. v.) lies at the junction of Oneida and Seneca Rivers, in the n. w. corner." 
Pop. 90. The first settler was Patrick McGee, who located at Three River Point, in 1793." The first 
church (Evang. Luth.) was located in the N. E. part of the town. The census reports 4 churches.'- 

DEWITT" — was formed from Manlius, April 12, 1835. A portion of Syracuse was annexed 
in 1858. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The N. half is level, and the 
s. broken and hilly. The declivities of the hills are usually steep, and their summits are 500 to 
700 ft. above the valleys. Butternut Creek, flowing n., divides the highlands into two nearly equal 
ridges. Upon this stream are several fine mill sites. In the s. w. corner, about 1 mi. n. w. of 



than 15.000 sq. ft. The vata are usually arranged in threedifferent 
grades, the water being drawn down at different times, and the 
salt Ijeinp allnwed to cryRtallize only in the lowest one. In this 
process the impurities nearly all crystallize before the brine is 
drawn into the last series of vats, leaving pure s.alt. It is found 
th.1t, on an average, the covers can be taken off only 70 d.ay8 in 
a se;ison. More than 500 acres are now covered by solar works; 
and the aggregate number of covers is 30.786, and the amount 
of evaporating surface 8,403.840 sq. ft. The solar salt is much 
coarser than that produced by boiling. Large quan titles of both 
kinds are ground for dairy and table purposes. The aggregate 
amount of bushels of salt manutactured in 1858 was as 
follows : — 





Solar. 


Boiled. 


ntai. 


Syracuse 

Salina 


573.236 
469,483 
36,12S 
436,707 


943,0.37 

2.764,383 

956,807 

854.433 


1,516,273 
3,2.33.866 


Livei*pooI 

Geddes 

Total 


991.935 
1,291.145 


1,514,554 


5.518,665 


7,033,219 



The State levies a duty of one cent per bushel on all salt 
niauufartured ; and from the revenue so derived the State 
works are k^pt np. The salt is usually packed in bbls.. each 

containing 280 lbs., or 5 bushels. The ground salt, for tiiblenntl Simeon Baker, in 1799; John Lynn, in 1800; and .Toahna Kinne 
Hairy u^e, is packed in sacks, containing 14, 20, or 2S lbs., and and Klijali Pinckney, in 1807. Hall taught th"- lirst schorrt, 



in 1809; and about the same time quarrying wjis »*omn>enced 
by a Joint stock company, and a successful business was carried 
on for many years. 

2 James, Wm., and Elijah Lindsay, brothers of the first settler, 
came soinn after. Among the other early settlors weio Nicholas 
Lamberson. Moses Carpenter, Judge Wm. Stevens. Dr. J. II. 
Frisbio, Wm. Reed. Selden Leonard, and David Hinsdale. Daniel 
Veal taught tlie first school, in 1808; Tsanc Lindsay kept (he 
first inn. in 1793; John Tomlinson the first store, in 1808; 
David Munro. Wm. Wheeler, and Samuel Powers built the first 
saw and grist mills, in 1806. 

8 2 M. E.. 2 Presb.. 1 Bap., and R. C. 

* The Indian name of this swamp is Ka-nugh-wa-ka, "where 
the rabbits run." 

6 See p. 521. 

8 The Indian name of this locality is OhBaha-u-ny-tah-se-Uf,-h- 
kah. " where the water runs out of Oneida Lake." 

^ Among the other early settlers were Oliver Stevens, Ryal 
Bingbam. Elnathan Botchford, John Leach, and Patrick McOee. 
The rirst child born was John L. Stevens, in 1S02. rit-o. Ramsav 
taught the first school, in 1792; Patrick McOeo k'pt the first 
inn. in 1791 ; Isaac Cody the first store, in 1818; and Moses and 
Freeman Ilotchkiss built the first sawmill, in 1823. 

8 2 .M. E., 2 Disciples, Presb^ and Union. 

* Locally known as "Podnnk." 
I*' The junction of these two rivers forms the Oswego Rivtl, 

and from this is derived the name of the village. 

Among the other early settler^i were Adam Coon, in 1798; 



ifl small boxes. The barrels are principally manufactured in 
the towns lying x. of the city. 

I It is said that the first gypsnm in the U. S. was found in 
this town in 1792. bv Wm. Lindsay. De Witt Clinton, Samuel 
Young, and other distin^lehed individuals visited the locality 



in 180S; A. L. Soule kept the first store; aud Abraham Young 
built the first sawmill. 

12 2 M. E., Bap., and Evang. Luth. 

18 Named from Moses De Witt, an early settler and prominent 
citizen. 



482 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



Jamesville, is a small lake, occupying a deep chasm in the rocks. It ie nearly circular in form, 
about 80 rods in diameter, and is almost surrounded by perpendicular banks 150 to 200 ft. high.* 
Another lake, of a similar character, lies 2 mi, n. e. of Jamesville.^ Messina Spring, a strong 
sulphur spring, n, w. of the center of the town, has considerable local notoriety for medicinal 
qualities. Gypsum and waterlime are both extensively quarried along the banks of Butternut 
Creek. The soil is a sand and clay loam in the n., and a sandy and gravelly loam in the s, 
Janiesville,^ in the s. part of the town, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 
-70. Orville (De Witt p. o.) contains 2 churches and 158 inhabitants. Collamer/ (p. o.,) 
in the n. part, is a hamlet. JUessina, Springes is near the w. line. The first settler was 
Beiij. Murehouse, from Dutchess co., who came in April 2G, 1789.* The census reports 7 churches 
in tuwn.' 

E]LBRIDOE^ — was formed from Camillus, March 26, 1829. It is the central town upon 
the w. border of the co. Its surface is level in the n. and rolling in the s. Seneca River and 
Cross Lake form a portion of the n. boundary. Skaneateles Outlet flows n. w. through the w. 
part. Upon tlie banks of the Outlet, near the center, are found the peculiar tunnel-shaped cavities 
in the earth, characteristic of regions abounding in gypsum. Several weak brine springs are 
found along Seneca Kiver.^ The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. Elbrldge, (p. v.,) 
on Skaueateles Outlet, in the s. w. part of the town, was incorp. April 1, 1848; it contains the 
Munro Collegiate Institute,^** 3 churches, a pail factory, and several mills. About 1 mi. down 
the stream is a mill for the manufacture of pearl barley. Pop. 630. Jordan, (p. v.,) upon the 
Outlet, 2 mi. below Elbridge, was incorp. May 2, 1835. It contains the Jordan Academy, 5 
churches, 2 flouring mills, and a wheelbarrow factory. It is a station upon the direct branch of 
the N. Y. Central R. R., and an important canal village. A feeder from the Outlet connects with 
the canal at this place. Pop. 1,331. Peru (Jacks Reefs p. o.) is a hamlet, on the canal, near 
the N. E. corner. Junction (Hart Lot p. o.) is a r. r. station on the Auburn Branch of the 
N. y. C. R. R. Half Way is a station on the same r. r. California is a hamlet, on the 
canal, 2 mi. e. of Jordan. The first settler was Josiah Buck," who looated on Lot 82, in 1793 
The first church (Bap.) was formed Dec. 30, 1816; Elder Craw was the first preacher.^^ 

FABirS^^—was formed from Pompey, March 9, 1798. TuUy was taken off in 1803, and a 
part of Truxton (Cortland co.) in 1808. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. It has a general 
elevation of 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above the Erie Canal at Syracuse. The surface of the s. half is 
broken by a series of ridges extending in a n. and s. direction and separated by narrow valleys. 
Their declivities are generally st^ep, and the summits are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys. South 
Hill, in the s. w, corner, is the principal elevation. The central and northern parts are level or 
moderately hilly. The streams from the center flow s. into the Tioughnioga, and those upon the 



* Called by the Indians Kai-yah-KLX)h. signifying "satisfied 
with tobacco." Tradition eaya that an Indian woman once lost 
her cliild here in a marveloua manner, and that she was informed 
by a spirit that the child would be safe if she wouM annually 
cast a quantity of tobacco upon this pond. The custom con- 
tinued until the advent of the white? ; and hence the name. The 
water of the lake is pure upon the surface, but strongly im- 
pregnated with sulphur below. The water is about 60 ft. 
deep. — (lark's Onmidaga. 

- In the vicinity of this latter lake two caves have been dis- 
covered Hud explored for several rods under ground. The caves 
and sinks in which the lakes are situnted are evidently formed 
by the dissolving of the underlying rocks by the action of 
water. 

3 Named from Jamea De Witt, who started a forge here at an 
early day. 

* The principdi manufactures are waterlime and plaster. 
The Orville (navigable) feeder of the Erie Canal and the S. B. 
& N. Y. K. R. aflbrd ample facilities for transportation. 

6 lAXially known as "Britton Settlement."' 

* Among other early settlers were Daniel Keeler. Dr. Hoi- 
brook, Jeremiah Jackson. Stejiben Antrel, Stephen Hungerford. 
John Young. Jeremiah and James Oould, M'illiam Bends, Roger 
Merrill, Caleb Northnip. and Benjamin Sanford,— all of whom 
located in the town between I79i> and 1800. The first child 
born was Sarah Morehouse, Feb, IC. 1790; and the first death 
was that of Egbert De Witt, May 30. 1793. Polly Hibbard taught 
the first school, in 17!*5 ; Benjamin Morehouse kept the first inn. 
in 179U ; and Asa Danforth built the first sawmill, in 1792, and 
the first eristmill.in 1793. 

^ 3 M. E., 2 Pre^b., Prot. E.. and Cong. 

Bin the w. part of the town, at the time of the first settle- 
ment, were found the remains of three distinct fitrtlfications: 
one wa.s s-juare, one quadrangular, and one circular. When 
ttrst discovered, the embankments were 3 feet high ; and upon 



one of them stood an oak tree 4 ft. in diameter. These works 
were each situated near a living spring of water. The remains 
of various articles found here seem to indicate that these forti- 
ficatione were known to the French. 

9 The channel of this river at Jacks Reefe has been deepened 
by the State, for the purpose of draining the Cayuga marshes. 
The work was commenced in 1854 and finished in 1S57. under 
the superintendence of Hon. George Geddes. More than 200.000 
yards of rock cutting were removed, and the marshes were 
drained as far west as Musquito Point. The cost was $156,000. 
{ — years previous tn this work a deep channel was excavated 
for a distance of — mi., near Oswego River, at an expense of 
about $100,000.) 

10 Founded in 1839. by Nathan Munro, who left it an endow- 
ment of $20,000. The building — among the finest in the State 
— is of brick, faced with brownstone, and has accommodations 
for 300 pupils. The school is well sustained. 

11 The old elm tree under which Mr. Buck and family took 
shelter before their house was built is stiil standing, a little w. 
of the house of Col. John Munro. Among the other early 
settlers were Robert Fulton, James Strong, Col. Chandler. Dr. 

Pickard. Potter, Jas. Wiesuer. Wm. Stevens, Dr. John Fris- 

bie, Zenas and Aaron Wright, Martin Tickner, Reynolds Corey, 
Isaac Smith. Jonathan Rowley, Jonathan Babcock, Moses Car- 
penter, Squire Munro. Fzra and John Brackett. and Josejih and 
Aaron Colm;in. John Healy taught the first school, in 1801; 
Josiah Buck kept the first inn, in 1793; Wm. Stevens kept the 
first store and built the first sawmill, in 1797 ; and Isaac Strong 
the first gristmill, in 1798. 

12 The census reports 8 churches in town; 3 M. E., 2 Bap., 
Cong.. Presb., and Prot. E. 

13 The town at first embraced the military townships nf F;tbius 
and Tully, each 10 mi. square. The S. half of the township (-f 
Fabius was erected into the town of Truxton, and no\v consti- 
tutes the N. part of Truxton and Cujler. 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 483 

E. and w. borders flow n. into Limestone and Butternut Creeks. A small lake, known as " Labra- 
dor Pond," lies at the w. foot of South Hill. The soil is generally a fine quality of gravelly 
loam, intermixed in places with clay and sand. Along the stream w. of Fabius Village is con- 
siderable swamp land. From its elevation, and the broken character of its surface, this town in 
best adapted to pasturage. Dairying is the principal occupation of the people ; and in the amount 
of dairy products it is the first town in the co. and among the first in the State.' FabiUN' 
(p. V.) ii situated on a small stream, n. e. of the center of the town. Pop. 472. Apulia (p. v.) 
is a station of the S. B. & N. Y. R. R., in the w. part of the town. Pop. 140. Goo»teviIle is 
a hamlet, in the N. E. corner. The first settlers were Josiah Moore and Timothy Jerome, from 
Stockbridge, Mass., who came in 1794.' The first church (Presb.) was formed at Apulia, in 1804; 
and the first pastor was Rev. Mr. Osborne. The first church edifice erected was a Bap., at Fabius 
Village, in 1806.* 

(xEDDES^ — was formed from Salina, March 18, 1848 It lies upon the w. bank of Onondaga 
Lake, a little N. of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the N. and rolling in the s. lu 
the s. E. part are several isolated, rounded drift hills, or knolls. Seneca River forms the n. 
boundary, and Onondaga Creek a part of the E. Nine Mile Creek flows E. through near the 
center. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. Near the s. w. extremity of the lake are several 
salt wells.' The New York State Asylum for Idiots is in the E. part, near the line of Syracuse ; 
and the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. coal depot is on the canal. In the s. E. part are extensive stone quarries. 
Geddes, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, was incorp. April 20, 1832. It contains 2 churches, a brewery 
and distillery, and a large number of salt works. Pop. 950. The first settlement was commenced 
by James Geddes, in 1794.' The census reports 2 churches; Prot. E. and M. E. 

l,A FAYETTE — was formed from Pompey and the Onondaga Reservation, April 15, 1825. 
It lies s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken. Butternut Creek flows N. 
through the E. part, and Onondaga Creek through the w. The high ridge between the valleys of 
these streams has steep declivities, and its summit is 300 to 600 feet high. Conklings Brook, in 
the s. E. part, flows from the E., and within the space of 1 mile it descends 500 ft. The soil is 
generally a sandy and gravelly loam ; and a portion is thickly covered with large, water-worn 
pebbles. About one-half of the Onondaga Indian Reservation lies in the N. w. corner of this 
town. liSL Fayette, (p. v.,) on the ridge near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 
35 houses; and Cardiff, (p. v.,) on Onondaga Creek, a church and 25 houses. Lilnn is a p. o., 
in the s. E. part. The first settler was John Wilcox, who located upon Lot 14 in 1791.' The first 
church (Cong.) was formed in Oct. 1809; Rev. Benj. Bell was the first preacher. There are 2 
churches in town ; Cong, and M. E. 

I.YSAIVDER — was formed March 5, 1794. Hannibal (Oswego co.) was taken off in 1806, 
and Cicero in 1807. It is the n. w. corner town in the co. Its surface is level and somewhat 
swampy in the E., and gently rolling in the w. Seneca River forms its s. and e. boundaries. This 
stream takes the name of Oswego River, below the mouth of the outlet of Oneida Lake. In the 
s. w. part is a slight fall in the river, known as Jacks Rifts. At Baldwinsville is a fall of 7 ft., 
affording a valuable water-power. Mud Lake, a large pond s. w. of the center, covers an area ot 
about 300 acres. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, with occasional patches of clay, formed 
by the disintegration of the red shales. Baldwinsville, (p. v.,) on Seneca River, was incorp. 
in 1848. It contains a union school, a scythe factory, ax factory, tannery, several extensive 



1 The number of dairies in town of 50 to 125 C0W8 each is 
about 35, and the njrgrpgate number of cows about 3,500. 

* Formerly called "FrrmWrni-i/I**." 

8 Among the other early settlcra were Capt. Ebenezer Belden, 
Col. Elijah St. John, Thoma.s Miles, .Jonathan Stanley. Abel 
Webster, James Harris, John Wallace, Thos. and Simeon 
Keeney. Jacob Penoyer, and Abel Pi.xley. The first child bom 
was Cliarlee Moore, in 179S ; the first marriages, those of Abel 
Webster and Lvdia Keeney. and of Luther St. John and Polly 
Joy, in 1804; and the first death, thiit of Josiah Moore, in 1802. 
A colored man belonging to Simeon Keeney died about the 
Bame time from drinking too much maple syrup. The first 
school was taught by Miss Jerome, (afterwsird wife of .fudge 



& Named from Hon. James Oeddes. first settler. 

* The first salt well was dug by James Geddes. in 1796. The 
Indians claimed the springs w. of the lake: but they adopted 
Mr. Geddes into their tribe, and allowed him to go on with bis 
works. There are now in town 46 fine salt works, and 7,442 
coarse salt covers. See page 479. 

^ Among the other e.arly settlers wore Freeman Hughs and 
.Tames Lamb. Nancy Root taught the first school, in 1803; 
James Lamb kept the first inn, in 1803; and Noah Smith built 
the first sawmill, in 1825. 

6 Comfort Rounds and Wm. Haskens located in town in 1792; 
Solomon Owennnd James Sherman, in 1793; John Houghtaling, 
Amaziat Branch, James Pearce. Samuel Hyatt. Amaaa Wiight, 



James Geddes.) in the E. part of the town; Eunice Fowlci i and Reuben Bryan, in 1794; and Isajtc and Eliiis Conklin, 
taught the first school nr-ar Apulia, in 1802-03, The first inns Zcnas and Ozias Northway, and Isaac Hull, soou after. The 



were kept by Josiah Tubbs. near TuUy, in 1797, and by Capt. 
St. John, at Apulia, in 1802: David Caldwell kept the first 
Btfire, in 1804: Thos Miles built the first sawmill, in 1800; and 
John Meeker the first grist mill, in 1S08. ■ 

* There are 6 churches in town ; M. E. and Cong, at Apulia, 
and Bap., M. E., F. W. Bap., and Univ. at Fabius. 



first child born was Amy Wilcox, in 1791; the fir^t marriage, 
that of Solomon <!twen and Lois Rouniis, in 1793; and the firnt 
death, that of Moses Do Witt, in 1794. Kev. Amaziab Brunch 

was the first teacher; Cheney kept the first inn; Stougb- 

ton Morse the first store; and James Sherman built the &nt 
sawmill, in 1795. 



484 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



flouring and saw mills, a newspaper ofl&ce, furnace, machine shop, and a large distillery. Pop. 
1,675, — of which 1,115 are in this town and 5G0 in Van Buren. Betts Corners (Lysander 
p. 0.) contains 3 churches and 35 houses; Ijittle l^tica, 1 church and 30 houses; Plain- 
Tille (p. V.) a church and 218 inhabitants; and Jacksonville (Polkville p. o.) a church and 
25 houses. Lanisons (p. o) is a r. r. station. The first settler within the present limits of the 
town was Jonathan Palmer, a Revolutionary soldier, who drew Lot 36, and located upon it id 
1793.1 The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1813.'^ 

MAIVLIUS — was formed March 5, 1794. A part of Onondaga was taken off in 1798, a pari 
of Salina in 1809, and De Witt in 1835. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. 
The surface of the n. half is level, and that of the s. half rolling and hilly. Limestone Creek 
flows N. through near the center of the town, and at the northern extremity it receives Butternut 
Creek from the w., and the two united streams flow into Chittenango Creek, which latter stream 
forms the n. e. boundary of the town. A few rods s, of the canal, near the center, are two small 
lakes, similar in character to those already described in De AYitt, but somewhat larger. They 
are known as the "Green Lakes." In the s. w. corner of the town is another small pond of the 
same kind.^ The e. branch of Limestone Creek, near the s. border of the town, falls down a 
limestone precipice 100 ft., forming a beautiful cascade. Several sulphur and other mineral 
springs are found in town, but none of any considerable note.* In the w. part are extensive 
quarries, from which are obtained immense quantities of waterlime, quicklime and gypsum. The 
soil is a deep, fertile alluvium in the n., and a sandy and clayey loam in the s. Manilas, (p. v.,) 
on Limestone Creek, near the s. line of the town, was incorp. March 12, 1813. It contains the 
Manlius Academy, a union school, 4 churches, 2 carriage factories, 2 flouring mills, an ax factory, 
2 founderies, and a paper mill. Pop. 934. FayettevUle, (p. v.,) on Limestone Creek, 2 mi. n. w. 
from Manlius, and 1 mi. from the Erie Canal, with which it is connected by a navigable feeder, 
was incorp. May 6, 1844, It is finely situated on a gentle elevation, and has a number of valuable 
water-privileges.^ It contains 4 churches, a union school, a bank, 2 large flouring mills, 3 sawmills, 
1 pearl barley mill, 1 paper mill, 1 sash blind and door factory, 3 lime and plaster mills, 1 tannery, 
1 foundery and machine shop, 1 wheelbarrow factory and 1 cradle factory, 5 carriage factories, and 
several large establishments for the manufacture of lime, plaster, and waterlime.^ Pop. in 1859, 
1,376. manlius Center (p. v.) is a canal village, containing 40 houses. Manlius Station 
(p. V.) and H-irkville (p. v.) are small villages and stations upon the Central R. P*-. Ill^h 
Bridge, in the s. w. part, contains a church, 2 plaster and lime mills, a sawmill, gristmill, -and 
20 houses.^ Matthews Mills, (North Manlius p.o.,) Ea^le Village, and Ilartsville 
are hamlets. The first settlers were David Tripp, who located 1 mi. n. w. of the present site of 
Manlius Village, and James Foster, who located on the present site of Eagle Village, in 1790.^ The 
first church (Prot. E.) was formed in 1798; Rev. Mr. Nash was the first preacher.^ 

MARCELI^FS — was formed March 5, 1794. A part of Onondaga was taken off in 1798; 
Camillus in 1799; a part of Otisco in 180G; and Skaneateles in 1830. A part of Sempronius 



1 Among the other settlers were Benj. De Puy, Reuben Smith, 
Adam Emerick. Elijah and Solomon Toll, Thomas Farrington, 
Elijah Mann. John McHarrie, Wm. Lind9a.v, Ehenezer Wells, 
.James Cowan, Aimer and IVIanly Vickery, .7ob Lomia, and Dr. 
.Jonas C. Baldwin. Dr. Baldwin was the early proprietor and 
founder of Baldwinswille. He built the first saw and grist 
mills, in 1807 ; and opened the first store, during the same year. 
By his energy, the place soon became an important manfac- 
turing village. Daniel Ayers kept the first inn. The first child 
born was John Toll. 

2 The census reports 9 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 2 Presb., 
Bap.. Ref. Prot. D., and Chriatiau. 

3 Among the hills are several other deep chasms; but they 
do not contain water. Some of them are filled with ice during 
the winter, and thus become natural icehouses during the 
greater part of the summer. The nature and origin of these re- 
markable depressions have given ripe to many speculations and 
theories on the part of geologists and other men of science. 

* Deep Spring, called by the Indians Te-ungh-sat-a-yHgh. l<i a 
spring 60 ft. in diameter, on the E. line of the town, near the 
eld Seneca Turnpike. 

6 These are formed by the Ledyard Canal — which was built 
by the citizens at a cost of $35.000 — and Bishop Brook. The 
l^edyard Canal is formed by diverting the waters of Limestone 
Crcfk. 2 mi. 8. of the village; and that, in connection with 
Bif^hop Brook, which rune parallel to it through the village, 
make 12 water-powers, with an average fall of 20 ft. each. 

" During the year ending Jan. 1, 1R59, l..'J94 tons of limestone 
for the manufacture of quicklime, 903 tons of building stone, 
10,298 tons of stone plaster, 3,2iC tona of ground plaster, 85,459 



barrels of waterlime, and 50,410 bushels of quicklime were sold 
in the village of Fayetteville. 

7 An extensive water-power is formed at this place by the con- 
struction of a hydraulic canal from Limestone Creek and an- 
other from a brook flowing from the e. This power is used 
in all the manufactories in the village, and but a small portion 
of it is occupied. 

8 Among the other early settlers were Joshua Knowlton an<I 
Origen Eaton, on the site of Fayetteville, in 1T91 ; Conrad Lour, 
Cyi-us Kinnie, and John A Shaeffer. in 1792: and Caleb Pratt. 
Capt. Joseph Williams. Wm. Ward. Col. Elijah Phillips. Charles 
Mulholland. Charles Moseley, Dr. Sturtevant. Alvan Marsh, and 
Dr. Ward, all of whom came previous to 1800. The first child 
born was Baron Steuben ShaefTer. in 1794. It is related that 
on the night of his birth Baron Steuben and a party ol friends 
put up at Mr. Shaeffer's, who then kept an inn on the present 
site of Manlius. The baron was much disturl-ed during the 
night, and in the morning severely reprimanded Mr. S. for al- 
lowing his guests to be so annoyed that they could not sleep. 
Upon seeing the infant, he apologized for hi'? ebullition of tem- 
per, bestowed his own name upon the child, and gave him a 
deed of 250 acres of land. The first marriage was that of 
Nicholas Phillips and Katv Garlock. Jan. 14, 1793; and the first 
death, that of the father of David Tripp, in 1792; framu<.l E.i- 
wards taught the first school, in James Foster's bain; James 
Foster kept the first inn, in 1790; Charles Moseley the first 
store, in 1793; Elijah Phillips and three others built the first 
sawmill, in 1792-93; and Wm. Ward the first gritstmill, in 1794. 

BThe census reports 13 churches in town; Z M. E., 2 Bap., 
2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., Meth. Prot., Wes. Meth., R. C, and Union. 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



485 



(Cayuga co.) was annexed in 1804, and a part of Spafford in 1840. It is an interior town, lying 
s, w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep valley of Nine 
Mile Creek, which extends n. and s. through the center. The declivities which border upon the 
creek are steep, and 200 to 500 ft. high. Upon the creek are several falls, furnishing a large 
amount of water-power. Lime and plaster both abound. The soil is generally a deep, black 
loam, formed by the decomposition of the Marcellus shales, intermixed to some extent with clay. 
Manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent along Nine Mile Creek. lUarcellus, (p. v.,) 
on the creek, near the center of the town, was incorp. April 29, 1853 ; it contains 4 churches, a 
woolen factory, and grist mill. Pop. 380. IHarcellus Falls (p. v.) contains a gristmill, saw- 
mill, and 2 paper mills. Pop. 200. ]IIariefta^ (p. v.,) upon Nine Mile Creek, in the s. part, 
contains 30 houses. ClintouTille is a hamlet. Tborn llill (p. o.) is a hamlet in the 
S. w. part. The first settler was Wm. Cobb, who located on the e. hill in 1794.* The first church 
edifice (Union) was built in 1803; Rev. Atwater was the first preacher,^ 

0]\'OWDAGA — was formed from Marcellus, Pompey, and Manlius, March 9, 1798. A part 
of Salina was taken off in 1809, and a part of Camillus in 1834. The surface is mostly a rolling 
and hilly upland, separated into two ridges by the valley of Onondaga Creek. The e. ridge is 
rocky and broken, and the w. is generally smooth and rolling. A fine, wide intervale extends 
along the creek, and is bordered by steep hillsides, the summits of which are 200 to 400 ft. high. 
A valley, forming a natural pass between Onondaga and Nine Mile Creeks, extends s. w. through 
the town. Along the n. line the highlands w. of the valley descend abruptly to the n., presenting 
in some places the face of a neai-ly perpendicular precipice 100 to 150 ft. high. This declivity is 
known as Split Rock. Upon these cliffs is an outcrop of Onondaga limestone, which is extensively 
quarried for building purposes.* The Split Rock stone quarry is near the n. w. corner. The soil 
in the valley is a sandy and gravelly loam, and on the uplands a gravelly and clayey loam. Lime 
and waterlime are both largely manufactured. About one-half of the Onondaga Indian Reservar 
tion lies in the s. e. part of this town. Ononda§^a Hill,^ (Onondaga p. o.,) on the hill w. of 
the creek, contains a church and 53 dwellings. Ouondaga Valley (p. v.) contains 2 churches 
and the Onondaga Academy. Pop. 385. iSoutli Onondag^a (p. v.) contains 2 churches, several 
mills, and a population of 290. IVavartno^ (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, near the line of Mar- 
cellus, contiiins a church and 115 inhabitants. Onondagra Castle is a p. o. near the Indian 
Reservation. UO'Wlet Hill is a p. o. in the n. w. corner ; and "fVest OBiondag'a a p. o. 
near the w. line. The first white man who lived in this town and vicinity was Ephraim Webster,^ 
an Indian trader. The nrst permanent settlers were Asa Danforth,® his son Asa, from Mass., and 
Comfort Tyler, a young man who accompanied them, — all of whom located upon a lot a little s. of 
Onondaga Hollow. This was the first settlement made in the co.*' Rev. Samuel Kirkland, a 



1 .\moDg the other early settlers were Cyrus Holcomb, 

Boweii, Cady, Samuel Tyler. Dan Bradley, Samuel Rice, 

Nathan Kelaey, Thomas Miller. Bigelow Lawrence, Martin Cos- 
sitt, and Samuel Wheadon, — all of whom located previous to 
1600. The town nipidly filled up with settlers, principally from 
Mass. The first child Corn whs a daughter of Wm. Cobb. Miss 
Asenith Lawrence taught the first school, in the summer of 
170tj; Dea. Samuel Hice kept the first inn. in 1796; Elnathan 
Bench the first store, in 1796; Dan Bradley and Samufl Hrcu 
built the first sawmill, in 179o-9ti; and Miiy & Sayles the firat 
gristmill, in 1800. 

2 The census reports 5 churches; 2 Presb., Bap., M. E., and 
Prot. E. 

3 In this ledge is an irregular crack or chasm, which ie said to 
extend downward to the dejith of 100 ft. Ice remains in it 
during the greater part of summer. The stone was obtained 
from these quarries for building the locks upon the canal and 
the aqueduct across Genesee River; and it is justly esteemed a 
building stone of superior quality. 

* For many years after the organization of Onondaga co. the 
co.s-at wail located at this village. It was a place of considerable 
business, and the most important village upon the Seneca Turn- 
pike w. of Whitestown. For a long time its only business rivals 
were Saliniu or " Salt Ptiijit," aud Onondaga Hollow ; but, on 
account of the healthfulness of its situation, the Hill main- 
tainf fl its superiority until the completion of the Erie Canal, 
in 1825. It is now a mere hamlet. 

* Mr. Webster was a native of N. H., and served 3 years in the 
army during the Revolution. After the war he beciime an 
Indian trader; .nnd, in consequence of his thorough knowledge 
of the Iri<hjin language, bo was employed as an interpreter in 
several of the councils between the whites and Indians. In 
1786 he erected a trading house on the banks of Onondaga Creek, 
nt-ar its mouth, and continued his traffic there for several years. 
He married an Indian woman ; and, becoming a great favorite, 
the tribe made him a present of a square mile of laud upon 



Onondaga Creek, a little s. of the present village of Onondaga 
Valley. The Indians also granted him 300 acres near the n. w. 
corner of the present reservation. He afterward married a 
white woman, by whom he had a large family of children. Ho 
was employed by the Government as a spy, interjireter, nnd 
counselor during the Indian wars that followed the Revolution : 
and he was in active service during the last war with Gn'at 
Britain. For many years he was Indian Agent, and probably 
had more influence with the Onondaga tribe tlian any other 
white man. He died in 1825. OneoflUs Indian children — Harry 
Webster — is now chief of the Onondaga Nation. 

•J Mr. Danforth was the pioneer, and one of the most energetic 
and prominent of the early settlers of the co. He erected the 
first sawmill and gristmill in the co., on Butternut Creek, near 
Jamesville; and during the many years of privation which fol- 
lowed the first settlement, hia cabin was always the welcome 
home of the distressed and suffering settlers. He held at differ- 
ent times the offices of Judge of Common Pleas. Superintendent 
of the Salt Springs, and Major General in the State Militia. He 
died in 181S. 

' Among the other settlers who came soon after Mr. Danforth 
were Abyah Earll, Levi Hiscock. and Roderick Adams, in 17S8 
or '89; Nicholas Mickles, John C. Brown, Arthur Patterson, Job 

Tyler, Peter Tenbroeck. Lewis. Cornelius Longstreet, Peter 

Young, Joseph Forman, John Adams. Geo. Kibbe, Wm. and 
Gordon Needham, Wm. II. Sabine, Jasprr Hopper, Aaron Bel- 
lows. George Hall, Joseph Swan, Thtddens M. Wood, Jonas C. 
Baldwin, and Daniel and Nehemiah U. Earll. The first marriage 
Wiis that of Ephraim Webster and an Indian woman, in 17s9. 
The wife soon after died, and Mr. Webster took another Indian 
wife, agreeing to live with her as long as she kept sober. He 
lived with her nearly 20 years. As the settlement began to 
advance, he was desirous of obtaining a white wife, and to this 
end endeavored to make his wife drunk. For a long time she 
resisted every attempt; but at last, with the aid of milk punch, 
be succeeded. The next morning Bho left without speaking a 



4>^ 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



missionary from Mass.. was the first preacher. The first church (Presbyterian) was formed 
at an early day, at the Hill.^ 

OTISCO — was formed from Pompey, Marcellus, and Tully, March 21, 1806. It is an interior 
town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is principally occupied by the high ridge 
between the valleys of Onondaga Creek and Otisco Lake. The declivities of the hills are generally 
steep and the summits rolling, and elevated 800 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys and 1,600 to 1,700 
above tide. Otisco Lake is 772 ft. above tide. It lies upon the w. border of the town, in a valley 
1,000 ft. below the summits of the hills. Bear Mountain,^ in the n. w. part, overhanging the 
valley of Onondaga Creek, is one of the principal elevations. The soil is generally a sandy or 
gravelly loam, mixed with clay, and well adapted to grazing. Otisco, (p. v.,) situated upon the 
high ridge near the center of the town, contains 30 houses; and Aniber, (p. v.,) at the foot of 
Otisco Lake, 25. Maple Grove is a p. o. in the n.e. corner. The first settler was Chauncey 
Rust, from Northampton, Mass., who moved his family from La Fayette in April, 1801. During 
this year and the following, a large number of settlers arrived, principally from Mass. and Conn, 
and the whole town filled up rapidly.^ The first religious service was a prayer meeting, held in 

Sept. 1801, at the house of Rust. The first church (Cong.) was formed May 9, 1803, by Rev. 

Hugh AVallace. There are now two churches in town ; Cong, and M, E. This town is noted for 
being the birthplace and residence of several persons of distinguished literary reputation.* 

POMPEY^— was formed in Jan. 1789. Fabius and a part of Onondaga were taken off in 
1798 ; a part of Otisco in 1806 ; and La Fayette in 1825. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of 
the center, and upon the high, rolling ridge which lies between the e. branch of Limestone Creek 
and Butternut Creek, The highest summit is 906 feet above the surface of Butternut Creek, 
near the La Fayette r. r. station, 1,343 ft. above the canal at Syracuse and 1,743 ft. above tide. 
The general ridge is subdivided into 3 ridges by the valleys of the 2 w, branches of Limestone 
Creek. These valleys are 200 to 300 ft. below the summits and are bordered by steep hillsides. 
The streams that drain the s. part of the town flow in a southerly direction. Pratts Falls, upon 
the w. branch of Limestone Creek, are 137 ft. high ; and within a few rods of them are several 
other fine cascades. Near the n. line, upon the same creek, is a cascade of 70 ft. Just e. of the 
CO. line, near Delphi, on the e. branch of the same stream, are 2 other fine cascades. Carpenters 
Pond, in the s. e, part, covers an area of about 30 acres. The soil is a strong, clayey loam. 
Pompey Hill, (Pompey p. o.,) on the summit of the ridge,** contains 5 churches and the Pom- 
pey Academy. Pop. 270. Delplil, (p. v.,) upon Limestone Creek, in, the s. e. corner, contains 
3 churdies and 219 inhabitants. Watervale, (p. v.,) upon Limestone Creek, n. of the center, 
contains a grist and saw mill and 20 houses. Oran, (p. v,,) in the n. e. corner, contains a church 
and 82 inhabitants. Pompey Center^ (p. o.) is a hamlet. In the s. e. corner, above Delphi, 
are an edge tool factory, and a woolen mill not in operation. The first settler was Ebenezer Butler, 
who located on Lot 65 in 1792.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1794; the first preacher 



word, and in a short time died of sxi^f- The first child born was 
Amanda Danforth, daughter of Asa DanfLirth. jr., Oct. 14, 1789. 
Dr. Gordon Needham taught the first school, in 1795; Comfort 
Tyler kept the first inn; George Kihbe the first store; Gen. Dan- 
forth built the firet gristmill, in 1794; and Turner Fenner the 
first sawmill, in 1793. 

1 The census reports 11 churches; 5 M. E., 2 Presb., Cong., 
Bap., Wes. Meth., and Union. 

* Named from the great number of bears that infested it when 
the country was first settled. 

3 Among the first settlers were Jonathan B. Nichols, Charles 
and Benoni Merriman. Solomon Judd, and Lemon Gaylord. in 
1801 ; Otis Baker. Noah Parsons. Nathaniel Loomis. Amos and 
Isaac Cowles. in 1S02 ; and Benjamin Cowles. Josiah Clark, Daniel 
Bennett EHaa and Jared Thayer, Henry Elethrop, Samuel. 
Ebenezer, and Luther French, Jared and Noah Parsons, and 
Kufus Clapp, soon after. Lucv Cowles (afterward wife of Rev. 
Geo. Cfllton) taught the first school, in 1802. The first child 
born was Timothy Rust, March 22, 1802; and the first death, 
that of Nathaniel Dadv. jr., killed by the fiill of a tree. July 19, 
1802. Danl Bennett kept the first inn. inlS02: and Michael 
Johnson the first store, in 1808. Charles Merriman built the 
first gristmill, in ISOfi. 

< Willis Gaylord. widely known as the editor of the Genesee 
Farmer and Albany Cultivator, and as a refined and graceful 
Contributor to the light literature of the day, came into town 
with his father, from Bristol, Conn., in 1801. He was then 9 
years of age; and he resided here until a few years before his 
death, which occurred in 1844. Willis and Lewis Gaylord Clark, 
twin brothers, were born in this town in April, 1808. The ftjrmer 
IS known as a poet, the authorof "Ollipodian.i," and as the editor 
of the Philadelphia GaEette: and thu latter has obtained a 
national reputation as the editor of the Knickt-rbocker Maga- 



zine, a position which he has held for the last 25 years. Willis 
died in 1841. Their fnther was Eliakim Clark, an officer in the 
Revolntion. and their mother was sister to Willis Gaylord. Rev. 
Geo. Culton, father of Owen Colton, author of a series of Greek 
text books, and of Geo. H. Colton. founder and editor of the 
American Review, was many years a resident of the town. 

6 Named by the Indiana Ote-ge-ga-ja-ke, " a place of mnch 
grass, openings or prairies." Another name given to this locality, 
not often repeated, and about which there is mnch superstitious 
reserve, is Ote-queh-sah-he-eh. "the field of blood, or bloody 
ground, — a place where many have been slain." It has been said 
that no Indian ever visits this neighborhood. They rertrtinly dis- 
like to converse much about it. — Ckirk'sOnondag'j.Vol. II. p. 325. 

8 Water from one side of the roof of the hotel at this jdar-e 
finds its way into the St. Lawrence, and from the other into 
Chesapeake Bay. 

' Locally kno^vn as "Greens Corners." 

8 Moses Blower and Moses Savage came in the same year. 
Among the early settlers upon the hilln were Artemus Bishop, 
Josiah Holbrook. Timothy Sweet, John and Samuel Jerome, 
Joseph Smith, .Tesse Butler, Dr. Deodatns Clarke. Jacob Il'.ar, 
Jas. Olcott, Triieworthy Cuok. Selah Cook. Noadiah and Kpi- 
phas Olcott. Dr. Samuel Beach, and fiiniilies nametl Hinsdide, 
Hibbard, Messenger, Western, and Daniel Allen. The e.irly 
settlers in the e. hollow were Samuel Draper. James MrCIuie, 
Wm. Cook, Oziaa Burr. Elihu Barber. John Lamb. l>arjii| 

Thomas, Savage, Danifl Hubbard. Wm. Shankland, and 

Dand Sweet. The first child born was Sally Hoar, alwut 1794; 
the first male child born was Orange Butler; the first mnrriaga 
was that of Zachariali Kinne and Diadania Barnes ; and the first 
death, that of Mrs. Jas. Cravath. Samuel Clement taught the 
fir^t school in the town and co., on Lot 28, in 1794. Ebenezer 
i Butler kept the first inn, in 1792; Henry Seymour the first store; 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



487 



was Rev. Mr. Robhins, a missionary from Conn.^ Several eminent personages, distinguished in the 
fieUisof politics, literature, and art, were natives of this town, prominent among whom are Sara J. 
Clarke, (now Mrs. Sara J. Llppincott, better known as *' Grace Greenwood,") Kx-Gov. Horatio 
Seymour, Charles Mason, late Commissioner of Patents, and Erastus D, Palmer, the sculptor, 

SAEiII¥A — was formed from Manlius and Onondaga, March 27, 1809. Syracuse was taken off 
in 1847, and Geddes in 1848. It lies upon the e. bank of Onondaga Lake, x. of the center of the 
CO, Its surface is level or gently undulating. Mud Creek, in the s. e. part, and its tributary. 
Bear Trap Creek, are the only streams. Along their course is a considerable amount of swamp 
land. The soil is principally a sandy loam, with occasional intervales of tough clay. The people 
are largely engaged in the manufacture of salt. Tobacco is cultivated to some extent. Liiver- 
pOOl, (p. v.,) upon the e. bank of Onondaga Lake, on the w. line of the town, was incorp. April 
20, 1830. It contains 4 churches, a union school, a steam saw and stave mill, and a large number 
of salt works. Pop. 1,305. The first settlement was made at Liverpool, in 1795, by John Dan- 
forth and 3 sons, from Worcester co., Mass.'^ There are 4 churches in town.^ 

SRAIVEATEliES*— was formed from Marcellus, Feb. 26, 1830. A part of Spaffurd was an- 
nexed in 1840. It is the s. town on the w. line of the co. The surface is rolling or moderately hilly. 
Skaneateles Lake divides the s. half of the town into two nearly equal parts. From the lake the 
land slopes beautifully upward to a height of 200 to 500 ft. The highlands upon both borders 
overlooking the lake furnish a great number of sites for country residences, which, in beauty of 
situation, have no superiors in the State, Many of these are occupied by fine cottages and villas. 
Skaneateles Outlet, flowing n., is the principal stream. Upon it are numerous falls, furnishing an 
abundance of water-power.^ The soil is principally a clay loam. Skaneateles/ (p- v.,) beauti- 
fully located at the foot of the lake, was incorp. April 19, 1833. It contains 6 churches, a union school, 
and 3 carriage manufactories. Pop. 1,200. Mottville, (P-^-») ^^ Skaneateles Outlet, contains 
1 church, 2 machine shops, a foundery, chair factory, fork factory, and gristmill. Pop. 250. 
Mandana,, (p. v.,) on the w. bank of the lake, in the s. part of the town, contains 15 dwellings. 
liello^g^S Mills, a hamlet IJ mi, n. of Skaneateles, contains a woolen factory which employs 
125 hands. The first settler was John Thompson, a Scotchman, who located upon Lot 18 in 1703.*^ 
The first church edifice (Cong.) was erected in 1807 ; Rev. Aaron Bascom was the first pastor.^ 

SPAFFORD®— was formed from Tully, April 8, 1811. Parts of Marcellus and Skaneateles 
were taken off in 1840. It lies upon the e. bank of Skaneateles Lake, and is the w, town on the s. 
line of the co. Its surface consists principally of a high ridge between Skaneateles and Otisco 
Lakes, abruptly descending to the valleys on each side and gradually declining toward the n. 
The highest summit, Ripley Hill, is 1,122 ft. above Skaneateles Lake and 1,982 ft, above tide, 
Otisco Inlet is a small stream flowing through the valley which extends s. from Otisco Lake. The soil 
is a sandy and gravelly loam. Borodino, (p. v., ) in the n. part of the town, contains a population 
of 202. SpaflTord, (p-'^-O near the center, contains 2 churches and 30 houses. Spallord Hoi* 
lour is a p. 0. The first settlers were Gilbert Palmer and his son John, who located on Lot 76 in 
1794.*^ The first church (M. E.)was formed at an early day ; Elder Harmon was the first preacher." 



Pratt & Smith built the first Bawmill. in 1796, and the first 
gristmill, in 1798; Dr. Hezekiah Clarke was the first settled 
phyaiciaa. He served 2 years as a surgeon in the Revolutionary 
Army, and was at the massacre of Fort Griswold. 

1 The census reports 12 churches; 4 M. E., 3 Bap., Cong., 
Presb.. Prot. E., Univ., and Disciples. 

8 Abel Hawley, John Eager, and Patrick Riley came in about 
the same time. The first marriage wixa that of Abram Shne- 
maker and Betsey Danforth, in 1809. The first school was 
taught by Capt. Conner, about 1797. in a salt block, which at 
that time contained 4 kettles; and the school was tau^^ht while 
the block was in operation. John Danforth kept the first inn, 
in 1796. 

3 2 M. E., Evan. Luth., and Presb. 

* Indian name: by some said to signify "very long lake," 
and by others, "the beautiful squaw." The outlet is called 
" Hanauttoo." or " Hanauto," meaning *' water running through 
thick hemlocks." 

ft A rec^-nt survey makes Skaneat<^les Lake 860.25 feet above 
tide. Between Skaneateles and Mottville are two large distil- 
leries), and below Mottville a woolen factory, a grist and saw 
mill, a paper mill, and a distillery. 

• The beautiful location of this village upon one of the fin<'8t 
lakes in the State renders it a favorite summer resort of people 
from the cities and from the Snuth. 

' Among the other early settlers were Robinson, James 

Watson, Lovcl Gibbs, Jonathan Hall, and Winston Day. who 
came in 1796; Warren Hecox, James and Samuel Porter, Dr. 



Munger, Elnathan Andrews. John Legg. Moses Loss, John 
Brijrgs. Nathan Kelsey. Wm. J. Vredenburgh, Isaac Sherwoud, 
Dr. Benedict, and families by the names of Kellogg and Earll, 
who came in soon after. EUsha Cole, now living, (1S59,) came 
in with his father in 1793. Capt. Wm. Thomas came in 1796: 
Hezekiah Earll and Samuel Greenman in 1797. The first child 
born was Richard P. Watson, June 1, 1796; and the first death, 
that of Nehemiah Earll. in 1^08, James Porter kept tlie first 
inn. and Winston Day the fii-st store, in 1797 ; and .ludge Jede 
diah Sanger built the first saw and grist mill, in IT'jiV 

8 The census reports 8 churches; 2 M. E., 2 Friends, Baji., 
Presb., Prot. E., and Univ. 

9 Named from Horatio Gates Spafford, author of the first 
Gazetteer of New York. 

10 Among the other early settlers were Jonathan Berry, Archi- 
bald Farr. Warren Kneeland, M. Harvey. Isaac Hall, Elish.'i 
Sabins, John Bahcock, Peter Knapp. Samuel Smith, Otis and 
Moses Legg, Jethro Bailey, Elias Davis, Abel Amadou, Job 
Lewis, Daniel TiukhHm. John Hidlihut, Levi Foster. Benj. 
Horner, James and Cornelius Williamsttn. Benjamin Stanton. 
John Woodward, James Hacon, and .\s;diel Roundy. The first 
child born was Alvah Pnlmer; the first marriage, that of Elisha 
Freeman and Phtebe Smith; and the fiist death, that of Bcnj. 
Chaffee, in Aug. 1801. Sallv Packard taught the first scho<d. in 
180:i; Jared Balicock kept (he first store, in ISOO; Arrbibald 
Farr kept the first inn and built the first gristmill, in 1S08; an^ 
Josiah Walker built the first sawmill, in 1810. 

n The census reports churches; 3 M. E., Presb., and l-niot. 



488 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 




SYRACUSE' — was incorp. as a village in the town of Sallna, 
April 13, 1825, and as a city, Dec. 14, 1847. A portion was 
annexed to De Witt in 1858. It lies in a basin extending s. of 
the head of Onondaga Lake, and upon the ridges immediately e. 
A low portion, partly marshy, containing more than a square 
mi., lies upon the lake,'^ and is bordered by an abrupt declivity 
10 to 30 ft. high. From the summit of this declivity the surface 
spreads out into an almost perfect flat, on which is built the 
greater part of the more thickly settled portions of the city. A 
ridge 100 to 200 ft. high extends through the E. part.' Upon 
the highlands that surround the city are some of the most beau- 
tiful sites for country residences to be found in the State. The 
city is located in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and near the center of the State.* The 
several canals and railroads that terminate at or pass through this city give to it important com- 
mercial advantages. Its local trade is very large. It is also largely engaged in manufactures, 
the principal of which are salt,* machinery, beer, and barrels.' A large trade is carried on with 
the surrounding country to supply the salt works with wood and barrels, and with Penn. to furnish 
them with coal. The city is supplied with water by the Syracuse Water Company, from springs 
and brooks which have their sources in the hills s. w. of the city. 

The Cif;/ Hall is a commodious edifice, on the s. side of the canal, fronting Washington St., and 
containing rooms for the officers of the city government. 

The Public Schools, 13 in number, are under the charge of a Board of Education, consisting of 
8 members, of whom 4 are elected annually. In 1858, 61 teachers were employed, — 7 males and 54 
females. The whole number of children, between the ages of 4 and 21, was 9,418, of whom 5,258, 
or 55 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total expenses were 
§34,057.09. The number of volumes in the district libraries was 5,131.' The schools are graded, 
and have a classical department or High School. Few places have bestowed more attention upon 
common school education ; and the schools now rank among the best in the State and country. 

The Onondaga County Oiyhan Asylum, a city and county institution for the care of orphan and 
destitute children, is situated upon Fayette St., in the e. part of the city. It was incorp. April 10, 
1845, and is supported by public appropriations and private donations. The children are well 
treated, and are amply provided with all the necessaries of life. A school is taught throughout the 
year. At a proper age the children are bound out in respectable families. 

The Syracjise Some Association, incorp. in 1853, is an association of ladies for the purpose of 
systematically visiting the poor, and of furnishing a home for indigent and friendless females. It 
occupies a fine building upon E. Fayette St., and is in a flourishing condition. 

The Kew York State Asylum for Idiots is located upon a beautiful site in Geddes, s. w. of the 
city, just outside of the city corporation. Its grounds contain 18 acres, lying upon an eminence 
overlooking the whole city. The building is a beautiful brick structure, in the Italian style of 
architecture, and is one of the best arranged and most. convenient buildings of the kind ever con- 
structed. It is under the superintendence of Dr. Ilervey B. Wilbur. The average number of 
inmates is more than 100.* 



1 This city wiis known from 1>*06 to 1S09 as '* Bogarihts Cor- 
ners;" from 1800 to 1S12. as ■■Milan;" from 1812 to 1814, as 
•' South Sulina ;" from 1814 to 1817, as " 0)Ssitts Ormrrs ;'' from 
1817 to 1820. as ■■ Corinth ,•'" and from that time it has been 
known as Syracnee, — the name given it by John Wilkinson, 
the first postmaster. ■■Salina," now constituting tlie N. part 
of the city, was incorp. as a Tillage March 12, 1824. and con- 
tinued as an independent corporation until 1847, when it wa.s 
merged in Syracuse. It was long familiarly known as ■■Salt 
Point." The eastern part of the city was formerly known as 
'' Lodi" 

~ The salt springs are situated upon this marsh and its bor- 
ders. Near the lake, upon the Liverpool road, is a very strong 
sulphur spring. 

8 This ridge is divided into two parts by the valley through 
which the canal extends. Upon it. a short dist;mce E. of the 
head of the Like, are l.nrge cavities in the ground, generiilly 
termed " salt holes." These holes are continually forming; and 
it not unfr. quently happens that a tract of 20 ft. in diameter 
will suddenly fall to a depth of 10 to 30 ft. See p. 481. 

4 From its central location, the city is a iavorite place for 
holding conventions, political, religious, civil, and miscellaneous. 
From this, it is often called "ITie City of Conventions," and 
sometimes "The City of isms." It is also called -'The Central 
City." and " The City of Salt." 

6 See pages 4bO, 481. 



I 6 Several founderies and m.achine shops give employment to 
j about 200 hands. Greenway's Brewerv manufactures annually 
' 50,0011 bbls. of beer, worth $350,000. there are 8 other brew- 
i erios in the city, producing 500 to 5,000 bbls. each. Barrels for 
the salt trade are also uinnnfactnred in the city, giving em- 
ployment to a large number of hands. The Centr.al R. li. re- 
pair shops employ 150 hands, and about 150 more are engaged 
as engineers, brakemen, and track hands, belonging to this 
station. The city also contains large manulacturies of agrictll- 
tural implements, boots .ind shoes, furniture, saddlery hard- 
ware, silver ware, cigars, and a variety of other articles. 

' The Central Library, kept in the City Hall, is a consolidated 
library for the use of the central schools of the city, .^t was 
founded in 1858, and contains 4.000 volumes. 

8 The building for this institution was erected in l,853-o4. at 
a cost of about :?T0.000. The site and grounds were donated by 
inhabitants of Syracuse. The enterprise has been highly stic- 
cessful. and hies fully demonstrated the utility and necessity of 
schools of this description. The institution has attained a wide 
reputation, and it now undoubtedly ranks among the first of 
the kind in the world. The school was first estibli.shed at Al- 
bany, in 1848, by its present supt.. as a private institution. It 
was adopted by the State, and was continued several years at 
Albany, but was removed to this place on completion of the 
buildings, in 1854. 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



489 



The Franklin Institute, a literary association, was incorp. under the general law, Dec. 1849. It 
has a fine library and reading room in Wicting Block, S. Salina St., and it supports an annual 
course of lectures during tlie winter. Tlie number of volumes in the library is about 3,000. 

Syracuse Post Office is situated near the center of the old village of Syracuse, s. of the Erie 
Canal. Salina Post Office is situated in the old village of Salina, near the Oswego Canal. 

The Library of the Court of Appeals was formed by act of Legislature, April 9, 1849. It occu- 
pies rooms in the courthouse, and contains 4,500 volumes. 

The Office of the Superintendent of the Salt Springs, on N. Salina St., is a fine building of cut 
stone. 

The State Armory is a fine building, m Regimental Park, near Onondaga Creek. It was built 
in 1858, from a design by H. N. White. 

The city also contains a Commercial College, 2 private seminaries, a classical school, a boarding 
school for boys, a large number of Masonic, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Malta lodges, a City Tract 
Society, a Bible Society, a Fugitive Aid Society, a Musical Institute, a German Turnverein, 11 
banks of issue, 2 savings banks, 28 churches,' and a large number of beautiful and costly private 
residences. Its hotels and public halls rank among the best in the State. 

The first settlement in the city and co. was made by Ephraim Webster, an Indian trader, who 
located near the mouth of Onondaga Creek in 1786. In 1788 or 1789 John Danforth, who came 
into the co. soon after his brother Asa, located at " Salt Point" and commenced the manufacture 
of salt.^ The settlement at this place increased with great rapidity, in consequence of the pros- 
pective value of the salt springs. It took the name of " Salina," and speedily became the most 
important place in the co., — a superiority which it maintained for many years. The first settlers 
within the limits of the old village of Syracuse, after Webster, the Indian trader, were Hop- 
kins, in 1797, and Butler, in 1799. Calvin Jackson settled in 1800, and several others before 

1805.' The ground being low and marshy, the settlement did not progress rapidly for many years. 
The first great impulse to its growth was given by the location of the canal in 1817 and its com- 
pletion in 1825. In 1829, when the courthouse was removed from Onondaga Hill, Salina and 
Syracuse were nearly equal in population, and the courthouse was placed about midway between 
the two villages. Since that time, however, the growth of Syracuse has been rapid and nearly 
uniform. In 1847 it completely absorbed its old rival, Salina, the two villages and Lodi at that 
time being incorp. and forming the city of Syracuse. The business prosperity of the place has 
been based principally upon the salt interests and its commercial advantages. The most notable 
incidents of the later history of the city are the great gunpowder explosion of Aug. 20, 1841 ;* and 
the rescue of the slave Jerry from the custody of the U. S. Marshal, Oct. 1, 1851.^ 

Tiri.LiY — was formed from Fabius, April 4, 1803. A part of Otisco was taken off in 1806, 
and Spafford in 1811. It is the center town upon the s. line of the co. Its surface is an upland, 
level in the center, but hilly on the e. and w. borders. In the s. part of the central valley are 
several small lakes, known as the Tully Lakes. Two of these lakes lie but a few rods apart. The 
smaller, just 800 ft. above the canal at Syracuse, gives rise to Onondaga Creek, flowing n. ; and the 
larger, 4 ft. lower, gives rise to Tioughnioga River, flowing s. In the immediate vicinity of these 
lakes is considerable swamp land. The soil is a .sandy and clayey loam. TuIIy, (p. v.,) in the 
s. E. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 216 inhabitants ; and Vesper, (p. v.,) on the line 
of Otisco, 2 churches and 25 houses. Tully Valley is a p. o. The first settler was David 



> 4 R. C, 3 Prot. E., 3 M. E., 3 Presb., 2 Cong.. 2 Bap., 2 Ger. 
Evan. Asso.. 2 .Jewish Synagogues. Ref. Prot. D.. Unit.. Ger. 
Luth.. Ger. Prot., Af. Meth., Wes. Meth., and Swedeuborgian. 

2 In Aug. 171*0, Col. Jeremiah Gould and family, consisting 
of a wife, three sons, and a daughter, came to ^-Salt Point,'" and 
found there Deacon and Nathaniel Loomis, Hezeltiah Olcott, 
John Paufortli, Asa Danforth. jr., and Thomas G.iston. In 1791 
two families named Wnodworth and Sturges came in. and 
March 2. 1792, Isaac Van Vleck and family. Among the other 
early settlers were Thoma.s Osmon, Simon Phares, Patrick Riley, 
Wm. Gilchrist, James Peat, Aaron Bellows, Elislia Alvord, 
Richard Sawyer, and Dioclesian Alvord. The first child born 
was Abraham Van Aleck, in 1792; the first marriage was that 
of Thomas Osmon and Katharine Van Derwricher. in 179.'>; 

and tlte first deatli. that of an infant child of Thompson, in 

179-1. Dr. Rurnef, the first physician, died the same'year. The 
provisions for the first settlers were brought from Tioga, liy 
way of Ciyuga Lake, and from Herkimer, iiy way of Oneida 
Laito. In"l793, 30 of the 33 inhabitants of tlie village were 
sick, — the 3 well ones, with the help of the Indians, taking care 
of the sick for 2 months. In 179-4, out of a population of 63 
persons 23 died. The first regular innkeeper was VVni. Gil- 
duiat, about 1795; though Isaac Van Yleck bad for several 



years previous entertained travelers. Elisha Alvord kept the 
first store, in 1795. In 1793 5)r. Van Vleck brought from Albany 
a large coffee mill, which was used for grinding corn. 

8 Among the other early settlers were Wm. Lee. Aaron Cole, 
Amos Stanton. Henry Bogardus, and Jonathan Fav- The first 
child born was Alluon Jackson. Dec. 28, ISOO. A "tract of 260 
acres, lying near the center of the city, and including a mill 
privilege upon Onondaga Creek, was sold by the State to 
Abraham Walton and became known as the *' Walton Tract." 
It afterward p.Hs3od into the bands of the " Syracuse Company." 
Mr. Bogardus erected a log house for an inn. on the site of tlie 
present Voorhees Block, in 1S05 : and Mr. Walton erected his 
"Old Red Mill" the same year. The first steamboat ever used 
upon the canal was built a mi. s. of Oran, and launched at 
'•Buellville," in Porapey, in 1823. by Wm. Avery. 

* Twenty-seven kegs of powder, secretly stored in a carpenter 
shop, exploded, and 25 men — principally firemen — were killed, 
and more than GO others were wounded. 

6 .ferry was arrested as a fugitive slave and confined in tho 
police office; hut in the evening a large number of citizens as- 
sembled and forcibly took him from tho custody of the officers. 
Several men were arrested and tried for participating in tb» 
rodcuo, but no convictions were ever procured. 



490 



ONONDAGA COUNTY. 



Owen, who came into town in 1795.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1818;' Rev. Mr. Hurd 
was the first preacher. 

VAW BUREIV — was formed from Camillus, March 26, 1829. It is an interior town, lying 
N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is level or gently unduhiting. Seneca River forms its N. 
boundary ; along its course is considerable swamp land. The soil is a clayey, sandy, and gra- 
velly loam. Canton, (Canal p. o.,) on the Erie Canal, in the s. w. corner of the town, contains 
a church and 188 inhabitants ; Van Buren Center, (p. v. ; Warners Station on the 
N. Y. C. R. R.,) near the s. line, a church and 16 dwellings. Tan Buren (p.o.) and Ionia 
are hamlets. BaldVFinsville, (p. v.,) on Seneca River, is on the line of Lysander. The first 
settler was Joseph Wilson, who located in town in 1792.' The first church (Presb.) was formed in 
1803 ; Rev. S. B. Barns was the first preacher.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Ayricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Onondaga Cminty. 



Names of Towns. 



Camillus 

Cicero 

Clay 

De Witt 

Elbridge 

Fabius 

Geddes 

La Fayette.. 

Lysander 

ManliuB. 

Marcellus.... 
Onondaga.-. 

Otisco 

Ponipey 

8alina 

Skaneateles . 

Spafford 

Syracuse.... 

TuIIy 

Van Buren.. 

Total, 



AcEES OP Land. | 




■? 


•8 


p 


g 


|, 


fc 












16,411 


3,57 4i 


14.S76i 


14.912J 


19.S35i 


10,681} 


15,643J 


6,294 


16,792i 


4.638 


19,784i 


6,994i 


4,786 


1,472} 


18,004 


6,982 


27.069t 


10,329 


21,640i 


7,646J 


15,658J 


3,319i 


33,001} 


7,846J 


14,803i 


3,803 


32,420J 


8,286 


6,669} 


2,219 


20,936J 


3,979 


16,643i 


4.429i 


1,992J 


293i 


12,2695 


3.996 


17,301 


4,104 


344,828 


114,701i 



Valuation op 1858. 






$125,850 
42.200 
37,850 
41,100 

163,300 
62,900 
17,000 
69.925 

172,820 

266,500 
99.600 

223.050 
66,555 

100,500 
32.900 

224,400 

76,350 

1,765,463 

98.400 

104,400 



1.401 
1,780 
1,762 
1,562 
2,273 
1,128 
1,116 
1,214 
2,642 
3,116 
1,258 
2.793 

830 
1,867 
1,377 
2.005 

894 
12,611 

806 
1,598 



1,339 
1,608 
1,564 
1,423 
2,2S8 
1,128 

950 
1,126 
2,418 
3,112 
1,2S9 
2,607 

896 
1,903 
1.203 
1,971 

922 
12,496 

813 
1,467 



24.349.965 3,750.063 28,100.028 44.033 42.542 12,216 16,798 11,067 



489 
642 
638 
676 
803 
442 
366 
481 
963 

1,148 
488 
978 
362 
729 
417 
736 
3.S6 

3,691 
362 
691 






636 

689 

676 

699 

884 

438 

384 

473 ' 

997 

1,404 
617 
901 
361 
684 
497 
746 
369 

4,881 
352 
612 



828 
629 
611 
422 
446 
378 
167 
366 
664 
764 
394 
866 
298 
638 
274 
446 
271 
2,716 
289 
426 



g| 



1,023 

1.305 

1,536 

1,089 

1,626 

872 

638 

783 

1,838 

2,283 

1,868 

1.990 

641 

1,463 

1,484 
669 

9.334 
633 

1,174 



31,428 



NAiiES OF Towns. 



Camillus 

Cicero 

Clay 

DcWitt 

Elbridge. 

Fabius 

Gedd'<s 

La Fayette,,, 
Lysander..., 

Manlius 

Marcpllua.,.. 
Onondtiga.... 

Otisco 

Pompey 

Salina 

Skaneateles. 

Spafford 

Svr.icu8e 

fully 

Van Buren. . 

Total. 



s 



879 
901 

1,177 
831 
879 
735 
629 
811 

1,430 

1,109 
780 

1,621 
648 

1,427 
333 
886 
703 
87 
662 
902 



l25 = 



1,165 

1,274 

1,683 

1,168 

1.559 

1,273 

201 

994 

2,750 

1,548 

1,117 

2,051 

998 

2.041 

394 

1,628 

1,214 

109 

863 

1,497 



1,047 
1.324 
1.363 
1,170 
1,215 
2,637 

904 
1.088 
1,949 
1,366 

990 
2,034 

899 
1,894 

427 
1,081 

906 

144 
1,102 
1.262 



w 



6,649 
2,253 
4,292 
3.686 
5.325 
2,972 

863 
3,369 
7,494 
4,160 
7,079 
11,660 
5,064 
9,338 
1,66' 
8,937 
4,430 

756 
2,176 
3,162 



to 



1,933 
1.562 
1,992 
1,532 
2,093 

924 
1.116 
1,38: 
3,312 
2.041 
1.214 
3,277 
1,122 
2,029 

674 
1,391 
1,019 

13' 

763 
2,036 



Agricoltdral Products. 



Bd9H. of G&ain. 


1 
1 







10,0064 
1.919i 
4,90Si 
3,647 

11,774 
1,239 
1.368 
4,862 

14,769i 
6,473i 
4,907 J 

13,290} 
2,271 
2,976 
1,062 
4,264 
1,362J 

737 
1,424} 

10,246 



152,0634 
113.649 
150,909 
104,5.37i 
138.119} 
72,9404 
38,099A 
1.33,968 
217,0464 
148,6864 
103,1334 
259,3854 
84,676} 
223,288 
44,288 
130,483 
100,3714 
14,176 
66,628 
169,6224 



17.330 25.427 24,801 '94,202 31,539 102,398} 2,465,967J 63.246J 380,1414 624,5464 2, 



2.566 

3,391 

4,6714 

3,344 

3309 

6,206 

969i 
2,5284 
6,6734 
3,423} 
2,7364 
6,6774 
1,8664 
6,238 
1,559 
3,756 
2,1594 

756 
1,797 
2,830} 




I Among the other early settlers were .Tamos Cravath, Wm, 
Trowbridge, Phineas Howell, Phineas Henderson, and Michael 
Christian. The first child born was Peter Henderson, in 1796; 
the tirst marriage was that of Timothy M'.ilker and Esther 
Trowbridge; and the fir.st death, lli.it of Timothy Walker. 
Kuth Thorp taught the first school, in 1801 ; Nicholas Lewis 
kept the first inn, in 1802; Moses Nash the first store; and 
Peter Van Camp built the first grist and saw mill, in 1810, 

- Thec*csns reports 5 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M.E.. and Disciples. 

* Among tlie other early settlers were Gabriel Tappan, David 
Uaynefl, John McHarrie, Reuben Smith, James Wells, Amos 



and Seth Warner, Eleazur Dunham, Benj. Bolton, Ira and 
Phineas Barnes, Jonathan Skinner, Isaac Earll, VVm, Lakin, 
and Charles F. Hall, The first child bom was Elizabeth 
Haynes ; the first marriage was that of James Wilson and 
Pioby Tabor; and the first death, that of Mrs, Jonathan 
Tabor. Augustus Robinson taught the first school; Charles 
TuU kept the first inn and store; James Paddock built the first 
gristmill ; and Nathan Skeels and Solomon Paddock built the 
first sawmill, 

^ The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Bap,, M, E., Christian, and 
K, C. 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Montgomery, Jan. 27, 1789. It was 
named from Lake Ontario, which originally formed its n. boundary. 
Steuben co. was taken off in 1796, Genesee in 1802, parts of Mon- 
roe and Livingston in 1821, and Yates and a part of Wayne in 
1823. A strip was annexed from Montgomery co., w. of Seneca 
j Lake, Feb. 16, 1791, and a small tract in the fork of Crooked Lake, 
(from Steuben, Feb. 25, 1814. It is centrally distant ISO. mi. from 
Albany, and contains an area of 640. sq. mi. It lies upon the 
extreme n. declivities of the central Allegany Mt. Range, and 
has a northerly inclination, the summits of the s. hills being ele- 
vated about 1000 feet above the general level of the n. portions 
of the CO. The s. portion, lying w. of Canandaigua Lake, is a 
hilly and broken region, divided into ridges with steep declivities and summits 1,500 to 1,700 feet 
above tide. The ridges all have a general n. and s. direction, declining toward the N., and termi- 
nating in a beautifully rolling region, which embraces all of the co. e. of Canandaigua Lake, and 
that portion lying w. of the lake and N. of the N. line of Bristol. The ridges in this section gradu- 
ally rise to a height of 20 to 250 feet above the valleys, and give to the land sufficient inclina- 
tion for thorough drainage. A terrace with declivities 100 to 250 feet high, descending toward 
the N., extends through the N. portions of East and West Bloomfield and the s. part of Victor, at 
right angles to the general range of the ridges. The extreme N. parts of the co. are occupied by 
drift ridges similar to those in Wayne and Seneca cos. 

The geological formation of this co. is nearly the same as that of the cos. lying e. of it in the 
same latitude. The lowest rocks, occupying the N. parts of Phelps, Manchester, Farmington, and 
Victor, belong to the Onondaga salt group. The gypsum of this group crops out along the banks 
of the streams, and is extensively quarried along the Canandaigua Outlet, in Pheljis and Man- 
chester, and upon Mud Creek, in Victor. The water limestone, next above, crops out in Phelps, 
Manchester, and Victor, and is quarried for waterlime and building stone. The Onondaga and 
corniferous limestones next appear, and are quarried for building stone in Phelps. The Mar- 
cellus and Hamilton shales occupy all the central portions of the co. s. of the foot of Canandaigua 
Lake ; and next above them successively appear the Tully limestone, Genesee slate, and the 
Portage group, the last occupying South Bristol, Canadice, and Naples. This last group furnishes 
a sandstone used for flagging and building. Except in the extreme s. parts of the co., the under- 
lying rocks have little influence upon the soil, as nearly the whole surface is covered deeply 
with drift deposits, consisting of sand, clay, and gravel, intermixed with the disintegrated lime- 
stone and gypsum evidently deposited by some great torrent that once swept across the co. in a s. 
direction. The rocks are seen at some points along the banks of the lakes and the courses of the 
streams. In Bristol are several springs of carburetted hydrogen gas emanating from the strata 
of Genesee slate.* 

The CO. is drained by the Honeoye Outlet, a tributary of the Genesee River, and by the Canan- 
daigua Outlet and Mud Creek, tributaries of the Clyde River. Iloneoye Outlet receives as tribu- 
taries Egypt Brook and the outlets of Hemlock and Canadice Lakes •' Mud Creek receives Beaver, 
Fish, and Hog Hollow Creeks ; and Canandaigua Outlet receives Fall and Flint Creeks. Besides 
these, Irondequoit Creek flows through the N. w. corner of the co. Keshong Creek and Burralls 
and Castle Brooks flow into Seneca Lake. Several of the beautiful lakes which form the most 
peculiar and interesting feature of the landscape for which Central New York is celebrated lie 
partly or wholly in this co. Seneca, forming a portion of the E. boundary, is described under 
Seneca co.' Canandaigua Lake lies almost wholly within the limits of the co. The shores are 
beautifully sloping down to the very edge of the water, except near the head of the lake, where 
they rise in steep bluffs to a height of 300 to 800 feet. Its surface is 668 feet above tide. 



The principal of thenp jras spring are in Bristol Hollow, on 
both banks of Canandaigua Lake, within 3 mi. of the village, 
and in East Bloomfield and Richmond. A sulphur sprine is 
fbund on the outlet of the lake, but the principal one is at Clifton. 



I * Hemlock Outlet, called by the Indians 0-neh'da, signifying 
hemlock. 
' See p. 613. 



492 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



Honeoye,* Canadice,- and Hemlock Lakes are smaller bodies of water, and are each surrounded by 
bluffs and hills rising to a height of 500 to 700 feet above them. 

The soil for the most part consists of clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam, formed from the drift 
deposits. In the valleys and the rolling region which extends through the central and n. part3 
of the CO. the loam is very deep and rich, forming one of the finest agricultural regions in the 
State. Upon the hills in the s. part of the co. the soil is made up principally of disintegrated 
shale and slate, forming a fine, fertile grazing region. Upon the drift hills in the w. are some 
small sections covered with a deep, light sand, moderately productive. 

The geographical and geological features of this co. render it eminently adapted to the various 
branches of agriculture ; and few cos. in the State excel this in the progress of scientific improve- 
ment as applied to agricultural operations. Wheat was for many years the staple crop ; but of late 
more attention has been given to the production of the coarser grains, to stock growing, and the 
cultivation of fruits. Wool growing has also received considerable attention, and the fine Merino 
sheep were introduced at an early period. The manufactures are mainly of a domestic character, 
such as pertain to agricultural districts. 

The county seat is located at Canandaigua, at the foot of Canandaigua Lake, A courthouse, jail, 
and CO. clerk's office were erected here in 1793, soon after the organization of the co.^ In 1825 a 
new courthouse was built; and in 1858 a splendid edifice was erected at the joint expense of the 
CO. and of the U. S. Government, containing a U, S. and co. courtroom, jury and supervisors' 
rooms, U. S. district clerk's and co. clerk's offices, surrogate's office, and p. office. The building is 
of brick, with iron and tile floors, and is entirely fireproof. The poorhouse is located upon a farm 
of 212 acres in Hopewell, 4 mi. e. of Canandaigua. It is built of brick, and contains ample 
accommodations. The average number of inmates is 136, supported at a weekly cost of 57 cts. 
each. The farm yields a revenue of $4,000. A school is taught during the whole year,* The 
general management and sanitary arrangements of this establishment are creditable to the co. 

The principal works of internal improvement in the co. are the Erie Canal, which enters the 
extreme n. e. corner of Manchester, the N, Y. C. R. R., extending through the n. and central por- 
tions of the CO., the Canandaigua & Niagara Bridge R. R., a branch of the Central, extending w. 
from Canandaigua to Tonawanda, and the Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua R. R., extending s. E. 
and connecting with the N. Y. & E. R. R. at Elmira. Besides these, there are several lines of 
plank road in the co. ; but most of them have been abandoned. 

Nine newspapers were published in the co. in 1858.* 



1 Indian name Ha/ne-a-yeh, lying lilie a finger, 

2 Indian name Ska'ne-a-dice, long lake. 

' The Urst Cii'cuit Court was held at the inn of Mr. Patterson, 
In Geneva, in June, 1793; and the first court of Common Pleas, 
at the house of Nathaniel Sanbern, in Canandaigua, in Nov. 
1794. The first co. officers were Oliver Phelps, Fi7-st Judf/e ; 
Nathl. Gorham, Co. Clerk; John Cooper, Surrogate; and Judah 
Coit, Sheriff. The first justices of peace appointed in Western 
N. Y. were Asa Ransom and Wm. Kumsey, for Ontario co., in 
Dec. 1801. By an act passed April 3. 179S, deeds were required 
to be recorded in the clerk's office. This was many years before 
the general act for recording in clerks' offices. 

* This school is supported by the interest of a fund given by a 
private individual for this purpose. The schoolhouse is situated 
in a fine yard and is surrounded by trees. 
I» Tfie Ontario Gazette a7id Genesee Advertiser, the first paper 
in the present co, of Ontario, was started at Geneva, 
April, 1797, by Lucius Carey, and removed to Canan- 
daigua in 1799. 
The Impartial American, or t^neca Museuviy waa published at 

Geneva in 1800, by Ebenezer Eaton. 
The Expofritor was started at Geneva. Nov. 19, 1806, by James 

Bogert, who in 1S09 changed it to 
The Geneva Gazette, and continued it until Dec, 4, 
ISIiS. In 1827 it bore the title of The Gazette and 
General Advertiser. It was published by John Greves 
and J. C. Merrill until 1837 ; by J. Taylor Bradt until 
1839; and by Stone & Frazera short time longer, when 
it was discontinued. It was revived in Jan. 1845 by 
.Ira and S. U. Parker. Geo. M. Horton was at one time 
interested in its publication, and it is now published by 
S. U. Parker. 
TJie Geneva PaVadium was commenced in 1816 by Young & 
Crosby, and was published successively by S. P. Uull, 

John T. Wilson, and Connely, until iS2S, when it 

was discontinued. 

ZA« Geneva Cfirrmicle was started in 1828 by Jackson, and 

continued 2 years. 
T?u Independent American was published by T. C. Strong in 

1831. 
The Geneva American was published by Franklin Cowdery in 
1S30. 



The Geneva Courier was established by John C.Mer- 
rill in 1830, and continued until 1833. Its publication 
was continued by Snow & Williams, Ira Merrill, How- 
lett & Van Talkenburgh, Cleveland & Hook, and Win- 
throp Atwell, successively, unfit Oct. 1S54, when it 
piissed into the bands of William Johnson, its present 
publisher. A daily paper was issued from this office 
about 6 months in 1845-46. 

The Herald of Truth (Univ.) was started in 1834, at Geneva, by 
Prescott k Chase, and continued until 1837, when it waa 
removed to Rochester. 

The Geneva Democrat was published during the campaign of 
1840, by Stone & Frazer. 

Tlie District School Journal, mo., was started at Geneva in 1840 
by Francis Dwight, and removed to Albany in 1841, 

The Geneva Advertiser and Mechanics^ Advocate was started in 
1841 by S. Merrill A Co., semi-w., and continued 1 year. 

The Genei'a Budget was commenced in 1852, by Sproul k Tan- 
ner, and continued 2 years. 

The New York State Intelligencer was published in 1848. 

The Ontario Whig, semi-w.. was started at Geneva by Wm. C. 
Busted in 1850. and continued until 1852. 

The Gene%'a Independent and Freeman''s Gazette was e.stablished 
in 1851, by "W. K. Fowle, aud continued by him until 
lSfi5, and by H. G. Moore until June, 1857. Since then 
it liasi been published by W. K. Fowle as 

The Geneva IJedeer. 

The Geneva Dally Union has been published fiince 
May 10, lSo8, by W. K. Fowle. 

The Ontario Gazette and Gt^nesee Advn-tiser was brought frora 
Genev.i to Canandaigua in 1799. and published by 
Lucius Carey nntii 1802. Jolin Keep Gould, who then 
became the publisher, changed its name to 

The Western Repository and Genesee Advertiser ; and in 1S03 it 
wa.<fl again changed to 

The Wci\tei"ti liepositnry. James D. Bemis became interested in 
its publication in 1804, and in 180S he ifisned it iis 

The Ontario lii^poaitj^iry^ and continued it iiniil 1S2S. It wna 
published by Morse & Ward, Morse k Wilson, and Morso 
k Harvey, until 1835, and until 1840 by Cbauncey 
Morse, the last named was succeeded by Geo. L. \\'hit- 
uey, who in Jan. 1856, sold it to H. G. Moore. The fol« 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



493 



The territory lying within the limits of this oo. was the chief seat of the Senecas, the most 
numerous and powerful tribe of the "Six Nations." Their chief village was at Kanadesaga, upon 
and just w. of the present site of Geneva, at the foot of Seneca Lake. In all the wars of the 
Iroquois League the Senecas bore a conspicuous part; and especially did they incur the bitter 
enmity of the French occupants of Canada. In 1687, De Nonville, Governor of "New France,'* 
at the head of 1,600 French soldiers and 400 ludian allies, invaded the Seneca country by way 
of the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario. At a defile near the site of the present village of Victor 
an engagement ensued, resulting in the defeat of the Indians, though with great loss to the French. 
De Nonville marched forward, burned the village of Gannagaro and several others, and returned.* 
In the succeeding year the Senecas and their allies in turn invaded the French settlements in 
Canada and took bloody revenge.^ 

In the progress of the wars that ensued, the Six Nations were sometimes neutral and sometimes 
allies of the English; but the country of the Senecas was never afterward invaded by the French. 
During the Revolution the Senecas espoused the English cause ; and in 1779 Gen. Sullivan in- 
vaded their country from the s., burned their villages, destroyed their corn and orchards, and left 
the most beautiful region in the Indian domains a desolate waste. At the conclusion of peace, the 
force and spirit of the Indians were annihilated, and they quietly yielded to the gradual encroach- 
ments of the whites, until the last acre of their hunting grounds within the limits of this co., and 
the very graves of their fathers, passed out of their possession.' 



lowiDg month the office was burned and the paper 
suspended. In May following it was revired as 

The National Ne%v Yorker and Ontario Re- 
pository, by n. G. Moore and Dr. B. F. TifTt: and in 
May, 1857, it passed into the hands of Geo. L. Whitney 
&. Son, by whom it is now published. 

The Ontario Freeman was established at Canandaigua by Isaac 
Tiffany in 1803. In 1806 it passed into the hands of 
John A. Stevens, who changed its name to 

Tbe Ontario Itlesseuger. It was successively pub- 
lished by Day & Morse, L. L. Morae, B. W. Jones, and 
T. B. nohn. The latter was succeeded in Nov. 1845, by 
Jacob J. Mattison, the present publisher. 

The Republican was started at Canandaigua by A. N. Phelps 
in 1824, and was afterward published a short time by 
T. M. Barnum. 

Tht Ontario Phmnix was issued at Canandaigua in 1S27 by W. 
W. Phelps. R. Royce became its publisher soon after, 
and changed its name to 

Tfie Freeman. In 1S36 it was united with The Repository. 

The eta]/ Club, a campaign paper, was published at Canan- 
daigna in 1S44. 

Tht Seminarian, a literary mo., wae published at Canandaigua 
in IS.'Jl. 

The Ontario Co. Times was established Jan. 1, 1852, by N. J. 
Milliken, and in 1855 sold to Wilson Miller, who changed 
it to 

The Ontario Times. In Feb. 1856, the establishment was burned 
and the paper suspended. It was re-established in May 
following bv Mr. Milliken. and is still published by him as 

Tlie Ontario Republican Times. 

The Vu:7ina Ifepuhtican was started at " T7w7ia" (now Phelps) 
in Jan. 1831. by C. H. Loutc and A. Kilmer. In 1832 
it was published by J. 0. Balch and in 1834 changed to 

The Pfielps Journal, E. N. Phelps, publisher, and soon after to 

The Phdps Jfturnal and Vienna Advertiser ; in 1838 to 

7'/w Phdps Di'vwcrat : and again in 1S45 to 

The Wt'stern Atlas. From 1845 until 1856 it was published by 
Washington Shaw, Dillon & Phelps, and W. W. Red- 
field ; and since then it has been continued as 

The Ontario Free Press. 

The Aaples Free Pre.i!t was established at Naples in 1832 by 
Waterman & Coleman, and continued 2 years. 

The Neapolitan waa started in 1840 by David Fairchild. In 
1845 it was sold to Phelps, who changed its title to 

The Naples Visitor. It was discontinued soon after. 

The Village Record was published at Naples in 1842. 

The Naples Joui'nal was published in 1S51 by R. Denton. 

The Phelps Nevr Democratic Star was Btarted 
Sept. y. 1858, by E. N. Phelps. 

* The commander of the expedition claimed that he desolated 
the whole Soneca country ; hut one of his officers, (La Ilonton,) 
in giving the history of the expedition, lays no claim to a com- 
plete victory ; and the Indian traditions state that only a small 
detachment of the Senecas were engaged in the battle, and that 
the French retreated before the warriors could rally from the 
different villages. 

* In this e.xpMition 1000 French were killed and 26 prisoners 
taken, who were afterward burned at the stake. 

' Numerous traces of ancient occupation — perhaps by a people 
that preceded the late Indian race — are found in this co. Trench 
incloHiires have been noticed in Canandaigua, Seneca, and other 
towns. — Sqjiier's Aboriginal Monuments of N. T., 4to ed., pp. 
•9. 61. 62. CC. 



Seaver, in his Life of Mary Jemison^ gires the following: — 
"The tradition of the Seneca Indians in regard to their origin 
is that they broke out of the earth from a large mountain at 
the head of Canandaigua Lake; and that mountain they still 
venerate as the place of their birth. Thence they derive their 
name, ' Ge-nun-de-wah,* or 'Great Hill,' and are called 'The 
Great Hill People,' which is the true definition of the word 
Seneca. The great hill at the head of Canandaigua Lake, from 
whence they sprung, is called Genundewah, and has for a long 
time past been the place where the Indians of that nation have 
met in council, to hold great talks and to offer up prayers to 
the Great Spirit, on account of its having been their birthplace ; 
and also in consequence of the destruction of & serpent at that 
place, in ancient time, in a most miraculous manner, which 
threatened the destruction of the whole of the Senecas and 
barely spared enough to commence replenishing the earth. 
The Indians say that the fort on the big hill, or Genundewah, 
near the head of Canandaigua Lake, was surrounded by a moa- 
fltrous serpent, whose head and tail c^me together at the gate. 
A long time it lay there, confounding the people with its breath. 
At length they attempted to make their escape. — some with 
their hominy blocks, and others with different implements of 
household furniture, — and in marching out of the fort walked 
down the throat of the serpent. Two orphan children, who had 
escaped this general destruction hy being left on this side of the 
fort, were informed by an oracle of the means by wliich they 
could get rid of their formidable enemy. — which waa to take a 
smnll bow, and a poisoned arrow made of a kind of willow, and 
with that shoot the serpent under its scales. This they did, and 
the arrow proved effectual ; for. on its penetrating the skin, tho 
serpent became sick, and, extending itself, rolled down the hill, 
destroying all the timber that was in its way, disgorging itself 
and breaking wind greatly as it went. At every motion a hu- 
man head was discharged and rolled down the hill into the 
lake, where they lie at this day in a petrified state, having the 
hardness and appearance of stones: and the pagan Indians of 
the Senecas believe that all the little snakes were made of the 
blood of the great serpent after it rolled into the lake. To this 
day the Indians visit that sacred place, to mourn the loss of 
their friends and to celebrate some rites that are peciiliar to 
themselves. To the knowledge of white people, there has been 
no timber on the great hill since it was first discovered by them, 
though it lay apparently in a state of nature for a great number 
of years, without cultivation. Stones in the shape of Indians* 
heads may be seen lying in the lake in great plenty, which are 
said to he the same that were deposited there at the death of 
the serpent. The Senecas have a tradition that previous to and 
for some time after their origin at Genundewnh the country, 
especially about the lakes, waa thickly inhabited by a race of 
civil, enterprising, and industrious people, who were totally 
destroyed by the great serpent that afterT\'ard surrounded the 
great hill fort, with the assistance of others of tho same species; 
and that they (the Senecas) went into possession of the improve- 
ments that were loft. In those days the Indians throughout 
the whole country — as the Senecas say — spoke one language; 
but, having become considerably numerous, the before men- 
tioned great serpent, by an unknown influence, confounded 
their language, so that they could not understand each other, 
which wna tho cause of their division into nations, — as t!ie Mo- 
hawks, Oneidnfl. Ac. At that time, however, the Senecas re- 
tained tho original language, and continued to occupy their 
mother hill, on which they fortified themselves against their 
enemies and lived peaceably, until, having offended the serpent, 
they were cut off, as I have before remarked." 



494 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



By the terms of the chai-ter of the colony of Mass., the region between its n. and s. boundaries, 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, was embraced ; and the title to this territory was claimed by Mass. 
after the Revolution. The subsequent charter of the State of New York intervened and conflicted 
with this claim, — from which difficulties arose, which were finally settled by commissioners at Hart- 
ford, Conn., on the 16th of December, 1786. It was there agreed that Mass. should cede to N. Y. 
the sovereignty of all the territory claimed by the former lying within the limits of the latter, and 
that N. Y. should cede to Mass. the property of the soil, or the right of the pre-emption of the soil 
from the Indians. This agreement covered all that part of the State lying w, of a line running n, 
from the '*82d milestone," on the line between N. Y. and Penn., througa Seneca Lake to Sodus 
Bay. This line is knovna as the "Old Pre-emption Line."^ In 1787 Mass. sold the whole of this 
tract, containing 6,000,000 of acres, to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for one million dollars. 
In the following spring Mr. Phelps left his home in Granville, Mass., with men and means to 
explore the country thus acquired. lie collected the sachems, chiefs, and warriors of the Six 
Nations at Kanadesaga, and in July, 1788, concluded with them a treaty of purchase of a tract 
containing 2,250,000 acres, bounded e. by the pre-emption line, w. by a line 12 mi. w. of, and run- 
ning parallel with, the Genesee River, s. by the Penn. line, and n. by Lake Ontario.* 

The portion of the tract to which the Indian title had not been extinguished, constituting about 
two-thirds of the original purchase, was abandoned by Messrs. Phelps and Gorham and reverted to 
Mass. It was re-sold by that State to Robert Morris, in 1796, and subsequently formed what is 
known as the Holland Land Purchase. In 1789, Mr. Phelps, at Canandaigua, opened the first 
regular land office for the sale of land to settlers ever established in America. The system he 
adopted for the survey of his lands by townships and ranges, with slight modifications, was adopted 
by the Government for the survey of all the new lands in the U. S. When organized in 1789, 
Ontario was the first co. set off from Montgomery, and embraced all that part of the State lying 
w. of the E. line of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, including what was called "The Genesee 
Country." 

The first settlement was made on the site of the Indian village of Kanadesaga, (now Geneva,) in 
1787. Soon after the land office at Canandaigua was opened, and several settlements were com- 
menced in different parts of the co. From this period the progress of settlement was rapid, immi- 
grants being attracted by the beautifully rolling character of the surface and the unsurpassed 
fertility of the soil. Few incidents of general interest have occurred to interrupt the steady and 
continued progress of peaceful industry. The most notable of its later historical events is its being 
the scene of the birth of Mormonism. Joe Smith resided for many years in Manchester; and his 
pretended discovery of the golden plates of the Book of Mormon was made on the 22d of September, 



I The history of this Pre-emption Line is interestine;. Of 
course, it was mere conjecture where the line would fall as far 
K. aa Seneca Lake, and parties were interested to have the line 
fall w. of Geneva. leaving that place and a consideraI)le tract of 
land between the Military Tract and the Mass. lands. Seth 
Reed and Peter Ryckman, both of whom had been Indian tra- 
ders, applied to the State of New York for a remuneration for 
services rendered in some previous negotiations with the eastern 
jwrtion of the Six Nations, and proposed to take a patent fnr a 
tract the boundaries of which should I)egin at a tree on the bank 
of the Seneca Lake and run along the bank of the lake to the 8. 
until they should have 16.000 acres between the lake and the E. 
bounds of the land ceded to Massachusetts. Their request was 
acceded to and a patent issued. Thus sitnatod, they proposed 
to Messrs. Phelps and Gorham to join them in running the Pre- 
emption Line, each party furnishing a surveyor. The line was 
run which is known as the "Old Pre-emption Line.'* Messrs. 
Phelps and Gorham were much disappointed in the result. — sus- 
pected error or fraud, but made no movement for a re-survey 
beti>re they had sold to the English Association. Their suspi- 
cions had at first been excited by an offer from a promioeut 
member of the Lessee Company for "all the lands they owned 
east of the line that had been run."' They were so well assured 
of the fact that in their deed to Mr. Morris they specified a tract 
in a gore between the line then run and the w. bounds of the 
counties of Montgomery and Tiop;a. those counties then embracing 
all of the Military Tract. Being fully convinced of the inaccu- 
racy of the first survey. Morris, in his sale to the English Com- 
pany, agreed to run it anew. The new survey was performed 
under the superintendence of Maj, Hoops, who employed Andrew 
Ellicott and Angustus Porter to perform the labor. A corps of 
ax-men were employed, and a vista 30 feet wide opened before 
the transit instrument until the line had reached the head of 
Seneca Lake, when night signals were employed to run down 
and over the lake. So much pains were taken to insure correct- 
ness that the survey was never disputed; and thus the "New 
Pre-emption Line" was established as the true division line be- 
tween the lands of the State of New York and those that had 
been ceded to Maasachusetts. In examining the old survey, 



Major Hoops had discovered the precise points of deviation to 
tlif" westward. It had commenced sonn aft^r leaving the Penn- 
sylvania line, gradually bearing off until it crossed the outlet of 
the Crooked Lake, where an abrupt offset was made, and then 
an inctination for a few miles almost in a N. w. course; then, as 
if fearful that it was running w. farther than was necessiiry to 
secure a given object, the line was made to incline to the E. 
until it passed the foot of Seneca Lake, when it was run nearly 
N. and s. to Lake Ontario. All this will be observed upon anjr 
of the old maps. It will at once be perceived that the site of 
Geneva — the 16.000 acres of Reed and Ryckman — had caused 
more than a usual variation of the surveyor's compass. Judge 
Porter's explanation is as follows; — "Geneva was then a small 
settlement, beautifully situated on the Seneca Lake, rendered 
quite attractive by its lying beside an old Indian settlement in 
which there was an orchard." 

The Old Pre-emption Line terminated on Lake Ontario, 3 
mi. w. of Sodus Bay, and the new line very near the center 
of the head of the bay. With the exception of the abrupt varia- 
tions that h-ive been noticed, the old line, parting from the true 
meridian about 5 mi. S. of the Chemung River, bears off gradu- 
ally until it reaches the shore of Lake Ontario. The strip of 
land between the two lines was called " Thi^ Gfire." In addition 
to the patent granted to Reed and Ryckman. the State had pre- 
sumed the original survey to be correct, and made other grants, 
and allowed the location of military land warrants upon what 
had been made disputed territory. As an equivalent to tho pur- 
chasers of this tract, compensation lands were granted by the 
State in the present towns of Wolcott and Galen, Wayne co. 

2 The w. boundary of this tract was a line '* beginning In the 
northern line of Penn.. due south of the corner or point of land 
made by the confluence of the Genesee River and the Ciinaseraga 
Creek; thence north on said meridian line to the corner or 
point, at tho confluence aforesaid; thence northwardly along 
the waters of the Genesee River to a point two miles north of 
Cauawagus Village; thence running due west twelve miles; 
thence runtiing northwardly, so as to be twelve miles distant 
from the western bounds of said river, to tho shore of Lake Oi*» 
tario." — Turner's Phdps and Gorham Purchase, 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 495 

1827. Brigham Young was also a long time a resident of Oanandaigua; and the first Mormon 
society was formed at Fayette, in the adjoining co. of Seneca, in 1830. 



BRISTOL^ — was formed in Jan. 1789. South Bristol was taken off in 1838, and a part was 
annexed to Richmond, March 23, 1848, and restored Feb. 25, 1852. It is an interior town, lying 
s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a series of ridges, gradually declining to the n. 
The highest points are about 500 feet above the valleys. These ridges are divided by the deep 
valleys of Mud Creek and Egypt Brook. The declivities that border upon these streams in the s. 
part are usually very steep. The soil is a rich alluvial upon the intervales and disintegrated slate 
and shale among the hills. Bristol Center (p. v.) contains 30 houses ; Baptist IlilP 
(Bristol p. 0.) 25; and Muttonville^ 15. Eg-ypt is a hamlet in the s. e. part. Gamaliel 
Wilder and Joseph Gilbert settled in 1788, at what was called the " Old Indian Orchard."* The 
first relij^iuus services were performed by Rev. Zadock Ilunn, iu 1793. Thei*e are now 4 churches 
in town.* 

CAIVADICE* — was formed from Richmond, April 15, 1829, and a part was annexed to Rich- 
mond in 1836. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface consists of a high, broken upland 
separated into two ridges by Canadice Lake. The w. ridge, known as Bald Hill, is bordered by 
steep declivities, and the e. by more gradual slopes. The highest summits are about 700 feet above 
Honeoye Lake. The principal streams are the Canadice Inlet and Outlet and the Iloneoye Inlet. 
The soil in the valleys is a clayey loam ; upon the declivities of the hills it is mostly disintegrated 
shale and slate, and upon the summits in the s. part it consists of gravelly loam and black muck. 
Canadice Corners (p.o.) is a hamlet, forming the business center of the town. The first 
settlement was made by Kimball, in 1807.' There are now 3 churches in town.® 

CAIVAIVBAIGIJA^— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, and a part annexed to Gorham, March 16, 
1824. It is the central town of the co., lying upon the w. and n. shores of Canandaigua Lake. 
The surface is hilly in the s., but level or gently rolling in the n. The highest summits are about 
600 feet above the lake. Canandaigua Outlet, Beaver Creek, and Stevens Brook are the principal 
streams. The soil is a clayey loam in the n. and a deep, gravelly loam in the s., and in fertility 
this town ranks among the first in the State. Canandaigua^ (P*'^-0 situated at the outlet 
of Canandaigua Lake, is an important station on the N. Y. C. R. R., and a terminus of the N. F. 
ifc C. Branch and of the E. J. & C. R. R. A daily steamer connects it with Naples, at the head 
of the lake. It contains the co. buildings,^^ a State Arsenal, ^^ 5 churches, an academy,^^ a female 
seminary," a private lunatic asylum," 3 newspaper offices, and a bank. It was incorp. April 
18, 1815, and has a pop. of 4,154.^^ Cliesliire, (p-v.,) in the s. part, contains 20 dwellings. 
Centerfield (p.o.) is a hamlet, and Academy^ near the s. line, is a p.o. Wm. Morgan, of 
masonic notoriety, was imprisoned at Canandaigua previous to his disappearance.^^ Settlement 
was commenced in 1788, by Phelps and Gorham and their associates, and considerable accessions 
were made in 1789 and '90." The first religious service at Canandaigua was held in 1789, by 



1 Named from Bristol co., Mass., from which the first settlers 
camo. 

2 So named because a Baptist charch was erected there at an 
early date. 

* Derives its name from the establishment of a tallow chandlery 
there some years since. 30,000 sheep have been slaughtered 
therp in a ye^r. 

* William Gooding and George Codding spttled in 17^9, James, 
Blnathan, and George Gooding iu 1790, and AlJeu Sears and 
John, George, Farmer, Burt, and William Codding in 1792. The 
first store and tavern Wore opened by Steph«u Sifson. in 1793 ; 
Gamal. Wilder built the first gristmill, in 1790. Thomas Hunn 
taught the first school, in 1790. Cornelius McCrum waa tho 
first child born. 

6 Bap.. Cong., M. E., and Univ. 

* This name is a corruption of the Indian name of Canadice 
Lake. 

7 Soon after, John Wilson settled at the head of Canadice 
Lake, and John Richardson, John Wheeler, Samuel Spencer, 
and And. Ward near Canadice Corners. The first tavern was 
kept by Llewelyn Davis •, and Severance & Ford opened the 
firat store. The first sawmill was built at the head of Canadice 
Lake, by John Algur. 



Phelps. Gen. Peter B. Porter. Augustus Porter, Philip Church, 
Wm. Wadsworth. James Wademorth, Abner Barlnw, Moses At- 
water, Micah Brooks, Vincent Mathews. Walter Hubbell, JohnC. 
Spencer. John Greig, Natbl. Rochester, Jos. Parish, Red Jacket, 
Judge Fitzhugh, Ambrose Spencer. Wm. Williams, M.D., N. W. 
Howell, Wm. Wood. Stephen A.DougJiiS, Danl. Barnard, and 11. 
Welles. Among other distinguished residents of Canandaigua 
were Hon. Gideon Granger, P.M. Gen. under Jefferson's adminis- 
tration, his son, Francis Granger, P. M. Gen. under Harrison's ad- 
ministration, the late Hon. M. II. Sibley, and Hon. J. R. Giddings. 

11 This arsenal was authorized beffTe the war. and 1,000 stand 
of arms were ordered to be deposited there, Feb. 12, 1808. 

12 This academy was founded in 1795, by Gorham and Phelps. 
It is in a prosperous condition. 

13 The Ontario Female Seminary was founded in 1S25. Its 
buildings are commodious, and pleasantly situated upon grounda 
containing 7 acres. The number of studenta in 1857 was 311. 

1* Bhghain Hall, incorp. in 1859, is about 1 mi. 8. w. of the 
courthouse. The grounds consist of 70 acres, and the buildinga, 
with accommodations for 80 patients, are located iu a bsautifni 
grove of 1(3 acres. 

i& The CO. Agricultural Society has a lot containing 10 acres 
within the village limits, with suitable buildings. lo See p. .323. 



iKe, UV iiniiu Algur. nibiiiu luu viiii^;e iiuuuj, Willi buiiuuit.* uuiiuin(^s. *" i^eti u. •>.». 

« M. E. ^leth. Prot., and Wea. Meth. it Among the settlers in 1789 were Joseph Smith, Israel 



• This name was derived from Gan-a^ar-que, a village built 
by the Sen-'ca Indians on the present site of the village of Canan- 
daigu.a. Tt pignifies a chosen spot. 

10 In one of the courtrooms is a collection of portraits of the 
promineat first settlers and residents of the co.: viz., of Oliver 



Chapin. Nathaniel Gorham, jr.. Frederick Saxton, Benjamin 
Gardner, Daniel Gates. Daniel Brainnrd, Martin Dudley, and 
James D. Fish. The first birth was that of Oliver Phelps Rice; 
and the first death, that of Cjdcb Walker, both in 1790. Samuel 
Gardner opened the first store; and the first school was taught 



406 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



Rev. John Smith. The first church (St. Matthew's, Epis., now St. John's) was organized Feb. 4, 
1799 ; the Cong, church was formed Feb. 25, 1799. The census reports 10 churches in town.' 

EAST Bl,OOMFIEl.»— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " BloomfieU." Mendon and Victor 
were taken off in 1812: its name was changed and West Bloomfield was taken off in 1833. It is 
an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with a gentle inclina- 
tion toward the n. The ridges are 50 to 600 feet above the valleys. The principal streams 
are the Mud, Fish, and Hog Hollow Creeks. The soil is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam, in places 
Mixed with clay. Ciriflitlis Mills in the e. and Brag Village in the s. e. part are hamlets. 
<':a<«t Blootilficld, (p. V.,) J of a mi. from East Bloomfield Station, on the N. Y. Central R. R., 
CDUtiiins 3 churches, an academy,'' manufactories of agricultural implements and carriages. Pup. 590. 
This township having been purchased of Phelps and Gorham by a company from Berkshire CO., 
Mass., its settlement was commenced in the spring of 1789.' There are 4 churches in town ;* the 
first (Cong.) was formed Sept. 8, and organized Nov. 15, 1795, by Rev. Zadock Hunn. The first 
church edifice in all Western N. Y. was erected in this town in 1801. 

FARMIjVGTOBI*— was formed Jan. 27, 1789. Manchester was taken off in 1821. It lies on 
the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is nearly level in the s., but in the N. it is 
broken by drift ridges which rise to a height of 50 to 100 feet above the general surface. The declivi- 
ties of these ridges toward the n.,e., and w. are generally steep, but toward the s. they become 
gradual slopes. The streams are Mud and Beaver Creeks and Black Brook. A strip of land 
iicrass the s. part, embracing about 3 tiers of lots, has a clay soil. North of this is a marshy 
region ; and farther n. the soil is a gravelly loam and very productive, with good proportions of 
arable, meadow, and grazing lands throughout the town. IVe'W Salem, (Farmington p. o.,) a 
villaga in the N. part, contains 200 inhabitants. Brownville (Nortons Mills p. o.) is a liamlet. 
East Farmington and TVest Farmington are p. offices. The settlement was com- 
menced in 1789, by Friends from Berkshire, Mass., among whom were Nathan Comstock, his sons 
Otis and Darius, and Robert Hathaway.^ The first house of worship was erected by the Friends, 
in 1804. There are now 2 churches in town ; Friends and Wes. Meth. 

GORIIAIU'— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " Easion." Its name was changed to "Lincoln," 
April 17, 1806, and to Gorham, April 6, 1807. Hopewell was taken off in 1822. A part of Canan- 
daigua was annexed in 1824. It lies upon the E. shore of Canandaigua Lake, s. E. of the center of 
the CO. Its surface is rolling, the ridges rising in gradual slopes to a height of 25 to 200 feet above 
the valleys. Flint Creek is the principal stream. The soil in the E. part is principally a gravelly 
loam, and in the w. it consists of clay, and is generally fertile and productive. Gorham,' (p- v.,) 
3 mi. from the Gorham Station, on the C. & E. R. R., contains 3 churches and 310 inhabitants. 
Reeds Corners (p. v.) contains 3 churches and about 20 houses. The first settlement was 
made at Reeds Corners, in 1789, by James Wood.' There are now 6 churches in town.'" 

HOPEWEELi — was formed from Gorham, March 29, 1822. It is an interior town, lying e. 
of the center of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, with a northerly inclination. 
Canandaigua Outlet, Fall Creek, and Fall Brook are its principal streams. The soil is a sandy 
and gravelly loam in the w., and the same mixed with clay in the center and E. It is very fertile 
and highly cultivated. Cbapinville, (p. v.,) a station on tlie N. Y. C. R. R., contains a 
church and about 30 dwellings ; Uopen^ell Center (p. v.) contains I church and 16 dwellings. 



by Major Wallis, in 1792. There were in that year 30 families 
in town. The Legislature granted. March 31, 1804. to Levi Ste- 
phens and Jason Parlver the sole right of mnning stages from 
Utica to this place for a term of 7 years. The trip was to be 
perffjrmed twice a week, from Jnne to October, within 4S hours, 
ftnd at the rate of 4 cts. a mi. if with fi or more pa.ssengera. A 
similar monopoly waa granted, April 6, 1807, for 7 years, to John 
Metc.ilf, between this place and Butfalo. 

1 The censns reports 2 Bap., 2 Prot. E., 2 M. E., Cong., Free 
Will Bap.. Christian, and R. C. 

3 Incorp. AprilO, 183S. The average nnmber of students is 100. 

3 Deacon John Adams and his sons, .Tohn. William. Abner, 
Jonathan, and .Joseph, his sons-inlaw, Ephraira Rue and Loren 
Hull, and Elijah Rose, Hoses Gunn. Lot Hue, John Barnes, 
Roger Spragne, and Asa Hickox moved in with their families 
in 17S9. The first death was that of Lot Rue, in 1793; the first 
niarriage — and the first upon the Phelps and Gorham Purchase 
^wfifl that of Benj. Goss and a daughter of George Codding. 
The first 6a%vmill was erected on Mud Creek, in 1790, by Gen. 
Fellows; and the first store was opened in ISOO, by Norton & 
Beach. Laura Adams taught the first school, in 1794. 



< Cong., M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 

6 Named from Farmington, Conn. It was formed by the Court 
of General Sessions. 

6 Early in 1790, Nathan Aldrich, Isaac Hathaway, Nathan 
Herendun, Welcome Herendeen, John McCumber, and Josbaa 
Herington, from the same place, joined the infant settlement, 
and were followed by 18 others the same year. Jacob and Jo- 
seph Smith built a gristmill in 1793, and the first sawmill, in 
179.0. Tlie first birth was that of Welcome Uerendeen, inl790; 
the first marriage, that of Otis Comstock and Huldah Freeman, 
in 1792 ; and the first death, that of Elijah Smith, in 1793. 

' Named in honor of Nathaniel Gorham. 

6 Formerly called ^'IMhel." 

B Parley Gates, from Mass., settled on Lot 49 in 1796 ; and soon 
after, Oliver Howard and Henry Greene, from Oneida Co., N. Y., 
and Samuel and Silas Reed, Elijah Huni. and others, came in. 
The first tavern was kept by William Sherwood, at Keeda Cor- 
ners, in 1800 ; the first gristmill was built by Levi Benton; and 
the first sawmill, by Buckley Sc Craft, in 1807. Timothy Mooro 
taught the first school, in 1802. 

w 2 Bap., Cong., Prot. E., Presb., and M. E. 




V 



- .v: 



t- 




'i- 


i 




# 


t 


S 


1 


^ 
> $ 


^ 

Sk 


1 


y- 


1 


>^ 


^ 


^; 


s 


^ 


1^ 


^1 




'^. 





V 


5: ^ 


V 


=3 . Xi 


J: 


v5l 


:^?; 


V 



I 



1 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



497 



Hopevrell is a p. o. Liittleville is a hamlet in the s. w. corner of the town. Settlements were 
made in 1789-90.' There are 5 churches in town ■' the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1808. 

MANCHESTER— was formed from Farmington, March 31, 1821, as "Burf," and its name 
was changed April 16, 1822. It lies upon the n. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is 
nearly level in the s., but is occupied by irregular sand and gravel ridges of the drift formation in 
Ihe N. Canandaigua Outlet, Fall Creek, and Black Brook are the principal streams. The soil is 
a gravelly loam and is very productive. Hydraulic limestone is quarried on "the Outlet." There 
are 3 flouring mills in town. Clifton Springes, (p. v.,) incorporated in 1859, a station on the 
N. Y. C. R. R., is situated in the e. part of the town. Pop. 340. At this place are the celebrated 
Clifton Mineral Springs and an extensive water cure establishment.' Manchester (p. v.) 
contains 374 inhabitants ; Sliortsville (p. v.) contains 35 dwellings and a large distillery ; and 
Port Ctibson, (p. v.,) on the Erie Canal, 50 dwellings ; Manchester Center (p. v.) con- 
tains 18 dwellings. Plaiusville (Gypsum p. o.) contains 12 houses. Coonsville contains 
a flouring mill, plaster mill, and 12 houses. The first settlement vfas made in 1793, by Stephen 
Jared, Joel Phelps, and Joab Gillett.* Rev. David Irish preached in Manchester in Jan. 1797, 
and in Feb. following a Bap. society was organized. There are now 8 churches in town.' Joe 
Smith, tlie Mormon prophet, resided in this town with his father ; and Mormon Hill, the place 
wliere the gold Bible was found, is situated a little n. w. of the center of the town.* 

WAPIiES' — was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " 3[iddletown." The name was changed April 6, 
1808. Italy was taken off in 1815, and a part of Springwater in 1816. It is the extreme s. town 
of the CO. The surface consists of a hilly and elevated upland, broken by the narrow and deep 
valleys of Canandaigua and Honeoye Inlets and Grindstone Creek. The summits of the hills 
are 600 to 1000 feet above the surface of the lake and 1300 to 1700 feet above tide. Their declivi- 
ties bordering on the streams are generally very steep. High Point and Hatch Hill are the 
highest summits. The soil upon the hills consists of clay and gravel mixed with disintegrated 
slate and shale ; and in the valleys it is a rich, gravelly loam mixed with alluvium. Fruit grow- 
ing is receiving much attention. Peaches are produced in great abundance ; and an experiment 
is being made in the cultivation of grapes, which promises to be successful. Over 30 acres are 
now devoted to this object, and very satisfactory results have been realized. IVapleS, (p. v.,) 
on the Canandaigua Inlet, 4 mi. from the lake, contains 5 churches and 3 flouring mills. 
Pop. 700. The first settlement was commenced in 1790, by a company from Berkshire co., Mass., 
by whom the town was purchased from Phelps and Gorham.* The first sermon was preached by 
Rev. Zadock Ilunn, in June, 1792.» 

PHEl.PS"'— was formed in 1796, under the act of Jan. 27, 1789. A part v\ as annexed to 
Lyons, (Wayne co.,) April 11, 1823. It is the n.e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling, 
the ridges rising in gentle slopes 20 to 100 feet above the valleys. The highest point is 300 feet 
above Canandaigua Lake. The soil in the e. is a sandy loam with a clay subsoil, in the N. a 
mixed sandy and clayey loam, and in the w. a sandy and coarse gravelly loam, all highly produc- 
tive. Canandaigua Outlet, the principal stream, flows E. and N. through the center. Along its 
course are extensive quarries of gypsum and water limestone. In the town are quarries of Ouon 



1 Among the first pettlers were Daniel flatca, Daniel Warner, 

Sweet. Ezra Piatt, Samuel Day, George and Israel Chapin, 

jr.. Frederick Follett, Benj. Wells, and Thomas Sawyer, mostly 
from Maas., and William Wyckoff, from Penn. The first child — 
Benj. Wells, jr. — was born Feb. 4, 1791. CaWin Bacon taught 
the first school, in 1792. The first tavern was kept by Ezra 
IMatt ; and the first mill was built by Oliver Phelps and Israel 
Chapin, in 1789. 
! 3 M. E., Wcs. Meth., and Presb. 

' A hotel was erected in 1806, as a dispensary ; and the water 
cure was established in 1850, by a company organized for that 
purpo.se, with a capital of $45,000. It has accommodations for 
1 50 patients, and is largely patronized. The water of the spring 
was analyzed in 1852, by Dr. Chilton, of N. Y., with the following 
result in grains to 1 quart: — 

Sulphate of lime 17.30 grs. 

" " magnesia 4.12 " 

" " Boda. 1.94 " 

Carbonate of lime 2.42 " 

" " magnesia 3.28 " 

Chloride of sodium 2.32 " 

" " calcium 1.02 " 

" " magnesia 1.02 " 

Organic matter trace. 

Total 83.42 



HydroBulphuric and carbonic acida are also found in smal) 
quantities. • 

* Nathan Pierce and John McLonth, from Berkshire. Mass.. 
settled in the town in 1795; and John Van Fleet. Jedediab 
Dewey, Benjamin Barney, William Mitchell, and Peleg Kedfield 
soon after. Sharon Boothe and a daughter of Joab (iillett were 
married in 1793. Theophilus Short erected the first mill, at 
Shortsville, in 1804 ; and the first store waa opened by Nathan 
Burton. Elam Crane taught the first school, in 1800. 

' 2 Bap., 3 M. E., 2 Prot. Meth., and a Univ. 

« See p. 494. 

'Originally called "WaVcin&tmtm,*' from Wm. Watkins, of 
Berkshire, Mass., one of the purchasers under Pbelps and Qor 
ham. and called by the Indians Nnn'da-wa-o, great hill. 

* In Feb. 1790. Samuel. Reuben, and Levi Parish, with their 
families, came in; and in April following. Nathan and Wm. 
Watkins, John Johnson, Jonathan Lee. and William Clark. 
with their families, 30 persons in all. The first birth wa.s that 
of Phineas P. Lee ; and the first marriage, that of Benj. Clark 
and Thankful Watkins. in 1795. The first safrmill was erected 
in 1792. by Benj. Clark and Jabez Metcalf Susannah Parish 
tanght the first school, in 1792. Myron H. Clark, late Governor 
of the State, was born in this town, Oct. 23, 1S06. 

* Ther« are 5 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., Presb., Wee. 
Meth., and Christian. 

10 Named from Oliver Phelps, one of the original proprietors vt 
the town. 



498 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



da^^a and corniferous limestone. Plielps,^ (p. t.,) on Flint Creek, near its junction with the 
Canandaigua Outlet, was incorp. Jan. 2, 1855. It contains a union school, newspaper office, and 
churches. Pop. 1,278. Orlcan^i (p. v.) is situated on Flint Creek. Pop. 218. Oaks 
Corners (p. o.) contains 15 houses.'^ J. D. Robinson, from Claverack, Columbia co., settled at 
Phelps in 1789.' Rev. S. Goodale was the first resident preacher ; he held services in schoolhouses 
and dwellings before any church edifice was erected. The first church (Presb.) was built in 1804.* 
Rirai:>IO:¥D— was formed in 1796, as *'Pittstow?i." Its name was changed to ''ffoneoy^' 
April 0, 1808, and to Richmond April 11, 1815. Canadice was taken off in 1829. A part of Cana- 
dice was annexed April 30, 1836, and parts of Bristol and South Bristol in 1848 ; but these last 
were restored in 1852. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. It consists of a 
nearly square portion of land lying near the foot of Honeoye Lake, and a narrow strip extending 
along tlie e. shore of that lake and its inlet to the s. border of the co.* A wide valley occupies the 
center, opening toward the n., and surrounded by hills from 50 to 200 feet high on the 3 remaining 
aides. The southern strip is very hilly, the summits rising 500 feet above the surface of the lake. 
Honeoye and Hemlock Outlets and Egypt Brook are the principal streams. The soil upon the 
lowlands is clay, upon the hills a sandy loam mixed with clay. Much attention is given to im- 
proving the breeds of cattle and sheep, and it is the largest wool growing town in the co., and sec- 
ond in the State. Honeoye, (p. v.,) at the foot of Honeoye Lake, is the business center of the 
town. Pop. 244. Ricbmond mills {p. o.) and Aliens Ilill^ (p-o.) are hamlets. This 
town was purchased of Phelps and Gorham by a company; and the first settlement was made by 
Capt. Peter Pitts and Ms sons "William and Gideon, in 1789.'' There are 5 churches in town.® 

SEIVECA — was formed in 1793, under the act of Jan. 27, 1789. It is the s. e. corner town of 
the CO., lying upon the w. shore of Seneca Lake. The surface is beautifully rolling, the ridges 
rising 20 to 200 feet above the valleys. The shores of the lake are bluff's about 100 feet above 
the surface of the water. The streams are Flint and Keshong Creeks and Burralls and Castle 
Brooks. The soil is a deep, rich loam, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay mixed together, the 
gravel predominating upon the ridges. The soil is admirably adapted to the production of 
fruit trees, and the business of the nursery has become one of the leading pursuits in the town. 
Two large nursery establishments are located within the limits of the village of Geneva. Com 
merce and manufactures receive considerable attention. Oeneva^* (p. v.,) incorp. April 4, 1800, 
is beautifully situated at the foot of Seneca Lake. It contains a flourishing union school,*" a large 
private boarding school," 3 newspaper offices, and 9 churches. It is also the seat of Hobart Free 
College.*- The Geneva Water Cure and Hygienic Institute is finely situated near the center of the 
village. A daily line of steamers connects this place with the upper ports upon Seneca Lake. 
Pop. 5,057. Castleton^ (Seneca Castle p.o.,) on Flint Creek, in the n.w. part, contains 2 
churches and 35 dwellings. Flint Creek, (p.o.,) Halls Corners, (p.o.,) and Stanleys 



I Formerly called " Vienna.'* 

• The culture of raspberries has recently been introduced in 
this vicinity, and promises to be successful. 

• N. Saiiburu. Gould, Pierce. Philetus Swift, and 

Elihu Granjrer, from Coon., settled in town in 1789; Thaddcus 
OftltB. Seth Dean, Oliver and Charles Humphrey, John Salisbury, 
NichoIa.s Pulleti, Walter Chase, and Klias Dickinson in 1791 ; 
John Patten and David Boyd in 1792; Jonathan Melvin in 1793; 
and John Shf-rmao, Joseph and Lodowick Vandemark, and John 
and I'atrick Burnett in 1794. Henry H. Robinson was the first 
diild born in town; and the first marriage was that of Phib^tua 
Swift and Snliy Dean, in 1793. Thaddeus Oaks opened the first 
tavern, in 1793 ; and the first saw and griat mills were built by 
Seth Dean. 

• There are 10 churches in town ; 4 Bap., 3 Presb., 2 M. E., 
and a Prot. Epis. 

6 This strip was added to the town in consequence of its posi- 
tion, hi^h mountain ridfres Beparnting it from the business cen- 
ters of bdth Canadice and South Bristol. 

< Named in honor of Nathaniel Allen. Mr. Allen was amon^ 
the first settlers, and established the first blarksmith's shop at 
Aliens Hill. Subsequently he was sheriff of Ontario co.; in 1812 
he was a member of the Assembly : durin? the War of 1812 he 
waa army p;iymaster; and in 1819 he was elected member of 
Congrews from the 2lBt district. 

T In 1795, i^emuel and Cyrus Chipman, Philip T^eed, Levi 
Blackmcr. Nathaniel Harmon. Pierce Chamberlain, Asa Deni- 
son, and Isaac Adams, from Vermont, settled in town. Capt. 
Pitts opened tlie first tavern; and the first saw and giist 
mills were built by Thomas Morris, in 1795. Upon the divi- 
aion of the lands, Capt. Pitts secured 3,000 acres at the foot of 
Honeoye Lake, eirtbracinK the flats and a cleared field which 
haji been tin- <ite of an Indian village destroyed by Sullivan's 
army. I^iuis I'bilippe, during his travels in tiiis country, spent 
• id^Ut iu the log Louse of Capt Pitts; and auteequently the 



Duke de Liancourt and suite went from Canandaigua to make 
him a visit. 

8 2 Cong., Prot. Epis., Prot. Meth., and Wes. Moth. 

8 This village is justly celebrated for the beauty of its situflp 
tion; and perhaps no village in the co. in this respect has been 
so generally and enthusiastically praised by tourists. For many 
years it was one of the leading business places in Central N. Y ; 
but the completion of the r. r. lines has turned a large share of 
the business into other channels. 

If This union school was one of the first established in the 
State, and for a long time was taken as a model in establishing 
others. It early contained an academic department that enjoyed 
an excellent reputation. The schoolBoftlievillageare now graded, 
and embrace a complete common school and acadenn'c course. 

11 The Walnut Hill Seminary, for boys, is a flourishing iustito- 
tion of its kind. For particulars see j). 741. 

12 Formerly Geneva College. It was incorp. in 1825. and was 
established mainly through the influence of Bishop Hobart, 
whose name it bears. A medical department was organized in 
1836. The trustees and members of the College Faculty are 
generally members of the Prot. Epis. church. From the be- 
ginning, however, the college has been equally open to all; and 
it is now free U) all. no charge being made for tuition and room 
rent. It has now two large buildings for the use of students — 
one for libraries and lecture rooms, one for a chapel — and a 
spacious building for the use of the medical department. The 
college has a president. 4 professors, an assistant professor, and 
a resident ffllow. who takes part In the business of instruction; 
and the medical department has a Faculty of 6 professors. In 
IS^'J the number of students in the free classes was 85. The 
agsregate value of the college property is about $160,000. Th» 
college buildings are beautifully situated in the s. part of the 
village, on a bluff which overlooks Seneca Lake. The college 
groundfl contain above 12 acres. In 1858 the whole number of 
graduates in arts was 246 and in medicine 520. 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



499 



Corners' (p.o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced in 1787, upon the site of tho 
Indian village of Kanadesaga, by immigrants from New England.' This village was situated at 
the foot of Seneca Lake, where Geneva now is ; and for several years after Geneva had become a 
place of considerable importance it was called "Kanadesaga." An ancient fortification, known 
as Fort Hill, is located on lot 58. It was covered with large forest trees upon the lirst settlement 
of the town. Another beautiful ground, called the "Old Castle," is about li mi. N. w. of Genev;i. 
It is covered by an Indian orchard, and the ground has never been plowed, because of a stipuhi- 
tion to that effect made with the Indians iu the treaty of purchase.' It contains an Indian buri:il 
ground ; and in one corner may be traced a trench of an ancient stockaded fortification. Hero 
was the largest Indian settlement in Western New York, and it is still a place of much interest to 
the few remaining descendants of the once powerful Five Nations. Many relics — as stone hatchets, 
arrow heads, pipes, &c. — are found in the vicinity of "Old Castle." As early as 1705, the Rev. 
Samuel Kirkland came on a mission to the Indians at Kanadesaga.* The first church (Presb.) wa-i 
organized in 1798 ; and the first settled minister was Rev. Jedediah Chapman.' 

SOrXH BRISTOl.— was formed from Bristol, March 8, 1838. It lies upon the w. shore 
of Canandaigua Lake, s. w. of the center of the co. The surface consists of an elevated upland, 
divided into 4 ranges by the valleys of Grindstone and Mud Creeks and Egypt Brook. The sum- 
mits of the ridges are about 1000 feet above the lake, and the declivities are very steep. The 
bluffs upon the lake shore are 300 to 400 feet high. The soil is a mixture of clay and disintegrated 
slate. Although the soil is rich and productive, the hilly character of the town has tended to retard 
its settlement. Cold Spring' (South Bristol p.o.) is a hamlet about a mi. from Canandaigua 
Lake. Frost Uill is a hamlet in the w. part. Gamaliel Wilder, from Mass., purchased this 
township from Phelps and Gorham, and settled at Wilburs Point, on Canandaigua Lake, in 1789." 
An Indian orchard on the lake shore at this point induced him to settle here. Rev. Mr. Rolph 
was the first settled minister. There is now but 1 church (Presb.) in town. 

TICTOR — was formed from Bloomfield, May 26, 1812. It is the N. w. ci xner town of the co. 
The N. part is occupied by the drift ridges, which rise 50 to 150 feet above the general surface. 
A ridge of 100 to 280 feet in height extends across the s. part in a general e. and w. direction. 
The principal streams are Irondequoit, Mud, Hog Hollow, and Fish Creeks, and Trout Brook. 
The soil in the center and N. is a light, sandy and gravelly loam, but in the s. e. it is principally 
clay. It is particularly adapted to the cultivation of potatoes and root crops. Victor,' (p. v.,) 
near the center, contains about 75 dwellings. Tho Indian village of Gannagaro, which -nas de- 
stroyed by the Marquis de Nonville, was situated near this place.* Fishers (p. o.) is a station 
on the N. Y. C. R. R., in the w. part; and East Victor is a hamlet, on Mud Creek The 
first settlement was commenced in 1789, by immigrants from Stockbridge, Mass. Among the first 
were Enos and Jared Boughton, and Jacob Lobdell.' Rev. Reuben Parmelee, from Goshen, the 
first settled minister, came to the town in 1798.'° 

fVEST BI.OOBIFIE1.D— was formed from Bloomfield, Feb. 11, 1833. It lies upon the w. 
border of the co., n. of the center. A ridge 200 to 300 feet high, forming the declivity of a southern 
terrace, extends across the n. part. The surface is gently undulating. The soil is a deep, rich, 
gravelly loam mixed with clay. In the s. part there is a spring of inflammable or carburetted 
hydrogen gas. Tile and earthenware are manufactured to some extent in town. fVest Bloom- 
field (p. V.) is a village of 350 inhabitants," situated \\ mi. s. of the W. Bloomfield Station, on 



• Gorhnm Station on the E. J. & C. R. R. 

' Anions the first settlers were Horatio Jones, Asa Ransom, 
Lnrk .Tennings, Dr. Benton. Peter Ryckman, Peter Portte, Col. 
Seth Peed, nrul Dolninick Debartzch. an Indian trader. .Tona- 
than Wtiitney, Jonathan Oaks, Benjamin Tnttle. Pliineaa Stone, 
and Jotin Reed settled in 1V8S and '89; Solomon and William 
Gates. Thomas Densmore, Solomon Weaver, and Oliver Wliit- 
more in 179tl, and Adam, Christian, Christopher, and Georj^e 
Fisher in 1791. Lark Jennings kept the first tavern, in 17SS; 
the first gristmill was erected by Cornelins Roberts; and the 
first sawmill, by 1*. B. Wisner, in 1798. The first marriage was 
that of Dr. Joel Prescott and Miss Phila Reed; and the first 
ecliiad was tanght by Samuel Wheaton. in 1792. 

8 For many years after this purchase the Indians came regn- 
hlrly at plowing time and watched this orchard, to see that the 
Btipnlation was not broken. 

* Subseiiuently .Mr. Kirkland was commissioned by the State 
of Mass. to treat with the Indians; and he conducted the treaty 
of purchase between them and PhelpsandOorbam, in 1788; and 
afterward he actod as Indian agent for 30 years at Canan- 
daigua. 



ft There are 12 churches in town; 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb.. 2 AaftK 
R.-r. I'lesb., 2 M. E., Bap.. Ref. Prot. D.. Univ., and R. 0. 

* Ainiiiig the other early settlers who c;iino in snon after Mr. 
Wilder, between 17S9 and 1796. were Thenphilus and Matthew 
Allen, Joseph Oitbert. Jared Tuttle. Pet.'r );;iniard. I.evi Austin, 
Nathiiniel Hatch, and their families. .Mr. Wihier buill the first 
sflwmill. the first gristmill, and distillery, at Wilburs Point, in 
179,'>. He also erected the first public bouse, in ISns, which h« 
conducted for 9 years. Dr. Hewitt and George Wilder opened 
the first store, in 1828, The first school was taught by Joaun t 
Forbes. Eli .\llon was the first chiid born, in 1793. 

t Called by the Indians GaKysa-ga^o, in the basswood country. 

8 t^ee page 4!t.'t. 

"Levi Boughton and Rnfus Drver settled at Boughton HiU, 
In 1790. The first birth w.os tha't of Frederick Bougbtcm, in 
June, 1791 ; and the first marriage, that of /.(dtulon Ncrton ami 
Miss Boughton. The first tavern was opened at Houghton Hill, 
by Hezekiah Boughton, in 1792; and the first uawmill was built 
the same year, by Enos and Jared Boughton. 

10 There are .1 churches in town : Cong.. M. E., and Univ. 

n Called by the Indians QauuuMa-uk, village on a hilltop. 



500 



ONTARIO COUNTY. 



the N. Y. C. R. R. Worth Bloomlield, (p. v.,) on the Hnneoye Outlet, and Millers 
Corners, (Taylorsville p. o.,) in the E. part, are R, R. stations. The territory forming this town 
■was purchased by Amos Hall," Robert Taft, Nathan Marvin, and Ebenezer Curtis ; and the first 
settlement was made by them in 1789.* The first religious services were held in 1793.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Papulation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Ontario County. 



Najus or T0WH3. 


Acres OF Lakd. || 


Taidation of 1858. 


POPCLATION. 




s, 


.8 


1 


Scnoou. 


•?; 


1 




■ss 








1 




a 


^ 




1 


1 
1 


1 


II 


1 


1 


e 


> 

1 


4 


1 
316 


3 


si 


Bristol 


17,023 


6,9461 


$462,67 


5 $72,249 


$524,925 


862 


853 


334 


397 


12 


671 




10,799 
34,846, 


4,969S 
8,433 


195,69 
2,422,92( 


} 36,101 
) 678,074 


230,800 
3,100,994 


491 
3,166 


486 
3,314 


185 
1,108 


185 
1,184 


163 
767 


9 
20 


449 
2,213 


Canandaigoa 


East Bloomfield 


13,277 


2,906 


717,60 


121,050 


838,651 


1,117 


1,051 


397 


406 


339 


11 


701 


Farmington 


19,676, 


i 6,419 


761,84 


J 161,806 


913,654 


998 


952 


364 


368 


309 


16 


669 


Gorham 


22,294j 


7,621» 


966,79. 


121,670 


1,077,464 


1.186 


1,196 


496 


455 


388 


16 


932 


Hopewell 


16,685 


4,043 


767,92 


71,490 


839,417 


910 


873 


306 


321 


237 


13 


634 


Manchester 


18,085 


3,17.6i 


930,70- 


I 111,679 


1,042,383 


1.541 


1,468 


633 


669 


349 


lb 


1,232 


Naples 


13,958 


10,117 


267,58 


9 66,814 


314,403 


1,088 


1,030 


408 


409 


346 


17 


911 


Phelps 


33,409 


6,675 


1,660,47 


5 182,125 


1,832,600 


2,694 


2,599 


1,005 


1,014 


761 


19 


1,905 


Richmond 


18,827 


6,979 


656,16 


2 240,600 


896,762 


767 


728 


285 


291 


206 


11 


643 


Seneca 


32,802 


10,324 


8,087,6* 


t 1,354,265 


4,441,769 


4,053 


4,266 


1,4S0 


1,559 


909 


19 


2,S22 


South Bristol 


10,180 


13,695 


207,86 


12,948 


220,799 


614 


666 


226 


241 


202 


12 


477 


Victor 


16,051 


3,969 


787,08 


3 106,430 


892,613 


1,1.63 


1,055 


415 


426 


295 


11 


782 


West Bloomfield 


12,726 


2,946J 


486,96 


6 82,436 
3,397,735 


669,401 


820 


801 


298 


325 
8,180 


288 


9 


694 


Total 


290,639 


( 97,108} 


14,338,69 


17,736,425 


21,439 


21,236 


7,828 


6.845 


209 16,435 1 


Namm of Towhs. 


Live Stock. | 


AGRICUI-TnRAL PRODUCTS. 














BtraB. OP Okaim. 




■s- • 


> 


Daisy Pboducxs. 


1 


III 


i5 




1 


1 




ll 

03 ft. 


11 

to-,] 


1i 

II 


1| 

Is 


?1 


Bristol 


736 


926 


683 


6,949 


1,427 


28,440 


68,949 


2,7951 


6,454 


47,339 


60,226 


22.724 


6514 


Canadice 


459 


670 


42; 


2,770 


603 


17,264 


20,344J 


1,2634 


3,119 


6,643 


36,625 


4,262 


130 


Canandaigna 


1,606 


2,381 


1,616 


16,988 


3,618 


60,744 


169,425 


5,3444 


10,836 


34.331 


146,897 


22,901 


6704 


East Bloomfield 


666 


.S73 


ma 


7,956 


1,18a 


41,446 


91,109 


2.0674 


9,511 


19,062 


63.939 


8,83* 


10 


Farmiogton 


823 


1,600 


1,1 3( 


10,264 


1,741- 


31,322 


110,3654 


2,875 


11,696 


30,848 


93.268 


27,407 


325 


Gorham 


1,318 


1,433 


m 


10,279 


1,649 


27,604i 


97,796 


2,9724 


6,034 


22,318 


90.069 


10,063 


170 


Hopewell 


737 


1,072 


73 


6,625 


1,603 


21,401 


96,619 


2,394 


9,201 


31,881 


66,170 


12,622 


247 


Manchester 


882 


1,315 


961; 


7,419 


1,77S 


29,8274 


121,048 


2,4644 


14,838 


22,729 


79,671 


15,29; 


189 




643 
1,710 
719 
1,666 
400 
902 
603 

13,660 


1,089 
2,200 
1,485 
1,969 

691 
1,212 

845 


70t 
2,04.' 

65f 
1,79J 

m 

821 
67< 


6,602 
13,141 

884 

667 

392 

1,038 


1,121 
3,576 
1,413 
2,892 
787 
1,776 
1,252 


16,867 
66,184 
38,050 
32,044 
10,776 
84,823 
37,698 


27,3484 
267,571 

64,936 
206,446 

11,663 
102,950 

70,924 


1,821 

6,0854 

3,224 

4,863 

1,297 

2,224 

1,767 


6,472 
48,284 

4.172 
12,614 

1,904 
33,892 
10,973 


17.173 
43.164 
19,773 
47.763 
6,232 
29,960 
18,022 


75,160 
174,832 
64,236 
149,581 
65,648 
72,049 
14,947 


7,210 
33,096 
12,716 
11,806 
3,040 
6,370 
8,686 


1,076 
367 
61 
673 
430 
105 








South Bristol 




West Bloomfield 




19,760 


14,20 


10,086 


W419 


544,490 


1,627 ,484J 142,4481 


188 900 


397.098 


1,223.097 205.921 


4,855 











































1 Mr. Hall was from Guilford, Conn. He took the first 
census of Ontario co., id 1790; represented the co. in Assembly, 
in 1798; and was Major General of militia in the War of 1K12. 

• John P. Sears, Peregrine Gardner, Clark Peck, Jaaper Mar- 
Tin, Samuel Miller, John Algur, and S. Thayer settled in the 
town In 1789-90. Beujamin Gardner, with hia sods John and 



Peregrine, are supposed to have been the first settlors. The 
first birth was that of Lucinda Gardner, in Sept. 1791. Jasper 
P. Sears kept the first inn, and Royal Hendee the first store. 
The first sawmill waa built by £benezer Curtis; and the first 
gristmill, by Reuben Thayer. 
8 There are now 3 churches in town; Cong., M. E., and Chris. 




ORANGE COUNTY. 

Tnis county was formed Nov. 1, 1683. Rockland was taken off in 
1798, and a portion was annexed from Ulster the same year. It lies 
upon the w. bank of the Hudson, s. E. of the center of the State. It 
is centrally distant 90 miles from Albany, and contains 838 sq. mi. 
The surface is mountainous upon the s. E. and n. w. borders, and a 
1 rolling upland through the center. The Matteawan or South Mts. 
I extend in several parallel ranges from the N. J. line N. E. to the 
Hudson, ending in the rocky and precipitous bluffs known as " The 
Highlands." The highest summits attain an elevation of 1,000 to 
1,500 ft. above tide. The ranges and peaks of these mountains are 
known by several distinct names.' The whole region included 
between these ranges consists of steep and precipitous rocky peaks 
and narrow winding ravines, a small portion only being susceptible of cultivation. The Shawan- 
gunk Mt. Range extends from Delaware River N. E. through the n. w. corner of the co. It is a 
high, unbroken range, precipitous upon the w., but with more gradual slopes upon the E. The 
highest summits are 1,500 to 1,900 ft. above tide. The extreme n. w. corner of the co. is occupied 
by the series of highlands extending from the Delaware into Sullivan co. The central portion of 
the CO., lying between the two mountain systems, is a rolling upland, broken in many places by 
abrupt and isolated hills and the deep valleys of streams. This whole region, comprising more 
than one-half of the entire surface of the CO., is susceptible of cultivation, and forms a line agricul- 
tural district. 

Along the s. w. border, extending through several towns and into N. J., is a low, flat region, lying 
upon the streams, and known as the " Drowned Lands." This tract, consisting of about 17,000 
acres, was originally covered with water and a dense growth of cedars ; but a large portion of it has 
been drained and reclaimed ; and it now forms one of the finest agrtcultural portions of the co. 

Neversink River flows s. along the w. foot of the Shawanguuk Mts. and forms a tributary of 
the Delaware. Shawangunk River flows N. along the E. foot of the same mountains and forms a 
tributary of the Hudson. The Walkill flows n. through near the center of the co. and unites A-ith 
the Shawangunk in Ulster co. Murderers Kil,' and its principal tributary, Otter Creek, flov/ e. 
through near the center of the co. and discharge their waters into the Hudson. Wawayanda 
Creek flows s. into N. J. and, re-entering the State as Potuck Creek, unites with the Wall Kil. 
Bamapo River rises in the s. part of the oo. and flows s. into Rockland. In the s. are several 
small lakes, the principal of which are Greenwood Lake and Thompsons and Mt. Basha Ponds. 
The rocks of the southern highlands are principally granite, gneiss, and sienite, with occasional 
injected veins of trap. The rocks which compose the Shawangunk Mts. are the shales an^J 
sandstones of the Chemung group. The central portions of the co. are occupied by parallel strata 
of the Hamilton shales, Helderbergh limestones and grit, Medina sandstone, and the gray sand- 
stones, all extending n. e. and s. w., respectively, from the E. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. An 
abundance of iron, consisting of magnetic ores and red and brown hematite, is found among the 
southern mountains ; and several veins have been extensively worked.' The soil is as various as 
tlie surface. Among the primitive mountains it is light, sandy, and unproductive. In the N. w 
part it is a tough clay, generally underlaid by hardpan. Through the center it is a clay, sandy, 
and gravelly loam upon the hills, and a fine quality of gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys, 
— all very productive. The Drowned Lands are covered with alluvium and vegetable mold, and aro 
among the most fertile lands in the State. The various branches of agriculture form the leading 
pursuit of the people. The most important interest is the sending of milk to the N. Y. market. 
Butter, spring grains, and fruits are also largely produced. Market gardening is a large and 
increasing source of public wealth. The manufacturing interests of the co. are considerable, 
though they are mostly confined to a few places. The manufacture of iron has formed an exten- 

l AraotiK the principal ridges are tlie W.Hrwick. Bellvalo, I " The skeletons of severiil mastodoux have Iieen found in tins 
RourIi, and Sterling Itanges. near the s. border of th" Co., ami co,. — mostly in Montgomery and viiinity. One of these wh5 ex- 
the Schuneraunk Ilange. b^tweeD the towns of Monroe aiid hibited many years in I'eale's Museum, rhiladelphirt. One 
Ulooniing (irove. I found in 1844 by Nathaniel Brewster. 20 ft. below the surface, 

* Named from the murder of a family of whites who lived was .3^1 ft. lorg The whole nunilfr "f bones was 2"20, and tbo 
upon its bfuiks, by the Indians, in early times. ; aggregate weight nearly 1,995 pounds. 

601 



502 



ORAXGE COUNTY. 



sive business from an early period until within a few years ; but at the present time only two fur- 
naces are in operation in the co. The proximity to New York renders the lands of the co. ex- 
ceedingly valuable; and, with proper care, almost any crop adapted to the climate can be success- 
fully and profitably cultivated. Considerable commerce is carried on by means of the Hudson, the 
principal export being lumber brought from the West upon the r. r. and trans-shipped at New- 
burgh. 

The county is a half-shire, the courts being held respectively at Goshen and Newburgh.* The 
courthouse at Goshen is a brick building, situated upon a fine lot in the e. part of the village. The 
jail is a stone building, in rear of the courthouse. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof brick build- 
ing, upon the street opposite the courthouse. The courthouse at Newburgh is located upon the 
high land in the w, part of the village. It is a fine brick building, fronting s. upon Second St. 
The jail at Newburgh is connected with the police establishment of the village. The poorhouse 
is located upon a farm of 2G7 acres in Goshen, 3J mi. s. w, of the village. The average number 
of inmates is 200, supported at a weekly cost of $1.04 each. The building is of stone, and has 
accommodations for 300. A school is taught during the entire year. The accommodations are 
reported by the Senate Committee of 1857 as good, and the general management of the institution 
as much above the average. The income from the farm is about §2,00(1. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. 
extends through Monroe, Blooming Grove, Chester, Goshen, Wawayanda, Wallkill, Mount Hope, 
and Deerpark. The Newburgh branch of this road extends s. w. from Newburgh, through New 
Windsor and Blooming Grove, to Chester.^ The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends from the 
Delaware River n. along the valley of the Neversink, through Deerpark.' In the central part of 
the CO. a wide ditch has been dug, for the purpose of draining the Drowned Lands, which has been 
of immense value to the county. 

Thirteen newspapers — 1 daily, 9 weekly, 2 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly — are published in 
this CO.* 



1 The first courts were held at Tappantown. in the present 
town of Ornngetown, Rockland co., March 8, 1702. Courts were 
first held at iio«:hen in 1727. The first co. officers under State 
authority were John M&r'mg, FirstJudge ; Thoa. Moffat, Co. Clerk; 
Jsiiac NJcoU, Sheriff; and James Everett, Surrogate. Jesse 
M'otirthull was appointed sheriff M;iy 8. 1777, a lew months 
previtius to Nicnl!. but was not commissioned. A courthouse 
WHS built at Goshen in 1773. by James Webster, a Scotch High- 
landtT, who serveii under Wolfe at the battle before Quebec in 
1750. This building was afterward converted into a jail. The 
CO. clerk's office now occupies its site. 

3 The immense quantities of lumber brought from the pine 
ftirests of Allegany. Cattaraugu*!, and .Steuben, over the N. Y. & 
K. R. K., are principally carried to Newburgh and transhipped. 
Milk trains run daily upon this road for the purpose of carrying 
the immense quantities of milk produced here to the N.Y. mar- 
ket. The milk business is the most important of all the local 
bnsiness of the a.R. 

» This canal extf nds through the valley lying at the w. foot 
of the Shawanguuk Mts. to Port Jervis. gnd thence up the 
valley of the Delaware to the w. buunds of the co. 

* The Ooshen Repn;ritftry, the first paper published in Orar^ge 
CO., was commenced at Goshen in 17S8 by Pavid Mande- 
ville. A few years after, it was issued by Mandeville & 
W'estcott; and in ISUO it was sold to J. G. Ilurton and 
Gabriel Denton, who changed the name to 
The Orange Omnty Patriot. In ISUl or '02 it passed into the 

hands of Wm. A. Carpenter, who changed it to 
The Friend of Truth. In 1S04 Ward M. Gazeley became pro- 
prietor, and chanced its name to 
The Orange. E<igle ; and soon after the oflBce was burned and 

the paper discontinued. 
The Newburgh Packet was started at Newburgh in 2795 by 

Lucius Carey, and was continued a few years. 
The Mirrnr was commenced at Newburgh Sept 22. 1796, by 

Philip Van Horne. In 1803 it was merged in 
The Recm-der nfthe Times, publishi-d by Dennis CoWs. In 1S06 
Ward M. Gazeley became proprietor, and the name 
was changed to 
The J^)litic^l Index. In 1829 Charles M. Cushman became pub- 
lisher, and the name was changed to 
The Orange. TeJ^graph. Within a few years it was changed 

again to 
The Newtmrgh Telegraph, and has since been issned 
respectively by H. H. Van Dyck, Elias Pitts, and K. M. 
Ruttenber. until 1857, when it passed into the handa of 
Joseph Lawson. by whom it is now publi-jhed. 
The New Windsor GazetU was commenced at New Windsor in 
171*7 by Jacob Schultz. In 171*9 it was removed to 
Newburgh, and its name was changed to 
The Orange 0>unty Gazette. John W. Rarber and David Den- 
niston afterward became interested in its publication. 
About 18u3 It was changed to 
The Citizen, and soon afl.er it was merged la 



Tfie Sights cf Mav, which was commenced at Newburgh in 
1799 by Elias Winfield, and was continued until 1809 
or *10. 

The Orange County Gazette was commenced at Goshen in 1805 
by John G. Ilurton and Gabriel Denton. It was suc- 
cessively issued by Gabriel Denton, Elliott Hopkins, 
F. T. & A. 0. Houghton, until 1813, when Luther Pratt 
bec.ime the proprietnr. and changed it to the 

Independent Republican, nnd removed it to Mont- 
guniery, wherf it was published some years. It after- 
ward passed into tlie hands of James A. Cheevy, who 
removed it back to Goshen. In 1S31 H. H. Van Dyck 
became proprietor. It was subsequently issued by V, 
M. Drake. Moses Sweezey. Clark and Montanye, James 
McNally. an<l Montanye & Green. It is now published 
by J.V. Montanye &. Co. 

The Orange County Kepublican was published at Wards Bridge 
in 1806. 

The Orange County Patriot and Spirit of '76 was commenced at 
Goshen in 1808 by Gabriel Denton. In 1818 it wa« 
changed to 

The Orange Omnty Patriot, and was issued by Timothy B. 
Crowell. R. C. S. Hendries afterward became proprie- 
tor, and continued it until 1832. when it came into the 
hands of F. T. Parsons, who changed it to 

The Goshen Democrat. It was sonn after published by Mead A 
Webb; and in 1845 it was united with the True Whig, 
as 

The Goshrn Democrat and Whig. In a few years the name 
MTiitr. w;i8 dropped, and the paper again appeared as 

The Goshen Democrat, under-which title it is noir 
publi-^hed lty('harle3 Mead. 

The Neivbnrgh Gazette was commenced in 1822 by 
J. D. Spauliling. It was sui-cesaively issued by Spauld- 
ing & Pitrmetiter, Spaulding & Kiaevels, Risevela & 
Leslie. Wallace & Street, S. T. Callahan, and Wm. L. 
Allison, until 1Sd6, when it passed into the hands of 
E.W. Gray, its present publisher. 

The Evangdiad Witnesi, mo., wsis published a short time at 
Newburgh in 1824 by Rev. Jas. R. Wilson. 

The Orange Omnty Former was commenced in 1826 at Goshen 
by Saniui-1 Williams. It afterward passed into the 
hands of Luther Pratt, who removed it to Montgomery, 
where it was continued bnt a short time. 

The Beacon vr^\s published at Newburgh in 1828 by Beebe. 

The Iron Age, Middletown, mo., John Williams, commenced 
April, 1S69. 

Journal nf the American A xsociat ion. mo., wnapnhUshednt West 
Point in IS30. It was the organ of an association of cadets 
for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts. 

The Orange Herald was published at Slate Hill, in Wawayanda, 
by John G. Wallace in 1S31. 

The Republican Banner was commenced at Walden, in Mont- 
gomery, in June, ld3l, and was continued several years. 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



503 



The first settlements in the co. are supposed to have been made by the Dutch, soon after the first 
occupation of Manhattan Island. Traces of an early occupation -were found upon the first advent 
of the progenitors of the present race, among which was a road known as the *' Old Mine Road," 
extending from the s. line of the co. along the valley of the Shawangunk to Esopus, on the Ilud- 
Bon. These settlements were broken up; and no record is left of them. The nest race of settlers 
came in about the commencement of the 18th century and located in various parts of the co. 
They were Dutch, French Huguenots, and J^nglish, nearly all seeking liberty in the wilderness. 
The first patent issued was the Minisink Patent, in 1704, embracing the greater part of the co. 
lying upon the Shawangunk Mts., and a considerable portion of Sullivan co. The remaining 
portions of the co. were embraced in Cheesecock's Patent,* issued in 1707, embracing the s. e. part ; 
the Wawayanda Patent,^ issued in 1703, embracing the w. and n. parts ; and the John Evans 
J'dtent,* the precise date of which is not known. The boundaries of these various patents were 
so vague that it was found impossible to locate them without conflicting with others; and serious 
difiiculties arose between the different claimants.* 

The policy of granting large pateuts was soon abandoned, and the remaining parts of the co. 
were patented in small tracts to actual settlers, from about 1718 to 1750. The settlements pro- 
gressed but slowly, in consequence of the fear of Indian hostilities. During the French War of 
1755 the frontier settlements were often attacked by small parties of hostile Indians and the de- 
fenseless inhabitants were murdered and carried into captivity. The principal weight of these 
attacks fell upon the settlements in the Neversink Valley. During the Revolution the frontiers 
were again constantly in a state of alarm. In July, 1778, Brant, at the head of a large Indian 
force, laid waste the whole Minisink settlement ; and on his retreat the disastrous battle of Mini- 
sink was fought, in which nearly the whole force of the Americans was destroyed.^ 

The eastern part of tJie co. was also the scene of stirring military events. The importance of the 
passes through the Highlands was early appreciated by "Washington, and strong fortifications were 
tlirown up at various points to protect them. Fort Montgomery was erected on the river, at the s. 
line of the co., and Fort Clinton on the opposite side of a small creek in Rockland co. Several 



Tlie Signs of tlie TlmeSf seml-mo.. wa^^ commenced at 

>ew Vernon, in Mount Hope, in 1832, by Gilbert 

Beebe. In 1847 it was removed to Middletown, where 

it is now published by G. J. Beebe. 
The Tahhtx of Rural Ecrmomy was published at Newborgh in 

lS32'by J.W. Risevels. 
The Simtinel was published nt Minisink, now TVawayanda, in 

1S33. by Peter K. Allen. 
The S^e.ii'hurfjk Jmirual was commenced in 1S3.1 by J. D. 

Spaulding. Its name was afterward changi'd to 
Tlie Hlglftland Courier. It was issued in 1855 by 

^\ m. E. Liiidey, and in 1858 passed into the hands of 

Edward Mixen. the present publishi^r. 
The H'lfonneU Preshi/terian was coDinicnced at Newburgh in 

1S36 by Rev. Moses Roney. In a short time it waa re- 
moved to Pittsburgh, Penu. 
Tfie Familv Vrsiim- was published a short time at Newburgh 

in'l>;r.9 by D. L. Proudfit. 
The MMn>t,»rn. 'Cburirr was started in April. IS-tO, by A. A. 

Ben-^el. In lS4fi it was removed to Kingston and 

clianged to the Ulster Democrat. 
The Tnip Whuj was started at Goshen Aug. 5, 1^42. by R. C. S. 

Hpndriep. In 1S45 it was merged in the Goshen 

Df nine rat. 
The Dtmocratic Standard was commenced at Goshen in the fall 

of 1^43 by Vnit & Donovan. In 1844 it wat changed to 
The Goshen Clarion, and it was continued until 1849. 
Tlie Christum Insirnctar waa started at Newburgh in 1845 by 

D. li. Proudfit, and in a short time it was removed to 

Philadelphia. 
The Oravg'j County jXews was started at Goshen in July. 1846, 

by .Tohn L. Brown, and was discontinued in 1849. 
Tlie Bauuer of Ijltoerty was coninunced at Middli-town 

in Aug. 1848, by Gilbert A. Beeb*". oh a mmithlv. In 

1849 it was issued semi-monthly ; and it is now published 

as a weekly. 
Freedom's Guard waa published at Middletown in Aug. 1840, by 

W.L. BeeI.e. 
The Newhurfjh ExclMor was started in 1849 by Thnma'? George. 

In 1^51 it was purchas-d by E, M.Ruttenber and merged 

in the Newburgh Telegraph. 
Tri States I'nlon was commenced at Port Jervis. Xov. 7. 

IS.^1. by -'"bn .7. Minford. In 1854 L. F. Barnes he- 

cAm*.' j.rt'prii-tur: and in 1855 it passed into the hands 

of .James \\. Norton, by whom it is still liubli-shed. 
The Minurr nf Tcmpfmnce was started at Port .Jervis in 1851 

by y. Tj. Barlow. In 1852 John Dow assumed the pub- 

licnlinn. and continued it until 1855. 
The Whig Press was commenced at Middletown, Nov. 26. 

1851, by i>j\itx W. llaabrouck, by wbum it is still pub- 

liBbed. I 



The Separate ATnerican, a quarterly pnblicatioD printed for the 
colored people of the Separate Ameiican Methodist 
Church, was commenced at Middletown in 1852 or 
'53. Rev. David James, editor. It was discontinued ia 
185G. 

The Sentinel was commenced at Port Jervis io Jan. 1855, by 
John Williams. In June of the same year it was re- 
moved to Susquehanna. Penn. 

The Literary Scrap Bonk, mo., was published at Newburgh in 
1855 by R. Denton. 

The Hardivare Man's Newspaper, mo., was com- 
menced Aug. 1S55. at Middletown. Iiy Jolin Williams, 
by whom it is still published. It is issued from the 
office of the Whig Press. 

The K'wbiirffh American was commenced nt Newburgh in 1855 
by K. P. L. Sb^ifer & Cu.; it was soon diseoutmued. 

The Catholic Library, octavo, nio., was commenced at 
Nf-wliiir-h in IX'^h by .John A^hurst. 

The Nevrburgh Times was commenced at Newburgh 
in lS.jii by R. B. Hancock. It soon passed into the 
hands of H. II. Bloomer, its present piiblislier. 

The Dally Nevra was commeueed at Newburgii in 1856 by 
E. W.Gray, It wa'< subsequently di>!continoed, and its 
publication resumed in ls57 by E. M. Kuitenber A E. W. 
Gray. E. W.Gray & Joseph Lawson. present publisln-rs. 

Tlie Catholic Literary Magaziiie was published at Newburgh in 
1850. 

The Sibyl, semi-mo., was commenced at Middletown in 
July. 185r>, by Mrs. Dr. Lydia Sayer Ilasbrouck. It ib 
issued from the office of the Vih'\\f Press. 
1 (7/ifftscrocA-.*.— March 27, 1707, to Anna Bi idgea and 6 nthere, 

a tract of upland and meadow calhd Cliee!>ec"i(ks. buundid .N. by 

Capt. J. E\ans and Dr. Bridges k Co., w. by Bridg^r"- & To. and 

w. side of Highlands. S. by patent of Daniel Ilonan and Michael 

Handon. and K. by the Cliristian patented lands (if llaverstraw 

and llndson R. (Act March 17, 1783.) 

- Wtiic'iyinida. — Queen Anne, on 29th of April. 1703, grantey 

to Dr. John Bridges and 11 others certain tracts known aa 

Wawayanda and other tracts, bounded e. by (lie High Ililla of 
I the Highlands and patent of Capt. John Evans, n. by line of O. 

and U.eoB.,and w. by Minisink llills, and s. by N.J. (Act March 

17. 1783.) 
3 This patent was afterward set asiiie. as it was described in 

80 vague and unsatisfactory a manner that it wils impossible to 

locate it. Tlie others were but littlp butter. 

* A portion of the territory was claimed by N. J., and several 
collisions occurred between the settlers and the offlcers nf the 
Plate, and numerous outrages werp pi>rpetrati-4l under the color 
of law. The controversy was finally settled about 1767. 

* See page 642. 



504 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



other forts were built both above and below these, and chains were stretched across the river and 
various impediments were sunk in the channel, to prevent the passage of vessels. Gen. Putnam 
was left in command of these positions in 1777, when Gen. Howe marched to attack Philadelphia, 
but with an entirely inadequate force. About the 1st of October, Sir Henry Clinton, in command 
at New York, sent a force up the river to aid Gen. Burgoyne, who was then hard pressed by the 
American army. This force first landed at Verplancks Point on the 5th, but in the night following 
re-embarked, landed on the opposite shore, and on the 6th surprised and captured both Forts 
Montgomery and Clinton. 

The official reports make the loss of the British and Americans about equal ; but, as the former 
were fully exposed to a galling fire while approaching the works, and the latter mostly escaped, 
it is supposed that the British loss was much greater. The other American works were abandoned, 
and Gen. Putnam retreated to Fishkill. The British spent some time in removing the various ob- 
structions from the river, and advanced slowly northward, plundering and destroying on their way. 
They reached Esopus on the 15th, and at the same time Gen. Putnam, whose force had been 
augmented to 6,000 men by Conn., N. Y. and N.J. militia, sent a detachment of 2,000 to take pos- 
session of Peekskill. The British, afraid to go farther N. with such a force in their rear, remained 
at Esopus until they received news of the surrender of Burgoyne ; and then they returned to New 
York. 

The result of this expedition demonstrated the necessity of stronger fortifications among the 
Highlands, and during the following winter the site of West Point was fixed upon, as the 
strongest and most eligible on the river. Earthworks were thrown up early in the spring, and 
from time to time more formidable works were added, until, at the close of the war, it was the 
most strongly fortified of any place in the country.' 

It was afterward the center of the American operations in the North. In the spring of 1780, Gen. 
Arnold, who had not entirely recovered from the efiects of a wound received at Saratoga, solicited 
and received the command of this post. The instruction which gave him this command was dated 
Aug. 3, 1780. Arnold had been in correspondence with the British for more than a j'ear ; and he 
soon negotiated with Sir Henry Clinton to deliver up West Point, for the sum of £10,000 in gold 
and a commission of Maj. Gen. in the British army. The final consummation of the compact on 
the part of the British was intrusted to Maj. Andre, who crossed the American lines in disguise 
and held an interview with Arnold on the '22d of Sept. Upon his attempting to return to New 
York, he was arrested as a spy, and the whole scheme was discovered. Arnold escaped to New 
York, and Andre was subsequently executed.^ 

The headqu.arters of the American army of the North was for a long time at Newburgh ; and it 
was at this place that Washington finally took leave of his army,' Aug. 18, 1783. 



BLOOMIIVG GROVE— w.as formed from Cornwall, March 23, 1799. A part of Hampton- 
burgh was taken off in 1830, and a part of Chester in 1845. It lies a little E. of the center of the 
CO. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and E., and rolling and moderately hilly in the n. and w. 
Schunemunk Mts., upon the line of Monroe, are 1,300 to 1,500 ft. above tide. The other principal 
elevations are Lazy Hill, on the line of Chester, Toms Rocks, Peddlers, Rainer, Round, Musquito, 
and Woodcock Hills, and Red Ridge. These hills are generally too steep arid rocky to be ever 
susceptible of cultivation. The hills in the N. have more gradual slopes, and are arable to their 
summits. Otter Kil flows £. through the n. part, and receives as tributaries Cromlin,* Slatter- 
leys, and several smaller creeks. The extensive bog meadows along Cromlin Creek, in the s. 
part, have been drained, and are now the most valuable agricultural lands in the town. The soil 
is a sandy and clayey loam. Washillgtonville, (Blooming Grove p. o.,) upon Otter Kil, in 
the N'. part, contains 3 churches and 369 inhabitants; Salisbury Mills, (p. v.,) upon the line 
of Monroe, a church, paper mill, gristmill, and 241 inhabitants; and Craigsville, (p. v.,) in 
the w. part, a church, cotton factory, and 20 dwellings.* These places are all stations upon the 
Newburgh Branch of the N. Y. & E. R. R. Blooming Grove, near the center, contains 1 



1 The erection of these works was intrusted to Koscinsko, the 
Polish iiiilriot. then serving as a volunteer in the American 
army in the eapacity of a military engineer. The works con- 
sisted of a formiiiahle battery upon the bluff imnieiiiately upon 
the shore, named Fort Clinton, a strong fort upon Mt. Inde- 
pendence, in the rear, named Fort Putnam, and several redoubts 
and outposts. 

2 Andre was executed at Tappantown, Rockland co., Oct. 2, 
1780. 



8 In the spring of 1782. while the array was stationed at New- 
burgh, a feeling of discontent arose among the officers and men, 
iu consequence of the arrearages in their pay and the hardships 
they were called upon to endure. This was prc'niptly checked 
by Washington, and a formidable conspiracy was broken up. 

* This creek is called Gray Court Creek in Chester. 

6 During the Revolution a forge and powder mill were In 
operation at Craigsville. In 1790 James Craig erected a papei 
mill,— the first in the co. 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



505 



church and 18 dwellings; Oxrord Depot (p.o.) is a hamlet and station upon the Erie R. R. 
The first settlements are supposed to have been made about 1735.' The first church was erected 
at Blooming Grove, in 1759 ; Rev. Enos Ayres was the first pastor.' 

CIIE.STER — was formed from Goshen, Warwick, Blooming Grove, and Monroe, March 22, 
1845. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling 
in the n. w., hilly in the center, and mountainous in the s. w. The principal elevations are Goose 
Pond Mt., Lazy Hill, Snake Hill, and Sugar Loaf Mt., — all steep, rocky peaks, unfit for cultiva- 
tion. The highest summits are 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Gray 
Court, Black Meadow, and Ditch Creeks. Along Gray Court Creek, near the N. boundary, are 
extensive peat meadows, thoroughly drained, and forming the most productive tract in town. 
The soil is a light, yellow loam, underlaid by clay. Limestone and slate are both found in town. 
East Chester, (Chester p.o.,) Chester, and West Chester are three villages, situated 
at the three angles of an equilateral triangle, 1 mi. apart. They contain the Chester Academy, 
a bank, 2 churches, and about 1,500 inhabitants. Sug'ar liOaf, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, con- 
tains a church and 36 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1716, at Gray Court, in the 
N. E. corner of the town, by Daniel Crommeline, from Long Island.' There are 3 churches in 
town ; 2 M. E. and Presb. 

CORWW Alili — was formed March 7, 1788, as "New ComivaU." Its name was changed March 
3, 1797. " Cheesecocks," now Monroe, and Blooming Grove were taken ofi" in 1799. It lies upon the 
Hudson, in the e. part of the co. The surface consists mainly of rocky peaks and ridges of " The 
Highlands." Their declivities are steep, and their summits masses of rocks, in some cases covered 
with a scanty growth of dwarfed forest trees. The highest peaks are Butter Hill, Crows Nest, and Bear 
Mountain, — respectively 1,529, 1,418, and 1,350 ft. above the river.* The valleys among the mountains 
are deep, narrow, and rocky. A small portion of the n. w. part of the town is rolling or moderately 
hilly. The principal streams are Murderers Creek and its principal tributary, Otter Kil, flowing 
through broad, beautiful valleys in the N. part, and Bog Meadow Creek, emptying into the Hudson 
below West Point. Upon the latter, near its mouth, is a series of cascades, known as Buttermilk 
Falls. Cranberry, Long, Sutherlands, and Bog Meadow Ponds are small bodies of water among 
the mountains. The soil in the valleys is a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. The hills are too 
steep and rocky for cultivation. Canterbury, (Cornwall p.o.,) in the n. e. part of the town, 
contains 8 churches, a woolen yarn factory, and tannery. Pop. 428. Corn'n'all Liandiug', 
on the Hudson, in the N. E. part, is the center of extensive brick manufactories. Pop. 615. 
West Point, (p. o.,) on the Hudson, is the seat of the U. S, Military Academy. It contains 
extensive barracks for the cadets and soldiers, 20 oflicefs' quarters, a philosophical building, con- 
taining the library, apparatus, and observatory, a laboratory for ordnance and ammunition, a 
chapel, hospital, riding hall, stable, equipment shed. Catholic church, and 150 dwellings for 
employees.^ Buttermilk Falls, (p. v.,) 2 mi. below West Point, contains 3 churches and 
307 inhabitants. Fort Itlontgoniery, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains 1 church and 16 
dwellings; Bethlehem, in the n. w., a church and 12 dwellings. Ketchamto^vn, in the 
w., and Townsville, in the n., are hamlets. The first settlements are supposed to have been 
made about 1720.' Tlie first church (Presb.) was formed in 1730, at Bethlehem ; Rev. Mr. Chalker 
was the first pastor, and Rev. Enos Ayres the second.' Fort Putnam, of the Revolution, was 
situated immediately in the rear of West Point, and Fort Montgomery on the s. E. border of the 
town.* Idlewild, the residence of N. P. Willis, is near the Hudson, in the N. e. part of the town. 



1 Among the early settlers were the families of Strong, Brew- 
ster, Howell. Dubois. Coleman, Moflfatt, Seely, Gilbert, Woodhull, 
Tuthill, Goldsmith. Brooks, and Mathews. 

a There are 8 churches in town ; 4 SI. E., 2 Cong., Presb., and 
Friends. 

a In company with others, Mr. Cromlino purchased the Wa- 
wayanda Patent of Philip Rockby and Uendrick Ten Eyck. He 
was accompanied by Wm. Bull, an Englishman, whom he had 
hired from an emigrant ship. During the first year of settlement 
he erected a house long afterward kept as a tavern and known 
as the " Crommeline House." Crommeline was a French refugee, 
and he named his adopted home "Gray Court." after a village in 
Upper Saone. France. I none of the stones of the building, erected 
in 1716, was cut the inscription, "D.C. 1716, G.C;'' {i.t. Daniel 
Crommeline, 1716, Gray Court.) Tha name of tlie stream, 
meadows, and hamlet was derived from this. 

* The other principal elevations are Black Rock and Deer Hills, 
near the center; Aut Hill. Lawyers Hill, and Mount Kascal, in 
the 8. w. ; and Peat, Pine, Cold, and Round Hills, in the n. part. 

6 In the yard at West Point is a large number of canuon 



taken during the several wars of the XT. S.; and .tmong them 
are 89 brass pieces captured in the several battles of the Mexi- 
can War, each marked when, where, and by whom cap- 
tured. 

* The first settlement was made at and near the village of 
Canterbury. The tradition is that the first settlement was 
made there by Germans, who made some clearings and planted 
an orchard, but, becoming dissatisfied, sold out and left. The 
next settlers were English, some of whom had first settled in 
Conn, and Mass. Among the early settlers were the Suther- 
lands, Sacketts, Sherods, Brewsters. Woods, Chirks, Smiths, 
Towosends. Van Duzens, Mandevilies, Bartons, Sands, and 
Thorns. The first town meeting upon record in the precinct of 
Cornwall was held in April, 1766. 

t There are 11 churches in town ; 2 Presb., 2 rt"ot. E., 2 Friends, 
2 M. E., Bap., R. C. and Free. 

8 A chain was stretched acro.ss the river fit>m Fort Mont- 
gomery, but the fort was taken by the British and the chain 
broken in Oct. 1777. A chain was afterward put acroas the 
river at West Point, and remained there during the war. 



506 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



CRAWFORD — was formed from Montgomery, March 4, 1823. It lies in the extreme N. 
angle of the co. Its surface is a liilly upland, broken by several high ridges extending n. e. and 
s. w. Cidlaberg and Comfort Hills, along the e. border, are 300 to 4(10 ft. above the valleys. The 
principal streams are the Shawangunk, forming the n. w. boundary, Dwaars Kil, Paughcaughnaugh- 
sink and Little Paughcaughnaughsink Creeks. These streams all ilow in a general n. e. direction. 
Upon the Shawangunk is a large amount of water-power. The soil is a slaty and clayey loam 
upon the hills and a sandy and gravelly loam in the valleys. Pine Busll,' (p v.,) on the 
Shawangunk, in the N. part, contains a sawmill, gristmill, and 120 inhabitants; Scarsi ille, 
(p. V.,) on Dwaars Kil, near the center, a gristmill. 2 sawmills, and 10 dwellings; and Bull title, 
(p. V.,) in the s. part, 12 dwellings. Hopewell is a hamlet, in the s. w. CoIIaburgli is a 
p. 0., 2 mi. E. of BuUville. The first church (Presb.) was formed at Hopewell, in 1779. The census 
reports 2 churches ; Presb. and Asso. Ref. Presb.^ 

OEERPVRK'— was formed from Mamakating, (Sullivan co.,) March 16, 1798. A part of 
Mount Hope was taken off in 1825. It lies in the exti-eme w. angle of the co. Its surface is a 
mountainous highland, broken by the valley of Neversink River and numerous deep, rocky ravines 
of small streams. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the E. border, and form a high, rocky 
ridge 1,800 ft. above the valleys, with steep declivities on the w. The Neversink* River flows in 
a deep valley at the w. foot of the mountains. The central and w. parts are covered witli a rocky 
and mountainous upland, ending in abrupt declivities on Delaware River in the s. The other prin- 
cipal streams are Mongaup River, forming the w. boundary, Bashers* Kil, Old Dam Fall Creek,' 
Shingle, and Grassy Swamp' Brooks. Big and Little Ponds are two small lakes in the interior. 
Port Jervis,* (p. v.,) upon the Delaware, near the mouth of the Neversink, was incorp. May 11, 
1853. It is an important station upon the Erie R. R. and Delaware & Hudson Canal. It contains 

5 churches, a saw factory, foundcry, machine shop, planing mill, newspaper office, and bank. Pop. 
3,023. Ilonesville, (Sparrow Bush p. o..) upon the Delaware, 2 mi. w. of Port Jervis, contains 
a large tannery and 26 dwellings ; Huguenot, (p. v.,) upon the canal, 4 mi. n. e. of Port Jervis, 
25 dwellings; and Cuddebackville, (p. v.,) upon the canal, in the n. e. part, 1 church and 
12 dwellings. Carpenters Point is a hamlet, at the mouth of the Neversink. The first 
BOttlements were made about li'iOO.' There are 7 churches in town.'" De Witt Clinton was born 
at Fort De Witt, in this town, March 2, 1769, while his parents were on a visit at the residence 
of his mother's brother. Lead ore has recently been found in this town. 

GOSIIEW— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Hamptonburgh was taken off in 1830, and 
a part of Chester in 1845. It is an interior town, lying a little s. E. of the center of the co. Its 
surface is rolling or moder.ately hilly. The hills are bordered by long and gradual slopes, and are 
arable to their summits. The s. w. corner is occupied by a portion of the " Drowned Lands," most of 
which have been reclaimed." The principal streams are WalkiU, forming the w., and Quaker Creek, 
the s. boundary, and Otter Kil, in the e. part. The soil is a sandy loam, underlaid by clay, slate, 
and limestone. Goshen, (p. v.,) n. e. of the center, was incorp. March 28, 1809. Besides the co. 
buildings, it contains 4 churches, a female seminary,''^ several classical schools, 2 newspaper offices, 
2 banks, and about 1,800 inhabitants. It is the w. terminus of the Newburgh Branch of the N. Y. 

6 E. R. R., and is an important freight and milk station upon the Erie R. 11. The first settlements 
were made from 1703 to 1714. The first deeds of village lots in Goshen bear the date of 1714. 
The original Wawayanda Patent," covering the greater part of this town, was granted by Queen 



1 ForiHPrly called " Crawford." 

2 Nothing definite could be obtaioed in regard to the early 
bistory of this town. 

s A man named McDonald, in early time, inrlosed a larsre 
tract by a brush fence, and the inclusure became known as Mc- 
Donald's " Deer Park.'" This name was afterward given to the 
town. 

* Called by the Indians Ma-hsck-e-meck. 

^ Xamed from Bashe. an Indian woman who lived upon its 
banks, 

* 'Ihis stream falls 600 ft. in I mi., and hence its name. 

' Named from a series of low natural meadows through which 
the stream flows. 

8 Named from J.B.Jervis, the engineer who built the Delaware 
& Hudson Canfil. 

9 Peter Gummaer. .Tacob Cuddeback, Thomas and Gerardiis 
Swartout, John Tys. and David .Temison located in town in 1690. 
The fir.st two were Huguenot exiles. The first general surveys 
were made in 1713. Jacob Cuddeback built the first mill. 

Among the other early settlers were Cuykendall, John 

l>ecker. Wm. Cole, and Solomon Davis. 

1» 2 Kef. Prot. D., Bap., Presb., M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 



1^ Pome 25 years ago a ditch of small size was dug about 3 mL_ 
in length across a bend in \\'all Kil, through the Drowned Lands, 
for the purpose of drainiU'.: them. The action of the water upon 
the light soil through which it was dug has so enlarged it that 
in many places it is wider than Wall Kil. and much difficulty is 
experienced in maintaining bridges over the ditch. 

12 The Goshen Female Seminary is a flourishing institution. 
Several small family classical schools are located in (he village. 

'3 Christopher Denn. one of the proprietor.s of the Wawayanda 
Patent, located N. E. of Goshen Village in 1712. After visiting 
the place and deciding upon a Iwation. he returned to bis reei- 
dehce on Staten Island, and sent a comp;iny of carpenters, his 
household goods, and bis adopted daughter, Sarah Wells, then 
16 years of age, to his new home, under the guidance of 3 
friendly Indians. The carpenters erected a cabin, and Iienn and 
his wife came on the next day after th" cabin was built. Mr. 
Bull, a young Englishman just arrived in an emigrant ship, 
came in soon after. Among the other e.nrly settlers who rama 
previous to 1721 were John Everett, John C:irp. liter, .lohn Gale, 
William Ludlum, James .lack.son. Isaac Fini h. Mjiliael liunning, 
Solomon Carpenter, William Jackson, Samuel .^eely. Samuel 
Webb, John Yelverton, Samuel Clowes, John Bradner, and John 



ORANGE COUNTY. 507 

Anne, March 5, 1703. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1721 ; Rev. John BniJner waa 
the first pastor.' 

GREE1VVH.L,E— was formed from Minisink, Deo. 2, 1853. It lies on the s. w. border of the 
CO., w. of the center. Its surface is a hill^' and broken upland. The Shawangunk Mts., extending 
along the w. border, are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys and 1,400 to l.GOO ft. above tide. The E. 
slopes of the mountains are generally gradual, and the hills are arable to their summits. The 
principal stream is Shawangunk River, which takes its rise near the center and flows N. E. Benin 
Water Pond is a small body of water in the N. part. The soil is a sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. 
C.reenville, (Minisluk p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 2 churches and 12 houses; and !«>niilllis 
t'oruers, n. of Greenville, contains 1.5 houses. Center Point, IJ mi. s. e. of Greenville, is 
a p. o. Woodsville is a hamlet in the E. part. The first settlements were probably made from 
1720 to 1730.^ There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 

IIAMPTOXBirRGW' — was formed from Goshen, Blooming Grove, Montgomery, New 
Windsor, and Wallkill, April 5, 1830. It is an interior town, lying a little N. of the center of the 
CO. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly. The principal streams are Wall Kil, forming the 
N. w. boundary, and Otter Kil, flowing N. E. through near the center. The soil is a gravelly and 
slaty loam. Otterville, (p. o.,) on Otter Kil, near the E. boundary, is a hamlet. Ottcrkill, 
s. of Otterville, contains 12 dwellings. Campbell llall, near the center, and Ilauipton- 
burgll, 1 mi. s., are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Wm. Bull, in 1711) or '20. In 
1727 he erected a stone house, which is still standing. There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and 
Asso. Reformed. 

MI!\ISI1VK' — was formed March 7, 1788. A part of " Calhoun" (now Mount Hope) was 
taken ofl'' in 1825, Wawayanda in 1849, and Greenville in 1853. It lies upon the N. -J. line, s. w. 
of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and billy. The slopes are generally gradual, and the 
hills are arable to their summits. The principal streams are Wall Kil and Rutgers Creek, 
each of which forms some portion of the N. and E. boundaries. The Drowned Lands oc- 
cupy a small portion of the E. angle. The soil is principally a gravelly loam. Unionville, 
(p.v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 25 dwellings; and West Town, (p. v.,) 3 mi. n. 
of Unionville, 2 churches and 15 dwellings. Waterloo I>Iills (p. o.) is a h.amlet, containing 
1 church and 6 dwellings. No records of the early settlement have been preserved. There are 
5 churches in town.' 

MOXROE^ — was formed from Cornwall, March 23, 1799, as " Chesecocks." Its name was 
changed to " Soulhjield," April 3, 1801, and to Monroe, April 6, 1808. A part of Chester was 
taken off in 1845. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. It lies mostly among the Highlands ; and 
its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland. The principal ranges are Schunemuuk Mts., in the 
N., Black and Bear Mts., in the e., and the Southfield Mts., near the center, — all extending n. e. and 
s. w.' Their declivities are steep and in many places precipitous, and their summits are rough, 
rocky, and broken. A large share of the whole town is unfit for cultivation. In the n. w. part 
are several valleys containing arable land. The principal streams are Ramapo River, flowing s., 
and Murderers Creek, flowing .v. The Forest-of-Dean Creek drains the E. part and discharges its 
waters into the Hudson. Among the mountains are a groat number of fine, small lakes and ponds.' 
The soil in the valleys is a sandy and gravelly loam. The mountains are too rough for cultivation. 
Monroe, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 266 inhabitants. It is a 
station upon the Erie R. R. Turners,' (p. v.,) a station upon the r. r., near the center, contains 
18 dwellings. Greenwood Works (p. v.) is a station upon the r. r., 3 mi. s. of Turners 

DeDton, many of whose descendants still reside in the town. I settled upon these lands from which the w.itera had retired. 
Th» tirat marriage was thai of Wiii. Bull and Sarah Wells, in | The lands were called •■Minsies," sii^iiifyiiig " lanils fiom which 
1718. The first inn wits kept by Birdseve Yarrington. Noah the waters had gone,"' and the name was afterwaid appliftl to 
Webster, author of Webster's Dictionaries, lauglit the first | the Indians livin^upon it. From this name the tiTm "Minisink"' 



academic school, in the village of Goshen, in 1782. De Witt 
Clinton was a pupil at the academy at one time. William li. 
Seward sruiUed law at the office of .Tudge Duer, in this village. 

1 There are now 4 churches in town ; M. E., l*rot. E., Presb.i 
and R. C. 

2 Fa-^tB relating to the early history of this town could not be 
accurately ascertained. 

3 N'aniid fmm Wolverh.ampton, the birthplace of Wm. Bull, 
the first settler. 

< Tradition says that long ago. before the Delaware River broke 
thr-'Utih the mountain at the Water (Jap. the lands f .r oO or 40 
mi. bordering upon it were covered by a lake, hut ln^came 
d' lined by the breaking down of that part of the dam which 
Cuulined it, and that apart of a tribe of Indians from New Jersey 



is derived. — Eag'-r's llixi. Orantje. Co., p. 408. 

6 .3 I'resb.. liap,. and Christian. 

* Named in honor of James Monroe, afterward President of 
the U. S. 

t Among the principal mountain peaks are Black Top, Black 
Cup. and Long Hills, in the N.; Torn Mt. and Cape Hill, in the 
E.; Tom .Tones Mt. and Hemlock IMII. in the s. E.; Pine and 
I'rii-kly Ash Hills, in the s. ; and Hogback. Ilall. Tiger, Cedar, 
Burned. Iteclsy. and Macanniin Hills, in the center. 

8 .\niong the principal p.mds are Hazard Fond, in the N., 
Slaugliteis. Two I'ond, BtiU. I'oplMpcns. and Cedar Bonds, in the 
E.; Little, Long, and Duck Cedar I'onds. in the 6.; and Littlo 
liong. Round, and Mt. Basha I'onds, in the w. 

^ i'ornierly called " (XnUrviUt*^ 



508 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



Station. A blast furnace is situated near the r. r., and another about 1 mi. e. There are about 
15 houses in the vicinity. Mouroe Worfes, (p. o.,) 3 mi, s. of Greenwood Works, was the seat 
of extensive iron works, which have been abandoned. It is Southfield Station on the N, Y. & E. 
R. R. lll^lilancl Mills, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches and 15 dwellings. Lo^rer 
Sniitli Clove, 1 mi. s., and Woodbury Clove, 1 mi. n., of Highland Mills, are hamlets. 
The first settlements were probably made about 1742.^ The Cheesecocks Patent, granted iu 1707. 
embraced a portion of the Ramapo Valley in this town. There are 5 churches in town.^ 

MOXTGOMERY-^— was formed March 7, 1788. Crawford was taken off in 1823, and a part 
of Hamptonburgh in 1830. It lies upon the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Hi surface is 
generally a hilly upland. The Comfort Hills,* 600 to 800 ft. above tide, extend along the w. border. 
Walkill Creek flows n. e. through near the center ; its principal tributary, Tin Brook,* flows through 
the E. part. In the "Walkill, in the n. part, is a fall of 40 ft., affording an excellent water-power. 
Along the same stream, in the s. part, is considerable swamp land. The soil is a fine quality of 
gravelly loam. ]>lont^oinery, (p. v..) upon Walkill Creek, s. of the center, was incorp. Feb. 17, 
1810. It contains 2 churches, the Montgomery Academy, 3 gristmills, and a sawmill. Pup. 760. 
Walden, (p. V.,) on Wall Kil, 3Jr mi. n. of Montgomery, was incorp. April 9, 1855. It contains 
3 churches, a shawl factory, satinet factory, and a manufactory of cutlery. Pop. 641. St. An- 
UreiVS, (p. 0.,) in the n. e. part, contains 10 dwellings. Coldenliaiil,^ near the e. line, is a 
hamlet. The earliest patent comprising land in this town was granted in 1700, to Henry Hile- 
man. It was located at the mouth of Tin Brook, below Walden, It was settled by the proprietor 
and divided into lots in 1712. Lieut. Gov. Cadwallader Golden, the owner of a patent in this town, 
located at Coldenham in 1728.'' The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Montgomery Vil- 
lage in 1732.« 

MOUIfT IEOP£ — was formed from Wallkill, Miuisluk, and Deerpark, as " Calhoun^'" Feb. 
15, 1825. Its name was changed March 14, 1833. It lies upon the n. border of the co., n. w. of 
the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. The Shawangunk Mts. extend through the 
w. part; the highest summits are 1,400 to 1,800 ft. above tide. Shawangunk River flows n.e. 
through the center, and the Little Shawangunk along the e. border. The soil is a sandy and 
gravelly loam. Otlsville, (p. v.,) near the w. border, contains 2 churches and 309 inhabitants. 
It is a station upon ihQ Erie R, R. Mount Elope, (p. v.,)2 mi. s. e. of Otisville, cuntaius 2 
churches and 120 inhabitants ; He^v Vernon, iu the n. part, a church and 20 dwellings. 
Fincliville is a hamlet, in the s. w.part. Tlie precise date of the settlement of this town is 
unknown. James Finch settled some time previous to the Revolution.* There are 6 churches in 
town.io 

jVEWBURGH" — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Hudson, and is the n. e. corner 
town of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being 600 to 900 ft. 



1 A fiiniily of Smiths settled very early in the town, and from 
them the town was called '^Smiths C'hivc." Among the early 
settlers were families of Millers. Galloways. Carpeutere, Bulls, 
Dobbins, Wytrants. Wards, CoUons, Nobles, Cunninghams, 
Slaughters, and Lamoreaux, — mostly English families from the 
Eastern States. The first iron works was that of Ward & Colton, 
erected in 1751 for the manufacture of anchors. It was situated 
in Warwick, just over the line from Monroe. In 1752 AK'l 
Noble, from Penn., erected a forge in this town, near the Ward 
& Colton furnace. Here the first anchor was made, in 1753. 
Steel was made in 1776; and during the Revolution one of the 
chains tlirown across the Hudsun was manufactured here. It 
weighed 186 tons. During the Revolution, Chtudius Smith, a 
noted torv, resided in this town. He waa hung at Goshen, 
Jau. 22, 1779. 

2 3 M. E., Presb., and Friends. 

2 Named in honor of Gen. Richard Montgomery. In 17C7 the 
town was called the '*^ Walk-ill Precinct" and in 1772 it was 
known as the " Hanover Precinct.''* In 1782 its name was 
changed to the Montgomery Precinct. 

* Named from a family of Comforts who were early settlers in 
that region. 

^ Name derived from Tinn and Broc. moaning small river. 

6 Named from the family of Cadwallader Golden, who waa an 
early proprietor. 

T jdhaunes Miller settled on IT all Kil, 2 mi. e. of Montgomery, 
in 1727. Among the other early settlers were John Neely, 
Charles Booth. Wra. Eager. Fred. Sinsabaugh, and Johannes 
Touugblood, — all of whom settled between 1730 and 1741. The 
E. part of the town was originally settled by Irish, and the 
valley of Wall Kil by Hollanders. The first store was kept by 
Alexander Colden. in 17-42; and the first gristmill w;is built at 
Walden, b^' James Kidd. In the fall of 1775 the people of Bos- 



ton, by reason of the great scarcity of su|)plies and provisions, 
applied to this ?tate for aid; and accordingly a public meeting 
was called, which convened in the town of " Hawn'er" (now 
Montgomery.) In the mean time the friends of the mother 
country, always on the alert, liad procured the services of a 
talented orator for the purpose of defeating the objects of the 
meeting. As no one could be found among the adherents of 
the cause of liberty who was able to speak in public, recourse 
was had to the Rev. Mr. Annan, of Neelytown, who at first 
declined, but at length consented. A multitude were assembled 
on the occasion to hear a discussion upon a subject which waa 
theo the absorbing topic of the day. The discussion was con- 
tinued for some time with fairness and ability on either side, 
until at length, to check a strife of angry words and to test the 
disposition uf the assembly, Mr. Annan suddenly said. " As many 
as are in favor of assisting the people of Boston and the cause 
of Liberty, follow me." The cflFect was electric. Immediately 
upon his leaving the house he beheld, to bis utter astonishment, 
the whole multitude at his heels. — ^ger's Hid. Orange 0'.,p. 
036. 

8 There are 7 churches in town ; 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Prot. 
E., Presb., and Covenanter. The Ref. Prot. D. church, near 
Montgomery, has connected with it a farm of 75 acres, valuwi 
at $7,000, find a parsonage. 

9 Mr. Finch was a soldier in the French War, and amiuute-niao 
during the Revolution. 

10 2 Presb., 2 M. K., Cong., and Bap. 

" Until 1763, the present towns of Newburgh and New Wind 
eor were included iu the "Precinct of the Highlands.'* During 
that year this precinct was dividi-d into the javcincts of .New- 
burgh and New Windsor, and continued as such until they were 
organized as towns iul78S. 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



509 



above tlie river. A series of bluffs 100 to 300 ft. in height extends along the river. The greater 
part of the hilly region is arable. The principal stream is Quassaic Creek/ forming a part of the 
boundary of New Windsor. It receives from the n. Fostertown and Gidneys Creeks and Orange 
Lake Outlet. Orange Lake,^ in the w. part, covers an area of about 400 acres. Along its inlet is 
considerable marshy land. The soil is principally a clay and sandy loam. IVewburg^li, (p. v.,) 
on the Hudson, near the s. e. corner of the town, was incorp. March 25, 1800. It lies upon a steep 
slope which rises from the river to the height of about 150 ft. and thence spreads out into a rolling 
region. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 14 churches,' 5 banks, and several pi*ivate schools 
and academies.* It is largely engaged in the manufacture of printed cotton cloths, castings, beer, 
and a variety of other articles.* The commercial interests of the place are also large and import- 
ant.^ The village is supplied with water brought from Little Pond, 3 mi. s.w., by the Newbnrgh 
Waterworks Co. These works were erected in 1853, at a cost of $96,000. In the lower part of 
the village the water has a head of 230 ft. A steam ferry connects this place with Fishkill Land- 
ing. Pop. 9,256. Overlooking the Hudson, in the s. part of the village, stands an old stone man- 
sion known as "Washington's Head Quarters." It is surrounded by a fine lawn of several acres; 
and the whole premises are owned and kept in order by the State.' Savil is a p. o., about 5 mi. 
N. w. of Newburgh. Middle Hope, (p-"^-') ^^ t^^^ n. e. part of the town, contains 1 church 
and 12 houses ; Fostertown, 4 mi. n. w. of Newburgh, a church and 10 houses ; and Gard- 
nertovrn, e. of Orange Lake, a church and 14 houses. Coldenbam is a p. o., in the w. part. 
Baluiville, 2 mi. n. of Newburgh, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made on the present 
site of the village of Newburgh, by Palatinates, in 1708.^ The first church (St, George's Prot. E.) 
was formed about 1728 ; and the first minister was Rev. Mr. Charlton, sent out by the *' London 
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel."^ An almshouse, for the support of the town poor, is 
situated upon a farm of 75 acres on the s. w. line of the village corporation of Newburgh. The 
))uildings are of brick ; and the cost of the whole establishment was about $30,000.^** 

IVEW ■Wi:^'DSOU"— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Hamptonburgh was taken off in 
1830. It lies upon the Hudson, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly up- 
land. The slopes and the sunlmits of the hills are usually smooth and arable. Snake Hill is a 
rough, rocky eminence in the n.e. part, 500 to 600 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Mur- 
derers Creek, flowing through the s. e. corner. Tin Brook flows n. along the w, border. Little 
Pond, in the n. e. part, supplies the Newburgh Waterworks. It is 230 ft. above tide. The soil is 
a gravelly and slaty loam. IVew Windsor, upon the Hudson, 2 mi. s. of Newburgh, contains 
2 churches and about 75 dwellings. It is a steamboat landing, and the center of a large brick 



1 Named from a tribe of Indians who formerly lived in this 
Ticinity. Sometimes called ' Chumbers Creek." 

* Formerly called *' Moose Pond." It was afterward called 
^'- Mac hi lis Pond" from Capt. Macliin, who erected upon its 
outlet a manufactory of copper coin. 

s 4 Presb., 3 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Asso. Ref., Ref. Prot. D., Prot. E., 
and R. 0. 

* The Highland Academy, a private boarding school, was com- 
menced Sept. 1, 1851S. iSee p. Tol.) The Newburgh Collegiate In- 
stitute was commeuced May 1, 1857. Tb«re aie several other 
select schouls in the village. 

5 Amony; the manufacturing efitablishmente are 3 founderiea, 
giving employment to 117 men. and turning out work to the 
amount of $11S.IH>0 annually ; the Newburgh iSteam Printing 
('loth Manufictory, employing 325 hands, and producing 
$,2'>ri,00il worth of goods per annum ; a brewery, employing 35 
men. and producing 35,000 bbls, of beer; and an agricultural 
implenu-nt factory, a car factory, a car wheel factory, a piano 
forte fiictory. a 8oap factory, a machine shop, boiler works, and 
a barrel manufactory, — in the aggregate giving employment to 
2IMJ hands, and producing anouully goods to the amount of 
$240,000. 

6 Shipping to the amount of about 4,000 tons burden ip owned 
at this place. The receipts of lumber brought by the R. R. to 
this place in 1858 amounted to about 21,000,000 ft., and 20,000 
bunches of shingles. 

7 The main body of this house was erected by Jonathan Tlas- 
brouck in 1750, and from this circumstance it was formerly 
known as '-The i.Hd Haahrouck House." The kitchen on the s. 
was addi.-d in 1760, making it a loug. narrow building. In 1770 
au addition was made upon the whole length of the w. side, and 
a new roof was thrown over the whole. There are 8 rooms 
OQ the fir»t floor, and from the principal room 8 doors npen 
loading to every part of the house, including the chambers and 
cellar. This building was used by Washingtnn for his head- 
quarters while the American army occupied this position upon 
the Hudson. It was purchaaed by the State in 1860, and is 
kept as nearly as possible in ita original condition. The rooms 
aad the grouuda are tilled with relics of the Revolution and 



mementos of the War of 1812 and the Mexican War. The walla 
of the bedroom occupied by Washington are covered by original 
letters of Waahin'j;tnn, La Fayette, and other distinguished men 
of the Revolution, framed and glazed. Among the curiosities 
are the tables used by Washington and La Fayette, links from 
the chain which was stretched across the Hudson, and a great 
variety of warlike implements. Near the n. e. corner of the 
house is the grave of Uzal Knapp, the last of Washington's Life 
Guards; he di>/d in Jan. 1850. 

8 The " Newburgh Patent'' was granted to George Larkstead, 

Michael Wiegard, Heman Shoreman, Christian Uenreich. 

Cockertnl, Burgher Myndus, Jacob Webber, Johannes Fisher, 
and Andreas Valch. — all from Palatine, on the Rhine. They made 
a settlement, designated a site for a village, and called it New- 
burgh. How long they remained is not known : but previous 
to 1752 they sold out their grant, as at that date the patent was 
renewed by Gov. Clinton to Alexander Golden. Richard Albert- 
son. Edmund Conklin, jr.. William Ward, Thomas Ward, Nathan 
Truman. Jacob Wandell. Johannes Wandell, Daniel Thurston, 
James Denton, Cahless Leveridge, Michael Demott, Wm. Smith, 
Henry Smith. Duncan Alexander, and William Mitchell. It is 
8uppo.sed that those last named were from Kngland. ::-ome of 
the early settlors were of Dutch descent; and a few were Hugue- 
nots originally from France. Of this last class were the Has- 
broucks, Demotts, Slutta, Devines. Devolls. Degroves, Duhoises, 
Hardenburghs, Snydera, Terwilligers. and Benscotens. The 
Hasbroucks came as early as 1750. The old Glebe School House 
was erected in 17.^2. Jonathan Ha.sbrouck erected the first mill, 
in 1753. A tract of 500 acres, called the -'Glebe." near the N. 
line of Newburgh Village, was originally granted for the support 
of the gospel and schools. 

* Outside of Newburgh Village there are 3 churches in town : 
all M. K. 

^^ This building will accommodate 200 inmates. It is amply 
supplied with bath rooms and water, and is one of the best fiip* 
nished and man.igi-d inntituticins of its kind in the country. A 
school is maintJiincd throughout the year. 

u The Precinct of New Windsor was formed from the " JW 
cinct oftht HightaTids," in 1763. 



510 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



manufacture. Moodna' (p. o.) contains a cotton factory, paper mill, and 10 dwellings. Mor- 
tonvllle, (p. o.,) in the s. e. part contains 1 church, a gristmill, and 6 dwellings. Little 
Britain, near the center, is a p. o. The first settlements were made in 1731, by several emi- 
grants from Ireland, prominent among whom was Col. Charles Clinton, grandfather of De Witt 
Clinton.* The first church (Asso. Ref.) was formed at Little Britain, in 1760; Rev. Robert Aunan 
was the fir.st pastor.' 

'tVALLKIL.l. — was formed March 7, 1788. Part of " Calhoun," now Mount Hope, was taken 
olF in 1825, and a part of Ilamptonburgh in 1830. It lies upon the N. w. border of the co., N. E. 
of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. The principal streams are Shawangunk 
River, forming the n. w. boundary, and Wall Kil, forming a part of the s. E. boundary. Monhagan 
Creek and several other streams are tributaries of these two. The soil is a clayey and gravelly 
loam. Middletown, (p. v.,) in the s. part, was incorp. Feb. 10, 1848. Next to Newburgh, it 
is the largest village in the co. It contains 7 churches, the Wallkill Academy, several private 
seminaries, 2 banks, 2 newspaper ofiices, and several manufacturing establishments.* It is an 
important freight and milk station upon the Erie R. R.^ Pop. 1,873. Circleville, (p. v.,) 5 
mi. N. of Middletown, contains 2 churches and 16 dwellings. Scotcll Town, (p. v.,) 4 mi. 
N. E. of Middletown, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. Hovrells Depot, (p. v.,) a station 
upon the R. R., 4 mi. N. w. of Middletown, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Meclianic 
ToTFn, 2 mi. E. of Middletown, contains a woolen factory and 20 dwellings. Pliilipiliburgll 
and Rockville are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Wm. and Thomas Bull, sons 
of Wm. Bull, of Goshen, who located upon Wall Kil in 1767.* There are 12 churches in town.' 

■WARWICK— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Chester was taken off in 1845. It lies 
upon the line of N. J., in the extreme s. angle of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. 
and E. and broken and hilly in the n. and w. The principal mountain ranges are the Sterling, 
Rough, and Warwick Mts. in the s. E., and the Bellvale Mts. in the e.' They are high, steep, and 
rocfty, and have all the characteristics peculiar to a wild, mountain region. In the extreme w. part 
is a nearly level region, occupied by the Drowned Lands.' Several eminences in the midst of these 
lands are denominated islands.'" The principal streams are Wall Kil, forming the w. boundary, 
Quaker Creek, forming the N. w. boundary, and the Wawayanda, or Warwick, and Pochuck 
Creeks. Greenwood Lake, upon the s. line, extends about 4 mi. into this town. The other prin- 
cipal bodies of water are Sterling, Wickhams, and Thompsons Ponds, near the e. border. The 
soil is light and unproductive upon the hills, and a gravelly and sandy loam in the valleys. 
War^riclt, (p. v.,) on Wawayanda Creek, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, the 
Warwick Institute, and 358 inhabitants. Florida, {p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 3 churches, 
the S. S. Seward Seminary," and 45 dwellings ; Amity, (p. v.,) in the w. part, 1 church and 3fl 
dwellings; Edenville, (p. v.,) 2 mi. n. e. of Amity, a church and 24 dwellings; Kew 
niilford, (p. v.,) in the s. part, a church and 26 dwellings; Bellvale, (p. v.,) in the e., a 
church and 192 inhabitants ; and Dutcll OollOW, 2 mi. s. e. of Bellvale, a church and 15 
dwellings. Sterlings Worfcs, in the extreme s. part, is a hamlet." The precise date of the 
first settlement is unknovrn. Daniel Burt, from Conn., came into town in 1746." The first church 
(Presb.) was formed in 1764, and the second (Bap.) in 1766.'* Hon. Wm. H. Seward was born at 
the village of Florida. 



1 Name derived from Murderers Creek, and bestowed by N. P. 
Willis. Formerly knnwTi as (traii'„'eville. 

2 In 1732 or '3:S, families named AIsup, Ellison. Cbamhers. and 
Lawrence settled upon the present site of New Windsor Village. 
The headquarters of the American army were at this place at 
one time during the Kevolution. 

8 There are b churcbea in town; 3 M. E., Presb., Prot. E.. and 
Asso. Ilef. 

* The principal establishments are a carpet bag factory, lile 
Cictury, grain cradle factory. h:it factoi-y. 2 sa.'^h and blind fac- 
tories, and a foundery and machine shop. In the aggregate these 
f ictories employ about 300 hands, and manulacture goods to the 
amiiunt of ^50,000 annually. 

* L*,.^00 gall, of milk are sent daily to N. Y. from the R. B. 
stations in this town. 

6 Among the other early settlers were families named McCord, 
IMcN'eal, Borlind, Rogers, Butterfield. Wisuer. Murray, McCarter. 
McVey. McWhorter, McDeunis, McLauglilin. Campbell, Wat- 
kins, and Faulkner, the most of wliom were Scotch emigrsints. 

I I I'resb., 3 Bap., 2 Cong., 2 M. E,, and K. C. 

' The piincijjal elevations in town are Hogback, Decker, One 
Pine, and Hulls Hills, in the E. ; Bill .and Coxci>mb Hills, in the 
center; Lo&^. Cedai-. Poud, and Bill Wliites Uills, in the s. £.; 



Round. Rocky, and Chucks Hills, in the a.; Ponchuck Mt. and 
Green and .\dneys Hills, in thew.; and Mts. Adiim and Eve, 
and Round Hill, in the x. w. 

• These lands have mostly been drained and converted into the 
most valuable meadows. 

to .^mong these eoiinences are Pine, Merritt, Gardners. Black 
Walnut, Cranberry, and Fox Islands. 

it This seminary w.is founded about 1S4.'J, by .Judge S. S. Seward, 
father of Wm. H. Seward, who endowed it with a fund of $2>','H10. 

12 Sterling Works receives its name frum the ir n W' rks 
located upon the outlet of Sterling Pond. The manufacture of 
iron has been carried on at this place for 100 years "r more. 
Gen. W m. Alexander. L<ird .Stertinir. is said to have been int.- 
rested in them at one time; and hence their name. Anthors and 
steel were manufactured here during the Revolution. 12 to 15 
tons of pig iron are now made here per day. 

J3 Among the other e;trly settlers were Thos. Willing Panie! 
Whitney, iJenj. Burt. John Vance. ;ind Diivid McCauiey. 1 he tirst 
mill was built by Daviil Burt, at Bellvale. in 176t». Mjiny of the 
early settlers were Dutch, and others English, from Mass. and 
Conn. 

i* There are 11 chnrchea in town ; 6 M JE., 3 Presb., Bap., and 
Ref. Prot. D. 



ORANGE COUNTY. 



511 



WAWAYAWDA' — was formed from Minisink, Nov. 15, 1849. It is an interior town, lying 
s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and hilly. The highe.st summit is Joe Geo 
Hill,'' in the N. w. part. The Drowned Lands occupy a portion of the s. E. corner. The prinoipal 
streams are Wall Kil, forming the s. E. boundary, Rutgers Creek, forming the s. w. boundary, 
Wawayanda Creek, in the w. part, and Monhagan Creek, in the n. e. corner. The soil is chiefly 
a clay and sandy loam, and is best adapted to pasturage.' WeM-' Hampton, (p. v.,) on Wall 
Kil, in the N. B. corner, contains a gristmill, sawmill, and 25 dwellings ; Denton, 1 mi. s. w. of 
New Hampton, 1 church and 25 dwellings ; Ridgebury, (p. v.,) near the center, 2 churches 
and 30 dwellings; Slate llill, (p. v.,) 1 mi. w. of Ridgebury, 1 church and 25 dwellings; 
CenterviHe,in the w. part, 1 cliurch and 15 dwellings; JM.illsbui'g'll, (Wells Corner p. o.,) 
1 mi. s. of Centerville, on the line of Minisink, a grist and saw mill and 15 dwellings ; and 
Gardnerville, in the s. part, on the line of Minisink, a gristmill, sawmill, and 15 dwellings. 
The first settlements are supposed to have been made previous to 1700.* There are 5 churches iu 
town ; 3 Presb., M. E., and Bap. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellinys, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Ayricullural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Orange County. 



Names of Towns. 



Itlooming Grove... 

Chester 

Cornwall 

Crawford 

Deerpark 

Goellea 

Greenville 

Haniptonljurgb.... 

Minisink 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Mount Hope 

Newburgh 

New Windsor 

Wallkill 

Warwick 

W;iwayanda 



IMtal.. 



Acres of Land. 



.i21} 

,87H 

.575 

.99.SJ 

,853i 

,675 

,519i 

,590 

,959} 

186i 

,0705 

SHi 

600 

,391 J 

,003} 

,1« 



308,599j 



6,5491 
2.908 

15,894 
4.6,«S 

22.473 
3,676i 
4,736 
2,184 
2,497 

77,666J 
6,703 
3,890 
4.078i 
3.371 
7.386, 

20,326i 
2,866 



Valuatiom of 1858. 



$989,921 

689,132 

650,729 

692.445 

1,342,945 

1,288,175 

414,703 

693,287 

621,863 

1,034.800, 

l,4:i4,S41 

660,195 

3,039,876 

977,825 

1,816.860 

1,704.901 

724.934 






$320,109 
311,850 
107.050 
125,97.5 
210,090 
4:iS,4,-iO 

41,100 
131,607 

97,450 
149,662 
460,135 

87,060 
2.383.716 
301,687 
669.800 
208,476 
139,S94 



189,615 19.483,43116,116.900 



$1.310,0.30 

1,000,982 

764,379 

818,420 

1,653,635 

1,726.625 

455,803 

824,894 

619,313 

1,184,462 

1,894.976 

617,845 

6,323,691 

1.279.512 

2,386,660 

1,973,376 

864,828 



1.094 

841 

2,420 

959 

2,946 

1.600 

606 

662 

035 

2,380 

1,820 

867 

6.122 

1,278 

2,630 

2,488 

1,007 



26,599,331 30.317 30,551 



1,090 

865 

2,158 

1.041 

2,558 

1,647 

612 

641 

660 

2,171 

1.972 

878 

6,061 

1,277 

2,779 

2,499 

1,062 



364 
277 
648 
338 
851 
482 
217 
212 
231 
737 
642 
318 
1,729 
3S6 
915 
875 
360 



389 
310 
808 
350 
972 
629 
233 
223 
242 
812 
715 
303 

2,443 
441 

1.040 
930 
377 



9,582 11,186 



211 
189 
401 
221 
449 
226 
140 
141 
101 
290 
8J50 
220 
630 
216 
622 
477 
172 



Scuoois. 



Names of Towns. 



Blooming Grove. 

Chester 

Cornwall 

Crawfoid 

Deerpark 

Goshen 

(Jreenville 

Hiimptonbnrgb. 

Minisink 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Mount Hope 

Newhmgh 

New Windsor.... 

WallUill 

Warwick 

Wawayanda 

Totiil 



JLiTB Stock. 



SO;.) 



499 

735 

798 

738 

1,127 

922 

662 

894 

1,340 

1,025 

639 

1,113 

951 

1,475 

2,936 

823 



2,358 
1,920 
1,274 
2.395 
728 
3,213 
1.918 
1.979 
1,83; 
2.409 
2,859 
1,6,81 
2,456 
2,169 
3.085 
6,119 
2.789 



17,415 40,187 



to 



2,467 
354 
846 

1,000 
270 

2,474 
499 

2,403 
331 
810 

2,856 
416 
973 

1,199 

1,580 

2,44; 
4.53 

•JHs?; 



« 



1,644 
726 
1,445 
3.500 
779 
2.028 
1.505 
2.200 
1,774 
1,672 
5,097 
986 
3,691 
3,000 
3,778 
5,1':0 
1.779 



40,084 



Agricultural Products. 



BUBH. OP Okain. 



24j,e64i ' 672,4144 



103,211i 



na. 



4,363 

14,582 

2,fi49S 

6.617 

12,304 

10,188 

2,706 

1,965 

2,828 

8,162 

13.262 

3,379i 

10,768i 

6,467 

10,369 

8,932 

4,030 



II: 



Dairv Prodcct*. 



Is Q 



95,060 
21.175 
77,844 
252.020 
46.194 
129,918 
249.248 
177,820 
24.-!,749 
98,270 
312,406 
141,146 
218.963} 
218,832 
305.843 
416.494 
220.545 



^■S'? 



80,000 



123,5614 '80,1805 3,286,587} 80,660 



•I-? 



747 
142 



138 
130 
179 
171 
249 

461! 

34,',} 

86 



2,9)Si 



1 The name is eaid by some lo bo an Indian corruption of the 
English phrase "away over yonder." — Eagar^s IIUL Orange Co., 
pp. 4:i2, 43:i. 

3 Named fi'oin the last Indian who bad his cabin on the hill. 



8 1.500 gallons of milk are sent daily from this town to th« 
N.Y. market. 

' .Aninnj; the early settlers were John I>enton. Itichard Car- 
pent'-r, l>^aar Dulson.and Daniel and David C^ioley. Isaac DolBon 
bmlt a blockhouse Aa a protL'Ction against the Indians, ia 1750. 



ORLEANS COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Genesee, Nov. 11, 1824; Shelby wan 
annexed from Genesee April 5, 1825. It lies on Lake Ontario, 
between Monroe and Niagara cos., centrally distant 232 mi. from 
Albany, and contains 405 sq. mi. Its surface is level or undu- 
lating, and, except in the extreme s. part, it has a gradual inclina- 
tion toward tlie lake. It is divided into three distinct plateaus by 
the lake and mountain ridges,' which extend e. and w. through the 
CO. nearly parallel to the lake shore. The lower plateau slopes 
slightly and uniformly upward from the lake shore to the lake 
ridge, a distance of 6 to 8 mi., where it attains an elevation of about 
165 feet. This ridge is composed of sand and gravel, and its sea- 
ward side is covered with coarse gravel and water-worn pebbles, 
resembling the present lake beach.^ It is elevated 20 to 30 feet above the lower plateau, to which 
it descends with a gentle inclination uniform in its whole extent. There is generally a similar 
slope upon its inland .side; but in many places the level of the country is nearly and sometimes 
quite as high as that of the ridge. The ridge is 100 to 300 feet wide at the top, and nearly level. 
From the earliest settlement of the co. its summit has been used for a road. The second plateau 
is gently undulating, and 4 to 6 mi. wide, attaining an altitude of about 300 feet at the base of the 
mountain ridge. This ridge, entering from Niagara CO., runs nearly E. through the towns of Shelby 
and Barre, and s. and E. through Clarendon. It preserves the character of a steep declivity in 
Clarendon and Shelby, but in Barre its ascent is gradual. The upper plateau is undulating, and 
from the mountain ridge southerly it gently rises for about 2 mi. to the culminating ridge, which 
is the highest land in the co. and nearly 450 feet above the lake. For about 2 mi. further the 
surface is quite level; and thence it gradually descends to the Tonawanda Swamp, on the s. border 
of the CO. The principal streams are Oak Orchard,' Johnsons,* and Sandy Creeks, which take their 
rise in or near the Tonawanda Swamp and flow n. and e. to the lake. Their channels are deeply 
excavated ; and upon them are numerous waterfalls and rapids. 

The underlying rock of the N. part is the Medina sandstone ; while the upper plateau rests upon 
a base of Niagara limestone. Along the ridge in Clarendon and on the banks of Oak Orchard 
Creek in Shelby are outcrops of this limestone. Hydraulic limestone has been obtained from both 
these localities, and quicklime is burned at various places along the ridge. The upper layers of 
the Medina sandstone afford an excellent material for building and flagging purposes, and several 
quarries have been opened at Medina and other places on the line of the canal. Elsewhere in the 
CO. this rock is friable, and readily disintegrates upon exposure to the atmosphere. It separates 
at first into small, angular fragments, and then decomposes into a dark red, loamy clay. Nume- 
rous salt springs originate in this formation, from which salt was manufactured until, by the 
completion of the Erie Canal, they were brought into competition with the salines of Onondaga.' 
The soil in the N. part of the co. is generally sandy ; but it is everywhere modified by the under- 
lying formation ; and near the lake are several tracts in which clay predominates. In the s. it is 
a mixture of clay, sand, and lime, and the whole is well adapted to grain raising. The various 
branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits. Barley, oats, corn, beans, and potatoes are the 
principal crops,' and considerable quantities of apples and other fruits are raised. A limited 
amount of manufactures is carried on within the co. 

The county seat is located at Albion,' on the Erie Canal, in the central part of the co. The 



1 The lake ridge has been at some time the lake shore; the 
mountain ritlge is a continuation of the mountain ridge of Niapara 
CO., and is formed by the outcropping of the Niagara limestone. 

- The primitive cliaracter of this slope has become somewhat 
obliterated by cultivation. 

3 So named from a fine grove of oaks formerly at its mouth. 

♦ Named after Sir Wm. Johnson, who. with his forces, en- 
camped at its mouth one night when on his way to Fort Niagara 
ill 1759. 

■» Salt works were erected at a spring near Oak Orchard Creek, 
about H mi. N. of Medina, at HoUey, and at Oak Orchard: and 
salt was made by the early settlers in nearly every town N. of 
the canal. A boring of 140 feet at Oak Orchard resulted in 
Rliglitty increasing the strength of the brine, but not ltd quan- 
612 



tity; and at other places, by blasting and boring, the springs 
were destroyed. 

* Whejit was formerly the principal crop of this CO. : but of 
late the ravages of the midge have been so extensive that its 
cultivation has been nearly abandoned. 

I Previous to the erection of the co. buildings at Albion, the 
courts were held at the house of Selah Bronson, in the village 
of Gaines. The commissioners appointed by the Legislature to 
locate the county seat were Philetus Swift, of Phelps, Ontario 
CO.. Victory Birdseye, of Onondaga Co., and J. Hathaway, of 
Cortland CO. The site of the Co. buildings was deeded to the 
supervisors by Nehemiah Ingersoll; and the courthouse was 
built in 1827. Gilbert Howell, of Kidgeway, Elihu Mather, of 
Gaines, and Calvin Smith, of Bari«, were the commissioners 



ORLEANS COUNTY. 



513 



courthouse is a fine buildiug, situated in the midst of a park, near the center of the village. It 
is built of brick, and is surmounted by a dome 110 feet above the ground. It contains the court, 
jury, supervisors', and surrogate's rooms.* The jail, situated just e. of the courthouse, is a com- 
modious edifice, built of Medina sandstone. The county clerk's office is a small, one story brick 
building, adjoining the courthouse. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 107 acres in the 
town of Barre, 3 mi. s. of Albion. Its average number of inmates is 50, supported at a weekly 
cost of 80 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of about $700. 

The works of internal improvement in the co. are the Erie Canal, extending through near the 
center; the Tonawanda Swamp Feeder, conducting the waters of the swamp into Oak Orchard 
Creek and the canal ; and the Rochester & Niagara Falls R. R., a branch of the N. Y. Central.^ 

Three weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

Long before the advent of the whites this co. was the hunting ground and probable residence 
of the Iroquois; and there are traces of an occupation long anterior to them and by an entirely 
distinct race.* The 3 eastern towns of the co. belonged to the Conn. Tract and the Pulteney 
Estate, and the remaining part of the co. to the Holland Purchase. There is a tradition that a 
Canadian, with his family, settled at the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek as early as 1702-93 ; but 
his stay was of short duration, and by some he is now regarded as a myth. The first permanent 
settlers were James and Wm. AValsworth, two brothers, who came from Canada by the way of the 
lake, and who located respectively at the mouths of Oak Orchard and Johnsons Creeks^ in the 
present town of Carlton. A few settlers came in each year until 1809, when the great natural 
thoroughfare, the ridge road, was opened, inducing a much more rapid influx of settlers. Immi- 
grants continued to pour in rapidly and settle near the ridge road, until settlement was checked 
by the War of 1812. Upon the capture of Fort Niagara by the British, in 1813, many of the people 
fled from their homes, but soon retui*ned.^ After the return of peace, the tide of immigration again 
set in toward this region, and continued to flow steadily and uninterruptedly for several years. 
The settlers generally chose locations in the immediate vicinity of the ridge road, and continued 
to do so until the completion of the Erie Canal, when thei regions further s. began rapidly to fill 
up. Since that time steady progress has been made in every element of material prosperity, until 
the CO. has taken front rank among the best agricultural regions of the State. 



BARRE^ — was formed from Gaines, March 6, 1818. It is the most southerly of the middle 
tier of towns, and is the largest town in the co. Its surface is undulating, and its soil a rich loam 
underlaid by the Niagara limestone. The Tonawanda Swamp occupies the s. part. Albion^^ 



appointed to Puperintend its erection. The first officers of the 

CO. wore Elijah Foot, First Judge; S. M. Moody, Cyrus Harwood. 

Eldridge Farwell, and William Penuiraan. Judges; Wiliiam 

Lewis, Sheriff; and Orson Nicholson, Co. Clerk. 
1 The courthouse waa erected in ISST-ftS, at a coat of $20,000. 

The courtroom is a large and spacious apartment, 56 feet lung 

by 55 feet wide, and 2fi feet hitih. 
s The Medina & Darien R. R. Co. was organized in 1835, and 

the road waa opened as far as Akron. Stages drawn by horses 

were put upon the road ; but the whole was abandoned in 2 or 3 

years. 
8 The Gazette., the first paper published in the co., was started 
at Gaines in IS'Z'Z by Seymour Tracy, and was continued 
4 years. 

The Ifewport Patriot was started at '* Newport," now Albion, 
Feb. 9, 1824, by Franklin Cowdrey. In Feb. 1825, Timo- 
thy C. Strong became proprietor, and changed it to 

The Orleans Advocate. In Feb. 1828, in the midst of the excite^ 
ment following the abduction of Morgan, Mr. Strong 
changed it to 

The Orleans Advocate and Anti Masonic Telegraph; and in Feb. 
1S29, it took the name of 

The Orleans Anti Masonic TeUgraph. In June of the same 
year it was changed to 

The Orleans Telegraph ; and soon after to 

The Amenran Standard. It was issued 2 yeara by J. Kemp- 
shall, when it passed back into the hands of Mr. Strong, 
who chanced it to 

The Orleans American. In April, 1844, it passed into 
the bands of ^. & J. H. Denio. and was continued by 
them until 185.3, when it was bought byS. A. Andrews, 
by whom it is now published. 

The Orleans Republican was commenced at Albion 
in Oct. 1829, by C. S. McConnell. It was published by 
him until 1S41; by H. W. Dupuy a few months; by an 
association until 1845; by H. E. Purdy until 1S46 ; and 
by C. S. McConnell until 1848. when it was sold to Wil- 
son & Beach, its present publishers. 
The Albion Times was established Oct. 23. 1853, by J. 0. Nicker- 
Bon. Jan. 11, 1855, it was changed to 



It 



In 



The Spirit of Sevent;/-Six, and continued until May 27, 1858. 
The Orhafis Whig was commenced at Gaines in July, 1827, by 

John Fisk, and continued several years. 
The Medina Herald was issued in 1832 by Daniel P. Adams, and 

continued 2 or 3 years. 
The Medina Sentinel was started in Ang. 1837, by J. & J. FI. 

Denio. The following year it was changed to 
The Orleans Sfnfind, and continued until May. 1842. 
The Bucldail was commenced in 1840 by S. M. Burrougtio. 

was subsequently changed to 
The Medina Democrat, and continued 2 or 3 years. 
The Medina Citizen was started in 1850 by H. A. Smith 

1852 it was changed to 
The Medina Tribune, Hud in 1859 sold to Sam'l 11. Clark. 
The People's Journjil was published at Medina a short time in 

1858 by J. W. Swan. 
* About li mi. w. of Shelby Center are the remains of an an- 
cient fortification, nearly circular in form, enclosing an area of 
about 3 acres. A broad ditch encircled the whole. Flint arrow 
heads, stone axes, several piles of small atones, and pieces of 
earthenware have been found within the enclosure. Trees uf 
400 years' growth stand upon the embankment. Larse numbers 
of human skeletons, many of them of giant size, have been ex- 
humed near the fort. Many of these seem to have been thrown 
promiscuously into one common grave; and it is generally supn 
posed that this has been the scene of a great battle. 

6 As soon as the news of the capture of Fort Niagara reached 
the village of Gaines, Capt. Eleazur McCourty, with a company 
of volunteers, started for the Niagara frontier. On their way 
they surprised and captured, after a short conflict, a body of 
marauding British and Indians at Muleneux's tavern, in the 
town of Cambria. Niagara co. They subsequently captured 
another party near Youngstown, and compelled them to carry 
back their booty to " Hardscrable," (DicktTsonville.) They re- 
mained upon the lines about 20 days, until the arrival of the 
militia drafted fiom Cayuga and the adjoining cos. 

8 Named from Barre, Mass. 

7 Originally called ''^ Newport,'" but changed at the time of it« 
incorporation. 



33 



514 



ORLEANS COUNTY. 



(p. V.,) the county seat, was incorp. April 21, 1828. It is situated on the Erie Canal, in the k. 
part of the town, and is the principal station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. between Rochester and 
Lockport. It contains 5 churches, the Phipps Union Female Seminary,^ the Albion Academy, 
a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 3,776. Bar re Center, (p. o.,) 
4 mi. s. of Albion, contains 30 dwellings. £ag'le Harbor lies partly in this town. Soutli 
Barre (p. 0.) and JacU§ons Corners (West Barre p. 0.) are hamleta. Ricli's Corners 
ia in the n. e, part. Settlement was commenced by Wm. McAllister, in 1811.' The first church 
(Cong.) was organized Nov. 5, 181G, by Revs. Eleazur Fairbanks and Comfort Williams.* 

CARCTOJV — was formed from Gaines and Ridgeway, April 13, 1822, as '^Oak Orchard.'^ Its 
name was changed in 1825. It lies on the lake shore, between Kendall and Yates, and is crossed in a 
N. E. direction by Oak Orchard and Johnsons Creeks. The surface is level, and the soil generally sandy. 
Salt water has been discovered near West Carlton.^ Carlton/ (p. o.,) East Carlton, (p.o,,) 
"West Carlton, (p. o.,)^Vaterport, (po.,) Henyonville, Oak Orchard Harbor, 
and Bald vrin Corners are hamlets. Settlement was commenced in 1803, by two brothers, Jas. 
andWm. Walsworth, — the former at the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek, the latter on Johnsons Creek. 
Matthew Dunham and his sons Matthew, Jas., and Charles, from N. Y. City, settled near Johnsons 
Creek in the fall of 1803.' The first church (M. E.) was organized at West Carlton, about 1816.^ 

CLAREIVDOJV — was formed from Sweden, Monroe co,, Feb. 23, 1821. It is the s.e. corner town 
of the CO. The e. branch of Sandy Creek rises in the Tonawanda Swamp and flows n. Upon this 
stream are two waterfalls, — one at the village of Clarendon and the other in the n. part of the town. 
Along the line of the mountain ridge the surface is broken, and elsewhere it is gently rolling or 
level. The soil is a sandy loam; in the n. stony. Limestone for building purposes and hydraulic 
limestone have been obtained at Clarendon. Clarendon^ (p-v.) contains 2 churches, a limited 
number of manufactories,^*' and about 30 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1811, at 
the village of Clarendon, by Eldridge Farwell." There are now 3 churches in town.^^ 

GAIIVES^' — was formed from Ridgeway, Feb. 14, 1816. Barre was taken off in 1818, and a 
part of Carlton in 1822. It is the central town in the co. It is crossed by Otter and Marsh 
Creeks, branches of the Oak Orchard, and by the w. branch of Sandy Creek. The lake ridge 
extends e. and w. through the center. The surface is level and the soil sandy. Eagle 
Harbor, (P-^v) on the Erie Canal, contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, and a large stave 
factory and cooperage. Pop. 639, — 509 in Gaines and 130 in Barre. Gaines" (p. v.) contains 2 
churches and 342 inhabitants. £ast Gaines and West Gaines are p. offices ; and Gaines 
Basin, on the canal, and Fairliaven, are hamlets. The first settlement was made prior to 

1809, by Gilbert. Noah Burgess, Samuel Crippen, Elliott, and Elijah Downer came in 

1809.'5 The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1816.i« 



1 The Phipps Union Female Seminary was eatablished in 1833. 
The main buMding was erected in 1836, and additions have been 
since made, until the whole outlays have reached $20,000. The 
average number of pupils is about 250. 

* Flouring mills, furnaces, a woolen factory, a tannery, a 
cabinet ware manufactory, and a planing mill. 

8 McAllister settled on the present nite of the Phipps Female 
Seminary, near the courthouse. Among the earliest settlera 
were Joseph Stoddart, Reuben Clark, Joseph Hart, and Elgah 
Darrow, who located in the n. part of the town in 1812. The 
first death, that of Mrs. McAllister, occurred in Sept. 1811. The 
first sawmill was built by Wm. White in 1^16, on Sandy Creek, a 
little E. of Albion ; the first gristmill, in 1S19. by Wm. Bradner, 
near the same place; and the first tavern was kept by Abraham 
Mattison, in 1815, at Bentons Corners, about 2 mi. s. of Albion. 
The first school was taught by Mrs. Cyrus Ilentou. 

* There are 7 churches in town; Presb., Bap., Prot. E., M. E., 
and R. C. at Albion, Cong, at Barre Center, and M. E. at Jack- 
Bons Corners. 

6 Lyman Fuller, in digging a well, bored through a stratum 
of rock, and obtained salt water of such strength that 2 galls, 
yielded a pint of fialt. The hole through the rock was plugged 
op, and fresh water came in from above. 

6 Locally known as "Two Bridges." 

^ In 1804, Elijah Hunt, Henry Lovell, Moses Root, Ehjah 
Brown, and Job Shipman settled in this town. The first death 
in town, unless it was that of a member of the Canadian family 
mentioned on page , was that of a deserter from Fort Nia- 
gara, who was drowned in attempting to cross Johnsons Creek, 
about 1800. The first death of an actual settler was that of 
Elijah Brown, May 7, 1805. The first births were those of a pair 
of twins, children of James Walsworth, in 1806; and the first 
marriage, that of Wm. Carter and Amy Hunt, in 1804. The first 
crlstmill was built on Johnsons Creek, by Matthew Dunham, in 
TfiOOj and the first etore waa opened in 1816, at West Carlton, 



by Geo. Kuck. The first school waa taught by Peleg Helms, in 
the winter of 1810-11. 

8 There are now 5 churches in town; Bap. and Preeb. at 
Carlton. M. E. at West Carlton, Bap. at East Carlton, and M. E. 
at Kenyonvilte. The first religious services in town were con- 
ducted by '■ Old Mr. Steele.*' a M. E. preacher from Canada, some 
time prior to 1810. ^ Formerly known as ** I'^Tivdls AIUls." 

10 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and a furnace. 

11 Benj. Thomas, Benajah Worden. Klisha Huntly, John Cone, 
John Stephens, David Church, and Chauncey Kobinson were 
among the earliest settlers. Eldridge Farwell built the first 
sawmill, on Sandy Creek, in 1811, and the first gristmill, in 1813. 
The first store was kept by Hiram Frisbee, in 1821; and the 
first school was taught by Mrs. Amanda Bills. 

12 M. E. and Univ. at Clarendon, and a Christian church about 
1^ mi. w. of Clarendon. 

1' Named in honor of Gen. E. P. Galnea, through the instra- 
mentality of Wm. J. Babbitt. 

1* Incorp. by the Legistatare in 1832, but never organized 
under the act. 

16 Among the early settlers were Reuben Rowley, Harry Wil- 
cox, Joseph and Aaron Adams, Robert and Cotton Leach, New- 
bury Chafey. Dyer Sprague, Samuel Rosier, Wm. Burlingame, 
Walter Fairfield, Lansing Bailey, John Proctor, and Jamea 

Mather. The first death was that of Gilbert, who died in 

or before 1809. His wife and niece. Amy Scott, remained, and 
vrintered a yoke of osen and several cows upon bn^iwse cut by 
themselves. The first birth was that of Samuel Crippen, jr.. in 
1810; andthefirst marriage, that of CjTus Daniels and Elizabeth 
Freeman, July 4. 1812. The first inn was kept by Wm. Sibley, 
in 1811; and the first store, by Wm. Perry, in 1815. OrinGleason 
tiught the first school, in the winter of 1813-14. Henry Drake 
built the first sawmill, in 1813 ; and the fii-st gristmill was built 
by Jonathan Gates, io 1822. 

u There are 6 cburchea in town; M.E. and Wee. Math, at 



ORLEANS COUNTY. 



515 



RE]VDAIj1<^ — was taken from Murray, April 7, 1837. It lies on the lake shore,* in the e. 
part of the co., and is crossed by Bald Eagle Creek near the center, and Sandy Creek in the s. 
part. Its surface is level; and the soil, with the exception of a belt of clay across the s. part, is 
a sandy loam. There are several small salt springs in the town. Kendall (p. v.) contains 4 
churches and about 25 dwellings. "West Kendall (p. o.) and Kendall Mills (p.o.) are 
hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1812, by Samuel Bates, from (liittenden co., Vt.' 
The first religious service, conducted by Elder Stephen Randall, was held in the spring of 1816.* 

MURRAY — was formed from ''Northampton" (nowGates, Monroe co.,) April 8, 1808. Sweden 
was taken ofi" in 1813, Clarkson in 1819, and Kendall in 1837. It lies on the e. border of the co., 
between Clarendon and Kendall, and is crossed by Sandy Creek, the two branches of which unite 
at Murray, in the n. part of the town. This stream has worn a deep channel ; at Holley it is 
about 75 feet below the level of the land. The embankment over which the N. Y. C. R. R. crosses 
the gulf is one of the largest on the line of that road. The surface is generally level, except in 
the s. w. part, where it is rolling. The soil is mostly a sandy loam; in some parts, however, it is 
clayey. Near Holley are two sulphur and several salt springs, at the latter of which salt was manu- 
factured previous to the opening of the canal. The Medina sandstone approaches near the sur- 
face ; and quarries have been opened in the neighborhood of Hulberton.^ Holley/ (p. v.,) incorp. 
Sept. 3, 1850, a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., is situated in the s. part of the town, on the Erie 
Canal. It contains 2 churches, the Holley Academy, and several manufacturing establishments."' 
Pop. 614. Uulberton (p. v.) contains 278 inhabitants; and Hindsburgli (p. v.) 167. 
Murray^ (p-o-) and Brockvllle are hamlets. Murray Depot is a r. r. station. The 
first settlement was made by Kpaphras Mattison, prior to 1809.® The first church (Cong.) was 
formed Jan. 5, 1819, by Rev. John F. BUss.^o 

RIDGE"WAY" — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) June 8, 1812. Gaines was taken 
off in 1816, Shelby in 1818, and Yates and a part of Carlton in 1822. It lies on the w, border 
of the CO., between Shelby and Yates, and is crossed by Johnsons and Oak Orchard Creeks. Upon 
the latter, at Medina, is a waterfall about 30 feet high ; and at Jeddo and Oak Orchard, where 
ihe streams cross the lake ridge, are low waterfalls. The surface is generally level, and the soil a 
eandy loam. Some of the most important of the salt springs of this co. are in this town." 
Within and near the village of Medina are extensive quarries; and large quantities of building, 
flagging, and paving stone are sent to Rochester, Buffalo, and other places on the canal.'' Me- 
dina, (p-v-0 incorp. March 30, 1832, lies on the Erie Canal, mostly within this town. It is an 
important station on the N. Y. C. R. R., and is connected with Ridgeway on the n. and Shelby 
Center on the s. by the Medina & Alabama Plank Road. It contains 5 churches, an academy," a 
newspaper office, and several manufactories.*^ Pop. in 1855, 2,104, — in Ridgeway 1,915, in Shelby 
189. Rnowlesville,'^ (P-v-,) a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., situated in the e. part of the 
town, on the Erie Canal, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.^' Pop. 400. Oak Or- 
chard^^ (p-"^-) lias a pop. of 136; Jeddo (p. v.) of 124; and Rldg-ei^'aj^ (p-^O of 64. 
IVortb Rld^enray is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Ezra D. Barnes, from De Ruyter, 



Eagle Harbor. Cong, and Presb. at Gaines, Cniv. at Fairhaven, 
and Free Will Bap. at East Gaines. 

1 Named in honor of Amos Kendall. P. M. Gen. 

2 Near the mouth of Bald Eagle Creek the lake makes rapid 
encroachmeute upon the land, and whole fields have been swept 
away. 

8 Among the early settlers were Amos RaBdall, David Jones, 
Benj. Morse, and Nathaniel Brown, who came in 1815. The 
first birth was that of Bartlett Morse, in 1816; the first mar- 
riage, that of James Aiken and Esther A. Bates. March 2, 1817; 
and the first death, that of a son of Geo. Balcom, in 1816. The 
first store was kept by Iliram Thompson, in 1823; the first inn, 
by Lyman Spicer, in 1823; and the first sawmill was built by 
Amnion Auger & Kbenezer Boyden, in 1819. The first school 
was tiught by Gerdon Balcom, in 1S19. 

* There are 5 churches in town ; Univ., Bap., Presb., and 
M. E. at Kendall, and M. K. at West Kendall. 

6 St. Paul's Church in Buffalo is built of material obtained at 
one of these quarries. 

* Named io honor of Myron Holley, one of the first canal 
commissioners. 

' A gristmill, a tannery, a furnace and plow factory, and a 
cabinet ware manufactory. 

8 Locally known aa "Sandy Creek." 

9 Among the early settlers were Daniel Wait, Joshua Rock- 
wood, and Peleg Sisson. The first birth in town wis that of 
Betsey Mattison, in iMll ; the first mrtrriage, that of Zimri Per- 
rigo and Lucetta Spafford, Jan. 17, 1S15; and the first death, 
that of Mrs. D-miel Reed, in 1S14. The first inn was kept by 
Epaphras Mattison, in 1809; the first store, by Isaac Leach, in 



1S15; and the first gristmill was built by Perry & Luce, in 1816, 
Fftnny Furguson taught the first school, in the summer nf 1814. 

i<* There are 4 churches in town ; Bap. and Presb. at Holley, 
M. K. at Hulberton, and Bap. in w. part of town. 

'I So named from the ridge way or road formed by the lake 
ridge running E, and w. through the town. 

•2 Salt works were erected at a spring N. of Medina by the Hol- 
land Land Co. as early as 1805, and thrown open for the use of 
the settlers. Two roads opened by the Co. :^t the same time — 
one from the works a. to the "Old Buffalo Road," and the other 
E. to the " Oak Orchard Road"— were widely known as the ^-SaU 
Works Roads."' 

18 The principal quarries are owned by Isaac Hathaway and 
John Ryan. The upper layers cleave ofl" in smooth slabs from 
2 to 6 inches thick. The succeeding layers are thicker, — Rome 
of the lower ones several feet. Besides what has been sent to 
the larger places for buildiOR. flagging, and pavine, large quanti- 
ties have been quarried for building bridge abutments and canal 
walla. 

1* The Medina Academy wafi incorp. in 1849, and is both an 
academy and a common school, particijjating in both the litnra- 
ture and common school funds. The average number of pupiU 
is 400. 

^ 5 flouring and grist miWn, with an aggregate of 22 run of 
stone, 2 oil mills, 2 iron founderies, 2 sa»h and blind factories, a 
tannery, and a machine shop. 

i*" Named after Dea. Knowles, one of the earliejrt settlers 

IT A steam sawmill, stejun gristmill, tannery, and plaflter mill 

18 At Oak Orchard is a distillery. 



516 



ORLEANS COUNTY. 



Madison co., N. Y., in 1809.' The first church (Presb.) was formed at Oak Orchard in 1817, by 
Rev. Jedediah Fairbanks.^ 

SIIELiBT^ — was formed from Ridgeway, March 6, 1818. It is the s. w. corner town of the 
CO. Johnsons Creek and a branch of the Oak Orchard take their rise in this town, and the Oak 
Orchard crosses it through the center. Upon the latter stream, at Shelby Center, is a fall, affording 
a valuable water-power. The surface is undulating ; and the soil a mixture of sand, clay, ar d lime. 
The Tonawanda Swamp occupies the s. part. SUelby* (Shelby Center p. o.) contains 1 church 
and several manufactories ;* l>lillville (p. v.) contains 3 churches, the MiUville Academy, and 
about 45 dwellings. East Shelby (p. o.) and Slielby Basin (p. o.) are hamlets; and IFest 
Shelby is a p. oiEce. Medina is partly in this town. The remains of Indian fortifications 
have been discovered in this town. The first settlement was made by Alex. Coon, from Rensselaer 
CO., in 1810.« The first church (Bap.) was formed July 25, 1818.' 

TAXES' — was formed from Ridgeway, April 17, 1822, as "Northton;" its name was changed 
the following year. It is the most westerly town upon the lake shore. It is crossed by Johnsons 
Creek and two smaller streams. Marsh Creek and Four Mile Creek have their whole course in the 
town. The surface is level, except along Johnsons Creek, where it is undulating; the soil in the 
s. is a sandy loam, and along the lake clayey. Eyndonville (p. v.) contains 3 churches and 
several manufactories. Pop. 242. Tates Center (Yates p. o.) contains 1 church and the Yates 
Academy. Pop. 191. County Eine (p.o.) is on the w. line of the town. George Houseman, 
from Adams, Jefi"erson co., settled in this town in 1809, and John Eaton, from Penn., in 1810.' 
There are now 6 churches in town.'" 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Orleans County. 



Namis op Towns. 



Barre 

Carlton 

Clarendon. . 

Gaines 

Eeadall 

Murray 

Ridgeway... 

Shelby. 

Yates 



Total.. 



AcKES OF Land. 



34,76l)i 

21,330 

IS.OSOJ 

14,082 

16,297 

16,387 

24,3S6 

20,673J 

19,052 



181,94Si 



13.893 
5.623i 

11,350 
3,845 
4.940 
4,7865 
6,798J 
6,913 
4,177 



62,326} 



Valuation of 1858. 



>2,417,118 
888,673 
711,961 
741,834 
661,947 
740.509 
1,641.397 
1,043,007 
729,387 



9,466,823 



II 
0.0. 




$2,727,811 
916,393 
809,620 
819,134 
622,234 
930,300 
1.842,937 
1,114,907 
808,98' 



3.428 
1,233 

918 
1,339 

976 
1,470 
2,793 
1,693 
1,023 



10,592,223 14,772 13,603 



3,369 
1,090 

S31 
1,193 

909 
1,406 
2,433 
1,463 

973 



8 
=1 

_i_ 

1,223 
460 
336 
461 
376 
619 
933 
693 
399 



6,299 



E 

g 

1,142 
466 
350 
493 
381 
652 
977 
206 
427 



4,993 



364 
268 
322 
306 
391 
779 
396 



55 

26 
17 
10 

12 
10 
12 
18 
15 
13 



4,026 132 10,514 



.Vames op Towns. 



Barre 

Carlton 

Clarendon.. 

Games 

Kendall 

Murray 

Ridgeway. . 

Shelby 

Yates 



Total.. 



Lite Stock. 



1,937 

1,063 

870 

639 

798 

807 

l,ii38 

1,058 

930 



POO 



2,655 
1,673 
1,172 
1,119 
1,633 
1,318 
1,923 
1,483 
1,515 



1,845 
907 
872 
638 
871 
731 

1,246 
96; 
844 



9,640 '14,491 8,921 91,286 '15,692 



16,579 
12,462 
4,806 
6,842 
10,577 
5,703 
11,402 
10,M8 
12J27' 



Agricultural Products. 



BasH. OF Grain. 




g 



6,696} 

3.632J 

2.926 

3,2705 

3.391 

3.1765 

4,879 

3,79S5 

2,9495 



379,726 763,642J 34,620^ 171,867 






66.000 

31.092 

26,966 

29,372 

16,216 

19,697 

32,417 

40,8244 

20,197 



DaIBY PBOCUCT0. 



S 3 
O.CI 

184.996 
93.261 
86,251 
90.317 
77 .035 
66,851 
115,124 
112.,570 
86,608 



31,116 
8,730 

10,68' 
6,555 
6,376 
8,942 

17,719 

11,404 
9,770 



281,7814' 912,013 110,298 6,324 



1,1424 
1,1074 
383 
79 
886 
786 
2705 
8234 
846 



1 Eli More, Israel Douglas, Dyer Sprapue, Otis Turner, Dr. 
Wm. White, David Hooker, and S. B. Murdock were among the 
first settlers. The first sawmill was built by the Holland Land 
Co.. as early as 1805, to encourage settlement. The first prist- 
mill was built by Otis Turner and Dr. White, in 1812: and the 
first tavern was opened in 1810, by Eli More. Lucy Judson 
taught the fir^t school. 

2 There are now 9 churches in town ; Prot. E., Bap., M. E., 
Presb., and R. C. at Medina, Preeb., M. E., and Bap. at Knowles- 
ville, and Univ. at Ridgeway. 8 Named in hunor of Gov. Shelby. 

* Generally known aa ''Shelby Center,"' and at an early day 
called ^Barriegat." 

^ 2 flouring and grist mills, 1 paper mill, 1 tannery, 1 carding 
mill, and 2 sawmills. 

Eleazur Frary, Ilenry and Robert Garter, David Demara, 
Joseph Ellicott, and Wm. Bennett were among the eiirliest set- 
tlers. The first birth was that of Asa Coon, i'eb. 14, 1811; and 



the first death, that of Wm. Bennett, Oct. 4, 1812. The first 
sawmill was built by Joseph Ellicott, on Oak Orchard Creek, 
in 1812, and the first gristmill, in 1S13. The first inn was kept 
by David Timmcrman. in 1816: and the first store, by Christian 
Groff, in 1818. C^irnelius Ashton taught the first school, in th« 
winter of 1815-16. 

'There are 9 churches in town; 4 M.E., 1 Presb., 1 Quaker, 
1 Clirlstian, 1 Bap., and 1 F. W. Bap. 

8 Named in honor of Gov. Yates. 

8 The first marriage in town was that of Geo. Houseman, jr. 
and Sally Covert, in 1817 : and the first death, that of Mrs. Geo. 
Housem-TH, sr., in Dec. 1813. The first inn was kept by Samnel 
Tappen, at Yates Center, in 1825; and the first store, by Moore 
& Hough, in 1824. The first school was taught by Josiah Perry, 
in 1819. 

10 Preftb., M. E., and Christian at Lyndonville, Bap. at Yatea 
Center, Wes. Meth. on E. town line, and M. E. on co. line. 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Oneida and Onondaga, March 1, 
1816.' It is situated upon the s. E. extremity of Lake Ontario, 
centrally distant 135 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 
1,038 sq. mi. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating. A 
series of bluffs 20 to 40 feet high border immediately upon the lake ; 
and from their tops the land stretches out in long and gradual 
slopes, occasionally broken by the valleys of the river courses. The 
general inclination is northerly, as indicated by the drainage, 
though the summits of the ridges within half a mi. of the lake have 
about the same altitude as those upon the s. border of the co. A 
low ridge extending in an easterly and westerly direction, from 3 
to 5 mi. N. of Oneida Lake, forms the watershed between Lakes 
Ontario and Oneida In the e. part of the co. this ridge turns northward and unites with the 
system of highlands which separates Lake Ontario and the valley of Black River. The highest 
point of this range, in the town of Rcdfield, is 1,200 to 1,500 feet above tide. 

The rocks of this co. consist of the Lorraine shales, in the extreme N. part, on the lake; the gray 
sandstone,'' extending from the N. e. corner to near the center, its southern limits being marked by 
a line drawn due E. from Oswego River about 1 mi. from its mouth ; the Medina or red sand- 
stone, bordering on the last, and comprising more than one-third of the area of the co. ; and the 
Clinton group of shales, slate, and sandstone, occupying the extreme s. border. These rocks are 
exposed only in the N. E. part and along the river courses, being generally covered with a thick 
mass of drift and alluvial deposits, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay. The gray sandstone is 
hard and compact, and is little affected by the action of the elements ; hence the disintegration is 
slight, and the soil upon it is thin and poor. The Lorraine shales are easily disintegrated, and form 
the basis of the strongest and richest soils in the co. The red sandstone crops out on the banks of 
all the streams which flow through the region which it occupies. It is extensively quarried for 
building stone, though it is more easily acted upon by the elements than the gray sandstone. 
Weak brine springs are found associated with this red sandstone throughout the co. The Clinton 
group, occupying the entire s. border, consists of parallel layers or beds of shale and red and gray 
sandstone. This is the same geological formation in which is found the principal iron ore beds of 
Penn. and Oneida co. ; and throughout the formation in this co. iron ore is found. 

The drainage of the w. and s. parts of the co. is principally through Oswego River, and of the N. 
and. E. portions through Salmon River and a great number of smaller streams that flow directly into 
the lake. Oswego River is formed by the junction of Seneca and Oneida Rivers at Three River 
Point. It is 23 mi. in length, and falls 128 feet in its course, in several distinct falls, each of which 
furnishes an excellent water-power. Oneida River, forming the outlet of Oneida Lake, is 18 mi. in 
length, and falls about 12J feet in its course. Salmon River and other streams flowing into the E. 
extremity of the lake all have successions of rapids and cascades, which furnish to that portion of the 
CO. an abundance of water-power. The principal bodies of water are Lakes Ontario and Oneida. 
The former, constituting the N. w. boundary, presents an almost unbroken coast line for a distance 
of 40 mi. within the limits of the co. Little Sandy Pond, in the town of Sandy Creek, is the only 
considerable indentation. The mouth of Oswego River furnishes a valuable harbor, the only one of 
importance in the co. Oneida Lake, constituting a portion of the s. boundary, is 141i feet above 
Lake Ontario.' It is one link in the chain of the internal water communication of the State. A 
considerable portion of the land in its immediate vicinity is marshy. Iron ore beds and a fine quartz 
sand, used in the manufacture of glass, are found upon its N. shores. The soil found in the shale and 
sandstone region has already been noticed. The drift and alluvial deposits which cover the greater 
portion of the co. furnish a great variety of soil. The sandy portions are light and weak, while the 
clayey portions are hard, tough, and unyielding in many places. Where these are mixed, a rich, deep 
soil is the result. Alcjng the e. border of the co. are great quantities of limestone boulders, which essen- 



1 Itp name wafl derived from the Tnrtian On-ti-ah-nn-tiqiio. ITio 
early French explorers called it ^^fhrmaqtc^n." The portion lyinc 
E. of Oswego River wiiH taken Ironi Oiieiila, find that lyin;; w. i'roni 
Onondaga. TbeOnondjl^ portinn end -raced the towh'^liip'if ilan- 
nibal and 33 lots of Lysander, belonging to tho Military Ti'act. 



2 Thia gray Handstone has been used for grindstones. 

8 Ttiia height is that given by the State Geologists, Joseph E. 
liloiinifield. Civil Engineer of Oswego CO., who has made several 
surveys through this region, makes the height of Oneidu La&a 
124 feet above Lake Outiu-io. 

617 



518 



OSWEGO COUNTY, 



tially modify the soil of that region. The marshes are generally composed of beds of black muck and 
other vegetable matter, and form the richest kind of natural meadow when drained and cultivated. 

Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce about equally engage the attention of the people. 
Stock raising and dairying are the principal branches of agriculture ; spring grains and wool are also 
extensively produced.^ The commerce is mostly concentrated at Oswego City, and is carried on by 
means of the lake, the Oswego Canal, and the r. r. The manufactures consist of flour, lumber, 
barrels,^ starch, and a variety of other articles. The amount of flour annually manufactured is greater 
than in any other co. in the State, The principal mills are at Oswego City, Fulton, and vicinity. 

The Oswego Canal, connecting Lake Ontario with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, is 38 mi. long, and 
for most of the distance is formed by the slackwater navigation of Oswego River. Oneida Lake and 
River also form a part of the internal navigable waters of the State, connecting with the Oswego Canal 
at Tliree River Point and with the Erie Canal at Higginsville. The Oswego & Syracuse R. R. con- 
nects with the New York Central R. R. at Syracuse. The AVatertown & Rome R. R. enters the 
CO. in the N. e. corner, and passes through WilHamstown, Albion, Richland, and Sandy Creek. 

This CO. is divided into two jury districts,' the courts being held respectively at Pulaski Village 
and Oswego City.* At the former place a brick building, including a courthouse and jail, was 
erected in 1820, and at the latter a wood courthouse about the same time.* A stone jail was 
erected in the city in 1850, and a fireproof co. clerk's office in 1851,® The co. poorhouse is located 
upon a farm of 60 acres in the town of Mexico. It is an old building, and is poorly adapted to its 
purpose. The average number of inmates is about 50. An asylum for insane paupers is in process 
of erection adjacent to the poorhouse. The Oswego Orphan Asylum, located at Oswego City, is in 
part a co. institution. All the children of the inmates of the poorhouse between the ages of 4 and 
6 years are supported at the Orphan Asylum at the co. expense.'^ 

Two daily and 5 weekly papers are published in the co.® 



1 The first settlers of the co. were principally engaged in the 
manufacture of lumber and potash. Wheat waa once a staple 
prodtiction; but since the commencement of the ravages of the 
midfie it lias given place to the coarser grains. 

3 Barrels to the amount of 1,500,000 are annually manufac- 
tured for the Oswego flour mills and the Syracuse salt works. 

3 The eastern district comprises the towns of Albion, Amboy, 
Constantia, Hastings, Mexico, New Haven, Orwell, Parish, Red- 
field. Richland. Sandy Creek, West Monroe, and Williamstown; 
and the western, the towns of Granby, Hannibal, Oswego, Pa- 
lermo, Pchroeppd. Scriltn, Volney, and the city of Oswego. 

* Perley Keyea and Ethel Bronson, of Jefferson co., and Ste- 
phen Bates, of Ontario, were appointed commissioners to locate 
the county seats and select the sites for the county buildings. 
The first co. officers, appointed by the Governor and council, 
were Barnet Mooney, First Jitdgf ; Henry Williams, Smith Dun- 
lap, Peter D. Hugunin. David Easton, and Daniel Hawks, jr., 
Juhqe-^ and Juatices: Edmund Hawks, Judgp.; Elias Brewster, 
SiiTTngote; James Adams, Co. Clerk; and John S. Davis, SItcrijf. 
The first courts were held in echoolhousos from the first organ- 
ization of the CO., in 1S16, to the completion of the courthouses, 
in lR'20-21. 

6 The city soon outgrew the first courthouse, and the courts 
for many years were held in the city hall. They are now held 
In Mead's Hall, on E. Bridge St. The old courthouse for several 
years was used as a schoolhonse ; but recently it has been re- 
moved, and converted into a Sunday school chapel for the Church 
of the Evangelists, where 500 children receive religious instnic- 
lion. At their last annual meeting the Board of Supervisors 
authorized the raising and appropriated $30,000 for the erection 
jf a newcourthou.se in the city, on the e. public square; and the 
building is now being constructed of Onondaga limestone. 

* Previous to this time the clerk's office was kept alternately 
in private houses at each of the shire towns for periods of 3 
years, the books being carried back and forth at the end of each 
period. "^ See page 524. 

8 The American Partner, the first newspaper of the co., was 

issued at Oswego some time before 1807. 
The Oswego Gaztttp w.is started at Oswego in 1S17 by A. Bnckin- 

ham. and continued 2 years. 
The Oswego PaJ J ad i inn was commenced by John H. Lord and 

Doreplnis Abbey in 1S19. It subsequently passed into 

the hands of Mr. Lord, and waa continued by him until 

1S30. John Carpenter then became the proprietor, and 

changed its name to 
The Oswego Pulladuim and Republican Chronicle, and continued 

it until 1845, when it was sold to B. Brockway, who 

again changed it to 
rile Oswego Palladium. In 1S51 he transferred it to 

a company, by whom it was sold in 1853 to Dudley 

Farlins. the present editor, who sold his interest, in July. 

185t. to T. P. Ottowav, the present publisher. 
The Oswego Dally Palladium has been issued in 

connection with the weekly sinro 1850. 
T^ie Osuv^/o Repiihlican waa established March 22. 1825, by Wni. 

W. Abbey. In 1827 it passed into the hands of Samuel 

Osgood, and was issued a short time as 



The Oswego Gazette arid AdreHiser. In 1828 it was sold toWm. 
C. Shope, who published it as 

TJie Oswego Advertiser until lfi2Q. It then passed into thehanda 
of the late Dr. Burdell, of Cunningham notoriety, who 
changed its name to 

The Preeman's Herald, and continued it 1 year. It waa thei* 
suspended for 2 years, and revived in 1832 by John Q> 
Adams, by whom it was published as 

The National Bepiiblican 1 year, and waa then discontinued. 

The Oswego Democratic Ginett-: waa published a short time in 
1830 by James Cochran. 

The OsweQo Fre^ Press was published by Richard Oliphant from 
1830 until 1834. and by Geo. G. Foster as 

The Oswego Democrat until 1835, when it was discontinued. 

The Oswego Observer was st.irted in Feb 1835, by Bailey & 
Hawks, and continued until the latter part of 1836. 

The Commercial Herald was published at Oswego by Hull & 
Henry from 1837 to 1843. 

Tfie Oswego Patriot was published at Oswego during the Patriot 
War of 1838-39 by John Bonner and John Cochrane, 
member of the 35th and 36th Congress firom the 6th 
district. (City of New York.) 

The Oswego County Whig was founded in 1838 by Richard Oli- 
phant, and sold to Daniel Ayer in 1844. In 1847 C. D. 
Brigham became proprietor, and changed its name to 

The Oswego Commercial Times. In Nov. 1848, James N. Brown 
became the publisher; and in Feb. 1854. he was suc- 
ceeded by Winchester A Fergerson, by whom the Os- 
wego Journal was purchased and united with it, and 
the combined paper was issued as 

The WeeJdi/ Times and Journal. In 1857 it waa changed to 

The Osfvego Times, under which name it is still pub- 
lished by J. Tarbell. 

The Oswego Daily Advertiser, the first daily in the co^ was 
issued in 1845 in connection with The Whig, and was 
continued until 1847, when its name was changed to 

The Oswego Daily Commercial Times. It was publL-^hed in con- 
nection with The Commercial Times until IS54, when it 
was changed to 

The Oswego Times and Journal. In 1S57 it was changed again 
to 

The Os-vrego Dally Times, and is still issued by J. 
Tarbell. 

The Pcople''s Journal was started at Oswego in March. 1849, by 
O'Loary & Dean, and the next year it was sold to L. A. 
Winchester. In 1851 it passed into the hands of Sum- 
ner & Poucher, who started 

The Oswego Daily News in connection with it. The following 
year L. A. Winchester again became proprietor, and 
changed the name of the daily to 

The Oswego Doily Journal. In 1854 the two papers were united 
with the Daily and Weekly Times. 

T?ie Pulaski Banner was commenced in April, 1830. at Pulaski, 
and pnbli,«hed by Nathan Randall until 1832; by A. A. 
Mathewson and 6. G. Foster until 1833; and by Jamea 
Gedd until 1834, when it was suspended. In 1836 it 
again appeared, as 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



519 



The portion of the co. of Oswego lying near the mouth of the river was discovered in 1654 by- 
French Jesuits, who established missions here for the conversion of the Iroquois.' The French had 
previously explored the St. Lawrence; and in 1615 Champlain, in an expedition against the Onon- 
dagas, passed through the e. part of the co. In 1700 the English explored the country occupied by 
the Five Nations as far w. as Oswego; and in 1722 a trading house was built here under the direc- 
tion of the N. Y. colonial government. From that period considerable trade was carried on by 
the English between Oswego and Albany through Oswego River, Oneida River and Lake, Wood 
Creek, and the Mohawk.^ In 1727 the English built a fort on the w. bank of the river, near 
its mouth.* The French, claiming this whole territory, remonstrated against the action of the 
English, and several times planned expeditions to destroy the fortifications, but did not carry them 
into eifect. Upon the commencement of the "Old French War" of 1753, Fort Ontario was erected 
on the E. bank of the river; and another fort was built upon the summit of the w. ridge in 1755.* 
In the summer of 1756, 5,000 French under Montcalm, with a heavy train of artillery, consisting 
of 30 guns of large caliber, crossed the lake from Fort Frontenac (now Kingston) and appeared 
before this place. The forts were invested Aug. 11, and, after 3 days' hard fighting, they were 
surrendered on the 14th.^ The victors demolished the forts, burned the English vessels, and retired. 
In 1758, Col. Bradstreet, with 3,350 men, crossed the lake from this place and reduced Fort Fronte- 
nac, After destroying the fortifications and securing the military stores and vessels, he returned to 
Oswego and rebuilt the forts there. Fort Ontario was greatly enlarged, and built in the most sub- 
stantial manner. In the summer of 17G0, the powerful army of Lord Amherst embarked here oa 
an expedition down the St. Lawrence. From this time Oswego became the most important military 
station upon the western frontier. During the Revolution it was strongly garrisoned, and formed the 
headquarters of many of the marauding parties that desolated the frontier settlements. It continued 
in possession of the British until 1796, when it was surrendered under the provisions of Jay's treaty. 

In 1790, George Scriba, a merchant of N. Y. City, and a German by birth, purchased 500,000 
acres of land lying between Lakes Oneida and Ontario, for the sum of !^80,000.^ This purchase, 
known as " Scriba's Patent," was bounded on the E. by Fish Creek and on the w. by Oswego River, 
and embraced 14 towns in Oswego co. and 4 in Oneida. In 1794, Mr. Scriba caused a settlement 
ixj be made and a sawmill built on the shore of Oneida Lake, to which he gave the name of ^^Rot- 
terdam,*' — now Constantia. In 1795 he built a gristmill — the first in the co. — and several other 
buildings at the same place. During the same year his patent was surveyed and divided into 
townships and subdivided into lots.' About the same time he commenced a settlement at the 
mouth of Little Salmon Creek, on the shore of Lake Ontario, 12 mi. n. e. of Oswego, which he called 



The PuIasJn Advocafe^and was published by Daniel Ayer until 

18SS. It waa then sold to Dickinson and united 

with the port Ontario Aurora, the united papers taking 
the name of 

The Advocate and Aurora. The name, Aurora, was dropped in 
1840, when the Advocate again passed into the hands 
of Daniel Ayer, and was discontinued in 1842. 

The Pulaski Conrifr waa started in 1843 by W. Winans. In 
1B47 it passed into the hands of A. A. Mathewaon, and 
was changed to 

The Kichlmui Omrier. In 1850 it was sold to Joseph Hatch, 
who chanpod its title to 

The Pulaski Democrat. In 1S56 it passed into the 
hands of Miller, its present publisher. 

The Fulton Chronicle was started in Nov. 1837, by Thomas 
Johnson. In 1840 it was sold to Isaac S. Clark and 
Edwin Thompson, who gave it the name of the 

Ben Franklin. It was discontinued the following year, and suc- 
ceeded by 

The WtrlJy Dfspatch, published by E. C. Hatten about 1 year. 

The Fulton Sun waa started in 1S41 by N. B. Northrop. In 
1S42 it was united with the Mirror. 

The Fultnn Mirr(rr was established Aug. 20, 1842, by Daniel 
Ayer. It waa soon after united with the Sun and issued 
as 

The Fulton Sun and Mirror. In Sept. 1S44, it was sold to 
Spencer Munroe, and soon after discontinued. It was 
succeeded bv 

The Pulton Patriot. M. C. Hough. John A. Place, and 
T. S. Brigham were successively interested in its publi- 
cation. The latter was succeeded by R. K. Sandford, 
its present publisher. 

Tfie Oswgn Counti/ Gazette, commenced at Fulton in 1853 by 
Geo. E. Williams, was merged in The Fulton Patriot in 
18ft8. 

The I^rt Ontario Aurora wn» published by Van Cleve and 

subsequently by Dickinson from 1837 to 1839, when 

it w.ia united with The Pulaski Advocate. 

T?ie Osweffo CouJilr/ Demncrai was started at Mexico in 1838 by 
Thomas Messenger. It was aftenvard styled 

T&< Messenger, and was discontinued in 1839. 



The Phcenix Gazette, started at Phoenix in 1851, was publiphed 
by Jerome Duke, and afterward by Geo. E, WiUiams 
until 1853, when it was removed to Fulton. 

The Phcenix Democrat was established in 1852 by an nssociatinn. 
In 1854 it was sold to James H. Field, and the nest year 
ho gave it the name of 

The PheBuix Banner. In 1855 it was published a short time as 

The American Banner and Oawego County Times. It waa sufr 
pended in 1855, and in 1856 it was revived by Mary 
Frances Tucker, and called 

The American Banner and Literary Gem. Eight months after- 
ward it was sold to Levi Murrill, by whom it was pul> 
lished as 

T?ie American Banner tintil 1857. After being suspended two 
months, it was revived, under the title of 

The Phcenix Reporter, by Joshua Williams, by whom 
it is still published. 

1 There is a tradition that the French established a military 
post here at a very early period; but research anioog the papers 
of that period does not corroborate the statement. 

2 There were several portages on this route, — around the falls 
in the streams, and across from Wood Creek to the Mohawk. 

' Not a single trace of this fortification now remains. 

** This fort stood at the junction of West 6th and Van Buren 
Sts. 

6 The French landed 50 mi. e. of Oswego, and marched along 
the lake shore under cover of their naval force. The English 
gaiTison numbered 2,000 strong. Col. Mercer, the English com- 
mander, was killed by a cannon shot on the 2d day of the siege 

* In this grant the State made reservations of the territory at 
the mouth of the river, within the limit.s of the city of Oswego, 
and also at the falls in the village of Fulton. Most of these 
reser\'ations were disposed of at public sale in 1827. At an 
earlier date, considerable tracts iu Scriba's Patent, on Oswego 
Kiver, were jointly purchased by Gen. Alexander Hamilton, 
Johu Laurence, and John B. Church. Several other grants were 
also made along the river. Other tracts of connidfrabje magni- 
tude were purchased by Schroeppel, Kosevelt. and others. 

' This Bun'ey and subdivision was made by Benjamin Wright, 
who in 1793-94 ran the base line from Itome to Fort OntArio, 
00 which the towns of Scriba's Patent were laid out. The town- 



520 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



" Vera Criiz/*^ (now Texas.) He here built a saw and grist mill, store, and other buildings, and 
commenced an active trade on the lake; and for some years the place bid fair to become a formid- 
able rival of Oswego, and the most important commercial station upon the lake. A few other 
settlements were made at other points in the co., principally under the auspices of Mr. Scriba, pre- 
vious to 1800; but immigration did not begin to flow in rapidly until a few years later. The lands 
of Mr. Scriba were divided and sold to a great number of different parties; and while his exertions 
and expenditures were of great service to the first settlers, they proved extremely unprofitable to him- 
eelf.^ In common with all the frontier settlements, the growth of this region was seriously retarded 
by the War of 1812. Oswego Village became the theater of stirring military events ; and on the 5th 
of May, 18 14, it was taken by the British.^ At the return of peace, immigration again flowed in, and 
the subsequent history has been one of steady and continuous progress. The opening of the Erie and 
Oswego Canals, in this State, and of the Welland Canal, in Canada, greatly increased the commercial 
importance of the city and stimulated the manufacturing interests throughout the co. 



AIjBIOIV — was taken from Richland, March 24, 1825. It is an interior town, lying e. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. The summits of the ridges are 50 to 
100 feet above the valleys, and the highest point in town is 392 feet above Lake Ontario. The low- 
lands are wet and in some places marshy. Salmon River flows through the n. part.* In the n.e. 
part are 2 or 3 small ponds. Thesoilconsistsof deposits of sand and gravel, and is of medium quality. 
Drift deposits cover the whole surface, except along the river courses, where the underlying rocks 
crop out. Much of the s. part of the town is yet unsettled. Considerable manufacturing is carried 
on.^ Sand Bank., (P-"^-') on Salmon River, is a station on theWatertown & Rome R. R., midway 
between the two places. It contains 1 church, a hotel, 4 stores, 2 tanneries, 5 sawmills, and a flour- 
ing mill. Pop. 313. Pineville, (Salmon River p.o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., situated on 
Salmon River, contains 1 church, an inn, a store, a sawmill, and a large tannery. Pop, 144. IVe^W 
Centerville, (p. o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., Dug- "Way, (p. o.,) and Soufb 
Albion (p. 0.) are hamlets. Settlement was commenced in 18L2, by Gary Burdic, of Williams- 
town, on Lot 29, and Peter Henderson, at Sand Bank.^ There are 4 churches in town.' 

AMBOY — was formed from AVilliamstown, March 25, 1830. It lies upon the e. border of the 
CO., s. of the center. The surface is rolling and has a general southerly inclination. Its highest 
point is about 450 feet above Lake Ontario. It is drained principally by Fish Creek and other 
small tributaries of Oneida Lake. In the s. and w. parts are numerous small lakes and ponds, the 
principal of which are Painter Lake, North and South Ponds. The n. half of the town is in the 
region of the gray sandstone, and the s, half in that of tlie red or Medina sandstone. The soil ig 
principally a sandy or gravelly loam. Aniboy Center (p. v.) contains 13 houses; West 



ehipa of Scriba's Patent, like tbose of Manomb'a Purcbasp, re- 
ceived names from the proprietors that are known only in deeds ; 
viz.,— 

1. Fulda Ava, Lee. and Annsville. 

2. Munden Lee and Rome. 

3. Sulingen Anusvillo 

4. Florence Florence. 

5. Franklin Williamstown. 

6. Middleburgh Amboy. 

7. Linley Camden. 

8. Bloomfield Lee and Annsville. 

9. Embden Vienna. 

10. Edam Vienna. 

11. Rotterdam Ctmstantia. 

12. Delft West Monroe. 

13. Breda. Hasting^s. 

14. BmgeiL. Palermo. 

15. Mentz Volney. 

16. Georgia Schroeppel. 

17. Fredericksburgh Scriba and Oswego City. 

18. Oswego. Scriba and Oswego. 

19. Vera Cruz New Haven. 

20. Mexico Mexico. 

21. Richland Richland. 

22. Alkmaer Albion 

23. Strasburgh Parish. 

24. Erlang Schroeppel. 

The townships of the Boylston Tract in this co. are, — 

6. Campania Boylston. 

y 7. Arcadia Redfield, (once Greeuboro'.) 

10. Pacbland Sandy Creek and Richland. 

11. Longinus Orwell. 

12. Redfield Redfield. 

Richland appears to be ancertain, or this name has been 
ft|iplied to two Burveya, 



1 Vera Cruz was laid out into city lots by Mr. Wright, who 
was an agent of Scriba, and considerable improvements were 
made, A 4 rod highway was cut from Rotterdam to Vera Cnjz, 
a distance of 20 mi., from lake to lake. In 1798 a schooner waa 
built there by Mr. Scriba's agent, which was engaged in Hie 
trade between Vera Cruz and the Canadian port of Kingston. 
It is said that in 1804 more merchandise was sold there than at 
Oswego or Utica; and in the imagioation of many persons Vera 
Cruz was destined to command the trade of Canada and the 
West. But, by a series of disasters on the lake, a large portion 
of the male residents were lost to the infant settlement ; and the 
restrictive p<"iUcy of Mr. Jefferson's administration, followed by 
the War of 1812. extinguished the tiattering prospects of Vera 
Cruz. The events and the action of half a century have nearly 
obliterated all traces of the once promising city. 

2 At the time of the purchase Mr. Scriba's fortune wa3 esti- 
mated at $1,500,000; but the whole of it became swullowed up 
in bis efforts to promote the interests of the infant settlements; 
and he died Aug. 14, 1836, at the age of 84. a poor man. 

^ See page 625. 

* Before the dams were bnilt npon this river, great numbers 
of salmon were annually taken. 

6 Large quantities of lumber, leather, and barrels are manu- 
factured, the latter for the Onondaga salt and Oswego flour 
markets. There are 38 sawmills, 3 tanneries, and 2 gristmills 
in town. 

6 In 1813 David, Luther, and Benj. Lilly and Allen McClam 
settled in the town. The first birth was that of a son of Luther 
Lilly, in 1813 : the first marriage, that of Heniy Baker and I.ncy 
Burdic, in 1819; nni\ the first death, th.it of a son of Luther 
Lilly, in 1813. The first inn was kept by Dr. Brace, at Sand 
Bank, in 1814; and the first store, by Ammi Hinkley. in 1828. 
The Lilly brothers built the first sawmill, in 1813. and Ezekiel 
Smith tlie first gristmill, in 1818. The first school was taught 
by Sylvia Breed, in the summer of 1817. ' 2 Union, Bap., M. E, 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



521 



Aniboy (p. v.) 20; and Carterville (p. v.) 12. Joseph Perkins, from Conn,, was the first 
settler, in 1805.^ There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Bap., both located at Amboy Center. 

BOYI^STO^^— was formed from Orwell, Feb. 7, 1828. It lies upon the n. border of the co., 
E. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the center and e., and moderately hilly in the w. It haa 
a westerly inclination, and its highest points are 700 to 800 feet above tide. The soil in the n. and 
w. parts is a productive, gravelly loam, the underlying rock being the Lorraine shale. The s.e. 
corner of the town extends into the gray limestone region, and the soil is light and thin. 
Boylston (p.o.) is in the n. w. part. The first settlement was made in 1810, on Lots 2 and 3, by 
John Wort and Michael Sweetman, both from Canajoharie.' Meetings for religious worship are 
held in the tovm by the Episcopal Methodists and the Wesleyan Methodists. 

CO^STAKTIA*— was formed from Mexico, April 8, 1808. Hastings was taken off in 1825, 
and West Monroe in 1839. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Lake, in the s.e. corner of the co. 
The surface is nearly level, and is slightly inclined toward the s. The principal streams are Scriba 
and Black Creeks, flowing into Oneida Lake. Iron ore is found in the Clinton group of rocks, 
which extend through the s. part. The soil consists of clay, gravel, sand, and vegetable mold, and 
in general is fertile. Most of the interior is yet unsettled. Frenchmans Island, in Oneida Lake, 
about 4 mi. from Constantia, belongs to this town ; it contains about 28 acres.^ Lumber, leather, 
glass, and iron are extensively manufactured.^ Cleveland,' (p. v.,) incorp. April 15, 1857, is 
located on Oneida Lake, in the e. part of the town. It contains 2 churches, 2 glass factories, and 
several other manufactories. Pop. 1,005. Constaulia, (p. v..) in the w. part, on Oneida Lake, 
contains 2 churches and has a pop, of 600. Bernhards Bay, (p. v.,) on the lake, contains 2 
churches, a glass factory, and 360 inhabitants. Constantia Center is a p. o. Soon after the 
purchase of Scriba's Patent, in 1790, Mr. Scriba commenced the first settlement of his lands at Con- 
stantia, and established agents and laborers there in 1793.^ There are 7 churches in town.® 

GRAIVBT — was formed from Hannibal, April 20, 1818. A part of Oswego was taken off in 1836. 
It lies on the w. bank of Oswego River, in the s. w. part of the co. The surface is gently rolling, with 
a slight inclination to the n.e. Oswego River flows through a valley from 30 to 60 feet below the 
general level of the town ; within this town it has a fall of 40 feet. Lake Nea-tah-wan-ta, near the 
center of the e. part, is about 1 mi. in diameter. It lies about 25 feet above the river at the head of 
the fails. The streams are Os Creek, Six Mile Creek, and the outlet of Nea-tah-wan-ta Lake. The 
soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Bradstreets^^ or Battle Island is in Oswego River, about 
4 mi. below the Oswego Falls. Starch, leather, lumber, and the products of wood are extensively 
manufactured.^^ Os'vreg'O Falls^ (p. v.,) incorp. Oct. 12, 1853, a station on the S. & 0. R. R., ia 
situated on Oswego River, opposite the village of Fulton. Pop. 703. Oranby Center and 
South Oranby are p. offices. The first settlement was made at the falls, in 1792, by Laurence 
Van Valkinberg, from Rensselaer co., N.Y.^^ There are now 2 churches in town.'^ 521 



1 Among the early settlers were David ?mith, in 1815; Wm. 
and Teaac Chixton and John Drought, in 1818 ; and Ssifje Park, 
in 18:^1 . Tlie first inn wne kept by Joseph Perkins, in 1S05 ; the 
first sawniill was built by Joseph Murphy, in 1822. and the 
first gristmill by Page Park, in 1828. The first school was 
taught by Cynthia Stoddard, in the summer of 11^23. 

2 Named from Thos. Boylston, who held, for a few hours, the 
title of a tract since known as the Boylaton Purchase. He never 
owned the tract; the conveyance wassimplya trust, and quickly 
passed into other hands. 

'Among the first settlers were David Webb, in 1810; R. 
Streeter, in 1814; and Peter and gamuel Wells, in 1815. The 
first birth was that of Phebe Ann Wood; the first marriage, 
that of Samuel Wells and Elizabeth Gordon ; and the first death, 
that of an infant child of Mr. Ward. Reuben Snyder built the 
first sawmill, in 1822. The first school was tauglit by Polly 
Allport, in 1817. * Named by the proprietor. Geo. Scriba. 

6 "During the French Revolution of 1793. when the French 
nobility were compelled to seek safety in flight, and the trains 
of exiles to this country were crowded with dukes and princes 
of the blood, the Count St. Hilary, a ynung Frenchman, and his 
beautiful and accomplished wife, a daughter of the nnble house 
of Clermont, landed upon our shores. Following tho trail of 
emigration westward, they reached Oneida Lake, then on the 
great thoroughfare of travel; and, attracted by the beautiful 
Island and its primitive forests, they landed upon it, and con- 
cluded to make it their future home. Here, in the deep soli- 
tude of nature, they enjoyed for mauy monthu ptfi feci pence and 
uutr-ludc. Thcii plftcc of rcrfdoncc xvae at length discovered by 
Chancellor Lirinirston, who had formerly enjoyed the elegant 
hospitalities of the hidy's family at Paris. He visited them in 
their rural home, and, after spending some time with them, he 
prevailed upon them to return with him to bis mansion upon 
the Hudson. There they continued to reside until Bonaparto 



had put an end to the reign of terror and restored much of the 
confiscated property to the exiles of the Revolution, when tlicy 
returned to France. Several years after, as Livingston stood 
upon the bank of the Seine, amidst a crowd of distingiiished 
Parisians, to witness the first experiment of Robert Fulton in 
steam navigation, he was recognized by tho Count, who at once 
took him tohisresidence, and treated him during his stay at Paris 
as a generous benefactorand an honored guest. Livingston's man- 
sion upon the Hudson and the first steamlDoat of Fulton and Living- 
ston were both named, in honor of the lady's family, ' Clermont."* 

* There are 34 sawmills, 2 flouring mills, 3 glass factories, 2 
tanneries, an iron foundery, and other manufacturing establish- 
ments in town. 

7 Named from James CJevel.ind. who settled here in 1828. 

8 Solomon Waring. Joshua Lynch, and Dr. Tandercamp settled 
in town in 1793; and John Bernhard in 1795. The first hirth 
was that of George Waring. April 11, 1796. The first store was 
opened in 1793, by Mr. Scriba. and the first inn the same year, 
by Major Solomon Waring. In 1794-96, Mr. Scriba erected in 
this town the first sawmill and gristmill built in the co. The 
first school was opened in 1797, at Constantia. 

• Presb., Prot. E., M.E., Asso. Presb., Friends. Ref. Prot. D.. B.C. 
W So named from the circumstance of a battle having been 

fought upon it between the Knglish, under Col. Bradstreet, and 
the French, with their Indian allies, in 175fi- 

u There are 15 sawmills, 1 gristmill, 2 tanneries, and a starch 
factory in town. 

12 Henry Bush settled in t^wn in 1793; ■ Penoyer in 1704* 

Pet^r Hiipninin in ls03: Barnet Mooney in 1804 ; and John Hut> 
chinson in 1808. The first store was cpened in 1792. by an liidlau 
trader by the name of Fowler; and the first inn w;is kept by.!, din 
J. Walrad. in 1807. The first sawmill was built by .^. lun.k A 
TFilson. in 1814, and the first gristmill in 1S22. Beiij. Kohinnor 
taught the first school, in 1812. " Prot. Kpibc. and M. K 



b22 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



IIAWlVIBAIi — ^was formed from Lysander, as a part of Onondaga co., Feb. 28, 1806, and em- 
braced all that part of Oswego co. lying w. of the river. Oswego and Granby were taken ofiF ia 
1818. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is gently undulating, the ridges being 
30 to 50 feet above the valleys. In the e. part are several swamps, one of which covers 500 acres. 
The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. A salt spring, from which salt has been manufactured, 
is found in the N. w. corner. Springs of brine, characteristic of the Medina sandstone strata, have 
been discovered in several other localities, but none of sufficient strength to render their working 
profitable. The principal manufacturing establishments are those uf leather, lumber, and the pro- 
ducts of wood.' Ilannibal, (p. v.,) on Nine Mile Creek, a little w. of the center of the town, 
contains 3 churches and about 60 houses; Hannibal Center (p. v.) contains 20 houses; and 
Hulls Corners (South Hannibal p.o.) 18. Wlieelers Corners is a hamlet in the x. part, 
and HJnneys Four Corners is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1802, by Thomas 
Sprague and his sons, from Milton, Saratoga co.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1815.* 

HASTIIVGS — was formed from Constantia, April 20, 1825. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida 
Eiver, in the s. part of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating, its northern boundary 
being about 75 feet above Oneida Lake. The soil is clay, sand, and gravelly loam. In some parta 
of the town it is difficult to find fresh water by digging. Brine springs are found in several parts 
in the red Medina sandstone formation. In the n.e. part is a tamarack swamp, of about 5 acres, in 
the center of which is an immense spring 10 feet in diameter. This spring is on a level with tho 
surrounding summit ; and it is surrounded by a deep, loose muck which extends downward to an 
unknown depth. There are 18 sawmills, several gristmills, and 2 tanneries in town. Central 
Sqnare (p. v.) contains about 50 houses; Hastings, (p. v.,) in thcN. part, 30; Cauglidenoy, 
(Cod-e-noy,) (p. v.,) on Oneida River, in the s. w. part, 30 ; and Hastings Center (p. v.) 15. 
Smiths Mills and Fort Bre'tTerton are villages of about 20 houses each. The latter ia 
situated at the foot of Oneida Lake, on the site of old Fort Brewerton.* The first settlement was 
made at Fort Brewerton, by Oliver Stevens, in 1789.* There are 4 churches in town. 

MEXICO — was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792, as part of Herkimer co. Parts of 
Richland and New Haven were annexed May 9, 1830. It included the northerly towns of Oneida 
CO., nearly all of Lewis and Jefiferson cos. w. of Black River, and all of Oswego co. E. of Oswego River. 
Camden was taken oflT in 1799, Champion, Redfield, Turin, Watertown, and Lowville in 1800, 
Adams in 1802, Lorraine and Williamstown in 1804, Volney in 1806, Constantia in 1808, New Haven 
in 1813, and Parish in 1828. Its surface is gently rolling. It is well watered by numerous small 
streams, the principal of which are Little Salmon and Sage Creeks. There is scarcely a foot of waste 
or broken land in the town. The underlying rock is gray sandstone, covered deep with alluvial 
deposits. The soil consists of clay, sand, and gravelly loam, and is very productive. Considerable 
attention is given to stock raising and dairying; the manufacture of lumber, barrels, and leather is 
carried on to some extent.* Mexico, (p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. Jan. 15, 1851, and con- 
tains 3 churches, an academy,' 12 stores, 2 banks, 3 hotels, 3 flouring and grist mills, a sawmill, a 
furnace and machine shop, 3 coach factories, 4 carriage shops, and 3 cabinet shops. Pop. 948. 
Colosse, (p.v.,) in the s.e. part, contains 1 church, 2 inns, a store, 2 sawmills, and 2 gristmills. 
Pop. 119. Texas,' (p.v.,) located near the mouth of Little Salmon Creek, contains 30 houses; 
Union Square, (p. o.) in the E.,is a hamlet. The names of the earliest settlers within the pre- 
sent limits of this town are lost. There were about 25 who had already located in 1798 ; Jonathan 
Parkhurst and Nathaniel Rood, from Oneida co., came that year.' By the upsetting of a boat upon 
the lake, in 1799, Capt. Geerman and others were lost, and in 1804, by a similar disaster, 9 others, 



1 Tliere are 19 Bawmills, a Btave factory, 2 gi-istmills, and 2 
tanneries in to\vn. 

* Watson Earle, Samuel Baron, Joseph Weed, Sterling Moore, 
David Wilson, and Israel Messetij;;er settled at Hannibal Center 
In 1S06. The first birth was that of Carr SpraRue, in 1806 ; tho 
first marriage, that of Daniel Thomas and Prndence Sprague, in 
1S03; and the first death, that of a daughter of Thomas Sprague, 
in 1806. The first gristmill was built by Earl & Colton, in 1S05; 
and the first sawmill, by Silaa CrandeU, in ISll. The first inn 
was kept by Ilenry Jennings, in 1S08; the first store, by Bepj. 
Plielps, in 1815 ; and the fil-st school was taught in 1810. 

* The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Bap., Cong- and M, E. 

* A little E. of tho fort grouod ia a BaodhnDli, in which bones 
are found belonging to men over 7 feet high. A mound at the 
E. extrL'iuity of the hank is full of human bones, indicating the 
place of sepulture for thousands. — Ciark^s Onondaga, tW. 2. p. 182. 

^ Among the early settlers were Timothy Tickery, Chester 
Loomis, Solomon Allen, and Jacob Rice. The first birth was 
that of John L. Stevens, in 1802 ; the first marriage, that of Silas 



Bellows and Betsey Tickery, in 1808; and the first death, that 
of Horatio Stevens, in 1792. Chester Loomis kept the first inn, 
in 1816; and Hustings Curtis, the first store, in 1820. The first 
school was taught by I'Htrick Tickery, at Caoghdenoy. 

* There are 19 sawmills, 5 gristmills, a fulling and cloth dres*. 
ing mill, a woolen factory, and 3 tanneries. 

* The Mexico Academy was organized in 1826. as the " If^nssel- 
aer Onvt^go Academy.'^ Its name was changed May 19, 1846. 

8 Formerly called 'Tpra Cruz," See p..')20. 

8 Phineas Davis and Calvin TifTany, from Conn., settled in 
1799 ; John Morton and Asa Davis in 1.801 ; Peleg Brown. Daniel 
Eames, and T.eonnrd Ames in 18tt4; and Solomon Peck in 1806. 
The first birth was that of Trnman Tlr,.^A, Aug. 10, 1799; and 
the first marriage, that of Richard Gafford and ^Irs. Rood, widow 
of N. Kood. The first grist and saw mill were built by Mr. 
Scriba's agent ; and the first store was kept by Benj. Wright. 
The first school was taught by Sanford Douglass, at Colosse, in 
1806. 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



523 



leaving but 1 male adult inhabitant in the settlement.' There are 10 religious societies and 9 
church edifices in town.'' 

KEW HAVEHf— was formed from Mexico, April 2, 1813. A part was annexed to Mexico 
May 9, 1836. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the co. The surface is 
rolling and generally smooth. It is watered by Spring Brook, Catfish and Butterfly Creeks, 3 small 
streams flowing into Lake Ontario. There is quite an extensive marsh near the mouth of Butterfly 
Creek, in the n.e. part of the town, and another in the s.w. part. The underlying rock is gray 
sandstone, and the soil is principally a sandy and gravelly loam. Stock raising receives more atten 
tion in this than in the other towns of the co., and a limited amount of manufacturing is done.' 
New Haven, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, on Catfish Creek, contains 2 churches, 
2 inns, a store, a sawmill, a gristmill, and about 50 houses. Butterfly is a p. o. near the e. line 

of the town. The first settlement was made by Rood and Doolittle, at New Haven, in 

1798.* The first church (Cong.) was organized at New Haven Village, in 1817 ; and Rev. AVilliam 
Williams was the first minister. There are now 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. E. 

ORWEM.— was formed from Richland, Feb. 28, 1817, and Boylston was taken off in 1828. A 
part of Richland was annexed March 27, 1844. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of 
the CO. The surface has a s. w. inclination, its e. border being elevated 300 to 500 feet above its w. 
and 700 to 1,000 feet above Lake Ontario. It is moderately hilly, and is considerably broken in places 
by the deep ravines of the streams. Upon Salmon River is a fall worthy of note. The stream flows 
over a rocky bed in a series of rapids for 2 mi. and then falls over a precipice 110 feet perpendicular. 
The banks of the stream below the fall are 200 feet high. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. 
The E. half of the town is yet uncultivated. Lumber and other products of wood form the leading 
articles manufactured ; and considerable attention is given to stock raising and dairying.^ Or^vell 
Corners, (Orwell p.o.,) in the w. part, contains 1 church, 3 stores, an inn, a sawmill, a gristmill, 
a tannery, a steam cabinet factory, and about 40 houses. Slaline is a hamlet in the s. part. The 
first settlers were Nathaniel Bennett and his son Nathaniel, from Rensselaer co., N. Y., on Lots 82 
and 83, and Capt. Noyes, on Lot 29, in 1800." There are 3 religious societies in town.' 

OS"WEGO CITY— formed from Oswego and Scriba, was 
incorp. as a village March 14, 1828, and was enlarged and 
organized as a city March 24, 1848.' It is situated on Lake 
Ontario, at the mouth of Oswego River,' that stream dividing the 
city into two nearly equal parts. The river is bordered upon 
each side by a ridge, which rises in gradual slopes to a height 
of about 100 feet, and ends in bluffs on the lake shore 40 to 60 
feet high. The summits of these ridges are about 1 mi. apart, 
and descend from the river in the same gradual slopes as toward 
it. One mi. w. is a valley opening through the ridge into the 
river above the falls, through which the Oswego must have once 
flowed into the lake. The s. border of the city is skirted by u 
bluff or escarpment about 160 feet above the lake, indicating an ancient lake or sea beach. Hero 
commences the deep ravine excavated by the river through strata of red sandstone of the Medina 
group and underlying shale. From this the geological induction is made that, at the last great 
physical change which elevated the country from the bed of an ancient ocean and brought tho 
river into existence, it fell directly into Lake Ontario, at the escarpment, by a fall of moderate 




1 Capt. Geerman, Nathaniel Rood, Spencer and eon, 

■Wlie,iton, Clark, and Di Hjlittle were those who were 

lust by the first acci'lent. HenJ. Winch was the male survivor. 

» 2 i)»p., 2 M. E., Cong., Presb., Free and Union Uethels, K. C, 
Prot. Fren.. and Union. The Union Society holds its meetings 
in the Town Ilall at Mexico. 

* There are 9 sawmills, 2 gristmills, and other manufacturing 
estaliiishmenta in town. 

* Mr. Wriglit settled in the town in 1798; Solomon Smith in 
1800 ; C. Drake and Capt. Gardner in 1804 ; David Enos, Joseph 
Bailev. and .lames Jerret in 1805: and Warner Drake in 1808. 
The lirst birtli was that of John D. Smith, in Feb. 1806. The 
flr^t sawmill was erected by Ira Foot, in 1805, and tlie first 
gristmill by Wuldo Prayton, in 1809. Harriet Eason biught the 
first schotjl, in the summer of 1806. 

6 There are 16 sawmills, 16 shingle mills, a gristmill, and a 
tannery in t4»wn- 

^ Among the early settlers were Benj. Reynolds. Joshua Hol- 
lis, Alden, Gilbert, and Timothy Balch. The first marriage was 
that of Robert Wooley and a daughter of Nathaniol Bennett, 



sen., in 1807; and the first death, that of the mother of Timothy 
Balch, in 1810. The first school was tanght by Jesse Aiken, in 
1810. Joseph Watson built the first sawmill, in ISIO, and 
Jonah Thompson the first gristmill, in 1816. 

7 M. E.. Presb., end Bap. A Union church at Orwell Corners 
is occupied by the Presb. and Bap. societies. 

8 At tho first village meeting, held May 13. 1828, Hon. Alvan 
Bronson was elected President, and Daniel nugnnin, jr., George 
Fisher, Nathaniel Vilas, jr., David P. Brewster, Theopliilns 8. 
Morgan, Joseph Turner, and Orlo Steele, Trustees. The first 
city officers, elected in April, 1818, were as follows : Mai/or^ 
James Platt; Aldermf.n, Hunter Crane. Gilbert Mollisou, i*te- 
|)hen H. Lathrop, Robert Oliver, Geo. S. Alvord. John Boigi-ol, 
Samuel S. Taylor, and William S. Malcolm. The council a[>. 

I pointed J. M. Casey CiOj Ci*rk. 

» By the river and canal it is 38 mi., by B, n. 36 mi., N. N. w. of 
Syracuse; by the Oswego and Erie Canals 208 mi., by the Oswe^ 
and Central line of r.e. 183 mi., and by the surveyed route of 
tho Oswego & Troy K, B. 170 mi., w. H. w. of Albany. 



524 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



height, the upward movement being gradual and intermittent. The pauses by which it was inter- 
rupted are marked by ancient beach lines, ridges, and terraces found at different heights above the 
lakes. The Oswego Falls are now 11 feet high; and, as they have receded s. 12 mi., to the village 
of Fulton, with an ascending average grade of about 9 feet per mi. in the excavated bed of the river, 
they must have diminished in height and grandeur from age to age during the whole period of re- 
cession. This hypothesis is sustained by geographical and geological analogy with the Falls of the 
Genesee and the Niagara. The aggregate fall of the river within the 12 mi. is 110 feet, of which 
34 feet are within the limits of the city; and the whole fall is so distributed by G successive dams, 
built by the State for canal and slackwater navigation, that the water of the river may be used by 
raceways nearly the whole distance, affording one of the finest water-powers in the world. The 
river forms the outlet to the 11 lakes which cluster in the basin of Central New York, and drains 
a wide extent of teri-itory. These lakes form natural reservoirs wliieh prevent floods or undue ex- 
haustion, the extreme elevation and depression of the river not exceeding 3 feet, so that destructive 
freshets, so common to great water-power rivers, never occur. The mouth of the river admits vessels 
of the largest class navigating the lakes ; and the erection of piers and a lighthouse by the U. S. 
Government renders it one of the safest and most accessible harbors on the lakes, susceptible of inde- 
finite enlargement, and combining canal and R. R. transportation with the advantages of position 
as the nearest lake port to tidewater. A hydraulic canal extending along both sides of the river is 
studded with mills, elevating warehouses, and other manufacturing establishments. 

The city is handsomely laid out, with streets 100 feet wide, intersecting each other at right angles. 
The E. and w. banks of the river are connected by two bridges, built by the city, — the lower one, 
an iron bridge with a draw for the passage of vessels, on Bridge St., the upper on Utica St., at the 
terminus of the Oswego & Syracuse R. R. The principal public buildings are an edifice recently 
erected by the TJ. S. Government, containing a custom house, post-office, and U. S. courtroom,' a 
city hall,^ jail, orphan asylum, city hospital, city library, and 12 churches.' 

The Orphan Asylum is situated upon the elevated ground in the southern part of the city, com- 
manding a fine view of the city, harbor, and lake. It was founded in 1853, mainly through the 
influence of the ladies of Oswego, and continues to be principally supported by them. Orphans 
and children of destitute parents, from earliest infancy to 8 years of age, are admitted and cared 
for and afterward placed out in respectable families. A primary and Sabbath school are connected 
with the institution. The number of inmates ranges from .50 to 100. 

The Citri Library was founded by a donation of $25,000 from Hon. Gerrett Smith. The edifice is 
finely located upon the E. side of the river; and the library at present contains 9,000 volumes.* 

The Public Schools are graded and free ; they are under the care of a Board of Education and 
Superintendent. The system embraces the primary, junior, senior, and high school departments ; and 
pupils can receive instruction from the primary branches to an extended academic course. In 1857 
there were in the city 23 school districts, in which were employed 47 teachers, — 8 males and 39 
females. The number of children between 4 and 21 was 5,516, of which 4,175, or 75 per cent., 
attended school during some portion of the year. The total receipts and expenses during the year 
was S26,341 14; the number of volumes in the district libraries, about 3,000. 

The commerce of Oswego is very extensive, and is increasing much more rapidly than the popu- 
lation.' Being situated near the foot of lake navigation, and nearer to N. Y. than any other lake port, 
it has commercial facilities superior to those of most of the Western cities. A considerable share of 
the produce of the West flows through this port on its way to the seaboard markets ; and it is the 
principal entrep5t of the agricultural products of Canada West. The salt of Onondaga is mostly 
disti'ibuted through the Great West from this place ; and vast quantities of the manufactured goods 
of the East are sent through the same channel. The official report of the value of the lake and 
canal trade, derived from the Custom House and Canal Collector's Office, for 1845, was §7,951,409, 
and for 1856 was $50,612,603, showing an annual average increase of nearly 20 per cent. The 
amount of registered tonnage in 1846 was 15,513 tons, and in 1856 it was 46,467 tons.^ 

The manufacturing interests of the city have attained to considerable magnitude, although the 
vast water-power of Oswego River is occupied but to a limited extent. Flour made from the wheat 



J This edifice is constructed of Cleveland sandstone and iron, 
and is entirely fireproof. Its cost was about $120,000. 

s This buildini; contains the rooms of the Common Council 
and Board of Kilucation, and the offices of the City Clerk, Re- 
corder, and other city officers. 

» 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 R. C, Univ., and 
Af. Meth. 

* This edifice, erected in 1856, is built of brick, and is 92 by 
62 feet, with a vestibule 15 by 16 feet, a basement 9 feet high, 



with 2 stories above, having an aggregate height of wall of 36 
feet above the basement. 

6 Pop. in 1S5.'). 15.S16. Estimated in 1858, 18,000. 

8 The operation of the late Reciprocity Treaty with England 
has proved, as was anticipated, most favorable to Oswego. The 
importation of (Train at the port in 1856 was 13.504.074 Iiushels ; 
and the peculiar manufacturing and commercial advantages of 
the place have made it the great flour and grii.'j market of Cen- 
tral New York and Northern New England, 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



525 



of Canada and the Western States forms the leading article manufactured. The Oswego mills, 18 
in number, with an aggregate of 100 run of stone, are capable of grinding and packing 10,000 
barrels of flour per day, — a greater amount than is manufactured at any other place on the continent.* 

Shipyards and 2 marine railways rank among the important manufacturing establishments of 
the city, and give large employment to labor. The Oswego Starch Factory, erected in 1848, upon 
the hydraulic canal, on the w. bank of the river, is one of the most prosperous and extensive esta- 
blishments of the kind in the world.^ Lumber is extensively dressed in the city for the 
Western markets, from Canadian sawed lumber entered free under the Reciprocity Treaty. The 
Oswego Cotton Mills is a well managed and productive establishment, operating 83 looms, 2,664 
spindles, and giving employment to 65 operators. A little above, on the same canal, is an exten- 
sive tannery. The Ontario Foundery, Steam Engine and Machine Works, is one of the most 
extensi;e and prosperous establishments of the kind in the State. Many other branches of manu- 
factures are carried on in the city. 

The early history of Oswego has already been noticed in the general history of the co.' Its 
distinctive and modern history dates from its surrender by the British in 1796. The withdrawal 
of the British garrison took away from the place all that had ever been established of civilized 
society, and left it as new as though man had never resided there. During the year following the 
evacuation, Neil McMullin, a merchant of Kingston, moved thither, bringing with him a house 
framed at Kingston.* In 1802 but 2 or 3 vessels were owned on the American side of the lake, 
trade being principally carried on by vessels belonging to the Northwest Fur Company. During 
this year Benaj ah Boyington built a warehouse on the w. side of the river, and Arch. Fairfield liecame 
a forwarding merchant. Salt from the Onondaga Springs was at that time the most important 
item in the commerce of Oswego. In 1803, Matthew McNair engaged in the forwarding business 
and purchased a schooner. In 1804 he built anotlier, and, in connection with other gentlemen, 
purchased a number of Canadian vessels.* From this period shipbuilding was carried on briskly, 
and it formed a leading interest until the breaking out of the War of 1812. 

The war put an end to commercial transactions ; but the place became the scene of stirring mili- 
tary events. The fort was garrisoned and commanded by Col. Mitchell. On the 5th of May, 1814, 
the British fleet under Sir James Yeo appeared oif the harbor and opened a heavy fire upon the 
place. The fire was returned by the 4 small guns which constituted the only armament of Fort 
Ontario, and by a small battery on the w. side of the river. The next morning the British took 
position still nearer the shore, and under the cover of a heavy fire 2 columns of the enemy eflfected 
a landing. After a gallant but vain defense. Col. Mitchell retreated, leaving the fort and town in 
possession of the enemy.* The principal object of the attack was to secure the naval stores destined 
for the new vessels building at Sackets Harbor ; but a large share of tliese were at Oswego Falls, 
12 mi. above, and were not taken. Several cannon and other heavy articles lying upon the wharf 
were sunk in the river, at the command of Col. Mitchell ; these were afterward recovered. On the 
morning of the 7th the British retired, and the fleet proceeded N. to blockade Sackets Harbor. Lieut. 
Woolsey, who had charge of the stores, immediately dropped down the river, and, with 19 boats 
laden with stores, set out on the lake under cover of night, and supported by a body of riflemen 
and Indians, under Maj. Appling, on shore. The boats were pursued, and took refuge in Sandy 
Creek, where an action took place, resulting in the capture of the entire attacking party.' 

Oswego recovered slowly from the efiects of the war, and its commercial transactions were com- 
paratively unimportant until the opening of the Oswego and Welland Canals.' In the mean time 



1 Five of these mills are located on the harbor, and elevate 
their grain from lake vessels and discharge flour and grain into 
canal boats. Six grain warehouses on the harbor elevate and 
discharge in the same way. The other mills, located above, 
elevate from and discharge into canal boats. The elevating 
capacity on the harbor is 37.500 bushels per hour, and the 
storage room over 2,000,000 bushels of grain, — rendering Oswego 
the best receiving port on the lakes. 

8 This factory was founded by a stock company, with a capital of 
$50,000; and, under the supervision of Thns. kingsford & Sons, 
its capital has been increased to ^50,000. and its main block 
of buildings have grown to the enormous dimensions of 510 feet 
front by 250 feet deep, with numerous det^iched buildings and 
an extensive box factory. Th« main establishment works up 
500,01)0 bushels of grain (mostly corn) and makes 12,000.000 
pounds of st.areh per annum. Large quantities of the article 
Bre sold and used in London, Liverpool, and the principal cities 
on the continent of Europe. It gives employment to 200 men. 

' See page 619. 

* When Mr. McMullin and his family landed at Oswego they 
found two American*resident3,^Tohn Love and Zil»a Phillips. 
They were traders, and left soon after. Capt. Edward O'Conner, 
of the Eevolutionary Army, came in during the same year. 



Matthew McNair and Bradner Burt and his father came in 1802; 
Henry Eagle in ISOS; Alvin Bronsou in ISIO; and Wm. Dollo- 
way in 1811. In ISIO the population numbered 300. Rankin 
McMullin, son of Neil McMullin, born in 1800, was the first 
child born within the present limits of the city. 

6 In 1804 all commercial transactions were carried on with 
unrestricted freedom. No ship papers, licenses, reports, oroatha 
were required, the keen-scented custom house officers not having 
yet smelt out the commerce of the lakes. 

« The British loss in the action was about 200. and the Ame- 
rican 00. The Briti.sh carried off several of the prominent citi- 
zens, and kept them prisoners until they were duly discharged. 
Among the prisoners were Alvan Bronson, Abraham Uugunin, 
and Eli Stevens. 

I See page 358. 

6 In 1818, 10 years before the Oswego Canal wag completed, 
36.000 b;u-rels of Onondaga salt were received at Oswego, of 
which 26.000 barrels went to Western States by the portage* 
round Niagara Falls. At that perioti the price of salt at Oswego 
was $2.50 per barrel, and the coat of transportation from Salina, 
by Oswego, to Black Rock $1.41 per barrel. In IS.^iO there were 
received at Oswego 700,000 barrels, of which over 600,000 went 
to upper lake ports through the Welland Canal, at a cost of 



S26 OSWEGO COUNTY. 

shipbuilding became a leading pursuit of the people. In 1816, steam navigation was first intro- 
duced on Lake Ontario, and its great progress since has been of immense importance to Oswego. 
In 1829-30, Alvin Bronson and T. S. Morgan erected the first flouring mill. In 1828 the Oswego 
Canal was finished, and in 1830 the Welland Canal was opened, giving a new impulse to trade 
and opening to the place an almost boundless commerce in the future. With the advantages of 
natural position and the stimulus of the lines of internal improvement, both the commerce and 
manufactures of Oswego have increased in an almost unprecedented manner ; and there is every 
reason to believe that this increase is to continue for many years to come. 

OSWEGO (town) — was formed from Hannibal, April 20, 1818. A part of Granby was 
annexed May 20, 1836. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, on the w. side of the river. Its 
surface is generally rolling, ending in a blufi" shore upon the lake. The streams are the Eight Mile, 
Rice, Snake, and Minetto Creeks. A fall in Oswego River within the limits of this town affords an 
abundance of water-power. The underlying rock is principally red sandstone, and the soil a gravelly 
loam. Boulders and water-worn pebbles are scattered over the surface, making it very stony in places. 
Minetto,' (p. v.,) situated on Oswego River, 4 mi. from the city, contains 150 inhabitants. .South 
West Oswego is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1797, by Asa Rice, from Conn. Reuben 
Pixley came in 1800, and Daniel Burt in 1802.^ There are now in the town 2 churches ; M. E.andBap. 

PAliERKIO — was formed from Volney, April 4, 1832. It is an interior town, lying just s. w. 
of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating. The large swamp in the E. part of the town is 
57 feet above Oneida Lake, and the ridges are about 25 feet above the swamp. The streams are 
Scotts and Fish Creeks. The soil is generally a sandy loam. Lumber and the products of wood 
are the principal manufactured products of the town.' Palermo, (p. v.,) situated near ths 
center of the town, and Terniillion (p.v.) each contains 1 church and about 15 dwellings. 
The first settlement was made in 1806, by David Jennings, Simeon Crandall, and Sylvanus Hop- 
kins.* The first settled preacher was Rev. Asaph Graves. There are now 4 churches in town.' 

PARISH" — was formed from Mexico, March 20, 1828. It is an interior town, a little s. E. 
of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, but considerably broken by ravines, and in 
some parts rough and stony. The streams are Salmon Creek and its branches. The valley in the 
w. part is 246 feet above Lake Ontario, and the E. summits are 25 to 50 feet higher. The soil con- 
sists of clay, sand, and gravel, and is moderately fertile. Less than half of the town is under culti- 
vation. There are 12 sawmills, 4 shingle fiictories, and other manufacturing establishments in town. 
Parisbville, (Parish p.o.,) on Salmon Creek, in the w. part, contains 1 church and 34 houses. 
The first settlement was made in 1804, by Thomas Nutting, Eliada Orton, Jonathan Bedell, Amos 
Williams, and Rev. Gamaliel Barnes.' There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Bap. 

REDFIEl<D — was taken from Mexico, as part of Oneida co., March 14, 1800.' It is the N. E. 

corner tovm of the co. Its surface is hilly in the s., but in the N. it spreads out into a high, roll- 
ing plateau 800 to 1,000 feet above tide. A wide intervale extends along the course of Salmon 
River, which stream drains nearly the whole town. The underlying rock is gray limestone, and 
the soil upon it is generally a thin and moderately fertile gravelly loam. The soil of the intervale 
is a deep, sandy loam of good quality. The greater part of the town is still unsettled, and the 
uplands are frosty and forbidding regions. Center Square, (Redfield p. o.,) situated on Salmon 
River, in the s. part of the town, contains 2 churches and about 30 houses. Greenborougrll 
isap. o. in the n.w. part. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1798, by immigrants 
mostly from Conn.' The first church (Cong.) was organized with 19 members in 1802, by Rev. 
Joshua Johnson. There are now 2 churches in the tovim; Cong, and M. E. 



transportation ranging from 10 to 20 cents per barrel from 
Salina to Chicago. This price for freight is much less than it 13 
from St. Clair River to Chicago, less than half the distance. 
Illustrating the fact that the ilemanil for up freights iB at the 
great receiving point of down freights. 

1 A sawmill nt this place is one of the largest in the State, and 
is capaljle of sawing 20,000 feet per 24 hours. 

* Among the early settlers were Nathan Nelson and 

Beckwith. in 1S04; Eleazur Perry, in 1805; Jonathan Buel and 
Jacob Thorpe, in 1806 ; and Daniel Robinson, in 1809. The first 



The first inn was opened in 1816, by Stephen Blake; and the 
first sawmill was built by Phineas Chapin, in 1812. The first 
school was taught by Harriet Eason, in the summer of 1812. 

s 2 M. E. and 2 Bap. 

9 Named from David Parish, who purchased the town before 
its settlement. 

' Paul .Allen settled in town in 1805. The first birth was that 
of Ransom Orton. in 180.5; the first death, that of Jonathan 
Bedell, killed by the fall of a tree; and the first marriage, that 
of Nathan Parkhurst and the widow Bedell. John Miller kept 



hirth wai that of ThnmjLS Jefferson Rice, in 1801 : the first mar- the first inn, in 1807; and Martin Way and Paul Allen built the 



liage, that of Augustus Ford and Miss Rice, in 1800; and the 
fir.st de.ath, th.it of an infant child of Asa Rice, in 1798. 

8 There are in the town 8 sawmills, 3 shingle and stave fac- 
tories. 2 gri.stmills. and 2 tanneries. 

* Among the first settlers were Alvin Walker. Stephen Blake, 
and Zadock Hopkins. The first birth w.ts that of Alvin Walker, 
jr.; the first marriage, that of Joseph Jennings and Sally Cha- 
pin; and the first death, that of Zadock Hopkins, — all in 1811. 



first sawmill, in 1808. The first school was taught at I'arish- 
ville, in the summer of 1807. 

8 The town of -Arcadia'^ eo called, was annexed Feb. 20, 1807- 
The town of " Grffuboro" was erected Feb. 21. 1843, and re-an 
nexed March 1. 1848. in consequence of fraudulent practices 
with regard to assessments upon the lands of non-residents. 

• Among those who settled in the town in 1798 were Amos 
Kent, Josiah Tryon, Nathan Sage, Jonathan Harmon, James 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



527 



RICniiAlVD — was formed from Williamstown, as part of Oneida co., Feb. 20, 1807. Orwell 
was taken off in 1817, Sandy Creek and Albion in 1825, a part of Mexico in 1836, and a part of 
Orwell in 1844. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, N. of the center of the co. The surface is 
generally level or gently rolling, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The E. part is 250 
feet above Lake Ontario, and Pulaski Village is 131 feet above, — giving to the town a decided 
westerly inclination. The principal streams are Salmon River,' Deer and Sandstone Creeks; and 
upon each of them are falls, furnishing a large amount of water-power.' Spring Brook is a small 
stream flowing from several large springs in the E. part of the town, and in the course of 3 mi. falls 
150 feet. The springs are perpetual, and rather increase than diminish in summer ; so that the 
power furnished is abundant and constant. The mouth of Salmon River furnishes a good harbor. 
The underlying rock is the Lorraine shales ; the soil is a sandy loam, with some clay in the s. w. 
part, and is generally fertile. Pulaski, (p. v.,) on Salmon River, about 3 mi. from its mouth, 
is the half shire of the CO. and was incorp. April 26, 1832. It contains 4 churches, a courthouse, 
an academy,' a newspaper office, a bank, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 1,168. 
Port Ontario, (p-v.,) on Salmon River, near its mouth, contains about 50 houses; and 
Bolmesville (South Richland p.o.) 1 church and 20 houses; Selkirk, at the mouth of 
Salmon River, contains a church, a U. S. lighthouse, and 30 dwellings. Rlcllland Station, 
on the W. & R. R. R., is in the e. part of the town. The first settlement was made near the mouth 
of Salmon River, in 1801, by Nathan Tuttle, of Canada, and Nathan Wilcox and Albert Bohannan, 
from Rome.' The first church (Cong.) was organized Jan. 22, 1811; and the Rev. Oliver Leavitt 
was the first settled pastor. There are 7 churches in town.' 

S ANDT CREEK— was formed from Richland, March 24, 1825. It lies on the shore of Lake 
Ontario, upon the N. border of the co. Its surface is rolling and has a westerly inclination, its E. 
border being elevated about 500 feet above the surface of the lake. It is drained by Little Sandy 
Creek and many smaller streams, all of which have rapid currents and are frequently interrupted 
by falls, which furnish a good supply of water-power. Little Sandy Pond, a portion of Lake Ontario, 
nearly landlocked, lies principally within the limits of this town. The soil consists of gravelly loam 
and disintegrated shale, and is generally productive. Lumber is the principal manufactured pro- 
duct.' fVasblllirton'Ville, (Sandy Creek p. o.,) situated on Little Sandy Creek, 4 mi. from 
its mouth, is a station on the W. & R. R. R. Pop. 423. The first settlement was made in 1804, 
by Joseph Hurd and Elias Howe, from Oneida co.' The first church (Presb.) was organized in 
1817, by Rev. Mr. Dunlap. There are now 3 churches in town.' 

SCHROEPPELi'O— was ta^]^^^ from Volney, April 4, 1832. It lies in the s. part of the co., 
in the n. e. angle formed by the junction of Oneida and Oswego Rivers. The surface is level or 
gently rolling. It is watered by Scotts and Fish Creeks and many smaller streams. A swamp 
extends northward from the mouth of Fish Creek to the n. border of the town, and is a half mile 
to a mile in width. The soil is a rich sandy loam and clay. The underlying rocks, which belong 
to the Clinton group, nowhere crop out in the town. There are 10 sawmills, 4 shingle mills, and 
other manufactories in town. Phoenix," (p. v.,) on Oswego River, 2 mi. below Three River 
Point, was incorp. in 1848. It contains 3 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 1,164 Gll- 
bertsvllle, (Gilberts Mills p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches. Pop. 442. Ilinnians- 
vllle, (p. V.,) in the extreme w. part, on Oswego River, contains 25 houses; and Pennelville, 



I>rflke, Eli Strong, Benj. Austin, Samnel Brooks, Eliakim Si- 
mouds. Nathan Cook. Ebcnezer Chatnbprlain, David Harmon. 
ftnd Elihu Insraham. The tirst birth was that of Ezra L. H. Cham- 
berlain; and tlic first death, that of an infant son of Dr. Alden. 
in 1801. The first saw and grist mills were built in 1801; and 
the first inn was opened the same year, by David Bntler. The 
first school was tanpht in 1802. by Rev. .Toshua .Tnhnson. 

1 At the month of Salmon River is a harbor admitting vessels 
of lipht dmught. 

' There are 19 sawmills, 8 shingle mills, 6 flonrinp: and rist 
mills. 2 paper mills, a tool factory, and several other manutao- 
turing estal'lislim'ints in the town. 

* The Pulaski Academy was organized .Tune 4, 1853. 

* 2 paper mills. 4 flouring and grist mills, 3 sawmills, 3 tan- 
Deries, and a f.iundery and machine shop. 

* Among the early settlers were Hugh Montgomery, in 1801 ; 
John Ingersoll, Benj. Bull. Israel .Tnnes. .John Farnham, and 

Johnson, in 1804 ; Jeremiah Matthcwson. in 1807 : and 

Ephraim and Justns Fox, in 1808. The first birth was that of 
Benj. Ingersoll, Aug. 28, 1804; the first marriage, that of Saml. 
Orippen and Ruth Tuttle, the same year; and the first death, 
that of a child of Nathan Tuttle. The first inn was kept by 



Benj. Winch, in 1806 ; and the first store, by John Meacham, in 
1810. The first sawmill was built by John Hoar, in 1806; and 
the first gristmill, by Jeremiah Matthewson. in 1808. Milly 
Ellis taught the first school, in the summer of 1808. 

« 3 Bap., 2 M. E.. Cong., and Prot. B. 

' There are 11 sawmills, 2 shingle mills, 2 gristmills, and 2 
tanneries in town. 

8 In 1805 Asel Hurd and 5 families front Vt., by the name of 
Meacham. settled in town. The first sawmill was built by Wm. 
Skinner and Joseph Hurd, in 1804; and the first gristmill, by 
James Hinman, in 1806. Simeon Meacham kept the first store 
and tavern, in 1806 ; and the first school was taught at the 
house of George Harding, by his daughter, in 1807-08. The first 
birth was that of Laura Hurd; the first marriage, that of Henry 
Patterson and Lucy Meacham, in 1806 ; and the first death, that 
of Mrs. Elias Howe, in 1807. 

• Presb.. M. E., and Bap, — all at Washingtonville. 

l*> Pronounced scni'ple ; named from Henry W. Schroeppel. 
His father. Geo. C. .'^rhroepprl, purchased the whole of Township 
24 and a large part of 16, of (ieorge Scriba. Uenr^* W. settled 
in the town in 1810. and is still a resident. 

u Named in honor of Alex. Phoenix. 



528 OSWEGO COUNTY. 

(p.v.,) near the center, 15. Settlement was commenced by Abram Paddock, in 1800.^ The first 
church I'M. E.) was organized in 1826. There are now 5 churches in town.^ 

SCRIOA^ — wastakenfrom ^'Frederickshurgh" (nowVolney) as part of Oneida co., April5,1811. 
It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario and the e. bank of Oswego River. Its surface is rolling, 
the ridges extending n. and s., and elevated 100 to 180 feet above the lake. It is drained by 
Black Creek, flowing s., and Nine Mile, Four Mile, and Wine Creeks, flowing n. Upon several 
of these streams are valuable mill privileges. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, stony in 
places, and only moderately fertile. Scriba Corners, (Scriba p. o.,) near the center of the 
town, contains 1 church and about 40 houses. IVorth Scriba, is a p. o. The first settlement 
was made by Henry Everts, in 1798.* There are 3 churches in town.^ 

VOIjIVEY^ — was formed — by the name of ^'Fredericksburgh" — from Mexico as part of Oneida 
CO., March 21, 1806. Its name was changed April 5, 1811. Scriba was taken ofi* in ISll, and 
Schroeppel and Palermo in 1832. It lies upon the e. bank of Oswego River, s. w. of the center 
of the CO. Its surface is undulating, with high, steep banks bordering upon the river. The 
ridges are 50 to 100 feet above the valleys and 100 to 200 feet above Oswego River. The red 
sandstone crops out on the bank of the river and is extensively quarried for building stone. The 
falls upon the river furnish an immense water-power.' The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. 
Fulton,^ (P'"^-*) on Oswego River, at the Oswego Falls,*was incorp. April 29, 1835. It contains 
6 churches, the Falley Seminary,^** a newspaper office, and a large number of manufacturing 
establishments. Pop. 3,192. Seneca, Hill, (p*v.,) on Oswego River, in the n. w. corner of the 
town, contains 50 dwellings and the largest flouring establishment in the State." Tolney Cor- 
ners^ (Volney p.o.,) near the center, contains 18 houses. The present village of Fulton became 
the seat of a floating population in the early part of the eighteenth century ; but permanent settle- 
ment was not commenced until 1793.^^ The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1814; and the 
Rev. Mr. Leavitt was the first settled minister. There are 9 churches in town.*^ 

"WEST MOIVROE— was formed from Constantia, March 21, 1839. It lies upon the n. shore 
of Oneida Lake, s. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level and marshy in the s., and rolling, 
broken, and stony in the N, A marsh on the bank of the lake covers an area of more than 1,000 
acres, and a considerable portion of it produces cranberries. In the valleys between the ridges, 
in the n. part of the town, are several smaller marshes. Red sandstone, the underlying rock, crops 
out in this town and furnishes a plentiful supply of valuable building stone. Bog iron ore is 
found in the n. part; and it is said that traces of lead and silver have also been found. The soil 
is a medium quality of clay, sandy and gravelly loam. West J>Ionroe and Union Settle- 
ment are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1806, by Martin Owens, Abel and Joseph 
B. Ames, Ebenezer Loomis, and Sylvanus AUen.^* The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1843.** 

'WII.L.IAMSTOWX— was formed from Mexico, as part of Oneida co., March 24, 1804. 
Richland was taken ofi" in 1807, and Amboy in 1830. It lies near the center of the e. border of 
the CO. The surface is undulating in the s., but broken and stony in the w., and moderately hilly 
in the e. It is drained by Fish Creek, flowing into Oneida Lake, and the head branches of Salmon 



1 Thomas Vicfcery and La Hommedieu settled in 1807; 

and Wm. Miles in ISOS. Tbe first birth was that of Joseph 
Vickery. Sept. 11, 1^07; and the first marriage, that of John 
Lemanier and Sally Winter. The first sawmill was erected by 
H. W. Schroeppel, in 1819; and the first frristmill, by A. & H. 
Gilbert, the same year. The first store was kept by Andrus 
Gilbert, in 1821; and the first inn, by Alex. Pho>nix, in 1828. 
Horatio Sweet taught the first school, at Three River Point, in 
1813. 2 2 M. E., Cong., Bap., and F. W. Bap. 

8 Named in honor of George Scriba, the original proprietor of 
this and several of the adjoining towns. 

* Asahel Bush and Samuel Tiffany settled in town in 1801; 
Wm. Burt and Hiel Stone in ISO.S; and Dr. Deodatus Clark in 
1807. The first birth was that of Henry Everts, jr. ; the first 
marriage, that of John Masters ami Eliza Baldwin, in 1806; and 
the first death, that of a child of Hiram Warner. The first inn 



internal water communication between Schenectady and the 
ports upon Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, after the 
construction of the c^nal connecting Wood Creek with the Mo- 
hawk River, by the Western Navigation Co., in 179(5. 

10 The Fulton Female Seminary was incorp. in 1S36, and in 
1842 it was changed to the Fulton Academy. In 1849 it received 
a donation of $.3,000 from Mrs. M. E. Falley and assumed the 
name of the Falley Seminary. At the same time it came under 
the charge of the Black River Conference of the M. E. Church. 
It is a prosperous institution. 

n This flouring mill has 15 mn of stone, with a separate wheel 
to each run, and a capacity of grinding and packing 1,200 bar- 
rels of flour per day. 

13 Daniel Masters settled at Oswego Falls in 1793; Laurence 
Tan Valkenburph. below the falls. JQ 179.^; and John Tan Buren 
in 1796. John Waterhouse settled in the town in 1797; and 



was kept by Hiel Stone, in 1806; and the flr.st store, by Orrin I Ebenezer Wright in 1800. The first birth after the permanent 



Stone and Aaron Parkhurst, in 1819. Benj. Robinson, from 
Manlius, taught the first school, in 1804. 

5 Bap.. M. E.. and a Bethel Free and Union. 

6 Named in honor of Tolney, the French author, who visited 
tbe town in 1808, while on a tonr through the U. S. 

' There are 7 flouring mills in town, havicg an aggregate of 
42 run of stone; also a large number of sawmills and other 
manufacturing establishments. 

8 Named in honor of Robert Fulton. It was originally called 
'*Osu'figo Falls." 

• The portage at this place was the only interruption In the 



settlement was in 1795 ; and the first death, that of John Water- 
house, in Aug. 1799. Daniel Masters kept the first inn, at the 

falls, in 1794; and he and Goodell erected the first sawmill, 

in 1796. Miss A. Waterhouse taught the first school, in 1800. 

18 2 M. E., Presb., Prot. E., Cong., Bap., Prot. Meth., Wea. Meth., 
and Union. 

1* Deacon Smith, from Maae., settled in the town in ISOS, and 
Hiram Nickerson in 1810. The first birth was that of Azariah 
Ames. The first inn was kept by Deacon Smith, in 1812; and 
the first school was taught by Caroline Barnes, in 1810. 

IS The census reports 2 churches; Presb. and F. W. Bap. 




o 

en 

DC 

< 

o 
o 



o 



OSWEGO COUNTY. 



529 



River. The surface of Fish Creek at Williamstown Mills, in the s. e. part, is 354 feet above Lake 
Ontario, and the hills in the n. e. are 200 to 300 feet higher. The greater part of the town is yet 
unsettled. The soil is a moderately fertile sandy or gravelly loam. Lumber and leather are the 
principal manufactured products. 'Willianisto^vn, (p. v.,) on Fish Creek, in the s. part, is a 
station on the W. & R. R. R. Pop. 240. Kasoag, (p. v.,) a little w. of the center, is a station 
on the W. & R. R. R. and contains about 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 1801, by 
Gilbert Taylor, Solomon Goodwin, Ichabod Comstock, Dennis Orton, Henry Williams, and Henry 
Filkins.' The first church (Cong.) was founded in 1805, by Rev. Wm. Stone.^ 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dicellings, families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Oswego County. 



Nau£S op Towns. 



Albion 

Amboy 

Boylston 

CoDStantia. 

Granby 

Hannibal 

Hastings 

Mexico. 

New Haven.... 

Orwell 

Oswego City... 
Oswego-TowB. 

Palermo 

Parish. 

Redfleld. 

Richland 

Sandy Creek... 

Schroeppe! 

Scriba. 

Volney 

West Monroe.. 
Williamstown 

Total 



AoRxs op Land. 



.S 



9.196} 

6.327 i 

.'>.4S6 

6,161 

16,4.58 

16,094 J 

13,252i 

20,206i 

ll,410i 

8,.'i37S 

2,042 

12.242i 

12,238i 

9,010J 

6,9885 

19,632 

16.738 

13,0.55i 

14,39SJ 

16,141 

6,237 i 

5,271J 



244,126 



16,109 

lS,070i 

17,379 

28,660 

13,574} 

12,035 

14,010 

8,011 

7,603 

17,345 

783i 

7.4941 
12,777 
16,921 
61,835 
11,869 

6,5691 
11,619 

8,936 
12.621i 
14,6631 
20,281 i 



Valuation op 1858. 



$262,340 
105,160 
70,117 
324,299 
608,863 
410,170 
045,900 
633,030 
283,880 
170,581 

4,262,,372 
669,736 
347,670 
241,014 
181,547 
709,161 
410,995 
603,290 

1,417,675 
674,963 
120.390 
140,161 



328,047J 12,983,314 



Ml, 



$7,750 

6,650 

1,300 

16,100 

20,270 

13,650 

44,300 

95,400 

41,195 

7,000 

1,401,410 

26,900 

18,100 

16.975 

7,455 

881,950 

34,300 

24,100 

30,800 

44,250 

6,700 

3,100 



$270,090 
110,710 
71.417 
339,399 
629,133 
423,820 
690,200 
628.430 
325,075 
177.581 

5,663,782 
686,636 
366,770 
257,989 
189,002 
791,111 
445,295 
627,390 

1,448,475 
619,213 
126,000 
143,261 



Population. 


1 






is 


5 


Q 


•s- 


•& 


^ 


1,065 


^ 


^ 


1,147 


413 


435 


636 


636 


216 


222 


424 


301 


144 


146 


1,691 


1,764 


692 


632 


1,963 


1,784 


694 


767 


1,566 


1,473 


690 


639 


1,610 


1,459 


681 


608 


2,016 


2,007 


782 


831 


1,011 


1,001 


396 


433 


669 


689 


241 


260 


8,022 


7,794 


2,618 


2,962 


1,428 


1,332 


623 


546 


1,048 


976 


424 


457 


875 


800 


323 


337 


432 


346 


144 


168 


2,079 


1,933 


735 


677 


1,176 


1,098 


41 S 


488 


1.937 


1,810 


686 


766 


1,539 


1,419 


658 


687 


3,365 


3,111 


1,166 


1,343 


631 


686 


224 


241 


490 


463 


182 


187 


135.662 


33.736 


12,649 


13,711 



376 
190 
1.15 
442 
468 
611 
605 
743 
344 
S32 
1,7V ■ 
293 
277 
295 
139 
620 
337 
443 
632 
865 
204 
170 



Schools. 



VS 



9,781 






926 
446 

278 

1,306 

1,620 

1,117 

1,399 

1,375 

730 

517 

6,987 

1,1.54 

784 

7.52 

393 

1,660 

1,019 

1,459 

1.293 

2,310 

613 

312 



Names of Towns. 



Albion 

Amboy 

Boylston» 

Constantia 

Granby 

HannibaL 

Hastings 

Mexico 

New Haven...., 

Orwell 

Oswego City... 
Oswego -Town. 

Palermo.. 

Parish 

Redfleld. 

Richland 

Sandy Creek... 

Schroeppel 

Scriba. 

Volney 

West Monroe- 
Williams town 

Total 



Lite Stock. 



429 
220 
169 
392 
903 

1,097 
669 

1,007 
631 
278 
696 
748 
591 
403 
162 
866 
657 
760 
691 
904 
249 
176 



III 



813 

622 

314 

640 

1.391 

1,490 

1,180 

1,656 

1,250 

580 

53 

884 

1,146 

835 

420 

1,678 

1,134 

1,275 

931 

1,096 

619 



769 

464 

670 

4.57 

1,120 

1,317 

956 

2,290 

1,048 

909 

594 

936 

1,006 

822 

757 

2,244 

1,583 

1,054 

1,174 

1,124 

465 

325 



12,398 20,189 21,983 36,088 21,836 



3- 

1,296 

854 

460 

996 

3,025 

2,215 

2,692 

3,170 

1,878 

682 

194 

1.934 

2,331 

1,263 

451 

3,042 

2,126 

2,768 

1.302 

2,186 

907 

417 



eo 



705 

404 

308 

654 

1,600 

1,887 

1.243 

1,994 

886 

470 

1,204 

1,060 

1,074 

900 

176 

1.613 

1,139 

1,166 

1.080 

1,606 

465 

313 



AQRICDLTtJRAL PRODUCTS. 



BcsH. OF Gbain. 



g 

4,349 
1,251 

881 
2,767 
2.900J 
3,2S9J 
6,238 
4,714J 
l,55Si 
3,572 

292i 
1,720 
5,037J 
2,264 

180 
2,259 
5,786 
2,243 
2,727 
1,686 
1,1 83i 
1,234 



58,153J 1,158,647 



1,7.55J 

l,273i 

1,063 

1,208 

3,409 

3,570 

2,527J 

6,376 

2,665S 

1,766 

492 
4,054 
2,8745 
l,SI)Si 
2.352 
5,077 
3,3465 
3,3135 
4,7565 
4,367 
1,403} 

689} 



68,138 



*5 ^ 
So 
iq», 

20,454 

7,184 

6,871 

9,000 

36,796 

31,255 

18,041 

61,244 

18,716 

9,631 

1,9101 

19,928 

24,640 

14,350 

5,786 

30,962 

14,370 

14,689 

21,6.52 

23,235 

7,142 

5,057 



DuRT Products. 



10,5.50 

1,314 

70,622 

l,050i 

3,201 1 

13,756] 

6,641 

130,916 

15,804 

122,780 

3,530 
12,050 
15,100 
161,900 
123,970 
107„575 
44,555 
11,490 
58,451 
8,357 
2,950 

391,912} 426,916 2,038,174 973,461 









1,821 
1.432 
1,264 
837 
1,893 
1,2955 
2,649 
2,070} 
1,027 
1,062 

363 
1,444 
2,242 

284 
1,931 
2,220 
1.0.87 

906 
1,.361 

916 

632 



28,617 



1 The first marriage was that of Joel Rathbm-n and Miss P. 1 gristmill, in 1804. The first store was opened in 1806, by Danl. 
Alden, in Sept. 1802: and the first death, that of Mrs. S.irah Furman. The first school was taught by Philander Alden, io 
Orton, in the spring of 1804, Isaac Alden opened the fii-st inn. 1803. 
in 1803, boilt the first sawmill, the same year, and the first | ^ There are now 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. £. 



S4 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 



.'^f\a^^^ 




This county was erected from Montgomery, Feb. 16, 1791, and em- 
braced the 2 original towns of Otsego and Cherry Valley. A part 
of Schoharie was taken off in 1795, and a part of Delaware in 1797. 
It lies upon the highlands at the head of Susquehanna River, s. E. 
of the center of the State. It is centrally distant 66 miles from 
Albany, and contains 1,038 sq.mi. Its surface is a hilly upland, 
divided into several ridges separated by deep, broad valleys. The 
declivities are generally gradual ; and the highest summits are 400 
to 700 ft. above the valleys and 1,700 to 2,000 ft. above tide. The 
ridges have a general n. e. and s. w. direction. A high and rocky 
upland extends into the s. E. corner from Delaware, terminating 
upon Schenevas Creek in an abrupt and wall-like declivity 300 to 
500 ft. high. The other ridges of the co. have a nearly uniform elevation, and generally terminate 
in steep declivities upon the valleys of the streams. The principal streams are Unadilla River, 
forming the w. boundary, Wharton and Butternut, Oak, and Otego Creeks, Susquehanna River, 
Cherry Valley and Schenevas Creeks. Charlotte River forms a small portion of the s. boundary. 
Besides these, there are a large number of smaller creeks and brooks, tributaries to the above. A 
few small streams rise in the n. e. corner and flow into the Mohawk. Otsego Lake, in the n. e. part, 
is a fine sheet of water 8 mi. long and about 1 mi. broad. It is 1,193 ft. above tide, and is sur- 
rounded by hills 400 to 500 ft. high. Its outlet forms the principal head branch of the Susque- 
hanna. Schuyler Lake, n. w. of Otsego, is a similar sheet of water, 3J mi. long. The other bodies 
of water in the co. are small ponds. The rocks in the n.e. corner consist of the limestones of the 
Helderbergh division. The hills in the s. part are composed of the shales of the Hamilton group 
and the shales and sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups. The summits iu the extreme 
s. part and s. E. corner are crowned by the red sandstone and shales of the Catskill group. Al- 
most all the valuable quarries of the co. are found in the limestone region of the n. e. The soil in 
the N. E. is a good quality of gravelly and calcareous loam ; but further south it is a clay and shaly 
loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys. The uplands are best adapted 
to grazing ; and the river intervales are well adapted to the cultivation of grain. The people are 
principally engaged in stock raising and dairying. More than three-sevenths of all the hops pro- 
duced in the State are grown in this co. The manufacturing interests are limited, though the 
available water-power is very great. 

The county seat is located at Cooperstown, in the town of Otsego, at the foot of Otsego Lake.' 
The courthouse is a brick edifice in the w. part of the village.' The jail, near by, is built of 
stone, but has few of the modern improvements or conveniences. The average number of inmates 
ia 8, supported at a weekly cost of $3.00 each. The clerk's oflice is a fireproof brick build- 
ing, contiguous to the courthouse. The co. poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 153 acres in 
Middlefield, 4 mi. s. of Cooperstown. Its average number of inmates is 90. The children attend 
the district school. The farm yields a revenue of $1,400. The general arrangement and manage- 
ment of this institution are far better than the average. The only work of internal improvement in 
the CO. is the Albany & Susquehanna II. R., now in process of construction. It extends along 
Susquehanna River and Schenevas Creek, through Unadilla Otego, Oneonta, Milford, Maryland, 
and Worcester. 

Five weekly newspapers are published in the co.' 



1 Tliomas Farrington. of Tioga, Alvin Bronson, of Oswego, 
and ArchibiiUl CaniitbeU, of Dutcheea, were the commiHsioners 
appointed to locate the CO. seat. 

* The first county officers were Wm. Cooper, First Judge ; 
Jacob Morris, Countrj CUrk; Richard B. Smith, .SAcnjf; and 
James Cannon, Surrogate. 

• The Ots' go Herald and Wv'Sfem j4rft"Th>*T,thefir8tpaperpub- 

liflhi'd in the Co., and the second in the Stite w. of 
( Albany, was commenced at Cooperstown, April 3, 1795, 

by l^libu Pbinney. a native of Conn. Mr. Phinney con- 
tiiuK'd its pulilication until 18U3. when he died. It was 
then [uibli-lied by his sons, E. & H. phinney, until 
1S21, when it was discontinued. 
The Impartial Observer was establihhed at Cooperstown in 1S08 
630 



by William Andrews. It soon after p.HSsed to John H. 

Prentiss, who changed its name to 
The Coopsryt"Vjn Federalist, under which title it was published 

until \h'2'<, when the name was ajain changed to 
Tlie Preenian^s Journal. In 1850 it passed into the 

hands of Samuel M. Shaw, by whom it is now pub. 

lished. 
The Otsego If'pubHcan w.as published at Cherry Talley in 1812 

by Cl;irk Si Crandal. 
The Waii'htowrr was established at Cherry Valley in 1813. In 

1814 it was removed to Co()perstoW(i. where it was 

published by Israel W. Clark until May. 1S17. when 

Kdward B. Crandal became proprietor, and continued 

the publication until 1831. 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 



531 



The first settlement in this co. was made at Cherry Valley, in 1740, by John Lindesay, who, with 
3 others, held a patent for a tract of 8,000 acres lying in that town.* Mr. Lindesay was a Scotch 
gentleman of some fortune and distinction, and, by his influence, induced a settlement on his lands 
of several families, comprising about 30 persons, originally from Scotland and Ireland. A few 
years later, small settlements were made in the present towns of Springfield, Middlefield, Laurens, 
Otego, and at other points in the valley of the Susquehanna. These settlements then formed the 
extreme outposts in the advance of civilization west. They increased very slowly, in consequence 
of the fear of Indian hostilities. In 1765, 25 years after the first settlement, but 40 families had 
located at Cherry Valley. At the commencement of the Revolution it was still a frontier settle- 
ment. On the 11th of Oct. 1778, it was attacked by the tories and Indians, under the lead of 
Butler and Brant, and a horrible massacre ensued. The family of Robert Wells, father of the late 
John Wells of New York, consisting of 12 persons, were brutally murdered ; and one of the tones 
boasted that he killed Mr. Wells while at prayer. John Wells, the only member of the family who 
escaped, was at school in Schenectady at the time. The wife and daughter of Mr. Dunlop, Mrs. 
Dickson, and the wife and 4 children of Mr. Mitchell were murdered in cold blood. Thirty-two of 
the inhabitants, mostly women and children, and 16 Continental officers and soldiers, were killed; 
the residue of the inhabitants were taken prisoners and carried off, and all the buildings in the 
place were burned. All the frontier settlements were ravaged, and nearly evei'y building, except 
those belonging to tories, was burned. These horrible outrages aroused the whole country, and in 
1779 Gen. Sullivan, at the head of a large body of troops, was sent against the AVestern tribes. In 
Feb. Gen. Clinton, with a force of 1,200 men, marched up the Mohawk, and thence opened a road 
to Otsego Lake, a distance of 20 mi. At the foot of the lake he halted and built a dam across the 
outlet, and prepared boats to descend the stream. AVhen the lake was sufliciently high, the boats 
were launched, the dam was broken down, and the army descended the river on the flood thus pro- 
duced. The Indians upon the banks, witnessing the extraordinary rise of the river at midsummer 
without any apparent cause, were struck with superstitious dread, and in the very outset were 
disheartened at the apparent interposition of the Great Spirit in favor of their foes. Gen. Clinton's 
forces joined Sullivan on the Chemung. At the close of the war, settlements progressed with 
great rapidity ; and much of the best land in the co. was taken up before the fertile lands in the 
western part of the State were opened to immigration. 



BITRI.IXGTOIV— was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Pittsfield was taken off in 1797, 
and Edmeston in 1808. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is 
a hilly upland, divided into 3 general ridges extending N. and s. These ridges are about 400 ft. 
above the valleys, and are arable to their summits. The streams are Butternut Creek, flowing s. 
through the center, and Wharton Creek, flowing s. w. through the w. part. The soil upon the 
hills is a slaty loam, in many places underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam 



Th€ Thcsni was eBtablished at Cooperstown in June, ]8"29, by 
Uuttcn & Hews, and was published by them until 1831, 
when it took the name of 

The Ols'Oo It'.pnhh'-can. It was issued by Button & Hopkins for 
about 1 year; by Ikipkins alone. 1 year; Hopkins & 
Clark, a year; hy A. W. Clark, about I year; and by 
Amlrew M. Barber. 4 or 5 years. In 1845 it was issued 
by I. K. W illi.ims & Co. Soon after it again came Into 
the posHessiori of A. M. Barber, and was continued by 
hi-u until his death, in Aug. 1S55. In Oct. 1S55, the 
paper was united with The Otsego Democrat, and 
issued ns 

Tbe Republican and Democrat, nnder which title 
it IS now (ulili hed by James 1. Ileudrix. 

The Oljieao* Democrat was commenced at Cooperstown in 1846 
by James I. Hendrix and was published by him until 
it was nier-^c-d with the Republican in I'-fto. 

The Otsego JCxnyniTwr was commenced at Cooperstown in 1854 
by Itobt. Shankland. wlio soon after withdrew, and the 
puhlii'ation was continued by B. W. Burdilt until 1857. 

TfU dierry Valley Gazelle was .-tarted in Oct. 1S18. by Wni. Mc- 
Lean, who continued its publication until 1832. It Ihcn 
passed into the handn ofchae. McLean, who continued 
it until Jan. 1, 1847, when A. S. Bottsford became pro- 
prietor and continued it until \yt\. It then reverted 
to Charles McLean; and in If-'SS it was sold to John B. 
Kin;r, who publislied it 1 year under tlie name of 

TTie Amerion lianmr, wlun lie sold it to A. S. Bottsford, who 
changed the name back to 

Tbc Cherry Valley Gazette, under which title it is 
Btdl pubbslit-d. 

Th" Otsrgo thriU'T was published atChprry Valley in 1841. 

The Otsego Count!/ Courier was commenced at the village of 



Louisville, in the town of Morris, by Wm. H. 8. Wy- 

nans. in 1845. This paper was succeeded by 
The Village Advrdser. commenced at the same place in 1851. 

It was a quarterly publication, conducted, in 1S65, by 

TI. 8. Av.ry. 
Tlie Oneonta Herald was commenced Feb. 9, 1853. at Ono. 

onta Village, hy L. P. Carpenter, the present publisher. 
The Susquehanna Nexus was commenced at Unadilla in Sopt. 

1840. by Edward A. Graves. In 1841 or '42 it was 

cliHUged to the 
UnadiUa JVfw.<, Geo. H. Noble, publisher, and was soon after 

BUBpended. 
The Weekh/ Courier waacnmmenced at Unadilla in March, 1843, 

by Edson S. Jennings. 
The Unadilla Wcekh/ Herald was commenced in March, 1845, 

by Wm. S. Ilawley. It was soon after changed to 
The Otsrgo County I{eraJd.a.nd was removed to Delhi, IVIawar© 

CO., the Bame year, and its name changed to Voice of 

the Ppopli-. 
The Unadilla Times was commenced in June. 1856, by 

John Brown, who sold it in the fall of ihe same ycnr to 

E. S. Watson. In June, 1857. it passed into the hands 

of Geo. B. Fellows, its present publisher. 
1 During the first winter the snow fell to so groat a d^plh 
that it wjia impossible for Mr. Lindesiiy to go to the nearest 
settlement, which whs 15 mi. distant. His provisions gave nut, 
and liis family were in danger of perishing by stnrvation. in 
this extremity they were visited by mi Indian, who came on 
sni'W shoes, and who. on leiirning their situation, undertook to 
snppty thom witli find. He went to the Mohawk, and returned 
With a loa<l of provisions, and continued his visits of mercy 
unlil tho close of the winter. Mr. Lindesay afterward left tho 
Settlement, Joined the army, and served for several years. 



532 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 



Burlington Green, (Burlington p. o.,) on Butternut Creek, near the center, contains 3 
churches and 118 inhabitants; Burlington Flats, (p. v.,) on Wharton Creek, n. w. of the 
center, 2 churches, a tannery, gristmill, sawmill, and about 30 dwellings; and West Burling' 
ton, (p'V.,) on Wharton Creek, a church and 143 inhabitants. The first settlement was com- 
menced near West Burlington, in 1799, by Robert Garrat and Eber and Benjamin Harrington.^ 
The first church (Bap.) was fi)rmed at Burlington Green, in 1793 ; Rev. James Southworth was 
the first minister.^ 

BIITTERIVIJTS— was formed from Unadilla, Feb. 5, 1796. Morris was taken off in 1849 
and a part of Unadilla was annexed in 1857. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. w. of the 
center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several ridges extending n. and s. Unadilla 
River, forming its w. boundary, is bordered by a narrow intervale, from which the highlands rise in 
a series of steep bluffs to a height of 500 to 600 ft. Butternut Creek flows s. w. in a deep valley 
through near the center of the town. A large number of smaller streams, tributaries to these, 
flow in deep valleys among the hills, dividing the ridges and giving to the region a peculiar broken 
character. The hills are arable to their summits, and the soil is a good quality of red shale and 
gravelly loam. Gilbertsville, (Butternuts p. o.,) near the center, contains 4 churches, the 
Gilbertsville Academy and Collegiate Institute, 3 carriage factories, tannery, and various other 
manufacturing establishments. Pop. 442. Settlements were commenced in 1788-89, at Gilberts- 
ville, by Gordon and Wyatt Chamberlin and Abijah Gilbert,^ The first church (Cong-.) was formed 
Sept. 3, 1797; Rev. Wm. Stone was the first preacher.* 

CHERRY VAl.l,EY— was formed from Canajoharie, (Montgomery co.,) Feb. 16, 1791. 

Middlefield, Springfield, and Worcester were taken off in 1797, and Roseboom in 1854. It is the 
K. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland ; and much of it is too 
rough and rocky for cultivation. Mount Independence, s. e. of the center, is a rocky eminence 
1,000 ft. above the valleys and 2,000 ft. above tide. It is the highest summit in the co, A range 
of highlands extends along the N. w. boundary. The central and s. parts of the town are drained 
by the head branches of the Susquehanna, and the n. part by tributaries of the Mohawk. The 
soil upon the uplands is a slaty and gravelly loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of calcareous 
loam. Upon a small creek in the n. part are the Tekaharawa Falls, 100 feet in height. In the 
vicinity are several sulphur springs and quarries of limestone. In the n. w. corner are several 
springs of weak brine, from which salt was formerly manufactured. Cherry Valley,* (p-^-O 
at the head of the valley of Cherry Valley Creek, was incorp. June 8, 1812. It contains 3 churches, 
the Cherry Valley Academy,® a bank, newspaper office, gristmill, 2 melodeon factories, and 1 
furnace. Pop. 1,000. Salt SpringTille^ (p-o.) is a hamlet in the n. w. corner. The first set- 
tlement was made on the present site of the village, in 1739, by John Lindesay, an emigrant from 
the Londonderry Colony of Scotch-Irish in N. H.^ The first religious services were held in 1743, 
by Rev. Samuel Dunlop, a native of Ireland.* 

DECATUR^"— was f.)rmed from Worcester, March 25, 1808. It lies upon the e. line of the 
CO., s. of the center. The surface is hilly, and broken by the narrow valleys of several small 



1 Paul Gardner settled in 17^2. and Benj. Card. Willis Potter, 
Caleb Gardner. Alexarnler Parkfr. Ira Johnson. John Jubnson. 
Lemuel Hubbell, and ,S'ini"I Hubbard, abfut tlie same time or 
§ooa after, in the vicinity of Biuiiuston Flats. The first school 
waa taught by Jos. Wright, at Burlington Green. Paris Briggs 
and WUlardCburch kei)t the fcrst inns. andWalbridge & Co. the 
first store, at Burlington Flats. Augustus and Adolpbus Wal- 
bridge erected the first mill, at the same place. 

3 There are 7 churches in town ; 4 Bap., Presb., Scotch Presb., 
and Friends. 

3 Daniel and John Eastwood were among the first settlors in 
thew. part of the town, and Joseph T. Gilbert, Wm. Musson, 
Dr. John Burgess, John Marsli,and Joseph Cox near the center. 
The first child born was Jacolt M. Houck, about 1790, and the 
first death of an adult was that of Saml. ?haw, in 1799 ; the first 
mjirriage was that of Jos. Cox and Betsey Nichols. The first school 
waa taught by Levi Halbert, at the house of Jos. Cox. Abijah 
Gilbert kept the first inn, at Gilbertsville, and Timothy Dimmick 
the first store in town, about 179D. The first mill was erected 
by Joseph Shaw and Abijah Gilbert. 

* The cens. reports 5 churches ; Cong., Presb., Prot. B., Bap., M.E. 

6 Thia place has been the re^idcuci' of .several of the distiu- 
gnished political and professional men In the State, among whom 
were John Wells, Esq., the distinguislied lawyer of N. Y. City; 
Hon. Wm. W. Campbell, author of the "Annals of Tryon Co.;" 
Rev. KliphaletNott; Jabez D. Hammond, Esq., author of "Poli- 
tical History of New York;" Hon. Levi Beardsley, author of 
''Reminiscences of Otsego ;-'AWan Stewart, Esu.; and Jamea 0. 
Uorae, Esq. 



6 This institution was iccorp. Feb. 8, 1706, and is the oldest 
academy w. of Schenectady. Its first principal was Rev. Solo- 
mon SpauMing, the reputed author of the Book of Mormon; 
bis successor waa Kev. ELiphalet Nott, the venerable President 
of Union College. Tlie institution has maintained a high repu- 
tation for more than half a century ; and the female department 
under its present organization has att.niued a wide celebrity. 

' Named from the brine springs m the vicinity. 

8 Mr. Lindesay was one of the original proprietors of Cherry 
Valley, under a patent granted in 17^8. by George Clarke, then 
Lieut. Governor Of New York, to John Lindesay, Jacob Rose- 
boom, and other.s. David Ramsey and James Campbell, from 
Londonderry, N. H., and Wm. Gait and Wm. Dickson, from Ir^ 
land, settled on the patent, in 1742. at and near the village, 
John Wells, from Ireland, settled at the village. In 1744. From 
the fear of Indian hostilities, the settlement of Cherry Valley 
proceeded slowly, there being in 1752, 12 years after the tlrat 
settlement, but 8 families in the town; and at the breaking out 
of the Revolution. In 1775, the number of families did not exc««d 
60. James Ritchie kept the first stnre and inn, anterior to tho 
war; and James Campbell erected the first gristmill, in 1743-44. 
John M'ells erected the second gristmill. Rev. Snmuel Dunlop 
taught a classical school at his own house, in 1743-44. — the first 
probably, of the kiud w. of the Hudson. The whole settlement 
was destroyed by the Indians, and the greater part of the in- 
habitants were murdered and taken prisoners, on the evening of 
Oct. 11, 1778. See page 531. 

8 The census reports 4 churches; 2 M. E., Presb., and Prot. £. 

^° Named in honor of Commodore Stephen Decatur. 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 



533 



streams. The hills generally have gradual elopes and rounded summits, and are elevated 250 to 
300 ft. above the valleys. The tovrn is drained s. by Oak and Parker Creeks, flowing into the 
Schenevas. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Decatur, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, 
contains a church and 120 inhabitants. The first settlements vrere commenced in or about 1790, 
by Jacob Kinney, originally from New Milford, Conn., at or near the village of Decatur.' The 
first religious association (M. K.) was formed at an early period.^ 

EDMESTOIV — was formed from Burlington, April 1, 1808. It lies upon the w. border of the 
CO., N. of the center. The surfece is an elevated upland, broken by numerous irregular valleys. 
The highest elevations are 400 to 500 ft. above Una<lilla River, which forms the w. boundary. 
Wharton Creek flows across the s. E. corner. Mill Creek and several other small streams take their 
rise in the town. Smiths Pond is a small sheet of water in the N. E. corner. The soil is a sandy 
and clayey loam. Ediucstou Center (Edmeston p. o.) contains 3 churches, a grist and saw 
mill, and tannery. Pop. 275. 'West Edmeston, (p. v.,) on Unadilla River, and partly in 
Brookfield, (Madison co.,) contains a church and 35 houses. Soutii Edineston (p. v.) con- 
tains a population of about 300 inhabitants. Of the first settlement in town, authentic data 
of the precise date are wanting. It was made, however, on Unadilla River, during tl»c interval 
between the close of the French War, in 1763, and the commencement of that of the Revolution, 
in 1775, by Col. Edmeston, an officer of the French War, and Pcrcifer Carr, a faithful soldier who 
had served under him.' The first church (Bap.) was formed at Taylor Hill, March 8, 1794 ; Rev. 
Stephen Taylor was the first preacher.* 

EXETER — was formed from Richfield, March 25, 1799. It is an interior town, lying N. w. 
of the center of the co. The surface is hilly and broken, consisting mainly of elevated uplands. 
Angel and Tunnicliff Hills, lying in this town, are 400 to 500 feet above the valleys. The town 
is drained E. by several small streams flowing into Schuyler Lake, and s. by Butternut and 
Wharton Creeks, both of which are in this town. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, well 
adapted to grazing. Exeter Center (Exeter p. o.) contains 2 churches and 106 inhabitants. 
Sc'llU3'ler8 Eake, (p. v.,) at the outlet of Schuyler Lake, on the e. border of the town, contains 
2 churches and 280 inhabitants. West Exeter (p. v.) contains 1 church and 100 inhabitants. 
The first settlements were made by John Tunnicliff and Ilendrick Herkimer, before the Revolu- 
tion, near Schuyler Lake, and William Angel, on Angel Hill, in 1789.' The first church was Prot. 
Epis.; Rev. Daniel Nash first pastor, in 1797." 

II ARTWICK.'— was formed from Otsego, March 30, 1802. Its n. line was changed in 1803. It 
is the central town in the co. It is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 200 to 350 ft. above 
the valleys. Its e. part is drained by the Susquehanna, and its w. part by Otego Creek. The soil 
is chiefly a sandy and gravelly loam, with an occasional mixture of clay. HarttTick, (p. v.,) 
on Otego Creek, in the w. part, contains 4 churches, 2 iron founderies, several mills, and other 
manufacturing establishments. Pop. about 400. Ilartwlck Seminary, (p. v.,) in the 
valley of the Susquehanna, contains the " Ilartwick Theological and Classical Seminary,'" a 
church, and 20 dwellings. South Ilartirick (p. v.) contains a church and 17 houses. 
Toddsville, (p. v.,) upon the line of Otsego, in the n. e. corner of the town, contains the ITnion 
Cotton Factory' and about a dozen dwellings. Cliutonville, a hamlet in the s. e. corner, is 
the seat of the Clinton Cotton Factory.'" Tlie Ilartwick Patent, including the greater part of the 
area of this town, was granted April 22, 1761 ; and settlements were made in the town before the 



1 Jacob Brown, John and Calvin Seward, anil Oliver Mclntyre 

Bettlod soon after: and Sloan, from Columbia co., settled 

near the villaKo, in 1"'.I7. Mr. Sloan opened the first taveiu 
and the first store, N. of the village. John Chani|iion erected the 
first gristmill, and James Stewart the first carding an<l fulling 
mill, about 1810. The first school was taught b.y Samuel Thur- 
ber, in 1798. The first death is supposed to have been that of 
Mr. King, about 1797. 

2 The census reports 2 churches ; M. E. and Bap. 

8 At the close of the war, Col. Edmeston. for his military ser- 
vices, received the gi'ant of a tract of land covering a large por- 
tion of the town on which he mtldo the first settlement. At his 
death the lands fell to heirs and minor children residing In 
Kngland. from whom no safe title could be obtained for many 
years. — which greatly retarded thi> settlement of the town. 
During the Kevolution, the hired men of Mr. Carr were killed 
while at work, his barn was burned, his property d<-«troyed. and 
himself and f.imily were takeir prisoners by the British and In- 
dians and detained to the close of the war. Abel I)e Forest and 
(lideoD De Forest were among the early settlers on tliel'nadilla; 
Aden Deming and James Ketiada, at Edmeston; and Stephen 
Taylor, on Taylor Uill, where the first school was taught. KufuB 



Graves kept the first inn; and James Kcnada erected the first 
gristmill, both at Edmeston Center. 

* The census reports 5 churches; 2 Bap., 7th da. Bap., M. E., 
and Univ. 

6 About the same time, or Boon after, Asahel Williams and 
Ilagur Curtis settled in the s. piirt of the town; Joshua and 
Caleb Angel, on Angel Uill; Seth Tubbs and Bethel Martin, at 
West Kxeter; T. Brooks and M. Cushman, on the Kockdunga, 
Jolin Tunnicliff kept the first store and tavern. John Ilurt4- 
horne erected the first gristmill, on Herkimer Creek. 

• The census reports 6 churches ; 2 QI. E., Cong., Bap., Prot. E., 
and Union. 

' Named from Clurisian John Hartwick, the patentee of the 
Ilartwick Patent. 

6 This institution, established in T^l,5, wa.s originally endowed 
by .John I luiMC.plier Ilartwick with a fond of JSO,OoO. 

The Iniwo f'litlon Factory w:is erected in 1809, and burned 
down and rebuilt in 18-18, it gives employment to about 40 
hands. 

"J The Clinton Factory, erected in 1847, gives employment to 
.35 hands, and turns out 024,000 yards of printed cottons par 
annum. 



534 OTSEGO COUNTY. 

Kevolution.' The first church (Bap.) was formed Aug. 19, 1795; Rev. John Bostwick was the 
first settled preacher.* 

li.irREIVS — was formed from Otsego, April 2, 1810. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the 
center of the co. With the exception of the broad valley of Otego Creek, the surface is high and 
hilly. It is drained s. by Otego Creek and several tributaries, among which are Uarrisons and 
Camps Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, in some parts slaty, and generally produc- 
tive. One and a half mi. n. of Laurens is a sulphur spring. Lsiureus, (p. v.,) on Otego Creek, 
in the e. part, was incorp. April 22, 1834, It contains 3 churches, 1 flouring mill, the Otsego 
Cotton Mills,^ an iron foundery, sawmill, and tannery. Pop. 726. Jacksonville^ (Mount 
Vision p. 0.,) in the n. e. corner, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and about 30 houses. 
West Laureiis (p. v.) contains about 15 houses. Settlements were made in this town prior 
to the llevolution, by Joseph Mayall and Richard Smith, a little n. of Laurens Village; by John 
Sleeper, at the village ; and by William Ferguson, a little s. of it.* The first religious association 
was formed by the Friends, who erected a meetinghouse in 1800.' 

M ARYI^AWD — was formed from "Worcester, March 25, 1808. It lies on the s. line of the Co., 

E. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Sche- 
nevas Creek flows s. w. through near the center and receives several tributaries from the n. South 
Hill, a steep, unbroken ridge 350 to 500 ft. above the valleys, extends along the s. bank of the 
creek through the town; and from its summit the surface spreads out into a rocky and broken 
upland, extending into the s. border. The soil is principally a sandy loam, and is best adapted to 
grazing. JUaryland, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains a church and 20 houses ; 
Scbenevus, (p. v.,) near the e. border, a church, tannery, and 383 inhabitants. Cbaseville 
is a p. 0. Thomas Thompson and his son John, from Columbia co., settled in 1793.^ The first 
church (Presb.) was formed at an early period; Rev. Mr. Ralph was the first preacher.^ 

MlDDLiEFIELiD — was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. It is an interior town, 
lying N. E. of the center Cff the co. The surface is a hilly upland, abruptly descending to Otsego 
Lake and Outlet, which form its w. boundary. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 ft. above 
the valleys. Cherry Valley Creek flows s. w. through the E. part of the town. The soil is a 
gravelly and sandy loam. Mtddlefield Center, (p. v.,) in the n. part of the town, contains 
a church, last factory, and 15 dwellings. Clarksville,® (Middlefield p. o.,) on Cherry Valley 
Creek, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 260 inhabitants. The first settlement was made about 
1755, by emigrants originally from Ireland and Scotland.^ The first religious association (Presb.) 
was formed by Rev. Andrew Oliver, in 1805; the first church edifice was erected in 1808.^'* 

MILFORD— was formed from Unadilla, Feb. 5, 1796, as "Suffrage." Its name was changed 
April S, 1800. A part of Otego was taken ofi* in 1830. It is an interior town, s. of the center of the 
CO. The Susquehanna flows s. w. through the town, in a deep valley bordered by steep hillsides, 
and divides the surface into two distinct ridges. Crumhorn Mt., on the E. border, is 500 to 600 ft. 
above the valleys ; and the w. hills are 300 to 400 ft. high. Crumhorn Lake, a body of water 3 
mi. in circumference, lies upon the summitof Crumhorn Mt. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. 
Milford Center (Milford p. o.) contains 2 churches; pop. 250.^^ CoIIierville is a p. o. 



1 Lot Crosby and Stephen Skiff were among the first aettlers 
at llartwick Villa,'e, and EIij:ih and Kufus Ilu.wk-in.'i and N. 
Lyon in the n. e. part of the town. Jamea Butter fie Id kept the 
first inn. and Daniel Laurens the first store, at what is called 



and cloth dressing mill. The first death was that of John Rice, 
killed by the tall of a tree. 

1 The census reports i churches ; 3 M. E., and Bap. 

8 About 2 mi. n. of Clarksville is a rock called by the Indians 



White House. Th« first mill was erected by Samuel Mudge, at Nis-ka-vu-na. (probably meaning Council Rock.) wh»re various 



Hartwick Village, 

2 The census reports 6 churches; 2 Christian, Bap., Luth., 
Presb.. and iM. E. 

8 This factory was erected in 1846, by aninvestnient of *;40,000. 
It employs 40 persons, and oiakes sheetings exclusively, to the 
value of $oO,000 per annum. 

< Griffin Crafts kept the first inn, about 1S]2; and Erastns 
and .John Cully, the first store. John Sleeper erected tlie first 
gristmill, and BaniL-l Johnson the first factory. The first birth 
was that of Nehemiah Sleeper; the first mariiage, that of Thos. 
Ferguson and Polly Myers ; and the first death, that of Hannah 
Sleeper. John llardgrove taught the first school. 

fi The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., Friends, Bap., Chris- 
tian, and Presb. 

6 In 1794, Josiah Ch.iso, Col. J. Houghton, Ezekiel Kice. and 
Caleb llvington, from Vt.. and Daniel Houghton and Wilder 
Rice, settled near Schenevus, Daniel Stever, from Mass., settled 
at Schenevus. and .Joseph Hmve on KMc Creek. Th.- first prist- 
luill wiis built by lsr;iel Spencer, and the fi^st sawmill by Jotham 



tribes from the s. were accustomed to meet the Mohawks in 
council. In former day-s the ro^-k was covered with hierogly- 
phics, but from its shaly nature all are now obliterated. 

8 Among those who settled prior to the Rpvolutionary Wat 
went Wm. Cook, Daniel, Bei^amin. and Reuben McColIum, 
Samuel and Andrew Wilson, Andrew Cochran, Andrew Cameron, 

and Hall, all in the N. part of the town. They came from 

the N. of Ireland, but were mostly of Scotch descent. Among 
those who settled near the close of and after the war were Ben- 
jamin Gilbert, in the N. part, in 1780; ReOben Beals. in the s. 
part, inlTSti; Wm. Compton, Bernard Temple, "Wm. Rice. Step'a 
and Thomas Pratt, Whitney Jenel. and Moses Rich, all from 
Mass., and William Cook, from England, in 1797; Obadiah Dun- 
ham, Wm. Temple, and Daniel Moore, from New England, in the 
8. part of the town, soon after. Hannah Hubbell taught the 
first school, about 1790. Alexander McCollum and Andrew 
Cannon kepT, :he first inns, and Benjamin Johnson the first 
store, in 17'>0 Mr. McCollum also built the first sawmill, before 
the war; and Mosea Rich the first gristmill, in 1795. 



Houghton, in 1795, on Schenevus Crenk. Josiih Ch;is() kept the | lo The census reports 4 churches; 2 Bap., Presb., and M.E. 
first iua, near RoaeviUe; and Stephen G. Viigtl the ftr.st fulling , ii Milford contains 2 tanneries and several manufactories. 



1 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 535 

Portlaiidville (p. v.) contains a tannery, other factories, and 2 churches, milford (p. v.) 

contains 2 churclios, 2 tanneries, and other factories. Pop. 250. The first settlement was made on 
the Susqnehanna. about 1770, bj a squatter named Carr. As the settlements made at that period 
were broken up by the border wars which followed, little or no progress was made until the close 
of the Revolution.* The first religious services (Cong.) were held near Milford Village, in 1793, 
by Rev. Reed, the first preacher. The census reports 6 churches.'^ 

MORRIS — was formed from Butternuts, April 6, 1849. A part of Pittsfield was annexed in 
1859. It lies upon the w, border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided 
into two principal ridges by Butternut Creek, which flows s. w. through near the center. The 
w. ridge terminates in a series of steep bluffs bordering upon Unadilla River, which forms the w. 
boundary of the town. The soil upon the uplands is composed of clay, gravel, and disintegrated 
slate, and in the valleys of gravelly loam. Louliliville, (Morris p. o.,)on Butternut Creek, 
contains 4 churches, a cotton factory, 2 tanneries, a gristmill, and several other manufacturing 
establishments.* Pop. about 500, Iflaple Grove is a p. o. The first settlement was made 
about 1770, by Andre Renouard, at Elm Grove.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Aug. 28, 
1793 ; Rev, John Lawton was the first preacher.* 

WEW MSBOjV— was formed from Pittsfield, April 7, 1806, as *' Lisbon." Its name was 
changed April 6, 1808. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a 
hilly upland, divided into several ridges by the deep ravines of the streams. The highest sum- 
mits are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Butternut Creek, flowing s. 
through the w. part, and Otego Creek, in the e. Gilberts Lake is a small sheet of water on the 
s. border. The soil upon the uplands is a clay and slaty loam, and in the valleys a gravelly 
loam. Crarrattsville^ (p. v.,) on Butternut Creek, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 
tannery. Pop, 192. IVoblesville (New Lisbon p. o.) contains a church, gristmill, and 25 
dwellings. IVew I^isbon Center and Stetsonville are hamlets. The first settlement 
was made in 1775, by William Lull and Increase Thurston.* The first church (Bap.) was formed 
on West Otego Creek, in 1804, by Elder Micah French. A Cong, church was formed near 
Noblesville, April 21, 1805, by Rev. Wm. Stone.' 

OUTEO^TA — was formed from Milford, Otego, and Huntsville. Its name was changed 
April 17, 1830. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, 
broken by the deep valley of the Susquehanna, which extends n. e. and s. w. through the s. part. 
Otego Creek and several small streams flow into the Susquehanna from the n. A range of hilU 
500 ft. high extends along the s.e. bank of the Susquehanna. The center and n. part are hilly, 
and broken by narrow and irregular valleys. The summits are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. 
The soil is gravel, slate, and clay on the uplands, and gravelly loam and alluvium upon the river 
bottoms. Oueonta, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the Susquehanna, was incorp.Oct. 14, 1848. It con- 
tains 4 churchee, a newspaper office, carriage factory, 2 iron founderies, a tannery, gristmill and saw- 
mill. Pop. G78. West Oneonta (p.v,) contains an iron foundery and 15 dwellings; Oneonta 
Plains, (p. v.,) 2 churches, a distillery, and 12 houses. Henry Scramling andJohnYoungs settled 
in town previous to the Revolution.^ The first religious association (Presb.) was formed at Oneonta 
Village, in 1786; Rev. Alex. Conkeywas the first settled preacher; the church was built in 1810.^ 



1 Matthew Cully, from Cherry Valley, and George Mumfortl 
eettled near Milford Center in 1783. Abraham and Jacob Boala, 
and a family named Kurd, all from Mass.. settled at and near 
Milford Villiigo in 17S4. Henry Scott, from htland. settled a 
little N. of the Tillage in 1786. The first child born was David 
Beal-s, in Sept. 1786; the first marriage, tiiat of .Tamos Hrown 
and Rhoda Marvin, in 17S8; and the first death, that of Mra. 
Beals, abowt the same time. Increase Niles taught the first 
school. In I'W. IMatthew Cully and Isaac Collier kept the first 



6 Among the othpr early settlers were S. W. Park, MoneB 

Thurston, Ilughey Marks. 0. Park, William Pierce. Bnxik, 

John Johnson, William and John Garratt, all in the vicinity of 
Garrattsville. Klnnthan Nobles was among the first settlers at 
Noblesville ; from him the place derives its name. Jo.seph 
Balcom and John Stewart were among the first sfttlers at 
Stetaonville. In 1778 the first Fettlers wore driven off by the 
Indiana and tories. Their buildiD'zs were burned and their 
crops destroyed. After the close of the war, nil th.' fiist Hettlers 



inn. below Milford Village, and Isaac Edson tln^ first store, at the returned to their improvements. Sally Thui-:^t(in wils the first 
village in 1794. The first gristmill was erected by Daviil Cully, child bom in town; James McCollum tau;;:ht the first school; 



ia 178S. and tlie first sawmill by Matthew Cully, in 1792-it3, 
2 2 M. K.. I'resb.. Bap., Christian, and Friends. 
' The Butternuts Cotton and Woolen Factory was erected at 
the village of Luuisville in 1812. It employs constantly over 
50 hands. 

* Benjamin, Joseph, Caleb, Benjamin, jr.. and Nathan Lull 
and Jonathan Moore, from Dutchess CO., settled in town in 
1773. Kbenezer Knapp. Jacob Morris, and Andrew Cathcart 
were n\m among tlu' early settlers. The first marriiige was 
that of Josejih Lull and Martha Knapp, in 1776. The first inn 
was kept by Sturgess Bra<lley, and the first storo by Louis and 



Charles Eldredge kept the first inn, in the s, part of the town; 
and William (Jarratt the first store, at Garrattsville. Louis De 
Villier, a Frenchm;in, erected the first mill. 

' Tlie census reports 3 churches in town; Bap., Cong., and 
M. K. 

8 Aaron Brink, Frederick Brown, and James McDonald were 
among the e^rly settlers at Oneunta Village. James Youngs 
settled at the mouth of Charlotte Kiver; Baltus Kinibell. n. of 
the village; Abraham Houghtnling, also Eliius Bn-wer and 
I'etLT Swartz. in the n. part of the town, in 17S6; and Jusiuh 
r.ft. on (imnnla Creek. The first birth was that of Abraham 



Paschal Fr;inchot, at Louisville. Louis De Vitlier erected the llnUKht^iliitg 2(i, in 1786. Aaron Brink kept the first inn, and 



first griBtniUl, on Aldrich Creek, and Paschal Franchot, John 0. 
Morris, and A. G. Washburn the first factory. 

6 The census reports 5 churcliea ; Bap., Friends, Prot. E., M.E. 
and Uuiv. A part of Pittsfield was taken off in 1859. 



I'ctiT l)inin*-y the first store. John Vanderwurkor erected the 
first gri.stmill. 

» There are 7 churches in town; 3 M. E., 2 F. W. Bap., Bap., 
and Presb. 



536 OTSEGO COUNTY. 

0T£€(0 — was formed from Franklin (Delaware co.) and Unadilla, April 12, 1822, as ''Hunts- 
ville" ApartofMilford was annexed and its name changed April 17, 1830. It lies on the s. border 
of the CO., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided by the Susquehanna, which flows 
8. w. through the s. part. The n. part is separated into ridges 200 to 400 ft. high, all extending 
N. and s. The streams are Mill Creek, east and west branches of Otsdawa Creek, Flax Id. Cr. 
and Center Brook. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. OtegO, (p-^-O on the Susquehanna, 
contains 4 churches and 331 inhabitants; Otscla^va, (p. v.,) on Otsdawa Creek, contains a 
church, one mill, and 20 dwellings. Center BrooU is a p. o. on the stream of the same 
name. Settlements were made in this town, along the Susquehanna, soon after the close of the 
Revolution ; but the precise date of the lirst settlement is not known.^ The first church (Presb.) 
was organized at Otego Vilkige, Sept. 17, 1805 ; Kev. Abuer Benedict was the first preacher.^ 

OTSEGO— was formed as a part of Montgomery co., March 7, 1788, and originally included 
the greater part of Otsego co. Burlington, Richfield, and Unadilla were taken ott' in 17U2, Hart- 
wick in 1802, and Laurens in 1810. It is an interior town, lying upon the w. bank of Otsego 
Lake, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, lying between Otsego and Schuy- 
ler Lakes and descending abruptly toward each. The summits are 300 to 500 ft. above the 
water, the uplands being divided into two ridges by Fly Creek, which flows s. through the center. 
Oak Creek, the outlet of Schuyler Lake, flows s. through the w. part. The soil is clay, gravel, and 
Bandy loam. Cooperstown, (p. v.,) at the foot of Otsego Lake, was incorp. April 3, 1S07, by 
the name of " Otsego." Its name was changed to Cooperstown June 12, 1812. Besides the co. 
buildings, it contains churches, 3 banks, 2 newspaper uffices, an academy,^ the buildings of tho 
Cooperstown Seminai'y and Female Collegiate Institute,'* a flouring mill, and various manu- 
facturing establishments.^ The location of the village is pleasant and attractive from its many 
elegant private residences and historic associations. Pop. about 1,500.^ Fly Ci'eeli, (p>v.,) 
upon the stream of the same name, contains 3 churches, several manufactories,' and 30 houses. 
Oaksville, (p-v.,) s. of the center, contains a church, factory, and 15 houses. Otsego 
liake is a p. 0. Toddsville (p. v.) ia on the line of Ilartwick. Settlements were made at 
Cooperstown and Fly Creek, in 1784-88, by Judge Wm. Cooper, Wm. Jarvis, William Ellison, 
Israel Guild, John Howard, Elihu Phinney, John Miller, Widow Johnson, Wm. Abbott, and Jas. 
Averell. The first religious association (Presb. and Cong.) was formed Dec. 29, 1798 : Rev. Isaac 
Lewis was the first preacher.^ 

PITTSFIEI.D— was formed from Burlington, March 24, 1797. New Lisbon was taken off 
in 1800, and a part of Morris in 1859. It is centrally situated upon the w. line of the co. Its 
surface is a hilly upland, terminating in abrupt declivities upon Unadilla River, which forms its 
w. boundary. Wharton Creek flows across the n. w. corner, and several small tributaries of But- 
ternut Creek flow through the s. part. The soil is generally a slaty and gravelly loam. Pitts- 
field, (p. o.,) on Wharton Creek, contains 10 houses. Aaron Nobles, Hubbard Goodrich, and 
Matthew Bennett settled in the valley of the Unadilla, about 1793.*° The first church now in 
town was organized in the e. part in 1849." A part of Morris was annexed in 1859. 

1 Ransom Hunt, Abraham Blakesley, John Birdsall. Benjamin j implements and machinery, employing a capital of $25,000; and 
Cummings, Jacob Yates, Josi'ph Pierce, mid Bamitrd Overhu^ser, 1 a luniulery and machiue shop, employing 25 men. 

were among the fii-st settlers at Otego Village and along tlie I 8 The first child born was William Jarvis, at Fly Creek, in 
river. Phiueas Cook settled on the e. branch of the Otsdawa ! 1787. The firs.t deaths in town were those of two deserting 
in 1800, and built there the first cloth dressin mill, in ItiUl. ' " ' " ' " " " * 

Ransom Hunt kept the first inn, and Neh. Sleeper erected the 

first gristmill in tnuii. Smith &, Morey opened the first store. 

2 The census reports 6 churches ; Presb., Prot. E., Bap., F. W. 
Bap., Christian, and M. E. 

3 The first academy was formed in 1705, and the building 
burned down March 31. 1809. and has not been rebuilt. A 
classical school has been sustained, and bus prospered for 
most of the time, for half a century. 

4 This institution was established and opened in 1S54, and 
extensive and commodious buildings were erected at a cost of 
$30,000. It started with J. L. G. McKown as I'rincipal. It 

suspended operations in 1857, was purchased by R. C. Hack in to serve as a bridge. Judge Cooper removed hie family from" 
1859, and the school is again in operation, with indications of | N. J. in 1790. 
permanent prosperity. See p. 749. j d fbe census reports 10 churcheB: 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 Univ 



soldiers, who were shot by order of Gen, Clinton, in 1779. before 
the settlements were commenced. The first school was taught 
at Cooperstown, by Joshua Dewey, in 1788. Wjllinm Ellison 
opened the first inn. in 1786; and Judge Wm. Cooper the first 
store, in 17Sfl-90. The first mill was erected by Samuel Tubbs, 
at Toddtiville. in 1790. In 1779, General Clinton, on his way to 
join Sullivan's expedition, built a dam across the outlet of the 
lake to raise the waters eufticiently to float down the Susque- 
hanna the boat, containing his men and military stores. Tho 
remains of this dam are still visible. In 1784. Gen. Wa.'*hin<^ 
ton, on a juurney of observation, visited the foot of Otse^.-o 
Lake. In 1766. John Miller felled a large tree across the outlet 



& The Hope Cotton Factory, erected in 1813. with an aggregate 
capital of about $100,000, has through a long series of years 
given employment to 80 persons. After undergoing various 
.changes in construction, machinery, and proprietorship, the 
eatablishment is still continued, with reduced operations. 

* J. Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, resided heie; and his man- 
sion and grounds wore near the centre of the village. 

' At this place is a fork factory, with a capital of $75,000, em- 
ploying 30 men ; a pail factory J a maaufactury of agricultural 



Prot. E.. Bap , and R. C. 

10 Sell) Harrington and BenJ. Eddy settled in the e. part of th« 
town soon aller the settlements "on the Unadilla. The first 
school was taught by Benjamin Pendleton, at I'ittsfield P. O. 
Matthew Bennett kept the first inn, in 1797. and Henry Randall 
the first st'-re. in l>lu. at the 1'. (1. Benj. Atwcll built the first 
mill, and the Ark Wright Manufacturing Company the first cotton 
factory, both on the Unadilla. 

n Iheie are 2 Union churches in town. 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 



537 



PLiAIXFIEliD — was formed from Richfield, March 25, 1799. It is the n. w. corner town of 
the CO. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. Unadilla River, forming the w. boundary, is 
bordered by steep blufis rising to the height of 400 to 600 ft. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. 
Unadilla Forks, (p. v.,) at the junction of the e. and w. branches of Unadilla River, con- 
tains 2 olmrohes, a hoe factory, flouring mill, sawmill, and machine shop. Pop. 253. Plain- 
field Center contains a church and 15 houses ; Spooners Corners is a p. o. ; lieon- 
ardsvllle, (p.v.,) on the Unadilla, in the s. part, is mostly in Madison co. The first settlement 
was made at and near Plainfield Center, in 1793, by Ruggles Spooner, Elias Wright, and John 
Kilbourne.' The first church (Bap.) was formed and the church erected in 1800; Rev. John 
Wait the first preacher.' 

RICtlFIELiD — was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Exeter and Plainfield were taken 
ofi" in 1799. It is the extreme northern town of the co. Its surface is rolling and moderately 
hilly, with a mean elevation of 150 to 200 ft. above Schuyler Lake, — Pray and Nine Hills, on either 
side of the head of the lake, rising about 200 ft. higher. Schuyler Lake, in the s. E. corner, occu- 
pies a deep valley ; and into it flow several small streams from the N. and w. The soil is of a diver- 
Bified character, consisting of gravel, slate, clay, and sandy loam, well cultivated and productive. 
About 500,000 pounds of cheese are made in the town annually, — being more than double that made 
in any other town in the co. Ricllfield Springes, (p.v.,) near the head of Schuyler Lake, in 
the N. E. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a flouring mill, and 500 inhabitants.' Monti- 
cello, (Richfield p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 200 inhabitants. Bri^liton 
contains a church and about 15 houses. Settlements were made prior to the Revolution; but 
they were broken up during the war. The first settlers after the war were Seth Allen, Richard 
and William Pray, John Beardsley, Joseph Coats, and John Kimball, in 1787.* The first church 
(Prot. E.) was formed at Monticello, May 20, 1799; Rev. Daniel Nash was the first pastor.' 

ROSEBOOM'— was formed from Cherry Valley, Nov. 23, 1854. It lies on the E. border of 
the CO., N. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of several streams. 
The hills are generally rounded, and their summits elevated 300 to 350 ft. above Schoharie Kil. 
The soil is a gravelly loam. RosebooiU, (p.v.,) in the n. w. part, on the line of Middlefield, 
contains a church and 111 inhabitants; and Soutll Valley, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, 2 churches 
and 175 inhabitants. Pleasant Brook (p. o.) is a hamlet.' The settlements in this town 
were commenced about 1800. There are 5 churches in town.' 

SPRIi\GFIELiD— was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. It lies upon the N. line 
of the CO., E. of the center. The surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, the hills gene- 
rally rising about 200 ft. above the valleys. Mt. Wellington, e. of the head of Otsego Lake, in the 
S. part of the town, is 300 to 400 ft. high. Summit Lake, in the N. part, in high water discharges 
its waters both N. and s. The streams are small brooks. In the N. part is a deep sink, called " The 
Chyle," into which a considerable stream of water runs and flows through a subterranean passage 
to Braman's Factory, where it again appears on the surface. The sink is tunnel-shaped, 240 feet 
in circumference and 15 ft. deep. After heavy rains it is .sometimes filled with water, which, while 
discharging through the orifice below, often moves round in rapid gyrations. The soil is a black 
and yellow loam, resting upon limestone and slate. More hops are grown in this town than in any 
other town in the co. Sprin^iield Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 15 



1 SamM Williams settled on the Unadilla. in the n. part, and 
Benj. and Abel Clark, at the Forks, about the same time. The 
first school was taught at Spooners Corners, by .las. HobinsoD, 
in 1797-98. Wm. Lincoln kept the first inn. at Lloydville, and 
Luce & Woodward the first store. Capt. Caleb Brown built the 
first mill, in 1805, on the Unadilla. 

2 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 F. W. Bap.. Presb., Bap. 

* Richfield Springs — frum which the villat^e derives its name- 
are celebrated for their medicinal properties in the cure of cuta- 
neous disorders, liver complaint, scroiula, and similar diseases, 
and larice numbers of invalids are annually attracted here. 
Prof, iteid haft given the following as the result of an analysis 
of tt wine-gallon of the water of these springs : — Grnlne. 

Bicarbonate of nm^nesia 20 

Bicarbonate of lime 10 

Chloride of sodium and magnesia 1-06 

Sulphate of magnesia 30 

Uydrosulphate of magnesia and lime 2 

Sulphate of lime 20 

Solid matter 153.05 

236.10 
Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 26.9 inches. 



* Wm. Tunnicliff. Dan'l Hawka. John Hatch, Ebenezer Eaton, 
and Jos. Rockwell settled at or near Richfield Springs in 1789; 
Obadiah Beardsley and his son Obadiah, jr., the lather and 
grandfather of the late Levi Beardsley, and Hon. Samuel 
Beardsley, of Utica, settled in this county in 17i'u. Tlie first 
birth was that of Orange Allen; and the first marriage, that 
of Ebenezer Russell and Miss More. James S. Palmer taught 
the first school, at Richfield Springs ; Israel Itawson kept 
the first inn, and Cyrus Robinson the first store, at the 
Springs : William TunniclifT erected the first mill, at the same 
place. 

' The census reports 7 churohes; 3 M. E., 2 Prot. E., Presb., 
and Univ. 

* Named from Abram Roseboom, who was one of the earliest 
settlers. 

T Abram Roseboom erected tne first sawmill and carding and 
fulling mill, in 1806. at Lodi; Dan'l Antisdale kept the first inn 
anil the first store, at tliesame place in 18;i2. The first gristmill 
was erected at Ludi, by Brice A P.ru.. in 1790. 

8 The census reportsti cliurcuea ; ~ il. K., Evan. Luth.. thris 
tian, and Bup. 



538 OTSEGO COUNTY. 

houses; and East Springfield (p. v.) a cimrch and 20 houses. Springfield is a p. o. near 
the fenter. The first settlements were made in 1762, by John Kelly, Richard Ferguson, and 
James Young, from Ireland, at East Springfield ; and Gustavua Klumph and Jacob Tygart, at the 
head of Otsego Lake. Most of these settlers were driven ofl' during the war.' The first church 
(Bap.) was formed at an early period ; K.ev. Fairman was the first preacher.' 

UIV ADIliLiA — was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Butternuts, " Suffrage," (now Mil- 
ford,) and " Otego" (now Oneonta) were taken oif in 1796, a part of " Hunlsville" (now Otego) 
in 1822, and a part of Butternuts in 1857. It lies at the junction of Unadilla and Susquehanna 
Rivers, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is a rolling and hilly upland, the highest sum- 
raits being 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Unadilla River, forming the w. boundary, Susque- 
hanna River, the E., and Sandy Hill Creek, in the E. part, are the principal streams. The soil on 
the river bottoms is an alluvial loam, and on the uplands a slaty and gravelly loam. Unadilla, 
(p. V.,) on the Susquehanna, was incorp. April 2, 1827. It contains 4 churches, the Unadilla Aca- 
demy, a bank, newspaper ofBce, woolen factory, furnace, 2 tanneries, a flouring mill, sawmill, paper 
mill, and various other manufactories. Pop. 795. ITnadilla Center (p. v.) contains a church 
and 15 houses ; Sand Hill, on Sand Hill Creek, in the E. part, contains 2 churches, a tannery, 
and a dozen houses. Settlements were made at Unadilla, along the valley of the Susquehanna, 
prior to the Revolution ; of the precise date, and by whom, no records or tradition inform us. A 
conference took place between Gen. Herkimer and Brant, the Indian warrior, at Unadilla, in 
July, 1777. The first church (Prot. E.) was formed Nov. 1, 1809 ; Rev. RusseU Wheeler was the 
first pastor.* 

WESTFORD— was formed from 'Woroester, March 25, 1808. It is an interior town, lying 
s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest summits being 400 to 500 ft. above 
the valleys. It is drained s. by Elk Creek and w. by tributaries of Cherry Valley Creek. The 
soil is a sandy loam of good quality. fVestford, (p. v.,) a little E. of the center of the tovm, 
contains 4 churches and 40 houses. Westville, (p. v.,) in the w., on the line of Middlefield, 
contains 2 churches and 15 houses. The first settlements were made about 1790, in the s. e. part, 
by Thomas Sawyer, Benjamin Chase, Oliver Salisbury, Alpheus Earl and father, Artemas, Moses, 
and David Howe, and Ephraim Smith, — all from Yt.° The first religious association (M. E.) was 
formed in 1791.' 

■WORCESTER — was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. Decatur, Maryland, and 
Westford were taken oflT in 1808. It is the s.E. corner town in the co. The surface is a hilly and 
broken upland. The highlands which occupy the s. part of the town descend toward the N. by 
an abrupt declivity 350 to 400 ft. high. This declivity forms a continuous ridge extending n. e. 
find s. w. through near the center of the town. The principal streams are Charlotte River and 
its tributaries and Schenevas Creek. The soil is a sandy loam. Worcester, (p. v.,) in the 
N. w. part, contains 2 churches, 2 gristmills, a tannery, and 40 dwellings; East Worcester 
(p. V.) 2 churches, a gristmill and sawmill, and 25 dwellings ; and Soutll Worcester, (p. v.,) 
on Charlotte River, a church, a bank, and 20 dwellings. The first settlements were made on 
Charlotte River, in 1740, by Christopher Servis and Jacob Becker. The first church (Presb.) was 
formed at an early period ;' Rev. Bushnell was the first preacher.' 

1 Mr. TvKart had two sons, John nnd Jacoli, who were taken I ' Among the other early setllei-e were Luther Sparer and 
prisoners and carried to Canada during the war. Soon alter Samuel nalicock. from Mass.; the latter in March. 1V93. Wm. 
the war. Klisha Dodge, Col. Uerrick, and .iaron lligelow, from I Chase was the first child born in town. Nath'l OiigRs kept the 



Conn., and Kli Parsons, Ejiakim Sheldon, and Isaac White, from 
Mass., settled in the central part of the town. The first inu 
was kept by Eli Parsons, at P'.ast Sprinpfield. and the first store 
by Thomas and Stacy Horner. Garrat SUiats erected the first 
gristmill and sawmill, before the war. 

2 The census reports 4 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., and 
Afiso. Presb. 

3 Among the early settlers were Dan'l Bissell, Abijuh Beach. 

and Solomon Martin, at UnadiUa,Uen. D.Bates, Morefield, 

and Peter Rogers, at Unadilla Center, Abel De Forest and Wm. 
Buckley, in thi- e. part of the town. Solomon Martin kept the 
first store, in 1*^00. and Sampson Crooker the first gristmill. 

* The census reports 7 churches; 3 M. E., 2 Bsip.. Prot. E., 
and Presb. 

6 Westford also contains a sash aud blind factory and flax 
mill. 



first inn. at Weslf-ird Village, in 1V95; he also commenced the 
first store, about the same time. Capt. Artemus Howe built the 
first gristmill, in 1794, and also erected the fiiet sawmill. 

7 The census reports 5 churches; 2 M.E., Cong., Prot. E., and 
Prot. .Meth. 

8 Among the early settlers were Silas Crippon and Henry Stever, 
from Columbia CO., Solomon Ilart^fll. lii.ili lligelow, and Nath'l 
Todd, troin Mass., and Clwis. Wilihr anil Jns. Tainter. from Vt. 
Philip Crippen. son of Silas Crippeu, was the first child born in 
town. The first school was taught by Joseph Tainter, In 1798. 
ls.Tac Pofler kept the first inn. in 1793; and Aaron Kinney, the 
first store, in 179S. Jacob Becker built the first gristmill, in 
1740. and the first sawmill, about the same time. The first 
clolhing and carding woiks were erected by Kufus Draper. 

8 The census reports 6 churches; 3 Bap., M. E., and Evan. 
Luth. 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 



539 



Acres of Land, Yalualion, Population, Dioellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Ayricidtural Products, and Domestic llainc/actures, of Otsego Couiiljj. 



Naates op Towns. 



Burlingfon .... 

Butternuts 

Cherry Valley 

Decatur 

Kdmeston 

Exeter 

Hartwick 

Laurens. 

Maryland 

Widdlefield .... 

Milford 

Morris 

New Lisbon..., 

Ooeonta 

Otego 

Otsego 

Pittsfleld 

I'lainfield 

Ricbfleld 

Rosebooni 

Springfield 

Unadilla 

Westford 

Worcester 

Totain;^ 



Acres of Land. 



20,61.H 
21,173 
18,012 
9,SB5 
18.09 li 
14,135 
19,848 
19,9144 
18,819 
26,062 
18.773J 
17,312 
20,025 
16,238 
19,3931 
20.374} 
13,201} 
12,857} 
15.6S1 
13.366} 
22.23Bi 
20,543 
14,831} 
19,862 



7,2-29i 
8,7i6 
6.097 i 
3,617 
8,232 
4,916 
6,583 
6,974 
13,541 i 
11,4214 
9.466} 
6,766 
6,481 
7,303 
8,164 
9.619 
7,072 
4.103 
4,213 
6.7.30 
7.1144 
10.7074 
5,S04 
9.6884 



428,932i 179,5a9i 



Valuation of 1868. 



$339,808 
632.240 
461,930 
185,566 
419,478 
295,615 
434,464 
420,820 
371,350 
612,195 
484,830 
382,295 
3S7.966 
373,107 
373,705 
790,649 
297,720 
264,780 
407,365 
204,353 
636,045 
482,337 
298,000 
406,245 



CO. 



$41,400 
110.625 
292.886 
1.3,200 
68,830 
39,116 
71.931 
60,600 
39,900 
98,348 
122,418 
77,650 
39,026 
46,668 
36,650 
663,270 
27,860 
21,366 
84.236 
62.921 
161,776 
136,906 
30,650 
43,900 



9,731,741 2,281,812 



$381,208 
642,765 
764,816 
168,766 
478,308 
334,731 
606,386 
481,320 
411,260 
710,643 
607.248 
459,946 
420.990 
419.676 
410,365 

1,353,819 
326,!)70 
286,130 
491,591 
207,274 
697,821 
619,243 
32S,650 
449.145 



12.013.553 



896 

1,006 

1,367 

475 

888 

767 

1,038 

1,029 

1,102 

1,658 

1,166 

1,001 

882 

1,105 

914 

2,116 

806 

641 

791 

949 

1,233 

1,393 

678 

1,055 



912 

1.023 

1,173 

438 

896 

7,'i3 

1,182 

1,077 

1,075 

1,613 

1,173 

1,037 

910 

1,062 

936 

2,219 

851 

640 

752 

938 

1,228 

1,329 

603 

1,060 



24,K36 24,.S99 



=1 



342 
427 
427 
168 
368 
2S4 
449 
412 
39S 
661 
449 
375 
339 
407 
388 
738 
317 
294 
252 
346 
426 
616 
275 
387 



'I 
•s. 



370 
435 
2S5 
181 
384 
305 
601 
446 
432 
671 
483 
434 
373 
440 
394 
825 
346 
280 
312 
373 
611 
533 
314 
411 



292 
262 
332 
169 
2'Jl 
238 
245 
346 
339 
446 
372 
312 
300 
327 
336 
629 
268 
230 
259 
295 
361 
453 
293 
322 



7,897 



sl 

668 
695 

1,042 
346 
601 
622 
947 
692 
835 

1,158 
689 
837 
695 
875 
667 

1,382 
814 
496 
849 
714 
865 
927 
415 
797 



18,131 



Names of Towns. 



Burlington.... 

Butternuts 

Cherry Valley. 

llecatur 

EdniestoD 

ICtcter 

Hartwick 

Laurens 

Maryland 

MiddleHeld 

Milford 

Moms 

New Lisbon... 
Oneonta...^... 

Otogo .".... 

Otsego 

Pittsfleld 

Plainfleld 

liichflfld 

Koseboom 

•Springfield.... 

Unadilhi, 

Westford 

Worcester 

Total 



l!] 



566 
605 
820 
338 
664 
478 
886 
681 
599 
933 
662 
614 
845 
612 
594 

1,009 
438 
410 
4S7 
528 

1.019 
658 
634 
6r3 



1.829 
2,003 
1,250 
865 
1,618 
1,167 
1.256 
1,757 
1.168 
1,844 
1,414 
1,531 
1,379 
1,335 
1,591 
1,854 
1,160 
1,223 
1,745 
1,107 
1,073 
1,650 
1,118 
1,587 
114,652 29,086 34,713 



1,163 

1,658 
1,200 

766 
1,407 

906 
1,086 
1,163 
1,413 
1,667 
1,138 
1,459 
1,132 

884 
1,68.S 
1,395 
1,13^ 

535 

81' 
1,005 
1,26S 
2,064 

909 
1,355 



6,704 
5,733 
2.480 
2,651 
6,356 
8,239 
3,728 
6.007 
4,105 
3,430 
3,242 
3,719 
7,035 
3,956 
8,4.53 
8,220 
4,576 
3,347 
2,414 
1,875 
3,425 
7,867 
3,703 
2,773 



109,937 



« 



840 

1,152 

968 

710 

1,028 

619 

850 

1.108 

799 

1,284 

967 

669 

758 

850 

1,026 

1,469 

730 

605 

660 

776 

1,083 

1,212 

880 

1,265 



22,368 



AaRicin.TuiiAL Products. 



Bosh, or Gbaut. 



238 
1,3264 
1,298 
1,0644 
587 
190 
9254 
847 
3,869 
4,736 
3,1384 
9374 
64 
2,6374 
3,5944 
9014 
1,218 
196 
138 
1,268 
580 
3,911} 
2,044 
4,239 



39,8964 



t^ 



63,6194 
60,320 

101.398 
39,236} 
54,6574 
81,2494 
81,4854 
66,501 
77,198 

116,9944 
75,389} 
43.125 
51,178 
32,3094 
67,920 
86,7094 
43,5344 
41.3664 
41,353, 
77,6824 

119,8434 
69.880} 
57.864 
66,9194 




1,486,6324108,069} 412,7034 



ttl-^ 



38,896 
46,420 
21,107 
12.3+4 
33,133 
30.911 
26.946 
30.460 
16,899 
36,608 
20,823 
27.252 
26,779 
19.990 
24,822 
36,860 
11,780 
19,756 
26,176 
11,236 
23.292 
23.741 
18,310 1 
13.965 



DaISV PaODUCTS. 



6.05 



122.572 
173.046 
105,160 

81.985 
106,826 

85,235 
108,280 
195,763 
122,045 
163,130 
148,017 
134.468 
144,600 
140.935 
179,195 
134,801 
104.705 

87,755 

70,376 
118,160 
167,430 
143.1S4 
109,780 
183,759 



0.3 



123,086 

100.S97 

22.21S 

12.435 

157,640 

166.366 

22,390 

10,530 

3.150 

96,415 

12,820 

63,625 

21.022 

6,720 

14,840 

94.807 

22 600 

25.710 

451.700 

4,010 

173,479 

31,749 

19,660 

1,925 



601,196 '3,078,206 1,638,493 



a.S 



1,6784 
792 
1,1764 
8824 
3.146} 
9824 
8114 
1,798 
1,755 
725 
23 
682 
7574 
1,110 
2,671} 
1.411 
6.30 
6904 
239 
994 
6,2374 
1,099 
662 
3,034 



32,779J 



PUTNAM COUNTY. 




This countj^ was formed from Dutchess, June 12, 1812* It lies 
upon the Hudson, between Dutchess and Westchester cos., and 
extends e. to the Conn. line. It ia centrally distant 85 mi. from 
Albany, and contains 234 sq. mi. It embraces nearly all of The 
Highlands e. of the Hudson. The mountains consist of several 
steep, rocky ranges, extending in a n. e, and s. w. direction and 
separated by deep, narrow valleys, the principal of which are 
Peekskill Hollow, and Canopus and Pleasant A^'alleys. The co, 
is watered by the upper branches of Croton River and several 
smaller streams. Among the mountain valleys are numerous 
picturesque lakes, the largest of which are Lakes Mahopac,^ Cano- 
pus,^ and Gleneida.* In the valleys the soil is a productive, sandy 
loam, but the mountains are bare and rocky, and only valuable for their mines^ and quarries.* 
Iron ore abounds; and serpentine, magnesian limestone, and several other minerals are also found.' 
The rocks belong chiefly to the primitive and lower sedimentary or metamorphic series, consisting 
of granite, gneiss, granular quartz, talcose slate, metamorphic limestone, serpentine, greenstone, and 
hornblende. Peat and marl are fonnd in various localities.^ In the farming districts the people 
are principally engaged in dairying and furnishing milk for the New York market. Manufacturing 
is extensively carried on at Cold Spring. The principal works of internal improvement are the Hud- 
son River R. R., extending through Philipstown, and the Harlem R. R., through Patterson and South- 
east. The county seat is located at Carmel.^ The co. buildings consist of a courthouse,^" jail," 
and CO. clerk's office.^^ The poorhouse is located on a farm of 196 acres in Kent, about 2i mi. 
from Carmel." Two newspapers are published in the co." A strip 580 rods wide along the e. 
border of the co. constitutes a part of the " Oblong'^ Tract, and was patented by Thomas Hawley 
and his associates, June 8, 1731.^^ The remaining part of the co., and a small part of Dutchess, 
are included in the great Highland Patent of Adolph Philipse. At the time of the Revolution this 
patent was owned by Philip Philipse, and INlary and Susannah, wives of Col. Roger Morris and 
Beverly Robinson, of the British army. Morris and Robinson, together with their wives, were 
attainted, and their property was confiscated and sold by the Commissioners of Forfeiture. It was 
subsequently shown in court that one-third of the patent was vested in the children of Col. Morris 
and his wife, and was not reached by the bill of attainder. The State was therefore obliged to 



1 Named from Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, who was stationed 
In the CO. a part of the time during the Revolutionary War. In 
the act of Dec. 16, 1737, the co. was styled ^^ SoiUh Precinct;" 
Harcfa 24, 1772. it was subdivided into " Southeast." " Fredericks- 
burgh," and '•' Philips" Precincts. The first of these precincts 
included the present towns of Southeast and Patterson, the 
Becond Carmel and Kent, and the third Putnam Valley and 
Philipsburgh. 

2 On Sauthier's map of 1779 this word is written " Macnokpacl:" 

* This lake was formerly called '■ Hnrtons Puyid." It is now fre- 
quently called " Oskaivano" from an Indian chief said to have 
resided in this locality. 

* Formerly called Shaw's Lake. 

6 Magnetic oxyd of iron is the most important of the ores 
found, although limonite and other varieties are obtained. A 
bed of magnetic ore was opened several years since on Break- 
neck Mt.; but it has not been extensively worked. Another bed 
has been opened on Constitution Island, opposite West Point 
Foundery. The Simewogvein was formerly worked at the Town- 
send Mine on Simewog Hill. The Philips vein has been traced 
at shon, intervals a distance of 8 mi., and several mines have 
been opened along its course. The Stewart Mine is the principal 
of these. Large quantities of ore obtained from theDenny Mine, 
in the N. part of Putnam Valley, were formerly used at the Cold 
Spring Furnace. Coal Grove and Gouverneur Mines are in the 
neighborhood of the Denny Mine. The " Harvey Steel and Iron 
Co." have opened several mines in Southeaat, from which an ex- 
cellent quality of ore for the manufacture of steel was obtained ; 
but they are not now worked. 

* Blunt's Quarry, on the s. side of Breakneck Point, near the 
line of Dutchess co., affords a bluish gray granite, which has 
been extensively used for the Delaware Breakwater, Fort Cal- 
houn, and Fortri?ss Monroe. The Highland Granite Co.*8 quarry, 
principally owned by Howard & Holdaue, is near the Hudson 
River, a short distance from Blunt's Quarry. It is elevated about 
200 ft. above the river. Stony Point Quarry, on a rocky penin- 

610 



Bula extending into the Hudson, Philip.s Quarry, on an estate 
of the same name, and other quarries in the co., have been 
worked. Marble is found in the n. part of Patterson. 

7 Among the minerals of the co. are arsenical and common 
iron pyrites, arsenite and chromate of iron, pyroxene, tremolite, 
arragonite. graphite, kerolite, brucite. actynolite hornblende, 
albite. laurounite Btilbite, chabasite, epidote mica, zircon, sphene, 
and diallage. 

8 The principal localities where peat is found are near Patter- 
son and on the E. side of Lake Mahopac. 

8 The first courts were held at the Baptist Oiurch. The first 
CO. officers were Stephen Barnum, First Judge; John Jewett, 
Co. Cl^rk ; Wni. H. Johnston. Sheriff'; and Joel Frost, Surrogate. 

W The courthouse is a wooden building, erected in 1S1.3. at a 
cost of $2,500. Joseph Crane, Stephen Barnum, Joel Frost, Jona- 
than Fenis, and John Jewett were appointed to superintend its 
erection. 

11 The jail is a stone building, erected in 1844. It adjoins the 
courthouse on the B. 

12 The clerk's office is a stone fireproof building, located a few 
rods s. of the courthouse. 

13 The average number of inmates in the poorhouse is 52. sup- 
ported at a weekly cost of 43 cts. each. The income from the farm 
is $600 per aunum. A school is taught throughout the year, 

1* The Putnam Ch. Omrier was established at Carmel in 1S14. 
It was successively issued as 

The Putnam Republican, published by Thos. Smith; and 

The Putnam Democrat, published by W. H. Sloat, and after- 
ward by Elijah Yerks. James D. Little succeeded Yerks, 
and changed the paper to 

The Democratic Courier ; and again, in 1852, to 

Tlie Putnam Co. Courier. By this name it is now 
published. 

The Putnam Free Press was commenced at Carmel, 
June 12. 1858, by Wm. J. Blake, by whom It is still 
published, i^ See page 18 



PUTNAM COUNTY. 



541 



protect the purchasers by settling the claims of these children.* During the Revolution the passes 
through the mountains in this co. were carefully guarded, and at different times large bodies of 
troops were stationed there. It was the principal scene of the consummation of Arnold's treason, 
and of many events of minor interest, though no battle took place within its limits. Gen. Putnam 
had command of the army stationed here most of the time. 



CARMEIj — was formed from *^ Fredericksiown" March 17, 1795. It lies upon the s. border 
of the CO., between Putnam Valley and Southeast. Its surface is rolling and hilly, with inter- 
vening valleys extending in a n. and s. direction. Peekskill Hollow Range and Big Hill are the 
highest summits.^ The w. branch of Croton River and Michaels Brook flow through the e. part 
of the town, and Peekskill Hollow Creek through the n. w. In the town are several beautiful lakes 
and ponds, the principal of which are Lakes Mahopac,^ Gleneida,* and Gilead, and Kirk and Long 
Ponds. The soil is a light, sandy and gravelly loam intermixed in some places with clay. 
Carinel, (p. v,,) the co. seat, is situated on Lake Gleneida. It is the seat of the Raymond Col- 
legiate Institute,^ and contains 3 churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 391. Ma.- 
bopac (p. V.) contains 1 church, and about 40 houses; and Red Mills,® (p. v.,) con- 
tains 2 churches and about 20 houses. Settlement was commenced about 1740."^ Enoch Crosby, the 
*' Harvey BircW^ of Cooper's Spy, lived in this town till after the Revolution, when he removed to 
Southeast. A church was organized, and an edifice erected near Gilead Lake, a short time before 
the commencement of the Revolution. There are now 7 churches in town.® 

K.EWT'— was formed as ^^Frederickstown," March 7, 1788. Its name was changed to "Frede* 
rick^' March 17, 1795, and to Kent April 15, 1817. Carmel and a part of Patterson were taken 
off in 1795. It is the central town on the n. border of the co. Its surface in tlie e. part is broken 
by hills, and in the w. by steep, rocky mountain peaks separated by deep ravines. Smally Hill 
is the highest peak. The w. and middle branches of Croton River, and Horse Pound and 
Pine Pond Brooks, are the principal streams. In the town are several ponds and small lakes, 
the principal of which are White and Pine Ponds.^** Farmers Mills (p-v.) contains 1 
church and several manufacturing establishments.^^ Coles Mills (Kent p. o.) and I^udiiig- 
tonville (p-o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made about 1750, by Zachariah Mer- 
ritt.*'^ The census reports 3 churches in town, — 2 Bap, and 1 Union. 

P ATTERSO]^^^— was formed from " Frederickst(ywn" and Southeast, as " Franklin," March 17, 
1795, and its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is the N, e. comer tovrn of the oo. Its surface 



1 The Philipse Patent was g:rantcd June 17, 1697, to Adolph 
Philipse, a merchant of New York, who died, in 1749, without 
issue, leaving his estate to his nephew, Frederick Philipse. The 
latter had & children, — Frederick, Philip, Susannah, Mary, and 
Margaret. By his will, dated June 6, 1751, Frederick was dis- 
inherited, and, Margaret dying young, the property was equally 
divided among the remaining three. Philip left a widow, who 
married one Ogilvie; Susannah married Beverly Robineon, and 
Mary mairied Col. Roger Morris. On the 7th of Feb. 1754, the 
patent was divided into 9 lots : 3, each 4 mi. square, bordering 
upon the Hudson and denominated " water lota ;'* 3, each 4 mi- 
wide by 12 long, extending N. and S. across the patent, and de- 
noraioatetl " long lots ;'* and 3, each 4 mi. sq., upon the e. border, 
denominated "back lots." Philip, Susannah, and Mary Philipse 
each owned one of each kind of lots. On the 14th of Jan., 1758, 
previous to the marriage of Mary, a deed of marriage settlement 
was executed, by which her estate was vested in such children as 
might be born under the marriage, reserving only to herself and 
husband a life interest in the property. When Robinson and 
Morris and their wivea were attaiiitpd, their property was sold, 
chiefly to the former tenants. In 1809.Joho Jacob Astor bought 
the interest of the heirs of Morris in this property for £20,000. 
The State, to' protect those who held title from the Commis- 
sioners of Forfeiture, passed a law, April 16, 1827, directing 6 
8Uts to be prosecuted to judgment in the Circuit Court of the S. 
Dist. of N. Y., and presented by writs of error to the .Supreme 
Conrt of the U. S. for review and final decision. If against the 
defendants, the State a^eed to pay $450,000 in 5 per cent, stock, 
redeemable at pleasure; and if the decision included the im- 
provement'i that had been made by occupants, $250,000 more. 
Three suits were tri''d, each resulting in favor of Astor; upon 
which the Comptroller was, by act of April 5, 1832, directed to 
lesue stock for the full amount, with costs. The amount issued 
waa $561,500. Few suits have been tried in the State involving 
larger interests to greater numbers, or which were argued with 
more ability, than tbis. In the suit against James Carver the 
coanBel for the plaintiff were Messrs. Oakley, J. 0. Iloffman, Em- 
met, Ptalt, and Ogden ; and for the defendant, Talcott, (Attorney 
Qeo.) Webster, Vao Baren, Ogden Hoffman, and Cowlea. See 



Jteport of Trial, by E. V. SparhawJc; Lepis. Doc. 1830, r.,347; 
&n. Doc. 1S31, 7/.,24, 28; Assfm. Doc. 1832, 149, 205; Futen' 
Reports U. S. Supreme Court, I F., I. 

- Among the principal peaks in town are Round, Tnrkey, and 
Comus Mts., and Goose, Barrett. Burned, sitod Prospect Hills, in 
the N. part; Pisgah, Watts, Pond, and Drew Hills, in the e.; Ball, 
Watermelon, ludian. and Round Hills, in the s. ; Austin. Golden 
Root, and Hemlock Hills, in thew.; and Rattle and Hazens Hills, 
and Adams Kidgo. in the central part. 

3 Lake Mahopac is 9 mi. in circumference, and in it are 3 beau- 
tiful islands, — Big, Petre, and Goose Islands. Around the lake 
are several large hotels and boarding houses, which are thronged 
during the summer season by visitors from New York and Brot^c- 
lyn. A number of beautiful summer residences have been erected 
on the surrounding heights. 

* Lake Gleneida covers an area of 170 acres, and is 130 feet 
deep. 

6 The Raymond Collegiate Institute was built in 1851, at a 
cost of about $40,000, by Jamofl RajTnond. It is now owned by 
the Presbyterian Synod. 

A gristmill at this place was filled with Government grain 
at one time during the Revolution, and soldiers were stationed 
to guard it. Wlien on his way to West Point, Andrfi lodged one 
night at the house of Jas. Cox at this p\ax:e. 

' George HughtJon settled near Lake Mahopac, and Wm. and 
Uriah Hill at Bed Mills. The first mill w{i.»» erected at the latter 
place. 

8 3 M. E., 2 Bap., and 2 Presb. 

9 ^'^ Frederickstoum Precinct" was formed March 24. 1772, and 
was named from Frederick Philipse. The town received ita 
present name from the Kent family, who were early settlers. 

10 The other ponds and lakes are Barretts, China Forge, and 
Drews Ponds, and Lake Sagamore. 

n A fulling mill, sawmill, gristmill, and tannery. 

13 Families named Boyd, Wixon, Farrington, Burton, Carter, 
Barrett, Ludington, and others, from Mass. and Westchester, 
were early settlers. 

" The town was first named in honor of Dr. Franklin. Ito 
present name wae derived from a family of early settlers, 



542 



PUTNAM COUNTY. 



is hilly; but, with a few exceptions, the hills are arable to their summits. The principal streams 
are the e. branch of Croton River and its tributaries, Quaker, Birch, and Muddy Brooks. Croton 
Lake is in the w. and Little Pond in the e. part. " The Great Swaynp" extends along the e. 
branch of Croton River.^ The soil is a sandy loam. Patterson, (p. v.,) a station on the Ilarlcm 
R. R., contains 2 churches and 37 houses. Towners Station (Towners p. o.) and Ilaviland 
Uollo^' (p. 0.) are hamlets. The Prot. E. Church at Patterson -was built in 1770. There are 
4 churches in town.^ 

PHILIPSTOWH*'— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Fishkill (Dutchess co.) was taken 
off in 1800, and Putnam Valley in 1839. It is the most westerly town of the co,, and extends about 
10 mi. along the Hudson. Its surface is broken by numerous steep and rocky mountain ridges 
separated by deep and narrow valleys.* These mountains constitute the most elevated portion 
of The Highlands.^ The ranges have a general n. and s. or n. e. and 8. w. direction. Clove 
Creek flows through the n. part of the town, and Canopus Creek through the n. e. corner. 
Foundry, Breakneck, Andreas, Indian, and other brooks flow through narrow valleys and rocky 
ravines into the Hudson. The greater part of the surface is unfit for agricultural purposes. 
Constitution Island^ is a promontory opposite West Point, connected with the mainland by a 
marshy meadow. The "Sunk Lot" is a tract of 1300 acres of low and apparently sunken ground. 
Several mines of magnetic iron ore had been opened in town; but none are now wrought. Granite 
is extensively quarried, and brick are made at several points along the river. The soil is a gravelly, 
sandy, and clayey loam. Coldspring*, (p. v.,) situated on the Hudson, was incorp. April 22, 
1846, and includes the suburban villages of Nelsonville and Marysville. ,It is a station on the 
Hudson River R. R., and contains 6 churches and an extensive foundery.' Pop. 2,237. Break- 
neck, and Oriffins Corners contain each about a dozen houses. Davenport Corners 
contains 1 church and 10 houses. Continental Village^ has 1 church and about 12 houses, 
Garrisons^ (p. o.,) on the Hudson, is a station on the Hudson River R. R. The first settlement 
■was made about 1715, by Thos. Davenport.^ This town was principally settled under Col. Beverly 
Robinson,*** who acquired title by marriage with Susannah, daughter of Frederick Phllipse. 
Undercliff, the residence of Gen. Geo. P. Morris, is situated on a high bluff in the n. part of Cold 
Spring. The census reports 9 churches in town." 

PlITTVAUI VAI.I.ET— was formed from Philipstown, as " Qtdncy,'' March 14, 1839. It« 



> Pine Island is a rocky ledge 200 ft. high, containing about 
SO acres, in the middle of Great Swamp. 

5 Prot. E., Bap., Friends, and Presb. 

« Named from Adolph Philipse, patentee of the Philipse Manor. 
The Philips Precinct was formed March 24. 1772. 

4 " Martkiers Rack" or the Martyrs Reach, was a short stretch 
of the Hudson just above West Point, where early navigators 
were often retarded by baflaing winds. There were 13 racks, or 
reaches, on the Hudson, known to sailors as "Hrn-sf," " &iil- 
makers," *' Cboks" " High^*' " Fox" " Bookers" ^'■John Pleasures" 
"ffarts," ^^ Stiirgetms," ^* Fishers," "Fast," ** Martlaprs," and 
" Long" Reaches, the last named extending from PoUepels Island 
to Krom Elleboogh. — Bensoji's Memoir, p. 42. 

6 Among the peaks of The Highlands in this town are An- 
thonys Nose, Siisar Loaf, Breakneck Mt., and Bull, IIog-Back, 
Vinegar, Cot. Pine, and Fort Hills. Anthonys Nose is 122S feet 
above the Hudson, and Sugar Loaf 800 ft. 

*This promontory was called " J/aW?a<?r5 Island" before the 
Revolution. In July. 1775, a fort was built upon it, under the 
direction of Bernard Komaine; and in 1778 a heavy chain was 
stretched across the Hudson from this fort to West Point. Col. 
Timothy Pickering, appointed to have charge of this work, in 
March, 1778, contracted with Peter Townsend (at the Sterling 
Iron Works at Warwick. Orange co.) for the construction of the 
chain. The task was done in 6 weeks, and the huge chain carted 
in wctions to West Point. The links weighed from 100 to 150 
pounds each ; and the entire weight was 186 tons, and its length 
1,500 ft. It was biioyed up by large spars, a few feet apart, 
secured by strong timbers framed into them and firmly at- 
tached to the rock on both shores. In winter it was drawn on 
shore by a windlasa, and replaced in the spring. It was never 
disturbed by the enemy, and continued in use until the peace. 
A similar chain, of half its diameter and 1,800 ft. in length, 
(made at the Ririgwood Iron Woiks, N.J.,) was stretched across 
the channel finm Anthonys Nose to Fort Montgomery, in Nov. 
1776. 7t parted twice, and the enemy broke and passed it in 
the fall (tf 1778. Another, stretched fi-om PoUepels Island to 
the w. shore, consisted of spars, pointed, and their ends united 
by iron links. There were also chei'anx de frise sunk at the 
same place to prevent the passage of vessels. Most of these 
works were cnn^tnictpd and placed under the immediate direc- 
tion of C;ipt. Tlionias Machin, an engineer in the service. 
Traces of Fort Constitution and the outworks are still visible. 



T The West Point Foundery is one of the largest establishmenta 
of the kind in the country. It was established in 1817, by an 
association organized for that purpose. A tract of 150 acres 
was purchased of Frederick Philipse, and a moulding house, 
boring mill, blacksmith and pattern shops, and drafting and 
business offices, were erected. An act of incorporation was ob- 
tained, April 15, 1818; and in 1839 the finishing or machine, 
smiths' and boiler departments of the establishment were brought 
from New York. The works now consist of a moulding house, 
with 3 cupola furnaces; a gun foundery, witli 3 air furniices; 2 
boring mills, — one driven by an overshot waterwheel and the 
other by a steam engine; 3 blacksmith shops; a turning shop; 
a finishing shop, with a pattern shop on the second floor; a boiler 
shop, a punching machine house, 5 pattern houses, a fire engine 
house, an office, and several smaller buildings. A dock on the 
river belongs to these works, and a branch from the R. R. extends 
to them. From 400 to 600 men are employed. Shafts 2 ft. in 
diameter, and of 15 tons' weight, have been forged here. 

8 This village, together with barracks for 2000 men, was burned 
in Oct. 1777, by a detachment of the enemy on their way up the 
Hudson to co-operate with Gen. Burgoyne. Two small forts were 
erected here during the Revolution, and traces of them are yet 
visible. 

* Davenport built the first house at Coldspring, in 1715. David 
Ilurtis, and several families named Haight. Bloomer, and Wilson, 
settled in the town in 1730. John Meeks was the first settler at 
Continental Tillage, and John Rogers settled a little n. of the 
same place about 1730. Jaa. Stanley settled in the town in 1760, 
and Thos. Sarles in 1756. The first gristmill was built about 1762, 
by Beverly Robinson, at Continental Village. 

10 Col. Robinson's house, situated at the foot of Sugar Loaf Mt., 
was the headquarters of Gens. Putnam and Parsons in 1778-79, 
and of Gen. Arnold at the time of his treason. The building is 
still standing, and is owned by Richard D. Arden, by whom it is 
carefully preserved in its original character. Col. Robinson 
granted a glebe to St. Philip's Church in The Highlands. 1 mi. 
E. of Garrisons, which was confirmed by the act of March 27, 
1794. The church was used as a barrack during the Revo- 
lution.— B/oAe's ifi5(. Piiinam Cb. jTp. 180-209 ; Sabine's Loyah 
ists, p. 562. 

" 4 M. E., 2 Prot. E., Bap., Presh. and R. C. 



PUTNAM COUNTY. 



543 



name was changed Feb. 13, 1840. It lies on the s. border of the co., between Philipstown and 
Carmel. Its surface is broken by steep and rocky mountain ridges extending in nearly a N. and 
E. direction, and separated by narrow valleys. These mountain ranges constitute a part of The 
Higldands. The principal streams are Canopus Creek, Canopus Lake Creek, and Peekskill Hollow 
Brook. Canopus Lake is a beautiful sheet of water near the center of the town.' The soil in the 
valleys is a moderately fertile, sandy and gravelly loam. Iron ore has been found in several locali- 
ties, but in places so difficult of access that it is not mined to any considerable extent. Oregon, 
at the confluence of Peekskill Hollow Brook and Canopus Lake Creek, contains 17 houses, and 
Crofts Corners contains 2 churches and 10 houses. Tompkins Corners is a hamlet. 
Among the early settlers were families named Dusenbury and Adams.'' The census reports 4 
churches in town ; 3 M. E. and 1 Bap. 

SOUTHEAST— was formed from Frederickstown and " SouUieasiiown,"' March 7, 1788. A 
part of Patterson was taken off, as " Franklin," in 1795. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its 
surface is rolling and hilly. The streams are the E. and middle branches of Croton River and 
their tributaries. Several small lakes and ponds lie among the hills.* The soil is a sandy and 
gravelly loam. Iron ore abounds, but no mines are wrought at the present time. About 4,000 
gals, of milk are sent daily from this town to the New York market. Breivsters Station, 
(p. V.,) on the Harlem R. R., contains 1 church and a bank, and has a pop. of 176. Iledding- 
VtUe and Brusb Hollow are hamlets. Southeast Center has 144 inhabitants, and 
Milltoirn (p. v.) 1G7. De Forest Corners, I>oanesbur§rta, Foggingtown, and 
Dykemans Station (Dykemans p. o.) are hamlets. This was one of the first settled towns in 
the CO.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Elisha Kent, grandfather of the late 
Chancellor, about the year 1730.* 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Peculation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Putnam County. 



NiuEs or T0TII9. 



Carmel 

Kent 

PattereoD 

Philips town 

Putnam Valley... 
Southeast 



Total.. 



1 Acres OF Land. 


Valuation op 


1858. 


Population. 


s 


1 
> 


1 

o 


SCB 


Improved. 


Unimproved. 


Seat Estate. 


Personal 
Property. 


Total. 


1 


i 




19,300 


6,271i 


941.8B4 


362,690 


1,304,654 


1.169 


1,237 


470 


483 


345 


11 


16,241} 


6,617 


426,020 


161,175 


676,196 


756 


784 


275 


308 


226 


s 


1.3,7S9i 


6,623 


609,825 


100,6.50 


710,476 


702 


720 


266 


302 


204 


9 


11.605 


15,236 


761,793 


131,300 


893,093 


2,427 


2,382 


722 


932 


433 


14 


16,313 


7,637 


366,440 


88,500 


463,940 


826 


747 


298 


312 


2li4 


7 


18.056J 


3,163i 


990,179 


227,286 


1,217,464 
6,165,7211 


1,091 


1,094 


374 
2,405 


409 


268 


10 
69 


94,205} 


44,44-» 


4,094,121 


1,061,600 


6,970 


6,964 


2,746 


1,739 



St 

Ss 



Names op Towns. 



Carmel , 

Kent 

Patterson , 

Philipstown 

Putnam Valley.. 
Southeast 



Total.. 



Live Stock. 



208 
268 
357 
313 
334 



1,120 
1,168 
2,179 
1,145 
1,081 



2,113 
1,493 

853 

936 

2.457 



1,938 7,656 7,861 6,804 



1,847 
766 
971 
1,194 
1,144 
1,076 
6,997 



Agricultural Products. 



Bd8h. op Grain. 



fe 



6,326 

.3,886} 

3.148 J 

6,39:lJ 

4,606 

4,181J 



67.941J 

26,2S8J 

22,2.51J 

23,7.53 

28.072 

40,511} 



6,040 

4,261 

4,060J 

3.370 

3.443 

6,5S2S 



tqn. 



14,088 
6,866 
9,854 
6,976 
17,649 
10,071 



26,441i 197,818^ 27,756} 64,504 27,168 493, 



8,616 
4,091 
3,321 
S,S90 
5.159 
2,081 



DjLisr PaoDtrcTa. 



0,0) 



121.479 
76.866 
61,400 
65,691 
73.070 
90,300 



3,376 
100 



3,475 



ci.£ 
560 



646 
26 



1 Canopus Lake Is 2 mi. long by 1 wide. Clear, Muddy, Pel- 
tons, Sal peu, Owens. Cranberry. Bargers, and Wickopee Ponds are 
amailer bodies of water in the town. 

* On the farm of Harry Gillet are the ruins of the Hempstead 
Huts, built in 1780 by a det'ichment of the Mass. Line, and one 
or two companies from Hempstead, L. I. — Blake^s Hist. 

■ ^■S'mthea^ttoion^^ was formed as a precinct Dec. 17, 1737, and 
confirmed March 24, 1772. The word *' toum" in the name was 
dropped March 17, 1795. 



* Tonetta and Kishewana Lakes, and CoTils and Peach Ponds. 
6 Among the early settlers were faniiiies nanieil Crane, Crosby, 

Hall, Howes, Paddock. Haines, Howe, Cnrpemer, and Dickin. 
eon, from Mass. and Conn. .Toseph Ciano built tbo first mill, 
at Milltnwn. about 1730. Chancellor Kent was burn in this 
town. July 31, 1703. 

• The census reports 4 churches in town ; M. E., P.'-ejfb., 
Union, and Friends. 



QUEENS COUNTY. 




This county was organized Nov. 1, 1683,* having previously been 
included in the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire.^ Its original 
bounds have not been changed. It lies upon Long Island, near the 
w. extremity, is centrally distant 133 mi. from Albany, and con- 
tains 410 sq. mi. It extends across the island, bordering both upon 
Long Island Sound and the ocean. Its coasts are deeply indented 
by irregular inlets, bays, and harbors. The principal of these upon 
the sound are Oyster Bay, Cold Spring and Oyster Harbors, Mill 
Neck Creek, Hempstead Harbor, Manhasset Bay, Little Neck Bay, 
Little Bay, Powells Cove, Flushing Bay, and Buwery Bay. Upon 
the East River are Ilalletts Cove and the narrow passage of Hell 
Gate, and upon the s. shore, Jamaica, Hempstead, and South Oyster 
Bays. Along these bays and the creeks that flow into them are wide salt meadows, the most ex- 
tensive being upon the s. shore. Outside of the bays on the ocean side is a series of beaches and 
shifting sand-ridges, affording a complete protection from the storms of the ocean. These beaches 
are divided into distinct parts by several inlets opening into the bays.® 

Inclosed in the bays within the beaches is a great number of low, marshy islands separated by 
narrow tidal streams and covered with sedges.* A wide strip bordering immediately upon the 
bays is of the same marshy character. Along the deep bays upon the n. coast are small patches 
of salt meadow ; but the greater part of the land upon the capes, necks, and promontories is of a 
most excellent character.^ A range of hills 100 to 300 feet high extends in a general e. and w. 
direction through the co., a little n, of the center, and irregular spurs extend northward to the 
sound. From the base of the ridge a wide, unbroken plain extends to the s. to the salt marshes 
which surround the bays.® 

The streams of the co. are mostly small, and afford but a limited amount of water-power. At the 
mouth of several of the creeks on both the n. and s. shores the ebbing tide is used for hydraulic 
purposes. At the head of several of the streams are little, fresh water ponds,^ the principal of 
which is Success Pond,^ near the top of the high ridge in the s.e. corner of Flushing. The soQ 
upon the n. side is a productive, sandy loam, in some places mixed with clay. The plains have a 
coarse, sandy soil, which is rendered productive only at considerable cost. Along the borders 
of the salt meadows is a strip of light, sandy soil, easily cultivated and of moderate fertility.® 

The people are principally engaged in agriculture and market gardening. Fishing and the 
taking of oysters afford occupation to a large number of people. An extensive coasting trade is 
carried on, and the co. each year furnishes a large quota of sailors. Manufactures are extensive 
and various, and are confined principally to the n. shore. 

The CO. courthouse is situated upon the plains of North Hempstead, a little N.w.of Mineola sta- 
tion and p.o., and near the geographical center of the co.*** 



I Named in compliment to the wife of Charles II. 

3 By a convention held at Hempstead in 1665, Long Island, 
Staten Island, and a part of Westchester co. were erected into a 
Bhire called " I'orkshire,'^ for the purpose of holding courts and 
administering justice. This was subdivided into "Ridinga," 
known as " East Ruling" (Suffolk co.;) " R^i Riding,^'' (Kings 
CO., Staten Island, and Newtown;) and ^^ North Riding" 
(Queens co. except Newtown.) — Thompson's Hist. L. Z, JJ. 137. 

* The principal of the inlets are Ilog Island, New and Gilgo 
Inlets, and the entrance into Jamaica Bay; and the principal 
lifiicheB are Jones, Long, and Kockaway Beaches. The last 
named is a favorite resort for summer residences and sea-bathing. 

* These islands are mostly the common property of the towns, 
and are valued chiefly for their hunting and fishing grounds. 
Immense numbers of waterfowl fruiiuent them ; and a consider- 
jvble number of persons gain a livelihood by fishing here in 
summer and hunting in winter. The U.S. Government has 
erected 5 lifeboat stations upon the 8. shore, and the Governor 
appoints 1'2 wreck masters for the co. 

6 A considerable portion of this coast ia high, affording beau- 
tiful sites for country residences. 

6 The R. R. at Jamaica is 45 feet above sea level. The ascent 
from Jamaica to Hempstead Junction is 59 feet, and from 
thence to the Syosset Branch 50 feet, making the latter 154 feet, 
which is the highest point on the road. The descent of these 
plains southward is so gradual as scarcely to be apparent. 
544 



The Hempstead Branch of the R.R. descends 40 feet in 2^ mi., 
and the Syosset Branch rises 66 feet in less than 4 mi. The 
highest point on the island is Harbor Hill, at the head of 
Hempstead Harbor. 319 feet above tide. 

7 Several of these ponds have recently been parchased to 
supply the Brooklyn Waterworks. 

8 Called by the Indians " SacuV from which the present 
name is supposed to be derived. The water is clear and cold, 
with an average depth of 40 feet. The pond is about 500 rods in 
circumference, is surrounded by a high bank, and has an outlet, 
but does not usually overflow. It is said to be 100 to 150 
feet above tide. — Prime''s Hist. L. /., Jp. 27 ; Thompson's L. /., 
II, V. 60. 

9 Extensive tracts in the southern section are devoted to gar- 
dening for the city m;irket8. The n. side, originally covered 
with a heavy growth of timber, is under fine cultivation, and is 
largely devoted to the raising of fruit. Flushing excels in 
nurseries of fruit and ornamental trees, for which this co. is 
second only to Monroe. Locust-timber is raised along the n. 
shore eastward from Little Neck, in considerable quantities, for 
treenails and posts. In Oyster Bay large quantities of asparagus 
are raised for market; and the soil appears to be finely adapted 
to this crop. Milk is sent to market in large quantities by 
R. R., especially from near Jericho, Weatbury, and Hempste^. 

10 The court of sessions of the ^'North Riding of TorJcshire" was 
located at Jamaica in 1683 ; and a building called the "- Count/ 



QUEENS COUNTY. 



545 



The jail occupies a portion of the courthouse building.* The county records are kept in a 
spacious brick building in the village of Jamaica ; and in the same building are oflBces for the 
Surrogate and Board of Supervisors.^ The co. has no poorhouse ; but each tovrn provides for the 
accommodation of its own paupers. 

The Brooklyn and Jamaica R. R., extending w. from Jamaica to the co. line, is leased by tlie 
Long Island R. R., -which extends e. from Jamaica through Hempstead, North Hempstead, and 
Oyster Bay. The Flushing R. R. extends w. from Flushing Village through Newtown to the 
mouth of Newtown Creek. The Syosset Branch R. R. connects Ilicksville, upon the L. I. R. R., 
with the village of Syosset, 3J mi. n. 

There are 7 newspapers published in the co.; 2 at Jamaica, 2 at Hempstead, 2 at Flushing, and 
1 at Glen Cove.' 

The CO. was mostly settled by English immigrants, under the authority of the Dutch Govern- 
ment during the last 20 years of its existence. The e. extremity of Long Island was claimed by 
the English colonies of New England ; and the boundary line was the subject of a long and angry 
dispute, which was never entirely settled until the final subjugation of New York by the British in 
1664.* The whole of this co. was under the Dutch, except Oyster Bay, which was a disputed terri- 
tory. The first planters came on in considerable numbers, and were associated in the purchase 
of the lands from the Indians. They were mostly united by a common religious faith; and they 
were invested with certain civil rights, which were afterward confirmed by the English Govern- 
ment of New York, and some of which continue to the present time. The people chose a dupli- 
cate set of magistrates and municipal officers, from which the Dutch Governor selected such as 
he pleased. 

The people employed their ovm minister, and enjoyed comparative religious freedom. The 
Dutch, however, did not faithfully carry out the agreement which they had entered into with the 
settlers, and, in 1653, delegates were sent to the city to remonstrate against certain abuses. This 
was not heeded, and when the people again met for a like purpose they were ordered to disperse. 
The inhabitants rejoiced when the Dutch rule was finally broken and they came under the pro- 
tection of the English. Gov. Nicoll, the first English Governor, convened deputies from the several 
towns upon Long Island, who met at Hempstead in the spring of 1665. A code of laws and ordi- 
nances was adopted, a shire was erected, the names of towns were changed, boundaries were 
settled, and afiairs were regulated to meet the views of the new government. From this time no 
land could be taken without purchase from the Indians and patent from the Governor. 

During the Revolution considerable numbers of the people joined the loyalists, and the co. was 
mostly in quiet possession of the enemy. Robberies were common, especially along the n. shore. 
Presbyterian churches were everywhere used for military purposes. A petty warfare was carried 
on in whaleboats, and daring exploits were performed by partisans of both sides. 



Hall" waa erected in 1684. From 1700 to 1708 the courts were 
held in the Preab. church, when a new co. haU was built, which 
continued in use until the Revolution, when it was burned. By 
an act of March 1, 1785, the sum of £.2,000 waa raised to erect 
new buildings on the present location under the direction of the 
CO. judge. The building is a half lui. N. of the r. r., and trains 
8top opposite when courts are in eession. Efforts have been 
made to remove the site to Jamaica, but thus far without suc- 
cess, although most persons will admit that the present site is 
inconvenient to a majority of the inhabitants. 

1 In tbo absence of sufficient accommodations in tho vicinity, 
this building is also used as a hotel during the session of the 
court. The Bheriff, who lives upon tho premises, usually makes 
provision for dining a large number, and for furnishing lodgings 
to ft limited extent. 

2 The surrogate's and clerk's offices were kept at the houses 
of the incumbents until 1833. when they were located at Ja- 
maica. The present clerk's office was erected in 1857. 

3 The Lon^ Island. Farmer was commenced at Ja- 

maica in ISIO by Ift-nry C. Sleight. It is nowpublished 
by Charles Welling. 

T!i>: Uninn IhiU. fiazette, semi-mo., was published at Jamaica in 
is;r2 by li. Booth. 

The LiOJig Island Democrat was established at Ja- 
maica May 1, 1835, by Jas. J. Brcnton. present publisher. 

The Journal and Messenger was published about 1843, by S. V. 
Berry. 

Thf Long I.tland Telegraph and General Advertiser was Htarted 
at Hempstead in M.tv. 18.30, by Wm. nutcliinson and 
O. F. Le Fevre. In Nov. 1831 it was changed to 

The Hempstead Inquirer. It is now published by 
Mtirris SnedekT. 

The Queens County Sentinel was established at 
nemp^-tead in May, 1858, by John H. Hentz, its present 
publisher. 3j 



The Church Record was started at Flushing: in 1840, and con* 

tinned SJ years. It was edited by Rev. Dr. F. L. Hawks, 

and published by C. U. Lincoln. 
The Flushing Journal was commenced March 19,1842, 

by Chas. R. Lincoln, its present publisher. 
The Flushing Pomologist Wiia published In 1848, by William R. 

Prince. 
The Public Voici was started at Flushing in 1852 ; and in 1855 

it was changed to 
The lioug Island Times. It is now published by W. 

R. Burling. 
The North Hempstead Gazette was started in Dec. 1S46, at Man- 

hasset Valley. In 1850 it was removed to Roslyn and 

changed to 
Tlu Plain Dealer. It waa subsequently removed to Glen Cove, 

and waa continued until 1855; Jas. L. Crowley was its 

last publisher. 
The Glen O-jve Sentinel was published a short time in 1854 by 

Bright & Perry. 
The Gleii Cove Gazette was started in May, 1857, by 

E. M. Lincoln, its present publisher. 
The Wivxlhaven Advertiser waa published a short time in 1853. 
Tfie Astoria Gazette was started in 1853 by Wm. L. S. Harrison, 

and continued about 18 months. 
The Journal of the Imtitute was published at FlushiDg for 

about 3 years. 
* Commissioners were appointed to settle these claims in 1650. 
They were Simon Bradstreet and Thos. Prince on the part of the 
NewKupland colonies, and Thos. WilU-tt ao'l Geo. B;i.xter on the 
j)iirt of the Dutch. The boundary was fixed along the W. line 
of Oyster Bay; but the States General did not ratify tho agree- 
ment, and the Dutch Governor neglected to carry it into effect 
The Dutch subsequently planted a colony at BrookviUe,(Wolver 
Hollow,) E. of the line, to assert their claims. 



546 



QUEENS COUNTY. 



FL<USIII]VG^ — was first granted hy letters patent^issued by the Dutch Governor Keift, Oct, 
10, 16-15 — to a company of English immigrants.'-^ This grant was confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Feb. 
1606, and by Gov. Dongan, March 23, 16S5.^ Under the provisions of these charters a con- 
siderable amount of land was held in common, to be under the charge of 5 ti'ustees, elected 
annually.'* It was recognized as a town under the State Government, March 7, 1788,^ It lies upoi 
the N. border of the co,, w. of the center. Its surface is moderately uneven and has a gentL 
inclination to the n. A low range of hills extends along its s. border and separates it fi*OD 
Jamaica. Flushing Creek, the principal stream, forms a portion of the w. boundary. The princi 
pal indentations upon the coast are Flushing Bay, Powells Cove, Little Bay, and Little Neck Bay 
An extensive salt marsh extends along Flushing Creek and the head of Flushing Bay.^ The soil 
is a fine quality of productive sandy loam. Gardening, fruit growing,' and the nursery business^ 
constitute the leading pui'suits of the people. The town supports its own poor, and has a house and 
farm for their accommodation. Flushlu^^ (p-^.,) at the head of Flushing Bay, was incorp. 
April 9, 1813. It contains 8 churches, 2 newspaper offices, several private seminaries,® and has 
a limited amouut of manufactures.^*' It is connected with New York by the Flushing R. K. and by a 
steam ferry from Hunters Point. From its proximity to New York, it has become the residence 
of many wealthy persons doing business in the city. Pop. 3,488. Co]le§^e Point,^^ (p. v.,) on 
the sound, e. of Flushing Bay, is a modern village, settled mostly by Germans. It contains 2 
churches, and an immense manufactory of whalebone, India rubber, and ratan, giving employment 
to 500 to 700 hands. Pop. 1,150, "Whitestone^^ (p-v.) is located on the sound, in the extreme 
N. part of the town. It contains 2 churches, and an extensive tin and sheet ironware manufac- 
tory." Pop. 630. ]>Iaratbou, at the head of Little Neck Bay, is a small, straggling village 
■with one church. Several of the neighborhoods in this town are known by distinct local names.^* 
Wilkins Point has recently been purchased by the U. S. Government for the site of a fort.'^ 
There are now 13 churches in town.^^ The first settlements were made by English, who probably 
had first settled in Holland. They arrived at ** Kcio Amsterdam" in 1G45. They were Non-conform- 
ists in religion, and settled on the Dutch dominions under the promise of entire religious free- 
dom.^' But the Dutch soon commenced a series of persecutions that continued until the time 
of the British conquest in 1604. Several French Protestant families found their way into this 
town after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; but few of their descendants are now found. 
The fruits introduced by these people are said to have given tJie first direction to the nursery 
business for which this town is so celebrated. During the Revolution a British force was sta- 
tioned here. 

HE:»IPSTEAD— was granted by Gov. Keift to several English families, Nov. 14, 1644. 

This patent was confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, March 6, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, April 17, 1685.'^ 



1 NRmed by the Dutch •'F/iVsfn.vfn." from a place in Holland. 

- The first pjiteutees were Thos. Fai'rington, John Liiwrence, 
John Hicks, Juhn Tow scud, Tbos. fcftiles, Hubert Field. Thos. 
i^aul. John Marston. Thos. Applegate, La'\nence Dutch, Wni. 
Lawieuce, Henry Sawtc-U, Wm. Thurne. Michael Willard, Kobt. 
Firman, and Wm. Widgeon, for tliem-'^elves and associates. 

3 The piitentees numed in the patent of Got. Nicoll were 
John Lawrence, (alderman of New York City.) Kichard Corn- 
well. Chius. liridges, Wm. Lawrence, Kobert ferry, Wm. Noble, 
John Forbu^h, LUas Doughty, Robt. Field, Philip Udall. Thoe. 
Stiles, Benj. Field, Wm. Pidgeon, John Adams, John Hinchman. 
Nicholas Parcell, Tobias Feaks, aud John Bowue; and those in 
the patent of Gov. Doogan were Elias Doughty, Thoe. Willett, 
John Bowne, Matthias Harvey, Thos. Hicks, Kichard Cornwell, 
John Hinchman, Jonathan Wright, and Sam'l llo\t— Patents. 
I, frl, V, •2-22, 325. Sec. Office. 

* These lands have since been mostly taken up by individuals, 
though the ti-ustees are still elected to take charge of the re- 
mainder. The town records were burned, Oct. 31, 1797, by a 
eervaut girl, who was afterward hung for the deed. 

By the General Act, establishing towns. 

6 A chalybeate spring was discovered near the head of this 
marsh in 1S16. It was named '•Cheltenham Spri7igs," and for a 
time attracted much attention. 

J Tlie principal fruit grown are cherries, of which large quan- 
tities are annually sent to the New York market. 

8 Flushing has a wide reputation for its nurseries, of which 
there are six, occupying 246 acres and valued at $124,000. The 
first nursery was commenced about 1750. They now furnish 
every species of fruit tree, ornamental shrub, and esotic plant 
cultivated In the country. 

9 The principal of these schools are the Flushing Institute, 
the Flushing Female College, and the Linnean Hill Seminary. 

I'J The principal manuiactoriea are the Excelsior Emery and 
Fand Paper Manufactory, a steam planing and saw mill, and a 
tide gristmill. 



n This placewas formerly known as "X^iHT^nccsiVect." Seve- 
ral farms have been laid out into village plats, each one taking 
a distinct name. An Episcopal college was incorp. here in 
1S40 : but it has since been abandoned. The location of this in- 
stitution gave the name to the vill;ige. 

1- Named from a large boulder ne.ir the landing. The place 
was first called ^'Cbokie HiW and afterward "Clintonvillcy 

13 This establishment gives emplojTnent to 430 hands. 

» Bay Side— the seat of A. G. Mickle, Ex-Mayor of New 
York — and Sprlngville are near Little Neck Bay. Fre§h 
Meadows, Ireland, and Springs HUl are locdities 
e.E.of Flushing Viilage. Rocky Hill and Union Place 
are farming neighborhoods. Spring Hill was the residence of 
Cadwallader Colden, who died here Sept. 20, 1776. His son 
espoused the cause of the Eoyalists, and his estate was con.- 
fiscated.— Ow?€rrfOTi^-'5 Rev. Inc. 

15 When fortified, this point will completely command the 
channel on the n., and render the approach of ships of war 
toward New York impossible from that direction. 

IG Of these there are at Flushing, 2 Friends. Prot. E., M. E., Ref. 
Prot. D.. R. C, Cong., aud Bap. ; at Coll-^ge Point, R. 0. and Lnth. ; 
at Whitestone. Prot. E. and M. E.; and at Marathon, a Prot. E. 

" The religious faith of these people was much the same .aa 
that afterward professed by the Quakers, who had not become 
at that period a distinct sect in England. Their first religions 
teacher was Francis Doughty, from Taunton. Mass., a Baptist, 
who became a Quaker in 1657, as did many of the inhal'itant*. 
The celebrated Geo. Fox visited America in 1672 and preached 
in this town. He was entertained at the house of John Bowne. 
who had particularly suflFered from the persecutions of the 
Dutch ; but, his dwelling not being sufficiently large to accom- 
modate the audience, his hearers assembled under the shade of 
the venerable oats, one of which is still standing. The Bowne 
House stands in Parsons & Co."s Commercial Garden and Nursery, 
and is in a fine state of preservation. 

18 The grantees named in the firat patent were Robert Ford- 



QUEENS COUNTY. 



547 



Upon the erection of North Hempstead, in 1784, its name was changed to South Hempstead ; and 
its present name was re-adopted Feb. 5, 1796. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It 
lies upon the s. side of the island, extending 20 mi. along the ocean, and embracing about 100 
eq. mi. The shore is bordered by a line of beaches and sand hills ; and within them are Hempstead 
and South Oyster Bays, inclosing a large number of low, sedgy islands. West of the bay a long, 
narrow sandbar, known as Rockaway Beach,^ extends to the s. w., forming the E. boundary of 
Jamaica Bay. Wide salt meadows border upon the bays, and from them the land spreads out 
into an almost perfectly level plain.^ The soil along the borders of the marshes is moderately 
fertile, and upon the plain it consists of sand and fine gravel, which is naturally barren, 
although it may be made productive by the proper application of manures. A considerable 
portion of the marshes and plain belongs to the town and is used as common property.' The 
people are largely engaged in market gardening. There is no poorhouse ; but the paupers are 
annually put up at auction and struck off to the lowest bidder. Hempstead, (p. v.,) near the 
center of the town, was incorp. June 20, 1853. It contains 3 churches, the Hempstead Seminary,* 
and 1,486 inhabitants. Along the s. shore are several villages, generally scattered and extended 
over a large territory. They are mostly surrounded by gardens and orchards. Jerussileiu 
South, (p. V.,) in the s. E. corner, contains a gristmill and Friends' meetinghouse; next w. 
are respectively Bridge Haven, containing a gristmill and church, Merrick.,^ (p-O.,) and 
Oreenivicb Poiut, two farming neighborhoods; Freeport,^ (p-"^-') a fishing village, 
containing 2 churches; Iflilburii, Baldwinville, and Christian Hook, hamlets; 
Rockville Center, (p. v.,) containing 1 church; Xear Rockairay, a hamlet, and Far 
Rocka-ivay, (Rockaway p.o.,) a noted seabathing place.' Valley Stream and Fosters 
MeadoiT are two scattered settlements along the e. border, ^ew Bridge, (formerly 
''Little Neck") Washin^on Square, and Brookfield are farming neighborhoods. The 
first settlements were made in 1643, by a colony of English, who had previously settled at 
"Weathersfield and Stamford, in Conn. They founded the first English settlement within the 
co.^ The town early acquired a prominent rank, and its records (preserved at North Hemp- 
stead) contain a large amount of valuable historical information. Horse races were established 
here by the Governor in 1G90. The first church (Presb.) was started in 1G48. There are 18 
churches in town.® 

JAJUAICA^** — was first granted for settlement by Gov. Stuveysant, March 21, 1656 ; and a 
more ample patent was granted in 1660. The rights of the town were confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, 
Feb. 15, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, March 17, 1G8C." It was recognized as a town March 7, 



bam, John Strickland, Jobn Ogden, John Karman, John Law- 
rence, and Jonas Wood: those in the second patent were John 
Hicks, J. P., Capt. John Seaman. Hichard Gildersleeve, Robert 
Jackson. John Karman, John Smith, sr. and jr.; and those in 
the third were Capt. John Seaman. Simon Searing. John Jackson, 
James Pine, er., Richard Gildeisleeve, sr., and Xath'l Pearsall. 
^Tho7tipsotV$.Hist. L.I., II, 14 ; PoientSy IV, 55. V. 182 ; Sec. Office. 

1 The CO. seal presents a view of Bea and shore from this 
beach. The name is of Indian origin. This point was formerly 
inclosed by a fence from Hempstead to Jamaica Bays, and was 
used for pasturing cattle, horees, and sheep. 

2 This plain is 15 mi. Ions and 4 broad. When first known to 
the Europeans, it was destitute of timber and covered with grass. 
The annual burning of this grass was prohibited by statute in 
1726. It is mostly uninclcsed. and used as pasture, 

8 About 16.000 acres of the plain and the salt meadows are 
common property. The time for cutting the hay is fised at the 
annual town meetings, and the first one on the ground has the 
choice of location. This leads the farmers to the meadows at an 
early hour on the appointed day. and snuietimes during the night 
previous, where they stand 8c>-thc in hand, ready at the first 
glance of sunrise to strike into the grass before them and mow 
iirouBd as large a piece as they may be able. Several hundred 
men are often thus employed . Kacli inhabitant may hire as many 
laborers as he chooses, and may cut for sale. Nortli Hempstead 
formerly enjoyed the right of cutting grass upon these meadows, 
but has been practically deprived of it for many years. See 
page 545. 

* This is a private seminary, owned by a joint stock company. 

6 On old dociiments variously spelled" "J/cn'c," "Marokc," and 
"JA'r(7.'o/'e." The name was derived from a tribe of Indians that 
lived in the vicinity. 

6 First settled by Edward Raynor, and formerly known as 
*'Rai/noftoion" 

7 This place contains the Pavilion, — an immense hotel, — and 
several large summer boarding houses. 

8 Among the early settlors were Uev. Richard Denton, Jonas 
Wood, Wm. Raynof. Robert Ccm>, Richard Gilderplecve, Robert 
Jackson, John Ogden, John Karman, Capt. John Underbill, 
Andrew Ward, Thurston and Robt. Raynor, Matthew Mitchell, 



and Robert Fordham. In 1647 the first eight, with Itobt. Ash- 
man. Jeremy, Kdmmid, and Terry Mood, lienj. and John Coe, 
Sam'l Strickland, John Topping. John Fordbam. Wm. and John 
Lawi-ence, Henry Hudson, Thomas Ireland, Richard Valentine, 
Wm. Thickstone, ^'ichoIa3 Tanner. Wm., John. sr. and jr., Jae., 
and Alvin Smith, Richard, jr., Sam'l. Dan'l. and Nath'l Denton, 
Thos. Armitage, Simon Searing. Ibomas Wilson, Henry Piers m. 
Jos. and Wm. Scott, Henry Wbiston, Richard and John Lewis, 
Thos. Stevenson, John Storge, John and Robert Williams, Wm. 
Rogers, Richard Ogden. John Foucks, Wm. Waehbnrne. Thos. 
Sherman, Francis Yates, John Ellison. Wm. Shadding. Thomas 
and Chas. Foster. Roger Lines, Sam'l Clark, John Hndrl, Thos. 
Pope, Daniel \\ hitehead, Edward Kaynor. John Smith, ?amnel 
Baccns.and .Tolm Strickland were freeholders, and shiiredin the 
division of the lands. A part of the above location^i are now 
included in North Hempstead. The first child born of white 
parents in town was Caleb Karman. son of John Karman, Jan. 
9, 1645. An order was made at their General Court, Sept. 16, 
16-00, requiring all persons to " repaire to the puMir|iio Meotings 
and AssemblieB on the Lords daycs, and on piiMiijue daycs of 
fastings and thanksgivings, appointed by pii'iliijue imtbority, 
bothe on the f trfuoons and afternoons," under n iwMiJilty of 5 
guilders fi>r the first, 10 for the second, and 2*' fiT llie third of- 
fense. The Kev. Richard Denton, a prominent founder. wu.s their 
first pastor. He returned to England in 1650. His eldest son, 
Daniel Denton, wrote the first historical account of New York 
ever published. It was printed in Lonilon in ICTC. 

* 10 M. E., 3 Prot. E.. 2 Presb.. 2 R. C. and one Friends. Near 
the M.E. Church in South Hempstead is a monument, erected to 
the memory of i:;^t English and Irish immigrants who peri-Jhed 
on the ships Bristol and M«xico, wrecked Nov. 21, 1836, and 
Jan. 2. 1837. 

10 It was first proposed to name this place "OtjJftr'?.*.'!*';." Many 
of the first settlers preferred the name of''Crnirfor>!r and the 
Dutch named it " Rusdorp," signifying "county town." The 
present name is by some considered as from the Indian ^-Jamtco." 

11 The fir?t patent of confirmation cont-iined the names of 
Daniel Denton, J.P., Robt. Coe, Capt. Brj-an Nwwton. Wm. Hal- 
let, Andrew Me.«8enger, and Nathaniel Denton : and the second 
named 24 persons.— /^i/eji(*, I, 66, M, T, 433; Sec. Office, 



548 



QUEENS COUNTY. 



1788. It is the s.w. corner town of the co. A range of low wooded hills forms its n. boundary; 
but the remainder of the town consists of an extensive sand plain, and a series of wide salt 
marshes along the shore. Jamaica Bay, forming its s. boundary, incloses a large number of low, 
marshy islands. Several small streams take their rise in springs and small ponds among the 
hills and flow s. to the bay.^ The soil is light and sandy. A considerable tract immediately 
bordering upon the marshes is kept in a high state of fertility by artificial means, and is devoted 
to market gardening. This town has long been celebrated for its race courses.^ The town poor 
are annually let to the lowest bidder.^ Jamaica, (p. v.,) near the n. border of the town, was 
incorp. April 14, 1814, It contains 7 churches, the Union Hall Academy,* several private semi- 
naries, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 2,817. "Wood- 
havcn was organized in 1850 by a number of capitalists for the manufacture of shoes. 
Cypress Avenue is a r. r. station near the line in Kings co. The country in the immediate 
vicinity is laid out in a village plat, and named Unioiiville, from the Union Race Course ; 
Clarenceville is a village plat on the r.r.,w. of Jamaica; Centerville, a plat adjacent 
to the trotting course; Hopedale and Jaiuaica lleig'lils, two prospective villages in 
the N. part; "^Villcw Tree, a r. r. station, e, of Jamaica; Queens/ (p. o.,) a r. r. station 
near the e. line, and Springfield, a vicinage 3 mi. long, in the e. part, extending to the 
bay. The first settlement was made about 1656, by people from Hempstead, who in that year 
obtained leave of the Dutch Government to purchase lands and erect a town, *' according unto 
their place limited, named Canarise, about midway from Hempstead." In 1702 the civil officers 
of government removed to this place, on account of prevailing sickness. An attempt was 
made soon after to appropriate the church to the use of the Episcopalians, — which was resisted, 
and a controversy commenced, which was not settled until 1728. In 1753 the General Assembly 
again convened at this place. During the Revolution the town was occupied by the Britisli, and, 
especially in winter, large bodies of troops were stationed here. The Dutch Church was used as 
a storehouse. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1663. The Ref. Prot. D. Church was 
formed in 1702; and the first Pi-ot. E. services were held during the same year. The Chapel of the 
Sisters — a neat edifice, built of hewn granite — was erected in the Presb. Cemetery, by Nicholas 
Ludlum, of New York.^ 

IVEWTOW]^* — was first conveyed by patent, by Gov, Stuyvesant, in 1652. The grant wag 
confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, March 6, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, Nov. 25, 1683.® It was recog- 
nized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the East River and Long Island Sound, in the n.w. 
corner of the co., and includes North and South Brother, Rikers, and Berrieus Islands.*** A range 
of hills extends along the s. border; but the remaining part of its surface is level or moderately 
uneven. Flushing Creek forms a portion of the e. boundary, and Newtown Creek a portion of the 
w. boundary. Extensive salt meadows border upon these creeks and the bays. Hell Gate is a nar- 
row, tortuous passage between Wards Island and Hallets Point, near the n. extremity of the town." 
The soil is a fine quality of sandy loam. Market gardening and the cultivation of flowers are the 
most important business. The town poor ai*e let out by contract. Astoria,^- (p*^-)) upon East 
River, near Hell Gate, was incorp. April 12, 1836. It contains 5 churches, a female seminary, union 
school, and several extensive manufactories.*^ It is particularly distinguished for its floral gardens 



I Several of theae ponds have been purchased by the Brookljii 
Water Works Conipany. The remains of a mastodon were found 
in excavatiog at Baisloys Vond. in tbia town, March 27, 1858. 
They consisted of six molar teeth and some tsmall fragments of 
bones, blackened, but not mineralized. 

" A course was laid ont, in colonial times, around the border 
of Beaver I'ond, — a sheet of water adjacent to the village, since 
drained. Union Course was laid out soon after thv passage of the 
act of 1S21. and continued under that of 1834. It is now owned 
by thfj "Union Association." formed under general act, Aug. 2, 
1S58, with a capital of $100,000. It is a few feet over a mile in 
circuit. There is a trotting course s. e. of the former. 

3 The town electa trustees annually to manage its property. 
It has a fund— given by Henry Tuwnsend nearly two centuries 
since — *' for the relief of poor widows and children, persons 
blind, lamed, or aged, and Buch as should be uuable to got a 
living, or any that should suffer by fire and whose necessities 
might call for relief" 

* This institution was incorp. Feb. 29, 1792. 

6 Three Citrriage factories and the repair shops of the L.I. R.R. 

6 Formerly called "ifruMvi'Ue." The name was changed at a 
public meeting, .Ian. 1, 1857. 

I There are now 8 churches in town; 2 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., 
Presb., Prot. E., Af. Meth., and B.C. 

s Named "Middlehurg" under the Dutch. 
The first deed of confirmation contained the names of Capt. 



Richard Betta, J. P., Capt. Thoa. Lawrence, Capt. John Coe, John 
Burroughs, Ralph Hunt, Dan'MVhitehead, and Joost Burger: 
and the second the names of 108 freeholders. The annual quit- 
rent was 3£ is. — Patents, II, 78 ; Sec. OJjice: Thompson's Hist. L. 
/.. II, 142. 

10 These islands are cultivated as gardens. Berriana. near 
Lawrence Point, has an area of 12 acres. Bikers is the largest 
and most valuable, and was formerly called "Hewletts hiatid,** 
from its having been tlie residence of Geo. Hewlett. It is 1 mi. 
from the mainland, and contains over 50 acres. It wiis con- 
firmed to Guisbert Kiker by Stuyvesant, Dec. 24, 1667, and is 
still owned by the family. — Thompsfn's Hist., II, 154. 

11 This name was probably derived from the Dutch *'Hellig," 
angry, and "Gaf a gate. It is often softened down to "^url 
Gate." From the earliest time this has been a diflBcult strait to 
navigate, owing to sunken rocks and the strong current of the 
tide. In 1852 the rocks were mostly removed by a system of 
submarine blasting and the navigation greatly improved. 

12 This place was formerly known as -'Hallets Orve," and was 
settled by Stephen A. and John C. Halsey. At the time of its 
incorporation it was proposed to call it "-Sunswick" from the 
Indian name of a stream near by; but the name Astoria was 
adopted, in hope of securing a gratuity from John Jacob Astor. 
In this, however, the people were disappointed, as he gave only 
$100 to the seminary. 

" The principal manufactoriea are the, chemical works for 



QUEENS COUNTY. 



549 



and greenhouses.* It ie connected with New York by ferries, and is inhabited by many persons doing 
business in the city. Pop. about 3,200. Ravenswood, (p. v.,) upon the East River, is a suburban 
village, and the houses consist mostly of costly residences. The poorhouse farms of New York City 
were located at this place previous to tlie purchase of the islands in the river for that purpose.^ A 
rifle cartrid;j;e factory exploded here about 1850, occasioning a great destruction of life. Uun- 
ters Poinl^ is a newly surveyed and thinly settled village, immediately n. of the mouth uf New- 
town Creek. It has several manufactories,* and is rapidly increasing in business and population. 
l^eirtoim, (p. v.,) near the center, and Penny Bridge are stations upon the Flushing R. R.; 
and Vf' insfield and West Flushing are village plats upon the same roads. Maspetli^ (p. o.) 
lies near the head of Newtowu Creek ; and MelVJna, ColumbusviUe, and TVinants- 
Tille are village plats in the same vicinity. I^aw^renceville, n. w. of AVinfield, and Mid- 
dletown, s. e. of Astoria, are village plats. l.ocust Grove, Linden Hills, IVew^ As- 
toria, Middle Villag"e, and 8outli Williamsburg'li are localities and prospective 
villages. Dutch Kills is a gardening neighborhood. St. Ronans Well, a wooded island 
near the head of Flushing Bay, contains 7 acres, and is a favorite resort for picnic parties. Cal- 
vary Cemetery, on the Laurel Hills, n. of Newtown Creek, contains 59 acres, and is owned 
by the R. C. denomination. The Cemetery of the Everg^reens, in the s. w. corner, is 
partly in Brooklyn and partly in New Lots, Kings co. It is beautifully situated upon the Cypress 
Hills, and contains 115 acres, with the privilege of extending its area to 500 acres. Cypress 
Hills Cemetery, e. of the latter, is also situated upon the highlands, and contains 400 acres.® 
Mount Olivet Cemetery lies near Maspeth, and the liutheran Cemetery near 
Middle Village. The National Race Course, incorp. May 31, 1854, is located near the Flushing 
R. R.'^ The first settlements were made in 1651, by English immigrants, who had first located in 
New England. The first grant of privileges obtained from the Dutch in 1652 was followed by 
another more liberal in its character in 1665. The early records of the town were lost duimg the 
British occupation in the Revolution. A blockhouse was built at Hell Gate during the Revolu- 
tion, and a water-battery, named Fort Stevens,® during the War of 1812, The first church edifice 
(Presb.) of which there is any record was erected, in 1670, at Newtown Village; and the first 
preacher was Rev. John Moore, who was employed from the first settlement until his death, in 
1661. The census reports 15 churches in town.^ 

IVORTH HEMPSTEAD^**— was formed from Hempstead, April 6, 1784. It lies upon 
Long Island Sound, between Hempstead Harbor and Little Neck Bay, and on the s. extends to 
near the center of Hempstead Plains. A range of hills extends e. and w. through near the center ; 
and from them spurs extend to the Sound, giving to the n. part a moderately hilly character. Ilemp- 
Btead Harbor and Manhasset Bay are irregular bays extending far inland, dividing the coast into 
''necks" and points, — the principal of which are Cow and Great Necks, Motts, Prospect, Sande, 



making dry alkaliea, the U. S. Vulcanized Gutta Pc rcba Belting 
and Packing Works, and an extensive carpet factniy. 

1 Grant Thorburu, the celebrated seedsman and Jiorist, had a 
nursery here from 1832 to IS5I. There aro now 6 tloral estab- 
lishments for supplying the city market, besides many gentle- 
men's greenhouses, graperies, &c. 

2 About 1834-05, the corporation of New York City erected ex- 
tensive buildings, about 1^ mi. a. from Astoria, for a pauper 
establishment, which were sold at public auction, April l.i,lS47, 
upon the removal of these institutions tothe islands in the river. 
Three largo buildings— called the "Btiys' Nursery,"' '-School 
House,"' and '' Infant Nursery," the property of W'm. W. Miles 
— were leased (May 25) to the Commissioners of Emigration for a 
ship fever hospital, and other purposes. A public meeting was 
held immediately after at Astoria, to express indignation at the 
application of the property to these uses aud to remonstrate 
against it. The people failing to obtain their object, the pre- 
mises were assailed and destroyed on the night of May :2ti-27, 
1847, by a largo mob in disguise. An attempt was made to 
fasten the expense of these losses upon the town: and. after 
repeated efforts, the owner recovered $3,000 from the ?t.ite by 
act of -March 17, 1855.— yl.fsem. Doc. 1848, Nos. 19. 161, 1&4, 186; 
Smafe line. 1S49, No. 31, aud 1850, Nos. 62 and 82. 

8 Originally called "A»Hmi>.t Hook." The place was after- 
ward owned by Geo. Hunter, who died before 1826. It is desig- 
nated in deeds as •• Long Island City." Much of the property 
given to Union College by Rev. Dr. Nott as an endowment is 
located here, aud consists of graded lots. 

* The princip.il manofactnrif « ;ire a flint glass f ictory. chemical 
works, paint aud varnish factory, founderyfor the manufacture 
of iron pipes, and an oil ami locomotive grease factory. Con- 
siderable ship-building is ilso done here. 

6 Sometimes written " Mt^spat " ^^ML'^pat,'" &c. It was settled 
by English, and often designated ''£nfflish KUlSj" to distinguish 



it from Dutch Kills. De Witt Clinton formerly resided beie. 
A foundery for casting metallic burial cases was established 
hero several years since. 

The general act forbids cemeteries to hold more than 250 
acres in one co.; and hence this was located in two. A special 
act allows this cemetery to hold 100 acres more iu Queeua co. 
The highest point is 219 ft. above tide. 

7 The company that owns this course is incorp., with a capital 
of S25O,OO0. 

8 Named from Maj. Gen. Ebenezer Stevens, who in b-is youth 
was a member of the " Boston Tea Party" and subsequently an 
officer in the Revolution and the War of 1812. 

4 Prot. E., 3 Ref. Prot. D., 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 R. C, and 1 
Bap. The Ref. Prot. D. Church at Newtown was formed in 1704, 
and a Prot. E. church at the same place iu 1731. A M. E. church 
was erected near Middle Village in 1836. chiefly through the 
liberality of Jos. Ilarper, father of the Harper Brothers, pub- 
lishers in New York. 

w Under the act of organization each town was to enjoy the 
right of oystering, clamming, and fishing in the other: and both 
continued to cut grass upon the South Meadows until 1815. 
ThfV each assumed the sole care of the common lauds that fell 
within their several bounds. At the town meeting in Hemp- 
stead, April, 1797, a resolution was p;issed. givhig to the people 
of that town 10 days' precedence of right in cutting grass. A 
suit was instituted, and was appealed to the Court of Errors, 
which decided, in Dec. 182S, that Nnrth Hempstead had no power 
to interfere in the regulations of Hempstead. — Opinion of Chan- 
cellor Kent, Johnson's, II. 320-3:i8 : of Chancellor Sauford./f^p- 
k-ins, I. 289-300; Decision of Court of Ert'ors, WerulrM, II, 109- 
137. The public lands of the town were sold under an act 
passed March 25, 1S30. Obadiah Townsend. Singleton Mitchell, 
Beiy. Albertson, and Jos. Dodge were appointed commissioner* 
fur this purpose. 



f'-SO 



QUEENS COUNTY. 



Barker, and Ilewletts Points, and Plum Beach.* The soil upon the plains is light and sandy, 
and in the n. part a sandy and clayey loam, very productive. The town poor are supported by 
the Jones Fund,- at an institution situated at B^ook^'ille, in the tuwn of Oyster Bay; and 2 trus- 
tees are annually elected to the board having this fund in charge. 3Ianlia$set/ (p. v.,) near 
the center, a straggling village, contains 4 churches. The neck of land extending eastward of 
Manhasset Bay is called Manhasset.* RosByn, (p-"^-*) at the head of Hempstead Harbor, 2 mi. 
above the steamboat landing, contains 2 churches and several manufactories.^ Pop. 592. ^'orth 
Hempstead (p. o.) is 2 mi. e. of the courthouse; Mineola (p. v.) is a scattered villaga 
at the junction of the L. I. & Hempstead Branch R. Koads ; Flo^ver SIlll is a farming neigh- 
borhood near the center of Manhasset Neck ; !^Iontrose^ a village plat near the country seafc 
of Wm. C. Bryant. Westbury^ is a farming neighborhood, extending from near the courthouse 
to the E. line of the town. Carl Place, near We^^tbury, and ClO'Wesville, near Mineola, are 
village plat^. Hyde Park,' near the r. r., Liakeville^^ near the line of Flushing, and 
Farmers Village, on the edge of the plains, are farming localities. Port TTasliiugloii 
(p. 0.) is a small village on the w. side of Manhasset Bay. The first settlement was made in the 
spring of 1G40, by a small company of English immigrants from Lynn, Mass., under the lead 
of Capt. Daniel Howe, who took possession of the head of Cow Bay, under the authority of Farrett, 
agent of the Earl of Stirling. The Dutch sent a party of soldiers, who captured several of the in- 
truders; but they were released upon promising to quit the place. These persons afterward made the 
fh-st settlement at Southampton. The necks of land of this town were first used for pasturage in com- 
mons. During the Revolution marauding parties committed various depredations upon the people 
of this town, rendering both property and life insecure. The census reports 9 churches in town.* 

OYSTER BAi:^°— was patented by Gov. Nicoll, Nov. 29, 1667, and confirmed by Gov. 



Andross, Sept. 29, 167 



It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It occupies the E. ex- 



tremity of the CO., and extends across the island from the sound to the ocean. The n. shore is 
deeply indented by irregular bays, the principal of which are Oyster Bay, Cold Spring, and Oyster 
Bay Harbors, Mill Neck Creek, and Mosquito Cove. Cove Neck, Center Island,*^ and Mosquito 
Neck are long peninsulas formed by these bays;*^ Lloyds Neck is a peninsula extending e. of Cold 
Spring Harbor. The great indentation of South Oyster Bay, separated from the ocean by Jones 
Beach, forms the s. boundary. This bay is bordered by salt meadows, and incloses several marshy 
islands belonging to the town. A range of hills extends through the n. part; and the remainder 
of the surface is level. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, and with proper care is very pro- 
ductive. The town poor are supported by the Jones Fund.^* Oyster fiay, (p-^-,) on Oyster 
Bay Harbor, contains 6 churches and 900 inhabitants;^^ Gleu Cove,^® (p. v.,) near Hempstead 
Harbor, in the n. w. part, contains 3 churches, a printing office, fire insurance office, and a large 
starch factory.^^ Soutli Oyster Bay (p.o.) is a scattered village on the s. shore. Farm- 
ingdale (p.o.) is a hamlet and r. r. station near the E. line; Hich-SVille^^ (P-O.) is a r. r. 
station near the w. line. Syosset'^ (p. o.) is t^ie present terminus of a r. r. extending n. e. from 



1 A lighthouse has been erected upon Sands Point, and a life- 
boat station is maintained here. 

2 See note 14. ^ Formerly called '^Sead of Cow JN'ecA-." 
* Formerly called " Chtv Neck" and by the Indians 'KSint 

jSYnAr." It was originally inclosed from Hempstead Harbor to 
the ci'eek by a fence separatiug it from Great Neck; aud every 
I>erson was entitled to put as many cattle upon it as he built 
standing gates or panels of fence. When afterward distributed, 
in 1674. these rights were called gate-rights. The number of con- 
tributors in 1658 was 60. and the number of panels offence 526. 

6 Formerly called ^'■Hnnpstcdd Harbor" Harbor Hill, in the 
rear of the village, is 319 feet high. The first paper mill in the 
State is said to have been built here inl773,byHendrickOnder- 
douk. (grandfather of two bishops of this name,) Hugh Gaiue, 
and Henry Rcnisen. There are 2 paper mills, 2 gristmills, 
and a sawmill at this place. 

6 The people in this vicinity are chiefly employed in furnishing 
milk for the New Vork market. 

T Upr.n the open grounds s. of this place, anciently called 
'^SdUshury PlainSy" a race course was established by Gov. NicoU 
In 1665. It was called •'JVeiv Markd," and continued devoted to 
the sports of tho turf more than one hundred years. 

8 Formerly called 'sS'wccess." from Success Pond in the vicinity. 
The name was changed to Lakeville in 1835. The towns of 
Flushing and Hempstead gave 618 acres, between the lake and 
Hyde Park, to Gov. Dongan. who had a country residence here. 

9 3 Friends. 2 M. E.,Af Meth., Prot. E., Ref Prot. D., and R.C. 

10 The lands and commons of this town are under the charge 
of the supervisor. The South Meadows are sold annually at 
ttuction. for about ?1.2i)0. Townsmen only have the right of fish- 
ing and oysteriiig in the waters of the town. 



n Henry Townsend, sr., Nicholas and Gideon Wright, Richard 
Harrison, Joseph Carpenter, and Joslah Latting were named in 
both patents.— Pa(''?(^^ 1, 104, 162: Sec. Office. 

12 Formerly called ^•Ilog Island.'* It is connected with the 
main island by a beach, includes 600 acres of excellent soil, and 
has a brickyard, with steam power, that makes 3,000,000 bricfca 
annually. 

13 The principal capes or points upon the N. shore are Olivers, 
Sopers. Moses, Plum, Center Lsland, Old Neck, Fox Island, Pea- 
cock. Matinecock, and Red Spring Points. 

1* In 1IS36. Sam'] Jones gave $30,000 — known ns the "Jones 
Fund" — for the sujiport of the poor of this town and North Hemp- 
stead ; and if the income of this fund was more than sufficient for 
this purpose, the overplus waste belongto Flushing. Alarm was 
purchased at Brookville, upon which suitable buildings have 
been erected for the support of the poor. Walter K. Jones, the 
distinguished financier, also a citizen of this town, gave $5,000 
more for the same purpose. The fund is managed by 3 trustees, 
chosen by this town, aud 2 by North Hempstead. The institu- 
tion is known as the " Jones Institute ;" and it supports 60 to 70 
indigent persons annually. 

15 P. 0. changed to ^'Syossei'" Jan. 20. 1846, and old name re- 
stored one week after. Jas.ColwelJ, appointed P. M. by Jeffer- 
son, held the ofBce till hie death, in 1854, when his granddaughter 
was appointed. i^ Formerly called ^'3fosquito Cave." 

" Glen Cove Starch Manufac'g Com., under the supervision of 
Messrs. Duryea. Incorp. Nov. 13, 1855; capital, $100,000. Pro- 
duces 20 tons per day. Works destroyed by fire Feb. 9, 1S5S : rebuill 
same year, covering over 2 acres, and capital increased to $200;000. 

i« Named from EHas Hicks, the Quaker reformer. 

i^J Formerly known as *'-£ast IVoodsJ" 



QUEENS COUNTY. 



551 



HioksTille, projected to Cold Spring. IVortvich (East Norwich p. o.) is a farming settle- 
ment 3 mi. s.E. of Oyster Bay.' Cedar Swaiup, (p. o.,) s. E. of Glen Cove, and L.ocust 
Valley,- n. e. of the same place, are farming settlements. JericIlO (p. o.) is a settlement, N. 
of llicksville ;' Woodbury (p. o.) is a small village, near the e. border; Lloydiii IVeck is a 
farming vicinage, in the extreme N. e. part;' Betlipliage is a farming locality, and Brook.- 
vllle is a hamlet* Fort IVecU was named from tvro ancient Indian forts.^ Dosoris,' 
liattlngtOTrn, and Slatinicock^ are localities n. e. of Glen Cove. An attempt was made 
by a party of English to make a settlement in this town in 1640 ; but the settlers were driven off 
by the Dutch. In 1G42 other English parties, who had purchased lands of the Indians, were also 
driven off. The question of jurisdiction was a matter of debate until 1C50, when commissioners 
were appointed on both sides to settle Jt. The w. boundary of Oyster Bay was fixed upon as the 
line of separation of the two colonies ; and in 1053 the first permanent English settlement was 
made, upon land previously purchased of the Indians.' In 1GG2 the town formed a close alliance 
with Conn. De Lancey's corps of royalists built a small fort on the hill, s. of the village of Oyster 
Bay, in 1776 ; and it was occupied by Simcoe's Queen's Kangers in 1778 and '79. The census 
reports 16 churches in town.'" 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricrdtural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Queens County. 



Names of Towns. 



Flushing 

Hempstead 

Jnm:tic:i 

Newtown 

Nortti Hempatead. 
Oyster Bay 

Total 



AcRss OF Land. 



11,083 

25,4(W 

14.0421 

10,2881 

23,160J 

35.522 



119,649 



3,813 
14,888 
5,555 
2,009 
7,089 
22,960 



67.204 



Valcation of 1858. 



$3,184, 
2,650, 
2,180, 
3,146, 
2,.034, 
3.36S, 






$267,110 
349,667 
190,166 
253,290 
2.88,760 
420,769 



17,071,845 1,765,742 18.837.587 



$3,442,070 
3,000,427 
2,382.686 
3.399,890 
2,823.160 
3,789,404 



3.969 
6.264 
2.796 
2,331 
4,683 
4,109 



23.142 



4,011 
6,213 
2.836 
2,363 
4,763 
3.938 



s.iai 



•J. 

_i_ 

1,113 
2,022 

866 
1,518 

867 
1.510 



667 
1.409 
640 
434 
914 
994 



ea 



J_ 

1,500 
2.051 
1.006 
904 
1,766 
1,466 
8,682 6.048 74 117,366 



Schools, 



2,953 
4,068 
2,216 
1,733 
3.190 
31187 



Nau£S of Towns. 



Flushing 

Hempstead :. 

Jamaica 

Newtown 

North Hempstead. 
Oyster Bay 

Total 





Live Stock. 








AOBICULTOKAL PROBUCTS. 




Ij 


1 


Ill 


<2 

878 
2,642 

852 
1,163 
1,611 
2,194 

9,240 




s 
1 


B0SU. OP Oaii.v. 




1 

CQO, 


II 


Daiby Products. , 


■1 
18,386 
45,844 
23,103 
7,422 
28,670j 
49,7624 

173,1S8J 


&) 


1^ 

ft. =5 


■a « 

11 

a.3 


989 
1,651 

797 
1,397 
1,230 
1,884 


554 
1,383 
326 
169 
889 
1,776 


862 
648 

2,777 
6,527 


\sr2i 
2,919 
926 
1,209 
2,997 
4,263 


06.771 
146,050J 
60,516 
86,677 
111,309 
167,64SJ 

616,971 


7,105 
0,179 
7,060 
2,656i 
11,101-1 
14,294 


36,489 
63,082 
64,494 
63,983 
34,433 
38,649 


965 
100 
61 

448 

1,205 

687 


42,793 
1.55,048 
46,285 
17.416 
61 .494 S 
118,947 


240 
625 


7,964 


6,080 


9,714 


14,228 


51,396 


291,136 


3,346 


441,9834 


766 



^■S 



1 The town records are usually kept at this place, 

2 The p.o. at this place was called ^'Buckravi," until recently. 

5 Klias Hicks formerly resided here. The first settlement was 
made by Kobert Williams, in 1650; called by tho Indians 
'•Lusum.''^ 

* Thi.s neck, containing 2.S49 acres, is eeparated from the re- 
mainder of the tuwn by Cold Spring Harbor. It is connected 
with Huntington, Suffolk co., bya narrow isthmus. It is j.rinci- 
pally devoted to the raising of stock. Tho Indians called it 
^•Cauiii-setty" and it is called '■'■Horse-Neclc^' on old documents. 
It was patented, in 1G85, to Jaa. Lloyd, of Boston, and erected 
Into a manor. The British maintained a post hero during the 
Revolution ; and one of tht< officers stationed there was the 
Dnke of Clarence, afterward AVilliam IV. Daily steitmers touch 
at Lloyd's Dock, on the w. side of the neck. 

6 This place waa settled by the Dutch, to assert tbcir claim to 



lands claimed by the English. The Jones Institute is located 
here. 

8 In 1775, Daniel Jones, of this place, gave £300 sterling for 
a charity sichool at Oyster Bay. 

7 Sometimes written Desoris. It is an abbreviation of dos 
iij:oris, or "dowry of a wife," — the property having come to the 
first settler, Coles, by his wife. 

8 A Friends" meetinghouse was erected here in 1GS2. 

Peter Wrig)it, \Vm. Leveridge, Samuel Mayo, Wm. and John 
Washburue. Tbow. Armitage, Anthony Wright, Kobt. Williams, 
and Kichard Huldbrook were joint purchasers. Hfnry Town- 
send obtained a grant for a mill Sept. 1601. and erected the firet 
mill, in 1CG3. There were 53 freeholders in town. 

w 4 M. E., 4 Prot. E., 4 Friends, Bap., Kef. Prot. D., Presb., 
and Af. Meth. 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 




Tuis county vras formed from Albany, Feb. 7, 1701, and named from 
the Rensselaer family.^ It is centrally distant 12 mi. from Albany, 
and contains an area of 690 sq. mi. Its surface is very broken and 
hilly. T\YO distinct ranges of mountains extend through it M. and s., 
known as the Taghkanick and Petersburgh Mts. The Taghkauick 
Range occupies the extreme E. borders of the co., and is divided from 
the Petersburgh Mts. by the long, deep valley through which flow 
Kinderhook Creek and Little Iloosick and Hoosick Rivers. These 
mountains are wild, rugged, and rocky, rising to a height of 1000 
to 2000 feet above tide, and affording wild and picturesque scenery. 
Their declivities are usually precipitous, and their summits are 
crowned with forests or masses of naked rocks. These mountains 
are composed of the slate, quartz, sandstone, and limestone which constitute the Taconic rocks 
of Prof. Emmons. The quartz exists in the form of injected veins, and in many places the slate 
has been decomposed and washed away, leaving the quartz veins in the form of sharp pointed 
rocks, or of isolated masses. Upon the summits and sides of the mountains the soil is thin and 
poor ; but in the valleys it consists of gravelly loam, and is moderately fertile. The Petersburgh 
Mts. occupy the whole central part of the co. They are wild, irregular, and broken mountain 
masses, with precipitous sides on the e., but with more gradual declivities on the w. In some 
places the summits spread out over a wide surface, constituting a high, sterile plateau broken by 
hills and rocks. They are composed of the graywacke slates and limestone belonging to the 
Hudson River group. An extensive tract among these mountains, comprising a portion of Stephen- 
town, Berlin, Sand Lake, and Poestenkill, is still covered with forests. The soil is generally hard 
and sterile, consisting of a stiff clay and disintegrated slate, largely underlaid by a retentive hardpan. 
Hudson River is on the w. boundary of the co. ; and along its bank extends an intervale varying 
from a few rods to a half mile in width, and bounded by a series of bluffs 100 to 200 feet in height. 
From the summits of the bluffs to the foot of Petersburgh Mts. the country assumes the character 
of a broken, hilly upland. This region is composed of the drift deposits mixed with disintegrated 
slates, in some places the clay, and in others the sand, predominating. 

The valley of Kinderhook Creek, Little Hoosick and Iloosick Rivers extends through the e. part 
of the CO. The summit level in this valley at S. Berlin, between the waters flowing s. and those 
flowing N., is 600 feet above tide. The numerous streams that flow from the Petersburgh Mts. 
westward to the Hudson have worn deep ravines through the clay bluffs, forming lateral valleys, 
which extend eastward from the valley of the Hudson. Among the wild and rocky regions of the 
Petersburgh Mts. are numerous small lakes and ponds, forming a peculiar and beautiful feature 
of the landscape. Several interesting mineral springs are found within the county. 

The narrow intervales, and a large portion of the uplands, are adapted to grain, and produce 
liberal crops, chiefly of corn, oats, spring wheat, potatoes, and flax ; but the soil is generally best 
adapted to grazing and dairying, especially along the E. towns, where these occupations form the 
leading pursuits. Manufactures are extensively carried on at Troy and in the Iloosick Valley, and 
commerce has received much attention at Troy, and, at an earlier day, at Lansingburgh. 

The principal works of internal improvement in the co. are the Troy & Greenbush R. R., a con- 
tinuation of the Hudson River R. R. to Troy ; the Albany & West Stockbridge R. R., extending 
from Greenbush in a s. e. direction, through East Greenbush and Schodaek, to the s. bounds of the 
CO , 7 mi. from the river; the Troy & Boston R. R., extending from Troy n. e. through Lansing- 
Iiurgh, Schaghticoke, Pittstown, Hoosick, and a corner of Petersburgh, to the Tt. line ; the Troy & 
Bennington R. R., forming a branch (S/i/j mi. long) of the Troy & Boston R. R., from Hoosick 
Fall Junction to the State Line toward Bennington, Vt. ; and the Albany, Vt. & Canada 
R. R., extending through Schaghticoke across the n. w. corner of the co., terminating at Eagle 
Bridge, where it connects with the Vt. roads. Besides these lines, which are within the co., 
several others communicate with Troy from the w. side of the river. Among these are the A. V. & 

1 This CO. incluiied a large share of the Rensselaer Manor E. of the i-iver, and the present towns of Hoosick, Pittstown, fchach- 
ticoke, and a part of Lansingborgh. 
562 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



553 



C. R. R., which sends a branch to West Troy; a branch of the N. Y. Central R. R., extending to 
Schenectady;^ and the Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R., extending from Troy to Saratoga. The 
Northern and Erie Canals also both connect with the Hudson at Troy, and there is an uninter- 
rupted steamboat navigation to New York.^ 

The first newspaper in the county was established at Lansingburgh, in 1787.' 
The county seat is the city of Troy, situated at the head of sloop navigation on the Hudson.* 
The courthouse — built at the joint expense of city and co., and containing the courtroom and co. 
and city offices^ — is situated on the corner of Congress and Second Sts.^ The jail is on Ferry, 
corner of Fifth St. A house of industry, for the support of paupers, located on a farm of 140 acres 
2 mi. s. E. of the city, was founded in 1821, on the plan of Cuunt Runiford. In 1857 the co. poor- 
house was reported as being located upon a farm of 152 acres. The co. poor were let, by contract, 
at $1 per week, the contractor having free use of the farm, and the services of the paupers as far 
as they were able to labor.^ 

The greater part of the co. was included in the patent of Killian Van Rensselaer, in 1630; 
and the first settlement was made by tenants under him the same year.^ The lands were held by 
the same tenure as those in Albany co., and similar difficulties have frequently occurred in 
endeavoring to enforce the collection of rents. Upon the death of the late Stephen Van Rensselaer 
the manor was divided, the portion e. of the river passing into the hands of his eon William P. ; 
and since that time a considerable portion of the leased land has been conveyed .n fee.^ During 



1 A R. B. bridge 1600 feet long, upun this road, crossea the 
Hudson at Troy. Connected with it is a common road bridge. 

2 These ample facilities for travel are in striking contrast to 
the condition of things 60 years ago. By an act of March 30, 
179S, Alexander J. Turner and Adonijah Skinner, for a period of 
5 years, obtained the exclusive right of running a stage wagon, 
drawn by at least two good horses, at intervals of one week, (unless 
prevented by badness of roads,) from Troy to Hampton, on the 
border of Vermont. They were allowed to charge 6 cts. per mi. 
for passengers, and a like sum for every 150 lbs. of baggage over 
14 lbs. 

8 Tkc Northern (knfind and Lansingbtirgh Advertiser was 

started at Lansingburgh, May 15, 1787, by Claxton & 

Babcnck; it was subsequently removed to Albauy. 
The Iiansli»s'*"'*S'*^C»azette, started in 1798, was sub- 

sequL'Utly I'lT uKuiy years published as 
TM Rensselaer (.'<niiit>j (^iztit-^., but it is now published under its 

first title by Alexander Kirkpatrick. 
The Farmer!^ RegUtcr was stai-ted in 1798 at Lansingburgh by 

Francis Adancourt ; it was removed to Troy a few yetirs 

after, where it was published until 1832. 
Tbe Lanslngbnrgh. Democrat was commenced in 

Dec. 1S3S, by Wm. J. Lamb, by whom it is still published. 
The Golden Ride, was established at Lansingburgh in 1841 by 

the Rev. It. W. Smith, and was published several years. 
The Juvenile Pearl, of the same place, was started Sept. 1, 1845, 

by Rev. J. A. Pitman. 
The Farmers' Oracle, started at Troy by Luther Pratt in 1796, 

was of short duration. 
The Nortliern Budget was started at Troy in 1798 by 

Robert Moftitt and Col. Welts, and has been con- 
tinued to the present time, with slight changes of 

name. It is now issued as a daily and weekly by F. L. 

Hagadorn. 
The Troy Gazette was founded in 1802 by Thomas Collier, and 

was discontinued before 1818. 
Tht Troy Pi>st was commenced Sept. 1, 1812, by Parker & Bliss, 

and was changed July 15, 1823, to 
The 2Voy &7ili>"'7, semi-w., and continued until Jan. 1, 1833. 

From May 1, 1830, to Aug. 1831, a daily edition was 

issued. 
Tfie Evangelical Restorationist, aemi-mo., was commenced in 1825 

by Adolphus Skinner. 
The Troy Review, or Religious and Musical Repository, began 

Jan. 4, 1826, and continued 2 years. 
The Evangelical RrposUmy (Univ.) was puUlished in 1828. 
The Troy Republican (Anti-Masonic) was started in 1828 by 

Austin & Wellington, and was continued about a year. 
The Northfrn Witrhman (Anti-Masonic) was commenced in 

18:U by E. Wellington. In 1832 it was stylod 
Tlie Troy Watchman, and was continued one or two years. 
Tlte Gospel Anchor, (Univ.,) started in 1831, was published by 

John M. Austin, and afterward by H. J. Green; it was 

continued until 1S34. 
Tlie Troy Press was started in 1832 by Wm. Yates and Steth 

Richards, and was continued until July 1, 1834. From 

1833 a daily edition was issued. 
The Troy "Whig, da. and w., was founded in July, 1834, by 

James M. Stevenson, and is still continued. The weekly 

since Sept. l^.io, has been published as 
The Troy American, by George Abbott. 
The Troy .Statesmari wiis commenced in 1834, by T. J. Suther- 
land. 
The Botanic Advocate was published in 1834 by Russell Bnckley. 



The Trojan, da., was started in 1835, and continued a few 

months. 
The State Journal vfas issued in 1886 by Richards & Mastin, 

and continued 1 year. 
The I^eto Tork State Journal was published in 1837 by T. Has- 

tun. 
The Troy Daily Mail was started in 1837 by Wellington & Nafew, 

and was continued until 1841. 
T?te Troy Daily Bulletin was started in Dec. 1841, by R. Thomp- 
son. 
The Troy Daily Herald was published in 1843 by Isaac D. Ayrea. 
The Troy Temperance Mirror was issued in 1S43 by Bardwell & 

Kneeland. 
The Family Jour^ial was started in 1844 by Fisk & Co. In Sept. 

1848, it ap]ieared as 
The New Yorh Family Jonrnalf and it is still 

continued. 
The Troy Post was commenced by Alexander McCall, and in 

1S45 it was superseded by 
The Troy Traveler, d.i. and w. Fisk & Avery were the pub- 
lishers, and Wm. L. Avery editor. 
The Trojan was started in 1845, and continued severa] years. 
T/ie Rensselaer Omnty Temperance Advocate was begun in 184(5 

by S. Spicer. 
The DaUy Telegraph was published at Troy in 1846. 
The Journal of Temperance was stai-ted in 1846 by Wm. Hagei. 
The Natioiial 'Watchman was commemed in 1847 

by Alien & Garnet, and is still published. 
The Troy Dally Times was fouuiled in 1851 by J. M. 

Francis, by whom it is still published. 
La Ruclie Qinadienne was established at Troy in 1851 by Do- 

rLin & Mathiot. 
The Nassau Gazette was started in Dec. 1850 by J. M Geer. 
The Lutheran ILrald, semi-mo., was started at West Sand 

Lake by It. L. Dox, in 18W. 
The Greenijusli, Guardian was commenced in Ang. 

1850 by A. J. Goodrich. It is now published by J. D. 

Comstock. 

* By an act of Jan. 11,1793, the sum of £600 was appropriated 
for the erection of a courthouse and jail, to be built under (he 
direction of Cornelius Lansing, Jacob C. Schermerhorn, Abraham 
Ten Eyck, Mahlon Taylor, and Jacob Tanderheyden. who, with 
others, had pledged £1000 for that purpose. In 1794 a tiirther 
sum of £800 was granted ; in 1797, $5500 ; and in 1798. $,^00. 

6 The first co. officers were Anthony Ten Eyck, Judge; Mops 
Kent, Surrogate; Nicholas Schuyler, Clerk; and Albert Paw- 
ling, Sheriff. 

« This building was begun in 1828 and finished in 1831. It 
is in the Grecian style, modeled from the temple of Theseus at 
Athens, omitting the side columns, and is built of Sing Sing 
marble. The first building was of brick, on the present court- 
house site. 

I Senate. Doc.No.S, 1857. The committee making this report 
were very severe in their censure of tho manner in which 
this establishment was kept, the inadequacy of its arrange- 
ments, and the treatment of its inmates. 

8 See page 167. 

* The proportion of leased land in the several towns in 1858 
is stated by the agents as follows :— In Stepbentowii nearly all 
leased ; inGrafton, Nassau, Schodack, E.Greenbush, N. Greenbush, 
and Brunswick, each about two-thirds leased ; Berlin and Petcrs- 
biirgh, each about one-half leased; Poesteiikill. nearly all free* 
h'lld ; and Sand Lake, om^third originally deeded, and one-third 
of the remainder now leiUwU. 



554 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



the French, wars, the n. border of the co. was repeatedly ravaged by the enemy and the 
settlements were broken up. Upon the approach of Burgoyne's army, in 1777, the American 
families hastily fled with such property as could be easily removed, leaving the houses and farms 
to be plundered by the enemy. Scouting parties of the British penetrated as far s. as Lansing- 
burgh. The battle of Bennington was fought within the limits of the CO., Aug. 16, 1777 ;' 
and from that moment the American cause daily grew brighter.- The proprietor of the manor 
extended every possible assistance to the distressed families flying before the invaders, proving to 
them a sincere friend in their hour of need. 



BERI>I!V — was formed from Petersburgh, Schodaek, and Stephentown, March 21, 1806. A 
portion of Sand Lake was taken off in 1812. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. 
Its surface consists of 2 ranges of mountains separated by a narrow valley extending N. and s. 
The hilly region is wild and broken, and the declivities are generally precipitous. The principal 
streams are Kinderhook Creek, flowing s., and Little Iloosick River, flowing n. The head- 
■waters of these streams are but a few rods apart, near S. Berlin. The w. part of the town is 
covered with forest, in which are several fine lakes. The soil in the valley is a gravelly loam, but 
among the mountains it is a hard sterile clay intermixed or covered with fragments of rock. 
Berlin, (p. v.,) containing326 inhabitants, 8outIi Berlin (p.r.) and Center Berlin, (p. v.,) 
are all situated in the valley of the Little Hoosick. West Berlin is a p. o. Godfrey I5rim- 
mer located near N. Berlin in 1765.' The first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was formed at N. 
Berlin, in Dec. 1780 ; Wm. Coon was the first preacher.* 

BRl'jVSWICK. — was formed from Troy, March 20, 1807. A part of the town was reannesed 
to Troy, April 15, 1814. It lies a little n. w. of the center of the co., upon the hilly region w. 
of the summits of the Petersburgh Mts. The most elevated portions of the town, in the 
extreme e. and in the n. w. parts, are 800 to 1000 feet above tide. The principal streams are 
Poesten Kil, its tributary Quacken Kil, and Tomhannoek Creek. The soil upon the summits 
of the hills is hard and sterile, but in the valleys and lowlands it consists of a fertile, gravelly 
loam intermixed with clay. The people are largely engaged in furnishing milk, vegetables, and 
hay to the Troy market. Brunstrick Center, £ast Brunstvlck,^ Alillvllle, (Eagle 
Mills p. 0.,) and Cropses'Tille" (p.o.) are small villages. The first settlement was made about 
1700, by a company of Germans.' This town suifered greatly upon the approach of Burgoyne in 
1777, and after the battle of Saratoga many families of royalists withdrew to Canada, and but 
few returned. There are 4 chiB-ches in town.' 

EAST GREEIVBUSH— was formed from Greenbush, as " Clinton," Feb. 23, 1855, and its 
name was changed April 14, 1858. It lies on the bank of the Hudson, s.w. of the center of the 
CO. The bluffs which border upon the river rise from the edge of the water to an elevation of 100 
to 300 feet. The principal one of these, opposite Albany, is known as Pon-o-kose Hill.' From the 
summits of these bluffs the surface spreads out into a rolling upland, rising toward the E. The 
chief streams are Tierken Kil,'" or Mill Creek, in the central, and Moordeners Creek in the s.w. 
part of tlie town. The soil consists of sand, gravel, and clay, and is very fertile. There are 
several sulphur springs in town, the principal of which is opposite Albany and is known as 
"Harrowgate." A large island called Papskanee" lies in the river, and belongs to this town. 
East Greenbiisll (p.o.) is the only village. It contains the Greenbush and Schodaek Aca- 
demy'- and about a dozen houses. Settlements are supposed to have commenced here as early as 



1 Soe p. 556. 

2 From this time the timij were emboldeDed, the secretly Jis- 
Batisfied overawed, and great numbers before undecided now 
committed their fortunes to tlie cause of freedom. 

s Among tlie other early settlers were Reuben Bonesteel and a 
family named Richer, who came in soon after Mr. Brimmer. In 
1769, Peter Simmons and Jacob O. Cropsey lived at the Hollow, 
and in the sume year Daniel Hull and Joseph Green came into 
town. Col. lientley settled near N. Berlin, and Thos. Sweet, 
a blacksmith, at S. Berlin. Jas. Green, a son of Joseph G., 
died in 1S5T, a^ed 100 years. Daniel Hull kejit the first tavern 
before the Revolution, and Hezekiah Hull opened an inn soon 
after the war. Caleb Bentley built the first grist mill, and .\mo3 
Sweet the first s:iw-mill, in 1780. Dr. John Forbes, the first 
physici.in, located at S. Berlin in 1775. Soon after the battle of 
Lexington, two companies were formed in this and the adjacent 
town?, a part of whom were stationed at D. Hull's fur local pro- 
jfction ; the others were engaged elsewhere in active service. 



« The census reports 3 churches; 2 Bap. and Christian. 

6 This village is the seat of a cotton batting and a sash and 
bliud factory. 

* A woolen factory and tannery are located here. 

' Among the early settlers were David Coons, and families 
named Ilardwick, Braunschweiger, Springer, Borck. Haj'ner, 
Outhont, Van Arnam, Hogg, Fisher. Benn, Watson, Fret, 
Quackenboss, Mullet, Goeway, and Clum. A man named File 
kept the first inn. near the Lutheran Church, in 1790. and 
Henry Clum the first store at Crop3e.>'ville. The first factory 
was erected by a company at "Albi-a," now a part of Troy. The 

first mill was built by Cross, in 1792, with no tools but an 

ax. saw, and auger. 

8 2 M. ¥,., Kv. Luth., and Prcsb. 

8 Name as given by an aged Stockbridge Indian. 

JO Signifying "blustering or noisy creek." 

n Sometimes written " Poepskenekoes" and " Papakenea." 

12 This academy is now nearly extinct. 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



555 



IGbO.^ During the war of 1812, extensive barracks were erected on the hills e. of Greenbush 
Village; and for several years the place was the center of active military preparation, and the 
rendezvous of large bodies of troops." Edmund C, Genet, Minister of the French Republic to the 
U. S., was long a resident of this town, and died here July 14, 1834. There is but 1 church (Ref. 
Prot. D.) in town. 

ORAFTOJV— was formed from Troy and Petersburgh, March 20, 1807. It lies n. of the 
center of the co., upon the summits of the Petersburgh Mts. Its surface is very rocky and 
broken, and a large part of it is yet covered witli forests. The summits of the hills are 800 to 
1200 feet above tide, and many of them are covered with huge and jagged masses of graywacke. 
Among the hills are 25 ponds, several of which cover an area of several hundred acres each.^ The 
Quacken Kil is the principal stream. The soil is chiefly clay, underlaid by hardpan, and is wet, 
cold, and hard of cultivation. Mineral paint is made from the red argillite at Quackenkill. Con- 
Biderabie quantities of wood, tan bark, and charcoal are sent from this town to Troy. Grafton^ 
(p. v.) contains 14 houses, £ast Orafton (p. v.) 12, and Quackeukill (p.o.) 10. The first 
settlements were made by tenants under Van Rensselaer; they paid an average annual rent of 10 
bushels of wheat per 100 acres.^ The census reports 2 churches; Bap. and M. E. 

GREE^BIj ^U^ — was formed from "Ecnsselaerwi/cl'" April 10, 1792. Another act of incor- 
poration is dated March 17, 1795, A part of Sand Lake was set off in 1812, and " Clinton" (now E, 
Greenbush) and N. Greenbush in 1855, leaving but the corporate bounds of the village as delined 
by the act of April 0, 1852. Its surface consists of the flat intervale on the river and a portion 
of the adjacent hillsides. The soil is clay mixed with sand and alluvial deposits. Greenbush 
(p.v.) was incorp. April 14, 1815.^ Pop. about 3303. The upper part of the village, locally known 
as "East Albany," contains the dep5ts, freight houses, and machine shops of the several railroads 
which terminate opposite Albany, and is a place of considerable business.^ The first settlement 
was made previous to 1631.^ A ferry was established at the mouth of Beaver Creek in 1642, and 
was first kept by Hendrick Albertsen. The country around ^^ Bevericich" was thrown into alarm 
by the news of the Indian massacre at Esopus in June, 1G63, and the settlers took refuge in Fort 
Cralo, on the patroon's farm, and a night watch was established.^^ There are 4 churches in the 
village.^^ 

UOOSICK."~was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. It 
lies in the n.e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of the narrow valley of Hoosick River, 
and the wild, rocky regions of the Taghkanick and Petersburgh Mts., rising respectively on 
the E. and w. The two highest peaks are Fondas Hill in the s.e. and Potters Hill in the s.w, 
each about 900 feet above tide. The valleys are very narrow, and are bordered by steep hillsides. 
A belt of dark slate, which is quarried for roofing, extends along the e. bank of the river. East 
of the river, the rocks consist of a slaty shale and limestone, the latter furnishing lime. The 
principal streams are Hoosick and "Walloomsac** Rivers, Punch Kil, "White Creek, and Shaw Brook. 
The soil among the mountains is hard and oterile, but in the valleys it is principally clay, mixed 
Tvith disintegrated slate. In the s. e. corner pxe 3 springs, from which issue nitrogen gas.^* Flax 
*B very extensively cultivated.^^ Considerallo attention is also paid to manufactures. Hoosick 



1 Among the early settlers were the names of Van B»>_rtn. Tan 
llegcn. Staats, Bris, Vandenburgh, Witbeck, Cujier, and Van 
Wesipe. 

" The cantonments contained accommodations for 4000 troops. 
There were also hospital accommodations for 100. 'iliis elevated 
position, sometimes called "Mount Madison," waa supposed to 
be a very healthy locality; but during the first j ear of its occu- 
patitjn much sichnesa occurred, in consequence of the unavoid- 
able exposures of the camp. — See ^fann'9 Vedical ff'krJchcs. 
Several military executions for desertion took place here during 
the wai. Tlie old barracks have nearly duajipeared. 

» Tluse pt'nds are noted for the wild' bep-nty of their locality, 
ftiitl they ar'^ favorite resorts of sportemen. 

< Often colled " Orafton Center," and formerly ^'Hiirofms MiUs." 
6 Anmnp the first settlers were fAmlliea named Coon, Dim- 

mons, and Owens. Stephen McClie^ney kept the first store and 
inn, in 1800. A grist mill was built at an early day by the pa- 
troon at the Center. 

« It waa n»med Grctve Bos*^ ^y the Dutch, from the pino 
woods which originally covered the flats. Called by the Indian 
names of rc-tuiiua-ijoen and Tus-cum-ca^tick in early docu- 
lients. A part of Sand Lake was annexed in 1843. 

< Tho village was purchased and laid out in 1806, and for 
pevtTid years after its growth was quite rapid. During the 
War of 1812 it contained from 50 to 70 houses. 

fi See pjigo 652. 



In that year it is mentioned that Gerrit Teum'spen de Reus 
occupied a well stocked farm. Cornelius Maessen Van Buren, 
an early settler on the river below, died in 164S. Evert Pcla 
Van Steltyn lived on Mill Creek at an early day. 

!*> The following names of persons constituting this watch have 
been preserved. Chief OflBcer, Cornelius Van Ness ; Cornelius 
Stephenson Mullen, Adam Dingermaus, Gerrit Van Ness, Jan. 
Juriaensen, Jan.Van Ness, Jacobus Jansen, Tyman Ilendricksen, 
Wni. Bout. (Corporal,) Jan. Outhout. Hendrick Van Nes, Hen- 
drick Maessen, (Van Buren.) Gerret Teunisson, Hans Jacobseu, 
Hendrick Williamson, and Claes Claessen. 

U Presb., R.C., (St. Johns,) Prot. E.. and M.E. 

12 Variously spelled Hoosack, Hosack, Hoosick, Ac. By Fomo 
it is said to be an Indian name, and by others to be derived 
fi-oni Alexander Hosack, an early settler. 

13 In early maps and documents variously spelled "Wallom- 
sock," "Wallamsock," " Wallomschock," " Walmscock." *'Wal- 
lampchock," " Wallamsac," *' Walmseec," '* Walloomscoick," ami 
*' Wulmsook." 

1* This gas is not combined vrith the water, but seems to coma 
from the gravel beds beneath. By pressing upon a surface equal 
to 4 or 5 inches square, a quart of gas can be collected in 10 
seconds.— £f icon's Gml. Survey, Jims. Cb.,p.29; Btck's Mineral 
ogy of N. K, p. 134. 

« in 1S64 the product of the flax crop woa over 250,000 Itw. of 
lint and 8300 bush, of seed. 



556 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



Falls (p.v.) was incorp. April 14, 1827. Pop. 1200. It contains Ball's Seminary, 2 foundries, 2 
cotton factories, 2 reaping and mowing machine factories, and 1 establishment for the manufacture 
of machinery for cotton and woolen factories. Xorth Uooslck^ (p-^O contains 175 inhabi- 
tants, and Buskirks Brldg'e (p.v.) 125; lloosick Corners (Iloosick p.o.) contains 30 
houses, Eagle Bridge (p.v.) 14, TTallooiusac^ 12, "West flioosick (p. o.) 10, and 
Potter Ilill (p.o.) 7. This town was included in the Iloosick Patent,^ granted June 3, 1688, 
and the Walloomsac Patent,* granted June 15, 1739, The first settlements were made upon the 
Hoosick Patent by several Dutch families.^ A Dutch church was founded, and known as the 
*' Tyoshoke Church," at San Coick, near the n. border of the town. The settlement at Iloosick 
was entirely broken up by a party of French and Indians on the 28th of Aug, 1754. Two persons 
were killed, and the houses, barns, and crops were destroyed.^ The nest day the settlement 
of San Coick, s. of Hoosick, was also destroyed. The battle of Bennington was fought in this town, 
Aug. 16, 1777.*^ The census reports 6 churches in town.^ 

I^AWSIIVCJUURGH^— was formed from Troy and Petersburgh, March 20, 1807. A tract 
was annexed from Schaghticoke in 1819. A part of Troy was taken off in 1836, and a part of Bruns- 
wick in 1839. It is a narrow strip of land extending along the Hudson. In the s. part the river 
intervale is one-fourth of a mile in width ; but in the n. the bluffs rise directly from the water. In 
the N. E. is a high, rocky hill, 400 to 600 feet above the river. The high bluff e. of the village is 
called Diamond Rock. The streams are Deepi Kil and Koola Kil. The soil is a gravelly and clayey 
loam. The people are largely engaged in the manufacture of brushes, oilcloths, flax cordage, and 
malt liquors. A lock at Troy admits the passage of sloops up to tliis place.^** Liaiisiiig'l>ur§^ll^^ 
(p.v.) contains extensive brush, oilcloth, and other manufactories, the Lansingburgh Academy,^^ a 
Female Seminary,^^ 6 churches, 2 printing offices, and about 4000 inhabitants. A covered bridge 



1 On some maps called " McNamaraaville." It is the eeat of ' 
a paper mill and machine shop. 

* This village contains a paper mill. 

8 This patent was granted to Maria Van Rensselaer, Hendrick 
Van Ness, Jacobus Van Cortlandt. and Gerrit Finpise. The 
patent extended from the Schaghticoke Tract, a distance of 2 
mi. each side of the river, up to a "certain (all, called Que- 
quick ; and from said falls, up the creek, to a place called Nach- 
a-quick-quack." 

* This patent contained 12,000 acres, on both sides of Walloom- 
eac Kiver, and lying partly in Washington co. and Vt. : it was 
granted to Edward CoUiDs. James De Lancy, Gerardus Stuy- 
Vfsant. Stephen Van Keasselaer, Charles Williams, and Frede- 
rick Morris. 

6 Among these early settlers were Adam Vrooman, (an Indian 
trader,) lieury Van Xess, Abraham Fort, Lewis and Peter Viele, 
John Van Biiskirk, Walter Van Vechten, Geo. B. Nichols, Jacob 
Odekirk, Daniel Bradt, and Reykert Borie. 

fl The invaders were supposed to be Schaghticoke Indians, who 
a little tipie before had abandoned their settlements and gnue to 
Canada. Tlie loss of the two settlements was estimated at £4U00. — 
Smith's Eist. of JV. J'., Alb. ed., p. 307 ; Trans. Ag. Soc, 1S48, p. 
909; HaU's Hi&t. EasUm Vt, p. 66. 

7 The Battle of Bennington was one of the most important of 
the military events connected with the expedition of Burgoyne 
in 1777. About the first of Aug. the British army reacht-d the 
Hudson and took possession of Fort Edward. For sevtml weeks 
they had been engaged in repairing the bridges and in clearing 
the roads from the impediments left by the retreating Ameri- 
cans; and, upon their arrival at the Hudson, Burgoyne con- 
gratulated himself that his troubles were at an end. His 
greatest source of embarrassment was in securing provisions 
for bis army and in obtaining means of transportation. With 
15 days' hard labor he was only enabled to bring 10 bateaux and 
4 days' provisions from Lake Geiirge. Learning tliat the Ameri- 
cans had collected a large quantity of military stores, cattle, and 
horses at Bennington, he was persuaded by Maj. Skene, against 
the advice of his most experienced officers, to send a party to caj)- 
ture them. The detachment consisted of 500 Hessians, CauatUaus, 
and tories, under the command of Col. Baum. They were in- 
Btnicted "to try the affections of the county, to mount Reidsere 
dragoons, to complete Peters's corps, [of loyalists,] and obtain a 
large supply of cattle, horses, and carriagts." This accom- 
plished, he was to scour the country from Rockingham to Otter 
Creek, go down aa far as Brattleboro, and join the main body by 
the great road to Albany. The detachment left the camp at 
Fort Edward, Aug. 13: and on the evening of the same day 
they surprised and captured 5 Americans at Cambridt^e. On 
the 14th they advanced as fixr as the mill upon Walloomsac 
River, in the N. E. part of Hoosick aud within 12 mi. of Ben- 
ning^ln. Gen. Stark, who commanded the American forces at 
Bennington, learning of the approach of the enemy, took imme- 
diate mesisures for defense. He sent an order to Col. Warner, 
at Manchester, to march immediately with his regiment of 
Green Mountain Boys; he rallied the neighboring militia, and 
on the 13th he sent out an advance guard of 200 men, under 
I.ieut.Col. Gregg, to impede the progress of the enemy. On the 



morning of the 14th he marched \vith his whole force to the 
support of Gregg, and about 5 mi. from Bennington he met 
Gregg in full retreat, with the enemy within 1 mi. of him. 
Both armies chose strong positions and threw up temporary 
intrenchments- Baum, alarmed at the number of Americans, 
sent for a reinforcement. On the l&th a heavy rain set iu; and 
the day was spent in skii'mishing and in preparing for the 
battle. Cul. Warner's regiment arrived at Bennington in the 
evening, and there stopped to dry themselves and recruit after 
their fatiguing march. Stark, fearing the enemy might receive 
reinforcements, resolved to attack them early on the morning of 
the 16th. Previous to the signal for attack be made the follow- 
ing laconic speech to his men : " See there, men ! there are the 
red-aiats. Before night they are ours, or Molly Stark will be 
a widow." The attack wa3 at once made simultaneously at all 
points. The Indians fled at the beginning of the conflict, and 
the tories were soon driven from their posts, leaving the Hes- 
sians to sustain the weight of the engagement. After 2J hours 
of liard fighting the enemy gave way at all points, and com- 
menced a disorderly retreat. While the Americans were busy 
in plundering the abandoned camp of the enemy, and in de- 
tached parties were engaged in pursuit. Col. Breyman, with a 
reinlorcfment of 500 men, arrived. He met the flying fugitives 
about 2 mi. from the scene of action, and immediately charged 
upon the broken ranks of the Americans. The tide of battle 
now turned, and Stark had the mortification of seeing his army 
driven helplessly from the field where they had so lately been 
victorious. At this moment Col. Warner's regiment arrived 
from Bennington and checked the advance of the British. 
Stark rallied his broken forces behind the fresh troops, and 
soon the battle again became general. At sunset the British 
fled toward the Hoosick and were pursued by the Americans 
until dark. The Americans lost about 30 killed and 40 wounded. 
The British loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 9.34. 
The result of this battle was disastrous in the extreme to But^ 
gnyne, and contributed more than any other event to his final 
surrender at Saratoga. 

8 2 M. E., Bap.. Kef. Prot. D., K. C, and Union. 

The town was named from the village, and the latter was 
named from Altraham Jacob Lansing, its tViunder. 

w This lock was completed and opened for u^v Sept. 10, 1S23. 
About 1800 the State t-xpended large sums fur the iniprnvt-ment 
of naTig-ation to this place, and granted a lottery for that pur- 
pose. 

11 Formerly known as "iVcio City" It was once claim^l by 
Vermont as within its jurisdiction. See page IS. 

12 The Lansingburgh Academy, chartered Feb. 8, 1796. By an 
act passed Feb. 20, 1816, the trustees of this academy were 
authorized to subscribe 1000 shares to the Bank of I<:insiDg- 
burgh. A. Reed, from New Windsor, Conn., commenced school 
here in 1793, in a gambrel roofed building, u.sed as the first 
meeting house. Rev. Dr. Lee taught the languages at the same 
time. 

18 In Oct. 1857. Rev. Salmon Hatch opened a private female 
seminary and boarding schooL It has about 100 pupils, and 
employs 9 teachers. 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



557 



here crosses the Hudson to Waterford. The Troy & Boston R. R. passes through the town. The 
village was founded by Abraham Jacob Lansing, about 1770. It Tvas first organized under the 
name of "Stone Arabia" in 1771.' In May, 1775, 50 of the citizens — at the head of whom was 
A. J. Lansing, the proprietor — signed articles of association pledging themselves to sustain the 
measures recorameuded by the Continental or Provincial Congress. The first act of incorporation 
under the State government was passed April 5, 1790, at which time the village was included in the 
town of " Eensselaerwyck."'^ In 1791 it was included in the town of Troy. The place rapidly 
increased in population, and early became an important trading and commercial village. The 
first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized in 1784; and reorganized in 1792 as a Presb. church.' 
Speig^IetoiTu is a village of 15 houses.* 

jVAS.SAlI — was formed from Petersburgh, Stephentown, and Schodack, March 31, 1806, by the 
name of " Philipstuwn."^ Its name was changed April 6, 1808. It lies near the center of the s. 
border of the co. Its surface is very broken. Snake Hill, in the s. w., is about 800 feet above tide. 
The principal streams are Kiuderhook and Tsatsawassa* Creeks, and Valatie Kil. There are several 
fine lakes among the hills, the principal of which are the Tsatsawassa and the Pattawassa. The 
Psanticoke Swamp, w. of the center, covers several hundred acres. The soil is clay and gravel under- 
laid by hardpan. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in town.' IVassau, (p. v.,) incorp. 
Jlarch 12, 1819, is the seat of Nassau Academy. Pop. 300. East IVassau (p. v.) has 45 houses, 
Hoags Corner (p. v.) 25, Alps (p. v.) 24, IVortli IVassau (p. v.) 15, and Millers Cor- 
ners 10. Slab City* is a hamlet. Brainards (p. v.) contains a female seminary and 20 
houses.' The first settler was Hugh Wilson, who located on the site of Nassau Village in 1700.'° 
At that time a few families of the Stockbridge Indians were living where Mr. Hoag's orchard now 
stands." The Indians conveyed to Jos. Primmer a tract of land N. of Hoags Pond,''^ and another 
tract s. of it to Hugh Wilson, May 16, 17C0." Within the last 20 years a considerable quantity 
of land has been allowed to produce a second crop of timber. There are 7 churches in town.'* 

IVORTH GREEIVBUSH— was formed from Greenbush, Feb. 23, 1855. It lies upon the 
Hudson, directly w. of the center of the co. The clay bluffs, 100 to 200 feet high, rise from the 
edge of the water, leaving little or no intervale. From the summits of the bluffs the surface spreads 
out into a rolling upland, broken by the deep gulleys of the streams. The principal stream is 
Wynants Kil, in the n. e. Aries Lake, on the E. border, is a fine sheet of water. The soil is a 
sandy and gravelly loam interspersed with patches of clay. The people are extensively engaged in 
supplying the markets of Albany and Troy with garden vegetables and milk. Batll,'' opposite 
the upper part of Albany, contains about 12 houses, Defriestville'* (p-i'-) 12, andWynants- 
kill (p. V.) 15. The first settlement, made by tenants under Van Rensselaer, was among the first 
in the manor." There are 3 churches in town." 

PETERSBIJRGII"— was formed from Stephentown, March 18, 1791. Its boundary on the 
line of Berlin was changed, Jan. 4, 1793 ; parts of Berlin and Lansingburgh were taken ofi' in 1806, 
and parts of Nassau and Grafton in 1807. It lies upon the e. border of the co., N. of the center. 
Its surface consists of two precipitous mountain ridges separated by the narrow valley of Little 
Iloosick River. The highest peaks are 1000 to 2000 feet above tide. The mountain regions are 
barren and almost inaccessible. The Iloosick River breaks through the Taghkanick Mts. in the 
N. E. part. The soil in the valley is a gravelly loam. Petersbur^ll, (p. v.,) formerly " Rens- 



1 At the first meeting in " SUjne Arahia.'^ held Jan. 1, 1771, 
it waa Toted that A.J. Lansing and his heira forever should he 
a committee of the village, with a power equal to each of the 
four annually chosen by the peojile. 

- By an act of 1790, John Van Rensselaer, Cliarles Tillman, 
Elgah James, Aaron Ward, Stephen Goreham, Ezra Hickock, 
and Levinus Lansing, were appointed trustees, to take charge 
of the waste lands of the village and to perform certain munici- 
pal duties, their successors to be elected annually. 

* The census reports 8 churches; '2 M. E., 2 I'resb., Bap., Af- 
rican Meth., Prot. E., and It. C. 

* The first settlers of this village were Charles W. Douglass 
and John Follet. 

^ Named from Philip Van Rensselaer. 

* Sometimes written " Tackawasick." 

' There are a foundery and machine shop at Nassau Village, a 
paper mill at Braiuards, a carding machine and chair factory at 
Iloags Corner, and a hoe factory at Dutdiams Hollow. 

8 Formerly *■ Unvm VilUtf/e P. 0." 

t* Formerly " Brainards Bridge P. O." Transylvania Institute 
was established here in 183T. 

l** Among the early settlers were Thns. ITicks, Henry Post. John 
McCagg. Danl. Litz. Titus Ilerastcd. .\ljram Holmes, Jas. Marks, 
John U. Schermerhorn, Mig. A. Brush, Keuhcn Batcman, Xath'l 



Gillet. David Waterburj-, McNeil, and Wiltsie. Wni. 

Primmer is said to have been the first child horn. The first 
gristmill was built on the outlet of Tsatsawassa Pond, by Mr. 
Schermerhorn. before the Revolution. The first ion was kept by 

Uicks before, and the first store by Hoag & Vail a little 

after, the Revolution. 

" They called their village On-ti-ke-ho-mawck ; and their chief 
was named Kesh-o-mawrk. 

12 This pond was called by theearly settlers the "Nearer i>am." 

13 The former of these deeds is still preserved. 

n 2 M. E,, 2 Presb., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., and Union. 

16 Named from a mineral spring in the vicinity. It was laid 
out as a village by the Patroon toward the close of the last 
century. In 1800 the traveller Maude, in his •' Visit to Niagara" 
says that it is likely to soon surpass Troy and Lansingburgh in 
trade, and Ballstou and Saratoga as a watering place. 

ifi .Sonietimes called " Blooming Grove." Tlio first settlor waa 
Martinus Sharp. 

17 Among the early settlers were John Cranol, JuriahSharpo, 
Roinier Van Alstyne, Marte, Davitl. and Philip Defriest, Philip 
Wendell, Rutger Vandenburgh, Coinelius Van Buren, John 
Fonda, Ed. Hogg, and Lawrence Rysdorf. 

IS 2 Ref, Prot. D.. Free Dutch. 

10 Named from Peter .Simmons, one of the first settlers. 



558 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



selaer Mills/* contains 40 houses, and Petersburgli Four Corners (p. v.) 12, The first 
settlers were Dutch, who came in about 1750, as tenants under Van Rensselaer.^ A few years later, 
many families came in from Rhode Island. The census reports 3 churches.* 

PITTSTOWIV — was erected as a township by patent, July 23, 1761, and was formed as a 
town, March 7, 1788. Its boundary was changed Feb. 14, 1793. It lies in the center of the n. 
part of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and e, and declines into a moderately hilly 
region in the n. The highest summits, in the s. E., are 800 to 1,000 feet above tide. The soil is 
principally a gravelly and slaty loam. Flax is extensively cultivated,^ and there are several 
manufactories in town.* Jolinsonville (p. v.) contains 35 houses, ToniliannocU (p. v.) 40, 
Raymertoivn (p. v.) 27, Pittsto^Tii Corners (Pittstown p. o.) 22, Boynfon 20, 
Pittstow^n Station (Valley Falls p. o.) 10, Xortb Pittsto^vn 20, and Cookslioroii^h 
(Haynerville p. o.) 10. Shermans Mills is a hamlet. Settlement was commenced about 
1650.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1784; Elder Isaac Webb was the first preacher.^ 

POESTEXH.ILli"' — named from its principal stream — was formed from Sand Lake, March 2, 

1848. It lies near the center of the co,, upon the western declivities of the Petersburgh Mts. The 
central and e. portions are rugged, rocky, and mountainous, and the soil is cold, sterile, and unpro- 
ductive. The w. pai*t is hilly, with a gravelly loam well adapted to pasturage. Snake Hill, near 
the center, is one of the principal elevations. Upon the Poesten Kil is a fall of about 80 feet. 
One mi. w. of the falls is a medicinal spring, with a local celebrity for the cure of eruptions and 
cutaneous diseases.^ Poestenkill (p. v.) contains 300 inhabitants, East Poestenkill 
(p.o.) 10 houses, and Barberville 16. A union academy was formed in this town in 1854, 
but it is not under the regents. The census reports 4 churches.^ 

SAMO EAH.E — was formed from Greenbush and Berlin, June 10, 1812. A part of Greenbush 
was taken ofi" in 1843, and Poestenkill in 1848. It lies a little s. of the center of the co. Its sur- 
face is mountainous in the e. and hilly in the w. Perigo Hill, in tlie n. e. corner, is 900 feet 
above tide, and Oak Hill, near the center, is but little less in height. TheE. part of the town is mostly 
covered with forest.^^ "Wynants Kil, flowing n.w. through the center, and Tsatsawassa Creek, in 
the E., are the principal streams. Along the valleys of these streams are several fine lakes, the 
principal of which are Sand, Glass, and Crooked Lakes, and Big Bowmans Pond. The soil among 
the mountains is a hard, sterile clay, but in the w. it is a good quality of gravelly loam. Three 
fourths of a mi. e. of W. Sand Lake is a chalybeate spring. Large quantities of cordwood, 
charcoal, and tan bark are carried to the Troy and Albany markets. Sand Eake (p. v.) con- 
tains the Sand Lake Seminary, a boarding school,*' foundery, cotton warp factory, 2 knitting mills, 
and 300 inhabitants. West Sand liake'- (p. v.) contains 300 inhabitants, Sliters Cor- 
ners 106, and Glass House 200,^^ South Sand Eake is a p.o. Settlement commenced 
before the Revolution.** The census reports 7 churches in town.*^ 

SCHAGHTICOKE*^— was fi:)rmed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 
1788. Pittstown was taken off, March 7, 1788, and a part of Lansingburgh in 1810. It lies cm 
the Hudson, in the n. w. corner of the co. The surface is principally a rolling upland, about 200 
feet above the river. The summits of the hills in the s. are 800 feet above tide. Hoosiek Kiver, 



1 Among the early settlers were Wm. Pronderga^t, John 
Brimmer, .Jacob and Godfrey Brimmer, John Spencer, ilans and 
Peter Eaclms, Johannes Ruyter, Henry Litcher, liana Lautman, 
Barent Ho^g, Jacob Best. Petrus Vosburg, Bastian Deel, Frans. 
Burn, Juriah Kreiger, Henry Young, Schoolmttster Watson, and 
Long Andrjeg. John Spencer built a log grietmill before the 
Kevolution. at S. Petersburgh: and Barber & Murray huilt a 
carding mill about 1800. Several of the settlers were killed or 
taken prisoners during the French War, — probably by the same 
party that destroyed the Hoosiek eettlements in 1754. 

2 li M. E., Seventh Day Bap. 

3 The census of 1855 reports that, in 1854, more than 250.000 
lbs. of flax and 7000 bush, of fljixseed were raised, and that 
there were 13 flax mills in town. 

* There are two manufactories of cotton bags at Shermans 
Mills, a paper mill at Valley Falls, and manufactories of cordage 
and axes at Johnsonville. 

5 Wm. Prendergast, Stephen Hunt, and Edmund Aiken were 
among the first settlers near Johnsonville ; Ludovicus Viele at 
Valley Falls, in 1772 ; and Christian Fiehor and Michael Vandei^ 
cook at Cookaborough. In 1770, Wm. Shepard {from New England) 
Bettled on 500 acres; in 1778-SO, Benj. Aiken (from Dutchess 
CO.) on 950 acres : and in 17S5, Alex. Thompson, on 500 acres. 
Wm. Hammond kept a school at N, Pittstown in 1785, and 
/lobecca Thompson at Shermans Mills in 1789. 



^ The census reports 15 churches; 6M.E.,3Presb., 2Christian, 
Bap., Ev. Lutb., Friends, Union. 

7 Pronounced "Poos-ten-till." It is a Dutch word, signifying 
"puffing or foaming creek." 

8 A bathing establiehmrnt erected here was swept away by 
a freshet. ^ Bap., F. W. Bap., Disciple, and Kv. Luth. 

10 This town is a favorite resort of hunting and fishing parties. 

'1 The Sand Lake Collegiate Institute, established ItioSby Wm. 

n. Schram. The village also contains 1 paper and 1 flouring mill. 

12 Formerly called "CTiViesi'iVf^,*' from Bernard Uline. It coq- 
ains nlso a sawmill, 2 flouring mills, and 2 woolen factories. 

18 This village was formerly the seat of an extensive glass fac- 
tory, and was called " Senssdaer Village" The company was 
organized in 1S05, incorp. in 1806, and discontinued in 1852. In 
1813 100 men were employed by the co. 

1* Among the early settlers were Abrara Frere. Nicholas Fel- 
lows, Andreas Barent, Fred. Shaver, Abram Bristol, Eph. Quinby, 
John Carmichael, Andreas Weatherwax, and Stephen Miller. 
Joshua Lockwood and Wm. Carpenter built the first grist mill 
in 1768, at W. Sand Lake. 

16 2 M. E., 2 Ev. Luth., Qer. Meth., Bap., Presb. 

16 Pron. " Skat-i-kook." In old documents it is variously 
spelled " Schetekoke," "Schactekoke," " ScahWahook," and 
*' Schagcoguo." It ia said to be an Algonquin word, signifying 
" landslide." The Stockbridge Indians called it " Pah-ha-koke." 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



559 



flowing through the n. part, is bordered on a portion of its course by steep banks 200 feet high. 
On this stream, at the mouth of Tomhannock Creek, is a beautiful circular valley, three-fourths of a 
mi. in circumference, and bounded on nearly every side by steep hills.^ The soil is generally a 
fertile, sandy or gravelly loam. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in to-wn.^ Sctiagliti- 
coke Point (Schaghticoke p.o.) contains a pop. of 1148. Scliagbficoke Hill contains 
25 houses, Tlie Borough 8, Junction (p. v.) 17, and Old ScliaghticoUe 6. About 
1670, Gov. Andros settled a remnant of the Pequots and other Eastern tribes, under the name 
of " Schaghticokes," in this town, on land given them by the Mohawks, as a barrier against the 
Northern Indian^.* By the charter of 168G the cUy of Albany was allowed to purchase of the 
natives 500 acres of land in this town; but, neglecting to do so, Hendrick Van Rensselaer obtained 
the same privilege in 1698. He sold his right to the city the next year, and in 1707 an Indian 
deed was obtained for a tract 6 mi. square, mostly within the limits of this town. In Oct. 1709, 
the city conveyed the land to actual settlers.* The early settlements suffered greatly from Indian 
hostilities. A fort was built in 1746 at Old Schaghticoke and garrisoned by 2 companies of soldiers. 
The whole settlement was abandoned on the approach of Burgoyne ; but, through the influence 
of the royalists, the place was not burned, though held for some time by the British and Hessian 
outposts.^ The Schaghticoke Seminary was incorp. May 4, 1836. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) 
was formed in 1714.^ 

SCHODACH^ — was formed March 17, 1795, at the time of the division of ^^Remselaerwyck;^^^ 
parts of Berlin and Nassau were taken off in 1806. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s.w. corner 
of the CO. From the river the surface rises in a series of bluffs 200 feet high, from the summits 
of which it spreads out into an undulating upland inclined toward the w. Bunker Hill, tho 
highest point, is about 500 feet above tide. The surface is intersected by numerous deep gullevi* 
of small streams. The principal streams are Vierdee Kil,® Moordeners Kil,^'* Vlockie Kil, Muitzest 
(Mitch-es) Kil, and Valatie (Vola-she) Kil." The soil in the e. is clay, and in the w. a fertile, 
sandy and gravelly loam. Castleton^^ (P-^-) i^ ^ fine village upon the Hudson. Pop. 431. 
Scliodack liauding (p. v.) contains 250 inhabitants, Muitzes Rill20houses,Schodacli 
Depot (p-v.) 18, East i^cbodack (p. v.) 15, and Bunker Hill 9. iScliodack Center 
and SoutU Schodack are p. ofl&ces. This vicinity seems to have been thickly inhabited l:>y 
native tribes at the time of Hudson's visit in 1609.^^ The first settlements were made by tenants 
under Van Rensselaer. Over 40 settlers are mentioned in Bleeker's survey of 1767.^* The census 
reports 7 churchos.^^ 

STEPMElliTO WN^^— was formed from "Bensselaerwijck," March 29, 1784. Petersburgh was 
taken off in 1701, and parts of Berlin and Nassau in 1806. It lies in the s. e. corner of the co. 
Its surface consists of 2 rocky mountain ranges separated by the valley of Kinderhook Creek. 
The highest summits are about 1800 feet above tide. The principal peaks ai'e Round Mt., and 
Whitney and Butternut Hills, e. of the valley, and Brockway Hill and Webster Mt. w. A con- 



1 A small etream callod the Dwaas Kil (stream running both 
ways) flow? from the IIiidBon into tbe mouth of the Hoosick. 
When Hooeick River sudtieuly rises, the current of this stream 
is often changed ; and it is not uncommon to see it running N. 
in the morning and B.at night. — Fitch's Ag. Surv. Wash. 0>., 
1S49. p. 939. 

* The manufactures consist of cotton and linen goods, flax, 
powder, plaster, and agricultural imiilements. 

3 A portion of these removed to Kent. Conn., in 1728, and the 
remainder, numbering 400, joined the French in Canada. 

4 These were Johan de Wandelaer, Jr.. John Ileermans Vischer, 
Corset Voeder, Daniel Kittlehuyn. Johan Knickerbacker, Louis 
Viele, and Derick A'an Veghten, who went there to reside, and 
were joined soon after by Martin de Lamont, Wouter Quacken- 
bosch, Peter Yates, David Schuyler, Wouter Groesbeck, Philip 
Ijvingatou, Ignace Kip, Cornelius Vandenberg, and many others, 
whose descendants still reside in the vicinity. 

6 Col. John Knickerbacker, of this town, raised a reghnent 
fluring the Revolution. 

« A new church was built in 1760, and Rev. Elias Bunschooten 
was installed pastor. This quaint edifice was 60 by 40 feet, with 
low side walls and a high pitched mansard roof and turret, sur- 
mounted by a weathercock over the southern gable. There was no 
burial ground attached, and tho oldest is that of the Knicker- 
bocker family, on the site of an Indian cemetery. The first 
European burial occurred in 1715. A few rods 8. E. of this spot 
ifl the *' Wittenagemote," or "Council Tree," a rcmarkalily 
Tigorous and symmetrical oak, more than 15 feet in circum- 
ference. The census reports 8 churches; 2 Ev. Luth., 3 M. E., 
1 Proab., 1 Ref. Prot. D., and 1 R. C. 

" Sometimes written "Shodac'' or "Scboddack." 

8 A confirmatory act of incorporation was passed March 17,1795. 



* " Fourth Creek," reckoned from Albany. 

"^^ " Murderers Kil," from an obstinate battle fought between 
the settlers and a band of robbers at an early day, (tra(Utional.) 

n " Little Fall Creek." Another small creek in town is named 
Adams Killetye, (Little Cre<*k,) from Adam Moll, who was taken 
prisoner by the Indians while drinking of its waters. 

12 Named from an ancient Indian castle on the adjacent hills 
It was first settled in 1792, and incorp. April 13, 1827. Formerly 
called '• Alorriches Hastie.^^ 

15 "On the evening of the 15th he arrived opposite the moun 
tains which lie from the river side, where he fointd 'a very 
loving people and very old men.' and the day following reachi-*!, 
the spot hereafter to be honored by his own ilhistriuus name. 
One day more wafts him up between Schodac and Ca8tIpton ; and 
here ho landed and passed a day with the natives, greeted with 
all sorts of barbarous hospitality ; the land ' the finest for culti- 
vation he ever set foot on;' the natives so kind and gentle thai 
when they found he would not remain with them over nii;ht, 
and feared that he left them — poor children of nature I — because 
he wafl afraid of their weapons. — he. whose quarterde<k waa 
heavy with ordnance !— they ' broke their arrows in pieces and 
threw them in the fire.'" — Everett's Address, Inauguration Piid- 
ley Observatory^ p. h\. 

1* Among the names of the oarly settlers are Van Buren, Bar- 
hudt, Van Valkonhurgh, Springsteen, Schermcrhorn. Jaiize. 
Ketel, Poel. Miller, Schevers, Lodwick, Iluyck, Heektnnn. Mills. 
Molls, Salflberg, ^^'itbcck. and Nolton. The first mill was built 

before the Revolution, below Castleton. Barhydt kepi the 

first inn, in I77S. A carding mill was erected on aiuitzes Kil 
in 1800. 

15 3 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Bap., and Ev. Luth. 

1' Named from Stephen Van Rensselaer. 



560 



RENSSELAER COUNTY. 



Biderable portion of the town is covered with forest. The principal streams are Kinderhools 
and East Creeks, Black River, and Black and Roaring Brooks. The soil is hard and sterile among 
the mountains, but a gravelly loam in the valleys. Stepbentown (p. v.) contains 15 houses. 
StepbcntotTll Flats contains a cotton wadding and batting factory, a machine shop, and 
about 20 houses. IVortta Steplientown, Soutli Steplientovrn, and TFest .Ste- 
plieiltown are p. ofBees. Settlement was commenced here in 176G.' The first church (Bap.) 
<brmed in 1782, under Rev. Justus Hall. Rev. Robt. Miles was the first pastor.' 




TROT CITY — was formed as a town from " Rensselaer- 
wyck," March 18, 1791. Brunswick, and parts of Grafton and 
Lansingburgh, were taken off March 20, 1807, and a part of 
Greenbush in 1836. A part of Brunswick was annexed in 1814. 
The first village charter was passed in 1791 ;' and another 
Feb. 16, 1798. The village was formally incorp. by acts passed 
April 2, 1801, and April 9, 1805. The city charter was granted 
April 12, 1816. A portion of Lansingburgh was annexed 
May 4, 1836. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the 
w. border of the co. Its surface comprises the alluvial flat, 
three-fourths of a mile wide, upon the river, and the high bluffs 
which border it on the e. The high land immediately E. of the 
city is known as Mt. Ida, and that on the n. e. as Mt. Olympus. Mt. Ida is principally clay, and 
has been the scene of several destructive landslides. Poesten Kil and Wynants Kil both break 
through these hills in narrow ravines and in a series of cascades, forming an excellent water power. 
The first religious meetings were held in a store, and afterward in a schoolhouse, about 1785. 
The first framed house of worship was erected in 1791, now the First Presb. Church ; Rev. Jonas 
Coe, of Lansingburgh, was the first pastor. There are now 33 churches in the city.* 

The Public Schools are under the charge of 20 commissioners, elected for two years.* In 1857 
the city was divided into 25 school districts, and employed 76 teachers, — 14 males and 02 females. 
The number of children, between 4 and 21, was 11,200, of which 7228, or 65 per cent., attended 
the public schools during some portion of the year.' 

The Troy Academy, incorp. May 5, 1834, and received under the regents Feb. 5, 1839, is located 
near the center of the city. 

The Troy Female Seminary,^ situated on Second Street, between Congress and Ferry Sts., was 
first established at Middlebury, Vt., in 1813, removed to Waterford in 1819, and to Troy in 1821. 
It was incorp. May 6, 1837, and received under the regents Jan. 30, 1838. It has gained a 
national reputation under the charge of ^Irs. EmmaWillard. 

The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,^ endowed by Stephen Van Rensselaer, is situated near the 
head of State St. It was organized in 1824. It was formed for the purpose of teaching the 
application of mathematics to civil engineering and the natural sciences. It numbers 14 pro- 
fessors and has about 100 students. Next to West Point, this institute has the best reputation, in 
its special departments, of any school in America. 

The Troy Lycenm of Natural History was incorp. March 7, 1820. Its cabinet and library are 
kept in the Troy University. 

The Troy University^ is located upon Mt. Ida, a beautiful situation, overlooking the city and 
valley. It is under the charge of the M. E. denomination, and was opened in 1859. 

St. Peter's College^" is under the charge of the R. C. denomination, and is not yet fully organized. 



1 Asa Douglas, his son Wm., and his grandson Benj., Nathan 
Ro8e, Elnathiin Sweet, and Joseph Rogers, settled near the center 
of the town, .Toshua Gardiner in the E. part, Edward Carr near 

Klnderhook Creek, John Mills, Husted, Lewis, 

Berry, and otliers, toward the N. part. The first inhabitants 
werechiefly from Rhode Island. Wm., grandson of Asa Douglas, 
wa.s the first child born in town ; and he married the first white 
female born in town. Hon. Stephen A. Douglas is a descendant 
of the first settler of this town. 

2 The census reports 5 churches ; 2 F. W. Bap., Bap., Christ. 
Cong., and Presb. 

3 The first trustees named in the act of incorp. were Jacob D. 
Vanderheydcn, Benj. Covill, Anthony Goodspeed, John Pease, 
Ephraim Morgan, Chris. Ilutton. and Saml. Gale. 

* Of these there are 7 M. E., 5 Presb., 4 Prot. E., 3 Bap., 3 R. C, 
2 Wes. Moth., 2 Asso. Presb., Qer. Mission, Unit., Univ., Cong^ 
Friends, Disciples, and Jews. 



5 A Lancasterian school was established here at an early 
period, and continued until superseded by a special school 
system. The present school law was passed April 4. 1S49. 

6 The total receipts and expenditures for 1S57 were $3S,074 35. 

7 More than 70I1IJ pupils have been educated here, a large 
number of whom have become teachers. See p. 742. 

8 Rev. Saml. Blatchford was its first President, and Amos Eaton 
its first senior prof., iinder whom the school obtained a high 
and merited reputation. 

* The grounds of tliis institution cover 36 acres. The main 
building is in the Byzantine style of architecture, and is 2o9 feet 
long on an average 58 feet brond, and 4 stories high. See p. 741. 

10 The college building, in process of erection, was destroyed 
by a landslide, March 17, IboU, and is being rebuilt on Mt. St. 
Vincent. 




o 



o 
5 



KENSSELAER COUNTY. 



561 



Si. Joseph Academy, under the charge of the R. C, was founded, in 1842, as a free school. In 
1852 it was enlarged, and a boarding house was annexed. 

The l^-oi/ Hospital, a charitable institution, was incorp. March 1, 1851. It was founded chiefly 
through the exertions of Rev. P. Havermans, and is supported by the R. C. denomination. Tlie 
nurses belong to the Sisters of Charity. 

J!/((7-.vAaH /;j^r?nary was Lncorp. in 1851. It was founded by Benjamin Marshall. The bull ling 
and grounds cost $35,000; which sum was donated by its founder. 

Troi/ Orphan Asylum, incorp. April 10, 1835, is situated on Grand Division between 7th and 
8th Streets. The building is of brick, and has about 100 inmates. The Asylum is supported 
by donations and State appropriations ; and children are received between the ages of 3 and 9, and 
dismissed at 10 if an opportunity offers. At this age they are indentured to farmers until the age 
of 17. During tlie first 22 years over 500 had been dismissed ; and most of them have since filled 
respectable stations in life. A school is maintained regularly in the Asylum. 

Si. Marys Orphan Asylum is an institution connected with St. Slarys Church, (R. C.) The 
male department is under the charge of the " The Brothers of the Christian Schools," and the 
female, of " The Sisters of Charity." 

The TVarrea Free Insiiiute, a school for indigent female children, was Incorp. March 19, 1846. 
It was founded and endowed by the Warren family. A free church, (Prot. E. Church of the Holy 
Cross,) fbr the pupils and their parents, is connected with the Institute. 

The Troy Water Works were built by the city in 1833-34, and they have been subsequently ex- 
tended. The water is drawn from Piscawin Creek, and the reservoir is sufficiently high to throw 
the water to the top of most of the houses. The works are under the charge of water commissioners, 
and the rents are charged to property owners and collected with the taxes. 

The city is 150 miles from New York, with which it is connected by R. R., and, in Jie season 
of navigation, by lines of steamers. Its commerce is extensive, and it has a large trade with the 
region n. and e. The Union R. R. Co. have erected a magnificent depot in the central part of the 
city for the accommodation of the various lines of roads that center here.' 

The manufactures of Troy are extensive and various.^ Wynants Kil, on the s., furnishes 12 mill 
sites, with an aggregate of 2000 horse power ; Poesten Kil, on the n., has 10 sites, equivalent to 
1000 horse power, and the dam across the Hudson furnishes 4000 horse power. Besides these 
there is an immense amount of steam power in use. 

In 1720, Derick Vanderheyden' acquired from Van Rensselaer the title to 490 acres of land, 
now included in Troy, at an annual rent of 3| bush, of wheat and 4 fat fowls.* Tho tract was 
occupied as a farm until about 1786, when a company of New Englanders induced the owners 
to lay it out as a town. It was surveyed between 1786 and '90, and was variously known as 
" Fetry Hook," " Vanderheydens Ferry," and "Ashleys Ferry." In the spring of 1789 the place 
contained 5 small stores and about a dozen dwellings. The name, Troy, was adopted at a 
meeting of the freeholders, Jan. 5, 1789. The first settlers came in soon after the war.' The 
completion of the Erie Canal gave an impulse to this place that speedily raised it from a com- 
paratively obscure village to a large and important city.* Several destructive fires have occurred, 
occasioning great losses.' 



■ The Troy Dnion R. R., 214 mi. long, was Irailt by a com- 
pany, compospd of persons chosen by, and rppresenting the in- 
terests of.the Hudson R.,N.Y. Central. Troy 4 Boston, and Rens. 
selaer * Saratoga R. Ra. The depot, built in 1S53-S4, is 400 by 
150 feet, walls 27 feet, and roof a single arch, (Bricgs's patent.) 
supported only by tlie walls. It is built for 10, and has 7, 
parallel tracks its entire length. Tower, 115 feet high. Four 
complete suites of rooms and oflBces. 

2 The iron manufactures consist of R. B. iron, rolled iron, spikes, 
nails, stoves, firearms, malleable iron, steam engines, safes, agri- 
cultural implements, Ac. The business is carried on by more 
than 30 firms, and gives employment to 2500 men. The Troy nail 
works are among the most extensive in America. Besides 
these, there are 6 large flouring mills, 3 grist mills, several 
breweries and distilleries, and establishments for the manu- 
facture of cotton and woolen goods, hosiery, paper, carriages, 
clothing, Ac, in the aggregate employing about 7000 hands. 
One establishment for the manufacture of shirts, bosoms, and 
collars employs 670 hands; 3 others employ 1070 hands, and 17 
others 2750 hands. The most extensive mathematical instrument 
manufactorv in the U. S. Is located in this city. 

3 A descendant of his was known as the "Patroon of Troy." 

* Brandt Van Slechtenhorst, director of the " Colonic of Rens- 
Belaerwyck," in 11540, purchased for the Patroon two additional 



tracts of land E. of the Hudson : one, callea " Paanpaack," (Field 
of Com,) included the site of Trov; and the other, called Pan- 
hoosick, farther fl.—BrodheacVs Hist, of iV. r., pp. 420-534. 

^ The upper part of the city belonged to Jacob Vanderheyden, 
an<l the southern to Matthias Vanderheyden. Stephen .\shley 
and Beryiiniin Covill were the earliest settlers under the Van- 
derheydens. They came in about 17S6: and tlie former kept an 
inn in the old farmhouse of Matthias Vanderheyden for severnl 
years. Dr. Saml. Gale, the first physician, came from Guilford, 
Conn., in 1787. Among the other early settlers were Eph. Mor- 
gan, John Boardman. Beiy. Smith, Phil. Heartt, Anthony Good- 
speed, Mahlon Taylor. Eben'r and Saml. Wilson, Moses Vail, 
Lewis Kichards, Eben'r Jones. Howard MouUon, Amasa Pierce, 
Jere'h Pierce, Townsend McCoun, Nathan and Steph. Warren, 
David Bnel. and Benj., John, Saml., and Wm. Gale. 

• The following table shows the increase of the population of 
Troy for each semi-decade since 1810 :- 



1.S10 3,895 

1815 4,841 

1820 5,2fH 

1825 7,859 

1830 11,566 



1836 16.969 

1840 19,334 

1848 21,709 

1850 28,785 

1866 33,269 



7 The fireof June 20,1820, destroyed property to the amount of 
$370,000, and another, Aug. 25, 1864, to the amount of $1,000,000. 



36 



562 



KENSSELAER COUNTY. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Rensselaer County. 



Nahes op Towns. 


Acres of Land. | 


TiLOATION OP 1868. 1 


Population. 




? 




? 






Schools. 


^ 


1 


jj 


«? 






i 

1 


1 


1 


1 


K 


= 




^ 


1 


1 


J20,050 


1 


i 

1,089 


397 


i 

456 


1 


10 


It 


Berlin 


19,437 J 


16,759 


$216,880 


$2:36,930 


1,078 


289 


773 


Brunswick 


23,612J 


4,264 


1.050.195 


166,119 


1,216,314 


1,533 


1,66S 


499 


670 


370 


15 


1.132 




11.674 


2,7 SOS 


788,175 


111,469 


899,644 


829 


777 


286 


227 


131 


6 


431 




16,122i 


13,0174 


196.427 
841.555 


35,337 
11,100 


231,764 
852.665 


962 
1.542 


926 
1,661 


343 
324 


370 
709 


254 
299 


12 
2 


771 
1.374 


Greenbuah 


Hoosick 


31.341 


8,339 


1,374.017 


199,877 


1,673,894 


2,029 


2.091 


668 


736 


327 


19 


1,563 


Lansingburgh 


3,6721 


1,212J 


1.012,859 


811.713 


1,824,572 


2,697 


3,003 


901 


1,120 


391 


3 


2.113 


Nassau 


20.2S1J 


6.754 


630.010 


166,467 


686,477 


1,470 


1,630 


676 


687 


423 


16 


1,187 


North Greenbuah 


10.374 


2.181 


744.020 


lon,,soo 


850,820 


901 


911 


309 


368 


137 


8 


2,217 




17.075 


7.388 


203.344 


28,622 


231.966 


809 


854 


316 


313 


192 


12 


640 




33,8o7J 
14.206 


6,311 
4.247 


1,061,327 
255.496 


237.368 
36.332 


1,298.695 
291,827 


1,762 
965 


1,840 
913 


652 
399 


707 
403 


497 
223 


18 
8 


1,163 
710 


Poeateukill 




16,268J 
21,979 


6.696 
4,474 


356,385 
916.133 


67,805 
168,093 


414.190 
1,0,84,226 


1,251 
1,660 


1.337 
1,643 


465 
498 


622 
608 


291 

318 


11 

19 


966 
1.217 


Schaghticoke 


Schodack 


31,631 


8,039i 


1.623.825 


2.39,786 


1,863,611 


1,978 


1.869 


672 


757 


512 


13 


1,177 




20,982 


9,404 


258,235 


39,150 


297,385 


1,188 


1.209 


431 


4S1 


323 


17 


882 


Troy City 


1,898 


126S 


7.919.570 


4,891.675 


12,811.245 


16.223 


17,046 


3,767 


6.495 


1.482 


24 


11,428 


Total 


292,212} 


101,0021 


19.348.452^ 7.317.763 


26.666,216 


38,988 


40.246 


11,683 


16.418 


6.459 


213 


29,744 


Names op Towns. 


Live Stock. | 


Agricultural Peodccts. 


G 












Bush, op QBAm. 


i 


■& ■ 


•& 


DAtBY PbODITCTS. 


























1 
la 


III 


1 


a. 


'5 

=0 


5 


1 




11 
cqa. 


II 


ft,lq 


SI 

eg 


It 


BerUn 


449 


676 


1.18 


3,6.30 


765 


760 


38,638 


3,280 


26^70 


16.375 


69,071 


260,646 


296 


Brunswick 


973 


813 


1,53 


< 1,260 


2.567 


36,360 


107,400 


6,082 


5 88.6SS 


11,232 


112,757 


125 


464 


Kast Greenbush 


492 


601 


1,10 


632 


1.128 


17.360 


47.234 


3,469 


48.361 


4.990 


63,766 




634 


Grafton 


368 


785 


73- 


1,017 


637 


728 


18,726 


3,461 


1 26,750 


4,780 


65,209 


4,070 


364 






























Hoosick. 


863 


1,465 


1,24 


22,394 


2,574 


14.305 


132,088 


, 6,356 


33,671 


5.694 


69,.325 


36,690 


299 


Lansingburgh 


314 


178 


29 


651 


090 


8.439 


20.285 


759 


9.605 


1.550 


10,173 






Nassau 


644 


1,176 


l.is 


« 3,4oS 


1,838 


22,242 


67,110 


3.803 


i 24,136 


12.634 


124,100 


8,725 


978 


North Greenbush 


445 


304 


99 


1 252 


863 


19,789 


40,265 


2,716 


5 66,126 


3.959 


64,590 








605 


780 


77 


6,708 


828 


627 


43,222 


2.861 


22,643 


10.338 


46,543 


82,820 




Pittatown 


1.050 


1,504 


1,77 


i 11,340 


2,983 


35,004 


167,037 


6,630 


47,924 


6,767 


168,629 


29,516 


361 


Poestenkill 


428 


641 


66 


804 


,878 


10,238 


30,741 


2,530 


37,261 


4.896 


65,305 


2,780 


715 


Sand Lake 


635 


&46 


99 


742 


1,218 


16,063 


41,884 


3,224 


35,882 


10,593 


90,848 


1,072 


333 


Schaghticoke 


712 


1,255 


1,13 


• 6.910 


3,064 


66.055 


149,629 


3,247 


i 61,860 


4.740 


95,098 








1,036 


936 


1.67 


3 3.977 


3.111 


60.303 


106,182 


J 6,097 


43.224 


17.682 


101,530 


3,663 


586 


Stt-phentown 


472 


1,104 


1,30 


5 2,707 


956 


4,071 


41,034 


4,761 


24,716 


15,611 


107,940 


118,566 


40 




898 


84 


36 


1 118 


1,007 


1.288 


6.970 


290 


11.344 


410 


7,956 








Total 


10,184 


12,737 


16,86 


4 64,609 125,007 11302.622 


1,038,366 


68,667 


1 596,659 


131,241 


1,291,738 


538,462 


4,949 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 




This county* was organized Nov. 1, 1083. It includes Staten Island,' 
Shooters Island/ and the islands of the meadow in Staten Islanii 
Sound. It is separated from Long Island hy New York Bay, the 
__ Narrows,* and New York Harbor; from Bergen, N. J., by the Kit 

/^F \ \ an KuU; and from N. J. on the w. by the Arthur Kil, or Staten 

Uland Sound.^ Staten Island is nearly oval-shaped, its longest 
liameter extending n. e. and 8. w. It is 14 mi. long by 8 broad, 
lias an area of 58J sq. mi., and is centrally distant 140 mi. from 
Albany. Princess Bay and Great Kils are small bays upon the s. 
. Y- \ / shore. Fresh Kils is a tidal estuary extending about 3 mi. inland 

from Staten Island Sound, and during high tide it is navigable 
nearly its whole extent. The surface of the co. is mostly level (.-r 
gently unduhiting. A broad range of hills extends from the Narrows across the island, termi- 
nating between the branches of the Fresh Kils. Near Tompkinsville these hills attain an elevation 
of 310 ft. They are composed of granitic rock upon the N. slope and steatitic rock and serpentine 
upon the s. Ilematitic iron ore® and many other interesting minerals are found in the co.' 
Along the Fresh Kils, and along Staten Island Sound, in Northfield, and also around the head 
of Great Kils and the mouth of New Creek, are extensive salt meadows. The waters of the 
sound and the bays adjacent to the island abound in oysters ; and the oyster trade is the principal 
industrial pursuit of those inhabitants not engaged in business in New York, Brooklyn, or Jersey 
City. The right of taking oysters belongs to the owners of the adjoining banks.® At Port Rich- 
mond, Factory\nlle, and other places along the n. shore, are extensive manufactories.^ Market 
gardening is followed to a limited extent, chiefly to supply the home demand. The erection of 
forts, hospitals, and other public establishments of the General and State Governments has given 
employment to great numbers of persons and caused the expenditure among the people of the co. 
of large sums of money. Since the establishment of regular steam ferries,*" many wealthy citi- 
zens engaged in business in New York City have erected residences upon the island. These coun- 
try seats are mostly upon the n. shore and upon the heights that overlook the bay and sound. All 
the villages along the n. shore are lighted by gas furnished by the Richmond Gas Light Works, 
located near the Quarantine. A company was incorp. in 1836 to build a r. r. across the island to 
connect with the Camden & Amboy R. R." 

The CO. seat is located at Richmond. ^^ A courthouse and jail, in the same building, was erected 
pursuant to the act of March 23, 1837, at a cost of $10,000." The co. clerk's office was erected in 

10 Tbe boats of the Staten Island & New York Ferry Co. ply 
hourly between Whitehall St., in New York, and tlie islaud, 
touching at rortllichmond,Fai;ti.'ryvillo, New Brighton, Quaran- 
tine, Slapleton, and Vaudcrbilta Landing. This company was 
organized Oct. 136. 1S53, with a capital of $900,000, and now has 
7 boats in countant use. 

u This enterprise was recently revived, and a route surveyed 
mnning S. of the hills from Vanderbilts Landing to a point oji- 
positoS. Amboy. Atout $40,000 were expended in pun basing tlie 
right of way and grading ; and the woi U is now in progress, 

12 The first record uf an order for tbe erection of a prison is 
dated March 4, 1710. It runs as follows: — ''Ordered Ihat Mr. 
LambartGariboue and Mr. Wm. Tillyersee thepriaon lionsc built 
at Cuckole Towne. Y^ Demeneions Twelve fiot in bie:idlh. fliiur- 
teen foot Long, two etory high, six foot y* I^ow Hoouie ftx-m 
beam to plank, and the uper etory, 6foot: and all to bo built with 
stone." This buildingwas inadequate to the requirements of the 
CO., and a larger one (of brick) was afterward built. The bitter 
building is still Btanding,and was used as a co. prison until 1H37. 
Tbe first colonial Court of Sessions on Staten Island whs held 
Oct. 4, 16S0. The first court after tbe Kevolution cunvi ti'd May 
3,1784; and the first court of Oyer and Terminer under tbe 
State Government was held May 22, 1787, Richard Morris, Chief 
Justice, presiding. The first co. officoi-a under thu ?*tati*Govern- 
ment were David ^lvi-66rc&i\, First Judge : Cornelius Morsercau, 
Hendrick Garrison. Peter Rezeau. Anthony Fountain, John 
Wandle, Gilbert Jackson, and Lambert Merrill, Jndgvs and Jui- 
tices; Abram Bancker, Slieriff; John Mcrsoroau, Cl-.ric; and 
Adrian Bancker, Surn^ate. 

13 Tlie commissioners under whoso supervision this building 
■was erected wore Kichard D. Littlo, Harnian B. Cropsey, and 
Walter Bett«. The jail is reported as wit!iout ventilaiiuu > t 
means for tbe classification uf prisoners. 

r,63 



1 Named from a natural son of Charles 11. 

' Staten Island was so named by Hudson. The Indian name 
is •* Mataiiucke" " jttonocknong," or ^^Aquehonga JIanacfaw}ig.'"~~ 
(hll. i\'. J. Hist. Soc., J. 17 ; iS^. I". Connnon Council Manual, 
1857, p. 645. 

a A small island at the entrance of Newark Bay. 

* Tbe width of the Narrows opposite Fort Ilamilton, where 
they are the narrowest, is about 2000 yds., and opposite tbe 
Quarantine it is 3700 yds. 

6 The average breadth of Staten Island Sound is about one- 
tbird of a mile. It is not usually closed by ice, although in 
severe winters it has been frozen many weeks together. It is 
the ordin.iry route of steamers of theCamden & Amboy R.R,. Co. 

* This ore has a fibrous texture, and is found in botryoidal 
forms, often with black polished surfaces, and in the granular 
condition it is known as ^' shot ore." It is said to be abundant. 
A heavy gray ore is also found. These ores have never been 
em'>ltcd on the island. 

J The minerals of the CO., beside iron ore, are red and yellow 
ochre, asbestns, amianthus, marmolite, hydrate and carbonate of 
magnesia, sulpburet and chromate of iron, quartz, chalcedony, 
feldspar, and lignite. 

8 This right is often leased. The average annual rent is76ct8. 
per ft., measured along the shore. By an act passed May 9, 1846, 
the tftkingof oysters from the planted grounds of another is pro- 
nibited, under a penalty of $.SU for each offense. 

8 The principal articles manufactured are dyed stuffs, and prints, 
common fire brick, adamantine candles, white lead, and ivory 
Mack. A large amount of lager beer is made in Castleton and 
S4iuthfield. aud the island has of late become a Sabbath day 
reeort of the German popnlation of N. Y. City, thousands of 
whom repair every Sunday to the saloona and gardens attached 
h> the breweries. 



JO-t 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 



1848 and enlarged in 1857. It is a 2 story brick building, and contains the supervisor's room, 
office for the surrogate and district attorney, and accommodations for the sheriff. The poorhouse 
is located upon a farm of 105 acres in Northfield.' Several of the public schools of Castleton 
and Southfield have been organized as union schools under a special act, and are in charge of a 
board of education. The schools of the co. generally are in a flourishing condition.^ Richmond 
CO. is within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police Commissioners; but no men have 
hitherto been detailed for ordinary service within its limits. 

Two newspapers are published in the co.' 

Stateu Island was visited by Henry Hudson in liis celebrated voyage of discovery in 1609. It 
was purchased from the Indians, Aug. 10, 1030, by Michael Pauw, one of the 4 Patroons of New 
Netherlands, and formed a part of the tract known as "Pavonia" in the early Dutch records.' 
It soon reverted, however, to the West India Co. ; and in 1636 a part of the island was granted 
to D. P. De Vries, by whom a colony was planted upon it in Jan. 1639. The remaining part 
of the island was granted by the Directors of the West India Co. to Cornelius Melyn in July, 
1640. The following year, Melyn with his family settled upon this grant, and in June, 1042, he 
obtained letters patent. In Sept. 1641, the settlement of De Vries was attacked by the Indians,' 
and hostilities between them and the whites ensued. A peace was concluded in 1G42 ; but in 
Feb. 1643, under a frivolous pretext, the Indians were attacked opposite Manhattan and at Cor- 
laers Hook and great numbers of them slain. This barbarous measure invoked retaliation, and 
the white settlements within reach were laid waste. The island was again purchased of the 
natives, Dec. 6, 1051, by Augustine Herman, and finally quitclaimed to Gov. Lovelace, April 13, 
1670.* Possession was given on the 1st of Jlay following, and at this time the island was 
finally abandoned by its primitive inhabitants. 

A considerable number of French Huguenots, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 
1685, found their way into the English colonies, and a part of them settled upon Staten Island. 
The family names of these immigrants are still common in this co.' The earliest grants upon 
the island under the English were made to the officers of the ship Elias, immediately after the 
conquest.^ Two manors were subsequently granted, — one on the N. shore, styled "CassiWoion 
Manor," to Gov. Dongan,^ and the other in the s. part, known as " BiUop Manor." This island 
was first occupied by British troops in the Revolution, July 4, 1776, and it was held by them 
until their linal removal from the State late in 1783. On the 21st of Aug. 1777, the British 
posts upon the island were attacked by an American force under Gen. Sullivan. The expedition 
was well planned, but it failed to accomplish its main object."' During the severe winter of 
1779-80, while the Americans were encamped near Morristown, (N. J.,) a second expedition was 
sent out, under Gen. Lord Stirling, to surprise the enemy in the interior of the island. The 
party, consisting of 2500 men, crossed the sound on the ice from Deharts Point, on the Jersey 
shore, on the morning of the 15th of Jan.; but the movement was observed in time to prepare 
for defense. Contrary to expectation, the passage to New York was found to be free from ice, 
and during the day the British were reinforced from the city. Two or three were killed on eath 
side, and a fe^v prisoners were taken by the Americans. While the party remained, some persons 
from the mainland passed over and plundered several of the inhabitants; but a strict search 
was made and the stolen property was recovered and restored to its owners." On the 11th of 



1 The county house consists of 2 atone bnildings, each 2 sto- 
ries high. The Senate Com., in their report of 1S57, say that 
it is *' without ventilation and without any provisions for bath- 
ing ; and a general sur\ey of the house, with its tixtures, as you 
approach it. is entirely in harmony with its name." The average 
number of inmates is SO, who are supported at a weekly cost of 
$1 each. The farm yields an annual revenue of $3000. 

3 In 1817, efforts were made by Gov. Tompkins and other resi- 
dents to establish a college upon the island. A provisional 
charter was obtained from the regents, under the name of 
^^Washinr/ton Colkge,'* and a subscription of $10,000 for a site 
and $5,000 for a library was secured. The effort failed; and 
it was afterward proposed to unite the institution v\1th Columbia 
College, — but without success. An act was passed, April IS. 1S38, 
incorporating " Richmond Cbi/r^re" upon C4)ndition that $SO,000 
be raised within 2 years; but the effort failed. 

8 T/ie R-U-}nnfmd Kipuhlican was established at Tompkinsville 

in 1S2S by C. N. Baldwin, and continued 2 years. 

The Rirhiii"»'f Co. Firi^ Press was started at Richmond in 1833 

by Wni,nniadom,andcontinued 3 years. 
Tlie Staten Islander was established at Stapleton, as a 
weekly journal, in 1840, by F. L. Hagadorn, and is now 
published semi-weekly. 
The Deutsche Staten Mander was commenced in ISS.") at Staple- 
ton by August Fries, but has since been discon- 
tinued. 



Tlie Richmond Co. Gazette, established Feb. 12, 1859 ; 
Gw). M. Kout, editor : W, C. Anderson, M.D., proprietor. 
< Oil. N. J. Hist. Soc.. 1. 17; Dunlaps Hist. N. K, I., 48. 

6 N. r. Hist. CM., I. 203. 

» N. r. Com. Oounca Manual, 1867, p. 544. 

7 Among these are Guion, Mersereau, Dissosway, Ryerss, 
Michean, Fontaine, Rezean, Seguine, Crocheron, La Tourrette, &c. 

8 Oct. 4-10, lti84, to Capt. Wm. Uill, 500 acres ; Lt. Uuniphrey 
Fox, 300 ; Jas. Coleman, 250 : and 7 others, each •2<i<i,—Bj.t^nts, 
7.6-9, t^'c. Office; Jacques Bandovcn and Jacques Guion each 
received 200 acres at the same time. 

8 The greater part of the lands to which existing titles are 
traced were granted under Dongan's administration. The 
descendants of Gov.Dongan were living upon the original estate 
until the close of the last century. Between 30 and 40 grants 
of land from the colonial governors are upon record in the co. 
clerk's office. 

10 About 150 British prisoners were taken. The Americans 
lost 13 killed and 136 in prisoners, and the whole party ran a 
narrow risk of capture. Gen. Sullivan's conduct was subjected 
to a court of inquiry by order of Congress; but he was acquitted. 
A particular account of this atfair is given in MarshaJVs Life of 
Washington, III. 135. See also Sparks's Life and Writings of 
WashitJittm, V. 47, and Peabody^s Life of .Sullivan, 65. 

11 Cbll. N. J. Hist. Soc, n. 206; Sparks's Life and Writings of 
Washington, F/. 441^148. 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 



565 



Sept. 1776, a conference between Lord Wm. Howe and a committee of Congress consisting of 
Dr. Franklin, J. Adams, and E. Rutledge was held at the house of Capt. Billop, opposite Perth 
Amboy.^ No events of special interest occurred upon the island during the late war with Great 
Britain. A brigade of militia, consisting of 2000 men, was stationed here, and remained in 
camp from Aug. to Dec. 1814. During the troubles that preceded the War of 1812, the Legis- 
lature of New York memorialized Congress for the erection of defensive works around the harbor 
of New York, claiming protection against the arms of a foreign power as no more than an equi- 
table return for the revenues which the State had surrendered to the General Government upon 
the aduption of the Constitution.^ Failing in this, the governor was directed to purchase a 
tract, not to exceed 25 acres, at the Narrows ;' and upon this tract fortifications were afterward 
erected. The amount of the appropriation made by the State for the defenses upon Staten 
Island previous to 1820 was $154,105 46. These works were purchased by the General Govern- 
ment, pursuant to an act of Congress passed Aug. 3, 1846,* and they are now being rebuilt at an 
immense cost. When these and the other contemplated works along the approaches to New 
York Harbor are completed, the city will be among the best fortified in the world.^ A quarantine 
was established by the State, undei an act passed Feb. 25, 1799, upon the n. extremity of the 
island, in the town of Castleton, and maintained until it was destroyed, on the evenings of Sept, 
1 and 2, 1858, by the people encouraged and led by prominent citizens.® 



CASTLETOjV — was first recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies in the n. part of the 
island, and is the smallest but most populous and wealthy town in the eo. The surface is mostly 
hilly. The people are principally engaged in manufacturing. Factoryville (North Shore 
p. 0.) is a populous village in the n.w. part of the town, containing extensive dye and print 
works^ and other manufactories. Elliottsville^ is a hamlet. A little e. of this place is the 



* This conference terminated without any practical results. 
The old stone house in which it was held is still standing.— 
Journal Oing., Sept. G-17, 1776; Sparks^s Wasfnngton, 7.198. 

2 Journal of Senate and Axsemhly^ March 27. 1807. 

* Act of Feb. 3.1810. The erections were chiefly made in 1814. 

* These defenses consisted of Fort Richmond, a water battery 
near the water's edRe; Fort Tonipkine, a heavy fortress on the 
heights above, aud Batteries Hudson and Morton. The last was 
named from Gen. Jacob Morton, of the N. Y. Artillery. In 1811, 
the removal of the U. S. Military Academy to this island was 
proposed, and the governor was empowered to convey to the 
General Government the jurisdiction of so much territory as 
might be necessary for thia purpose. No further steps toward 
its removal have been taken. 

6 Additional laud was bought in 1857 near Fort Tompkins, 
and this work is now about to be replaced by one of great 
strength, at an estimated cost of over $500,000. The aggregate 
of the appropriations made by the General Government for these 
Works has been as f^nows: for Fort Richmond, $375,000; for 
Fort Tompkins, SlS^i.^OO; for Batteries Hudson and Morton, 
$10,000. A new fort is to be erected upon Sandy Hook, (N. J.,) 
which it is estimated will cost $1,500,000. $250,000 of which has 
been appropriated. For an account of Fort Ilamilton and the 
fortification of the inner harbor, see pp. 373,419. The recent de- 
feusive works aud those now in progress were chiefly ordered 
upon the advice of Oen.Totten. 

* In 1758 an act was passed to prevent the spread of infectious 
diseases, and a law of similar import was enacted May 4, 1VS4. 
By the act of May 4, 1794, Governors Island was assigned as a 
quarantine; and in March, 1797, a lazaretto was directed to be 
built upon Bedloes Island. The awful visitation of yellow fever 
in 1798 led to the passage of an act (Feb. 25. 1799) for the pur- 
chase of 30 acres upon Staten Island for a permanent quaran- 
tine. Of this lot 6 acres were sold, and ceded (April 1, 1800) to 
the U. S. for warehouses. The first buildings erected were of 
matoriaLs taken from the Lazaretto on Bedloes Island. In 1819 
a long brick building was erected; in 1S23. a fever hospital; in 
18-8-29, a smallpox hospital; and subsequently other build- 
ings as the wants of the institution required. As the surround- 
ing counti-y becajiie tliickly settled, the same difficulty arose that 
led to the removal of quarantine from the vicinity of New York, 
ftud for many years an earnest desire had existed among the 
citizens of this island for its removal. Memorials for this object 
Were met by remonstrances from the importers, and nothing was 
accomplished. In 1856 the yellow fevt-r appeared, and 709 cases 
occiu'red, of which 536 were on Stati-n Island, between New 
Brighton and Clifton. 138 in Fort Hamilton and Hay Ridge, G4 on 
Governors Island, and 29 in Brooklyn. Of those upon Staten 
Island one-third were fatal. This alarming event convinced the 
public that new safi-guards wore necessary, and the citizens of 
this CO. renewed their demand for the removal of the quarantine. 
An act for the removal of the "' Quarantine Station'' was passed. 
March 6, 1857. under which George Hall, Egbert Benson, and 
Obadiah Bowne were appointed commissioners to purchase a 



new site and erect the necessary buildings. The sum of $150,000 
was fixed as the limit of expenditure under this act. After iu- 
effectual efforts to obtain a site on Sandy Hook, tlie committee 
purchased a farm of 50 acres, late the property of Joel Wolfe, 
situated at Seguines Point, in Westfield. The sum paid was 
$23,000, and the land had upon it farm buildings valued at 
$15,000. The site was approved, and the purchase completed, 
May 1, 1857. On the night of the 5th of May all the buildings 
were burned to the ground by some 40 persons without dis- 
guise. Temporary buildings were erected on the site in June. 
An attack was made on the 12th of July by a f^w armed per- 
sons, and several shots were fired. The new buildings, con- 
sisting of two hospitals and a cook and wash house, were burned 
on the evening of April 20,1858, and no eflbrt was made to re- 
build them, or to bring the incendiaries to justice. The hostility 
against the old establishment continued unabated, aud gained 
confidence from the approval of many of the leading citizt-ns, 
some of whom declared their willingness to unite openly, by 
daylight and without disguise, to destroy the premises that tliey 
deemed an insufferable nuisance. In the summer of 1856 a 
barricade had been erected, by order of the Board of Health of 
Castleton, to prevent communication with the premises. This 
was taken down by a party of men from the city under the direc- 
tion of the Health Oflico. Theoccurrenceof a few cases of yellow 
fever outside the walls in Aug. 1858. Ifd to the passage of a serifS 
of resolutions by the town Board of Health, declaring the whole 
quarantine establishment a nuisance too intolerable to be borne 
any longer, and recommending the citizens of the co. to protect 
themselves by abating it without delay. Copies of these reso- 
lutions were posted up in the village on the 1st of Sept., and on 
the evening of the same day the walls were broken down aud 
the gates buret open by the excited populace, the sick carried 
out upon their mattresses, the family of the resident physician 
hurried from their dwelling, and every building except the 
women's hospital was burned. On the following evening they 
destroyed the last building upon the premises. The U. S. stores 
were saved by a party of marines stationed for the purpose. Uu 
the 7th the governor issued a proclamation declaring theco. in a 
state of insurrection. Temporary quarantine accommodations 
were soon after erected under the protection of a detachment uf 
the State militia, who were detained in the service till the close 
of the year. The expenses attending this iluty were assumed 
and p:tid by Governor King, and reimbursed by a special appro 
priatinn soon after. The necessity for a permanent removal of 
quarantine from Staten Island has been conceded by nmst per- 
sons who have given the subject an iuvestigtttion ; and the prac- 
ticability of constructing an artifif-ial island upon one of the 
shoals in the lower bay ha.HK'en rertitied by competent engineers. 
The governor, in liis message of 1S59. recommended thi-appoiutK 
ment of a new commission to investigate this difficult but highly 
important subject and report to the h-gislature. 

' The N.Y. Dyeing and I'rinting Works were establislied in 
1819. They employ from 2t>0 to 2i>0 persons. 

8 yarned from Dr. Samuel M. Elliott, oculist. 



5GC 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 



Sailors* Snug Harbor, an institution established for the support of aged and infirm mariners.* 
An institution for the support and education of the destitute children of seamen is situated near 
the Sailors' Snug Harbor.^ Kcw Brig'liton (p. v.) contains 5 churches, several manufac- 
tories,' 2 large family boarding houses, and the residences of many persons doing business in 
New York City. Touipkinsvillc* (p. v.) contains 4 churches and a number of manufactories. 
In this village are numerous suburban residences ; and near by was the Quarantine. Center- 
Tilie is a hamlet. The census reports 7 churches in town.^ 

IVORTIIFIELiD— was formed March 7, 1788. It is situated in the n. w. part of the co. 
and includes several small islands in Staten Island Sound and Newark Bay. Its surface is level 
in the northern and central parts and hilly in the southern. Fresh Kils form the boundary 
between this town and Westfield. The soil is a clayey loam, under excellent cultivation. Along 
the w. and s. borders are extensive salt marshes. The town is very thickly settled along the 
shore of Newark Bay and the Kil Van Kull. Port Riehiuoud^ (p- ^-O iii the n. e. part of 
the town, is a large manufacturing village,* with convenient docks fur shipping. Pop. 1,429. 
Oraniteville, adjacent to Port Kichmond, is a small settlement, with a pop. of 481. Granite 
was formerly extensively quarried at this place.' Mairliiers Harbor® (p. v.) is a thickly 
settled street along the shore of Newark Bay. Pop. 1,142. Old Place and JVew Spriiig- 
YiUe (p. 0.) are hamlets. Clielsea is a small village nearly opposite the mouth of Kahway 
River. Soiitlilield and Elollins SlOOk are hamlets, and LiOn^ IVecK is a p. o. near Fresh 
Kil. A part of Riclnniond and of Egbertsville^ are in this tuwn. St. Andrew's Church, 
(Prot. E.,) at Richmond, is the oldest on the island, and under the Colonial Government it was 
• supported by a co. tax.*° The census reports 11 churches in town." 

SOUTHFIEIjO — was formed March 7, 1788. It is a long, narrow town extending along 
New York Bay. Great Kils is a bay in the s. part.^^ Its surface is level or gently undulating, 
terminating in bluffs upon the e. shore. In the s. part are several small streams bordered by 
salt meadows. Stapleton (p. v.) is a scattered village in the n. part of the town. It con- 
tains 4 churches. The Seamen's Retreat^^ and the Mariners* Family Asylum^^ are located here. 
Clifton contains 2 churches and many beautiful residences. RlcliIUOild (p. v.) is situated 



1 Tliia establishment was founded by Robert Richard Randall, 
of New York. By the provisioQs of his will, dated June 1, 1801, 
several annuities and legacies were to be paid, and the residue 
of his estate conveyed in trust to the State Chancellor, the 
Mayor and Recorder of New York, the senior minister of the 
Episcopal and of the Presbyterian churches of the city, the 
President of the Chamber of Commerce and the President and 
Vice-President of the Marine Society, and their successors, for 
the support of aged and infirm sailors. The trustees were incorp. 
Feb. 6, 1806. The property thus bequeathed lay near Union 
Square, in New York, and a protracted and expensive lawsuit 
prevented the trustees from fully executing the intentions of 
the benefactor until many years after bis death. This suit 
was decided in the U. S. Supreme Court, in Feb. 1830. in favor 
of the trustees. It was allowed to accumulate until 1830. 
when the present site (embracing 1G3 acres) was purchased, and 
preparations were made for the erection of the necessary build- 
ings. The cornerstone of the edifice was laid Oct. 21,1831. The 
buildings consist of a main edifice with two wing.«, a hospital, 
(erected in 1853.) a commodious dining and lodging hall, (erected 
in 1855.) a chapel, (erected in 1856,) the governor, physician, 
cliaplain, and steward's dwellings, a laundry, a gardener's house, 
and other buildings. The remains of the founder of the insti- 
tution were interred beneath a monument in front of the main 
building, Aug. 31, 1834. The officers of the establishment con- 
sist of a president, secretary, governor, treasurer, chaplain, phy- 
sician, assistant governor, steward, and agent, chosen annually 
by the trustees. Capt. John Whetten was the first governor, and 
Bincel845 Capt. De Peyster has held that ofiice. The total number 
of inmates received since 1845 has been 477; the present num- 
ber (Aug. 1858) is 380. Among the inmates the average number 
of deaths is 25 per annum. The annual Income of the institu- 
tion is $75,000. 

s " The Society for the ReJufofDfatituUi Children of Seamen" 
was formed in 1846 and incoip. 1S51. An annual payment of 
$2 constitutes a member, and a single payment of $25, alife mem- 
ber. It is managed and chiefly supported by ladies. The yearly 
expenditures are about $7,000. 

8 A Bilk handkerchief printing establishment, started hero in 
1843, gives employment to about 150 persons. 

* Named from Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, who resided herefrom 
1814 till his death in 1825. 

6 2 Prot. E., Hap., Moravian, Ref. Prot. D., R. C, and Unit. 
6 The Damascus Steel Co. employs 50 to 60 hands in the manu- 
fjicture of iron from the ore. and of steel from iron. At this 
place are several large brickkilns. The Northfieki Brick Co. 
empl:»y about 30 hands, and the Richmond Co. about 45. White 
Ifjid is also manufactured to some extent. 



' The granite obtained at this place is very tough, and consiats 
of hornblende and feldspar intimately blended. It was quarried 
by the Brick and Granite Co., (organized in May, 1848,) and was 
largely used in making the Russ pavement of New York City. A 
R.R. has been built from the quarry to the duck. 1 mi. distant. 

B Steamboats of N. J. C. R. R. Co. between Elizabethport and N.Y. 
Btop here daily. ^ Named from Jas. Egberts, a former resident. 

iwElias Duxbury.by will in 1768, devised a certain phintatlon 
as a glebe to this church. By the act of Feb. 18, 1814, the trus- 
tees were authorized to sell this, and the proceeds were invested 
for the benefit of the church. A large amount of valuable real 
estate ai^oiuing the Quarantine Ferry is owned by this society, 
and is leased for a term of 60 years. 

"3 Rap., 2 M. E., Evang. Lutb., Cong., Weth., Prot. E., ReC 
Prot. D., and R. C. 

12 The waters of the bay s. of this town were selected for the 
anchorage of infected vessels by the commissioners for the re- 
moval of the quarantine, June 9, 1^57. 

13 In March, 1801, a tax was imposed upon seamen and pas- 
sengers entering the port of New York, tbe proceeds of which 
were applied to the Quarantine Hospital. But the injustice of 
devoting a revenue derived from the hard earnings of seamen to 
objects having no connection with their interests or support led 
to the passage of a law in 1S31, by which this tax was directed 
to be paid to the Board of Trustees of the Seamen's Fund and 
Retreat in the city of New York. A surplus that had been paid 
into the State treasury, amounting to $12,197 68, was also placed 
in tlie hands of the trustees. A tract of 40 acres was bought for 
$10,000, temporary buildings were erected, and, on the 1st of Oct. 
1831, 47 patients were admitted. The cornerstone of the present 
structure was laid July 4, 1S35, and the building was finished in 
1837. It is built of hammered stone, is 3 stories high, and will 
accommodate 200 inmates. An insane hospital, houses for the 
superintendent and physicians, and other buildings, have been 
erected. The cost of the main building was $90,000, of tbe 
insane hospital $6,000, and the total cost has been $115,000. 
Up to Jan. 1, 1854, 16,764 patients had been rectiveJ, of whom 
6S0 had died. By an act passed April 7, 1854, the mayor and 
health ofScer of New York, the presidents of the Seamen's Sav- 
ings Bank and the Marine Society, and 7 other persons, (4 of 
whom must be masters of vessels, appointed by the governor and 
Senate.) were constituted trustees of the establishment. The 
trustees must be residents of New York, Kings, Queens, or Rich- 
mond C-os. 

14 By an act passed in 1847, the trustees of the Seamen's Re- 
treat were directed to provide for the support of destitute sick 
or infirm mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, and widows of sea- 
men, and $10,000 was applied for the erection of suitable build- 



RICHMOND COUNTY. 



567 



on a creek tributary to the Fresh Kils, on the line of Northfield. It ia the co. seat, and contains 
the CO. buildings, 1 church, and about 50 houses. Bay View is a p. o., and Egbertt'ille 
(New Dorp p. o.) is a small village. The census reports 5 churches in town.' 

WESTFIEEiD — was formed March 7, 1788. It occupies the s.w. extremity of the island. 
and is the largest town in the co. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating. Princes 
Bay is an indentation upon the s. coast, to the E. of wliich is Seguines Point.^ Fresh Kils forms 
the boundary between this town and Northfield. Material for fire brick is found in abundance 
near Staten Island Sound, and considerable quantities of it have been taken to New York for 
manufacture. Upon the coast, near the w. extremity of Princes Bay, is a lighthouse.' The people 
of this town are principally engaged in fishing and taking oysters. A limited amount of manu- 
factures is carried on.* Tottenville^ (Bentley p.o.) is situated on Staten Island Sound, op- 
posite Peith Amboy. Pop. 600. Rreisclierville,*(p. v.,) on Staten Island Sound, contains) 
a large firebrick manufactory, and 1 church. Pop. about 400. In the vicinity are large beds of 
fire chxy, paper clay, fire sand, and kaolin. Rossville' (p. v.) has a population of 300. The 
inhabitants are chiefly engaged, directly or indirectly, in the oyster trade. L.enion Creek 
(p.o.) is a hamlet, known as "Pleasant Plains," and Klarsliland is a p. o. Blooming 
View* and Wood Row are small villages. Ricliiuoiid Valley (p. o.) is a humlet, and 
Soutbside a p. o. The census reports 7 churches in town." 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schoois, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manxifactures, of Richmond County. 



N1HE3 OP Towns. 


AOBES OF LiKB. 1 


Valuation op 1868. 1 


POPULATIOIf. 1 


1 
1 




.5 






Schools. | 


1 


iS 


1 

1 

$3,030,090 

1,259,095 

1,830,833 

824,800 


$3 




1 


1 




1 
1,447 

939 
1,003 

607 


1 

1 


5 

3 
4 
7 




Caatleton 

Northfield 

Southfield 

Westfleld 


1,359 
3.776i 
2,762 
7,185} 


862} 
2,932 
1,483 
2,325 


25,000 
76,000 
17,500 
76,000 


$3,356,090 

1,334,095 

1,848,333 

899,800 


4,103 
2,064 
2,654 
1,749 


4,150 
2,123 
2,795 
1.752 


1,164 
696 
759 
611 


623 
618 
473 
473 


2,638 
1,790 
2,409 
1,296 


Total 


16,0721 


7,0021 


$6,944,818 


$492,600 1 


$7,437,318 


10.569 


10,820 


3,220 


4,066 


2.087 


t4 


8,133 


Names of Towns. 


Live Stook. 


AORICDLTORAL PR0BUCT3. 


Ill 


i 


■Sag; 


i 


2 

25 
30 


J 


Btraa. or GaAiN. 


1 

652 
1,501 
1,586 
3,293 
7,032 


Il 
si 

BJft, 

4.077 
8,471 
2,972 
6,219 


II 
28 


Daisy PBODUcra. 


S 


ti 

6.64r 

i 16,366i 

12,910 

27;215J 


S 3 


■5 c 
a, S 


Castleton 

Northfield 

Southfield. 

Westfield 


101 
229 
135 
380 


137 
230 
267 
427 


132 
399 
212 
«6 


1S3 
396 
291 
856 


1,019 
3,193 
4,970 
5,284] 
14,467 


2.695 

12,525 

8,945 

800 






Total 


846 


1,061 


1,189 


57 


1,7- 


6 


- 62,132} 


21,739 


28 


24,365 







ings. An asaociation of ladies, styled " Tht Mariners^ Family 
Industrial .S^xriXy," was incorp. April 9, 1S49, having for its 
object the relief of the destitute familiea of seamoo. The build- 
ing was completed in Dec. lSo3, opened in May, 1855. and dedi- 
cated June 9 of the eame year. By an act passed March 17, 1851. 
a board of trustees was created for its management : this board 
consists of certain ex-officio members and the Board of Counsel- 
lors of the M. F. I. Soc. Ten per cent, of the receipts by the 
Trustees of the Seamen's Fund and lietreat was applied to this 
©etablishmont by a law passed April 1*2, 1854. 

1 2 Prot. E., 2 Rof. Prot. D.. and 1 R.C. 

s Pronounced Se-gnine. This point was purchased by the 
State as a site for the quarantine. See page 565. 



8 Built in 1828. 

* The Staten Island Oil Co. was organized in July, 1853, and 
incorp. as the'" 5M(«n Lland OilamlCaiidle Ok" iu Feb. 1857; 30 
to 40 hands are employed in the manufacture of adaniantino 
candles and red oil from palm oil and animal fats. On the 
Fresh Kils is a manufactory of firo brick, and near Ilossville a 
manufactory of bone black. 

6 Named from B. Krei.sclier. 

6 Named from the Totten family, the members of wliich ar 
numerous in the locality. 

' Named from William E. Ross. 

8 The ''■Hu{]ii^n<'i InstititU^- was formerly located at this place. 

» 2 M. E., Bap., Af. Meth., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., and R. C. 



ROCKLAND COUNTY. 




rt-S^^QT^Ct^w This couuty was formed from Orange, Feb. 23, 1798. It is tri- 

angular in form, Hudson River, New Jersey line, and the s. bounds 
of Orange co. being respectively its E., s. w., and n. w. boundaries. 
It is centrally distant 105 mi. from Albany, and contains 208 sq. 
mi. The Kamapo Mts., extending along the N. w. border, are the 
I connecting link between the Blue Ridge of Eastern Penn. and N. J. 
(and the Matteawan Mts. of Putnam co., E. of the Hudson. They 
are separated into numerous distinct spurs, ridges, and peaks, and 
occupy more than one-third of the entire surface of the co. Tliey 
are generally steep, rocky, and barren, and the valleys between 
them are narrow, rocky ravines. The Palisade Range from N. J. 
enters the extreme s. angle of the co., and terminates abruptly s. 
of Piermont. A broken ridge, known as the Nyack Hills, forming a N. spur of this range, but 
Trithout its continuous and wall like character, extends N. along the river to the N. part of Clarks- 
town, where it unites with Verdrieteges Hook, an e. spur of the Ramapo Range. The surface 
of the central and s. w. portions of the CO., lying between these ranges, is rolling or moderately 
hilly. The highest summits in the N. w. part are 700 to 1,000 feet above tide. The principal 
streams are Hackensack River, flowing s. through Clarkstown and Orangetown, Ramapo River, in 
the w. angle of Ramapo, and Minisceongo Creek, Minas Fall Creek, and Spar Kil, tributaries 
of the Hudson. The rocks of the Ramapo Mts. are principally primitive. Granite, gneiss, and 
metamorphio limestone abound. The hills along the river and Verdrieteges Hook are composed 
of red sandstone, known to geologists as the New Red Sandstone ; and the central and w. portions 
of the CO. are principally underlaid by limestone. These rocks yield an abundance of most 
excellent building material,' and from the white limestone in the N. E. corner of the co. large 
quantities of lime are manufactured.^ Trap rock extends from N. J. into the s. border of the co. 
The people are largely engaged in fruit growing and gardening. Milk is sent from some parts 
of the CO. in considerable quantities to the New York market. The manufacture of lime and Ijrick 
and the exportation of ice are important branches of the industry of the co. Large quantities of 
red sandstone for building are annually quarried and exported. The manufactures of the co. are 
also important and various, consisting principally of shoes, wooden ware, and woolen yarn. 

The CO. seat is located at the village of New City, in Clarkstown. A combined courthouse and 
jail, built of brick, is situated upon a beautiful eminence overlooking the village.' The clerk's 
office is a fireproof brick building adjacent to the courthouse. The poorhouse is located upon a 
farm of 43 acres at Mechanics^alle, in Ramapo, 7 mi. w. of the courthouse. The average number 
of inmates is 100, supported at a weekly expense of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of 
$700. A school is taught during the entire year, and the house is well kept. The N. Y. & Erie 
R.R. extends through the w. part of Ramapo, and the Piermont Branch of the same road extends 
from Piermont, on the Hudson, to Sufferns, where it unites with the main track.* 
Two weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* 

This CO. was included in patents known as the Kakiate Patent, granted to Daniel Honan and 
Michael Hawdon, June 25, 1696; the Wawayanda Patent, granted to John Bridges, April 29, 
1703 ; and the Cheesecocks Patent, granted to Ann Bridges and others, March 25, 1707. The fi/st 
patent recorded in the co. clerk's office is one granted to Samuel BayariJ, bearing date Sept. t6, 



1 See page 570. 

- Tliis lime is need exclueively for agricultoral purposes. — See 
page 569. 

8 The first courthouse after the erection of the co. was built in 
1798-99. The present house was erected in 1S27. and the jail 
was added in 1856. The whole cost was about $16,000. The 
first CO. officers were John Suffem, First. Judgt ; David Pje, Co. 
Clerk; Jacob Wood, Sheriff; Peter Talman, Surrngate. 

* A R. R. extends 8. from Piermont to .Jersey City. It was 

finished in 1859, and is intended to continue N. to Warren. 

6 Th£ Palladium was started at Warren, about 1812, by Ez6- 

kiel Burroughs, and was continued a short time. 

The Rockland Regisltr was commenced at Warren, in 1828, by 

Ezekiel ijurroughs ; in 1830 it was changed to 
The EockUnd Gazette, and in 1834 it was united with The Ad- 
vertiser. 
568 



The Rockland Advertiser was started at Warren, in 3Iay, 1.W3, 

by John Douglas ; and in 1834 it was united with The 

Gazette, under the name of 
The Rockland Advertiser and Family Gazette ; and in 1843 it 

was pul)lished as 
The Rockland News and General Advertiser, by .Tohn L. Burtis. 
The Aorth River Times was started at Warren, in 1834, by 

Alexander II. Wells, and was continued a short time. 
The Mirre>r was pulilished at Warren a short time in 1838. 
Tlie Rodcland County messenger was established 

at Warren, iu May. 1K4I>. by Kobert Marshall; in 1852 

it passed into the hands of Robert Smith, by whom it 

is still continued. 
The Rocklnnd County Journal was commenced in 

July. l.'>50. at Nyack, by \Vm. G. Haeselbarth, and is 

still continued by him. 



EOCKLAND COUNTY. 



5G9 



1703.^ The old courthouse, built about 1739 for that part of Orange co. s. of the mountains, was at 
Tappantown, opposite the old Ref. Prot. D. church, and was burued before the Revolution. The 
first settlers were Dutch, who located in the s. e. part of the co. from 1690 to 1710.^ 



CIjARRSTOWIV — was formed from Haverstraw, March 18, 170L It lies upon the Hudson, 
and is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Verdrietcges Hook, a rocky ridge 500 to 800 
feet above tide, extends along the n. line, and the Nyack Range occupies a considerable portion to 
the s. E. corner. The remaining parts of the town, comprising four-fifths of its surface, are rolling 
or moderately hilly. Hackensack River flows s. through near the center, and a narrow swamp 
extends along tlie greater part of its course. Rockland Lake, about 1 mi. from the Hudson, is a 
fine sheet of pure water, 3 mi. in circumference and 160 feet above the river. The soil is a reddish, 
sandy loam underlaid by clay. Considerable attention is given to fruit growing. Rockland 
I^ake,^ (p*^->) i^ *^^^ e- part of the town, and extending from the lake to the river, contains a 
church, a foundery and machine shop, and a ship yard. Pop. 4'.\0. An extensive business is 
carried on at this place in preserving and exporting ice.* IVew City, (Clarkstown p. o.,) the 
CO. seat, a little n. w. of the center, contains the co. buildings, a c-hurch, and 28 dwellings. 
Nanuet, (P-'^-O formerly "Clarksfotvn Station,^* a station upon the Piermont Branch of the Erie 
R. R., in the s. w. part, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. Clarksville, (Nyack Turnpike 
p. o.,) in the s. part, contains a church and 18 dwellings. ]>utcli Factory, a hamlet in the w, 
part, contains a cotton factory and 2 woolen yarn factories. The first settlements were made by 
the Dutch, at an early period. The first church (Ref. Prot, D.) was formed near Clarksville.^ 

HAVERSTRAW^— was formed March 7, 1788.*^ Clarkstown and Ramapo were taken 
off in 1791. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n- angle of the co. Nearly the entire surface is 
hilly and mountainous. The Ramapo or Blue Mts., extending through the n. w. part, are divided 
into numerous pr*^cipitous and rocky peaks, and spurs from the principal range extend to the banks 
of the Hudson.^ A^'erdrieteges Hook, a long, rocky ridge, forms a considerable portion of the 
N. border. The iS. e. portion is moderately hilly. The valleys separating these mountains are 
mostly narrow, rocky ravines. Stony Point is a small rocky peninsula on the river, near the center 
of the E. border of the town.' The principal streams are Minisceongo and Cedar Pond Creeks, 
flowing into the Hudson, and Stony Brook, a tributary of Ramapo River, a branch of tlie Passaic. 
The soil is a sandy loam underlaid by clay. Extensive beds of a fine quality of clay border ujjon 
the river above Warren, and from them are annually manufactured 150,000,000 of bricks, giving 
employment to over 1,000 men. Limestone crops out near Tompkins Cove, from which large 
quantities of Ume are manufactured. A gas spring is found 2 J mi. s. of Stony Point.^*' "Warren," 
(Haverstraw p. o.,) situated upon the Hudson, in the s. e. angle of the town, was incorp. in 1854. 



1 This tract is described as follows: — "A certain tract of va- 
cant land within our county of Oninge called by the Indians 
■Whorinima,Peruck, Qemakio,andNanashunck,and is in several 
small pieces; and also another parcel of land, befjinninf; at the 
sonth bonnds of lands lately granted to Daniel Honan and 
Michael Hawdon, beinR a small creek that runs into Pemaree's 
Creek to the southward of ^'ana9hunck, and runs from thence 
by Demaree's said creek aa it runs southerly to the lyne parting 
oiir said Province from the Jerseys; and soe by the said parting 
line westward to a small river called Saddle River, thence by the 
said river northward until an east line doe run to the southwest 
corner of the said Honaus and Hawdons land, containing by 
estimation two thousand acres of improvable land. &c. Ac." 

Another deed on record commences, " To all X Tian People," 
(Christian People.) .lohannes Mynne, of Haverstraw. &c. &c. to 
Albert Mynne, of Haverstraw, &c. Ac, and dated 1694. 

Witness, Thomas Luirons, Frans Wessel, and Peter Jacobus 
Uaiirius. 

2 Among these early settlers were Capt. Cornelius Cuyper, 
Oapt. Cornelius Harring, Johannes Meyer, Qerhardus Clowes, 
Derrick Straat, Jacobus Swartwout, Jonathan Koss, Thomas 
Pulling, John Gaile, Cornelius Smith. Jacob King, William Kur- 
track, John Ellison. Rinear Kieerike, Co!. Vincent Matthews, 
Hendrick Ten Eyck, Gnylbert Crom, Minard Hogon Kamp, 
Garrit Sneideker, Daniel Denton, Petress Decker, Jonathan Sea- 
mons, Thos. Maybee, Daniel De Clark, William Wyant, Evert 
Hombeck, John Van Fliet, Johannes Blauvelt. NicliobisOmcklin, 
Lambert Auriancey, Tenuis Van Houten, and Tennis Talmao. 

3 The landing at this village is sometimes called Slaughters 
Landing. 

• 200,000 tons of ice are annually exported. The business 
fnvm employment to 1000 men during the season of securing 
tbe ic«, and to about 100 men continually. 

s There are 4 churches in town; 2 M.E., Eef. Prot. D., and 
Sp-ceders. 

* Sifiuiiyliig Oat Straw. The name is said to be derived from 



the quantities of wild oats growing on the borders of the river 
when the town was first settled. 

' The date of formation as a precinct was not ascertained. 
Tlieir distance from Tappan occasioned an act, June 24, 1719, 
allowing the inhabitants to elect a supervisor, a collector, 2 
assessors, a constable, and 2 overseers of highways, on the Ist 
Tuesday of April annually. 

8 The principal of these peaks are the Dunderbergh and West 
Mts., in the n.e.; Buclian, Barrack, Buison. Pine, and Collaberg 
Hills, near the center; Rock House Hill, Blackmine Ridge, and 
Horsepond Mts., in thew.; and Hasha Hill and Cheese Coats 
Hill in tbe s. 

8 During the Revolution. Stony Point and Verplancks Point, on 
the opposite side of the Hudson, were strongly fortified, the two 
fortresses commanding the channel and Kings Ferry, the prin- 
cipal route between New England and the South. On the Ist 
of June. 1779, Gen. Vaughn, at the head of a considerable British 
force, made an attack upon these pbices and captured both. 
Tbe garrison at Fort La Fayette, on Verplancks Point, consisting 
of 70 men, were taken prisoners; and that at Stony Point, con- 
sisting of 40 men. evacuated the place on the approach of tho 
British. Gen. Clinton immediately ordered tlie works strejigth- 
ened. and prepared for permanent occupation. Stony Point was 
surrounded on 3 sid'/s by water, and on the fourth by a marsh 
covered at high tide, and crossed by a narrow causeway. On 
the night of July 10, 1779, this place was stormed and taken by 
an American force under Gen. Wayne. Thfc lossof the Americana 
was 15 killed and h.'J wounded, and of tho British, G3 killed and 
54.3 prisoners. This action was one of the most daring and bril* 
liant that occurred during tbe war. A light was erected on the 
site of the fort in 1826. 

10 Geol. ^st Dist.p. 107. 

n Loailly known as Haverstraw. Tlie large rollinc mill of 
tho Sampson Iron Co,, \\ mi. w. of this jjlace, usually euiployinj; 
100 to 150 hands, has suspouded operatiooa. . 



570 



ROCKLAND COUNTY. 



It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, academy,* paper mill, ship yard, foundery, and a silk 
manufactory. Pop, about 1,700. Toinpkius Cove^ upon the Hudson, is a village grown up 
around the extensive limeworks of C. Tompkins & Co. It contains a church, a private school 
supported by the company, and 60 dwellings.^ Garnerville, 2 mi. n. w, of Warren, contains 

I church, the Rockland Print Works,' and 40 dwellings. IVorth Ilaverstra'iv, (p. v.,) upon 
the Hudson, 3 mi. n. of Warren, contains 2 churches and 28 dwellings. Tliiells Comer, 4 
mi. w. of Warren, contains a needle factory, 2 gristmills, a church, and 15 dwellings, mont- 
Ville, Cald^vellS Lanfling-/ and Grassy Point are hamlets. Fort Clinton, the ruins 
of which are still visible, was situated upon the river, in the N. e. angle of the town. The 
house in which Arnold and Andr6 met to consummate the bargain for the delivery of West Point 
to the British is still standing, about halfway between Warren and North Haverstraw. There are 

II churches in town.^ 

ORA^^GETOWX — was formed March 7, 1788, and was named from Orange co., of which it 
then formed a part. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. angle of the co. Its surface is broken by 
abrupt and rocky hills in the e. ; but in the center and w. it spreads out into a rolling or moderately 
hilly region. The Nyack Ililis, extending along the river, are 300 to 500 feet high, with steep, 
rocky declivities upon the e., but more gradual slopes upon the w.^ Their summits are rocky and 
covered with a light growth of forest trees. Snake Hill, in the n. e, corner, upon the line of Clarks- 
town, is one of the principal peaks. The principal stream is Hackensack River, flowing s. through 
the w. part. Pascack Creek flows through the extreme w. angle, and Spar Kil is a tributary 
of the Hudson. Near the n. line are several bog or peat meadows, generally well drained 
and under cultivation. The red sandstone which crops out on the e. declivities of the hills, within 
a few rods of the river, between Piermont and N3^ack, is extensively quarried and exported for 
building Btone.' The soil is a reddish, sandy loam intermixed with clay. Fruit growing and 
furnishing milk for the New York market have become leading pursuits. IVyack^ (P-"^-*) upon 
the Hudson, in the n. e. corner of the town, contains 5 churches, 5 shoe manufactories,® a steam 
tub and pail factory,* the Rockland Female Institute,^** and a private academy." Pop. 1,458. 
Piermont,^^ (p-v.,) upon the Hudson, in the s. part, was incorp. May 21, 1850. It is the e. 
terminus of the Piermont Branch of the N. Y. & Erie R. R., — the one over which the freight is 
carried. Nearly the whole business of the place is connected with the r. r. establishment. A pier 
1 mi. long has been built into the river, where the freight is transferred to and from the cars and 
barges in the river. Upon each end of the pier are extensive offices for the transaction of the busi- 
ness of the road. At this place the r. r. co. also have a large iron foundery and extensive repair 
shops. Pop. 2,204. Tappantown," (p-v.,) near the N.J. line, contains 2 churches and 30 
dwellings. This place was the scene of the trial of Andr6, and for a time in 1780 was the head- 
quarters of Gen. Washington.'* RocRland, (Palisades p.o.,) upon the Hudson, in the s. part 



1 The TTaverstraw Mountain Institute, a private institution, 
wa3 established in 1S53. It employs 2 teachers, and has an 
average of 40 pupils. 

2 This company have 40 limekilns, and manufacture 100.000 
bush, of lime annually, giving employment to 100 men. The 
lijiie is sent s. and is used for asiicultural purposes. 

s This establishment, incorp. in 1853, with a capital of $100,000, 
gives employment to 220 hands, and turns out goods to the 
amount of $700,000 per annum. 

* This place is just below the niphlanda, and opposite Peeks- 
kill, with which it is connected by a Ktt-iim ferry. The day line 
of steamers between New York and Albany land here. About 
35 years since, a company was formed for raising an old wreck 
at this place, said to be one of the pirate Kidd's vessels laden 
■with treasure I A coffer dam was built, machinery erected, and 
immense sums were expended in this insane project. — which, it 
is needless to add. resulted in nothing but a total loss to all 
concerned. & 4 M. K., 3 Piesb,. 2 Prot. £., Af. Metli., and R. C. 

* The valley of Spar Kil forms a break in these hills, 
through which the Piermont Branch of the Erie R. R. is con- 
structed. In the bill just N. of Piermont is an opening in the 
rocks, supposed by some to be the shaft of an ancient mine and 
by others to be a natural cave. It is divided into 2 passages, 
one extending 70 feet W. S. W. and the other 40 to 50 feet w, by 
N. The passage is very irregular, 4 to 6 feet in width and 3 to 
9 feet high. At the extremity of the longer passage is an im- 
niense spring of clear, cold water. 

J The Slate House at Albany was built of this stone. 

8 The manufacture of women's and children's shoes at this 
place is an extensive business. It gives employment to about 
600 hands in the vicinity, and 30 sewing machines are kept in 
constant operation. Goods to the amount of $225,000 are anau- 
ally produced. 

9 This factory employs 30 hands, and produces $00,000 worth 
if goods annually. 



10 This institution is beautifully located upon a lot of 10 acres, 
upon the bank of the Hudson, in (he s. part of the village. It 
is supplied with pure spring water from the mountain, is heated 
with furnaces and lighted with gas. It has accommodations 
for 100 boarding pupils. The institution owes its origin to the 
late Simon V. Sickles, of Nyack, who gave $25,000 toward the 
erection of the building. 

u The Nyack Classical School and Commercial Academy, in- 
tended to prepare young men for college and commercial pur- 
suits, has recently been established. 

12 Name derived from the Pter built by the b.r. company and 
the mmmlain in rear of the village. 

IS According to Heckewelder, Tappan is from the language of 
the Delawares, and derived from Thuphane orTuphanne, "Cold 
Stream." — Moiilton and I'ates's Hist. iV. T. 

1* The house occupied by Gen. Washington, stCl standing, ia 
owned and occupied by Dr. Smith. It is a stone house, and is 
said to have been erected in 1700. The house in which Andre 
was confined during his trial is now kept as a tavern, unJer the 
name of "The Old '76 House." The trial was held in the old 
Ref. Prot. D. Church. The scene of Andre's execution and 
burial was upon an eminence i mi. w. of the tillage, and about 
20 rods from the N.J. line. In Aug. 1831, his remains were 
disinterred, under the superintendence of Mr. Buchanan, British 
Consul at New York, and taUen to England. A small cedar trep 
that stood by the grave was also taken away, and a box waa 
afterward made from its wood, lined with gold, and sent to Rev. 
Mr. Demarest, of Tappantown, in acknowledgment of the ser- 
vices rendered by him at the disinterment. On the box was the 
following inscription : — "From his Koyal Highness the Duke of 
York to the Rev. Mr. Demare.';t." No monument now remains 
to mark the spot of the execution or the grave. A boulder was 
formerly placed to mark the spot; but this has been brL'ken up 
and removed. 



KOCKLAND COUNTY. 



571 



of the town, contains 3 churches and 40 d-wellings.' Orange ]>lills, Middletown, and 

Blaureltville, (p. o.,) a station on the N. Y. & E. R. K., are hamlets. The iirst settlement is 
supposed to have heen made by the Dutch, as early as 1080.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was 
formed Oct. 24, 1694; and the first preacher was Rev. Guilliam Bartholf.' The first church edifice 
was erected in 1716. There are 16 churches in town.* 

RA9IAPO — was formed from Ilaverstraw, March 18, 1791, as "■New Hampstead." Its name 
was changed to "Hampstead" March 3, 1797, and to Ramapo in 1828. It is the most westerly 
town in the co. The Ramapo or Blue Mts. extend N. E. and s. w. through the w. part.^ They are 
steep and rocky, and the valleys between them are deep and narrow. Ranges of rounded and 
arable hiUs extend through the s. E. half of the town and occupy the greater part of its surface. 
The principal streams are Ramapo River, flowing s. through the w. corner, and its tributaries 
Maway River and Stony Brook. Niggar and Shepard Ponds, on the line of N. J., in the s. w. 
angle, are small bodies of water. The people are principally employed in raising vegetables for 
the New York market. Ramapo, (Ramapo AVorks p. o.,) a station on the N. Y. & E. R. R., in 
the w. part of the town, contains 1 church, several manufactories, and 50 dwellings.^ SufTerns, 
(p. V.,) near the line of N. J., in the w. part, contains a rolling mill and 20 dwellings. It lies at 
the junction of the two branches of the Erie R. R., and is an important station. Sloatsbui'g^ta, 
(p. V.,) on the Erie R. R., in the extreme w. part, contains a church, cotton twine factory,' hoe 
factory, and 180 inhabitants. Spring Talley, (p.v.,) on the Piermont Branch of the Erie 
R. R., contains a church and 18 dwellings. Mechanicsvllle, near the center of the town, 
contains a church and 15 dwellings. Monsey Depot (Monsey p. o.) is a hamlet. The first 
church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed near the center of the town, Deo. 4, 1774; Rev. Peter Leyt 
was the first preacher.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Rockland County. 



N.VME3 OF Towns. 


Acres of Land. | I 


ViLDATIOS OP 1858. 1 


POPULATIOU. 1 




i 




•S 






Schools. 


1 
f 


1 

1 
1 


1 

1 


It 

1! 


2 


1 




1 
1 


743 
1.263 
1.210 

644 


:8 

o 

498 
348 
668 
400 


v| 

9 
13 

7 
12 


el 

1.120 
2,386 
2,012 
1,477 


Clarkatown 


15,903i 
7,151 
9.922 

13,505 i 


16,742J 
14,481 
3,1S4 
16,445 


$1,147,673 

819.105 

1,692,158 

896.417 


$227,388 
74,9.50 
372,994 
303,300 


$1,375,061 

894,055 

2,065,152 

1,199,717 


1,831 
3.706 
2,896 
1,723 


1,681 
3,041 
2,943 
1,091 


543 
974 

986 
685 




Kaniapo 


Total 


46,4SU 


50,852i 


$4,555,353 1 $978,632 


$5,633,986 


10,166 9,366 


3,188 


3,860 


1,814 


41 


6,995 




Live Stock. 


Agricultubal Products. 




NAME3 OF Towns. 


1 


■£ e =.- 

850 
499 
350 
791 


1.111 

1,647 

73: 

1,2« 

4,70! 


i 


■1 

876 

483 

615 

IJll 


Bush, dp Gbaih, 


1 

s 

4,824i 
2.5S5 
3,213 
4,2ll5i 
14,828 


•Is 

^^ 

7,966i 
3,974 
11,726 
23,567 


li 

1.015 

66 

388 

1.786 


Dairy Products. 


S 


^30,478~ 

9,251 

17,384 

31,782i 


a. q 






677 

1.87.? 

418 

747 


97 

4 

82 

743 

920 


11.5S2 
4,3874 
6,066 

12,521} 


80,033 

40,070 

35,328 

110,576 


2,500 








Ramapo 


Total 


3,715 


2 


,490 


3, 


1S5 


34,546J 


88,895i 


47.22. 


ii 


3,263 1 266,006 


2,600 





1 Locally knowii aa "Snedens Landing." 

2 Araoug the early settlers were families named Auriancey, 
llarinp;, Blauvelt, Van Hoiiten, and Talman. These names 
ftlip<.';ir upon the records of the church :n 1694. The first bap- 
ti>iiu on record was that of Derick, (Richard.) son of Cornelius 
Cooper and Elsie Robert, bis wife, O'-t. 13, 1096; and the first 
nmrriage, that of >Iarinus William Flousse Crom and Gertrude 
Femusse Van Ilouten, in 1699. The first echool was tausiht by 
Ileruianus Van Uuyser., from Hf-ll-mti, soon afier the first or- 
Hiiiiization of the church. The first inn is oelieved to hive been 
kept by CiiPparus Maybee. in the '• Old 76 House," now t-ccupied 
for the same purpose. Abram Msiybee built the first mill: his 
m>n, Cornelius Ma.vbeo, owned it during the Revolution, but, 
espi'using the cause of the British, his property was fonfiscated. 

•' A tract of 55 acres was originally donated to this church ; 
but at diflferent times all but 1-t or 15 acrea have been sold. 
The records of the church during the Revolution, kept la a 



small hook by the paator, Rev. Mr. Verbryck, for convenience in 
carrying when obliged to move from place to place, have been 

lOfit. 

< Ref. Prot. D., Presb., M. E., Af. Meth., and Bap. at Nyack ; 
Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., M.E., Bap., and R. C. at Piermont; Ref. 
Prot. I), and M. E. at Tappantown ; Bap. at Middletowu ; and 3 
M.E. at Rockland. 

6 Cedar Hill and Table Rock, in th» w., Horsepond Mts. and 
Pine Hill, in the n. w., and High Mt.. on the line of N. J., are 
the highest points, and are 500 to 700 feet above tide. 

• These establishments, consisting of a cotton factory, file fac- 
tory, steel works, and car works, are all idle, and only 10 dwell- 
ings are occupied. The whole village is rapidly going to det-ay. 

' This factory, incorp. in 1854, with a capital of $100,000, gives 
employment to 150 hands. 

8 There are 7 churches in town ; 4 M. E, and 3 Ref. Prot. D. 



ST. LAWREi^CE COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Clinton and parts of Montgomery 
and Herkimer, March 3, 180Q.' It contains an area of 2,880 sq. mi., 
and is the largest co. in the State. It is centrally distant 140 mi. 
from Albany. The surface is broken by a series of parallel ridges 
I extending in a N. E. and s. w. direction, and gradually declining in 
Iheight from the summits, about 1000 ft. above tide, on the s. 
jborder, to the level of thebanksof the St. Lawrence. The highest 
'summits, in the s. E., are about 2000 ft. above tide. The declivities 
of the ridges are usually gradual slopes, giving to tlie surface a 
rolling character, changing from gentle undulations along the 
river to a hilly and almost mountainous character in the s. e. 
The principal streams are the Indian, Oswegatchie, Gra&se, Racket, 
St. Regis, and Deer Rivers.^ These streams all have their rise upon the highlands, which occupy 
the center of the great northern wilderness, flow for a considerable distance in a N. w. direction, and 
most of them gradually bend toward the N. E. and iinally traverse the greater part of the co. 
nearly parallel to the St. Lawrence. They all are frequently interrupted by rapids and cascades 
in their upper and middle course, but as they approach the St. Lawrence they become sluggish ; 
a&d most of them are navigable for short distances from their mouths.' The southern and central 
parts of the co. are thus abundantly supplied with water-power. In the s. part are numerous 
small lakes, the principal of which is Cranberry Lake. Black Lake, the largest body of water in 
the CO., lies along the course of Indian River, near its junction with the Oswegatchie. 

The geological formation of the co. is very simple. The whole central and southern portions arft 
underlaid by the primitive formation, consisting of gneiss and white limestone.* The northern ex- 
tremity of this formation may be readily traced, by a line commencing upon the border of Jeffer- 
son CO., about 2 mi. w. of the Ox Bow, thence extending northerly to near the center of the s. 
shore of Black Lake, thence bending toward the e., and extending to the E. border of the co. on 
the N. line of Ilopkinton. A belt of country 5 to 10 mi. wide, n. of the primitive region and 
parallel to it, is underlaid by Potsdam sandstone ; and the remainder of the co., comprising a belt 
3 to 20 mi. wide bordering upon the St. Lawrence, is underlaid by the calciferous sandrock. The 
primitive portion of the co. is generally elevated and considerably broken. Its soil is light and 
sandy ; and in some parts are extensive sand plains, entirely unfit for agricultural purposes. A 
considerable portion of the co. is covered with drift deposits, which go far to neutralize the effect 
of the underlying rock upon the character of the soil. In this region the intervales along the 
streams are usually fertile ; but the whole is best adapted to grazing. Magnetic iron ores abound 
in the s. part; but they have never been examined or worked to any considerable extent, owing to 
their remoteness from settlements.' In Rossie rich veins of lead have been found and extensively 
worked ;' and the rich specular iron ore found along the w. border of the co. and in the adja- 
cent portions of Jefferson, lies between the gneiss and sandstone.' The sandstone region is level 
or gently undulating, broken in some places by disrupted masses of the underlying rock. In this 
region are numerous quarries, from which are obtained sheets of sandstone of 2 inches to a foot in 
thickness and of almost any desirable size. This stone acquires hardness by exposure and is 
indestructible by atmospheric agencies. The soil in this region is usually thin, but fertile, and is 
derived principally from drift. The calciferous sandstone region commences as a narrow strip on 
the St. Lawrence, in the n. part of Hammond, and continually widens to the E. border of the co. 
The soil, consisting of drift and marine clay, is usually very productive. 



1 This CO. included the " Ten Tinvns ;" and Great Tracts Nos. n 
and IIT of Maconilt's Purchase were provisionally annexed, and 
now form part of the co. 

s These streams are linown to the St. Reps Indians by the 
following names: — Indian. O-tsi-liwa-ke, "wliere the ash tree 
grows with knobs :" Oswegatchie, a Huron word, said to signify 
"black water;" Grass, Ni-ken^si.a-ke, "full of large fishes;" 
Racket, Xi-ha-na-wa-te, " racket, ornoisy river;"' St. Regis. Ak- 
wis-sas-ne, "where the p.artridge drums;" Deer, Oie-ka-rout-ne, 
*' Trout River." 

8 In severe cold weather the tributaries of the St. Lawrence 
672 



are liable to a sudden reversal of their currents near their 
mouths, from the damming up of that stream by ice: the 
streams in consequence overflow the lowlands, making the 
maintenance of fences and bridges impossible. 

* This region is remarkable for the variety and beauty of its 
minerals, of which 00 species are found. — Hmujh^it Hist. St. Xaw- 
rence and Franklin Cos.. p. 6S4. 

6 The Clifton Mine in Pierrepont has furnished 1,600 tone of 
iron. 8 gee p. 5S2. 

' In the town of Pierrepont a substance used for red paint 
haa been found in the same relative geological position. 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



573 



Dairying and stock raising are the branches of agriculture most extensively pursued.' Grain is 
also cultivated to some extent.''' Fruits are not extensively cultivated. Manufactures, consisting 
of iron,^ castings, lead,* lumber,^ and articles of "wood,^ are carried on. Commerce to some extent 
is carried on by mejins of the St, Lawrence and the various railways. 

The ?hief works of internal improvement in the co. are the Ogdensburgh R. R., extending from 
Ogdensburgh to Rouses Point, on Lake Champlaiu :' the Potsdam & AVatertown R. R.,^ forming a 
connection with the 0. R. R. on the n. and with the W. & R. R. R. and N. Y. Central on the s. 
Improvements have been made by the State in the navigation of several of the rivers, for the pur 
pose of floating down logs from the s. forests.® Daily lines of steamboats connect Ogdensburgl. ' 
and other points on the river with Montreal and with the various ports on Lake Ontario. 

The county seat is located at the village of Canton,*'' on the P. & "W. R. R., 18 mi. s. e. of Ogdens- 
burgh. The courthouse, jail,*' and clerk's office are in separate buildings, situated adjacent to 
each other. The co. poorhouse is situated on a farm of 130 acres 1 mi. w. of Canton Village.*^ 

Six newspapers are now published iu the co. ; 3 at Ogdensburgh, 2 at Potsdam, and 1 at Canton.*^ 



1 This CO. stands first ia the State in the value of its stock, 
amount of pnsturnge and meadow, and among the first in the 
amount annually produced of spring wheat, potatoes, peas, and 
maple sugar. 

* The m;irino clay deposits produce fine crops of winter whent. 
3 Furcaces are or have recently been in operation at Rossie, 

Wegatchie. Fiillersville, and Brasher lion Worka. The supply 
of ore is inexhaustible, and large quantities of iron are annually 
mild.-. 

* The Rossie Lead Mines are now worted by an English com- 
pany. Lead has also been found in several other localities iu the co. 

^ The principal lumber operations are carried on on the Racket 
River. Since 1851, 10 gang sawmills have been built within 17 
mi. In 1855 it was estimated that 120,000 logs were worked up. 

6 Consisting of shingles, staves, lath, heaiUng, boxes, doors, 
sash and blinds. 

' Opened to Ogdensburgh Oct. 1, 1850. 

8 Opened through the co. Aug. 23, 1855. 

* These improvements have been made on the Indian, Oawe- 
gatchie. Racket, and Grass Rivers. 

10 The county seat was first located at Ogdensburgh, but was 
removed to Canton in 1828. The first courts were held in the 
stone barracks, w. of the Oswegatchie; and a bomb-proof maga- 
Biue a'^jacent was used for a jail. The first courthouse stood on 
the site recently purchased by Government fur a customhouse. 
The first co. officers were Nathan Ford. First Jtidge ; Alex. Turner 
and Joseph Edsali, Judges: StUlman Frwite and John Tibbetts, 
Assist. Justices; Thos. J. Davies, Sheriff; Lewis Hasbrouck, Co. 
CUrrk : and Matthew Perkins. Surrogate. The present court- 
house waa located by Joseph Grant, Geo. Brayton, and John E. 
Hiuman, commissioners from Oneida co. ; and the buildings 
were erected under the supervision of Ansel Bailey, David C. 
Judson, and Asa Sprague, jr. The records of the supervisors 
previous to 1814 were lost in a fire at Ogdousburgh in is;J9. 

u The jail is a miserable building, poorly adapted to the pur- 
poses for which it was erected. 

12 This institution yields an annua! revenue of about $1,000. 
The average number of inmates is about 150. The supplies are 
furnished by contract. The poorhonse is deficient in necessary 
conveniences for the health and comfort of its inmates. 

IS At Ogdon-iburgh the fl')Uowing papers have been published; 
The Paltadiitm-wtks begun iu 1810 by Kip & Strong, sold inlH12 

to John P. Shi'ldon, and continued to 1814. 
The St. Lattrretice Oazctte waa begun in 1816 by D. R. Strachan 

and P. B. Fairchild. Tn 1830 it was bought by Preston 

King, and united with 
Tlie St. I*aivreuce liepnbllcan, removed to this 

place from Canton, and continued by him till 1833. It 

was afterward published by Uit.hcock,Tillotaon & Still- 
well, and is now published by James & Hopkins. 
The Northern Light waa begun July 7. 1S31, by W. B. Rogers, as 

an anti-masonic organ. In 1834 A. U. James became its 

publisher, and changed it to 
The Times: and at the end of the 4th volume it was enlarged, 

and called 
The Ogdensburgh Times. Tn 1S:^7 Dr. A. Tyler became associated 

with James, and the title was cliaiiged to 
The Times and Advertisiir. In March, 1844, it was transferred 

to U. G. Foote and S. B. Seeley, and changed to 
The Frontier Sentinel* In June, 1847, Mr. Foote changed it to 
The Ogdtiishurgh Scntind, undnT ■which name it was published 

by Stillman Foote until 1S58, when it was merged in 

the Tiaily Jouraai. 
Tfw, Meteor oh igical Register was commenced, and a few numbers 

issued, in 1839; edited by Jas. 11. Coffin, now Vlc©-Pres. 

of Lafayette Coll., Eaetou. Penn. 
The Ogdensburgh pymini was begun April 24, 1848, by A. Tyler, 

and discontinued in 1851. 
The Daily .S^mtind was sUirted April 14, 1848, by S. Foote, and 

publieihod for 6 months. 
The St. Lawrtu'-e Budgd, a small semi-mo. advertising sheet, waa 

iflsned from The Sentinel office iu 1850-51. 



TTie Daily Morning News waa begun in March, 1852, by Wm. N 
Oswcll, publisher, and Fayette Robinson, editor. 

The Weeli'/ News was issued from tlie pame office in Sept. 1852. 
Both were discontinued in the Dec. following. 

The St. Lafvrcnce American waa begun March 1, 1855. by Wm. 
Yeaton and E. M. llolbrooU, and continued 3 years. 

The Boys' Daily Journal wm begun May 1, lS55,by II. R.James, 
J. W. Hopkins, and C. Foster. As lads belonging to the 
Ogdensburgh Academy, they had previously issued the 
Morning Glory and Young America. In 1S57 Foster 
withdrew, and the name was changed to 

TUe Dally Journal; the paper is still issued. 

The Weekli/ Journal is made up from the daily. Neither of the 
publishers is of age (1858.) 

The St. Lawrence Democrat waa commenced at Can- 
ton In the fall of lS-'5 by H. C. Simpson ; and waa after- 
ward continued at that place by John F. Ames. It is 
published by Abbott & O'Brien. 
At Potsdam the following have been issued : — 

The Potsdam Gazette was begun Jan. 13, 1816, by F. C. Powell, 
and continued till April, 1823. 

The Potsdam American was commenced by F. C. Powell iu Jan. 
1824, from the old Gazette press, and was continued by 
Powell k Reddington till April, 1S29. In May of tbo 
same year it was revived as 

The Herald^ and published as an anti-masonic organ till Aug, 

The St. Lawrence Republican was begun in 1826 by W. H. 
Wynian, and removed to Canton in 1827. 

The Day Star was published 6 months in 1S27 by Jonathan 
Wallace. 

The Patriot was commenced in April, 183-, by Wm. Hughes, 
and published one year. 

Tlie Northern Cabinet was removed from Canton in 1845; and 
from the same office was issued 

The Sfpoffitory in 1840, semi-juo.. made up of the literarj- matter 
of The Cabinet. This hitter was sold to Wm. L. Knowlee, 
and changed to 

The St. Lawrence Mercury in 1S4S. W. H. Wallace became pnv 
prietor in 1850; and U. C. Fay in 1851, who changed 
it to 

The fit. Lawrence Journal. It wa.s continued till July, 1S52. 
when it was united with The Courier. 

The Potsdam Courier wn)^ begun in 1851 by V. Harrington, and 
continued till July. 1852, when it was united with The 
Journal, and issued as 

The Potsdam Courier and Journal was removed 
Uj Ciiiiton in 1869, aud is now publialied by U. 0. Fav 
& Brother. 

Tlie Philomat/uan was begun in 1852, and a few numbers were 
issued by students of the St. Lawience AcHtb^ny. 

The Eleiiicut>try Ktpublicun was begun in 1S52, and a few num- 
bers issued from The Journal office. 

The Nortliern Freeman, removed froniGouverneur in 
185ti,is still published by Doty & Baker. 

The K-v-augelical Herald, mo., was begun in 1856 by 
Jos. A. Livingston. Printed part of tlie time at North- 
field, Vt. Now published at Boston and Potsdam. 
At Canton the following have been published : — 

The Canton Advertiser and St. Lawrence Ii>'fiublican, removed 
from Potsdam in 1827, w;ui published beie by Preston 
King till 1S30, when it was removed to Ogdensburgh. 

The Northern Tdegraph was begun in l«:t2 by 0. C. Bill. It 
was soon t>oId to Orlando S«iuire8. and changed to 

The Cant-m Democrat-, and continued a short time. 

The Luminary of the North, begun in July, 1834, was published 
a short time. 

The St. Lawrence Democrat waa begun in Sept. 18.10, by E. A. 
Barber, and continued 2 years. 

The Northern Cabinet and XiVfrary Repository, senii-mo.. was 
begun Jan. 2, 1843, by Chaa. Boynton," and iu 1845 ro- 
moved to Potsdam. 

The Engintxr was issued in 1S44 by Cbas. Bovutoa. 



574 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



The first white settlement in this co. "was made by Francis Pioquet, a French Sulpitian, who estalv 
lished an Indian mission at the mouth of the Oswegatchie in 1749 and styled it " La Prescnta' 
iion."^ In 1759 the first island below Ogdensburgh, 3 mi. down the St. Lawrence, was taken jjos- 
session of by the French and strongly fortified.'^ It was named Fort Levi ; and here the last 
French resistance was made against the English, in 1700. During the Revolution it was the 
rendezvous of scalping parties of tories and Indians, who harassed the frontier settlements on the 
Mohawk and Hudson. Two expeditions were fitted out against this place during the Revolution ; 
but the English held possession of the fort at Oswegatchie until 1790, when it was surrendered 
under the provisions of Jay's Treaty.^ The Oswegatchies collected by Picquet were removed, in 
1793, from the vicinity of Johnstown, U. C, to a point opposite, on the s. shore, known sm Indian 
Point. In 1807 they removed to St. Regis and elsewhere.* 

The CO, includes the tract known as the " Te7i Tow7is/'^ Tract No. 11,^ of Macomb's Pur- 
chase, containing 821,879 acres, Tract No. Ill,' of the same purchase, containing 040,000 acres,^ 
a email portion located by Revolutionary land warrants,® and the islands in the St. Lawrence. ^° 
The first settlement under State authority was made at Ogdensburgh, in 1790, by Nathan Ford, 
agent of Samuel Ogden. Before 1800, small beginnings had been made at Lisbon, Madrid, and 
Massena. The " Te7i Towns'' were opened for settlement, under the original purchasers, within 
the next 5 years, and the adjacent parts of the Macomb Purchase soon after. At the commence- 
ment of the "War of 1812 there were about 8,000 inhabitants in the co., thinly scattered over 
nearly the whole territory now settled. Great alarm was felt along the whole frontier, and 
many families left the river towns. It soon became the theater of stirring military events, and 
various expeditions were planned and attacks made on both sides of the border," 

At the close of the war the co. rapidly filled up with an immigration chiefly from Vt. and the 
other New England States. The completion of the Erie Canal checked the growth of the co. by 
opening to emigration the more fertile lands of the AVest. The price of wild lands greatly fell, 
and many visions of immense wealth were blighted. For the last twenty years a steady and 
healthy improvement has been going on, which has been greatly increased by the lines of rail- 
road completed through it.^^ In 1837-40 the whole frontier was greatly excited by the ''Patriot 



The Inqttirer and Tari^ Advocate, a campaigrn paper, was issued 

from The Cabinet press in 1844 by Chas. Boynton. 
The (Xniton We»:kli/ Citizen was bc-guu Jan. 1, 1862, "by J. S. Sar- 

geaut, aud continued 4 weeks. 
Tfie Canton Independent was removed from Madrid in 1853, aud 

publir^lied by O. L. Kay. It wad soon dincontinued. 
Tlie St. Lawrence Plain Dealer was begun in 1855 

by Goodrich & Remington ; it is now published by S. 1'. 

Itemington. 
Toung America is now published by C. "W. Ames. 

The other papers in the co. have been — 
The Northern New Yorker, begun April 2, 1849, at Gouverneur, 

by Wni. Goodrich and M. F. Wilson ; aud issued a little 

more than one year. • 

The St. Lawrence Advirtiser was bogun in lf*50, at Gouverneur, 

and a lew numbers issued. 
The Laborer was commenced in .Tuly. 1^52, at Gouverneur, by 

M. Mitchel. It was succeeded by 
The St. Lawrence Free Press, l<ig\\u in 1^53 by J. J.Emraes, and 

afterward published by G. K. Lyman. It was removed 

to Ogdensburgh in the fall of 1854 and united with 

The Sentinel. 
The Profjresnive Age was begun in June. 1855, at Gouverneur, 

by G. D. Greenfield, It was removed to I'otsdam in 

1856, and changed to The Northern Freeman. 
The True Democrat was begun in May, 1850, at Madrid, by M. 

F. Wilson find O. L. Kay. In its 2d year it became 
The Columbian Independent ; was continued 1 yr., when it was re- 
moved to Canton and changed to the Canton I ndepeudont. 
1 This place became a French military station, and a magazine 
for eupplying expeditions sent to their s. w. posts; and from this 
point were fitted out many of the paities that ravaged the back 
eettlements of N. Y., Penn., and Va. 

- This inland was called by the Indians ** O-ra-co-ncn-ton," 
and by the French "7sfe Royalt.^' It is now called Chimney 
Island, from the ruins still visible. 

3 Upon tho approach of Lord Amherst inl760, the fort at the 
mouth of the Oswegatchie was abundoned. The island was in- 
vested on the 18th of Aug. Upon Gallop Island the English 
found a number of scalps, which so exasperated them that they 
burned the chapel and houses, the ruins of which ar still visi- 
ble. The batteries opened on the 23d, :ind on the 2fith the 
place, under Pouchot, surrendered. The English named the fort- 
ress, Fort Frederick Augustus. On their voyage down the river 
from this place to Montreal, the English lost in the rapids 46 
bateaux, 17 whjil^jboat^, aud 84 men. Tlie island was occupied 
but a short time, aud the works soon fell into ruins. — Knox's 
Journal; Mante's JIvst.; Memoir of Foiu:hot ; Bntick's Hist. 



* These Indians claimed large tracts of land and leased them 
to parties from Canada, who cut off the most valuable timber 
and committed other wasteful depredations. 

6 The " Ten Towns'^ were sold at auction by the land commis- 
sioners in 1787, in quarter sections, except Madrid and Oswe- 
gatchie, which were sold in square miles. In each town a mile 
square was reserved for literature, and another for the gosj>el 
aud schools. 

6 The original townships in this tract were named as follows : 
— 1. Sherwood: 2. Oakham; 3. Mortlake; 4. Ilarewood; 5. Janee- 
town; 6. Pierrefield; 7. Granshuck: S. Hollywood; 9. Kildare; 
10. Matildavale; 11. Wick; 12. Kiversdale; 13. C^wkham; 14. 
Catharineville; 15. Islington; 16. Chesterfield; 17. Grange; 18. 
Crumack. 

7 The original townships of this tract were named as follows: 
— 3. Hammond; 2. Somerville; 3. I)e Witt; 4. V\\z William; 5. 
Ballybeen; 6. Clare; 7. Killarnev; 8. Edwards; 9. Parahsburgh ; 
10. Clifton; 11. Portaferry; 12. Scriba; 13.Chaumont; 14.Bloom- 
deld; 15. Emilyville. 

8 These tracts were conveyed to Dan'l McCormack by patent 
in 1795-9S. 

9 The town of Massena comprises this portion of the co. 

10 The islands were sold in 1823. 

11 A regiment of militia was stationed at Ogdensburgh during 
the summer of 1S12. In July. 1812. a fleet of 6 schooners — 
caught at Ogdensburgh by the war — attempted to reach the 
lake, but were intercepted : 2 were burned, and the rest hastened 
back. On tho last day of July a bloodless engagement took place 
between the American schooner, Julia, and the British vessels. 
Earl of Moira and Duke of Gloucester. In Sept. an attack was 
made upon a number of bateaux at Toussaint Island, opposite 
Lisbon, in which the Americans lost one and the British several 
men. On the 2d of Oct. the British made a show of attacking 
Ogdensburgh, and on the 4th made a real attack, but were re- 
pulsed, with tho loss of a gunboat and 2 men killed. In Jan. the 
Americans surprised and captured Brockville, liberated several 
prisoners, paroled 50 of the citizens, and took a quantity of stores. 
On the 22d of Feb. the British, in retaliation, captured Ogdens- 
burgh. carried away the cannon and stores, and paroled a large 
number of citizens, who were afterward exchanged for those of 
Brockville. Late in 1813 Gen. Wilkinson's expedition passed 
down the St. Lawrence, and suffered a disiistroue defeat at Crys- 
lera Field, opposite Ijouisville. The British followed tho retreat- 
ing Americans and landed at Hamilton, (Waddington.) — Hough's 
Hij^t. St. Law. d- Prank. Ow. 

12 The lands in the co. have doubled in value by the completion 
of the railroads. 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



575 



TTar." The battle of AVindnnll Point, the most memorable event of that ill-concerted moTement, 
was fought within sight of Ogdensburgh, in Nov. 1838.* The U. S. Collection Dist. of Oswcgatchie 
was established March 2, 1811, and embraces the whole co. Its chief office is at Ogdensburgh, 
with subordinate offices at each of the river towns. 



BRASHER^ — was formed from Massena, April 21, 1825, A part of Lawrence was taken 
off in 1828. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its suiface is generally level, 
with gentle undulations in the e. part. The principal streams are St. Regis and Deer Rivers 
and Trout Brook. The soil in the w. part is stony and in parts sandy ; in the s. e. it is light and 
sandy ; and in the n. it is a clay loam and very productive. Bog iron ore is obtained abundantly 
in the E. part, in the range where the sand rests upon the clay deposits, Braslier Falls^ (p. v. ) 
is a manufacturing village upon the St. Regis, in the s. w. corner of the town, 1 mi. bolow the r. r. 
Station. Pop. 257. Helena* (p. v.) is situated at the mouth of Deer River, and has a limited 
amount of water-power. Pop. 100. Braslier Iron Works^ (p-o.,) 2J mi. above Helena, on 
Deer River, is the seat of an important fuinace. Braslier Center is a hamlet on the St. 
Regis River. The first improvement in town (at Helena) was under the agency of Russell Al> 
water, in 1817. Stillman Fuller built the furnace at Brasher Iron Works in 1825.^ The first 
settlement at Brasher Falls was made in 1826. In 1830 C. T. Ilulburd purchased 600 acres, 
including the village site of Brasher Falls, and in 1841 made the first considerable improvement. 
On the 26th of May, 1857, a fire in the woods ravaged this town, and destroyed the furnace and 
nearly the whole village at the '^^Iron Works.'^^ The census reports 7 churches in town.' 

CA^^TOIV^ — was formed from Lisbon, March 28, 1805. It occupies a nearly central position 
in the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. Grass River, flowing through the center, and 
the Oswegatchie, flowing through the n. w. corner, are the principal streams.^ It is underlaid 
by white limestone and gneiss in the s., and by Potsdam sandstone in the central and n. parts. 
The soil is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam. Iron pyrites, from which copperas (sulphate of iron) has 
been manufactured, is found in abundance near High Falls, on Grass River.'° Cantoii^^^ (P-'^-O 
the county seat, is pleasantly situated on Grass River, a little e. of the center of the town. It is 
an important station on the P. & W. R. R. It has a number of manufactures,^-' and is the seat 
of the Canton Academy, founded in 1831, and of the St, Lawrence University,^* an institution 
founded under the auspices of the Universalist denomination in 1856. Pop. 1,029. Morley^* 
(p. v.) is on Grass River, near the n. border of the town. Pop. 350. Rensselaer Falls^* 
(p. V.) is a small village on the Oswejiatchie, in the n. w. corner of the town. It was formerly 
the seat of an iron forge. Crarys Iflslls (p. o.) is a hamlet on the line of Potsdam. South 
Canton is in the e. part. Daniel Harrington settled on the site of the Agricultural Fair Grounds 
in Canton A^llage in 1800. The first permanent settler was Stillman Foote, who bought a mile 
square where the village now stands, and removed thither in 1801, accompanied by sevefal men. 
In 1802 he built a mill, and the town began to be rapidly settled.*® Religious meetings were held 
as early as 1804. The first church (Presb.) was formed under the Rev. Amos Pettingill, in 1807." 



1 The leaders in this movement dared not risk their own Uvea 
in the battle, and left the few, consisting mostly of young men 
and biiya, to engage the greatly superior numbers of the British. 
Tlie battle was short and bloody. Of tho 159 patriots taken 
prisuners, 18 were released without trial. 3 were acquitted, and 
129 were sentenced to be hung. Of the last number. 10 were 
hung. 60 transported to Van Diemens Land, 66 pardoned, 2 sen- 
tenced to a 7 years' term in the penitentiary, and '2 died of their 
wounds. — HouglCs Hist. St. Law. <£ Frarik. Cos. 

s Named from Philip Brasher, of Brooklyn, part owner. It 
fmbracca the townships of " Grange'''' and •' C^-umack," or Nos. 
37 and 18 of Great Tract No. II, Macomb's Purchase. 

* Mills, a fork and hoe factory, and an agricultural implement 
factory, are located here. 

* Named from Helen, daughter of Joseph Pitcairn, of New 
York, former owner of a large part of the town. 

^ In 1>>27 tho furnace was purchased by Isaac W. Skinner and 
R. W. BuBh. In 1)^30 the latter was succeeded by W. H. Alex- 
.inder, and tho business waa continued by Alexander & Skinner 
until the vilbtge waa destroyed by flro in 1857. The works are 
about bein);; rebuilt. 

* The fire desoliited nearly tho whole town, and for a time 
threatened Braslier Falls. The country around was also deso- 
lated by running firis in 1849. 

' 2 Presb. and M. K, at Brasher Falls, Presb. at Helena, M. E. 
at " Maple Ridge" w. part of the town, R.C. near Brasher Fulls, 
»nd F.W. Bap. 

* It embraces No. 6 of the " Ten Tmons,"' and is 10 mi. sq. 

' A natural canal connects the channels of the two streams. 



This canal waa formerly 3 to 20 rods wide, and was navigable for 
small boats in high water. It flowed toward the w., and over- 
flowed an filluvial flj^t of 4500 acres. To reclaim this, bolh ends 
of the canal have been closed, and a drain dug along the Osw^ 
gatcliieto below Rensselaer Falls. 

10 Fruitless explorations for copper Lave here been made at 
great expense. 

" Incoi-p. May 14, 1845. 

12 Consisting of lumber, shingles, sash, wagons, flour, and 
leather. 

13 Ad elet^ant brick building was erected here in 1857 ; aird 
in 1858 a theological school was organized by K.Fisher. Tho col- 
legiate departniont has not yet been organized. 

1* Formerly " Ltmg liapids." Named Morley from a relative 
of the Uarriaon family. It contains several sawmills, a sash 
factory, and tannery. 

16 A forge was <Tected here in 18.39, by Tate, Chafee A Qc*., and 
the place named *' Th/ti'iWe," It was more generally known na 
^'Canton Fall^' until the p. o. waa established in 1851. Tl.o 
present name waa derived from 11. Van Kenesclaer, who laid 
out the village in 1846. 

1* Daniel W, Church, the pioneer millwright of the co., erected 
the first mill here, for S. Foote. in 1801. The summer of that 
year was very sickly; and in May the father of S. Foote died of 
the smallpox and waa buried in a bark coffin. Wm. Bai'ker 
taught the first school, in 1804. The first birth was a daughter 
of h. Johnson. 

17 Tho census reports 9 churches; 2 M. E., Bap., Univ., Prot E j 
(Grace C.,) Wea. Meth., Cong., F. W. Bap., and R. C. 



57G 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



The late Gov. Silas Wright settled in Canton Village as a lawyer in 1819, and continued to reside 
here until his death, Aug. 27, 1847. 

C0I.T01V — was formed from Parishville, April 12, 1843. A small part was annexed from 
Parishville in 1851. It is a long, narrow town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. and extending to 
Hamilton co. on the s. Its surface is broken and hilly; and it is nearly all covered with forest. It 
ia crossed by the Racket, Grasse, andOswegatchie Rivers. In the central and s. parts are numerous 
small lakes, the principal of which is Cranberry Lake. The extreme n. part only is inhabited. The 
principal business is lumbering. Colton (p. v.) is an important lumber station upon Racket 
River, near the n. w. corner of the town. Several extensive gang sawmills were erected here in 
1850-52; but the business has been partially suspended. An extensive tannery for the manu- 
facture of sole-leather was built here in 1857.^ Pop. 379. South Colton is a p. o. at Three 
Falls. The first settlement was begun in 1824, at Colton VUlage.' There are a M. E. and a 
Univ. church in town, both built in 1852. 

DE KALiB' — was formed from Oswegatchie, Feb. 21, 1806. A part of De Peyster was taken 
off in 1825, and a part of Hermon in 1830. It lies on the Oswegatchie, w. of the center of the 
CO. Its surface consists of broken ridges of white limestone and gneiss with narrow valleys 
between them. The soil is excellent and is generally under a good state of cultivation. De 
Kalb^ (p. V.) is situated on the Oswegatchie, near the center of the town. Pop. 120. Rich- 
Ville" (p. V.) is situated on the Oswegatchie, in the s. w. comer of the town. Pop. 250. East 
De Halb is a p. o. and station on the P. & W. R. R. Coopers Falls is a hamlet. The first 
settlement was made in 1803, under Judge William Cooper, of Cooperstown, as agent. The first 
settlers were principally from Otsego co. There are 5 churches in town.' 

DE PEYSTER*— was formed from Oswegatchie and De Kalb, March 24, 1825. It lies on 
the s. E. shore of Black Lake, n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken in the s. by the 
parallel primitive ridges, and is level in the N. The principal streams are the Oswegatchie, on the 
N. border, and Beaver Creek, on the s. Moon Lake lies in the s. part. The soil along the lake ia 
very fertile, in the center of average fertility, and in the s. it is light and sandy. The " Old State 
Road," the first traveled route through this part of the CO., extended through this town. De 
Peyster Corners (De Peyster p. o.) is a small village. Edenton is a p. o. The first settle- 
ment was made in the fall of 1802, by Sam'l Bristol and others.' The census reports 2 churches ; 
a M. E. and a Cong. 

EDf^ARDS'" — was formed from Fowler, April 7, 1827. A part of Hermon was taken off in 

1830, and a part was annexed from Hermon in 1850. It lies on the Oswegatchie, s. w. of the 
center of the co. Its surface consists of ridges of the primitive formation and the narrow valleys 
between them. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, and in the valleys is very productive ; 
but the town is best adapted to grazing. A large number of minerals are found among the 
primitive rocks." Edwards (p. v.) is situated on the Oswegatchie. Pop. 350. South Ed- 
Trards'- (p. v.) contains a grist and saw mill and several mechanic shops. The first settlement 
commenced along the St. Lawrence Turnpike, in 1812." Several Scotch families came into town 
in 1817. There are 5 churches in town." 

FIWE'° — was formed from Russell and Pierrepont, March 27, 1844. It lies in the extreme s. 



1 Namerl from Jesse Colton Higley, an early settler. It em- 
braces the townships of '^ Sherivood,'* " i?are?w»(/," *^Gran- 
fihuck" and '' Matihlavat*^," or Nos. 1, 4, 7, and 10 of Great Tract 
No. II, Macomb's Purchsise. 

2 This establishment employs about 25 men. 

5 Among the first settlers were Asaliel Lyman, Abel Brown, 
Wm.Bulhtrd. Horace GartieUl. and Sam'l Partridge. Miss Young 
taucht the first school, in 1826. The first death was th.at of a 
child of Jas. Brown, inlS29. 

* Named in honor of Baron De Kalb. It originally embraced 
No. 7 of the " Ten Towns." 

5 Originally named " WtUiamsUwn." 

« About 30 families came in the first year. Salmon Rich, 
.Tona. Haskins, and Sol. Pratt were among the first settlers of 
RichTille. in 1804. The first child born was Jehiel Diraick ; the 
first marri.ige. that of Elisha Cook and Lotta Willey; and the 
first death, that of George Cowdery. Bela Willis taught the first 
school at De Kalb, and Jos. Kneeland at Richville. Wm. Cooper 
built the first hotel, in 1803, and the first mills, at Coopers Falls, 
lnl.W4. 

' Bap. and Cong, at Richville, Presb., M. E,, and Union (M. E. 
aud Bap.) at East De Kalb. 

* Named from Frederick De Peyster, of New York, former pro- 



prietor. Mr. De P. gave the town $300 to assist in building a 
union church and townhouse ; and he also caused a bell to be 
cast, with an appropriate inscription for its use. 

9 Among the first settlors were Thos. Wilson. Joseph Round, 

Sam'l Barujird. Green, Icliaboii Arnold. Robt. TTill. Fred. R. 

Plymptun. David Day, Rufus Washburn, and Smith Stillwell. 
Bela Willis taught the first school and was the first local 
preacher. 

10 Named from Edward McCormack, brother of the proprietor. 
It embraces most of No. 8 of Great Tract No. IIT. 

n Among these are iron ore, mica, Rensselaerite, serpentine, 
and tourmaline. 

12 Locally known as " Shavn-iUe," from Elij.ih Shaw, who 
opened the first store in 1825. Freemfrnshufih, in the E. part, 
was the scat of a large furnace destroyed by fire. 

13 Among the first settlers were Asa Braj-ton, Jos. 51. Bonner, 

S. & E. Jones,-and Johnson. The first birth was that of John 

B. Braytnn.inlS]2; and the first death w.as that of Part- 
ridge, accidentally killed in 1812. Orra Shead built the f; rst grist- 
mill, in 1814 In 1817 a large number of Scotch settlers came 
in town. 

" M. E., Univ., Cong., Bap., and Union. 

^ Named from John Fine, of Ogdensburgh, principal pro- 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 577 

part of the co. Its surface is elevated and broken, aud its soil is a moderately fertile, gravelly 
loam. It is drained by the Oswegatchie and its branches. It is principally a wilderness, the set- 
tlements being confined to theN. part. Iron ore is found in town. Fine is a p.o. in the n. There 
is no village in town. The first clearing was made in 1823, by Elias Teall.* 

FOTI'IjER^ — was formed from Rossie and Russell, April 15, 1816. The townships of Edwarda 
and Fitz William (now a part of Hermon) were annexed from Russell in 1818, Edwards was 
taken ofl' in 1827, a part of Hermon in 1830, and Pitcairn in 1836. It lies upon the Oswegatchie, 
in the southwesterly part of the co. Its surface is much broken by ridges of gneiss. It is 
drained by the Oswegatchie and its branches. Silver Lake lies s. of the center of the town. The 
soil along the streams is a fertile loam, in the n. w. a clayey loam, and in the e. a light sand. 
Several valuable minerals are found in town.^ llailesborou^h, on the Oswegatchie, and 
Little YorU (Fowler p.o.) are small villages. FulIerYille (Fullerville Iron AVorfts p.o.) 
is the seat of an extensive manufactory of iron.* "West Fowler is a p. 0. The first settle- 
ments were made by Brig. Gen. Haile, at Hailesborough, in 1807,^ and by Sam'l B. Sprague, at 
Little York, in 1811. The town did not begin to be settled rapidly until after 1820. The census 
reports 4 churches in town.® 

GOUVER^EFR'^was formed from Oswegatchie, April 5, 1810. A part of Macomb was 
taken off in 1841. It lies in the w. part of the co. Its surface is generally level, but somewhat 
broken in the n. by low ridges of white limestone. It is drained by the Oswegatchie, which twice 
flows across the town. The town abounds in interesting minerals.^ The soil is sandy in a few 
places, but is chiefly clay and loam, and is highly productive. The Kearney Iron Mine, in the s. 
corner, has furnished an immense quantity of ore. Gouverneiir (p-v.) was incorp. Dec. 7, 
1847. Pop. 785. It is the seat of a flourishing academy,^ and has a considerable local trade and 
the only p. 0. in town. Riverside Cemetery is beautifully located on the opposite bank of the 
Oswegatchie, e. of the village. It was consecrated June 23, 1858. It is a station upon the P. & 
W. R. R. The first settlement was made in the summer of 1805, by Dr. Richard Townsend, agent 
of Gouverneur Morris, the proprietor.^** The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810." 

HAJIIIWOND^^ — was formed from Rossie and Morristown, March 30, 1827. A part was 
annexed to Macomb in 1842, and a part to Rossie in 1844. It lies upon the St. Lawrence, in the 
extreme w. part of the co., and includes a portion of The Thousand Islands. The surface is 
generally level, but broken upon its n. and s. borders by low primary ridges. A level terrace of 
sandstone, forming a continuous and regular mural wall, extends from the ». shore of Black 
Lake through the center of the town into Jefferson co. Black Brook flows thiough a stagnant 
swamp, which borders upon this sandstone terrace. Its soil is generally a deep, fertile loam. 
Hammond, (p. v.,) on the Rossie Plank Road; South Hammond, on the ''Old Mili- 
tary Eoad ;" and OaK Foint,'' (p-"^-*) a landing on the St. Lawrence, are small villages. 
Chippewa is a hamlet on a bay of the same name. Slight improvements began here in 1812; 
but settlements did not increase until 1818-21, when a number of Scotch f^imilies located just w, 
of the present site of Hammond Village." There are 4 churches in town.^^ 



prietor. It embraces " Scriha" " BloomJleJd,^* "J?mi7yttRe,"and 
the south half of ■' ^rahshurghy" or Nos. 12, 14, 15, and 9 of 
Great Tract No. ITT. MacomVe Purchase. 

1 Jas.C. Haile built a rude mill in 1S28. The Bcttlement was 
noon after abandoned, but renewed in Feb. 183i, by Amasa J. 
Brown. 

3 Named from Tlieodncius Fowler, of New York, former pro- 
prietor. It embraces ''A7?tornfy," or No. 7 of Great Tract No. 
in, Macomb's Purchase. 

* Iron ore, white marble, sulphates of lead, copper, and zinc, 
a^bestus, Itensselaerite. niit-a, aud chalcedonj*. 

* This village contains a furnace, 2 forges, and several mills. 

^ Gen. 11. purchaaod a milt? square, with an agreement to build 
a mill within a year. Amoufr the other early settlers were Elijah 
Sackett. rrfmuel Arnnld, John Ryan, and Ebene^.er Parker. The 

first birth was a child of .Merrills; the first marriage, that 

of John Parker and Elizabeth S. Surkett, in 1S12. 

« Univ.. Hap.. F. W. Hap., and M. E. 

7 Named from Gouverneur Morris, the proprietor of most of 
th'" town. It originally embi-aced the township of "Oimfcray," 
or No. 8 of the '• Ten Twryi^:'^ 

^ AuionKihe useful minerals are red specular iron ore, marble, 
limpid r."»icite. sulphate of barytes, serpentine. Keusselaerite, 
mica, tourmaline, and fluorspar; and among: those interesting 
to menof Hcienceare Hpineno.scapolite. trfmalite, schorl, sphene, 
chonrirodite, npatite. Habin^xtonite. aud Iloujrhite. 

*• The ** Gmverneiir High Sciiool" w ;is opened in 1S2G, and incorp. 
April 25, 1828. A now edifice was erected Id 18M; and in 1837 



3T 



it was received under the patronage of the M. E. Black River 
Conference. The building was burned in 1839, and a new stone 
edifice erected the next year. The name was changed to the 
Gouverneur "Wesleyan Seminary April 25, 1S40. It is a flourislj- 
ing institution. 

">Tho first party of settlers came through the wilderness from 
the bead of Lake George, guided by a oumpass. They were seven 
days on the journey. Among the settlers in 1S06 wore Pardon 
Babcock, Willard Smith, Eleazar Nichols, and Isaac Austin, who 
all occupied a small shanty in common. In 1810 there were 50 
families in town. A blockhouse was built in 1S12. near wben> 
the store of HaiTey P. Smith now stands. Miss E. S. Sackett 
taught the first pchool, in the firstshanty; Israel Porter kept tho 
first inn, and John Brown the first store, in 1808. The fir.^t reli- 
gious servires were held in ISOG, by missionaries. The first chilil 
born was Allen Smith; the first marriage, that of Modad Coin 
and Miss Patter.son; and the first death, that of Emily Porter. 

H There are 5 churches in town; 2 Cong., Univ., Bap., and M.E.; 
the last hold their meetings in the chapel of the academy. 

J2 Named from Abijah Hammond, of New York, proprietor. It 
embraces the greater part of No. 1 of Great Tract No. Ill, M* 
comb's Purchase. 

1* Cross-ove^^Island Lighthouse was built just above this plac« 
in 1847. 

1* The first of these were John and David Gregor, John Band, 
John and James Hill, and Peter Alien. James Scott taught th* 
first school, in 1818-19. 

» Presb., 51. E., F. W. Bap., and Prot R 



578 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 

HERjVIOK' — was furuied from Edwards and De Kalb, April 17, 1830, and named " Depau." 
The name wa.s changed Feb. 28, 1834, and a part was annexed to Edwards in 1850. It lies in (he 
primitive regiun, s. w. of the center of tlie co. The surface is generally rolling, but broken and 
hilly in the s. part. Elm and Carter Creeks are the principal streams. Trout and Clear Lakes 
lie near the s. border, and Gardners Pond near the center of the town. The soil is generally a 
sandy loam interspersed with tracts of sand, and is best adapted to grazing. IleruiOll (p. v.) is 
situated on Elni Creek, in the N. e. corner of the town. Pop. 346. niarslivillc is a hamlet. 1 mi. 
s. of Hermon. The first settlement was made by Jas. Taylor, and a few others who came soon 
after him, previous to 1812.^ The town did not begin to be settled rapidly until 1822-25. Rev 
Mr. Wright was the first preacher.' 

HOPH.IIVTOJV*— was formed from Massena, March 2, 1805. Russell was taken ofi' in 18()7. 
ParishvfUe in 1818, and a part of Lawrence in 1828. It lies along the E. border of the CO., and i" 
the second largest town in the State. Its surface is level in the N., but broken and hilly in the s. I' 
is crossed by the St. Regis and Racket Rivers ; and in the central and s. parts are several extensive 
lakes, the principal of which is Tupjiers Lake, on the line of Franklin co. The whole town is a 
wilderness, except the extreme n. part and a small tract upon Tuppers Lake. The soil is a fertile 
loam in the N. part. IlopUinton (p. v.) contains about 20 houses. ]VicllOlviIle is a small 
village on the line of Lawrence and mostly in the latter town. Fort JackSOn, in the n. 
part, on the St. Regis, is a hamlet of a dozen houses. The first settlement in town was made by 
Roswell Hopkins, in 1802.° In 1814 a party of British, consisting of 30 men, under Maj. P. W. 
De Haven, visited this town and captured a large amount of flour belonging to the U. S., which 
was here stored in a barn.' In the spring of 1858 a company consisting of 13 families located 
in the vicinity of Tuppers Lake, with the design of forming an agricultural settlement.' The 
township of Mortlake, or No. 3 of Tract II, has been called " Athcrion," but it has yet no legal 
organization. There are 4 religious societies in town.' 

IiAWRElVCE'— was formed from Ilopkinton and Brasher, April 21, 1828. It lies on the e. 
border of the CO., N. of the center. The surface is very level, and the soil is a fertile, sandy loam 
underlaid by Potsdam sandstone. It is drained by St. Regis and Deer R-ivers. Lawrence- 
viHe (p.v.) and Kortli Lawrence (p. v.) are villages upon Deer River, each with a pop. 
of about 220. The latter is a station on the Northern R. R. XicIlOlville,'" (p. v..) on the line 
of Hopkinton, contains about 200 inhabitants. The first settlement began in 1806." Since the 
completion of the R. B. this town has rapidly increased in population. The Quakers held the 
first meeting in 1808. There are 7 churches in town.'^ 

liISBON — was formed JIarch 6, 1801." Madrid and Oswegatchie were taken oflT in 1802, and 
Canton in 1805. It lies upon the St. Lawrence, N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is level 
or gently undulating. It is drained by Great and Little Sucker Brooks, and several .smaller streams. 
Its soil is a light Init fertile loam underlaid by calciferous sandstone. The town includes Gallop" 
Island in the river. Liisbon Center (p. o.) is a station on the Ogdensburghll.R., and contains 
about a dozen houses. Flackville'* (P-o.) is a hamlet, on the Ogdensburgh & Canton Road. 
Red Mills'* (Lisbon p. o.) is a hamlet, on the river, opposite Gallop Island. This town was the 
first one organized in the co. The first settlement was made by Wm. O'Neal, in 1799. Alex. J. 
Turner came in as agent in Feb. 1800." He was from Salem, N. Y., and induced many families 

1 Named from Scripture. It embraces "Fifj Tri77tam,"or No. | bom, of Nashu.i, N. H.. Elbridge G. Read and Wm. D. Beason, 
4 of Great Tract No. Ill, Macomb's Turchase, and parts of other of Chelsea, Mass., and Moses A. Herrick, of Boston, for its Inm- 
townsbips. ber. The settlement was made under the auspices of this Com- 

2 Among tbo early settlers were Geo. Davis, Philemon Stuart, pany. 



Jas. Farr, Ariel Innian, and Rufus Hopkins. William D. Moore 
taught the first school, in 1817. The first death was that of 
ThoK. Farr. 

2 There are S churches in town ; M. E., Bap., and Christian. 

* NiUued from Uoswell Hopkins, the first settler. It embraces 
the townships of "Ot/A'/iam," ■' M'trtlake," ^^ Janestown,^^ " Pierix- 
/JxM," '* IhiUywood" " KiMitn" " Riversdale,'" and '^ Islington^* 



s Cong., Bap., M. E., and F. W. B.Hp. 

9 Named from Wm. Lawrence, of New York, propriiitor. It 
embr.aces " C'te^ter/idd,*' or No. 10 of Great Tract No. II, Mii- 
conib'a Purchase. 

10 Natned from E. S. Nichols, an agent of the proprietors. 

n Mr. Brewer, a sub-aRcnt. came in as early as ISOl ; .1. and S. 
Tyler, A. Sauud.'rs, A. Chandler. .7. Allen, and J. and J. Piercf 



<rr Nos. 2, 3, b, 6, 8, 9,12, and 15 of Great Tract No. II, Macomb's came in 1807. Ephraim Jlartin built the first sawmill, in 1809; 



Purchase. 

t- Mr. Hopkins bought a part of Islington. Among the eiu'ly 
settlers were Joel and Samuel Goodale, R. W. Hopkins, .Tared 
Dewey, and Eiiphalet Branch. The first birth was in the family 

of Sheldon ; and the first death, that of an infant, in 1807. 

Judge Hopkins built the first gristmill, in 1803. 

* Tliere is good reason to believe that on this and other occa* 
sions the British received information from a prominent citizen 
of Franklin co. 

' This township was purchased Oct. 23, 1853, by a company con 
f\^tjng of Chas. Q. .itkerton, John H. Gage, and Dan'l H. Dear- 



Miss S. Tyler taught the first school, in 1810. 

la 2 Cong., 2 M.E., 2 Bap., and F. W. Bap. 

w It originally contained the whole territory of the ** Tm 
Towjts." It now includes No. 5 of the " y'l^n Trnvns." 

1* Pronounced " Gal-loo" Island. 

15 Named from John P. Flack, first p. m. 

18 Named from the color of the niills erected by Daniel W. 
Church for the proprietor. Stephen Van Uensselaer, in 1S04. 

" Among the firet settlers were Peter Sharp. Peter Hinnon, 
John Tibbets, Reuben Turner, Wui. Shaw, Lemuel Hoskins, 'rt'm. 
Lyttle, Jajued Aikeus, Beoj. Stewart, .'Matthew Perkins, WensoD 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



570 



to remove from Washington co. A fatal epidemic prevailed in town in I8I0. In tbo full of 1813 
a small party of dragoons stopping at the village were surprised by the Canadians ; imo was shot, 
another wounded, and tw-o or three were taken prisoners to Canada. There aroG ohurchos in town.' 

IiOUISVIIjLE- — was formed from Massena, April 5, 1810. A part uf Norfolk was taken 
off in 1823, and a part of the same town Avas annexed in 1844. It lies npun the St. Law^renue, 
in the n. e. part of the co. The surface is level. Grass River, the principal stream, flowing cen- 
trally through the town, affords a water-power at the village. The soil is a fertile, sandy loam, 
underlaid by calciferous sandstone. liOUisi'ille/ (p. 0.,) on Grass River, and Loui^vilU; 
liaudlu^, (P'O-,) on the St. Lawrence, are hamlets. The water-power at the former place hay 
been somewhat improved ; and the latter place is a landing for the American line of steamers. 
The first settlement was made by Nahum Wilson and Aaron Allen, in 1800.* The growth of the 
town was checked by the war; but it soon revived. There are 2 churches in town; M.E. and Union. 

MACOmJB^— was formed from Gouverneur and Morristown, April 3, 1841. A small tract 
was annexed from Hammond in 1842, It lies upon the s. shore of Black Lake, in the w. part 
of the CO. Its burface is broken by ridges of gneiss and white limestone parallel to the lake. Fish 
and Birch Creeks are the principal streams. Pleasant and Yellow or Ilickeys Lakes are fine sheets 
of water, with rocky shores, iu the central part of the town. The soil is a light, sandy loam. The 
ridges are often without vegetation, but the valleys are fertile. Several valuable minerals arc found 
in town.® Macoiiib, (p. 0.,) on the '' Old State lioad," und Popes Mills, (p. 0.,) on Fish Creek, 
are hamlets. The first settlements were made upon the " Old State Road,'' about 1805-06.' Timo- 
thy Pope made the first improvement at Popes Mills, in 1816. There is 1 church (M. E.) iu town. 

MAORIO^—was formed from Lisbon, March 3, 1802, and Potsdam was taken 08" in 1806. It 
lies upon the St. Lawrence, e. of the center of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating. 
It is watered by Grasse River, and by Great and Little Sucker, Brandy, and Trout Brooks. Upon 
both the St. Lawrence and Grasse Rivers are rapids, from which is derived an immense amount of 
water-power. The soil is a light, sandy loam, generally fertile. TVaddin^ton^ (p. v.) is situated 
upon the St. Lawrence, opposite Ogdens Island and the '^ Rapide Flat." The rapids at this place 
impede the river navigation, but furnish an abundance of water-power.^'' The entire fall is lift. 
Pop. 705. Columbia Village (Madrid p. 0.) is situated at the falls of Grass River, 1 mi. from 
the R. R. station. It is a place of considerable business. Pop. 300. Clias€S Mills (p. 0.) is a new 
settlement, upon Grass River, on the line of Louisville. The first settlement was made along 
the St. Lawrence, in 1798, under Joseph Edsall, agent of the propriefeors." In Jan., 1814, a party 
of Canadian militia, under Capt. Sherwood, crossed the St. Lawrence at Point Iroquois and marched 
to Columbia Village, pressed teams, and carried off a quantity of merchandise which had been 
captured upon bateaux on the preceding Oct. There are 9 churches in town.^^ 

MASSE]VA^^— was formed March 3, 1802. Hopkinton was taken off in 1805, Stockholm in 
1806, Louisville in 1810, and Brasher in 1825. It lies upon the St. Lawrence, in the n. e. corner 
of the CO. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. The principal streams are the 
Grass** and Racket Rivers, vrhich flow tlirough the town in parallel channels 1 to 2 mi. apart. 
Its soil is a productive, gravelly and sandy loam. Masscna (p. v.) is situated upon Grass River, 
at the lower fulls. It has a limited amount of manufactures. Pop. 310. Ulassena Sprin^s'^ 



Itriggg, and Hez. Pierce. Tho first birth was in the family of J. 
Tibbeta, in ISOO. Kev. Ak*x. T'roudfit held tho first niftkinga. 
l»r. Jos. W. Smith, the first physjciau in the co., settled here in 
J SOS and remained two years. 

» Cong., Asso. Rcf Presb., M. E., Wes. Meth., Rcf Prcfb., and 
Prot. B. (St. Luke's.) 

* 1 1 comprises the greater part of No. 1 of tho " Ten Towns'* 

3 Li.>cally known as "3/(//*T.vi'i7/f." from Rev. I^vi Miller, of 
Turin, who came here as a^eut of Mc Vickar, tlie proprietor, in IS'J3. 

* Among the early settlers were John Wilson, Lyuum Rost- 
wick, Elisha W. BarbtM-. and Oriffln Place. The flrHt child born 
was a son of Nahiwn Wilson ; and the first death, that of I'hilo 
R.irber. Klinba Ijarber taught the firat school, and N. Wilson 
kept tho first inn. 

ft Named from Alex. Macomb, the great land speculator. 

* Among thi'se are lead, mica, copper pyrites, and blende. 
Stock companies have been engaged quite exteasivoly in lead 
mining at Mineral Point, on Black Lake, and elsewhere. 

' Among the first settlers wore Sam"l Bristol, Kufus Wash- 
burn, Sam'l and K. Wils()n, and S.un'l Peck. 

" It embraces Xo. 4 of tlie " T--n TotvnSj" and is about 10 mi. sq. 

® Named from Joshua Waddington, proprietor. Formerly 
called " IJamiilon."' Incorp. April 26, 1839. A furnace, Bujiplied 
with bog ore, was ostablidbed here in iS34; but it was abandoned : 



in 1840. A tract of 1,135 acres on the shore opposite tho island, 
together with the islan(^and water-power, were conveyed in 1811 
to .loHbua Waddington and Thos. L. and David A. Ogdcii. 

10 In 1808-11-15. acts were passed to improve the navigation at 
this place, and a lock was built for the passage of small IwatH. 

n Among the early eettler.s were John Sharpe, Barton Kdaall. 
John Tuttle, Benj. Bartlett, Godfrey Ulyera, JJenj. Canipl'ell. and 
E. Dimick. Porothy Fields taught tbi- first school; Seth Rtjbeit:. 
built the first mills, at Colundjia Vilbige, in 1803. Mills wen- 
built the first mill.s. at Columbia VilliiKe, lulso.'J. Mills were built 
at Waddington, in 1803-04. The tuwu was divided in 11^59 by a 
line through the middle of the town parallel to tho river. The 
river town is named Waddington. 

12 2 Cong., 2 M. K., Univ., Rap., Prot. E., Asso Ref.,and R.C. 

13 NaiiU'd from Marshal MaBsemL, uf the French army. 

1* This stream near its mouth is liable to a sudden rcver.'^al of 
its current by the damming up cf the St. Lawrence by ice in 
severe cold weather. Tbese back currents have been felt at 
Massena Village; and no bridges have been made to stand beluw 
the lower mills. The water has b(--cn known to rise 15 ft. in .i» 
many minutes, and to attain a maximum height of 25 ft. The 
lower dam is built to resist thf current both ways. 

1^ Tbc»e springs are-saline and sulphurous. Capt. John PoUj 
buiit the first public house hero, in 1822. A spacious brick hotel 
was erected in 184S to accommodate those who resort here. 



580 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



lies upon the Racket, about one mi. distant from Massena. Pop. 120. It is a favorite summer 
resort. Massena Center (p. v.) contains about 25 houses, and Racket River (p. v.) 

about 20. By the treaty of 1796, a mile square at the mouth of Grass River was reserved by the 
St. Regis Indians; and most of the other lauds in the town were located on Revolutionary land 
warrants before the sale of the rest of the co. Before the treaty the Indians issued unauthorized 
leases to different parties; and hence arose much annoyance from conflicting claims.^ The first im- 
provements were made on Grass River, on land leased of the Indians, in 1702. The first settlements 
on Revolutionary grants were made in 1798, by Amos Lay and others.^ In 1812 the U. S. Government 
erected barracks here, which were occupied 3 months by militia. In Sept. 1813, a party of Cana- 
dians burned the barracks and carried away several prisoners. There are 5 churches in town.' 

MORRIvSTOWlV*— was formed from Oswegatchie, March 27, 1821. A part of Hammond was 
taken off in 1827, and a part of Macomb in 1841. It lies between the lower end of Black Lake and 
the St. Lawrence. Its surface is gently undulating, rising from either side toward the center. Chip- 
pewa Creek, flowing though the center, is the principal stream. The soil is a gravelly loam and gener- 
ally fertile. Morristovrn (p. v.) is situated upon the St. Lawrence. Pop. 254. £d^¥ards- 
ville'' (p. 0.) is a small village on Black Lake, at which point a ferry has been established. Brier 
Hill (p. 0.) is a hamlet. David Ford — as agent of Gouverneur Morris, the proprietor — made the 
first settlement on the site of the village, in 1799.^ John K. Thurbur and Henry Ellenwood made 
the first improvement in the vicinity of Edwardsville, in 1810. In 1817-18 several English families 
located at a place still known as the " English Settlement." There are 7 churches in town,*^ 

IVORFOIjH. — was formed from Louisville and Stockholm, April 9, 1823. A part was annexed 
to Louisville in 1844. Its surface is moderately uneven. Racket River, the principal stream, 
flows diagonally through near the center of the town, and affords a large amount of water-power, 
partially improved.^ The soil is generally fertile, resting upon drift deposits of gravel and 
marine clay, and all underlaid by calciferous sandstone. The e. part is sandy; and a swamp 
lies between the Racket and Grasse Rivers. JVorfolk (p. v.) is situated upon Racket River. Pop. 
about 200. It has manufactories of lumber, shingles, and articles of wood. Rayuiondville^ 
(p. 0.) is a small village on the Racket, below Norfolk. The first settlement was made by Erastus 
Hall, in 1809, at Raymondville.^° The Racket was formerly navigated, to some extent, as far as 
this place. There are 4 churches in town." 

OSlf'EGATCHIEi^— was formed from Lisbon, March 3, 1802. De Kalb was taken off in 

1806, Gouverneur in 1810, Morristown in 1821, and a part of De Peyster in 1825. The surface is 
level or gently undulating. Oswegatchie River, the principal stream, affords water-power at 
Heuvelton and at Ogdensburgh, which is available most of the year. The soil is a fine quality 
of gravelly loam, and is under a good state of cultivation. Og'densbur^li^^^ (p-'^-O situated 
upon the St. Lawrence, is one of the largest and most important villages in Northern New 
York. It is the w. terminus of the Ogdensburgh R. R., and stands at the foot of sloop navigation 
upon the great lakes and St. Lawrence River, giving to it important commercial advantages. A 
limited amount of manufacturing is also carried on, chiefly on the w. side of the Oswegatchie. It 
contains the depots and buildings of the Ogdensburgh R. R., — among the finest in the co., — au 
academy," a townhall,*^ U. S. customhouse,^^ and an armory." Pop. Jan. 1858, 7,308. Heuvel- 



1 M'lst of tho valuable timber was stolen before settlement. 

2 AuKing the first settlers were Mamri Victory, Calviu Plum- 
ley. Bliss Hoisington, Klijah Biiiley, David Lyttle, !^elh Read, 
ami Leonard Uerrick. Gilbert Read taught tlie first school, in 
1803. Amabel Foucher was a lessee of the first mill, under the 
Indians. » 2 Cong., Bap., M. E.. and R. C. 

* Named from Gouverneur Morris, principal proprietor. It 
originally embraced the township of '■* Hague" or ^'o. 9 of the 
" Ten Ti/wns.'* 

6 Locally known as the "iVanows." Named from Jonathan S. 
Edwards, the first postmaster. On e-arly maps it was marked 

* Arnold Smith and Thomas Hill were first settlers on the 
river, and H. Harrison, Ephraim Story, and Benj. Tubba on the 
lake. Smith kept the first inn, and Ford built the first house. 

^ 2 M. K., Presb., Cong.. Prot. K., Evang. Luth., and Union. 

8 There is a dam 1 mi. from the R. R. station, near the s. w. 
corner nf the town, another at Norfolk, and another at Ray- 
inondvilie. 

* Named from Benj. Raymond, the first agent for this town and 
Potsdam. First named " Racketon." 

^'^ Among the early settlers, who came in about ISIO, were Ebon 
Judson, Martin Barney. J. W. Osborn, C. G. Stowo, and Milo 
Brewer. The fiiet death was that of E. Judson, in 1813. The 
first clearing at Norfolk Village was made for 1* Raj', in 1811 ; 
and the first settlement wjia beguD by Russell Atwater, in 1816, 



A furnace was built at the villagu in 1825, and supplied with 
bog ore. It was burned in 1S44. 

u M. E., Prot. E., and Presb., at Norfolk, and Presb at Ray- 
mondville. 

12 Pronounced Os-we-gotch'ee ; named from the river. It em- 
braces most of No. 8 of the *' 'fen Ihivns." 

18 Named from Sam'I Ogden. the first proprietor. Incorp. in 
1817. The unsold lauds in and about the village were bought 
by David Parish in 1808, the owner of large tracts in the co. He 
built an extensive warehouse and several vessels, and laid plans 
for a large business, which the war prevented him from realizing. 

n This academy now forms an incorporate part of the public 
educational system of the WUage. The schools are all graded, 
and the pupils are advanced, according to attainment, fmin the 
primary schools to the complete academic course. The academy 
receives the income from the ferry at this place. In ISO" there 
were 7 schoolhouses and IS teachers. The average uuniber of 
pupils on the rolls was 1328, and average daily attendance 755. 

i& By special act of 1858 a town hall was erected, at an expense 
of Slu,000, on the corner of Washington and Frankhn S*ts. 

16 The cornerstone of the old i'rencL Mission house is placed 
over one of its entrances. 

17 An appropriation of $110,000 was made in 1857 for a custom- 
house, p. o., and U. S. oiurtroom. It is to be erected on the site 
of the old courthouse, corner of State and K nox Sts. 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



581 



ton' (p. V.) lies upon the Oswegatchie, 7 mi. above Ogdensburgh. It has a limited amount of manu- 
facture.s. Pop. 300. Black L.ake is a p. o., in the s. w. part of the town. The early history 
of the town has already been noticed." The first improvement, after Ogdensburgh was aban- 
doned by the British, was made in 179C, by Nathan Ford,' and it soon became a place of com- 
mercial importance. The war checked the jirosjierity of the place, and after the return of peace 
business revived slowly. The opening of the Wclland Canal and completion of the Ogdensburgh 
R. R. greatly increased the trade and added to the population of Ogdensburgh.* The completion 
of the Grand Trunk Railway tlirough Canada has in some measure checked its growth, by divert- 
ing business into other channels. The first religious meetings were held while it was a French, 
and afterward a British, post. The census reports 11 churches.' 

PARISlIVILiliE* — was formed from Hopkinton, April 15, 1818. Colton was taken off in 
1843, and another part of Parishville annexed to it in 1851. It lies upon St. Regis River, s. E. 
of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the N. and considerably broken in the s. The 
soil is a deep loam in the N., but in the s. is light and sandy. A large portion of the town is yet 
a wilderness. Parishville (p. v.) is situated upon the w. branch of St. Regis River. Pop. 236. 
It has a limited amount of manufactures.' ParisllvlUe Center, in the N. part, is a hamlet. 
Daniel Hoard settled in 1810, as agent for the proprietors.^ During the war the settlement was 
greatly increased by immigrants from the frontier towns. The census reports 4 churches.' 

PIERREPOH'T'" — was formed from Russell, April 15, 1818. A part of Fine was taken 
off in 1844. It occupies a long, narrow strip s. of the center of the co. The surface is quite 
broken. The three branches of Grass River, e. branch of the Oswegatchie, and Racket River are 
the principal streams. The soil in the N. is well adapted to grazing, and that in the s. is light and 
sandy. Settlements are confined to the N. part. Magnetic iron ore and other valuable minerals 
are found in large quantities. Pierrepont (p. o.) is a small village upon the hills, near the center 
of No. 3. East Pierrepont" {p. V.) is situated on Racket River. Pop. about 100. Flavins 
Curtis settled upon the line of Canton in 1806-07. The principal settlement commenced upon the 
completion of the St. Lawrence Turnpike, in 1811-12.'" There are 2 churches ; M. E. and F. W. Bap. 

PITCAIRM"— was formed from Fowler, March 29, 1836. It lies on the s. border of the co., 
w. of the center. Its surface is much broken by ridges, separated by swamps, lakes, and fertile 
intervales. The soil is light and sandy, with a few alluvial flats along the streams. Iron ore, 
marble, and lead are found in town. The Jay Iron Ore Bed has been worked ; and unprofitable 
attempts have been made to work some lead mines. Tiie town is thinly settled. Pitcairn and 
East Pitcairn are p. offices. Settlement was begun in 1824 by immigrants from Potsdam." 
There is no church in town. 

POTSDAM'*— was formed from Madrid, Feb. 21, 1806. It lies on Racket River, n. e. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is rolling ; and its soil is a deep, rich loam. The streams are Racket 
River, affording a large amount of water-power, and Grass River, with a limited amount. Lumbei 
and articles of wood are largely manufactured. There are extensive quarries of sandstone above 
tlie village.'* This is the leading agricultural town in the CO., and every part is under improve- 
ment. Potsrtam" (p. v.) is located upon Racket River, E. of the center of the town. The 
river is here divided by islands and broken by rapids, and furnishes an extensive water-pcwer. 
Pop. in 1st and 4th election districts, 2,123. It has a considerable amount of manufactures and 



1 Named from .Tacob Van Ileuvel. who invested a large sum in 
a niinous attempt to establieh business liere. 

2 See p. 674. 

* Among the first settlers were Ezra Fitz Randolph, lliomas 
Lee, John Lyon, John King, Louis Hasbrouck, S^tephen Slooasen, 
and Powell Davis. The first school was taught by Richard Hub- 
bard, in 1S09. 

* A ni.irine railway, constructed herein 1853, has been of great 
service to the interests of navigation. 

6 3 M. Ji., 2 Presb., Univ., Unitarian, Bap.. Cong., Prot. E,, and 
K. C. 

« Named from David and Geo. Parish, proprietors of No, 13. 
I: embraces the most of " CatharimiritU^' and " iricA-," or Nos. 
1+ and 11 of Great Tract No. II of Macomb's Purchase. 

J The river here descends 125 ft. within a mi., furnishing an 
abundance of water-power. 

"J Among the early settlers were Luke Brown. Isaac Tower. II. 
Shattuck, and Levi Sawyer, who came in about ISll. During 
this and the succeeding year the proprietors caused a road to be 
opened to Carthage, and mills, a distillery, hotel, and forge to be 
built. The first birth was in the family of Luke Brown, in 1812. 
Uarriet Brouson taught the first school, in the barn of Mr. Hoard. 



» Cong.. M. E., Wes. Meth., and Bap. 

10 Named from Hezekiah B. Pierrepont. of Brooklyn. piO- 
prietor. It embraces the townships of "ChaumonW " Ciiflfm^ 
" C/are," and a part of " /)c ITzW," or Nos. 13, 10, 6, and 3 of Great 
Tract No. Ill of Macomb's Purchase. 

u Sometimes called " Coxti ittVs," from Gardner Coxe, wh<* 
settled here and built mills in 1817-22. It has a large gan? 
sawmill and a starch factory. 

13 Among the early settlers were David Denton, Pet. R. Leonard, 
Jos. Matthews, and Ebenezer Tupper. 

13 Named from Joseph Pitcairn. proprietor. It embraces the 
township of ^^ Partaferry" or No. 11 of Great Tract No. Ill, Ma 
comb's Purchase. 

n Among the early settlers were Nafh'l Dickinson and sons. 
Levi Gleason, Nathan C. Scovil, and James Streetor. Caroline 
Dickinson taught the first school. The first birth was in the 
family of N. C. Scovil ; the first marriage, that of Anson Bing- 
ham and Caroline Dickinson. 

l& It embraces No. 3 of the " Ten Tmvns." 

w From these quarries the city of Ilauiilton, C. W.. is supplied 
with flagging. The stone also is an excellent building mato* 
lial. '1 Incorp. March 3, 1831. 



582 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



in the seat of an academy.^ It also contains a bank and 2 printing offices. Racketville 
(North Potsdam p. o.) lies on Racket River, in the n. corner of the town. Pup. about 150, It has 
an extensive water-power, and is the Potsdam Junction station on the Ogdcnsburgh R. R. Bucks 
Bridge- is a hamlet upon Grass River, in the w. part of the town. West Potsdam (p. o.) 

i.s a small village in the midst of au agricultural region. The hr.st settlcmcut commenced in 1803, 
under Benj. Raymond, agent fur the proprietor, and the town rapidly fiilcd up by immigrants 
from Vt.^ In Nov. Itt04, Vim. BuUard took up 2,-i27 acres of land, and formed an association, 
styled " The Union," holding the laud in common. The association broke up in 2 or 3 years. 
There are 10 churches in town.^ 

ROSSI E*^ — was formed from Russell, Jan. 27, 1813. A part of Fowler was taken off in 1816, 
and a part of Hammond in 1827. A part of Hammond was annexed in 1844. It lies on the s. w. 
border of the co. Its surface is level in the e., and broken by ledges of gneiss, limestone, and 
sandstone in the remaining parts. It is drained by Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers. Its soil is 
like that of the adjoining towns. Between the gneiss and limestone, near Indian River, are 
extensive and valuable mines of lead and iron,' and a great variety of valuable minerals.* 
Rossie (p. V.) is situated on Indian River, at the head of the Black Lake navigation. Pop. 214. 
It owes its importance to its iron manufacture, commenced here in 1813. CliurcllS Mills,^ 
(Wegatchie p. o.,) situated on the Oswegatchie, is the seat of a furnace. Pop. about 170. Sonier- 
viile (p. v.) contiiins 20 houses. Slftillgle Creelt is a p. o., in the s.e. corner. The first settle- 
ment was made in 1807.^° A number of Scotch families came in about 1810. A blockhouse was 
built near Somerville in 1812. There are 2 churches in town; Univ. and M.E. 

RUSSEIjK*^^ — was formed from Ilopkintou, March 27, 1807. Rossie was taken off in 1813, 
a part of Fowler in 1816, Pierrepont in 1818, and a part of Fine in 1844. It lies upon Grass 
River, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is much broken, and its s. part is still a wilderness. 
Its soil is light and sandy, but fertile in the valleys. Russell (p. o.) is a small village, upon 
Grass River, in the central part of the town ; Wortli Russell is a p. o. The first settlement 
was made in 1804, under the agency of R. Atwater.^- A State arsenal was built in the village in 
1809 ;^^ and the St. Lawrence Turnpike was opened the same year. The principal growth of the 
village was received in 1811 and 1812. A forgo was built in 1846, and supplied with bog and 
magnetic ores. There are 2 churches in town; Bap. and M. E.: the Presb. and Prot. E. each 
have societies formed. 

STOCKHOLM"— was formed from Massena, Feb. 21, 1806. A part of Norfolk was taken 
off in 1823. It lies in the northeasterly part of the co. Its surface is rolling. Its soil is a light, 
sandy loam, generally productive. It is watered by the two branches of St. Regis River. It is 
strictly an agricultural town, and one of the most wealthy in the co. Stockliolni Uepot 
(p.o.) is a small village upon the r. r., in the e. part of the town. East Stockboliu (Stock- 
holm p. o.) and Sanfordville are hamlets of a dozen houses each. "West Stocklioilli 
(p.o.) is a small manufacturing village upon St. Regis River. Knapps Station (North 
Stockholm p. o.) is a r. r. station on the n. w, border of the town ; and SoutliTllle is a p. o. 
Sklnnea'ville is a hamlet ou the w. branch of the St. Regis. The first settlement was begun in 
1802, by Ebenezer Ilulburd and Dr. Luman Pettibone, agents.^^ The census reports 5 churches.^® 



1 The St. Lawrence Academy waa commenced, through the ex- 
ertions of Benj. Raymond, in 1812. It has long maintained a high 
reputation amon;; the schools of Northern New York. 

2 Named from [saac Buck, who settled here in 1^07. 

3 Among the early settlers were Wm. and Gurdon .Smith. Benj. 
Stewart, John Delauce, David Freuch, Chester Dewey, Joseph 
Bailey, Bester Pierce, Koswell Parkhurst, Wm. Bullard, lieuben 
Field, and Abner Royce. The first birth was a daughter of Wm. 
Smith ; and the first death, that of Jaa. Cbadwick. Mills were 
built by liaymond. 

* The members were not professedly united in religious or 
politirHl views. SpafFord, in his Gazetteer, erroneously calls 
them *' Moravians." — HnuglCs Hist. St. L. and Frank. Cos., p. 435. 

6 3 M. E., Presb., Univ.. Prot. E., (Trinity.) Bap., Ref. Presb., 
B.C., and Catholic Apostolic. 

6 Pronounced Kos-se6. Named from a sister of Dovid Parish, 
the proprietor. It embraces " SomerviUe," or No. 2 of Great 
Tract No. III. Macomb's Purchase. 

" The first lead mining operations in this town were unskillfully 
performed and attended with ruinous results, whicli led to their 
abandonment. After 20 years' suspension, the mines were re- 
opened by an English company, (The KosHie & Canada Lead Com- 
pany.) formed uu'ler special act, and working iip<jn a lease of )H) 
years from June 1, lS5t); and they are said to have been success- 
ful. The Caledonian and Keene Iron Mines, near theR.R.,i>\vneii 
\-v Parish, have yielded an immense quantity of ore. which has 
j/> >6tiy beeu worked at Rossie Iron Works. 



8 Among these minerals are marble, graphite, heavy spax, 
phosphate of lime, copper pyrites, calcite, pearl spar, apatite, 
zircon, tremolite, satin spar, celestino, carbonate of iron, chou- 
drodite, aud spinelle. 

9 Formerly called ■' Caledonia^" and " Howards 3IiilSf'" from 
Jas. Howard, former proprietor. 

10 Among the first settlers were Jos. Teall, Reuben Streeter, 
A. Simmons, O. Malterner, A. Keeuey, jr.. S. Bonfy, S. Waters, 
and J. Stearns. The first child born was Wm. Rossie Williams. 
Reuben Streeter built the first mill. 

11 Named from Russell Atwater, first settler. 

12 Among the early settlers were Nathan, Loren, and David 
Knox. Heman Morgan, Elias Ilayden, Reuben Ashman. Jesse 
Bunnell, Elihu Morgan, and Joel Clarke, who came in 1S0.5. The 
first child born was a son of Reuben Ashman, in ISuG; the first 
marriage, that of Calvin Hill aud Harriet Knox: and the firsi 

death, that of Curtis. RoUin Smith taught the first school, 

aud Atwater built the first mills. 

IS Sold for a school building, in 18&0. 

I'l It originally comprised No. 2 of the "Ten Toivm," and is 
nearly 10 mi. aq. 

15 Among the early settlers were Benj. Wright, Isaac Kelsey, 
Abiam Sheldon, and John and Robt. Bisbee. S. Reynolds built 
the first mill, in 1804. Mrs. Sheldon was the first woman who 
came into town. 

10 2 Cong., M. E.. Bap., W. Metb.; the Christians and F. W. 
Bap. have also societies in town. 



ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



583 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Poimlalion, Dwelliuys, Families, Freeholders, ScJwols, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of St. Lawrence County. 



Namss of Towns. 



BrnaJier 

Canton 

Culton 

DeKnlb 

Do Peyster... 

Edwards 

Fine 

Fowler 

Gouverneur.. 
Hammond... 

Hermon 

Hopkiuton .. 

Lawrence 

Lisbon 

Louisville.... 

Macomb 

Madrid". 

Massena 

Morristown . 

Norfolk 

t)8wegatchie, 
Parisliville .. 
Pierrepout... 

Pilcairn 

Potsdam 

RoBsic 

RusshII 

Stockholm .. 
Total.... 



Acres of Land. 



18.2R0 
34.101 
3,460 

22.ass 

12,334 
7,834 
1,824 
1S.732 
26,111 
15,701 
12,637 
12,641 
17,338 
30,969 
15,.?67 
10,435 
32,788 
19,620 
l',l,407 
]2,2,S0 
26,669 
20.62S 
10,339 
3,900 
40,297 
6,482 
12,080 
30,840 



14119,554 8f5,.531 



40.726 
29.593 
127.293 
26.616 
13.706 
19,285 
93,932 
12,687 
12,167 
1S.S23 
12,268 
36,427 

7,905 
24.491 
23,881 
29,766 
28,661 

9,037 
24,691 

9,459 
12,496 
42,602 
116,121 
20,767 
20.521 
12,911 
38,008 
21,703 



Valuation op 1856, 



$446,100 

1,343,810 
lfi(i.90S 
473,SD» 
327.990 
170,213 
66,197 
296,498 
763.24S 
3.30,875 
264.693 
4S0.803 
421,800 
825,780 
320,216 
192,060 

1,119,22: 
889,574 
372,170 
359,320 

2,416,555 
367,230 
274,845 
79,960 

1,528,406 
270,419 
806,111 
706,691 



16,066,061 2,011,860 ' 17,077,921 



!3 



1,614 

2,497 

646 

1,360 

699 

625 

172 

814 

1,406 

970 

864 

775 

1,226 

2,622 

1,0S7 

749 

2,435 

1,341 

1,049 

882 

6,033 

1,064 

906 

269 

3,328 

7.02 

1,116 

1,954 



1,454 

2,498 

494 

1,316 

6&1 

566 

144 

806 

1,450 

905 

794 

779 

1,139 

2,487 

1,0.33 

717 

2,427 

1,360 

1,062 

922 

6,027 

1,000 

928 

262' 

3,303 

728 

993 

1,S3U 



487 
874 
209 
482 
196 
208 
67 
292 
498 
814 
289 
293 
467 
907 
345 
2C0 
844 
459 
899 
341 

1,058 
306 
348 
106 

1,126 
262 
399 
697 



37.934 37,043 13,191 13,177 10,690' 377 



212 
811 
196 
210 
67 
303 
612 
320 
305 
267 
473 
905 
356 
124 
877 
468 
399 
350 

1,474 
396 
347 
106 

1,191 
314 
392 
726 



435 
806 
140 
319 
153 
211 
66 
241 
399 
112 
244 
241 
407 
761 
338 
221 
736 
341 
281 
310 

1,096 

404 

309 

89 

1,016 
163 
262 
610! 



Vc 



1,248 

2,005 
492 

1,068 
602 
689 
162 
688 

1,146 
706 
663 
861 
987 

2,348 
917 
663 

1,884 

1,227 
889 
768 

4,609 
760 
781 
215 

2.238 
760 
760 

1.619 

10,997 



Nasies op Towns. 



Briisber 

Canton 

Colton 

DeKolb 

De Pcyster..., 

Edwards 

Fine 

Fowler 

Gouverneur . 
Hammond... 

Hermon 

Hopkinton .. 

Lawrence 

Lisbon 

Louisville ... . 

Macomb 

Madrid'* , 

Massena 

Mori-istown. 

Norfolk 

Oswi'jrtttchie 
Pnrisliville .. 
Picrrepont. .. 

Pitcairn 

Potsdam 

Hossie 

Russell 

Stockholm... 
Total.. 



664 

1,906 
135 
698 
490 
320 
32 
629 
079 
770 
406 
450 
690 

1,71' 
724 
367 

1,461 
901 

1,032 
4'- 

1,409 
735 
399 
134 

1,.506 
382 
358 

1,082 



lal 



1,746 

2,991 

218 

1,961 

836 

914 

1.56 

1,228 

1.486 

1,266 

1,524 

l.O.ll 

1.666 

3,057 

1,861 

979 

2,806 

2,658 

1,43; 

807 

2,265 

1,693 

797 

2.'!9 

2,864 

771 

1,800 

3.303 



1,633 
3,927 

369 
2,426 
1,442 
1,017 

109 
2,072 
2,924 
1,421 
1,753 

948 
1,621 
3,607 
1,611 

981 
3,69: 
1,817 
1,860 
1,066 
2,616 
1,056 

978 

300 
4,! 
1,086 
1,.518 
2,823 



20,261 44,247 '52,161 



Agricultural Products, 



Bush, op Gbajn. 



1,669 
1,848 

4.59 
1,020 

738 
l,530i 

352 
1,091 
1,633 
1,702 

164 
3,266 
1,496 
1.618 
1„566 
1,5.67 
2,060 
1,997 
4,164 

456 
6.826 
3,979 
2.100 

146 

1.833 

893 

343 

6,140 

:4,080 '60,6054 



hi 



4,440 
11.192 
2.603 
6,050 
2,666 
2,206 
304 
4,363 
6.170 
3,666 
3,621 
2,786 
4,776 
10,681 
4,686 
2,636 
9,454 
6,601 
6,133 
8.738 
7,704 
4,584 
2,466 
6.54 
13,39' 
2,065 
3,912 
8,378 



Daisy Psoducts. 




31,460 
61.525 

8,221 
41,927J 
28,311 
17.877 

3,776 
32,324 
66,062 
67,006 
26,214 
19,387 
29,106 
.50.888 
46.228 
18.225 
86.43S 
60.802 
62.792S 
20.631 
76.067i 
46.110 
20.106 
11,726 
01,419 
26,3064 
30,918 
50,6214 

1,068,3444 139,400 604,023 90,497 ' 4,268,809 1,672,999 



16,653 
6,.676 
8,067 
24,046 
60.286 
52,804 
18,063 
10,083 
46,066 
20,642 
9.811 
16.968 
24.380 
29,110 
12.328 
8.314 
50,108 
8,054 
11.670 
68.667 



165 

410 
2,342 

832 
3.566 
1,107 
9,C93 
4.067 

194 
8,711 
4,920 
7.3.35 
5.798 
8,789 
4.377 
2,141 

14,553 
46 

2,10s 
4,416 



136,320 
30,840 
10,340 
206,370 
136,950 
92,909 
10,900 
159,870 
278,023 
112,821 
136.616 
82.627 
140.525 
349,863, 
148.730; 
96,860 
3.39,082 
148,670 
190,289 
87,970 
191.901 
168,890 
80,643 
3.270 
4.62,116 
110.119 
104.170 
2.57,2:16 



■?■? 



Q.E 



3,368 
4,614 

256 
3,889 
1,032 
2.666 

461 

927 
1.876! 
2.607 
2,133 
1,274' 
1,823 
12,811 
4,461 
2,379 
9,974 
2,169 
6,392 
2,268 
6.314 
3,178 
1,846 

699 
4.443 
1,172 
2.976 
3,667 



89.863 



« Waddington was formed from Madrid in 1869. Tho latter I St. Lawrence, tne HveKown receiving the name Waddington, 
town was divided through the middle by a lino parallel to the | and the other retaining tho original name. 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 




This county' was formed from Albany, Feb. 7, 1791. It lies in the 
N. angle formed by the junction of the Hudson and Mohawk 
Rivers, centrally distant 31 miles from Albany, and contains »62 
sq. mi. Its surface is hilly or undulating in the s. and mountainous 
in the N. Two ranges of mountains traverse the co. from n. e. to 
i s. w. The Palmertown or Luzerne Mts., the most eastern of these 
j ranges, extend from Warren co., through the w. part of Moreau and 
Milton and the e. part of Corinth, into Greenfield, where they termi- 
nate in a series of low, irregular hills. Hudson River breaks through 
this range on the N. border of the co. in a deep ravine 3 mi. in 
extent. The mountains rise abruptly from the water's edge to a 
height of 800 feet. Their declivities are generally rocky and pre- 
cipitous, and their summits spread out into a broad, rocky upland covered with forests. The 
Kayaderosseras Range extend through the n. part of the co. and occupy the greater part of Corinth, 
Edinburgh, Day, and Hadley. The declivities of these mountains are generally precipitous, and 
their summits spread out into broad, rocky uplands broken by ledges and craggy peaks. A group 
of isolated hills, 450 feet high, with rounded summits and terraced declivities, extend through the 
w. part of Stillwater and Saratoga. A broad intervale extends along the Hudson, bordered by a 
range of clay bluifs 40 to 200 feet in height. From the summits of these bluffs an extensive sand 
plain extends westward to the foot of the mountains, covering the greater part of Moreau, Wilton, 
Northumberland, Saratoga Springs, Malta, and Clifton Park. The s. w. portion of the co. is rolling 
or moderately hilly. 

Hudson River flows nearly 70 mi. along the e. border of the co. It is interrupted by falls 
and is crossed by several dams and bridges.^ The Mohawk forms a portion of the s. boundary. 
The Sacandaga, forming the outlet of the principal lakes in the s. part of Hamilton co., flows in a 
tortuous channel through Edinburgh, Day, and Hadley. It is navigable for boats and steamboats 
of light draught from Fish House, on the border of Fulton co., to Conklingville Falls, in Hadley, a 
distance of 20 mi. Below the falls it flows between high, rocky hills in a series of rapids to the 
Hudson. Kayaderosseras River drains the central part of the co. and flows into Saratoga Lake. 
The outlet of the lake takes the name of Fish Creek. The other principal streams are Snook Kil, 
Anthonys Kil, and Kayawese Creek. Saratoga Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 6J mi. long 
and 2 broad, situated about 4 mi. s. e. of Saratoga Springs. Ballston, Round, and Owl Lakes are 
small sheets of water in the s. part of the co. Among the mountains and forests in the n. are 
numerous other small lakes but little known. 

The Kayaderosseras and Luzerne Mts. are both principally composed of primary rocks. A stratum 
of crystalline limestone extends along the foot of the mountains ; and this is succeeded by Pots- 
dam sandstone. In these formations iron ore has been obtained ; but the beds have been imper- 
fectly explored.' The rocks in the s. half of the co. belong to the shales and slates of the Hudson 
River group. A large part of the co. is covered with drift deposits, consisting of sand and clay. 
The soil among the mountains is a light, sandy or gravelly loam, and is best adapted to grazing ; upon 
the intervales along the rivers it is a deep, fertile, clayey loam and alluvium ; and in the s. w. part 
it is a heavy, clayey loam. A strip of light sand occupies the greater part of the two eastern tiers 
of towns. The people are chiefly engaged in grain and stock raising. Lumbering and tanning 
are extensively carried on in the n. part of the co. Considerable attention is also paid to the 
manufacture of cotton and woolen goods and paper.* 

The county seat is located at the village of Ballston Spa, in the town of Milton.^ The courthouse, a 



1 The origin of the word Saratoga is uncertain. The termina- 
tion " oga." or " aga," is said to signify " place." The first part of 
the word has been thought to imply " hillside" by some, and 
" place of salt springs" by others, — ■' soragh" in some Indian 
dialects being the name for salt. 

2 See descriptions of Warren and Washington cos. 

3 Among the other mineriils are agate, chalcedony, chryso- 
beryl, garnet, tourmalin, phosphate of lime, graphite, iron 
pyrites, and tufa. A full catalogue of minerals is given by Dr. 
Joba H. Steele in his geological 6ur\-ey of the co. 

684 



^ Important manufactures have for many years been carried 
on in Milton, Moreau. Mechanicsville, Schuylerville. and Water- 
ford. The manufacture of lumber is chiefly limited to Glens 
Falls and Jessups Landing, on the Hudson. 

^ The first courthouse wjis located 2 mi. 8. w. of Ballston Spn, 
By act of March "26, 1794, the sum of £1500 was appropriated 
to build a courthouse and jail; and in each of the following two 
years £G00 was added to the amount. John Bradstreet Schuyler, 
Richard Davis, jr., John Ball, John McClelland, and Jas. Emott, 
were appointed commissioners to superintend the erection of the 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



585 



plain brick building, contains the usual rooms and offices and the jail. The co. clerk's office is a 
small building situated on Main Street. The co. poorhousc is situated on a farm of 112 acres Ih 
mi. N. w. of Ballston Spa. The average number of inmates is about 100 ; and the institution yields 
an annual revenue of §900.* 

The Champlain Canal extends along the Iludsou from AVaterford to the s. border of North- 
umberland, at vrhich point it crosses the river into AVashington co.^ The Saratoga & Schenec- 
tady li. K. extends from Saratoga Springs through Milton, Ballston, and Clifton Park to Schenec- 
tady.'* The Saratoga & Whitehall R. R. extends from Saratoga Springs n. through Wilton and 
Northumberland to Moreau, where it crosses the Hudson to Fort Edward. The Rensselaer & 
Saratoga R. R. crosses the Mohawk at AV^iterford, and passes through that town, Half Moon, 
Clifton Park, Malta, and Ballston to Ballston Spa. The Albany, Vermont & Canada R. R., cross- 
ing the Mohawk at Cohoes, intersects theR. & S. R. R. at Saratoga Junction, and crosses the Hudson 
at Deepikill into Rensselaer co. The Lake Ontario & Hudson River R. R.* has been laid out and 
partly worked from Saratoga Springs through Greenfield, Corinth, and Hadley. 

Eight weekly and 4 daily papers are published in the co.^ 

The greater part of this co. is embraced within the "Half Moon," "Clifton Park" or "Shan- 
nondhoi," "Saratoga," "Appel," and " Kayaderosseras" or " Queensborough'* Patents.® The last 
named patent includes the greater part of the co. The purchase of the tract was confirmed by the 
Mohawks, July 2G, 1G83. The bounds were so loosely defined that disputes arose between the 



buildings. By an act passed March 14, 1817, Jas. Merrill, Elisha 
Powell, Isaac Gere, John Gibson, and Gilbert Warring were jip- 
pointeti cuinmissioners to superinteBd the erection of new build- 
ings iu the place of the old ones, which had been burned. 

1 The house is reported as old, ill constructed, and badly out 
of repair, but generally well kept. — Report of Si'nat^' Com., 1857. 

2 The towing path of the canal is constructed across the river 
on the Fort Miller Bridge. 

3 This was the second R. R. built in the U. S. It is leased and 
ysod by the Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R. 

* Formerly the Saratoga & Sackets Harbor R. R. 

6 The }Vat€r/ord Gazette, the first paper published in the co., 

was established at Waterford about 1801, by Horace L. 

Wadsworth, and was continued until after 1S16. 
The Waterfiird Biporter was published in 1S22 by Wm. L. Fisk. 
The Anti Masonic Recorder was published at Waterford in 1830 

by J. C. Johnson. 
The Waterf'/rd Atlas was started Dec. 1, 1832, by Wm. Holland 

& Co. In ISai it waa changed to 
The Waterford Aflas and Manufacturers, MecJutnics^ and Far- 

m*:r.s"' Journal. It was soon after discontinued. 
The Democratic Champion was published at Waterford in 1840 

by H. Wilber. 
Tlie Waterford Sentinel was started by Andrew 

Uoffmaii. and is now published by J. H. Masten. 
The Sarat-.ga Advertiser vias established at Ballston in 1S04 by 

Samuel B. Brown. It was changed soon after to 
The .4«r"r(i Bnrealis and Saratoga Advertiser, and published by 

Brown & Miller. About ISIO it again passed into the 

hands of Mr. Brown, and was changed to 
The Advertiser, and continued some years. 
The Independent American was started Sept. 27, 1808, by Wm. 

Child. In May, 1818, it appeai'ed as 
r/te Peopb's }Vaich Tower, published by Jaa. Comstock ; and in 

lS20a8 
The Saratoga Farm>rr. published by H. G. Spaflford. In 1821 it 

was changed to 
The Ballston Spa Gazette and Saratoga Farmer, and in 1822 to 
The Ballston .*ipa Gazette, published by J. Comstock. April 20, 

is47, it appeared as 
The Ballston Democratic Whig Journal^ edited by J. 0. Nodyne. 

Tn 1848 it W!ig changed to 
Tl&e Ballston Journal ; and it is now published by Al- 
bert A. Moore. 
The Sarat-'xja Courier was published at Ballston in 1818 by 

Ulysses F. Doubleday. 
The Saratoga Journal was published at Ballston by Josiah Bunce, 

in . 

The Saratoga Recorder and Anti Masonic Democrat waa pub- 
lished in 1831 by D. Tehao. 
Tlte New Tork I^Uadium was published in 1831 by Ansel 

Warren. 
T^e Schenedady and Saratoga Standard was published at Balls- 

tou In 1832-33 by Israel Sackett. 
The BaUston Democrat waa started in 1843 by Newell Hine. In 

1 8.'(3 it was united with the Northern Mirror as 
The Ballsto}} Democrat and Mirror. It is now published as 
TUe Ballston Atlas, by Sej'mour Chase. 
Tlie Northern Mirror was started by S. Chase, and in 1853 it 

was unitod with the Ballston Democrat. 
The Saratoga Gazrtte was published at Saratoga Springs in 1^10. 
The Saratoga Patriot was etarted by Samuel R. Browu, and in 

1812 it waa removed to Albany. 
The SaraUtga Sentinel was commenced in 1819 by G. M. David- 
son, and in 1845 it was merged in The Republican. 



The Saratoga Whiq was started in 1839 by Ruling & Watts. 
Sold to G. W. Spooner in 1840, and afterward to E. G. 
Ilnling. In 1S61 it was changed to 
Tlie Saratoga County Press. A daily edition, started 

in 1S44. was issued in 1S55 as 
The Saratoga Daily News, Huling &. Morehouse, pub- 
lishers. 
The Datlg Si'n/inel was started at Saratoga Springs in 1842 by 
Wilbur & Palmer. From 1855 to 18&7 it was issued as 
Tlie Daily I'ost, and then changed back to The Sentinel. Jan. 1. 

1859, it was merged with The Republican. 
Tlie Republican, da. and w., was started in 1844 by John A. 
Corey, and in 1853 it passed into the hands of Thos. G, 
Young. Jan. 1, 1S59, it was united with The Sentinel, 
under the title of 
Tlie Republican <& Sentinel^ da. and w., Thos. G. 

Young, publisher. 
The Old Sctthr was pub. at Saratoga in 1849 by A. H. Allen. 
T^e Advent Revievj and Sabhath Herald, semi-mo., was published 

in 1850 by Jas. White. 
The Tempera7ice Helper was started in Jan. 1853, by the Sara- 
toga Co. Temperance Alliance. In 1855 it was bought 
by Potter & Judson, and in 1856 it was chaniicd to 
The Saratogian. A daily edition is published during 

the summer season. 
The Saratoga Sentinel waa etarted in 1^54 by Allen 

Corey, and sold in May, 1855, to Clark & Thayer. 
The &hiii/lfrviVe Herald was published at Scbuylerville in 1844 

by J. L. Cramer. 
Old Saratoga was started in 1S4S at Schuylcrville by J. L. Cra- 
mer, and continued until 1852. 
Battle Ground Herald was published at Scbuylerville fiom Aug. 

IsrA till July. 1857. by K. N. Atwell & Co. 
The Saratoga Connty American, started in Dec. 
1857, id now published at Schuylcrville by J. R. Rock- 
well. 
The Stillwatrr Gazette was commenced at Stillwater in 1845 by 

Isaac A. Pitman, and wns published about 3 year^. 
The Cbld Water Batte.rij was pubhshed at Stillwater "in 1845 by 

Isa;ic A. ritnian. 
77i^ Hudson River Chronicle waa published at Mechanicsville 

from Oct. 1866, to March, 185S, by Samuel Heron. 
The Crescent Eagle was published in 1H52 by C. Ackerman. 
TIte Morning Star was published at Mechanicsville in 1854-56, 
by C. Smith & Co. 
8 The "Half Moon" Patent, including Waterford and part of 
Half Moon, was granted to Anthony Van Schaick. The •■ Sara- 
toga Patent," inrhiding the present towns of Kaston, Saratoga, 
and Stillwater, was granted, Xov. 4. 1684, to Cornelius Van 
Dyck, Jan Jans Bleecker, Peter Phillips Schuyler. Johanne.** 
Wendell. Dirk Wessels, David Schuyler, and Robt. Livingston. 
The " Clifton I'ark Patent," embracing the e. part of the pnt^ent 
town of Clifton Park and the w. part of Half Moon, was granted 
Sept. 23, 1708. The "Appel Patent." in the w. part of the pro- 
sent town of Cliflon Park, was about ^ mi. wide on the Mohawk 
and cxt«>ndcd back nearly 4i mi. The '■ Kayaderosseras I'atent"' 
was grunted Nov. 2, 1708, to Manning Hermanse, Johannes Ile-k- 
man. Rip Van Dam, Ann Bridges, May Bcckley, Peter Faur.,n- 
neer, Adrian Hogelandt, Johannes Fisher, John Tuder. Joviii 
Hogclandt. John Stevens. John Totham, and Samson Broughton. 
This pati-nt contained 400,000 acres, and embraced nearly ail ol 
Saratoga co. N. of the small patents already described, and por- 
tions of Montgomery, Fulton, and Warren cos. The portion ut 
the CO. N. of this patent waa embraced in the "Palmer'' an) 
"Glen" purchaeeB. 



586 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



proprietors and the owners of the Schenectady, Clifton Park, and Half Moon Patents, which were 
not settled until after the Revolution. 

The first eettlemeuts iu tlie co. were made by the Dutch, within a few years after their iirst colo- 
nization of the country about Alljanj-. These settlements commenced near Waterford, on the 
Mohawk, and gradually extended up the valley of the Hudson. Lying in the great thoroughfare 
between the English settlements at Albany and the French posts on Lake Champlain, the continual 
passing of military parties checked the progress of settlement and exposed the few hardy pioneers 
to all the dangers and anxieties of border warfare. Immediately after the conquest of Canada, in 
1760, settlements rapidly extended along the river valleys and to some distance into the interior. 
During the Revolution, some of the most important events of the war transpired within the limits 
of this CO. Upon the approach of Burgoyne in 1777, Gen. Schuyler retreated from Fort Edward 
and made a stand first at Saratoga, then at Stillwater, and finally at the mouths of the Mohawk.' 
This last stand he considered tlie best position for checking the advance of the enemy, which he 
was expecting both from the n. and w. The inhabitants of the co. above fled in consternation to 
Albany, leaving tlieir homes and fields of grain to be destroyed by the advancing foe. The islands 
at the mouth of the Mohawk were fortified about the 1st of August, and Burgoyne took possession 
of Fort Edward at nearly the same time. While the armies lay in this position, two events took 
place which served greatly to embarrass Burgoyne and to render sure his final defeat. The first 
of these was the defeat of Baum at Bennington, and the second the retreat of St. Leger from the 
siege of Fort Schuyler.^ 

The American army iu the mean time, under Gen. Gates, who had superseded Gen. Schuyler, 
advanced toward the enemy, and about the 1st of September took possession of and fortified the 
high bluffs known as Beniis Heights, upon the river, in the N. part of Stillwater.^ Greatly perplexed 
and embarrassed, Burgoyne finally concluded to continue his march toward Albany. On the 14th 
of September he crossed the Hudson, above the mouth of the Batten Kil, into the n. part of Sara- 
toga, and continued his march southward. On the 19th the first battle of Stillwater was fought, in 
front of the American intrenchments at Bemis Heights. The American loss was 315 and the 
British 500, the former returning to their camp and the latter retaining possession of the battle 
field. On the 7th of October another severe battle was fought, in which the British lost 700 and 
the Americans 150. During the succeeding night the British abandoned their camp and retreated 
northward, and finally took position upon the heights of Saratoga, just w. of the present village of 
Schuylerville. Here Burgoyne found himself completely hemmed in. A victorious and houidy 
increasing army was in front; a strong detachment was posted on the E. bank of the river to pre- 
vent his crossing that stream; Fort Edward, in his rear, had been taken by the Americans; his 
bravest officers had fallen in battle ; Lord Howe had failed to afford the promised support from 
New York ;* and his army was reduced to the last extremity for want of provisions. Under these 
circumstances, the British commander reluctantly yielded to an imperative necessity, and on the 
16th of October signed articles of capitulation. On the 17th the whole British army laid down their 
arms and were marched eastward to Mass." The close of this campaign left the co. stripped of 
nearly every evidence of civilized occupation. The fear of continued Indian hostilities prevented 
the immediate re-occupation of the abandoned lands ; but after the close of the war settlements 
rapidly spread. Since this period few incidents of general interest have occurred, and the history 
is but the record of the everyday events connected with the conversion of a wilderness into fruitful 
fields and happy homes. 



BAliIiSTOlX* — was formed from Saratoga as a district, April 1, 1775, and was organized as a 
town, INIarch 7, 1788. Charlton, Galway, and IMilton were taken off in 1792, and the line of Charl- 



1 This retreat was occa.<<i<^ned by the limited Dumber of Schuy- 
ler's forces .and the fact that the militia were every day fiopkiug 
to his standjird. Burgoyne's propress was arrested by felling 
trees across the roada, breakiuK down bridges, and by every 
other possible means of annoyance. Every hour thus gained 
added to the strength of the Americans and weakened the 
British forces; so that, when all the obst.actes were finally over- 
come, the American army was iu a condition to meet the British 
in open battle. 

2 Gen. St. Leger, at the head of a body of tories and Cana- 
dians, was to co-operate with Burgoyne by marching through 
the Woh.awk Valley and joining the main army at Albany. At 
Oswego he w.as joined by a body of Indians under Brant, making 
his force 1700 strong. Oa the 2d of Aug. he invested Fort Stan- 
wix, (where P.ome, Oneida CO., now stands,) and continued the 
Biege until the 22d. when, learning that an American re-euforce- 
niont was approaching, he hastily retreated. 

8 The fortifications of the American camp were erected under 



the direction of Kosciusko, then holding the office of engineer in 
the army. They were so constructed as to completely command 
the passage down the river. The position afterward chosen by 
the British was .about 1 mi. distant, and sepai-ated from tho 
American works by a deep ravine. 

* Instead of co-operating with Burgoyne and sending the pro- 
miseil aid up the Iludson, Lord Howe had marched to Phila- 
delphia, leaving the Briti.^h forces in N. Y. under the command 
of Sir Henry Clinton. The latter officer made a diversion in 
Bui'goyne's favor, but too late to be of any service. 

^ The place where the British laid down their arms was a 
preen on the river. N. of the mouth of Fish Creek. It w.as in 
front of Fort Hardy, an old fortification erected by Dieskau in 
1755. The number of the army at the time of the surrendei 
was 5,792, of whom 2,412 were Germans. The Americans also 
captured 42 brass cannon, 4,047 muskets, 6,000 dozen of car- 
tridges, and a large amount of carriages and camp equipages. 
1 6 Named from fiov. Eliphalet Ball, one of the first settlers. 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 587 

Ion ^^-as changed March 5, 1795. It lies upon the border of the co., s. w. of the center. The surface 
is gontly rolling. Mourning KrI and the Outlet Creek are the principal sti-eams. Ballston Lake, 
in the s.e. part, is a long, narrow, and deep body of water, the outlet of which is t!ie principal inlet 
of Round Lake. The soil s. e. of the lake is generally a light sand, and n. w. it is a clayey 
and gravelly loam. Ballston (p. v.) is situated on the line of Milton. A small portion only 
of the Tillage is within the limits of this town. Kuriif IlillS,^ (p-v.,) in the s. part, contains 
42 dwellings. Ballston Center (p.o.) and Academj' Uill, near the center, are hamlets. 
East liine, (p.o.,) on the border of Malta, contains 15 houses. It is a station on the R. & S. 
R. R. Noutli Ballston is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 17G3, by two brothers 
named Michaol and Nicholas McDonald,^ who located near the w. bank of Ballston Lake. In 
1770, Rot. Eliphalet Ball, with his three sons John, Stephen, and Flamen, and seTOi'al members 
of his congregation, remoTed from Bedford, N. Y., and settled in the vicinity of Academy Hill.' 
Soon after their arrival a large number of settlers came in from New England, N. J., Scotland, 
and the north of Ireland.* The settlements in this town were twice iuTaded during the Revolu- 
tion, and seTeral of the inhabitants were carried away prisoners to Canada.^ The first church 
(Presb.) was organized Oct. 6, 1792.® There are 6 churches in town. 

COARLiTOlV — was formed from Ballston, March 17, 1792. It is the s. w. corner u..vn of the 
CO. Its surface is undulating;, with a gentle inclination toward the s. Its streams aretheAal- 
plaats^and a branch of the Mourning Kil. The soil is an excellent quality of sandy, graTelly, and 
clayey loam. Ledges of limestone in the w. part, afi'ordiug an excellent quality of building stone, 
are extensJTely quarried. Cliarlton, (p.T.,) in the s.e. part, contains 3 churches and 38 houses; 
West Cliarlton (p. v.) contains about 20 houses. The commissioners appointed to divide the 
Kayaderosseras Patent appropriated 5,000 acres in the s. part of this town to defray the expenses 
of the division. The first settlement was commenced in 1774, by Thos. Sweetman, who located in 
the E. part of the town.® The first church (Prcsb.) was incorp. Dec. 11, 1792; Rev, Wm. Schenck 
was the first pastor.* 

CI.IFTOIV PARK— was formed from Half Moon, March 3, 1828, as " CJifionJ' Its name 
was changed March 31, 1829. The surface is level or undulating, except in the n.e,, where it is 
broken by sand hills and ravines. A line of rugged clay bluffs borders upon the Mohawk Valley. 
Stony Creek, Swarte and Dwaas Kils are the principal streams. A belt of hea^-y clay and gravelly 
loam extends along the river above the bluffs. The soil is alluvial upon the Mohawk flats and a 
^andy loam in the central and n. parts. Cliflon ParU, (p-v.,) on the border of Half Moon, 
contains 2 churches and 22 houses; Ainityi, (Visschcrs Ferry p.o.,) a canal village in the s. part, 
contains 1 church and 45 houses; Jonesville, (p. v.,) in the n. part, 1 church, the Jonesville 
Academy,*** and 30 houses; and Rextbrd Flats," (p-v.,) a canal village in thes. w corner 
of the town, 25 houses. Grooms Corners, (p. o.,) in the s. w., Ory Oock, (p. o.,) in the 
s. E., and Forts Ferrj^, on the Mohawk, arc hamlets. Part of this town was included in the 
"Clifton Park" or " Shannondhoi" Patent, granted Sept. 23, 1708.*^ Settlements were made iu the 



1 Named from a tmct which had been hurned over by the In- 
Jmns for a deer pasture before white settlements began. 

2 The McDonalds were natives of Ireland. They bad be^n en- 
ticed on biiard a vessel in the Shannon, brought to Philadelphia, 
niid sold fi.>r a term of yt-ars to pay for their passage. 

3 Mr. Ball was induced to settle by a donation of 500 acres of 
l:iiid from the proprietors of the "Five Mile Square." He was 
thi' piistor of the lirst religious society formed in town. Ilia 
father and Gen. Washington's mother (Mary Ball) were first 
cousins. Tlia son, John, was a lieutenant in the army during 



and took 24 prisoners. After crossing the Kayaderosseras, Maj. 
Munro addressed his men. stating his expectation that they 
would be pursued, and directing that in case of an attack everV 
prisoner should at once be killed. For this brutal order he w:w 
ca-'^hiered on his arrival at Jlontreal. Three aged or infirm 
prisoners were allowed to return, and the rest reached Kulwjig-j;y 
Bay on the eighth day, whence tbey passed into Caiiiida. Tbe 
notorious Joe Bettys, with about 30 refugees, in Mav. 17S1, 
captured 5 jirisoners; and at the same time Judge White and 
4 others were taken on the e. side of Long Lake, h\ anothei 



the Uevoliition. i gang, and marched off to Canada, cxc-'jiting one. w!ir» cscripcd, 



Among theseearlvsettlerswpre Judge Beriah Palmer, (after' 
ward :M. C.) Judge Kpenetus ^yhite, Edward A. Watrous. Capt. 
Stephen AVhitfl. Paul Pierson, Capt. Tyrannus Collins, Ilez. 
Middlebrook. Elisba Benedict. John Higby, Edmund Jenm'ngs, 
Saml. Nash, and Joseph Bettys and his son *-Joe,"' (who was 
afterward hung as a tory spy.) all from New England; Capt. 

Kenneth Gordon, and McCrea. from N. J.; families named 

Shearer, ^IcDermids, and Frazers. from Scotland; and Gen. Jas. 
Gordon. George Scott. Francis Hunter, and 3 brothers Kennedy, 
from the north of Ireland. The Scotch families settled in 
'■ ficotch Bush" and " Paisley Street." Gen. Gordon was a colonel 
in the army during the Revolution, and afterward a prominent 



Col. Gordon and several others afterward escapeil from Ibe Isle 
of Orleans, and with great hardship made their w-.^y thr.nmh 
the ^vilderness to the St.Johnf», antl thence to the^ettlepneiits iii 
Maine. Tbey there learned of the peace, and returned bonu; by 
way of Halifax and Boston. 
« 2 Christian. Bap.. Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 

7 Pronounced All-l'Ioss, and .tiunifjes "eel-pJace." 

8 Among the ofbnr early settlers w.-ie David MaxwelL .Toscpb 
La Rue, John McKnight, John Taylor, and Jesso Conde. who 
came in 1776. Dovi.s &. Bostwick kept the fir^it store; Har- 
mons the first inn, John Rogers built the first sawmill, and 
John Holmes the first gristmill 



citizen in the town and co. The first death recorded by toml>- 1 ^ The census reports 4 churclies ; 2 Presb.. Prot E., and M. K. 
stone in town wasthat ofGen. Gordon's mother, whodied in 1776. 1 '^ EHtablisbed in 1841. by Roscitis R.Kennedy. It is undei 

S On the 16th of Oct. 1780. a party of 410 regulars and Indians the pntrnnage of the Troy (M. E.) Conference, 
from Canada, under Maj. Munro, a tory from Schenectady, made : " At this place the canal crosses the river on a fine stono 
their apjinarance iu the Ballston settlement. They designed to aqueduct. 

attack Schenectady; but, after remaining encamped several] '2 xhe patentees were John and .Tohannes Fort, Gerret and 
days, they returned without effecting this object. They i)il- , Maaa Ryckse, John and Ryerse (iuackenbass, and Dcrick Bratt, 
laL'ed and burnod several houses at Ballston, killed one man, most of whom were earli' settlers. 



588 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



Mohawk Valley, previous to 1700. The names of the first settlers and the precise date of their 
settlement are unknown. The first chureli (B;ip.) was organized Sept. 3, 1794; Rev. Abijah Peck 
was the founder and first pastor.' 

CORINTH — was formed from Hadley, April 20, 1818. A part of Moreau was annexed Jan. 

28, 1848. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n.e. part of the co. The Kayaderosseras Mt. Range 
occupies the central and N. parts, and the Palmertown Mts. the s. E. coi-ner. The declivities of 
these mountains are steep, rough, and broken, and their summits are rocky and mostly covered with 
forests. A valley 4 mi. wide separates the two ranges. The principal streams are the Ilndson, 
forming the n.e. border, and Colo Brook, flowing along the s. foot of the mountains. The Great 
Falls, in the Hudson, are on the border of this town.'^ Among the mountains in the n. part are 
several fine lakes, the principal of which are Efnor, Hunt, Jenny, and Black Lakes. The soil is a 
sandy and clayey loam. Lumbering is extensively carried on, the Hudson River and small streams 
from the hills furnishing an abundance of water-power. Jessups Liillitlin^, (Corinth p.o.,) 
on the Hudson, contains 3 churches and 88 dwellings; and South Corintli (p. v.) 1 church 
and 30 dwellings. The first settlement was made near S. Corinth, in 1790, by Fred. Parkraan, 
AVashington Chapman, Jeremiah Eddy, Jephtha Clark, and Jonathan Dewel.^ The first church 
(Bap.) was organized June 1, 1822.* 

DAY — was formed from Edinburgh and Hadley, as " Concord," April 17, 1810. Its name was 
changed Dec. 3, 1827. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is principally occupied by 
several spurs of the Kayaderosseras Mts. Oak and Bald Mts., the principal peaks, near the center 
of the town, are 900 feet above the river. The whole mountain region is wild, rugged, and rocky, 
and scarcely susceptible of cultivation. The Sacandaga River flows in a narrow valley through tlie 
s. part. Its course is tortuous, and it is navigable through the town. Paul, Glass House, and 
Aliens Creeks are the other principal streams. Livingston, Sand, and Mud Lakes are small bodies 
of water in the n. part. The soil is a moderately fertile, sandy and clayey loam. Lumbering is 
extensively carried on. Iluutsville (West Day p.o.) is a hamlet in the s. w. part. Day is a 
p.o. The first permanent settlers were Phineas Austin, James Thomas, and Dyer Perry, and 
families named Clay and Bond. The first religious meetings were held in the barn of Peter Van 
Vleck, in 1801-02. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1809. The census reports 2 churches; 
Christian and Ref Prot. D. 

EDINBURGH— was formed from Providence, March 13, 1801, as "Mrthjield," and its. 
name was changed April G, 1808. A part of Day was taken off in 1819. It lies upon the w. border 
of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is principally occupied by two high mountain ridges separated 
by the valley of the Sacandaga River. The mountain regions are rocky and broken, with a thin, sandy 
or gravelly soil, and are covered with forests. Beechers Creek is a small mill stream w. of the 
river. The soil on the river flats is a good quality of clayey and gravelly loam. Lumbering is the 
chief occupation of the people. Dafrhelerville, (p. v.,) on the e. bank of the Sacondaga, 
contains 30 houses ; and Beechers Hollow, (Edinburgh p. o.,) on the w. side of the river, 12. 
The first settlers came in about 1790 and located in the valley below "Fish House."* The first 
church (Bap.) was organized in 1798, by Rev. Jlr. Munroe, from Galway.' Traces of an ancient 
Indian burial place are visible on the s. bank of the Sacandaga, near the border of Day.' 

GAliWAY' — was formed from Ballston, March 7, 1792. Providence was taken off in 1796. 
It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its n. half is occupied by a group of rounded 
hills forming the southern continuation of the Kayaderosseras Mts. The surface of the s. half is 
gently undulating. The principal streams are head branches of Feegowesee and Calderwood Creeks 
and the Mourning Kil. The soil is generally a heavy clay, intermixed in places with sand and 
gravel. Galway, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. April 18, 1838. It contains 
3 churches, a female seminary,' and about 45 houses; fVest Galway, (p. v.,) on the border of 
Fulton CO., contains 1 church and 20 houses. Yorks Corners, (E. Galway p.o.,) in the n.e. 



1 The census reports 6 churclies : 4 M. E., Bap., Ref. Prot. D. 

2 See description of Warren CO., page 670. 

8 AmoTip: the early settlers were Daniel Boardnian and Ste- 
phen and Wm. Bray tun, at Jessnps Landing: Klial Lindsay, at 
Great Falls: and Ambrose Clothier, in the s. E. part of the town, 
in 179fi. Stephen Ashley kept the tirst inn. about ISOO: and 
Daniel Boardman kept the tirst store and built the first grist- 
niiU. about 1793. 

* There are 3 churches in town : Bap., Presb., M. E. 

*> In 1791 the following persons were livins: in the valley, viz.: 
Moees Crane, Jacobus Filldus, Daniel Washburn, John Sumner, 



Obadiah Perry, and Saml. Rngers. Daniel Abbott, from Conn., 

taupht the first school, in 1794 : Chatfield kept the firet 

store, in 179fi: Isa.ac Deming built the first gristmill, in 1793; 
and Palmer Munroe. the first woolen factory, in 1808. 

6 The census reports 3 churches: 2 M. E., Presb. 

' Tradition says that a band of Canadian Tndi.ins in canoes, 
on an expedition against the Mohawks, at this place fell into an 
ambiiscade and were all slain. Bullets are frequently cut out 
of the trees in this vicinity. 

8 Named from the native place of the first Scotch settlers. 

9 The Galway Academy. 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



589 



part, 9l08hcrviIIc, (p.o.,) near the N. border, Whiteside Corners, (p.o.,) in the n.w., 
Soutb Galtvay (p.o.) and Wortll Galwaj' (p.o.) are hamlets. The first settlers, from 
Galway, Scotland, located in town in 1774.' Rev. Simeon Smith, from Canterhook, came in town 
in 1778, and located near Yorka Corners.'' He formed the first religious society (Bap.) during the 
following year." 

GREEMFIELiO— was formed from Saratoga and Milton, March 12, 1793. A part of ITadley 
was taken oft' in 1801. It occupies a position a little N.w. of the center of the co. The Palmertown 
Mountain Range extends along the E. border, and the Kayaderosseras Range occupies the w. pait 
of the town. A valley 6 mi. wide separates these ranges. The principal streams are the Kaya- 
derosseras and its branches. The soil is generally a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Sections 
of the surface are very stony. Iron ore has been found in the e. part. Greenfield Center 
(p.v.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 85. Janiesville, (Middle Grove p.o.,) on the s. border, con- 
tains 1 church, 2 paper mills, and 31 houses; Mount Pleasant, (p.v..) in the n.w. corner, 
a glass factory and 140 inhabitants: and Porters Corners, (p.v.,) near the center of the town, 
2 churches and 20 houses. West Greenfield, (p.o.,) IVortli Greenfield, (p.o.,) and 

Pages Corners are hamlets. Rev. Elias Gilbert was the first preacher, in 1792. Hag- 

gerty and Root located near Ilaggerty Hill in 1784.* The census reports 9 churches in town.' 

HADLiET — was formed from Greenfield and Northumberland, Feb. 27, 1801. Its boundaries 
were amended Feb. 28, 1808. Corinth was taken oiF in 1818, and a part of Day in 1819. It lies 
upon the Hudson, in the N. E. corner of the co. A large share of its surface is occupied by the 
peaks and ridges of the Kayaderosseras Mts. Mt. Anthony is an isolated peak in the s. e. part.' 
Sacandaga River flows through the s. part. Its valley is narrow; and below Conklingville its 
current is rapid and frequently interrupted by falls. The soil generally is a coarse, yellowish, un- 
productive sand and gravel. Lumbering and tanning are extensively carried on. ConKling- 
ville, (West Iladley p.o.,) on the Sacandaga, in the w. part of the town, contains 1 church, a 
large tannery,' and 39 houses. Hadley (p. o.) is a hamlet at the junction of Sacandaga and 
Hudson Rivers. Richard Hilton commenced the first settlement, just after the close of the Revolu 
tion, on the Hudson.' The census reports 2 churches in town ; a F. W. Bap. and a Wes. Meth. 

HAL.F MOOW— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. 
Its name was changed to " Orange" April 17, 1816, and the original name was restored Jan. 16, 
■ 1820. Waterford was taken ofi' in 1816, and Clifton Park in 1828. Its surface is undulating and 
broken by the narrow ravines of small streams. Hudson River forms the E. boundary, and the 
Mohawk a portion of tlie s. The river intervales are about J mi. wide, and are bordered by a line 
of steep, clay bluffs 60 to 100 feet high. The other streams are Anthonys, Dwaas, and Steena Kils. 
The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam upland, and a fine quality of alluvium in the intervales. 
Crescent'" (p.v.) is a canal \-illage near the center of the s. border of the town. Pop. 593. 
IMiddleto'R'n, (Half Moon p. o.,) \l mi. e. of Crescent, has a pop. of 230; nieelianirsville, 
(p. V.,) at the mouth of Anthonys Kil, lies mostly in Stillwater. Pop. in Half IMoon, 495. Clif- 
ton Park (p. V.) is on the w. line. IVcwtoT^'n, Sniitbton-n, and Grays Corners 
are hamlets. The first settlements are supposed to have been made between 1080 and '90, by 
Germans, on the Mohawk Flats." The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized jn 1800." 



^ Among the oarlv settlers were John and James Major, John 
McClelland. Wm,, Roht., and Alex. Kelse.v, and John Slollarg, 
who all came over in the same ship, in 1774. The first death was 
that of James Major, killed hy the fall of a tree. Sept. 11. 1776; 

John McClelland or Prcnderfcast kept the tirat store, in 

17S0; Daniel Campbell built the first gristmill. 

2 Mr. Smith was accompanied by his parents and ."5 brothers- 
in-law, Simeon IJabcock, Reuben Mattison, and Joseph Rawn. 

3 The census reports 6 churches in town ; 2 Bap., Christian, 
Friends, M. E., and Presb. 

* Among the other eiuly settlers were Brewster, Wm. Scott, 

a boldier of the Kcvolutiou, who came in 1785; Isaac liemmon, 
John Benedict. Nath'l Seymour, and Benj. Ingham, in 17S7 ; Jas. 

Vail andCbas. Mirick, in 178'J; Isaac and l)arius .Stephens. 

Reynolds and his suns, in 1790; EBeckTurletot,in 179;j; and 

Miner, soon after. Scribner taught the first school, in 1792 ; 

Joel Reynolds kept the first inn, in 1789; Gershum Morehouse 
luiilt the tiist saw and grist mill, at Middle Grove, the same year. 
Beiy. Clinch kept the fiVst store, at Porters Corners, in 1787. 

5 3 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Friends, Cong., and tJniT. 

* Iron ore was formerly obtained on the w. side of this moun- 
tain, to supply the furnace at Luzerne. 

T Tins tannery consumes 5,000 cords of bark and manufactures 
.50,000 aides ofleather per annum. 

e Alex. Stewart settled on the IXudson in 17SS; Elijah Ellis, 
on the 8. Bide of the Sacondaga, Ricard, on the N., and Henry 



Walker, at Hadley, in 1790. Wilson taught the first SLhool, 

in 1791-92. Delano k Hazard built the first sawmill, in 1791 : 
and -41ex. Stewart, the first gristmill, in 1^03. Jonathan Flan, 
ders kept the first inn, and Jeremy Rockwell the first store, in 
1807. Col. Gordon Conkling built the tannery at Conklingville 
and placed the first steam tug on the river. 

" Named from the crescent shape of the land between the 
Hudson and the Mohawk. 

10 The canal crosses the Mohawk at this place on a stone aque 
duct 1,150 feet long and supported by 26 stone piers. 

u In 1689 it was resolved by the authorities of Albany to lo- 
move the fort about the house and barn of Ilarmo Lievese, at 
Half Moon, to a more convenient place, — from which it is in 
ferred that a considerable settlement existed at that time. In 
1714 the precinct of Half Moon contained 101 inhabitaiHs. 
Among the early settlers were Oldert Onderkirk, on the flats, 

Fort, on the Judge Leiand farm, and Taylor, at Mo- 

chanicsville, before 1763. The ancient stone house on the Dana- 
bach place, in the 8. w. comer of the town, was built in 1718, by 
Killian Van Den Bergh. There was a sawmill on Steena Kil, 
near Crescent, in 1762. Wm. Bradshaw built a gristmill on 
Dwaas Kil at the close of the Revolution. A bridge was erected 
across the Mohawk in 1794, at a coat of $12,000. 

12 The census reports 7 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Bap., Wee. 
Meth., Fresh., and Friends. 



590 SARATOGA COUNTY. 

MALTA — was formed from Stillwater, March 3, 1802, and a part of Saratoga was annexed 
March 28, 1805. It lies upon the w. bank of Saratoga Lake; s. E. of the center of the co. Its 
surface is chiefly an undulating upland, 60 to 80 feet above Saratoga Lake, and broken by the deep 
gullies of small streams. The streams are Kayadcrosseras Creek, forming the n. boundary, Balls- 
ton Outlet Creek, an inlet, and Anthonys Kil, the outlet of Round Lake, and Drummonds Brook, 
flowing into Saratoga Lake. Round Lake, in the s. e., is nearly circular, and 1 mi. in diameter. 
A swampy region covering an area of several hundred acres lies in the n. e. part of the town, at 
the mouth of the Kayaderosseras. The soil is principally a light, sandy loam, with clay and muck 
in the lowlands. I>uiiuiis§r Street, (Malta p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church 
and 17 houses. MaltaviHe, (p. o.,) in the s. part, IVIalta Ridg'e^ in the n, and Hall§ 
Corners, are hamlets. The first settlers were two men named Drummond and McKelpin, whc 
came bcfDre the Revolution and located w. of the lake.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.^ 

MIliTO^^ — was formed from Ballston, March 7, 1792, and a part of Greenfield was taken off 

in 1793. It lies a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly in the n., and 
undulating in the s., with a slight inclination toward Kayadcrosseras Creek, which flows s.e. 
through the center of the town. This stream has a rapid fall and furnishes a valuable water- 
power. Kayawese Creek, from the w., is its principal tributary. In the n. part are limestone 
ridges, extensively quarried for building stone and lime. The Saratoga mineral spring region 
extends through the s.e. part. The soil is generally a sandy loam. JBallston 8l>a, (Ballston 
p. 0.,) the CO. seat, was incorp. March 21, 1807. It is situated on Kayadcrosseras Creek, in the 
S.E. corner of the town. It contains the co. buildings, 2 seminaries,^ 5 churches, 2 printing oflBces, 
and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 2,285, of which 1,941 are in this town. This 
village has long been celebrated for its mineral springs.^ Rocli. City Mills (p- v.) contains 3 
paper mills and 34 houses ; West Milton (p. v.) a church, a paper mill, a shingle mill, a hoe fac- 
tory, and 40 houses ; SSloodville a scythe, edge tuol, and knitting factories, and 40 houses ; and 
Factory Villag'e 2 paper mills and 22 houses. Milton Center and Cranes Village 
are hamlets. The first settlement in town was made by David Wood and his sons Stephen, Benj., 
Elijah, Nathan, and Enoch, who purchased 600 acres and moved into town before the Revolu- 
tion.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized Jan. 22, 1703.' 

MOREAl'^ — was taken from Northumberland, March 28, 1805. A part was annexed to 
Corinth in 1848. It lies in the great bend of the Hudson, in the n.e. corner of the co. The w. 
part of the town is occupied by the rocky and precipitous peaks of the Palmertown Mt. Range. 
The central and e. portions are undulating and broken by the narrow ravines of small streams. 
The Hudson River forms the n., the e., and a part of the w. boundary of the town. Upon its 
course are numerous rapids and waterfalls.^ The Snook Kil and its tributaries drain the s. part 
of the town. The soil is generally a light, yellow, sandy loam, but in the s. and w. are tracts of clay 
and gravel, Soutli Oleus Falls, (P-^'-j) ^^ ^^^^ Hudson, opposite Glens Falls, contains several 
manufacturing establishments;^'* pop.513. Fortsville, (p. v.,) in the central part, contains 25 
houses. Clarks Corners, Reynolds Corners, and State Dam are hamlets. Moreau 
Station is a p. o., situated on the R. & "NV. R. R. Settlements are said to have been made before the 
Revolution ; but their history is only a vague tradition.'^ The first church (Bap.) was built in 1795.*' 



1 Tliese men were puspected of toryism and were driven from 
the CO. Michaol Dunninp;. with 6 sons and 3 daufrliters, from 
Conn., rame into town in 1777-78. John Rhoades and Timothy 
Sliipmau were the first settlors on Malta Ridge: Itobt. and 
John Hunter and Jehiel Parks located at Maltaville about the 
commencement of the Revolntion. 



water is similar to that of the Sarato<:a Springs, only less strong. 
Gas is copiously discharged with these waters. 

8 Benajah Douglas, grandfather of lion. Stephen A. Douglas, 
built a log honsy near tho spring, for the accommodation of 
visitors, in 1702. Silas Adams and ElijaU TValbridge located 
in tho N. part of the town in 1784-85. In 1792 Nicholas Low 



* 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. A[eth., and Presb. i built a tavern close by the spring; and in 1S04 he erected the 

* The Ballston Sn;i Institute, for bova. waH PBt,ibIished in 1846. *- Sans Souci Hotel." 



* The Ballston Spa Institute, fur boys, waa eetablished in 1846. ! *■ Pans Souci Hotel. 



The Ballston Spa Academy was opened in 1855. 

* In the village are a cotton, oilcloth, edge tool, 2 seamless 
ba.g. and 2 knitting factories, a tanntry, and 2 gristmills. A 
mfg. CO. was incorp. here 5Iarch 10, 1810. 

6 Thesn springs were first discovered in tho survey of the 
Kayaderosscras Patent in 1769. They are situated on the mar- 
gin of a small stream that flows into Kayadcrosseras Creek. 
'I'he OJd SpHti/j, formerly much nsed, was greatly impaired by 
the opening of La Fayette Spring, within 30 feet, in 1825. 
\Vashi7i(f(cm ■'^ring was obtained in 1S27, by boring 237 feet in 
the slate. The Saline, or Unltefl States Spring, is considerably 
impregnated with salt. Besides these are tlie Fulton and Frtmk- 
tin Spri/ig.': and the Xoio Well. In 1817, 4 springs were dis- 
rovcred within 20 feet of each other in the bed of the stream. 
Tlieir properties were unlike, and afler a little time they be- 
rame fresh. These springs are generally clear, cool, and spark- 
ling. Their average temperature is about 50°. Tlie mineral 
properties are diflJarent in different Kprings: but generally the 



7 The census reports S churches id town; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 
Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 

8 N amed from M arshal Moreau, who visited the U. S. in 1804-05. 

9 See page 690. 

10 In this village are 2 sasU and blind factories, a tub and 
spoke factory, planing mill, broom handle factory, an extensive 
sawmill, and marble factory. Cheney Sc Arne's sawmills employ 
75 men, run 150 to 190 eaws, and manufacture more than 
10,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. The marble manufactured 
is a black variety obtained from the Chaay limestone in the 
immediate vicinity. 

11 A man named Marvin was the fii-st settler at Fortsville, 
about 1795 ; Edward and Elgah Durham and Holly St. John 

were the first settlers at Clarks Corners ; Hamilton built 

tho first gristmill, about 1800. Abel Craiidall kept the first inn, 
in 1798. 

12 The cen3u.s reports 5 charches ; Bap., Cong., M. E., Union, 
and Ii'riends. 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



591 



I«ORTHri»IBERl,..lI«»— was formed from Saratoga, March 16, 1798. A p;irt of Iladley 
wa« taken off in 1801, Moreau in 1805, and "Wilton in 1818. It lies upon the Hudson, N. of the 
center of the co Its surface is IcTcl or undulating and broken hy deep ravines. A line of clay 
and slate bluffs, 30 to 100 feet high, extends along the river. Snook Kil and its tributary, Beaver 
Dam Creek, are the principal streams. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam. This town 
shares with Fort Edward the Fort Miller Falls.' GanseTOOrt,^ (P'-V.,) on Snook Kil, in the 
N. part of the town, contains 2 churches and a pop. of 1G2. It is a station on the S. & W. R. R. 
Bacon Hill' (p.o.) and nrortliiinibei'land, (p.o.,) in the s.e. part of the town, are 
hamlets. Fort Miller was built in this town in 1755, under the direction of Col. Miller. It was 
located upon the flat, above the rapids, and was enclosed on three sides by the river. A blockhouse 
was built on the heights that commanded the position on the w. The first settlers probably came 
in before the Revolution. Among them was a man named Munroe,* who built the first sawmill, 
at Gansevoort.' There are 4 churches in town.* 

PROTIDEIVCE — was formed from Galway, Feb. 5, 1796, and Edinburgh was taken off in 
1801. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the N. e. 
and broken and hilly in the s. w. The high regions along the N. and E. borders are mostly covered 
with forests. Hagadorns, Hans, Cadmans, and Frenchmans Creeks, small mill streams rising in the 
mountains and flowing s. w. into Fulton co., are the principal watercourses. The soil is chiefly a 
coarse, yellow sand or gravel of poor quality. Large tracts are stony and rocky. Wooden ware, 
leather, and lumber are extensively manufactured. BarUersvIlle (p.o.) and Ila^adorn 
IIollOTT are hamlets. Providence and ff . Providence are p. offices. The first settle- 
ment was made previous to the Revolution, but the settlers were driven off during the war. 
Among the first settlers after the war were Nathaniel Wells and Seth Kellogg.' There are 3 
churches in town ; Bap., Christian, and M. E. 

SARATOGA'— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. 
Easton (Washington co.) was taken off in 1789, a part of Greenfield in 1793, Northumberland in 
1798, a part of Malta in 1805, and Saratoga Springs in 1819. It lies upon the Hudson, near the 
center of the E. border of the co. A range of high, rounded, and sometimes terraced hills extends 
N. and s. through the central and w. parts. These hills rise 450 feet above the Hudson and slope 
in every direction. Narrow alluvial flats bordered by high clay bluffs extend along the Hudson. 
Saratoga I,;ike forms a portion of the w. boundary. Fish Creek, the outlet of the lake, flowing 
through the n. part of the towTi, is the principal stream : and upon it are several fine mill sites. 
The other streams are small brooks. The soil n. of Fish Creek is light and sandy, and in the 
remaining parts of the town it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Three mineral springs, known as 
"Quaker Springs," issue from the Hudson River slate, in a ravine a little s.e. of the center of the 
town.' Scliuylerville,'" (p. v.,) incorp. April 16, 1831, is situated on the river, at the mouth 
of Fish Creek. It contains 4 churches, the Schuylerville Academy, a newspaper office, a bank, 
cotton factory, and foundery; pop. 1,184. Victory Mills, (p. v.,) situated on Fish Creek, con- 
tains 1 church, a machine shop, and an extensive cotton factory;" pop. 729. Quaker 
Springs, (p. V.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 22 houses. Grang'er- 
ville, (p. 0.,) on Fish Creek, is a hamlet. Deans Corners (p.o.) and Coveville are 
hamlets. Settlement was begun in the early part of the last century, upon the Hudson.'^ The first 
church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed before the Revolution." The census reports 7 churches in town." 

SARATOGA SPRINGS— was formed from Saratoga, April 9, 1819. It occupies a nearly 
central position in the co. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly. Kayaderosseras Creek 



> S«> p. 682. 

« Named from Col. Poter Gansevoort, who located here eoon 
after the war. 

3 Niimed from Ebenezer Bacon, who camo from Conn, in 1791, 
and opened the first framed tavern the same year. The place 
has been called *^ Fiddletown^* and "Popes Corner^* at different 
timep- 

* Munroe was a tory, and fled to Canada, and his property 
was confiscated. 

6 Gansevoort discovered the irons of Munroe's mill and erected 
ft new sawmill. lie soon after Imilt a gristmill. Fort Miller 
bridge was first erected by a company incorp. March 16, 1S0:J. 
The present brid<i:e was erected in 1845. It has a sinj^le road 
track and a canaltowing path. « 2 Eef. Trot. D., 2 JI. E. 

T Corey built the first sawmill, in 1786, and the first 

Eristmill, soon afterward. The first inn was kept by Shank- 
land. 

9 Written " Saraghtoga" until abont 1793. Upon the old map 
of tho Kayaderosseras Patent this name ia spelled ^' Seraglitogha." 



The name was first applied to a settlement on the Hudson, in 
the vicinity of the present village of Schuylerville. It is said to 
signify " swift water," and was applied to the rapids in tho river, 
in contradistinction to still water, just below. 

*■ The water of these springs contains lime, magncsi.a, an<l 
iron, held in solution by carbonic acid, and a largo proportion 
of common salt and soda. 

^c Named in honor of Gen. Philip Schuyler, who resided hero 
previous to tho Revolution. During the war his buildings and 
mills were burned bv order of Uurgoyno. 

" There are 455 looms in this factory. In 1857, 3,665,411 yds. 
of print cloths and eilesias were manufactured. 

W At the attack upon Old Fort Saralog.a, upon tho opposito 
side of the Uudson, in the fall of 1745, several sawmills and 
other building.s, upon Fish Creek and the river, were burned, 
and about 30 families were killed or taken prisoners. 

IS The liritish troops made a riding school of this church 
during tho war. 

" 3 M. E., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., R.C., and Frieuda. 



592 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



and Saratoga Lake, forming the s. boundary, are skirted by a line of low bluffs. The streams are 
Ellis and Owl Pond Creeks. An extensive tract lying n. of Saratoga Lake and along the course 
of Owl Pond Creek is low and swampy. The soil is au inferior quality of yellowish, sandy loam. 
The far famed mineral springs, which give to the town its name, are situated about 3 mi. n. w. of 
Saratoga Lake. They are near the center of the mineral spring region, which has a radius of 
uearly 10 mi.' Saratog'a Springs (p. v.) was incorp. April 17, 1826. It contains 2 female 
.seminaries,* 7 churches, 2 banks, 5 printing offices, 2 public halls, 22 hotels,' and several sanitary 
institutions.* Pop. 5,129. The business of the village is principally connected with the enter 
tainment of strangers during the fashionable watering season. The springs are on that part of the 
Kayaderosseras Patent that fell to the share of Rip Van Dam. Sir Wm. Johnson is said to have 
been the first white person who ever used the Saratoga waters for medicinal purposes. In 1767 
he was brought to the place on a litter, and, after remaining several days, he was able to return 
on foot. His example was followed, and the visits of invalids soon became of frequent occurrence. 
In 1773, Derick Scowton made the first clearing and erected a hut. He was followed soon after 
by George Arnold and Saml. Norton.' In 1783, Gen. Schuyler cut a road through from Fish Creek, 
and spent several weeks here, living in a tent. The nest year he erected a framed house, (the first in 
town,) and annually afterward until his death he spent a part of the summer here with his family.* 
Several prominent men have resided in the village.' The census reports 7 churches in town.' 

STIL,l.WATER'— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Easton (Washington co.; 



1 High Uoclc Springsthe first discovered of those, was bo named 
from a pyramidal mound of calcareous tufa SJ feet high and '24s 
f.'et in dianiettT at the base which has been formed around it. 
An aperture 1 foot in diameter opens from the top of the rock 
downward, in which the water generally rises 1^ feet iibove the 
surface of the ground. It is said that the water once overflowed 
the top; but at an early day the rock waa cracked by the till 
of a ti'ce, and the water sunk to its present level. Congress 
Spring was discovered in 1792, by a hunting party, and named 
in compliment to John Taylor, one of the number, who had 
been a member of the Continental Congress. The present spring 
was obtained by sinking a well in the bed of the stream near 
the original fovmtain. The Columbia Sjyring. a few rods s.w. of 
the latter, is chalybeate, and constantly boiling from the escape 
of g;\s. It was opened in 1806, by G. Putnam. The HomiUnn 
Spring, 50 rods n. e. of Congress, was discovered by G. Putnam, 
and brought into use by Dr. Clarke. The PavHinn Fountain, 
opened in 1S39, has a smart, pungent taste. The Iodine Spring, 
situated a few rods n. of High Rock, was opened in 1S39. The 



was 



water contains a large proportion of iodine and very little iron. 
This spring has sometimes been called the Walton Spring, from 
Henry "Walton, a large proprietor of lands in the vicinity. Tht 
Empire Spring, the most northerly in the village, was opened 
in 1846. It discharges 75 gallons per hour. The hashingOm 
Spring, 50 rods s.w. of Congress Spring, was opened in 3806. 
I^itnam Spring is in the immediate vicinity. Flat Ifock Sjn-ipg, 
100 rods y.E. fmm Hamilton, is chalybeate. Bed Spring is 90 
rods N. E. of High Rock ; and Monroe Spring. 15 rods n. of Fl.it 
Rock. Ten Spri7igs were discovered in 1814, 1 mi. N. E. of the 
village. Ellis Spring is situated in a ravine 2 mi. S. w. of Con- 
gress. There are several other springs in the immediate vicinitj'. 
Baths are connecttd with most of these springs, and an immense 
trade has spning up in the bottling and sale of the water. The 
temperature of the fountains ranges from 48° to 51°, and it is 
not sensibly affected by the seasons. The following table gives 
an analysis of several of these springs. The figures show the 
number of grains in a gallon of v/ater. 



IMOnCDIENTS. 


■2 si 

Is 

1^ 


1 


1 


1 

1! 


2 '^ 

Is. 




1 

Is 






1 

•i 

II 


1 




267.00 
2.68 
16.40 

46.71 
68.00 

5.68 

2.06 

trace. 
407 ..30 


386.00 
3.60 
8.98 

96.79 
9S.10 

6.07 
1.80 
trace. 


269.696 
12.000 
30.848 

41.984 

141.8-24 

000 

trace. 


148.87 
1.33 
20.79 

42.70 
60.67 

5.39 
trace. 


279.30 
3.00 
27.04 

35.20 
92.40 

6.39 
trace. 


189.10 

2.60 

17.64 

61.59 
69.29 

5.58 
trace. 


137.00 

2.00 
75.00 
26.00 

1.00 

3.60 


160.20 
1.70 

10.40 

44.26 

48.00 

1.10 
80 


226.58 
2.75 

4.70 

62.50 

60.24 

4.10 
.62 
.25 


214.00 
2.00 

14.32 

1.68 
51.60 

68.80 
.21 

7.00 

.84 
.66 


281.50 
2.-5 
16.60 

40.92 
92.60 

3,26 
1.60 




Bicarbonate of soda 




















Alumina 




Total solid contents 


597.943 


496.362 


279.65 


460.33 


346.68 


244.60 


269.10 


361.74 


301.01 


439.12 




272.06 
4.50 


311.00 
7.00 




287.50 
6.60 


316.00 
400 


304.00 
5.00 


360.00 
4.00 


371.00 
3.25 


480.01 
8.09 


348.SS 
6.41 


262.60 
6.80 


Atmospheric air 


Total gaseous contents 


1 276.56 


318.00 


700.00 


294.00 


320.00 


309.00 


364.00 


374.25 


4SS.10 


356.29 269.30' 



St^'ele's Analyses, ISZ^; Alien" s Anahjsis.lShH.—Ben7c''s Mine- 
ralogy. Slightly different results have been obtained from differ- 
ent analyses. 

a Temple Grove Female Seminary, a hoarding school, ostab- 
Hshed in 1853, (see p. 751,) and The Saratoga Female Seminary. 

8 Several of these hotels are among the most extensive in the 
country. Union Hall was built in 1802, by G. Putnam; The 
Columbian, in 180S, by Jotham Holmes: Con^^rLiss Hall, in 
1812. by G. Pntnam; The Pavilion, in 1819, by N.Hthau Lewis; 
and The United States, in 1824, by Elias Benedict. All of these 
have been enlarged since their erection. 

* Among these are the Saratoga Water Cure, and the Medical 
And Surgical Institute, both established in 1832. 

6 Norton joined the British, and his property was confiscated. 

* Alexander Bryan and Henry Livingston were the first set- 



tlers after the war. Gideon Putnam came in 1789. Mr. P. huiU 
the first sawmill, the first large hotels, and opened several of 
the Bphnga. Dr. Clement Blakely, the first physician, came 
with Putnam, and remained 3 years. John and Ziba Taylor 
opened the first store, in 1794 ; Robt. Ellis and Geo. Peck built 
the first gristmill, in 1814 ; and Ward & Rogers, the first clothing 
works, in 1815. Henry Walton resided here for several years. 
He was proprietor of the whole village N. of Congress St. Seve- 
ral of the noted springs were on his estate. 

^ Esek Cowen, Justice of the Supreme Court, and compiler 
of " Onven's Ifeports" resided here until his death, in 1844. 
Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth resides in town. 

B Bap.. M. E.. Prot. Meth., Presb., Prot. E., II. C. and Univ. 

* Named from the " still water" in the Hudson, on the borders 
of the town. 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



593 



taken off in 1789, and Malta in 1802. It lies upon the Hudson, s. E. of the center of the co. It is 
uneven in the s. and moderately hilly in the n. The highest point is about 250 feet above the 
Hudson. A range of clay bluffs 60 to 100 feet high borders upon intervales of the Hudson and 
Anthonys Kil. The streams are generally small brooks flowing in deep guUiea worn in the drift 
deposits.' The N.w. corner borders upon Saratoga Lake. The river intervales are alluvial. West 
of the river bluffs is a wide belt of heavy clay ; and in the s. w. part is a sandy tract interspersed 
with swamps. Upon the lake shore is a sulphur spring.^ Stillwater, (p. v.,) incorp. April 17, 
1816, is situated on the Hudson. It contains 4 churches, and manufactories of lumber, paper, 
woolens, and castings. Pop. 552. mechanlcSTille, (p. v.,) incorp. July 16, 1859, situated on 
the Hudson, at the mouth of Anthonys Kil, on the line of Half Moon, is a station on the Rensselaer 
& Saratoga R. R. It contains 5 churches, a printing office, and an extensive linen thread manufac- 
tory.' Pop. 1,111,-616 in Stillwater, 495 in Half Moon. Bemis Heights,* (p.o.,) on the 
Champlain Canal, near the Hudson, and Ketcbums Corners (p.o.) are hamlets. This town 
was included in the Saratoga Patent of 1684 ; and settlement was commenced about 1750.^ The 
first church (Cong.) was established in 1763.* There are 8 churches in town.' 

"WATERFORD*— was formed from Half Moon, April 17, 1816. It lies at the junction of 
the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, in the s. E. corner of the co. Its area is about 7 sq. mi. Its 
surface is mostly an upland, 50 to 100 feet above the river. The Mohawk is bordered by an almost 
perpendicular range of slate bluffs, and the Hudson Valley by a range of clay bluffs. The soil is a 
sandy, clayey, and alluvial loam of great fertility. The falls in the Mohawk furnish a valuable 
water-power. 'Waterford,' (p. v.,) incorp. April 6, 1801," situated on the Champlain Canal, 
near the confluence of the Hudson" and Mohawk Rivers, is a station on the Rensselaer & 
Saratoga R. R. and the Albany & Northern R. R. It contains 6 churches, a newspaper office, a 
bank, and several manufacturing establishments."' Pop. 3,083. Settlement was commenced by 
the Dutch at a very early day. The census reports 7 churches in town." 

WILiTOIV— was formed from Northumberland, April 20, 1818. It lies a little n. e. of the 
center of the co. The Palmertown Mts., with their steep, rocky slopes and broken, forest-covered 
summits, extend across the n. w. corner. The center and s. w. are gently undulating, or Ijroken by 
low ridges. The principal streams are Snook Kil and Bog Meadow and Cold Brooks. The soil in 
the E. and s. e. is a yellow, sandy loam resting on clay, and in some places swampy. At the foot 
of the Palmertown Mts. is a belt of productive gravel and clay loam. A heavy growth of white 
and yellow pine originally covered the plains, but little woodland now remains. Near Emersons 
< 'Orners is a spring of acidulous and carbonated water, and in the s. part of the town is a sulphur 
spring. Wilton (p. v.) contains 20 houses; and Emersons Corners, in the N. part of the 
town, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1774 or '75, by Rowland Perry and his sons 
Samuel, John, Benj., Absalom, Roswell, Artemas, Rowland, and Joseph, from Dutchess co." 
Near the mill pond on Snook Kil are traces of Indian occupation; pestles, broken potter}-, and flint 
arrow heads have been found in abundance. The census reports 4 churches in town.'^ 



1 Upon these Btrpams are several fine cascades. 

2 This spring: is called the White Sulplnir Spring. A few 
years since, a hotel and bathing house were erected here, and a 
SDiall steamer was put upon the lake. The building was burned 
'2 or 3 years after, and the enterprise whs abandoned. 

* Tlie American Linen Thread Manufacturing Co. was organ- 
ized in 1S.')"2. The number of men employed is V15. 

* Named from Jonathan Beniis, who during the Rerolution 
kept the only inn worthy of note on the Alliany & Fort Kd- 
ward Road. 

6 Among the first settlers were John Thompson, Geo. Palmer, 

Benjamin, Dirck Swart, Ensign. Burlinghame, 

and Abeel. Tlie first gristmill was built by Geo. Palmer, 

before the Revolution. 

* Thi.t church was organized at Litchfield, Conn., in 1752, and 
in 17G.3 was removed to Stillwater. Rev. Kobt. Campbell was 
the first pastor. 

' 3 M. E., 2 Bap., Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 

* The Indians called the country around the mouth of the 
Mohawk "Nach-te-nack." This town was formerly known as 
Half Moon Point ; and the semicircular tract between the Hud- 
son and the Slohawk wa£ called Half Moon. Its present name 
originated from the fact that at the village of Waterford a ford 
crossed to Haver Island. 

* In 1784 the site of the village was purchased by Col. Jacobus 

Van l?cboon, Middlehrook, Ezra Hickock, Judge White. 

and several others, most of whom were from Conn. ; and Florcs 



Bancker was employed to lay it out Into village lots. July 11. 
1841. a destructive fire occurred, which destroved 130 buildings. 

10 On the 2.5th of March, 1 794. Hezekiah Ketchum. Jacobus 
Van Schoonhoven, Matthew Gregory. Isaac Keclcr. John Pettott, 
Duncan Oliphant, and Thos. Smith wore constituted trustees o(^ 
Half Moon Point. 

" A bridge across the Hudson at this place was built in IS04. 
at a cost of J5I1,000. The present structure, known as the 
*' Union Bridge," was built in 1812, '13, and '14, at a cost of 
$20,000. 

12 A hydraulic canal i mi. in length was constnictea n. 
1828-29, by J. ¥. King. Upon this canal are 2 stock and die 
factories, a machine shop, ax factory, twine factory, ink Aud 
lampblack factory, soap and candle factory, flouring mill, and 
a pearling mill, t^n the Chanipbiin C.inal are 3 11 -uring mills. 
a foundery and macliine shop, an auger factory, and a distillery. 
The fire engine works at this place wero started in ls:;l. About 
$130,000 worth of work is turned out per annum, and 40 men 
are employed. 

IS Bap., Cong., M. E., Presb.. Prot. E.. Ref Prot. D., and R. C. 

n John Stiles. Ebenezer King, John Laing, Peter Johnson, 
and Jas. and Wm. McGregor settled in town in 177.'i: and .lolin 
Boyce. Robt. Milligan, John Kendrick. and Enoch M. Place 
in 1784. John Laing built the first sawmill, in 1784-85, and 
Wm. McGregor the first gristmill, soon after the war. Stejihon 
King kept llie first inn. and Oatrom the first store. 

« Bap., M. E, Prot. Melh., and Union. 



33 



594 



SARATOGA COUNTY. 



Acrei of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Saratoga County. 



Nakes of Towns. 



Ballston .„, 

Charlton 

Clifton Park. 

Corinth 

Pay 

Edinburgh 

Qftlway 

Greenfield , 

Iladley 

Ualf Moon 

Malta 

Milton 

Moreau 

Northumberland. 

Providence 

Saratoga 

Saratoga Springs. 

Stillwater 

Waterford 

Wilton 

Total 



AcBBS OF Land. 



16,177 
16,166 
23,641 

13,071 

7,017 
13,966 
27,760{ 
28,644i 

7,691 
16,560 
14,434J 
18.366i 
18,291 
13,133 

8,694 
19,281 i 
11,-40J 
22,401 

3,623J 
16,288i 



315,728} 



2,996i 
3.156 
6.486 
10,564 
17,047 
26,028 
172 
12,7914 
13,493 
2,837 
2.983} 
3,886 
6,3044 
6,9254 
5,401 
6,0894 
6,386 
3,963 
342 
6,994 



1.39,849J 



VAlOiTIOK OF 1868. 



• 




I 




H 




8 


1 ^ 


B! 


$116,110 


$644,366 


416,510 


104,138 


637,750 


230,970 


211,166 


13,416 


67,020 


4,650 


119,540 


9,625 


420.564 


44,909 


399,410 


46,341 


69,811 


6,150 


707,225 


139,600 


380,!j70 


68,160 


7.30,685 


310,143 


343,106 


31,650 


302.880 


82,448 


91,662 


20,921 


788,886 


241,468 


1,346,056 


789,887 


728,017 


165.630 


643,652 


391,225 


263,744 


24,054 
2,829,385 


9,102,009 



$669,466 
620,648 
868,720 
224,682 
71,670 
129,166 
465,473 
444,761 
75,961 
846,826 
438,730 

1,040,828 
374,760 
385,328 
112,583 

1,030,343 

2,136,943 
893,547 
934,877 
277,798 



1,058 

842 

1,602 

781 

660 

629 

1,208 

1,432 

626 

1,659 

616 

2,261 

1,079 

860 

678 

1,822 

2,961 

2,468 

1,569 

682 



11.931,<)94 24.2.'i2 26,097 



s; 



1,143 

869 

1,416 

753 

619 

689 

1,233 

1,410 

646 

1,6.')6 

621 

2.408 

1,087 

808 

690 

2.010 

3,356 

1,496 

1,680 

719 



385 
318 
429 
296 
197 
256 
451 
679 
222 
606 
228 
761 
360 
300 
286 
692 
1,013 
498 
498 
267 



8,631 



436 
326 
677 
317 
198 
283 
604 
6)3 
222 
603 
2,57 
225 
401 
312 
295 
701 
1,239 
690 
606 
281 



8,984 



343 
214 

424 
131 
144 
283 
401 
428 
112 
231 
222 
261 
264 
244 
196 
374 
694 
313 
226 
233 



Schools. 


s 


p 


Vr 


«« 


41 


' el 


12 


678 


10 


593 


16 


1,198 


10 


668 


11 


666 


12 


677 


16 


924 


21 


1,124 


7 


360 


12 


970 


8 


413 


13 


1,772 


12 


867 


12 


621 


10 


612 


13 


1,410 


10 


2,399 


13 


1,024 


2 


1,141 


10 


579 


229 


18,286 



'Names op Towns. 



Ballston 

Charlton 

Clifton Park , 

Corinth 

Day 

Edinburgh 

Qalway , 

Greenfield 

Hadley 

Half Moon 

Malta 

Milton 

Moreau 

Northumberland. 

Providence 

Saratoga 

Saratoga Springs. 

Stillwater 

Waterford 

Wilton 

Total 



654 
705 
897 
421 
222 
320 
736 
835 
190 
018 
474 
776 
632 
681 
235 
832 
710 
862 
239 
456 



£jg 

912 
882 
920 
866 
813 

1,290 

1,320 

1,602 
733 
785 

"761 
979 
655 

1,0.57 
793 

1,160 
467 

1,246 
183 
697 



1,020 
956 

1,270 
602 
380 
614 

1,241 

1,346 
336 
972 
778 

1,170 
746 
865 
392 

1,217 
762 

1,259 
248 
626 



2,401 
1,426 
1,184 
2,591 
3,212 
3,032 

961 
3.414 
3,090 
1,416 
2.350 
1,989 

900 
6,776 
1,023 
4,848 

462 
1,762 



2,038 

965 

2,336 

608 

335 

491 

1,379 

1,690 

339 

1,497 

1,456 

1,709 

1,123 

1,518 

484 

2,294 

1,369 

2,312 

1,205 

1,065 



AORICOLTOEAL PEODUCTS. 



Bush, op Gkadi, 



4,241 
2.338 

25,244 

1,202 

274 

214 

2,333 

1.203 

7184 

19,8254 

11.979} 
8,1 69{ 
6,792 
6,387 
38 

17,669 
6,129 

22,114 
4,159 
8,680 



04,071 
90,172 

112,812 
35,1644 
16,977 
31,893 

113,455 
83,823 
22,120 
81,075 
60,6944 
89.546 
63,675 
97,394} 
31,161 

121,8964 
36,847 
84,623 
23,698 
66,691 



11,293 17,991 16,n8 46,018 26,003 147,601 1,357,6881 62,743| i8V,6T2 289.478 1,468,136J 152,901} 7,7534 



3,2364 
3.113 
3.019 
1,8854 
1.706 
2,902 
4,817 
4,515 
1,378 
2,S16J 
2.4274 
3.075 
2.018 
2,032J 
1,5S6 
4,161 
1.599} 
3,544 
663 
1,660 



So 

«". 

21,788 
13.912 
43.846 
21,507 
11,292 
15,169 
28,964 
33,687 
10,531 
28.522 
19,083 
24,818 
13,701 
39,689 
16,139 
67,541 
17,758 
32,726 
6,140 
22,970 



40.710 

23,665 

26,038 

4,900 

6,761 

7,440 

31.73r 

26,846 

2,595 

12,662 

19,604 

28,810 

6,131 

6.489 

4.538 

13.842 

4.345 

16,734 

665 

8,191 



DaTBV PB0DDCT8. 



0, m 



113.463" 
66.066 

101,781 
61,680 
27,775 
48.495 

141,903 

106.990 
30.406 
79,736 
77,819 
91.667 
67,696 
84.705 
39.160 

103.922 
55.710 

101,936 
16,950 
61,390 



18,428} 
805 

19.285 

6,600 

100 

8,860 

12,716 

13,866 
1,400 
6,090 

13,314 
5.665 

16.270 
4,857 
3.970 
4,440 
9fi0 

13.090 
1.250 
2.947 






104 
142 
179 
601 
746 

1..523 
922 

1.279 
111 
179 
76 
302 

1974 

359 

166 

5.35 

199 

113 



SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Albany, March 7, 1809. It is centrally 
distant 20 mi. from Albany, and contains 221 sq. mi. The greater 
part lies between Mohawk River and Schoharie Creek, — one 
town only lying n. of the Mohawk. The surface consists of the 
Mohawk Valley and an upland, generally much broken by ridges 
and isolated hills, 200 to 350 feet above the river. The highland;! 
tre the northern continuation of the Helderbergh and Schohario 
Wts. The underlying rock is generally the shales of the Hudson 
Uiver group, which crop out in the valleys and the bottoms of the 
ravines. In portions of Glenville and Duanesburgh this rock 
is underlaid by birdseye limestone, from which are obtained both 
lime and stone for building. The greater part of the surface is 
covered with a thick deposit of drift, consisting principally of clay in the w. part and sand in the k. 
The rocks crop out on the banks of the streams and form the declivities of the steeper hills. The 
soil in the w. part is a tenacious, clayey loam, underlaid by hardpan on the hills, and in the £. a 
light, unproductive sand. The valley of the Mohawk consists of a deep, rich alluvimn, well adapted 
to tillage, and extensively devoted to the cultivation of broomcorn.^ 

The principal streams are Mohawk River, Schoharie Creek, and Normans Kil, and their 
branches. The valleys of these streams are generally bordered by the steep declivities of the 
uplands, rising to a height of about 300 feet. Many of the smaller streams have worn deep 
gullies in the loose drift deposits, giving to the surface a very broken character. These 
small streams are mostly dry in summer. The fiue alluvial fiats near Schenectady, extending 5 
mi. w. on the s. side of the river, were called by the first settlers the ** Bouirlaiidt."^ A tract 2 
mi. in extent, n. of the river, was called the *' Maalw}/ck ;"^ and a tract on both sides, 4 mi, w. 
of the city, was known as the ** Wbestiiia."* A region immediately about Schenectady was called 
** Oron-wjc/h-vnaTie-gughre ;" the hills s. were known as the " Yan-ta-^uc?t-a-berg ;*^^ and those on 
both sides of the river above the city were called " Tou-ar-e-^i-ne.'* The streams of '* Woestina^' 
were ** yerf Kil^"^ Zantzee Kil,'' and '' Rigkelbngk Kil."^ The valleys are best adapted to tillage 
and the hills to pasturage.* Manufactures are chiefly limited to the city of Schenectady. *** In 
Glenville are about a dozen broom factories, employing 450 persons. 

The county seat is located at Schenectady City." The courthouse and clerk's oflSce are both 
situated on Union St.: the former contains the courtroom, jail, sheriff's and supervisors' rooms,*"' 
and the latter the clerk's and surrogate's oiBces. The poorhouse is located on a farm of 116 acres, 
on the Albany Road, just e. of the city. It has, on an average, about 75 inmates, and the farm 
yields a revenue of $1,200. There are 5 newspapers published in the co.*' 



1 One-half of the entire broomcorn crop of the State is raised 
witliin this CO. A considerable portion of the broomcorn land 
is annually overflowed, renderint; it continually ft*rtile; and 
many tracts have produced this crop alone for many years, 

3 "Arable Land." 

* " Whirl-bitck." from the tortuoua course of the Mohawk. 

* "Wilderness." 

* Mixed Indian and Dutrh, sifrnifvinE ".lohn-ear-of-corn-hill." 

* *' Paint Creek," from the yellow earth along the banks. 
' " Sea-Sand Creek." 8 ■' Rail-bridge Creek." 

* At an early period the Mohawk Valley was celebrated for ita 
large wheat crops ; but now very little is raised. 

M> See page 698. 

i» t!y the U-rins of the act making Schenectady the co. 
■eat. the courthouse was to be built at the expense of the city. 
The first county officers were Qcrrit S. Veeder. First Jwig^ ; 
Peter v. Veeder, Clerk ; Ja«. V. S. Riley, Sheriff; and Wm. J. 
Teller. Surrogate. 

u The first courts were held in tlie City Hall, and afterward 
In the West College. 

" The following is a nearly complete list of the newspapers in 
the CO. : — 

The Wfj^tem SpectMftr was iflfmed prior to 1807. 
The Si:henectadn Cabinft waH commenced in .Ian. 1S09, by Isaac 
Kit^p^s. In ISfiO it passed into the hands of S. S. Kiggs, 
who continued it until 1^57. 
The Western Budget was issued a short time in 1809. 
Tfif. Mohawk Advertiser was I'ub. in 1810 liy R. Scbermorhorn. 
T%e FlorCad, 8vo, mo., was publLsht^^ in ISll. 



The Schenectady Gazette waa published in 1812, by Ryer 8cher^ 

merhorn. 
The Schever.Uidjt CYiunty Whig waa issued in 18.10, by C. 0. and 

A. Paliner. and wa.t continnt-d until 18;'4. 
The Schenectrvtu Slitndard was pnlilished in 1831, by T. J, 

Sulh<T!;\lid. 
TJie Schenfctadi/ f'emocrat was begun in IS'28. by C, G. and A. 

Palmer. T. W. Flagg became its publisher in 1837, and 

the same year it was chamied to 
The Reflector and Schenectady Democrat. It 

has been successively published by G. Yatew, K. U. Kin- 

cnid. atid A. A. Keyeer. and is now publiBhed by Frrd. 

W. nnlTnmii. 
The n-.vsnr wa.s published in 1834, by the students of Union College. 
The Parthenon, mo., was published in 1S46-47 by the colU-go 

students. 
The Mohawher was published in If'SS. by Piggs A NorrJs. 
The frotrstnnt &nttjwl was commenced in 18.35, by Rev. Job u 

Mnxon, and continued 2 yejirs. 
The Wreath wna started in 1835. "by W. II. Rurleigh, and con- 
tinued 1 year. 
Preedom's Si'ntfwl was issued during the campaign of 1840. by 

Stephen S. Ripps. 
The Antu/uarian anrf General It'eviiw. mo., waa started in 1846, 

by Kev. W. Arthur, and continued 2 yeai-s. 
The Scroll, mo., was published a short time in 1840. 
The Schenectady Aemocrat was founded in 185^. by 

Mm. M.CdIli irn"au'i U'. \.i'lark. In 1S57 it was «old 

to A. .1. Thoiiipsoii,an'l in April, ISC'), (o C. Thayr. 
&»& 



596 



SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 



The great flat upon the Mohawk w. of "Fort OrangeJ^ and where the city of Schenectady now 
stands, was bought of the natives in July, 1G61, in the name of Arent Van Corlaer •} and settlement 
was commenced during the same year. It was under the charge of 5 commissioners until Nov. 1, 
1684, when Gov. Dongan granted a patent confirming previous rights and extending the territory.' 
On the night between the 8th and 9th of Feb. 1690, N.S.,* the settlement — then consisting of about 
80 houses — was surprised by a party of about 300 French and Indians, and nearly every house was 
burned. Sixty-three persons were killed, and 27 were carried to Canada as prisoners. The night 
wa,s intensely cold, and the nearest place of refuge was Albany, to which a few escaped after much 
suflfering.* In 1702 R. Schermerhorn became sole trustee ; and in 1705 a new patent was issued, 
conferring certain township privileges. On the 23d of Oct. 1765, the place was created a borough, 
with the rights and immunities incident to these corporations.^ From 1726 to the Revolution the 
township of Schenectady sent a representative to the General Assembly, During the war the village 
was fortified and garrisoned at the public expense, and many families from the Upper Mohawk 
sought protection here from the incursions of the tories and Indians.* For several years after 1779 
a large number of friendly Oneida and Tuscarora families, driven from their homes by the hostile 
tribes, were supported in this vicinity at the expense of the General Government. At the return 
of peace the settlement shared in the general prosperity. A new impulse was given to business by 
the improvements effected by the Western Inland Navigation Co., which enabled large boats to 
make longer voyages.' Upon the completion of the Erie Canal the MohawK navigation was entirely 
superseded. For several years after the completion of the r. r. from Albany in 1831, large 
quantities of merchandise were sent here to be shipped on the canal, saving the delay of the cir- 
cuitous route and numerous locks on the canal between Schenectady and Troy.* In 1832 a R. R. 
was built to Saratoga, in 1835, to Utica, and in 1843, to Troy. In 1849 several plank roads were 
built, which since have been mostly abandoned. 



DFAHTESBURGH®— was erected as a township, by patent, March 13, 1765, and it was first 
recognized as a town March 22, 1788. It lies in the s. w. corner of the co. Its surface consists 
of an upland, broken by the narrow valleys and gullies of small streams, Schoharie Creek 
forms a portion of its w. boundary, and Normans Kil flows through the s. part. The 
hills that border upon these streams are steep, and in some places rocky. The other 
T>rincipal streams are Corrys Brook, Chuctenunda Creek, and Bozen Kil. Maria Pond and 
Featherstons Lake are 2 small bodies of water in the n. e. part, about 250 feet above the canal. 
The soil is principally a stifi", clay loam, with a slight intermixture of gravel. It is best adapted 
to pasturage, Duanesburgh (p. v.) contains about a dozen houses, Quaker Street*' 
(p.v.) 30, lUariaville" (p. v.) 20, and Branians Corners (p. v.) 18. Eatous Cor- 
ners is a hamlet. Large tracts in this town were purchased by different parties between 
1736 and 1770,*^ but no active measures of settlement were taken till about the time of its 
itrganization in 1765. During that year Duane, who had become an extensive proprietor, con- 



r/i« Schenectady Morning Star, started Feb. 24. 1854. by W. M. 

Colboriie an<l W.N.Clark, was chsn^ed in 18.04 to 
The Kvenlng Star, da., now published by W. M. Col. 

bornp. 
Tlie Sclienectady Republican has been published 

8 ncM Sf-pt. l^.-.T, bv ColhoriiH A L:indon. 
The Schenectady Dally Ne-ws was started in April. 

1859, by Frederic W. HufFniau. E. F. Loveridge, editor. 

1 The graotorB were 4 Mohawk chiefs, named Cautuque, 
Sonare«tflie. Aiadane, and Sodachdr:ia^c. Thi8 grant was con- 
lirratd the next year, and the tract was surveyed in 1664. The 
inhabitants of Fort Orange, w-ishin^r to monopolize the Indian 
trade, presented to the settlers, before the land was received 
from the enrveyor, a written pledge to abstain from trading 
with the Indians. A remonstrance against this injustice waa 
signed by the following early settlers, viz. : A. Van Corlaer, Philip 
Hendrickson, Sanders Lendertsen Glen, Simon Volkrartsen, 
Pieter Soghmaekelyk, Tennis Cornelisscn. Marte Cornelise. Wil- 
lem Teller. Bastiaen De Winter for Catalyn, ^vidow of Arent 
Andriea de Voss, Pieter Jacobs© Borsboom, Pieter Danielse Van 
Olinda, Jan Barentse Wemp, and Jacques Cornelise. Their re- 
Bistanco occasioned several years' delay in the survey of the lands. 

2 Wm. Teller, Ryer Schermerhorn, Sweer Tunison, Jan Van 
Eps, and Myndert Wemp were appointed trustees under this 
prant. The tract embraced the present city, and the towns of 
Olenville, Rotterdam, and part of Niskaynna. 

9 Previous to 1752 time was reckone<l in England by "Old 
8tyle," the year commencing on the 26th of March. AU dates 
previous to that time, between Jan. 1 uul March 26. are reckoned 
In 1 year by "Old Style," and in the"oUowing year by "New 
fityle." 



* Colden's Fivp, Nations, 3d ed., I. p. 120. 

^ This and VPeat Chester were the only boroughs in the 
colony. 

6 The place was never visited by a hostile army after 1690. 
The colonial statutes contain frequent provisions for the re- 
building, repairs, and supplies of this fort. 

I This company cleared the river of impediments to navigation 
as much as possible, built a lock at Little Falls, and in 1796 
built a ehoit canal connecting the Upper Mohawk with Wood 
Creek, which flows into Oneida Lake, opening a direct water 
communication with the chain of lakes in the interior of the 
State, and with Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. The boats 
employed, called *' Durham boats," were propelled up stream by 
setting poles, and were floated down by the current. 

8 This business was stopped by the repeal of the statute pro- 
hibiting the R. R. from carrying freight w. of this place. 

» Named from James Duane, the principal proprietor. It wa8 
first joined with Schoharie, as " the united district of I>uane»- 
burgh and Schoharie." It was made a separate district. March 24, 
1772. Mr. I>uan« took an active part in public affairs during 
the Revolution and the earlier years of the State Government, 
and was a liberal benefactor of the town. 

10 Boots and shoes, wagons, and sash and blinds, are manu- 
factured here. 

II Named from a daughter of James Duane. 

12 Among the purchasers were Tlio.s. Freeman, in 173fi, Tim<»- 
thy Bagley. in 1737, A. P. and William Cosby, in 1738. Walter 
Butler, in 1739. and Jonathan Brewer, in 1770. Wm. Nr.rth. an 
officer of the Revolution, married a daughter of Duane and re- 
sided several years in this town. 



SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 597 

tracted with 20 Germans from Penn., of whom 16 came on and made a permanent settlement.' 
The first church (Christs Ch., Prot. E.) was formed Aug. 3, 1795, and the church edifice was erected 
by Judge Duane. Rev. David Belden was the first rector.^ 

GEiElWIliElE' — was formed from Schenectady, April 14, 1820. It is the only tovrn in the 
CO. N. of the Mohawk. The central and w. parts are occupied by rugged and wooded hills 
abruptly rising from the valley of the river to a height of 300 feet. The E. part is nearly 
level. The streams are Crabbs Kil, Chaugh-ta-noon-da, Aalplaats,* and Jan Wemps Creeks, 
and Verf Kil. The soil among the hills is a stiflf clay, underlaid by hardpan, with an occasional out- 
crop of slate ; and in the E. part it is a sandy and gravelly loam. The Mohawk intervales are very 
fertile, and are chiefly devoted to the culture of broomcorn. GlenvlIIe (p. v.) contains 2 churchea 
and 20 houses, Scotia^ (p. v.) 2 churches and 266 inhabitants, Reesville 12 houses and a broom 
factory, and High Mills 13 houses, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, and woolen factory. Hoffuians 
Ferry' (p. o.) is a hamlet and r. r. station. East Glenville and Town Center are p. 
offices. Bridges connect this town with Schenectady and Niskayuna. Settlements were made 
about 1665, and were among the earliest in the co.' The Sanders House, in this town, was spared 
by the enemy when Schenectady was destroyed.' There are 5 churches in town.* 597 

IVISKAYriVA"'— was formed from Watervliet, (Albany co.,) March 7, 1809. A part of 
Schenectady was annexed in 1853. It lies upon the Mohawk, in the E. part of the co. Its surface 
is mostly upland, terminating in steep bluifs upon the river valley. The intervales are very rich 
and productive. A strip of laud about 1 mi. wide, extending back from the summits of the blufiB, 
has a hard, clay soil, and a considerable portion of it is swampy and unfit for cultivation. Further 
s. the soil is sandy. Watervliet Center (p. o) is within the limits of this town. Kisl&a- 
yuna is a hamlet in the s. E. corner. The first settlements were made about 1640." The canal 
crosses the Mohawk into this town upon a magnificent stone aqueduct.'^ There is 1 church (Ref. 
Prot. D.) in town. 

PRIIVCETOWIV"— was formed from Schenectady, March 26, 1798. It lies a little w. of the 
center of the co. Its surface consists of a broken upland, gently descending toward the s. e. The 
streams are Normans Kil in the s. and Zantzee Kil in the n." The soil is a heavy clay loam, 
underlaid by hardpan, and is best adapted to grazing. Princetovrn (p. o.) is a hamlet. The 
town was chiefly conveyed to Geo. Ingoldsby and Aaron Bradt, in 1737. Wm. Corry afterward 
became owner, and formed a settlement, which was long known as " Corrijshvsh." The town wa-s 
thinly settled at the time of the Revolution. The Princetown Academy, a Presb. institution, wa.i 
opened here, on an extensive scale, in 1853, and was discontinued in 1856. There are a Presb. and 
a Ref Prot. D. church in town. 

ROTTERDAM— was formed from Schenectady, April 14, 1820. A part of the city was 
annexed in 1853. It lies near the center of the Co., upon the s. bank of the Mohawk. The surface 
consists of a broken, hilly region in the N. w., a level intervale extending from the center toward 
the s., and a high plain in the E. The soil upon the w. hills is a tough clay, underlaid by shale, 
which frequently crops out. The central valley or plain, 5 mi. in extent, was called by the Dutch 
the " Jlonwlandf." The soil is a deep alluvium. The E. plateau is sandy and barren. Rotter- 
dam, Dlobawkville, and Factory ville are hamlets." Settlements were first made alxiut 
1661.'* The first church was organized Aug. 29, 1800 ; Rev. Thos. Romeyn was the first pastor." 



1 The tract embraced about 60,000 acres, and the lands were 
rented at the rate of $15 per 100 acres, on long leases. The 
agents of Sir Wnl. Johnson excited a prejudice against these 
lands which retarded their settlement. 

* There are in town 5 other churehes: Cameronian, Bap., Univ., 
Presb.. and Quaker. * Named from the original patentee. 

* •• Eel Place." 6 Locally pronounced " Sco^chy." 

* Harmanus Vedder established a ferry here about 1790. and 
it was called Vedders Ferry until 1885, when it waa bought by 
John Ib'ITman and the name was changed. 

7 In Itjfio the country around Scotia was granted to Sanders 
Lendertsen Glen, a native of Scotland, who removed to Holland 
in 1645 on account of religious persecutions. After several 
years there spent in mercantile pursiiits, he migrated to " Krw 
N'-tkn-lun'h.'^ Van Slvcks Island was granted to Jacques Van 
Sl.yck, Nov. 13, 1662.— fiarfwr's Hut. On. 

8 On a former occasion a party cf French, sent against the 
Mohawks, became reduced to the extremity of want, and were 



to Said to he a corruption of Nis ti-gioo-ne. or Co-nis-ti-gio.nL.. 
by which it is known on the old maps. The name is said to sig 
nify " extensive corn flats." The term was also api)lied to por- 
tions of Water\iiet and Half Moon, Upon the advent of the 
whites this place was occupied by a tribe of Indians known aa 
the ■' Omistviitme."— Barber rf- Howe's Hist. Cbll. iV. r„ p. 50S. 

" Among the early settlers were Clutes, Vedders, VanVrankens, 
Groots, Tymesons, IVarces, Jansens, and Van Bockhoovens, 

12 By an act of 1805, Alexander Alexander was authorized to 
build a dam at this place. 

13 Named from John Prince, a member of the Assembly from 
Albany co, at the time of the formation of the town, 

H Upon this stream, on the farm of Elien'r Dougall, is a cas- 
cade 60 feet high, and from this point to the Mohawk are numt^ 
rous rapids and ct^Ciides, 

16 Among the early settlers were Wilhelmus Van Otto Vau 
Curawa, (a native of the island of Cura^oa.) Kyer .Schermerhoro, 
and Simon Veeder. The house of Van Otto 6too<l on the site 



obliL'ed to seek aasistnnce of the English. The kindness shown i of the one now occupied by Simon Veeder. At the time of tb» 
them by Mr, Glen was remembered, and his house was | Kevolution there were fam'ilies living in town by the names of 
spared. A stone house built in 1713 is still owned by the Delemont, Van Pelten, and Bratjghain. 
Sanders family. w At this place is a twine and thread factory, 

» 2 Ret Prot D., 2 M. E., and Bap, | 17 There are 3 churches In town : 2 IWf, Prot, D. and 1 M. K. 



598 



SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 




SCIIEiXECTADY CITY— was patented, with certain 
municipal rights, Nov. 4, 1684; chartered as a borough Oct, 23, 
1705 ; incorp. as a district, March 24, 1772, as a Umn, March 7, 
1788, and as a city, March 26, 1798. Princetown was set off in 
1708, Rotterdam and Glenville in 1820, and parts of Niskayuna 
and Rotterdam in 1853.' It is situated on the Mohawk, and on the 
borders of one of the finest intervales in the State. A considera- 
ble amount of trade is carried on in the city by means of the canal 
and the raih'oads that center here; but tlie people are more 
largely engaged in manufactures.^ The engine houses and repair 
shops of the N. Y. C. R. R. Co. are very extensive ; and one of the 
largest locomotive manufactories in the country is located here.' 
This city is especially noted as the seat of Union College. This institution was incorp. by the regents, 
Feb. 25, 1795, and received its name from the cooperation and union of several religious denomina- 
tions in its foundation.* A fund was first raised by private subscription to erect the necessary build- 
ings and to defray the expenses of opening the school ;^ and this was increased by the avails of several 
lotteries authorized by the legislature,® by grants of land and money from the State, and by private 
donations. The total amount received from the State, up to 1822, for permanent investment, was 
S331,G12 13. In a will dated Dec. 28, 1855, Dr. Nott, the president of the college, bequeathed to the 
trustees $555,000 for specific purposes and an additional fund for miscellaneous expenses."^ The 
funds thus bequeathed were derived from the profits of certain investments of college funds, and 
amounts from other sources, which had been employed for the purpose of creating a fund for the en- 
dowment of the institution. The first college building was erected in the city f but in 1814 a trad 
of land upon an eminence E. of the city was purchased, and the two principal buildiugs were erected.' 
The site commands an extensive view of the city, the river, and the valley. The faculty of the college 
now consists of a president, 12 professors, 1 lecturer, and 3 tutors. The total number of students is 
420, and has not materially varied from this number for a great number of years, the junior and 
senior classes being invariably larger than those that preceded them. A considerable number of 
students derive aid from the State fund, which is extended to students of limited means without 
reference to tlie profession they intend to follow. The college has received from E.C.Delavan,E8q., 
a magnificent donation of minerals and shells, known as the *' Wheatley Collection," which was pur- 
chased for this purpose at a cost of §10,000. Departments of Civil Engineering and Analytical 
Chemistry have been organized, and the facilities which they afford are of the most ample kind. 

The Public Schools are under 8 commissioners, elected once in 2 years. There were, in 1857, 9 
school districts, employing 3 male and 22 female teachers. The number of children between 4 and 
21, was 3065, of whom 1729, or 56 per cent., attended the public schools.^** 

The first settlement was made in 1661, as already noticed.'* As this was an advance frontier 
Bettlement, the compact part, at an early period, was enclosed by palisades. In 1690 the enclosure 



1 An Indian name signifying "beyond the plains." Formerly 
gpclU'd ycheiit'CtJida. The city, under Us first chnrter. contained 
an area of I'JS Bq.mi.; but the succesaive changes which have 
been made have reduced it to a plat of 250 acres. 

* The manufacturing establishments of the city consist of the 
R. R. machine shops, locomotive works, a cotton factory, 3 car- 
riage shops, an agricultuml implement factory. 3 turning and 
machine shops, shawl factory. 2 breweries. 1 brick yard. 2 cabinet 
shops, 4 fuuuderies a planing mill, pump factory, tannery. 2 tool 
factories, a vice and spring factory, and a great variety of other 
mechanics' shops. 

8 The Schenectady Locomotive Works Co. was incorp. June 4, 
1851, with a capital of $150,000, all of which is actively em- 
ployed. When in full operation, they employ 600 hands, and 
can turn out 1 locomotive every 5 days. 

* Rev. Wra. Andreas opened the first grammar school, in 1771 ; 
and before the close of the year he proposed to change it to an 
academy. The Consistory of the Ref. Prot. D. church erected a 
small academy in 1765. The Schenectady Academy was incorp. 
Jan. 29. 1793. and was merged in the college in 1795. Rev..Tohn 
niair Smith was the first President. He was succeeded in June. 
1799, b.v Rev. Jonathan Edwards, who remained until his death in 
Aug.lHOl. Rev. Jonathan Maxcy was nexteli-rttd |iiisiiiiiit,uiiii 
continued till 1804, when he resigned, and was tJunctdid V<\ Krv. 
Eliphalet Nott. the present venerable presidiMit of the Cullt-ge. 

6 In 1779, the inhabitants of the northern part of the State 
petitioned for the incorp. of a college, but without success. The 
petition was renewed in 1701. hut did not succeed. In 1794 
ftnuther effort was madn, and a subscription of $7935 was raised 
from 99 persons in Albany, and of $3425 from 231 persons in 
Schenect.idy, for an endowment. This sum wa« afterward 
iftrgely increased by BUb^cription. Tho location was fixed at 



Schenectady, it is said, chiefly through the influence of Gen. 
Schuyler, and because of its then central location. 

6 Lotteries were authorized in 1805, 1814, and 1822. — MunsflVa 
Ann. of Albany, VII, 126; Semi-Ce-nten. Cdtbratimi nf Union Coll. 

^ The items uf this bequest are as follows : — 

$22.'>.000 for 9 professorships, with a salary of $1500 each. 

giiO.OOO for 6 assistant professorships, at $60U each. 

$|JO,000 for an astrouomical observatory. 

$20,000 for 60 auxiliary scholarships, of $10 and $12 per term. 

$60,000 for GOprizy scholarships foruiidergmdH;ites,or$15ond 
$18 per term; in cirtain cases to be increased to $24. 

$45,000 for 9 scholarships for graduates or fellows, of $300 each. 

$20,000 for a cemetery. 

$10,000 for apparatus. 

$5,000 for textbo«'ks. 

$30,000 for an eclectic library. 

$5,000 for a geological and mineralogical cabinet. 

$5,000 for a historical cabinet. 

$10.0<10 for a lecture fund. 

The miscellaneous fund was left discretionari' with t)ie trusteea 
to fill deficiencies and extend the operation ofan.vof tlie foregoing 
objects. .\t the timeof this gift the greater pfirt of the fnndd were 
iiivr,'4tiil in real cstateiuGreenpoint village, opposite N.York City. 

8 This building, formerly known m "West Collrfff," wus sold 
to thf city, and, with an adjoining building, accommodates the 
10 departments of the public schools of the city. 

8 Other buildings have since been erected, for library, cabinet, 
and lectm-e riHjnis. The corner atone of the Central Ch.ipel waa 
laid July 28, 1S58. 

10 Total receipt3.$l 4.423 06 ; total espenses, $14,423 06. Volumes 
in district libraries, 3045. 

n See page 596. 



SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 



509 



was in form of an oblong rectangle, -with gates at the ends. The people, however, felt so secure that 
the gates were habitually left open, and no guard was kept ; and hence it was easily entered by the 
enemy on the memorable 9th of Feb. 1090, N. S. The lives of 60 old persons and children were spared 
from tlie massacre. The settlement recovered slowly from the disaster, and not until the close of King 
William's War did it receive any considerable accessions. A new fort was built in May, 1090, which 
■was garrisoned for many years. Another fort was built in 1735, and another in 1780.' The old fort 
stood at the intersection of Ferry and Front Sts. The first church (Ref Prot. D.) was organized in 
1084, and the building was erected on the s. end of Church St. in 1685. It was burned in 1090 ;' 
and a new building was erected, about 1702, on the site of the present church, corner of Union and 
Church Sts.' St. George's Church (Prot.E.) was organized, in 1735, by Rev. H. Barclay, incorp. in 
1766, and an edifice erected in 1768.* The first mail was brought to the town April 3, 1763.' The 
first English school was opened, under the care of Rev. Henry Barclay, in 1710.' The Vale Cemetery 
Association was formed Feb. 25, 1858.' The population of the city has slowly and steadily increased, 
although, from the setting off of portions of its territory, the census reports for some periods show an 
apparent decrease.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Schenectady County. 



Names of Towns. 


Acres of Land. 1 


Valuation op 1858. 


POPCLATIOK. 1 


1 

4 


1 

i 

i 

396 
417 
118 
120 
293 
610 




1 


Schools. 


1 
i 


S 
1 


i 

$974,272 

1.285,993 

359,900 

228,670 

874,7.-!4 

1,254.160 


•si- 

il 

$120,700 

71.663 

24.060 

9.500 

30.250 

466.829 

717.992 




1 

1.656 
1,606 
584 
496 
1,537 
4,012 

9,861 


1 


j 


4-| 
22 
13 
4 

13 
9 

~68 


Sa 

1.231 

1 1,173 

366 

397 

1,427 

3,060 

"7^7 


Doaneshurgh 

Gk-nville 


33,911i 
22,341i 
7,922 
12,029 
16,729i 
616 


10,827 
7,169i 
2,649 
3,421 
7,693 
34 


$1,094,972 

1.3-57.666 

3S3.960 

238,170 

910,984 

1,709,979 

6.695.711 


1,663 
1,487 
636 
460 
1,298 
4,377 
9,721 


642 
666 
201 
166 
440 
1.200 
3,105 


696 
700 
217 
172 
492 
1,608 
3,783 




Rottt-rdam 

Schenectady 


Total 


93,44,1i 


31,683i 


4.977.719 


1.953 


NAKRa OP Towns. 


LiVB Stock. | 


AOMCULTDEAL PKODOCTS. ]| 


11.: 


l§ 


III 


5 

a 

1,941 

1,48-. 

38S 

67: 

1,06; 

21S 


i 


1 


B08U. OF G&AIM. 


e 

e 

6.233 
3.718 
1.716 
2,163 
2,328 
27i 


l£ 

10,82 
41,83 
18,39- 

1,76 
30,44 

1,86 




Daibt Pboducw. 






■§ ^ 

a, « 


■? ,; 


DuHnesburgh 

Glonville 


1,319 
1,033 
341 
404 
731 
391 


1,872 

1,306 

271 

629 

720 

48 


5.541 
2.644 

625 
1,123 

826 


2,097 

2,205 

657 

784 

1,660 

424 


2.47 n 

16.324i 
3.706 
7,291 

20.445 
680 


149.507J 

135.942J 

32,168 

61.100 

0.5.049 

2.291 

440,117} 


) 26,40 

40.62 

1 8,301 

) 11,82 
19.04 

) '341 

2 106,66 


1 194.691 
< 127,599 
Jl 34,621 
S 53.181 

2 105,770 
5 


28,684 

6.235! 

14.600ij 


1,2301 
820 




13,800 666 1 




9,800 ! 


746 


Schenectady 


Total 


4,219 


4,846 


5,76 


10,759 


7,727 


49,918 


16,1864 


105,13 


1 616,6621 72,019|| 


3,462* 



1 By an act of 1780, all the people living within a half mile 
of the Dutch church were assessed, in labor aod materials, fur 
the erection of defensive works—the work to be done under the 
(lirertion of the field ofBoers and magistrates. 

2 Kcv. Peter Tasscheniaker, the paator and first teacher, was 
killed, and all his papers were destroyed. 

« On the 27th of Oct. 1701, the Governor granted a special 
license for the inhabitants, or their Bgents. " to gather, collect, 
and receive the free and voluntary offerings and contributions 
of all and singular his liege subjects, inhabitants of this pi-o- 
Tince. at any time from the day of the date hereof for and during 
the term of six months then ensuing." The funds raised were 
restricted to the rebuilding of the church; and all justices of 
the peace, high sheriffs, and all other? his m.-ijesty's friends, 
with all Protestant ministers, were exhorted to use each their 
utmost diligence to excite and stir up the charities of the inhabit- 
ants,— .»f.W .SfC. O/Bre. 

* Beaides these, the oensue reports 10 churches; 2 Eef. Prot. D., 



2 Meth. E., Univ., R. C, Presb., Bap., Af. Meth., and a Jewish 
Synagogue. ^ Letter of Sir }Vm. JiJitfSfm. 

6 \ Laneasterian school was incorp. Nov. 12. 1816, and was 
taught 26 years. It was superseded by the prBsent system of 
public schools. 

7 The Vale Cemetery, containing 50 acres, is located in a 
beautiful vale about one-fourth of a mi. from the city. It is 
covered with pines, and is finelv laid out and ornamented. 

' In 1699, 70 men took the test oath. 
In 1710 there were 16 English and 100 Dutch families. 
In 1714 the census reported 591 persons. 
In 1790 there were s. of the Mohawk(in Schenectady. Pnnny 
town. Rotterdam, and a part of Niskayuna) 3472 persons. The fol 
lowing table shows the progress of population since 1820: — 

1820 3939 1 1840 6784 

1825 4068 1S46 6555 

1830 4268 1850 8921 

1835 62?2 1865 8388 



SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Albany and Otsego, April 6, 1795.' 
A small part of Greene was annexed in 1836. It is an interior 
CO., lying s. e. of the center of the State, is centrally distant 35 
mi. from Albany, and contains 075 gq. mi. Its surface is an 
upland, broken by mountains in the s. and by hills in the center 
and N. A northerly branch of the Catskill Mts. lies along the s. 
border, the highest summits of which are 3,000 ft. above tide. 
From them irregular spurs extend northward, occupying the greater 
part of the co. Many of the summits along the e. and w. borders 
are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys and about 2,000 ft. above tide. 
In the N. the hills are generally rounded and are arable to their 
summits ; but in the center and s. the declivities are steep and in 
many places precipitous. The high ridge along the E. border, and extending into Albany co., is 
known as the Ilellebark Mts. 

The hills derive their general features from the rocks that underlie them. The extreme n. part 
of the CO. is terraced like the limestone region farther w. Toward the s. the hills become more 
steep ; and in the shaly region they are broken by deep, irregular ravines. In many places the hills 
bordering upon the streams are 1,000 ft. high and in places very steep. Schoharie Creek flows 
N. E. through the co., a little e. of the center. It receives as tributaries Foxes Creek, Stony 
Brook, Little Schoharie Creek, Keysers, Platter, and Manor Kils from the E., and Cripplebush, 
Cobles, Line, Panther, West, and Mine Kils from the w. West and Punch Kils are tributaries of 
Cobles Kil. Charlotte River, a branch of the Susquehanna, takes its rise in the w. part, and 
Catskill Creek in the s. e. part, having its source in a marsh called the Vlaie. Utsyanthia' and 
Summit Lakes, two small ponds, are the only bodies of water in the co. The former is 1,900 ft, 
and the latter 2,150 ft. above tide. 

The rocks in the co., commencing upon the n. border and appearing successively toward the s., 
are those belonging to the Hudson River group, Clinton group, Onondaga salt group, Ilelderbergh 
series, Hamilton group. Portage and Chemung group, and the Catskill group. The limestones are 
cavernous; and the minerals which they afford are particularly interesting to mineralogists.' 
Drift is scattered over the co. to a limited extent. Waterlime is found, but is not now manufactured. 
The soils are principally derived from the disintegration of the underlying rocks. In the N. the 
soil is a pruductive, clay loam, and in the center and s. it is a clay and sandy loam, the latter pre- 
dominating upon the s. hills. The alluvial fiats along Schoharie Creek are unusually fertile. 

The CO. is eminently an agricultural region. Spring grains are largely produced. Hops are 
cultivated in the w. part, and broomcorn upon the Schoharie Flats. Dairying is the principal 
business in the s. part. A'ery little manufacturing is done, except such as is customary in an 
agricultural region. 

The county seat is located at the village of Schoharie.* The courthouse is a fine edifice built of 
blue limestone, located near the center of the village. The jail is a stone building, situated in rear 
of the courthouse. The clerk's ofiice is a small, fireproof building, upon the courthouse lot, nearly 
in front. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres in Middleburgh, 5 mi. s. w. of the courtr 
house. The average number of inmates is 60, sujipurted at a weekly cost of 75 cents each. This 
institution seems to be well managed and much above the average of similar institutions in the State. 
The Albany & Susquehanna R. R. is located along the valleys of Schoharie Creek and Cobles 



1 Schoharie is said to Bignify *■ drift wood." At a place i 
mi. above Middlehurph Itridge the Line Kil and Little Scho- 
harie flow into Schoharie Creeli frnm opposite sides; and hiTe 
drift wood is eaid to have accumulated in large quantities, 
furming a natural hridge, — Bri'Wri\<: Ilist. iSc/io/mne. 

The original Indian- name wan To-woa-scho'her ; and it haa 
been written Shoary. Skohary, Schughhorre, &c. 

2 Utsyanlhia waethe N. E. corner of the Ilardenburgh Patent, 
aod a distinguished landmark in early records. 

8 Among the more interesting are stalactites of pure white, 
translucent aud soliii, sulphate of barytes. calcite, .satin spar, 
tufa, agaric mineral, bog ore. black oxid of manganese, sulphate 
and carliouale of strontia, fluor spar, calstronbaryle, carbonate 
of iron, and arragonile. The co. afTurds an unusual variety of 
fossils peculiar to the respective geological formations. 
600 



* The first courts were held in a wagon house of Johannis 
Ingold, and prisoners were at first sent to the Alt-any jail. The 
flist meeting of the Judges, .Justices, and Supervisors was held 
Dec. 16, 1795, and it was decided to fix the site for co. buildings 
2 mi. w. of their present location. The location was changed 
before the buildings were erected. The first buildings were 
erected soon after, and were burned in 1847. T he first court- 
house was buUt under the direction of Joost fiorst. jr., Jacob 
Lawyer, Peter Snyder, Johu H. Shafer, and Wm. Phrall, com- 
missioners. Abraham A. Post, of Ontario, Alexander H. Buel, 
of Herkimer, and Wm. Dner. of Oswego, were appointed to 
locate the present site. The first Co. officers were Wm. Beek- 
man, J^iV5( ./urffire, (reappointed constantly till 1S38;) Joachim 
G. Staats, Clerk ; Jacob Lawyer, jr,, Slierijf; aud Stephen A, 
Becker, Surrogate. 



SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 



601 



R.I, through Esperance, Schoharie, Cobleskill, and Richmondville.* Several turnpikes and lines 
of plauk road extend across the co.^ 

About thirty years previous to the advent of the whites, a number of Indiana belonging to the 
Mohawks, Mohicans, Delawares, Tuscaroras, and Oneidas united together, formed the Schoharie 
tribe, and took up their abode along Schoharie Creek.* Their principal chief was Ka-righ-on- 
don-tee, who had been a prisoner of the French in Canada and had married a Mohawk woman. 
This tribe was subordinate to the Six Nations. Tliey could bring into the field abou^t 600 warriors, 
and in the wars that ensued they steadily espoused the cause of the British. At an early period, 
with the aid of the Colonial Government, they erected several strongholds to protect themselves 
from the attacks of the Canada Indians. A band of 200 Indians remained in the valley, at peace 
with the settlers, until the commencement of the Revolution. Efforts were made to induce them 
to remain neutral during the war ; but the offers of the British were so tempting that at last they 
took up arms against their neighbors. Previous to this a pestilence had swept off the greater part 
of the tribe, though the whites were not in the least affected by it. 

The first white settlement was made by a colony of German Palatinates, in I71I. These people 
had previously settled at East and West Camp, on the Hudson, Their number is estimated at 600 
to 700. They settled in 7 clusters, or villages, each under a leader or head man, from whom the 
dorf, or village, was usually named,* The Dutch soon after began a settlement at '* Vroomaiisland,** 
on the w. side of the creek, 2 or 3 mi. above the German settlement.* The Palatinates at firgt 
did not secure a patent for the lands they occupied, and a short time after their settlement Nichola** 
Bayard appeared as agent of the British Government, and offered to give the settlers deeds for 
their lands; but he was assailed by a mob and was obliged to flee for his life. Upon reaching' 
Schenectady he sent back word that for an ear of corn each he would give a clear title to the land? 
occupied by each ; but this offer was rejected. He returned to Albany and sold the tract to 5 
persons at that place,^ A sheriff, named Adams, was sent to arrest some of the trespassers ; but 
no sooner was his business known than he was assailed by a mob and ridden upon a rail. For a 
considerable time after this outrage none of the German settlers dared visit Albany ; but after a 
time they ventured to do so, and were at once arrested and thrown into jail. They were at length 
released' on making a written acknowledgment of the outrage they had perpetrated.' The settlers 

at length sent an embassy, consisting of Conrad AVeiser, Casselman, and another, to England 

to petition the king for redress. The ship that took them out carried also a statement of the out 
rao-es, and tlie ambassadors were at once imprisoned ; but after a time they were set at liberty 
and permitted to return. Weiser was so chagrined at the result of the controversy that soon after, 
with about 60 families, he emigrated to Tulpehocton, Berks co., Penn, Other families removed to 
German Flats and others to Stone Arabia.^ Peter Vrooman, with several Dutch families,^ perma- 



1 The elevation of this roiid, where it enters the co. on the e., \n 
700 ft. above tide; at Prhobarie Creek it is 550 ft.; at CoMeskill. 
900ft.; at Kichmon(ivi|lr, 1,175 ft.; andat the w. co. line, 1,470 ft. 

2 Th<' priDi:ipul turnjukfS in the co. in early times were the 
Great Wt'sttTii. extending to Cherry Valley, built in 1H02; and 
the CharlottM River Turnpike, built in ls09. The latter formed 
the great tli 'trough fa re to the settlements in Delaware co. and 
adjacent re^^ioiia. The plank road project was pretty thoroughly 
tried, and has been abandoned after a sacrifice of nearly all the 
capitiil invested. 

3 The Mohicans principally settled near the mouth of the 
Little Schoharie; and the largest settlement of the others was 
at "r/-oo)((!i».s?(/7ir?," in the present town of Fulton. 

* Six of these leaders were Conrad Weiser, Hartman Winte- 
ker, John Hendrick Kneiskern. Elijia Garlock, Johannes George 
Smidt, and William Fox; and John Lawyer, who came soon 
after, is supposed to have been the seventh. ^^Wkistrs Dorf" 
occupied the present site of Middlebur^h Village, and had some 
40 dwellings, like the others, built rudely of logs and eaith and 
covered with bark and grass. ^'Hartmavs Dnrf* was 2 mi. 
below, and had 65 dwellings. '■'•Bruns Dorf^" or ''Brunen Dorf,'* 
or ^''Fountain Toivn" was near the courthouse. ^'Smiths Dnrf" 
WHS a uii. farther N. '■'Fvxs Dorf* waa still farther down, 
about a mi. from Smiths. "Giirlocks Dorf" wa.a 2 mi. below; 
and "-Krifiskems Dorf 2 or 3 mi. still farther N. Among these 
early settlers, besides those above named, were familie.s named 
Keyser. Bnuek, Richard, Richtmeyer, Warner, Weaver, Zimmer. 
Mattici', Zeh. Rellinger, Borst, Schoolcraft, Crysler, CaBselnian, 
Newkirk. Kiirhart, Brown, Settle, Merckley, Snyder. Ball, 
Wt'iduian. Ik-itz. Mann. Sternberg, Stubrach, Enderse. Sidney, 
B(?rgh, and lionck. Within aweekafter theirarrival, Catharine 
UTatticf, Elizabeth Lawyer, Wilhelnius Ilnuck, and Johannes 

Earhart were born. The first wheat was !^>wn by Sternberg, 

in 177;i; and the first skipple planted like corn yielded 8'J fidd. 

^ Adam Vrooman, from Schenectady, obtained a patent for 
1,100 acres. Aug. 26, 1714. His tract was afterward found to 
ooutain 1.400 acres. It embraced the flats along the creek in 



the present to'wn of Fulton, except Wilder Rook, at which 
place waa an Indian castle and settlement. Uis son Peter, for 
whom it was bought, built a house, planted corn, and the first 
winter left the premi.ses in charge of a man named Truax. and 
a negro man and his wife. Truax was murdered, and the negro 
and his wife were arrested, tried at Albany, and burned alive; 
but years after, one Moore, a resident of ''■Wiiscrs Dorf con- 
fesseil that he and the negro man committed the deed, and that 
the wonuin was innocent. — Siinms''s .^hoharie, p. 56. 

8 The purchasers were Myndert Schuyler, Peter Van Rrutjh, 
Robert Livingston, jr., John Schuyler, and Henry Wielinaii. 
They received a patent. Nov. 3, 1714, for 10.000 acres, which wax 
designed to include the flats from " Vrnomansland''' to >ioutgoniPi-y 
CO. line ; but on being surveyed by Lewis Morris, j r.. and A ndrus 
Coeyman, it was found that the flats on Fox Creek and at the 
month of Cobles Kil were not included, and these lands were 
secured by the surveyors. In a short time Morris and Coeyman 
joined interest with the five proprietors, and the company 
became known as the ''Seven Partners." Final suits for parti- 
tion and settlement were adjusted in 181?*, '25. 'Srt. '28. and '2!>. 

7 After this time a large number of settlers took lea.ses of the 
proprietors, thus abandoning their claims to the lands. 

8 Among those who removed to the Mohawk was Elins Oar- 
lock, the tirst and long the only magistrate in Schoharie. 

» Among these were families named Swartz.Ecker. ITagaflorn, 
Feeck. and Becker. Lawrence Schoolcraft made the first cider 

in the Schoharie settlements; Brown. in 1752, was the first 

wagon maker. John Mattice Junk t^inght the first German 
sclu'iil at the Camps, about 1740; and schools were taught in 
Schoharie siMm after. Dutch scb-^ols were tanght at "Vrnnman-f- 
}and'"' »t an early period; andabout 1760. English was first taught 
in schoiiN in this region. John Ecker was the firnt blacksmith. 
The settlers of the valley re.sorted to Schenectady to mill, or 
used stump nmrtars. until many years after, when a mill wh» 
built on Mill Cre«-k, near Fox Creek, by Simeon Laraway. 
Bolting clutliH were first used in ihU co. about 1700. Joho 
I^awyer was the firiit merchant among the Germans. 



602 



SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 



nently located upon hia patent in 1727. The German and Dutch racea long remained distinct. 
The Dutch were generally wealthier than the more hardy and laborious Germans, and preferred 
to contract marriages with those of their own class in the older Dutch settlements. They often 
kept slaves, while the Germans seldom had further assistance than such as their own households, 
of both sexes, might afford. The Germans, by intermarriage, became a '* family of cousins;" and 
they were united by many ties of common interest. Industry and frugality gradually brouglit 
them to a level, and long acquaintance has almost entirely obliterated these hereditary distinctions 
of society. Upon the approach of the Revolution, a part of the people espoused the cause of the 
British; but the majority were ardent patriots. lu many cases members of the same family were 
engaged on opposite sides, and the struggle assumed all the horrors of a civil war, aggravated by 
Imlian barbarities. A Council of Safety was organized in 1774, of which Johannes Ball was 
chairman. During the war several conflicts took place within the limits of the co., and the people 
were continually exposed to the attacks of small scalping parties of the Indians.^ 

At the close of the war a large number of families removed to Canada, and their property was 
confiscated.^ Several tories and Indians who had been active during the war returned at its close 
and were waylaid and shot. Others, warned by these examples, fled the country.^ Since that 
period little of especial interest has occurred in the history of the co. In 1845 and '46, in 
common with the surrounding regions, this co. partook largely in the anti-rent excitement, — 
though no actual violence took place within its limits.* Within the last ten years, a mania for 
building large seminaries, far beyond the wants of the people, has spread through the co. The 
speculation has proved a ruinous one, and the entire amount of capital invested in the enterprises 
has been sunk.® 

Three weekly newspapers are now published in the co.® 



^ The principal events of the Kerolution in Schoharie co. were 
ae follows : — 
1774. Council of Safefy formed. 

1776. Coi. JaQie8 llustou enlisted tories at Loonen- 

bergh. 

1777. Scholiarie militia called into service under 

Captain Ha^^er. Col. Huston and '2Q others 
were arrested, and Huston wiis hung. 

" Aug. 10. — Kniiagement between fin American force under 
Col. John Harper and the tories under Capt. 
McDonald at Itrt-akabeen. The toriea were 
defeated and fl.'d. Capt. Geo. Mann, one of 
their number, remained secreted iu the 
vicinity until the succeeding spring, when 
be delivered himself up to Ihe authorities. 
He never afterward joiued the enemy, and 
his property was not confiscated. 

** In the autumn of this year the middlefort was 

built, and the upper and lower forta were 
bi'gun. The lower fort is the old stone 
church, lately changed to an arsenal. 

1778, May 8.— Battle of Cobles Kil, in which Captain Patrick 

and 22 men were killed. 
*' July. — Lieut. Col. Wm. Butler, with 3 companies of 

Morgan's Riflemen, was stationed at Scho- 
harie. Several tories recruiting for the 
British were shot. 

1779, Aug. — Col. Butler joined Sullivan's expedition against 

the Western Indians. 

1780, Aug. 9. — A party of 73 Indiana and 3 tories made an 

attack upon the settlements at Vroomans- 
land. killed 5. and took 30 prisoners. 
** Oct. 16.— Sir John Johnson, with 500 troops and a large 
body of tories and Indians, invaded the 
Schoharie settlements trom the 8. The upper 
fort was garrisoned by 100 men, under Capts. 
Jacob Hager and Joseph Harper ; the middle 
fort by 35u men, under Maj. WoolSey; and 
the lower fort by 150 men, under Maj. Becker. 
The middle fort was attacked, and the com- 
mander. .Major Woolsey, being an arrant 
coward, wished to surrender it ; but a soldier, 
named Mmphy, fired upon the flag which was 
Bent with a summons to surrender; and. after 
an ineffectual attack. Sir John abandoned 
the attempt. The dwellings, barns, stacks, 
and all the property of the inhabitants were 
destroyed, though but few persons lost their 
lives. 

1781. Early in the year bIf.Kkhouses were built at 

" kneiskerns Dorfy" "■Hartmans Dor/," and 
Cobleskill. 
1781, July 9. — An engagement tnok place in Sharon, 2 mi. E. 
of the springs, between a party of tories and 
Indians under Doxtader. and an American 
force under Col.Willett.in which the former 
were defeated, with a loss of 40 killed. 



1781, July. — Several personB at Middleburgh were surprised 

and taken prisoners while harvesting. One 
escaped, and the others were carried prisoners 
to Canada. 

" Oct. — Three men at Christian Myndert's house, tn 

Sharon, were taken prisoners by a small 
party of Indians, and Cn-irricd to Canada. 

" Oct. 24. — A party of 60 or 70 Indian.i, under Brant, en- 
tered Vroomanaland and commenced their 
woik of plunder. Isaac Vrooman was mur- 
dered. A party of Americans, under ('apt. 
Hager. rallied to their assistance, and tho 
Indians retreated. A sharp skirmish took 
place at Utsyanthia Lake; but a part of the 
American force, under Capt. Hale fli-d at the 
commencement, and the reiiiainder were 
obliged to retreat. Hale was arretted in his 
retreat by the threat of being shot; but the 
enemy hnd escaped. 

1782, July 26. — Several tories and 22 Indians made an incur- 

sion into Foxes Creek Valley for the purpose 
of capturing Maj. Becker; but the M;g. snd 
family defended the house with euch vigor 
that the Indians retreated. Several jiersocs 
were murdered by the Indians, and several 
of the latter were shot. 
1784, Dec. 16. — Many per.'sona who ha'l been taken to Canada 
were released on Lake Champiain, and re- 
turned to their homes. 
2 In Canada, opposite St. Lawrence co., are many families 
who claim relationship to inhabitants of this co. They were 
refugees to whom grants of land were made by the BritiBh 
Government. 

8 Among these was one Beacraft, who boasted of his feats of 
villainy. Soon after his return he waa surprised by about a 
dozen whige, near Blenheim Bridge, led into a grove, stripped, 
bound, and punished with fifty lashes with hickory gads, the 
executioners at every ten telling biro for what particular offen.se 
they were applied. He was then unbuuud and allowed a very 
short time to disappear. 

* In this CO. George Clark had then considerable tracts, leased 
for 3 lives at a rent of 6 pence sterling pi'r acre. Scott's Patent 
of 66.000 acres waa then chiefly owned by the heirs of John 
Livingston, and leased for 2 lives at a rent of $14 per 100 acres. 
The Blenheim Patent was also in part leased. 

^ Of 9 academies built in this CO., 3 have been burned, 3 are 
"to let," and 3 are f-till open. 
Tfie American Ihrald. the first paper published in the co. 
was commenced at Schoharie iu June. 1809, by Derick 
Van Vephten. In 1S12 its name was changed to 
The Schoharie Herald, and the paper was soon after discon- 
tinued. 
Tfu Trut American waa commenced at Schoharie in Dec. 1809, 
by T. M. Tillman. It was discontinued in 1812 or 
1813. 
The Schoharie Budget was commenced in June. 1S17, by Derick 
Yan Veghteu. In 1820 its name was changed to 



SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 



603 



BLiEIVllEIIfl^ — was formed from St^hoharie, March 17, 1707. Jefferson w;is taken off in 1803, 
and a part of Gilboain 1848. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a 
hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Schoharie Creek flows n, through the E.part, 
receiving West Kil and several smaller streams from the w. A wide alluvial flat extends along its 
course. Tlic streams generally are bordered by steep hills rising to a height of 300 to 500 ft. 
The soil is principally a clayey loam. Patcliin IloIlO^V,^ (North Blenheim p. o.,) upon 
Schoharie Creek, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 44 houses. The tirst settlements were made 
by Dutch and Palatinates, before 1761 ; but the settlers were driven out during the Revolution, 
The present race of settlers came mostly from New England, soon after the close of the war. 
Rev. Stephen Fenn was the first preacher.^ 

BROOME^ — was formed March 17, 1797, as ^^Bristol.'* Its name was changed April 6, 
1808. A part of Conesville was taken off in 1836, a part of Gilboa in 1848, and parts of Middle- 
burgh were annexed Feb. 9 and Oct. 5, 1849. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. of the 
center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The highest 
summits are 350 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Catskill Creek takes its rise in the n. part, and 
several branches of Schoharie Creek drain the n. and w. portions.^ The soil is a gravelly and 
clayey loam. Ijivlng'StoU'Ville^ (p-v.,) iu the E. part, s. of the center, contains 2 churches, 
a sawmill, gristmill, and sash factory. Pop. 150.* Franklinton, (p. v.,) in the N. part, con- 
tains a church and 100 inhabitants. Smitbton is a hamiet, near the s. line. The first settle- 
ments were made before the Revolution.'^ There are 6 churches in town.® 

CARLISIjE — was formed from Cobleskill and Sharon, March 31, 1807.' It is the central 
town upon the N. border of the co. Its surface consists principally of an immense ridge lying 
between the valleys of the Mohawk and Cobles Kil, the summit of which is 800 to 1,000 ft. above 
the foriner stream.*" This ridge descends to the n, by a series of terraces formed by the different 
geological strata, and on the s. by gradual slopes following the general dip of the rocks. The 
streams are small brooks. The soil is principally a clay loam. Hops are extensively cultivated. 



The Sclioliarie Repulillcaii. It soon after pa.ssed 
into the hands i>f Feter Keyspr. Lemuel Cuthbert. A. 

A. Keyset, Wm. H. Underwood, Wm. II. Gallup. I'. 1). 

I^awyer. and Rossiter have since been interested 

in its publication. It is now published bj J. li. Hall. 

T?ie Obseri^er was commenced at Schoharie in Oct. ISIS. In 
ISllt it passed into the hands of Solomon Uaker, iu 
1820 to Uaker & Fish, and in 1822 it wjis again in the 
hands of Mr. Baker, and was soon alter discontinued. 

The EvangeMcal LumiTiary was commenced at Schoharie Jan. 1. 
1824. by Kev. Geo. A. Lintner and L. Cuthberl. It was 
continued about 1 year. 

Ttte Luthrati M<igarine^ mo., wns commenced in Feb. 1827, by 
• the Western Conference of Lutheran Ministers, L. 
Cuthbert. printer, and was published for some years. 

The Schoharie Free Press was commenced .June 9, 18.30, by Dun- 
can McDonald. In 1832 it was removed to Espfrance 
and its name changed to 

The Espt'rance Sf.ntind and :Schoharif and Montgomery Reporter. 
It was discontinued in 1835 or '36. 

Thf (Inn was published a short time in 1837. 

The Schoharie Patriot was commenced Feb. 13, 1S38, 
by Peter Mix. It is now published by him and his 
son, S. 11. Mix. 

The Star was commenced in April, 1838, by S. H. Mix, then a 
Bcho<.ilboy, 

The Sun was commenced as an opposition paper in May. 1838, by 

B. L. Underwooii, another lad of aliout the same age. 
These papers were about 3 by -t inches. Early in 1839 
they were enlarged. On the issue of No. 5 ol the Sun 
it went down never to rise ayain; and the Star ceased 
to twinkle after the 12th number. 

Vhe Huqe F\tu', a campaign paper, was published from Aug. 12 
'1840. to Nov. 11 following, by Wm. H. Cialhip. 

^he HeMerhergh Advocate wiis commenced in 1^41 by Wm. H. 
Gallup. Its name was changed in 1^43 to 

?hr Guardian of the Soil, and it was discontinued in I year. 

The American Christian was commenced at Leesville Jiin. 7, 
1847, by J. D. Lawyer. It was soon after discontinued. 

The Schoharie Ornnty Sentinel was commenced at C'lbl. -skill 
Jan. 22, 1852. by Iliram C. Page. It was pul>linlu'd a 
short time by Chas. Cleveland, and by MadhSins & 
Kni^tern, and was soon atler purchased by J. B. Mall, 
who merged it with the Schoharie Republican. 

The CharUittfviUe Journal was commenced at Chariot tevi lie in 
1854 by Kurman & Brown. In 1855 John Itrown becani« 
Mile proprietor, and removed it to Cobleskill and 
changed the name to 

The (hhUsldU Journal. It has since been discontinued. 

7%e Oasis, semi-mo., was commeiired at Schoharie by the 
Eiudetitsof the academy in 1855. It waa doon discon- 
tiuueU 



The Schoharie County Jeffersonian was com- 
menced at Cobleskill in 1859 by Matthew Freeman, 
and is still published. 

1 Named from the liK-nheim Patent, a portion of which lies in 
the N. part of this town. 

2 Hendrick Mattice, the pioneer, built a mill on West Kil. at 
Patchin Hollow. He became a loyalist and went to Canada, 
Henry Ivfiiier. Lambert Sternberg, Wm. Freeck. Isaac Smith, 
Banks Mon-house. George Martin, and Henry llagir Were early 
settlers. Freegift Patchin settled in 179t>, built the second mill, 
and gave name to the village. Gen. Patchin had been taken 
prisoner by the Indians, and suffered extremely at their h;'.nd^. 
Th« first inn was kept by II. Kflfner; the first store, by Tobias 
Cuyler, in 18U3; and the first tnnnery was built in 1825, by 
Jones &■ Lathrop. Jacob Sutherland, afterward Judge of tho 
U.S. Supreme Court, resided several years at North Blenheim. 

3 There are 4 churches in town ; 3 M. K., and Kef I'rot. I). 

♦ \am«d from John Broome, Lieut. Gov. of the State at tho 
time of the formation of the town. Scott's Patent of 37,S40 
acres, granted Jan. 2, 1770, and a part of Isaiic Le Hoy's Patent, 
are within the limits of this town. 

6 On the summit level of the Catskill & Cannjoharie R. R. 
line, between two immense hills, was a *"vlaie," or black ash 
swamp, from which streams is-Hued in opposite directions It 
waa about a mile long and covered many acres. Dams were 
formerly erected and mills built at each end ; and fish 
placed in the pond thus formed multiplied greatly. It ia now 
drained. 

6 Daniel Shays, the leader of the insurrection in Mass. that 
bears his name, .retried in this town alter the dis)Krsii)n of his 
forces. David Williams, one of the captors of Andie. removed 
to this village from South Salem in 1805, bought a farm of Geii. 
Shays, and resided upon it until his death, Aug. 2. 1831. He 
left a widow. 4 sons, and 3 daughters. He was tho object of 
much regard, from the interesting historicitl event with which 
his name is associated; and the year before his death he becamo 
the gufst of New Yurk City. — S/mmst Schnhnrie, chap.xxi 

7 Derick Van Dyck settled belbre the Kevolntion. John I!i,b 

bins. Guillem, a half-breed. Allen Leet. .Joshua and Asa 

Bushnell, Geo. and Ih-zekiah \\at.-ion. Kbenezer Wiekliam. Geo. 
Burtwick. Timothy Ki Isey. .losi-ph (Jillct, and K/r.i (liapnian 
settled previous to 1796. The tiist known birth was tli;tt nf 
Francis Kelsey, in April, 1704 ; and the fir-nt deiith, that of 1 ziu 
Chapman, Aug. 1704. Griswold, Garden & Wells began the 
en-ctioii of a sawmill in 1794. iind a gristmill tho next season. 

8 :l M. K., Meth. Prot., Bap., and I'resb. 

* This town embraces portions of New Dorlach, Becker, 
Livingston's, Van Rensselaer's, Machin's, and tho Stone Heap 
Patents. 

i*j A conirrtl elevation near tho s. line, early known nsO-waere- 
Bouere. is one of the highest points in tho co., and may be seen 
from Hamilton co., 50 mi. h. 



60-1 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 

Several caves are found in the limestone regions in various parts of the town.' ArgiiSTille,' 
(p. V.,) in the N. w. corner, upon the line of Sharon, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, 
tannery, and 35 houses. Carlisle^ (p. v.,) upon the Western Turnpike, in the n, part, contains 
a church, boarding school,' and foundery. Pop. 107. Grovenors Corners, (p. o.,) in the 
s. E. corner, contains a church and 10 houses. The first settlement was made in the s. w. part, about 
1760.* The first church was formed by Dr. Simon Hosack, of Johnstown, in 1803 or '04.* 

COBLESRIIjI^^ — was formed from Schoharie, March 17, 1797. The line of Sharon was 
changed March 15, 1799. A part of Carlisle was taken off in 1807, a part of Summit in 1819, 
and Kichmondville in 1845. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface 
is principally a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of Cobles Kil, which extends e. and w. 
through the center. The highest points, on the n. and s. borders, are 600 to 900 ft. above the 
valley. The soil upon the hills is a sandy loam, and in the valley an alluvium. CoblesKill, 
(p. V.,) in the w. part, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, planing mill, and tannery. Pop, 
364. Coblesklll Center (p. v.) contains a church, sawmill, and 20 dwellings. I^aw^yers- . 
vllBe,' (p. V.,) in the n. w. corner, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, and 25 dwellings. East 
Cobleskill,^ (p. v.,) in the s. e. corner, contains 2 churches and 21 dwellings. Barnervllle, 
(p. V.,) near the center, contains a church, gristmill, clothing works, and 16 dwellings. The first 
settlement was made about 1750.^ The first land grants were made about 1730. During the 
Revolution the people mostly espoused the cause of the colonists, and in consequence were sub- 
jected to constant incursions from the Indians. A regular engagement took place between a 
company of militia and a large Indian force under Brant, May 31, 1778. The Americans were 
defeated, and about one-half of their number were killed.'"' Howe's Cave, near the e. line, is a 
place of considerable interest.^^ The census reports 7 churches in town.^^ 

COMESVILLiE" — was formed from Broome and Durham, (Greene co.,) March 3, 1836. It 
is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is generally a hilly upland, mountainous along the 
E. border. The highest summits are 1,600 to 2,000 ft. above the valleys. Schoharie Creek forme 
a small portion of the w. boundary ; and Manor Kil flows w. through near the center. Upon the 
latter stream, near its mouth, is a cascade of 60 ft. The valleys of these streams are bordered by 
high and often nearly precipitous hills. StryRersville, (WestConesvillep. o.,) upon Manor Kil 
near its mouth, contains a church, tannery, and 20 houses ; and Stone Bridge, (Conesville p. o.,) 
near the center, a church and 10 houses. Manorkill (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement 
was made by Ury Riohtmeyer, in 1764." There are 3 churches in town ; 2M. E. and Ref, Prot. D. 

ESPERA!VCE^^ — was formed from Schoharie, April 4, 1846. A small portion was re- 
annexed to Schoharie in 1850. It is the e. town on the n. border of the co. Its surface consists of 
two ridges, extending e. and w. across the town, separated by the valley of Schoharie Creek. The 

1 The principjil cf tlit'se caves are known as Young's and Sel- , ing in the flames. The delay occasicmed by the resistance made 
kirk's caves. Near Carlisle Village is a t^mall cavern, in wliich at this house gave the remainder of the fugitives and the in- 
it is supprsed that Indians found slielter during the Revolution, habitants time to escape. The whole numlter of Americans 
Fibrous sulphate of barytes, filirous carbonate of lime, and killed was '.^2; and it is supposed that the Indians lost almut an 
arragooite are found near Grovenors Corners. equal number. Fort Du Buis, a strong blockhouse, stood in this 

2 Named from the Albany Argus, at the time the principal town during the war. 

paper taken in tuwn. Foruerly known as '•Molicht> Milh." " This cave was discovered in May, 1S42, by Lester Howe, the 

'TheCarlisle Seminary was built by a stock company in 1853. owner. Its entrance is about 60 ft. above Cobles Kil. After 
at a cost of $24,000. Itisbeantifnily situateii iuagrovea little 3. passing several sjiacious rooms, one of which is named *'The 
of the center lift he villan;e. It was opened in Nov. 1853. and closed Chapol," the visitir comes to a crawling place 200 ft. long, beyond 
in March, 1855. It has accommodation for about 300 boarders, i which is a limpid shett of water 30 ft. long. 20 wide, and 10 deep. 
* Andrew Loucks, Coenradt Engle. Philip Hooker, and Peter ! Beyond this the cavern extends a great distance, much of the 
Youn-; were anmug the first that located in town. The late ; way along a brook, and the total length of the passages moiism'ea 



Judge Brown, author of a small local history, settled at an early 
period. John C. McNeill, W'm. Caldwell. John Swe-tman. 
Aaron Howard, Tennis Van Camp, Mathias Cass, and Lodowyck 
Primer were also early settlers. 

6 There are now 5 churches in town ; Bap., Evan. Luth., Presb., 
Univ., and rnion. 

5 Named from Cohel, who built a mill near Central Bridge 

at an early period. Cobles Kil was called by the Indians Uts- 
ga-ra-gee. 

' Named from Lawrence Lawyer, said to have been the first 
settler in town. 6 Locally known as" Punchkill." 

9 Among the early settlers were familifs named .Shafer, Bouck, 
Keyser, Warner, Fremyre, Borst.and Brown, — nmstly fioni Scho- 
harie. Capt. Jas. Dana, an early settb-r. distinguishe<i hiin-elf 
in the battle of Bunker Hill. John Kcdington. another soldier 
of ntuch service, also lived in this town. — Sivinn's Sc/iohari<\ p. 
619. A sawmill, built before the war by Christian Brown, wan 
Dot d'-stroyed by the Indians, as it was coveted by a tory. who 
expected to receive it after it was conli-cated by the British, 

10 The American force of 45 men. uuder the command of Capts. 
Brown and Patrick, were drawn into an ambuscade. Upon the 
retreat, u of the soldiers threw themselves into a house, which 
was surrounded by the Indians and burned, the soldiers perish- 



several mi. Many highly interesting stalactital concn-tions— 
some of great size — have been found in this locality. It has been 
named the Otsgaragee Cavern. 

12 4 M. E., 2 Ilef. Prot. D., and Evan. Luth. 

13 Named fivim Hev. Jonathan Cone, of Durham, Greene co. 
The town waa included in a tract granted to U. Itichtmcyer and 
others, May 6. 1754. known as Dise's Manor: and tracts t-i Daniel 
Crane. Samuel Stringer. Walter McFarlaue, John Uichtmeyer, 
Christian Petiie. and others. 

n Mr. R. was joint owner of severfll patents with John Dise 
and others; and the name is still cnninmn in town. During tlie 
Revnlulinn the Settlers tied fur s.nfety to the upper fort. I'eter 
Richtmeyor was twice taken prisoner by the Indians under the 
tory Jones. After the war. Philip Krinple, Conrad Petrie. John 
Shew, Barent Stryker. Stephen Scovill, James Alb'rton. and 
Hubbard and Judah Luring, the last two fmm Conn., came into 
town. The first death was that of Urv Ri-htmeyer. Aug 14, 
nm. Th mias Cantield taueht a school in 1791. Peter Uicht- 
meyer kept thetirst inn. in 17S4. Barent Stryker built the tirst 
mill, above the falls of Manor Kil. 

15 The tiiwn was named from the village. The site of the 
latter was liought by Oen.Wni. North in ISllO, laid out into lotd, 
and named by him from a French word signifying Hope 



SCHOHi^niE COUNTY. 



005 



highest parts are GOO to 800 ft. above the valley. The soil is principally a clayey loam. 
Esperance, (p. v.,) upon the e. line, was incorp. April 21, 1832. It contains 2 churches, a 
paper mill, gristmill, sawmill, and foundery. Pop. 322. Sloansville,^ (p*v.,) near the 
center, contains 2 churches, 3 sawmills, and 2 gristmills. Pop. 252. The first settlements were 
made by Palatinates, about 1711.^ There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Bap., Presb., and M. E. 

FULiTOHf' — was formed from Middleburgh, April 15, 1828. It is the central town in the co. 

Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the ravines of the streams, Schoharie Creek* flows n, 
through the e. part, receiving Panther Creek from the w. The highest summits are 1,000 ft. above 
the valleys. The hills next to the creek are conical and often precipitous ; but farther w. they 
assume a rounded form and are bounded by more gradual slopes. The soil is a gravelly and 
clayey loam. Breakabeen,^ (p-v.,) upon Schoharie Creek, in the s. part, contains a church, 
gristmill, foundery, 2 sawmills, and 200 inhabitants. Fultonham, (p- v.,) near the E. line 
contains a church, gristmill, 2 sawmills, and 25 dwellings; and West Fnlton (p. v.) a 
. church, sawmill, gristmill, and 10 dwellings. Watsonville is a small village, in the e. part; 
and Petersburgll a hamlet, in the n. part. The first settlements were made by Dutch and 
Palatinates, about 1711. The upper fort of the Schoharie during the Revolution was situated 
upon the present site of Fultonham. The census reports 5 churches in town.® Gov. Wm. C. 
Bouck was born in this town Jan. 7, 1780, and died here in April, 1859. 

OIIjBOA — was formed from Blenheim and Broome, March 16, 1848. It is the central town 
upon the s. border of \he co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, broken by deep ravines. 
Schoharie CreeV flows n. through the center, receiving Platter Kil from the e. and Mine Kil 
from the w. The streams are bordered by steep hillsides rising to a height of 2,000 to 3,000 
ft, above tide. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Oilboa, (p. v.,) upon Schoharie Creek, 
contains 2 churches, a private seminary, cotton factory,® gristmill, tannery, and 506 inhabitants. 
Soutb Oilboa^ (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains a church and 20 dwellings. West Gilboa, 
(p. 0.,) in the n. w. part, is a hamlet. JMackeys Corners, (Broome Center p. o.,) in the e. part, 
contains a church and 15 dwellings. Uliue K.il Falls is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 
1764, by Matthew and Jacob Disc* The first preacher was Rev, Joel Peebles, settled in 1808.'** 

JEFFERSON — was formed from Blenheim, Feb. 12, 1803. A part of Summit was taken 
off in 1810. It is on the s. line of the co., near the s. w. corner. Its surface is a hilly upland, 
the principal summits being about 1,000 ft. above the valleys and 2,000 ft. above tide. Mine 
Hill, in the extreme s, part, is estimated to be 3,200 ft. above tide. A high ridge extending n. e. 
and s. w. through near the center forms the watershed between Delaware and Mohawk Rivers. 
UtsyanthiaLake is a small sheet of water on the s. line.'* The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. 
Jefierson, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 25 houses. IMarseville, in the 



I Named from John K. Sloan, nn early settler. Many yt^ars 
since, near this place, by the side of a path leading to Fort 
Hunter, wa^a a stone heap thrown up l)y the In^lians, who, from 
a auperstition amonp them, never failed to add a atone to the 
pile whenever they passed it. The Kev. Gideon Ilawley, who 
passed it in 1753. reliitef* (1 Mass. (hU. /F) that this heap had 
been accumulating for apes, and that his native guide could 
ffive no other reason for the obaorvance than that his father 
practiO'd it and enjoined it upon him. He did not like to talk 
about it ; and the ini^isiunary believed that the custom was a 
relipiou-^ offering to the unknown God. Others state that a 
tradition fixi-s this as the spot where a murder was committed. 
The heap ffa.ve name to the " ?ton6 Heap Patent," granted to 
.Inhn Bowen and others Sept. 1.S, 1770. The heap was 4 rods 
long, 1 or 2 wide, and lOtoloft.hinh. and consisted of small, flat 
Htonea. The covetous owner many years since built the material 
into a stone wall; and no trace of this curious monument of In- 
diin superstition now remains. Similar atone heaps have been 
noticed in other sci-tions of the State. The path that led by this 
pile was that taken by Sir John Johnson and his army from Scho- 
harie to the Mohawk in Oct. 1780. — Simms's Schoharie, p. 632. 

* One of the first jsettlfments was made at *' Kiieiski'rns Dnrf,'^ 
opposite the month of Cobles Kil. The place was named from 
.lohn Peter Kneiakern. a prominent settler. The Stubrachs, 
Knders('3. Sidneys, Berghs. and Houcka were also pioneer fami- 
lies. Henry and <3corge Houck built the first griatmill. This 
town comprieeB tho whole of Jacob Henry Ten Eyck's patent, 
Hurveycd Aug. 1761 ; a part of the Schoharie Patent, and a part 
of Sawyer & Ziinmer's Second Allotment. The Stone Heap Patent 
liei! partly in this town. 

' This town embracea the whole of several patents and parts 
of others, the principal of which are Michael llyrne's, of 18.000 
acres, gr.inted Dec 14. 17ii7 ; John BuHit's, of about 8.000 acres; 
Wm. Bouck'rt Patent, of 1,250 acres, e. of the crpek, granted May 
H. 1755, and annther, on the w., of about the aame size; Edward 
Clark's, of 100 acres; Vrooman'a Land, granted to Adam 
Vrwman. Aug.26,17U; Wm. Wood's Patent, of 2,000 acres. July ! 



!3, 1770 ; Ilendrick Hager's, 900 acres. Dec. 1. 176S : part of John 
Bailer's, of 100 acrea, and of Isaac Levy's tract of 4,3.33 acres, 
surveyed in July. 1770. Vrooman'a Land Indian deeds are still 
extant, one of which is dated Aug. 22, 1711. Among the early 
settlers were Peter, son of Adam Vrooraan, the patentee ; Cor- 
nelius and Bartholomew Vroonian, Nicholas Ffeck. Adam 

Brown, Tennis Vrooman, Michael Brown, Kriesler. Frere 

Becker, and Stephen Young, on the w. ; and William Bonck, the 
patentee, with his sons Johannes F.. Christian, and William, 
Nicholas York, and Henry Hager. on the E. 

* This stream is called by the Indiana Ken-ha-na-ga-ra. Upon 
its course, in a ravine 200 feet dt*p worn in the Hamilton 
shales, is a fine ca.scade. known as *' Bouck's Falls."' 

6 A German name for the rushes which grew upon the bank* 
of the creek at this place. 

6 3 Union, Kvau. Luth., and Ref Prot. D. 

' A fall in the creek at the village was called by the Indiana 
De-was-e-go, 

8 Tho Gilboa Cotton Mills Co. has a capital of $50,000, and 
runs 100 looms. 

9 These two settlers joined the Briti.sh and fled to Canada 
during the Revolutinn. Among the early aettlers after the war 
were Kichard Stanley, Joseph Desilva. Benoni Frazer, Cornelicfl 
Lane, John Breaeter. Isaac Van Fort, Daniel Omover. and Jacob 
Homer, — all from New England. KulofT Vonrhees kfpt the first 
inn, in 1785; John Dise built the first mills, in 1764; and Jonah 
Soper the first tannery, in 1800. This town embracns a part of 
the Blenhi'im Patent, with parts of grants to Ury Kichtmeyer, 

David Buffington. (July, 1770,) and Scott, with a portion of 

the " S'.ate Lands." The Ia.at named tracts comprised the lands 
escheated to the State by failure of title, and the confiscated 
estites of torics. 

10 Tho cenpus reports 8 churches; 4 Bap, 2 M. E.. Kef. Prot. 
D., and Christinn. 

n This lake is l.SOO ft. above tide. It is often mentioned in old 
documenta, and was an angle in the bound'' nf A ll>any en, in nolo* 
uial times. It ia the source of the w. branch of the Delaware. 



GOG 



SCUOHARIE COUNTY. 



N, part, is a p. o. The first settlements were made, in different parts of the town, in 1794.^ The 
first preaclier was Rev. Stephen Fenn.^ 

miDDI^EBURGII— was formed from Schoharie, March 17, 1797, as "Middleiown.'' Its 
name was changed in 1801. A part was re-annexed to Schoharie March 26, 1798. Fulton was 
taken oif in 1828, and parts were annexed to Broome in 1849. It is the central town upon the e, 
border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of Schoharie 
Oreek, which extends n. and s. through the town. The highest summits are 600 to 800 ft. above 
the valley.^ Schoharie Creek receives Little Schoharie Creek from the JC. and Line Kil from the 
w. The hills bordering upon the streams are usually steep and in many places precipitous. The 
soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a sandy loam in the valleys. Hops and broomcorn are 
extensively cultivated. JMiddleburgh^ (p. v.,) upon Schoharie Creek, contains 4 churches, a 
private seminary, 2 steam paper mills, a steam gristmill, a foundery, and 110 dwellings. Hunters 
Ijand, (p. V.,) "near the s. e. corner, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, foundery, and 101 
inhabitants. Mill Valley, on the line of Fulton, contains 2 lar^e tanneries, a gristmill, and 25 
dwellings. The first settlements were made by Palatinates, in 1711.* The middle fort of Scho- 
harie stood a little below the present site of Middleburgh Village during the Revolution, The 
census reports 5 churches in town.^ 

KIClIillOlVDVILLE— was formed from Cobleskill, April 11, 1845. It lies upon the w. 
border of the co., a little s. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two 
distinct parts by the valley of Cobles Kil, which extends e. and w. thV^ugh the center. The 
highest summits are 500 to 700 ft. above the valley. The soil is generally a clayey loam. Hops 
are extensively cultivated. Ricliniondvtlle,^ (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a 
foundery, sawmill, gristmill, and 370 inhabitants. WarnervHle,' (p. v.,) upon Cobles Kil, at 
the mouth of AVest Kil, contains 2 churches, a boarding seminary,^ 2 tanneries, and 44 dwellings. 
"West RIclitnondvltle is a p. o. The first settlement was made before the Revolution, by 
George Warner and his sons Nicholas, George, and Daniel, from Schoharie.' The census reports 
5 churches in town.*" 

SCHOHARIE— was formed as a district March 24, 1772, and as a town March 7, 1788. 
Sharon, Cobleskill, Middleburgh, and Blenheim were taken ofi" in 1797, and Esperance and Wright 
in 1846. A part of Middleburgh was re-annexed in 1798, and a part of Esperance in 1850. It 
lies in the n. e. part of the co., its n. e. corner bordering on Schenectady co. Its surface is a hilly 
upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The declivities of the hills are generally 
gradual slopes, and their summits are 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys." Schoharie Creek flows n. 
through near the center, receiving Foxes Creek from the e. and Cobles Kil from the w. In the 
limestone region in this town are numerous caverns.*^ The soil upon the hills is a clayey loam, 
and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Hops and broom corn are largely cultivated. 
Scliotaarie, (p. v.,) the county seat, is situated upon Schoharie Creek, s. of the center of the 
town. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 3 churches, the Schoharie Academy, 2 newspaper 
offices, an arsenal, and a bank. Pop. 806. Central Brid^e^ (p. v.,) at the mouth of Cobles 
Kil, contains a church, sawmill, gristmill, machine shop, and 12 dwellings. Barton UlII is a 
p. o., near the N. E. corner. The first settlement was made in 1711, by a colony of German Palati- 



* Amos and Caleb Northrop settled in the B. part : Samuel and 
Noah Judson, near Utayanthia Lake; Henry :^helnierdlne and 
James McKen/.ie, on West Kil ; Ptephnn Marvin, Krastus .Tudd. 
and Aaron Jones, near the village. These were mostly from 
New England, The first marri.ige was that of Marvin Judd 
and Lois (iibbs. Aug. 1800; and th*> first deatlv that of Klsie 
Judd, in June, 1799. Ileman Ilicknk taught the first Fch"oI, in 
1799. Cant eld Coe kept the fli>t inn. in 1794; und Rodman 
Lewis the firnt store, in 1800. >tephen Jndd built (he first savr- 
mitl, in IT'.iti; and Ileman Ilickok the first grUtmill, in 1799. 
Eli Jones built the fir.st tanm-ry. in 1810. 

s The roiieus reports 6 churches: 4 M. E. and 2 Bap. 

s A hill opposite Middl(bnrt;h Aillaj;e wjis named On-f*an-g^ 
no, "Mountain of Snakes." A mountain jiist above Middle- 
burgh, on the w. side, was cilhd o-nista-gia-wa; the one next 
v., Towok-nou-ra, or "Spring Hill ;" and the one B. E. of Middle- 
bur^'h. Mo->ie-_'ou-ter. 

* Thia Sown comprises parts of Scholmrie Patent, Lawyer's & 
Zimmer's 1st Allotment, 'Ih 'S. Kck'Tson's, Becker & EcKerson's. 
ThdS. it Cornelius Kcltersnn's, CInk's, Depeyster'a, Vrooman's, 
John Butler's, Bouck'a, Lawrence Lawyer's, Nicholas Mattice's, 
Kiid tlie Vlaie i'atents. 

6 2 M. K . I van. Lnth.. Ref. Prot. D.. and True Dutch. 

* Uiclimondville Union Seminary and Female fVilIepiate In- 
stitute was built by a joint stuck comp.inv in 18.S2. at a cost of 
$'24.iH.)0. including grounds, bnildinj:^. and furniture. It wa*! 
burned Dec. 1."^. lS5:j, and was iuimi'diately rebuilt at a cost of 
$34,000, but was agaiu burm-d June 30, It^ 



' Named from Capt. Oeo. Warner, the first sottb-r. 

8 Warnerville Seuiinary was built in 1S51. at a cnst of aboat 
$25,000, grounds and furniture being *3 0<X) additionai, It Iiasao- 
conimodittion^ for 2u0boiirding students, A school waainnpi-ralioD 
about3 years, when it wa.-* closed and has not since been opened. 

9 Geo. Mann. John and llfury Sh.ifer, Andrew Michael. Klijah 
ILtdselljJohn Liik. and .John Ditigmnn settled soon after the Kevo 

Intion. The first school ((Jermati) was taught by SkiiiHky. 

Tbefii-st inn was kept bv Bohall ; the first store by tien. Skill- 
mans ; the firsf sawmill was built by a company of setth-rs: and 
thefir>t gii-ftmil! by David Lawyer, on Cobles Kil. "I he liwn is 
comprined in the Mtinu'-r and porfiona of the Franklin. Jnjin F. 
Bouck.nnd IS. 'Ibi/icr Piiti-nls. Bonck's Patient, ofy,60'»acr.a, was 
granted March 111, 17.^4. and Glazler'a. of 3,(K10 acres, July 2S, 1772. 

I" 2 M. K., Bap., Fvan. Lnth., nnd Christian. 

1' The gnide of the Albany & SuBciuehai;na R. K., upon tba 
N. line of this town, is 0511 ft. above tide. 

12 Ball's Cave, ntherwiae call.d Gebhard's Cave, 4 mi. E of the 
rourthouse. was firct explured in Sept. 1S31. It dtscnds about 
ion ft. below tbosurfice. A sttKiin I'f water, with small cabCJideB, 
flows thrnugh it, and aboat is kept fir the u^eof visit-ns About 
ISibS. it was purthased by W. H. Kmtepfel. of N. Y., with the 
design of niabtn-j: it a pnpnlar place of resort. When fij st ex- 
plored, it abounded in mag;iiflcent stalactites, of the puiest 
white, translucent and fibi-uu-* Nehtaway's Cave. 2 mi. s, k, of 
the courthouse, was explored in lS3rt, by John Gcbhard, jr . and 
John Bonny. A fi'W fine specimens of color* d rbombohedraJ 
spar were found lu it. 



SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 



GOT 



nates, who had previously located upon the Hudson." The first church (German) was established 
soon after the first settlement ;^ Rev. Peter Nicholas Sommer was the first clergyman. 

SEWARD' — was formed from Sharon, Feb. 11, 1840. It lies on the w. border of the co., 
N. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being 300 to 500 
ft. above the valleys.* West Kil, the principal stream, flows s. e. through the center. The soil is 
a clayey loam. Hops are largely cultivated. Ilyndsville, (p. v.,) upon West Kil, in the s. 
part, contains a sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 143 inhabitants. Setvsird Tlllley," (Seward 
p. o.,) in the n. w. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, and IG houses. Gardlierville (p. v.) 
contains a church and 84 inhabitants. ClOVC is a hamlet. The first settlements were made in 
the N. part of the town, by a colony of Germans, in 1754.' Their settlement was known as "New 
Dorlach." The census reports 8 churches in town.' 

SIIAROW" — was formed from Schoharie, March 17, 1797. A part of Carlisle was taken off 
in 1807. Seward was taken off in 1840. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a 
rolling and hilly upland. The highest summits, in the s. w. corner, are about 500 feet above 
the valleys. West Kil, flowing s. through the w. part, is the principal stream. The soil is a 
gravelly loam. In the underlying limestone are numerous caves. Hops are largely produced. 
Sharon Springs, (p. v..) a little n. w. of the center, is celebrated for its sulphur and chaly- 
beate springs.' It contains 5 large hotels for the accommodation of the visitors to the springs, and 
2 churches. Pop. 230. Rockville, upon the turnpike, about a quarter of a mi. above the 
springs, contains 3 churches and 20 dwellings. Sbaron Center (p. v.) contains 20 dwellings. 
Sbaron Hill, (Sharon p. o.,) in the s. e. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, ibunilery, and 20 
dwellings ; Leesvlile, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, 2 clmrchcs and 20 dwellings. Eugellville, 
(p. 0.,) near the w.4ine, and Beekinans Corners, near the s. line, are hamlets. Col. Calvin 
Rich, from New England, is said to have been the first settler.'" July 9, 1781, the tory Doxtader, 
with a party of 300 Indians, made a descent upon Currytown, Montgomery co. ; and on his return, 
with his plunder and prisoners, he was overtaken by an American force, under Col. Willett. An 
engagement ensued, in which about 40 Indians were killed, and the remainder fled. The battle 
ground is about 2 mi. e. of Sharon Springs. The census reports 5 churches in town." 

SlfMBIIT — was formed from Jefferson and Cobleskill, April 13, 1819. It is the s. w. corner 
town of the CO., lying principally on the w. border. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. The 
central ridge forms a portion of the watershed between Susquehanna and Mohawk Rivers, th« 
highest summits being 2,000 to 2,300 ft. above tide. Charlotte River, the principal stream flows 
B. w. through the w. part. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Summit, (p. v.,) upon the 
ridge, near the center, contains 2 churches and 28 dwellings. It is 2,200 ft. above tide. Char- 
lotteville, (p. v.,) upon Charlotte River, in the s. w. part, contains a church, the N. Y. C(jnfer- 
ence Seminary and Collegiate Institute,'^ 2 sawmills, a gristmill and clothing works, and about 40 



1 This town innliides parts of the Schohfirie. Morris & Coeyman's. 
Lawyer & licrgh's, and the 2d Allotment of Lawyer k Zinimcr'e 
Patents. For particulars of early settlement, see page 601. 

* A lot of 14 acres in Huntersfifhl w;vs conveyed. J:in. 3. 1737, by 
Johannes Shuffer, Hendrick Conradf. and .lohannes Infrnld. to 
Jonas Le Hoy and Peter Speis. for the support of theMiddlelmrgh 
and Schoharie high and low Dutch chnrehes By an act of Feb. 8. 
179'.t. the two eon^re-'alions were empowered to divide and mutu- 
ally release thl.* lot. Tho census report^ 4 chnrehos; 2 Evan. Luth., 
M. E., and Kef. Prot. D. 3 \anird in honor of Gov. Seward. 

* Upon the 8. E. border of the town is a hill, called by the 
Indians Gogny-ta-nee ; and n. of Seward Valley is another, called 
Onp-en-ta-dashe. & UiGilly known as " Neeleys Hollow." 

* The first settlers were Selmstiao France. Micliael Merokley, 
Henry Hynds.and Ernest Fretz. Among theother early settlers 
were Caleb Crospot. Win. Ernest .Spornhyer. and Conrad Brown, 
who located near the Lnth. church : and Wni. Kipsom ih. Henry 
France, Henry Haiu^s.Ueronimus Chrysler, and -John, I'eter. and 
Martin, sons of Itev. Peter Nicliol.as Stmiin r, the first Schoharie 

pastor. The first German school w.ls taught by Phnu;2:hwer ; 

the tlrst ion was kept byThos. Aliny : the fir-t store by Wm. E. 
Spornhyer. Wni. llynds built the first sawmill and Henry Hanos 
the first gristmilL 'i'he first birth was that I'f a son of — — Frauce. 

I 3 Evan. Luth., 3 M. E.. Kef. I'rot. 0., and Uap. 

* Named from Sharon. Conn. 

* These sprini^ have a high reputstion for the cure of cutaneous 
disorders, anil are a place of resort ilui in r t he summer. As ana 
lyzed by Di. Chi ton. a pint of the water is found to contain, — 

Sulphite of uiagneaia 'J.ti5 gruiod. 

Sulpliaie of lini) 698 " 

Clilorid ■ of fio<lium 0.14 " 

Cliloi id ■ of m 'gnesium 0.16 

Il.V'h'.^nlpIiiiret of sodium 
11 .dio^ulphiiret of calciu 
KxtracliVtt matter 

10.08 
SalpUurutted hydrogen gas, — 1 cubic inch. 



U.1J7 

1 J- o.u 



'i'he waters flitwing over vcsetable substances incrust them 
witli wliite and flocculent sulphur. The gaa fiom the sulphur 
spring quickly tarnishes silver, even in the pockt-t. In the 
neifrhlioihood is a chalybeate apring. The vicinity derives 
interc'^t from cavea containing stalactites and beautilnl orystaia 
of sulphate of lime. A quarter of a mile below the spring is a 
line ca^^cade. A copious spring of common water gushys from 
the rocks a short distance alinve, in volume sufficient to turn a 
m\\\.~G^^|^. ls( Dtst.,p. «9; Beck's MimraU>gy of N. 1'., p. 143; 
Simms's Schoharie^ p. 643. 

10 Col. R. w;ia afterward at Sackets Harbor aa aCoI. of drafted 
militia in Gen. Ki'hard Dodge'a brigade. Calvin Tike. AVilliara 
Vanderwerkor. Conrad Fritche. Abraham and John Meroness. 
.Tnhii Malick. and IVter Cournient were early aettlera. and were 
obli;;ed to flee to Schoharie or Fort Hunter for safety during the 
war. Wm. Beekman kept the first store; John Hutt built the 
fir^t Bawmill, (hneo I,a.:rangp the first Kriatinill. John Hutt the 
first clothing wmks, and Fn-derick & Crouck the first timnery. 
The town compri«es a part of Frederick Young's I'atent of 'J0.0(>0 
ncre.'i, grantt^d Oct. 11, 1752; a tract granted to Bmdt & Living- 
Bton. of 8.000 a<:re8; a i»art of Johan D. Gross' Tract; a tract 
grantetl to Joliannea Lawyer, jr.. Jacob Boist, and others, of 
7.000 acres. Aug. 14, 17B1 ; and a small part of the New Dorlach 
Patent. The first owners of New Durlach Tatent were Mieh;iel, 
Ji'liaiinea. Johannes Jost, and Jacob B. Buist, Johan Braun. Wm. 
Bauch, Michael Htltzinger, Henrick Hjiues. Johannes Shaffer, 
Johannes and .Tacob Lawyer. Christian Zeh, Mathias Baumann, 
Lambert Sternberg. BMrent Key.ser. and I'eter Nicholas Smnmer. 
The patent provided that any difiereucea that might arise Wt<iu 
to bo aettled by arl)itration. 

H 2 Ev. Luth.. Bef. I'rot. D., Bap., and Union. 

1* This int^titntiou is under the cliarge of the Methodist Kpls- 
copil denomination. It is one of the largest institutions in 
the State, having accomniudatioas for about 460 boarding dtu> 
duDttt. 



G08 



SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 



dwiellings. LiUfberanville, (p. o.,) in the >r. w. part, contains a church and 10 dwellings; 
and EluiBieuce, (p. v.,) on the line of Blenheim, 2 churches and 15 dwellings. The first settle- 
ment was made in 1794, by Frederick Prosper, from Dutchess co.' Rev. M. Sherman was the first 
preacher. The census reports 7 churches in town.'^ 

WRIGHT' — was formed from Schoharie, April 4, 1846. It is the N. town on the e. border 
of the CO. Its surface is a hilly upland. The highest summits, along the s. line, are 60U to 800 ft. 
above the valleys. The piincipal stream is Foxes Creek, flowing n. w. through the center. The 
soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Gallupville, (p. v.,) near the center, contains .3 churches, a 
sawmill, tannery, carding machine, and 40 houses. 8liutter8 Corners, (p. o.,) in the w. part, 
contains a sawmill, gristmill, and 10 houses. Waldensville is a p. o., near the E. line. The 
tewn comprises the whole of several patents and parts of several others, principally granted from 
1760 to 1770. The first settlement was made by Jacob Zimmer, near Gallupville, several years 
prior to the Revolution.* A stone house built by Johannes Becker, an early settler, was used as a 
fort during the war.' There are 5 churches in town.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, DwelUn(js, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Schoharie County. 



Names op Towns. 



Blenheim 

Broome.^ 

Carlisle 

Cobleskill 

CoDesville 

Ksperance 

FultoD 

Qilboa 

.Jefferson 

Middleburgh 

RichmoDdville— 

Schoharie 

Seward 

Sbai-oD 

Summit 

Wright 

Total 



Acres op Land. 



9,864 
18,623 
14,612 
11,742 
12,907 

7,679i 
17.120i 
23,139 
15,00-4 
14,240f 
14,207J 

9,401 
14.381 
19,297 
13,027 
12,699 



227,904} 



16.102 
8,375 
6,243 
6,296 
8,552 
2,716i 

17.192 

13,39,Si 
8,045i 

11,609 
5.475 
0,429 
6.420 
4,878 
6,040 
6,276 



132.0461 



Valuation op 1858. Popdlation, 






$18,990 
60,884 
42.410 
66,175 
27,606 
71.622 
68,550 
66,960 
30,478 
63.850 
32.760 

222.6.i0 
28.920 

100,162 
45,065 
62.265 



959,2.37 



$206,667 
255.230 
436.5S1 
404,101 
256.966 
309,637 
622.900 
3=9.258 
308.618 
486.195 
407,359 
74.J.241 
417,048 
662,360 
365,800 
400,972 



6.632,S13 



1,071 

873 

1,096 

700 

643 

1,450 

1,306 

620 

1.621 

1,028 

1,429 

962 

1,360 

940 

843 



665 
1,067 

860 
1.112 

707 

727 
1,367 
1,351 

868 
1.454 

999 
1.440 

963 
1,356 

960 

815 



16,828 16,691 



=1 



225 
421 
311 
373 
262 
239 
609 
478 
292 
480 
S45 
498 
316 
460 
884 
283 



245 
427 
326 
401 
292 
262 
,530 
626 
321 
547 
378 
495 
336 
489 
374 
310 



186 
270 
276 
335 
215 
177 
402 
322 
262 
863 
291 
810 
247 
424 
268 
236 



Schools. 



1-= 



601 

1.034 

760 

776 

629 

606 

1,182 

1,105 

683 

1,179 

840 

1,068 

706 

1,066 

687 



13,808 



Names op Towns. 



Blenheim 

Broome 

Carlisle 

Cobleskill , 

Ctinesville 

E.'^perance 

Fulton 

Oilboa 

Jefferson 

Middleburgh... 
Hichmondville. 

Sclioharie 

Seward 

Sharon 

Summit 

Wrighfc 

Total 



m 



262 
608 
638 
741 
443 
379 
707 
697 
452 
838 
601 
768 
683 
1.001 
606 
678 



915 

1,686 
1,.338 
1.228 
1,238 

801 
1,867 
1,903 
1.477 
1,498 
1,120 
1.244 
1.072 
1,.?49 
1,115 

807 



9,682 20,658 18,213 



873 

1,117 

1,078 

986 

868 

540 

1,492 

1,927 

1,763 

760 

1,009 

1,006 

1,260 

1,201 

1.630 

823 



1,3S8 
6,438 
3348 
2,930 
3,460 
1.165 
3.520 
3.3S6 
2,241 
3,268 
2,182 
2,241 
2,001 
3,923 
2,030 
3,0; 



to 



618 

9621 

1,1371 

1.463' 

916| 

618'; 

l,4.'i4i 

1.229, 

791i 

1,749, 

1,093 

I.SO4I 

1.444 

1,3841 

9411 

1.171 



Aqricultural Products. 



Bush, of Grain. 



j£ _ 
3,V68 
6,469 
2,278 
6.964 
2,991 
2.272 

10,005i 
4.244S 
2.28Si 

14,499 
6.044S 

19.558 
6.009i 
4.C38 
2,151 

13.660 



16,109 
52,362i 
61,044} 
63,671 
17,185} 
49,561 
70,860} 
33.427 i 
33,261 i 
77,306 
62.354 
73.568 
73,2961 
129.765 
61,884 
67,00U 



46,696 18,804 106.237i 922,644i 



1,940 

3,316 

2.705 

2.745 

3,130 

1,869J 

3,436i 

6.0364 

4,369 

2,819} 

3,122 

2,1 59i 

3.213 

2.881 

4.297 

1,737 



=)-' 



6,746 
10,481 
12,992 
14,093 
10,686 

7,132 
11,847 
13,440 

9,472 
11,108 
15,261 
10,372 
18,006 
47,182 
12,210 
11,164 



Daibv Pboddcis. 



86,230 
92,146 
116,686 
93,725 
95,550 
63,745 
140.939 
207,205 
183,n77 
9.3,970 
98,680 
72,060 
136,4.30 
124,965 
160,815 
86,374 



608 
2.605 
6.379 
6,716 
2,640 
3,026 

869 
3,090 

600 
1,883 

200 

40,661 

2.240 

200 

400 



48,774} 190,432J 222.182 1,832,2571 71,010 



si 



ci-E 



l,800i 
2.092 
2,165 
2,7171 
848i 
1,139 
4.969) 
2,660 
2,.593 
1,331 
2,863 
1,284 
2.066i 
1.976 
3,142 
1.398 



34,915 



^ Clement Davis, Samuel Allen, Martin Van Buren, Morris 
Kiff. Robert and Abrah.am Van Duser, A. M. Frydenbur;,'h, 
Joseph L. Barnet, Amos Baldwin. Jon.ithan Hughes, B^iltus 
Prosper, and James Brown were earl.v settlers. The first birth 

w;is that of Frydenburgh, and the first marriage that of 

Clement Davis and Lovina Allen, in 1797. Daniel Harris tiught 
the first school, in 1798. Benj Rider kept the first inn, James 

Burns the first store, and Van Buren the first sawmill. 

The town comprises a part of the Straasliurgh, Charlotte Kiver, 
Ptepben .skinner, and Walter Frtmklin Patents. 

« 2 Bap., 2 M. H., lief. Prot. D., Ev. Luth., and Christian. 



s Named in honor of Gov. Silas VTright. 

* Among the early settlers were Johannes Becker. Shaffer, 

Frederick Dening. J< hn Narhold, Frederick Beller. Christopher 
Shoefelt, and John Hilsley. Jacob Zimmer kept the fii-st inn, 
John and Henry Becker tlie first store; Jacob Zimmer built the 
first gristmill, and Zimmer. Becker & Shafier the first sawmill 

s On the moi niug of .luly 26. 1782. a hand of lories and Indians 
appeared in the valley of Foxes Creek, murdered several person.s, 
took some prisoners, and attempted to dislodge the inmates of the 
stone house, but failed. This house is still standing. 

• 2 M. E., Ev. Luth., Ref. Prot. D, and Christian. 




SCHUYLER COUNTY. 

This county' was formed from Steuben, Chemung, and Tompkins, 
April 17, 1854. It lies upon both sides of the s. extremity of 
Seneca Lake ; is centrally distant 160 mi. from Albany, and con- 
tains 352 sq. mi. Its surface is mostly an undulating and hilly 
upland, divided into two distinct ridges by the deep valley of Seneca 
I Lake and its inlet. The highest summits are 600 to 1,000 ft. above 
Seneca Lake and 1,200 to 1,600 ft. above tide. A bluff 100 to 300 ft. 
high extends along the shoresof the lake, too steepfor profitable culti- 
vation ; but farther inland the hills are bordered by long and gradual 
slopes and are generally arable to their very summits. The extreme 
s. part of the oo. assumes a more hilly and broken character. Catha- 
rines Creek, flowing into the head of Seneca Lake, is the principal 
stream. Its course is through a deep, narrow, and winding valley bordered by steep hillsides 400 to 
COO ft. high. Upon it are numerous falls, affording abundance of water-power; and near its mouth 
is a marshy region of considerable extent. Meads Run, a tributary of Chemung River, drains the 
s. w. corner, and Cayuta Creek the s. E. corner. The other streams are small creeks and brooks, 
mostly discharging their waters into Seneca Lake. A few streams take their rise along the N. E. 
border and flow into Cayuga Lake. Little and Mud Lakes, two smaller sheets of water along the 
w. border, discharge their waters through Mud Creek into Conhocton River. Cayuta Lake is a fine 
sheet of water, in the E. part of the co. Hector Falls, upon a small stream flowing into Seneca Lake 
from the E., is one of the finest cascades in the State. The rocks of this co. mostly belong to the 
Portage and Chemung groups, — the former occupying the n. and the latter the s. part of the co. 
In the deep valley along the shore of Seneca Lake, in the extreme N. part of the co., are found 
outcrops of Genesee slate. The only good building stone in the co. is the thin-bedded sandstone 
separating the thick beds of shale. In many places these rocks are covered deeply with drift 
deposits. The soil upon the highlands is clayey and gravelly, principally derived from the dis- 
integration of the shales ; and in many places this is underlaid by hardpan. In the valleys the 
soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with alluvmm. 

Agriculture forms the leading and almost the sole occupation of the people. Spring grains are 
extensively grown, and stock and wool growing and dairying are largely carried on. The climate 
and soil are both better adapted to pasturage than to tillage. Fruit is becoming an important article 
of culture, and all kinds adapted to the climate succeed well. A limited amount of manufacturing 
is carried on at Watkins and Havana. 

In 1854, commissioners appointed to locate the co. buildings fixed upon Havana as the cuuutv 
seat.' The action of the commissioners was resisted by the Board of Supervisors, and by them the 
county seat was located at Watkins, at the head of Seneca Lake. A courthouse was erected at each 
village ; subsequently the courts decided against the action of the comtfiissioners, and, April 13, 1857, 
an act was passed by the legislature confirming the location of the county seat at Havana. At their 
annual meetings in the fall of 1857 and 1858 the Board of Supervisors passed resolutions changing 
the location to Watkins, and at this place the co. offices are at present located. The buildings 
erected at each place for a courthouse, and for a clerk's office and jail at Havana, are fine build- 
ings, embodying nearly all modern improvements. The buildings at Havana were erected at a 
cost of $15,000. No poorhouse has yet been established. 

The public works in the co. are the Chemung Canal, extending from the head of Seneca Lake 
s. through the valley of Catharines Creek, uniting with Chemung River at Elmira; the Elmira, 
Jefferson & Canandaigua R. R., extending along the w. shore of Seneca Lake to Watkins ; and the 
Chemung R. R., extending s. from Watkins along Catharines Creek to Elmira. These roads are 
both leased to the N. Y. & E. R. R. Co. 

In 1779, Sullivan's army marched through the defiles along Catharines Creek, closely pursuing 
the Indians, who were flying from the fatal battle of " Neiciovm," (now Elmira.) So great was 
the terror of the Indians that they neglected to defend the passes, and the American army 



J Named from Gen. Philip Schuyler. 

* Theee commissioDers were Deloe De Wolf, of Oswego, Edward Dodd, of Washington, and Tinu W. Smith, of Onondaga. 

W 609 



610 



SCHUYLER COUNTY. 



inarched unmolested through the only place where successful resistance was practicable. Upon 
the conclusion of peace, many of the soldiers belonging to the army returned to this region and 
located upon land which had been first brought to their notice during their march against the 
Indians. The first settlements in the co. were made on Catharines Creek, near the present site 
of Havana, in 1788, and on the shores of Seneca Lake, in 1790. The town of Hector belonged to 
the Military Tract; the towns of Catharines, Dix, and Reading, to the Watkins and Flint Pur- 
chase; and Tyrone and Orange, to the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. 
Two weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* 



CATHARIIVES^ — was formed from *' Newtoicn" (now Elmira, Chemung co.,) March 15, 
1798. Catlin and A^eteran (Chemung co.) were taken off in 1823. A part of Newfield (Tompkins 
CO.) was annexed June 4, 1853, and a part was added to Cayuta, April 17, 1854, It lies upon 
the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys 
of the streams. Catharines Creek, along the w. border, flows in a deep ravine 300 to 700 feet 
below the summits of the hills. Cayuta Lake lies in the N. E. part ; and its outlet, Cayuta 
Creek, flows s. into the Susquehanna. The soil is principally a gravelly loam mixed with clay. 
Havana, (p. v.,) upon Catharines Creek, on the line of Dix, 3 mi. from Seneca Lake, was incorp. 
May 13, 1836. It contains a courthouse, jail, clerk's office, the People^s College,' 3 churches, a 
newspaper office, 3 flouring mills, and several manufacturing establishments.* It is a canal 
village and a station upon the Chemung R. R. Pop. 1,290. Odessa, (p-^-O near the center 
of the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, several sawmills, and 40 dwellings; and Catba- 
rines, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 2 churches and 25 dwellings. Alpine, (p. v.,) on the s. e. border, 

aud Cayutaville, (p. o.,) on the n. e. border, are partly in this town. Silas Wolcott and 

Wilson settled at Havana in 1788.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Mr. P. 
Bowers, by a Presbyterian minister, in 1794.' (For the new town of Montour, see p. 612.) 

CAYUTA — was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co.,) March 20, 1824. Parts of Catharines and 
Erin (Chemung co.) were annexed in 1854. The town was transferred from Tioga to Tompkins co. 
March 22, 1822. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. Its surface is a hilly upland. Cayuta 
Creek flows s. e. through the town, in a narrow valley bordered by steep hillsides 300 to 600 ft. high. 
The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Cayuta ("West Cayuta p, o.) contains 15 dwellings; 
Alpine, (p. v.,) on the n. line of the town, a flouring mill, sawmill, chair factory, and 25 
dwellings The first settlement was made in the valley of the Cayuta, near West Cayuta, in 
1801, by Capt. Gabriel Ogden, Rev. David Janes, and Jos. Thomas, — the first two from Tioga co., 
and the last from Athens, Penn,^ The first religious services were held by Rev. Mr. Janes, 
(Bap.,) at his own house, in 1802. No churches are reported, 

I and 4 aDd all of Tpa. 2 and 3of .Tohu W. Watkins'a Tract, 

8 Thi8 institHtion wag incorp. April 13. 1854. and was locAt^d 
at Havana Jan. 8, 1867. The college edifice — the erection of 
which has been commenced — is to be 320 by 52 IV*f t, 4 storied 
high, with a basement. At either end ia a wing, 206 by 52 ft., 
4 Btories high : and a wing will project rearward from the center, 
68 by 64 ft., 3 stories high. Above the basement the walls are 
to be erected of brick ; the whole at an estimated cost of $1"6.000. 
The institution is to afford instruction in some departments of 
mechanics and manufactures, and students are tu be paid for 
their services. The trustees have resolved to eatablish 19 pro- 
fessorships. 

* 2 plaster mills, 2 sawmills, a planing mill, woolen factory, 
iron foundery, and tannery. 

6 Geo. Mills, Vtm. McClure, Phineas Bowers, John King, and 2 
families by the name of Stevens, settled in the valley at and near 
Havana in 17S9-90. Anthony JSroderick kept the first school, in 
a house owned by Phineas Bowers, in 1792-93. Silas Wolcott 
kept the first inn, soon after his settlement, and Isaac Baldwin 
and George Mills the first store, in 1805. at Havana. Phineas 
Bowers erected the first grist and saw mills, at or near the village, 

6 The census reports 7 churches; 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., 2 M. E-, 
and Bap. 

I Hermon Wbite.B*iy. Chambers, andjeremiah Taylor settled 
in the same vicinity in 1803 ; Moses Brown, Langstaff Compton, 
and others in 1804. The first birth was that of Roaetta, daugh- 
ter of Jonathan Thomas, in Jan. 1804; the first marriage, that 
of Ebenezer PMwards and Sarah Ogden, in 1804; and the first 
death, that of Joseph Thomaa, in July. 1802. Robert Lockerby 
taught the first school, in a house belonging to Elder Janes, ia 
the winter of 1805. Capt. Gabriel Ogden kept the fir.st inn. at 
West Cayuta, in 1806, and Jesse White the first store, in 1808. 
John \rhite prected the first sawmill on the E. branch of the 
Cavuta, in 1816, and John Knnis the first gristmill, 2 mi. l>elow 
West Cayota, in 1817. 



1 The Tinga Patriot waa started at Havana in June, 1828, by 

L. B. and S. Butler, and was continued a short time. 
Tht Havana Observer was started in 1830 by F. W. Ritter, and 

was soon discontinued. 
The Savana Bepuhliran was commenced in 1835 by Nelson 

ColgTOve. It was issued successively by Q. Barlrw Nye, 

T. 1. Taylor, and W, H. Ougly until 1&49, when it was 

changed to 
Lift tn The Comitry and Haxana Eepubliatn. It was discon- 
tinued in 1850. 
Tht Chemung Democrat was removed Crom Horseheada to Havana 

in 1840, and to '■"Jefferson^'' (now Watkins) in 1842. Its 

name was ?><x.in after changed to 
Tht Democratic Citizen^ and it was issued by J. I. Hendrix 

until 1850. 
ThR Independent Freemnn was started at Watkins, June 15. 1850, 

by W. B. Slawson & Co.; in 1851 it was thangixl to 
The Jefferson Eagle-, and was continued a few months. 
The Corona Borealis, a literary paper, waa published a£ "Jejfer- 

son^' about the same time. 
The Havana Jonnial was commenced April 16, 1853, by 

John B. Look, and its publication is still continued. 
The 'Watktns Republican was established in June, 

1^54. by S. M. Taylor. It passed into the hands of J. 

K. Averill, and aftenvard into those of M. Ells, by 

whom it is still published. 
The Schuyler County Democrcu, commenced at Havaoa, April 25, 

1855, by Averill & Baxter, was soon after discontinued. 
* Named from Catharine Montour, a French woman who mar- 
ried an Tndi:in. waa adopted into the Seneca tribe, and exerted a 
controlling influence among the Indians. She received a small 
salary from the English Colonial Government, for many years, 
on account of her influence among the Indians. She resided on 
the present site of Havana, and waa known as Queen Cathar 
•ina. This town as first formed embraced the n. part of Tps. 



SCHUYLER COUNTY. 



611 



DIX' — was formed from Catlin, (Chemung co.,) April 17, 1835. It lies upon the w. side 
of Catharines Creek, and extends from the head of Seneca Lake to the s. bounds of the co. The 
surface is mostly a rolling and hilly upland, the summits being 400 to 700 ft. above the lake. 
It is drained by Catharines Creek and several smaller streams. The soil is principally a fine 
quality of gravelly loam. A little s. w. from the head of the lake is a deep glen in the hills, bor- 
dered by perpendicular rocks 200 ft. high. A small stream runs through it, forming a series of 
beautiful cascades. Watkins,' (p. v.,) upon the line of Reading, at the head of Seneca Lake, 
was incorp., as "Jefferson," April 11, 1842, and its name was changed April 8, 1852. It contains 
a courthouse, 5 churches, a newspaper office, and several manufacturing establishments. It is a 
lake, canal, and R. R. station ; a daily steamboat plies upon Seneca Lake between this place and 
Geneva. Pop. 1,084. Beaver Dams, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, contains 2 churches, several 
manufactories, and 28 dwellings; Townsend, (p. v.,) near the w. line, contains 1 church, 
several mills, and 36 dwellings ; Crawford Settlement, (Moreland p.o.,) near the s. line, 
contains 2 churches and 26 dwellings. The first settlements were made near the head of the lake 
and along the valley of Catharines Creek, about the commencement of the present century.' 
The first church edifice (Bap.) was erected in 1833, at Townsend.* 

HECTOR— was formed from Ovid, (Seneca co.,) March 30, 1802. It is the s. w. comer 
township of the Military Tract and the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling 
upland, its highest summits being 500 to 700 ft. above Seneca Lake. The blufis bordering upon 
the lake are 100 to 300 ft. high, and nearly perpendicular. It is drained by a large number of 
small creeks flowing into Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Hector Falls, upon a email creek in the 
s. w. part of the town, is a cascade made by the stream flowing down the bluff which borders 
upon the lake. The soil is a clay, sandy, and gravelly loam, in some places underlaid by hard- 
pan. Perry City, (p. v.,) upon the e. line of the town, contains a Friends' meeting house and 
120 inhabitants; Mecklenburgrb, (p-v.,) situated2mi.8.w.of Perry City, contains 3 churches, 
2 sawmills, a flouring mill, and 338 inhabitants; Reynoldsvllle, (p. v.,) near the center of the 
town, contains a church and 117 inhabitants; Bennettsburgll. (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 
a church, 4 saw and shingle mills, 1 gristmill, tannery, and 25 dwellings; Burdett, (p. v.,) in 
the s. w. part, contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, agricultural implement factory, iron foundery, 
gristmill, sawmill, tannery, and 360 inhabitants; Peach Orchard, (Hector p.o.,) in the N. w. 
part, contains 3 churches and 34 dwellings ; PoIKvllle, in the N. w. part, contains a 
church and 16 dwellings ; Searsburgh (p. o.) contains 2 churches and 10 dwellings. IVorth 
Hector and Cayutaville are p. ofliees; and Steainburgh is a hamlet. John Livingston 
and Wm. Wickham settled in 1791, in the N. w. part of the town, on the bank of the lake.' The 
first church (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Mr. Stewart, at Peach Orchard, in 1809.' 

ORANGE — was formed from Wayne, (Steuben co.,) Feb. 12, 1813, as "Jerseij." Its name 
was changed Feb. 20, 1836. A part of Hornby (Steuben co.) was annexed April 1 1, 1842, and a 
part of Bradford, (Steuben co.,) April 17, 1854. It is the s. w. corner town in the co., and is 
bounded on the E. by the pre-emption line. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, broken by 
the deep and irregular valleys of the streams. Meads Run, flowing s. w., forms the principal 
drainage. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam. Monterey (Orange p. o.) contains 3 churches, 
a gristmill, and 301 inhabitants. Sugar UllI is a p. o. in the N. E. part. The first settlements 
were made in 1799, by Abraham Rozenback and Samuel Scomp, n. e. of Monterey.' The first 
church (M. E.) was formed by Rev. Peregrine Hallett, the first preacher.' 



t Named from Ex^SeDator John A. Dix. 

* Named from Dr. Samuel Watkins, an early settler in the 
Tillage. 

* Geo. Mills was among the flret settlers in town, and is still 
living tliere, at the age of 9.S years. Judge John Dowe, David 
Culver, and .John and Wm. Watkins were also among the early 
settlers. The first settlers at the village of Townsend were 
Claudius Townsend, Consider B. Evens, Jonas Blower, and Dods 
Benson, in 1823; Elienezer Perry was the first settler at Beaver 
Dams, At this place 2 dams were built across I'ort Creek hy 
beavers; one of the dams still remains. A swamp, formed by 
the lower dam, is an alluvial deposit 400 fl. deep, from which 
lime is made. 

* The census reports 10 churches ; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 
Prot. E., and Univ. 

* Reuben Smith and his sons Reuben, Jabez, Sam'l, Harvey, 
Caleb, and Chauncey W.. from Canaan, Conn., settled on Mili- 
tary Lots 20 and 21, in 1794; Richard Ely and Grover Smith, a 
little N. of Peach Orchard, and Daniel Everts, 8. of the same 
place, in 1798, — all from Salisbury, Conn. The first child bom 
was Pollj £verta ; the first marriage, that of Stephen Pratt and 



Betsey Livingston ; and the first death, that of Wm. Wickham 
The first school was taught at Peach Orchard, by John Living 
ston. Wm. Wickhsmi kept the first inn, near Peach Orchard, 
and John B. Seeley the first store, at Hector Falls. The first 
gristmill and carding machine were put in operation at th« 
same place, by Sam'l B. Seeley. 

* The census reports 20 churches in town ; 7 M. E., 8 Presb., 
3 Bap., 2 Wes. Meth., 2 Friends, 0. S. Bap., Prot. E., and Chris, 
Cong. 

' Henry Switzer, from N. J., settled on Switzer Hill, in 18()2, 
and D. Hewitt, from Rensselaer co., N.Y.,was the first settler at 
Monterey, in 1811. Abner and Thos. Hurd. and Brigham Young, 
tho Mormon leader, were early settlers in the N. E. part of the 

town. Chapman, Wm. Wilkins, Wm. Do Witt, Andrew 

Foot, Danl. Chirtiss, and Jedediah Miller settled on Meads Run 
in 1811. Elsie Swit7.er waa the tir^t cliild born. The first school 
was taught by Dan'l McDoupall. in 1819. near Monterey. Thofl. 
Hurd kept the first Inn, In ISlt), at Monterey, and Walter Hurd 
the first store, 8. w. of the same place. 

B The census reports 4 churches In town ; 2 Bap., Preab., Mid 
M. E. 



612 



SCHUYLER COUNTY. 



READIIVG — was formed from " Frederickstown," (now Wayne, Steuben co.,) Feb. 17, 180G. 
It lies upon the w. bank of Seneca Lake, and is the central town upon the u. border of the co. 
Its surface is a rolling upland 400 to 500 ft. above the lake. The bluSs upon the shore are very- 
steep and in many places precipitous. Its streams are small brooks and creeks. The soil is 
mostly a clay loam. Reading Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 24 dwellings; Ire- 
landville (Reading p. o.) contains 11 dwellings. A'ortb Reading^ is a p. o. The Elmira, 
Jefferson & Oanandaigua R. R. traverses the town upon the w. shore of the lake. A settlement 
was made at Reading Center, by Judge John Dow, from Conn., in 1790.' The first church (Bap. 
was formed by Elder John Goff, in 1810, at Reading Center.' 

TYROHfE — was formed from Wayne, (Steuben co.,) April 16, 1822. It is the N. w. corner 
town in the co. Its surface is an elevated upland divided into several ridges by the valleys of 
^streams. Its principal stream is Mud Creek, flowing s. w. Little Lake, upon the w. border, is 
3 mi. long and about 1 wide; and Mud Lake, in the s. w. corner, is li mi. long and about one-half 
mi. wide. These lakes lie in deep valleys, and are bordered by nearly precipitous hills which rise 
300 to 400 ft. above them. The soil is a clay loam. Tyrone, (p. v.,) a little e. of Mud Lake, 
contains 2 churches, 1 gristmill, 2 sawmills, 2 tanneries, several manufiictories, and 160 inhabit- 
ants; Weston, (p. V.,) I mi. n. w. of -Tyrone, contains 2 churches and 177 inhabitants ; Altay, 
(p. V.,) a little E. of the center, contains a church, tannery, 2 sawmills, a steam flouring mill, and 
144 inhabitants; Pine Grove (p. o.) contains a church and 6 houses. The first settlement 
was made in 1800, by Gen. Wm. Kernan, on a tract of 4,000 acres, purchased by Thos. O'Conner.' 
The first church edifice (Union) was erected by the Presb. and Bap.; Rev. Joseph Crawford 
(Presb.) and Rev. Van Rensselaer Wall (Bap.) were the first preachers.* 

MOSITOUR — was formed from Catharines, March 23, 1860, and embraces the western part 
of the former town of Catharines, including the village of Havana. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, families, freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Schuyler County. 



Nahzs of Towns. 



Cathariaea 

Cayuta. 

Dix 

Hector. 

Orange 

Heading.... 
Tyrone 

Total 



Acres of Land. 



I, 



18,160 
4,875 
15,269 
45,904i 
20,32SJ 
12.8S2i 
16,917 



134,336i 



11.598 
7,168J 
7,326} 
15,851 
ll,3Wi 
3,726i 
6,023} 



62,999i 



Valuation op 1858. 



$833,291 
74.836 
658,603 

1,520,513 
454,.542 
426,073 
666,555 






$157,100 
3,840 
39,766 
82,600 
47,444 
27,760 
35,850 



4,413,313 394.349 4,807,662 



$990,391 
78,6761 
698,268 

1,603,113 
481,986 
462,823 
602,406 



1,761 1,756 669 693 

324 294 118 119 

1,447 1,437 645 674 

2,801 2,828 1,090 1,102 

1,256 1,227 483 483 

736 716 266 277 

1,083 1,111 409 429 

9.408 9,309 3,682 3,677 



I 

I 

421 
130 
454 
988 
374 
237 
S42 



GS 



1,390 
208 
1,176 
2,126 
885 
4,83 
850 



Nakis of Tovns. 



Catharines. 

Cayuta. 

Dix 

Hector 

Orange 

Reading.... 

Tyrone 

Total. 



Live Stock. 



«fl 



755 
176 
661 
2.048 
768 
680 
7121 



tt2 

1 1-5 
Bog 



1,682 
493 
1.624 
3,512 
1,800 
1,052 
1,265 



1,081 
326 
938 

2,393 

1,108 
702 

1.069 



6,700111,328 7,676 48,918 



g 



6,216 
1,399 
6,647 

16,495 
6,213 
6.261 

■ 6,787 



« 



1.0491 
303' 
1,019| 
3.662; 
1,191 
834 
1,493 
9,46ll 



Agriccltdral Pboddcts. 



BUBH. O? GBAIK. 



fe 



12,130 
1,321, 

ll,617i 

36,077 i 
8,007 
7,129 

11,317 



86,699i 



90,038 
20,606} 
S6,76U 
263.492 
96,762 
62,722J 
77,475i 



e 



2,737 

856i 
2,340} 
6.712i 
3,076 
l.SOli 
1,973 



17,996i 



11,964 
2,480 
12.771 
22,829 
20,400 
9,084 
1,628 



«5t 



21,368 
7,329 
12,099 
67,818 
9.670 
12,374 
22,681 



81,1061 143,229 



Dxiar Prodccts. 



If 



798,963 






8,445 
1,880 
3,381 
8,988 
2.363 
3,932 
3,179 

32,168 



I Si 

33— 

716 

897 

1.898i 

3,493 

2.6781 

1.304* 



ll,346i 



J David Culver settled near Reading Center, in 1806, and Alex- 
ander Hinton, near Watkins, in isn;;. The firat marriage waa 
that of Elieha Cnlver and Snflan Divine; and the first birth, 
that of Minor Culver. The first school was taught by Ira 
Parker, at the Center. David Culver kept the first inn, N. of the 
Center, and David Culver, jr., the first store, at the same place. 
Eliadia Parker erected the first sawmill. 

2 The ceuBUB reports 3 churches ; Bap., M. E., and R. C. 

8 Mr. O'Conner was among the early settlers, and resided for 
ft time in a log house on the shore of Little Lake. He was ac- 
companied by a SOD and daughter,— the former of whom is Hon. 



Charles O'Conner, the eminent New York lawyer. Abraham 
Fleet, sr., from N. J., and Capt. John Seabring. were among tho 
first settlers near Tyrone Tillage, in 1800; Thaddous, Gersham, 
and Abraham Bennett settled about 1801. Simon Fleet was tho 
first child born in town. The firet school was taught at Tyrone 
Village, by Hugh Jameson ; the first inn waa kept by Capt. Wii- 
liams. and the first store by Thos. O'Conner, near the n. w. corner 
of the town. Tho first mill and factory were erected at Tyrone 
Village by Ralph Opdyke. 
• The census reports 7 churches ; 3 Bap., 2 Prosb , and 2 M. E. 



SENECA COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Cayuga, March 29, 1804. A part 
of Tompkins was taken off in 1817, and a part of Wayne in 1823. 
It lies w. of the center of the State, centrally distant 156 mi. from 
Albany, and contains 420 sq. mi. It occupies the greater part of 
the land which lies between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, and extends 
, several mi. n. of Seneca Lake Outlet. A high ridge enters the co. 
I from Tompkins and occupies nearly one-fourth of its surface. The 
summit of the extreme s. portion of this ridge in tliis co. is 700 to 800 
feet above Seneca Lake and 1,100 to 1,250 feet above tide. Toward 
the N. it gradually declines to the level of Seneca Lake. The ridge 
is bordered in some places by steep declivities and in others by 
gradual slopes, and in the s. part of the co. generally terminates in 
high bluffs on the shores of the lakes. At the foot of Seneca Lake the bluffs, on an average, are 
about 20 feet high ; but toward the s. they gradually rise to an elevation of 100 to 150 feet. At the 
foot of Cayuga Lake the shore is low and shelving ; but in Romulus a bluff shore commences, which 
gradually increases in height until on the s. border of the co. it attains an elevation of 150 to 200 
feet. From the summits of the bluffs to the central summit of the ridge the land generally rises in 
beautiful, smooth, gradual slopes, broken in a few places by sharp declivities of a terrace-like forma- 
tion. From Ovid toward the n. the land abruptly descends about 200 feet, and then by gradual 
slopes to the level of Seneca River. The region immediately N. of Seneca Lake Outlet and w. of 
the Cayuga Lake Outlet is level, and some of it is marshy. In the N. w. corner of the co. is a 
great number of alluvial ridges, composed principally of gravel. These ridges extend in a N. and 
s. direction and are 30 to 50 feet high. Their declivities are generally very abrupt toward the n., 
E., and w., but more gradual toward the s. 

The geological formation of the co. is very simple. The rocks overlie each other in parallel 
layers slightly dipping toward the s. The lowest rocks that crop out in the co. are those of the 
Onondaga salt group, including both the red shales and gypsum. They are found along Seneca 
River, where the gypsum is extensively quarried. Next above these are heavy, compact masses 
of the corniferous limestone, occupying a belt of country 2 to 3 mi. wide s. of Seneca River. The 
intermediate waterlime and Onondaga limestone strata are developed in this co. only in very thin 
and scarcely noticeable layers. The corniferous limestone furnishes a building stone of great excel- 
lence and is extensively quarried. Next in order come the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, occu- 
pying a broad belt through the co. and extending nearly to the summits of the ridges ; the Tully 
limestone, a layer of only a few feet in thickness, but valuable from the quantity and quality of 
lime manufactured from it; and the Genesee slate, a dark, shaly rock which crowns the summits 
of the southern hills. These rocks throughout the co. are covered with a deep deposit of drift, con- 
sisting of clay, sand, gravel, and hardpan, and crop out only along the shores of the lakes, the 
narrow ravines of the streams, and the steep declivities of the ridges. In the N. w. corner of the 
CO. this drift is arranged in ridges with narrow valleys scooped out between them.' 

The principal stream is Seneca River, forming the outlet of Seneca Lake. It has a course of about 
14 mi. between the two lakes, and in that distance falls 60 feet. The falls are principally at Waterloo 
and Seneca Falls, furnishing an excellent water-power at each place, but much the greater at the 
latter. From Cayuga Lake, Seneca River flows n. e. through a marshy region and forms a portion 
of the E. boundary of the co. Clyde River, a tributary of the Seneca, flows through a portion of the 
marshy region in the N. E. corner. The other streams are all small brooks and creeks, and for the 
most part are rapid torrents flowing in deep gulfs worn in the shaly rocks. They are frequently 
interrupted by waterfalls, are nearly dry in summer, and are subject to severe freshets. 

Seneca Lake, the w. border of which forms the greater part of the w. boundary of the co., is 35 
mi. long and 1 to 4 mi. broad. It is 216 feet above Lake Ontario and 447 feet above tide. It occu- 
pies a deep valley between the hills, and it varies in depth from 300 to 630 feet. Its shores are 
generally bold ; and from their summits the land slopes gently and gracefully upward to a height 



1 The position and character of ttiese remarkable ridges seem 
to indicate that the wliole repion has been subject to tlie force 
of large bodies of runuins water moving in a southerly direc- 
tion ; and it has been coigectured that at a geological period im- 



mediately preceding the present one, the waters of Lake On- 
tario, then much above its present level, flowed through the 
vallnys of Seoeca and Cayuga Lokea and discharged into the Su». 
QUehanna. 

61.1 



614 



SENECA COUNTY. 



of 200 to 700 feet above its surface, furnishing some of the most quiet and beautiful scenery 'n the 
State, This lake is never entirely frozen over. Cayuga Lake occupies a parallel valley on the e. 
border of the co., and is 38 mi. long and 1 to 3J mi. wide. It is 00 feet below Seneca, and its 
greatest depth is 346 feet. Near the foot the lake is very shallow, and a large extent of land, 
immediately adjoining and lying along the course of its outlet, is swampy.* Further s. the sliores 
are bluff and the country is of the same general character as that bordering upon Seneca Lake. 

The soil is generally of a very excellent quality. The sandy and gravelly loam of the drift de- 
posits is well adapted to either grain raising or grazing. The lower portions of the ridges are 
enriched by the disintegration of tlie rocks above, making the soil very productive. The lowlands 
bordering upon Seneca Kiver are clayey and in many places mixed with disintegrated gypsum and 
limestone. North of the river have been found extensive marl deposits of great agricultural value. 
North of the foot of Seneca Lake is a sandy region once considered worthless ; but upon trial the 
soil has been found susceptible of being made productive at little expense. The marshy regions w. of 
Cayuga Outlet are covered with thick deposits of marl and muck. Measures have been instituted 
to drain these marshes ; if successful a new and exceedingly fertile region will be added to the pro- 
ductive lands of the State. 

The CO. is a lialf-shire, the co. seats being located respectively at Ovid and Waterloo.^ The court- 
house and clerk's office at Ovid are brick buildings, situated in the e. part of the village. The 
combined courthouse and jail at Waterloo is a brick building, situated near the r, r., fronting the 
public square, in the w. part of the village. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 126 
acres, upon the line between Seneca Falls and Fayette, 4 mi. s. e. of Waterloo.^ 

Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* 

The public works of the co. are the N. Y. Central R, R., extending through Seneca Falls and 
Waterloo, and the Seneca Canal, extending along Seneca River through the same towns.^ Above 
the falls at Waterloo the canal is formed by slackwater navigation upon the river. 

The lands in this co. were lirst brought to the notice of the whites by the expedition of Sullivan, 
which passed along the banks of Seneca Lake in 1779. Portions of the land at that time had been 
cleared and were under cultivation. The Indians had a tradition that this whole region had once 
been occupied by a race that pursued agriculture, but which had long ago disappeared. Many of 
Sullivan's soldiers, attracted by the beauty and fertility of the lauds, after the war settled in 
various parts of the co. The first settler. Job Smith, who located at Seneca Falls in 1787, and the 
second, Andrew Dunlap, who located at* Ovid in 1789, came in by way of Chemung River. The 
third settler, Lawrence Van Clief, who settled at Seneca Falls in 1789, came in by way of Oneida 
Lake and Seneca River.^ After 1790 settlement progressed rapidly, and the most fertile lands 



1 Ttiis swampy region is the euuthern termination of the noted 
Monteztimn Marshes. 

2'riu' ciiunty seat was located at Ovid upon tlie erection of the 
CO. in lSn4. Tlie courtbouee was built in 1806. Wniile a part 
of OnoudiiRa co.. in 1790, courts were held at the barn of An- 
drew Iiunlap. in 1S17, upon the erection of Tompkins co.. the 
CO. seat was removed to Waterloo : but in 1822 the co. was divided 
into two jury districts, and the courts have since then been held 
alternately at Ovid and Waterloo. The first co. officers were 
Cornelius Humphrey, First Judge; Pilaa Halaoy. Clerk; Wil- 
liam >'mith, ShiTiff; and Jared l^andf'tni. Surrofjnfp.. 

8 The average number of inmates is Ciii, fjupiiorti-d at a weekly 

cost of S^ ■'10 each. A school is taupht 4 iiioutlia in the year. 

The e8talili>'hnnMit aecma to be pretty wellarraTiged and mauaged. 

* The Seneca Patriot, the first paper published in the co., was 

started at Ovid in 1815 by Geo. Lewis. In 1816 it was 

changed to 
The Ovid Gazette. Upon the change of the co. seat in 1817, it 

was removed to Waterloo and changed tn 
The Waterlon Guseitr, and was continued several years by the 

original proprietor. 
The Senecxi Farmer was started at Waterloo in 1822 by Wm. 

Child. In 1832 it was removed to geneca Falls and 

united with the Seneca Falls Journal. 
The Waterloo Republican was issued a short time in 1822. 
The WaUHon OhsfTver was started in 1824 by Charles Sentell. 

It was siH)n after issued ii shnrt time as 
Thf Ob^ni'er and Unvm. and was subsequently changed to 
The Seneca Observer, under which title it ia still issued 

b.v till* uiiginul pmpi'ietor. 
The Wri'iillt ami Ludifa' Literary Hepnsit^yri/ was Issued from 

tbe ob-ierver office in 1831. 
The Seneca Hi'puhlican was established at Ovid in 1827 by Mi- 
chael Hayes. In 1830 it was changed to 
The Ovid CMzeftp ami Seneca County Itrgister, and was issued a 

Bh<irt time by John DiiflFy. 
The SfVt'a Falls Jimrnat was commenced in 1829 by 0. B. 

Clark. In 1S31 it passed into the hairds of Wm. N. 

Brown, and in 1832 it was united with the Seneca 

Farmer and changed to 



The Seneca Farmrr avd Seneca Falls Advertiser, and was issued 
by Wm. Child until 1835. 

The Western Times was published at Waterloo in 1830 by Ebe- 
nezer P. Mason. 

The Ovid Emporiuvi was published in 1S32 by Bishop Oren- 
shier. 

Tlie Senecm County Courier was commenced at S&> 
neca Falls in 1837 by Isaixc Fuller & Co. It was success 
ively published by Fuller Sl Bloomer, Mills &. Bloomer, 
Milh k Davis. John J. Davis, N. J. Milliken, Milliken k 
Fuller, Milliken & Mumford, Foster & Judd. Fuller & 
Jndd. until 1850. when it passed into the hands of Isaac 
Fullf^r, its present publisher. 

The Ovid Bee was started in 1838 by David Fairchild k 
Son. At the end of one year it passed into the hands 
of the son, Corydon Fairchild, its present publisher. 

The Seneca Falls Democrat was commenced in 1839 by Joeiah T. 
Miller, and was continued 10 years. 

The Se7ieca Democrat, semi-w., was issued a short time from the 
same office. 

The Seneca Falls Refjiater waa commenced in 1S33 by J. K. 
Brown, and was continued 3 years. 

The MemoHal was commenced at Seneca Fall-* in 1840 by Ansel 
Bascom. and was continued until 1S46. 

The Water Huclet waa published at Seneca Falls by an associa- 
tion of Washingtnnians in 1841. 

The Fne-Snl Union was commenced at Seneca Falls in Aug. 
1S48, by N. J. Milliken, and continued about 1 year. 

The Lily was ciinimenced at Seneca Falls in 1849 by Mrs. 
Amelia Bloomer, and waa continued until 1854, when it 
was removed to Ohio. 

The American Reveille was commenced at Seneca 
Falls in .liiii. lsr.,"i, by Wilcoxen, Sherman & Baker. In 
lSr)tMt wiisimicliasedby U.WiIcoxen,and was continued 
by him until Jan. 1859. when it passed into the hands 
of Holly &. Stowell, the preseut publishers. 
6 The first locks on this river were made by the Seneca Rivor 

Navigation Company, in 1815. 

* ^Ir. Van Clief was one of the 100 men dispatched by Sullivan 

under Col. Qausevoort, directly e. from the head of Seoeca Lake, 



SENECA COUNTY. 



615 



were speedily occupied. In 1791 the State Road, known as the " Geneva Road," was built from 
Whitestown to Geneva ; and this soon became the great highway for immigration. This co. formed 
the extreme w. portion of the Military Tract ; and many of the early settlers were old soldiers who 
had diawn their portion of public land here. 



COVERT— was formed from Ovid, April 7, 1817. Lodi was taken off in 1826. It lies upon 
the w. shore of Cayuga Lake, in the s. E. corner of the co. Its surface is an upland descending 
from its w. border and terminating in a steep and almost precipit<ius bluff upon the shore of the 
lake. This bluff rises 100 to 200 feet above the water, and the summit of the slope is about 400 
feet higher. The town is watered by Trumansburg Creek and many smaller streams, flowing into 
Cayuga Lake. These streams have worn ravines in the slate and shales to the depth of 20 to 40 feet, 
the sides being nearly precipitous. In summer they are nearly dry, but during heavy rains they 
become fierce mountain torrents, bounding and seething in their confined channels and leaping from 
high precipices to mingle with the calm and peaceful waters of the lake. The soil is a gravelly 
and clayey loam. The whole surface is arable, except the steep declivities of the lake bluffs. 
Farnienille, (Farmer p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 3 churches, a steam sawmill, foundery, 
and machine shop. Pop. 350. Covert, (p. o.,) in the s.E. part. Halls Corners, near the 
center, and Helleys Corners, in the n. w., are hamlets. Port Deposit (Trumansburg 
Landing p. o.) is a steamboat landing near the s. E. corner. The first settler was Philip Tremaine, 
who located at Goodwins Point before 1793.' The first religious services were held at the house 
of Mr. King, by Elder Thomas ; the first church (Bap.) was organized in 1805.^ 

PAYETTE — was formed from Romulus, as " Washington," March 14, 1800. Its name was 
changed April 6, 1808. Junius was taken off in 1803. It lies on the s. bank of Seneca River and 
extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake. Its surface is rolling and inclined toward the N. From 
Seneca Lake the land beautifully slopes upward, forming some of the most delightful situations 
for residences in the co. Upon Cayuga Lake the shores are lower and in some places are marshy. 
The highest point in tovm is about 200 feet above Seneca Lake. The streams are mostly small 
brooks flowing with rapid currents, and at a few places furnishing limited water-power. In some 
parts the corniferous limestone is extensively quarried, both for lime and for building purposes. The 
soil is a deep, rich loam, composed of clay, gravel, and sand. Near Canoga Village is an immense 
spring in a basin 14 feet in diameter, and from it flows sufiicient water to form a large and valuable 
water-power. The spring also emits nitrogen gas. Cano^a,^ (p. v.,) in the N. E. part, on Cayuga 
Lake, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, 2 sawmills, and 197 inhabitants. Soutli Waterloo, a 
suburb of Waterloo, on the s. bank of Seneca River, contains I church and 597 inhabitants. 
BearytO^n, (Fayette p. o.,) on the line of Varick, is partly in this town. West Fayette, 
in the s. w. corner, and Rose Hill, in the w. part, are p. ofiices. The first settlement was made 
by James Bennett, from Penn., who located upon the shore of Cayuga Lake in 1789.* Red Jacket, 
the Seneca chief and orator, was born near Canoga Spring. There are 8 churches in town.' 

jriVIUS— was formed from " Washington," (now Fayette,) Feb. 12, 1803 ; WoliSbtt ("Wayne co.) 
was taken off in 1807, Galen (Wayne co.) in 1812, and Seneca Falls, Tyre, and Waterloo in 1829. 
It is the N. w. corner town of the co. In this town are numerous small, isolated gravel and clay 
ridges 30 to 75 ft. high, all extending jn a general N. and s. direction. The numerous small streams 
that drain the town flow N. into Clyde River. Among the narrow valleys in the E. jiart is a limited 
amount of swamp land. The soil is a good quality of gravelly loam. Dublin, (Junius p. o..) 
N. w. of the center, contains 1 church and 25 dwellings. West Junius is a p. o. near the s. w. 
corner. Thorntons Corners is a hamlet. The first settlements were made by Thos. Bedell 
and Jesse, Sam'l, and David Southwick, about 1795.' The first church (Cong.) was formed io 
1811 ; three years after it was changed to a Presb. There are also 2 M. E. churches in town. 

I<ODI — ^was formed from Covert, Jan. 27, 1826. It borders upon Seneca Lake, and is the s. w. 



to lay waste the lands of tho CayuKaH, Onondagae, and Oneidaa 
that had prnviouflly fscaped destructi'in. 

1 Amone the other ear)y settlera were Nathaniel, Reuben, and 
Bassler King, from Dutchese co., in 1793 ; Jonathan Woodworth 
and sona Neheraiah, Charles, and Oliver, and daughter llehorah, 
fiX)m Norwich. Conn.. Miner and Joseph Thomas, in 1794 ; and 
Turtellns King, in 1795, 

'This was the first church formed in the co. The census re- 
ports 4 churches ; 2 Bap., Univ., and Kef Prot. D. 

• The name of the village, derived from that of the spring, ia 
an Indian word stud to signify " sweet water.'' 



< Samuel Bear settled at " SchoyeR," now South Waterloo, about 
1795. Wm. Watkins kept tlie first inn. at South Waterloo, and 
Samuel Bear built the first grist and saw mill, at the 8.ime place 

5 2 Presb,, 2 M. E., 2 Lutheran, 2 lief. Prot. D. 

• Among the other early settlers were families named Shei- 
man. Chapman, Brownwell, Fiak, Moore, French, Maynard, 
Thorn, and Hart, — mostly from New England. The first death 
was that of Mrs. Submit Southwick. wife of Samuel Southwick, 
in 1S02. Joseph Moody kept the first store, at Dublin. He waa 
an Irishman ; and hence the name of the village. 



616 



SENECA COUNTY. 



corner town in the co. Its surface is mostly inclined toward the w. and n., a small portion only 
lying E. of the summit. The bluff bordering upon Seneca Lake is 150 to 250 ft. above the surface 
of the water ; and the highest part of the central ridge is 500 ft. higher and about 1,200 ft. above 
tide. The principal streams are Mill Creek, flowing N. w. through near the center, and Sheldrake 
Creek, in the n. w. corner. Mill Creek separates the highlan^ into two distinct ridges, the decli- 
vities being very abrupt. Upon this stream are several fine cascades. Lodi Falls, where the creek 
li;aps down the precipitous bluff which borders upon the lake, are 125 ft. high. The water has 
worn a deep and irregular channel in the shale rocks one mi. back from the face of the bluff. The 
soil is principally a gravelly loam mixed with the disiutegr.ited rocks. liOdi, (p. v.,) in the N. 
part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 380 inhabitants ; Toivnsendville, (p. v.,) in the s. E. 
part, a church and 20 dwellings. L.odi Center (p. o.) is a hamlet. liOdi Liaiiding'is on 
Seneca Lake, at the mouth of Mill Creek. The first settlement was made by Geo. Faussett, from 
Penn., who settled in the s. w. part in 1789.^ There are 5 churches in town.^ 

OVIO — was formed March 5, 1794. Hector (Schuyler co.) was taken off in 1802, and Covert 
in 1817. It lies s. of the center of the co., and extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake. Its surface 
consists of an arable ridge, 600 ft. above Seneca Lake and about 1,100 ft. above tide, descending 
from w. of the center toward the lakes. The bluffs upon the lakes are 20 to 50 ft. high, and 
nearly perpendicular. A great number of small streams flow into both Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, 
the principal of which are Sheldrake, Osborn, Groves, and Barnum Creeks on the E., and Sixteen 
Falls Creek on the w. These streams have all worn deep, ragged ravines in the yielding shales. 
They are frequently interrupted by cascades, and in summer are nearly dry. The soil consists 
principally of clay and gravel intermixed with sand and the disintegrated rocks. Ovid, (p. v.,) 
near the n. line, contains a courthouse, co. clerk's oftice, 3 churches, the Ovid Academy,' a steam 
mill, and ax factory, and about 050 inhabitants, Ovid Lianding' is just over the town line in 
Romulus. Slieldralie Point, (Sheldrake p. o..) a steamboat landing upon Cayuga Lake, 
contains a church, steam sawmill, boat yard, and 168 inhabitants. Ovid Center contains 20 
houses. Kidders Ferry, (p. o.,) near thes. e. corner, and Scotts Corners, near the 
center, are hamlets. The first settlement was made in May, 1789, by Andrew Dunlap, from Penn., 
■who located on Lot 8, in the n. w. part of the town.' The first religious services were held at the 
house of Abraham Covert, in 1794. The first settled preacher (Ref. Prot. D.) was John Lindsley, 
in 1800.* The New York State Agricultural College and farm are located on the n. line of this 
town, w. of the village." In the s. part of the town are the remains of an ancient fortification.' 

ROMUtillS— was formed March 5, 1794. Fayette was taken off in 1800, and Varick in 1830. 
It lies s. of the center of the co., and extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake. Its surface is rolling 
or moderately hilly and has a general northerly inclination. The high bluff from Ovid extends into 
the s. border of the town, where it drops down abruptly about 200 ft. The land elopes from tie 
center downward to the E. and w. The streams are small and generally flow in deep channels. 
The surface is smooth, except along the courses of the streams, and is nearly all arable. The soil 
is a fertile, gr.avelly and clayey loam. Romulus, (p. v.,) on the line of Varick, contains a church, 
steam sawmill, female seminary, and 36 dwoilings. Hysitts Corners, in the s. e., contains 20 
dwellings. Roniiilus Center is a p.o. WSsitneys lianding is a station upon Cayuga Lake; 
and Cooleys and Freleiglis Points and Ovid Landing are stations upon Seneca Lake. 
The first settlement was made by David Wisner, in 1789. There is but one church (Bap.) in town. 



1 Mr. Faussett liroiight in his family in 1700. .las. .Jackson, from 
Penn., flettlfd in the n.w, part in 1789; Silas Ilalsey, from L. I., 
near Lodi, in 1792. The next ycir his sous and sons-in-law 
and their families, numberiiij; IS persons, came in. The first 
child horn was a daughter of Geo, Faussett. Peter Smith kept 
the first inn. and Silas Ilalsey hnilt the first gristmill, in 1794. 

2 3 M. E., Bap., and Ref. Prot. D. 

3 In 1S55 the name of this institution was changed to the 
.Seneca Collegiate Institute. 

<The first settlers, mostly from Penn. and N. .1.. followed the 
trail of Sullivan's army and located in the w. part of the town. 
Among them were Wm. Dunlap and .Toseph Wilson, from Penn., 
Peter Smith, from N. J., and Uenry Wharton, in 1789; Abraham 
Covert and his son Abraham A., from N. ,T., in 1790; Elij.ah 
Kinne. fi'om Dutchesa co., and John Seely, from Saratoga co., in 
1792; NicliolxH and Kichard Huff, Peter Hughes, Abraham De 
.Mott and his -son James, in 1793; and William and Robert Dun- 
lap and Teunis Covert, in 1794. In the summer of 1795. Jonas C. 
Baldwin settled on Lot 11. where he remained until ISOl, when 
he sold out and removed to Lysander, Onondaga CO., and laid the 
foundation of Baldwinsville. The first child born waa David. 
8"n of Andrew Dunlap, Feb. 2, 1793; and the first death was 
Uiat of George Dunlap, brother of .\ndrew, Sept. 24, 1791. A 



triple marriage in 1793 was the first in town. The parties were 
Joseph Wilson and Anna Wyckoff; Abraham A. Covert and 
Catherine Covert; and Enoch Stewart and Jane Covert. They 
were obliged U> cross Seneca Lake to find a justice authorized to 
perform the ceremony. Benj. Monger taught the first .sch-xil. in 
1795 ; John McMath kept the first store, in 1797, and the first inn, 
in ISnO; and B. Boardman erected the first mill, in 1793. on Lot 2. 

6 There are now in town 7 churches ; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., Ref. 
Prof. D., Bap., and K, C. 

* This institution was incorporated in 1853; and Ihe buildings 
are now in process of erection. They were designed by S. >:. 
Hewes, of .\lhany. and consist of a main building 90 ft. front and 
132 deep, having a wing on eiich side 84^ by 60, and transverse 
wings 58 by 128. It is designed to accommodate alwut 400 stu- 
dents. The farm contains (JOO acres. 

^ On Lot 29, within i mi. of the S. line of the town, and ex- 
actly on the dividing ridge between the two lakes, once exis[eil 
a mound or fortification of an irregular, elliptical form, in- 
closing about 3 acres, and surrounded by an embankment of 
earth, which in 1801 was about 3 feet in height, with a base 5 
to 8 feet in width. The present proprietor, (ieorge Bo Dine, with 
his father, removed here in 1802, and built a liou.se within the 
inclosed space, where he haa since resided until within a few 



SENECA COUNTY. 



617 



SEjVCCA FAL.L.S— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It lies upon the w, hank of 
Cayuga Lake, n. of the center of the co. The surface is nearly flat, and it is elevated 30 to 50 ft. 
above Cayuga Lake. The shores of the lake are low and shelving, and the n. portion is swampy. 
Seneca River flows e. and n. through the center of the town, its valley dividing the town into two 
distinct parts. The river flows over a series of ledges into a deep chasm apparently worn by its waters. 
Just E. and s. w. of the village are extensive gypsum quarries. The soil is a stiff, hard clay in the s. and 
E., asandy loamin theN.w., aud a heavy vegetable muck in the n.e. Seneca Falls, (p.v.,)^ upon 
Seneca Kiver, near the center of the town, was incorp. April 22, 1831. It is a station upon the N. Y. C. 
R. R. and the Seneca Canal. The total fall is 51 feet, and furnishes an abundance of water-power, 
which is largely improved. It contains 7 churches, the Seneca Falls Academy, a union school, 2 news- 
paper ofiBces, extensive manufactories of fire engines, pumps, machinery, iron, and woolen goods, and 
a great variety of other articles.^ Pop. about 4,000. The first settlement was made by Job Smith, from 
Ulster CO., upon the present site of the village in 1787 ; he left in 1793. The first permanent settler 
was Lawrence Van Clief, in 1789.^ The first religious services were held by M. E. missionaries, 
about 1797 ; and the first regular minister was Rev. Matthew Stewart, (Presb.,) in 1804.* 

TYRE— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. The 
E. half is a swamp, being the s. termination of the Montezuma Marshes. The w. half is occupied 
by peculiar drift ridges similar to those already described in Junius. These ridges arc 30 to 50 
feet high, and generally have very steep declivities upon all sides except the s. One of the longest 
of these, in the w. part of the town, extends nearly two-thirds of the distance from the s. line to the 
N. Its summit is nearly level ; and the road which is located upon it appears as though built upon 
an artificial embankment. The soil is clay and muck in the e. and a gravelly loam in the w. 
Tyre City, (Tyre p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Ci;uso is 
a p. 0. on the n. line. The first settlement was made by Ezekiel Crane, from N. J., who came in 
1794.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1805. Elder Don Ralph was the first preachci'.^ 

TARICK — was formed from Romulus, Feb. 6, 1830. It extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake, 
across the center of the co. Its surface is slightly inclined toward the n. The slopes of the ridges are 



yeare. The work was evidently of great antiquity, — the timber 
on the inside being of the same size and apparent age of that in 
the surrounding forest. Upon the bank and in the ditch large 
oak trees — the growth of centuries — were standing. In the 
embankment were several openings a few feet in width, which 
were once probably used for gates or entrancea. In making an 
excavation for a cellar, on the e. Bide, 6 skeletons were found at 
the depth of about 2 feet. This was in 1857. Several had been 
found previously ; and, though all the softer parts of the bones 
bad long since disappeared, the teeth and a few of the larger 
bones still remained. Inside of the embankment may still be 
found pieces of a coarse kind of pottery, ornamental pipes, &c. 
T>e Witt Clinton visited this place in 1810 ; and his theory ifi 
that this was one of a number of similar works of defense found 
occupying the most commanding positions in Western New York, 
and in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, erected by a race 
more civilized than the Indians, and that they preceded the 
latter in the occupation of this country: their origin and end 
are alike a mystery ; their annals defy the ken of human re- 
search, and their history will remain a sealed book perhaps for- 
ever. Tlie Indians were never able to give any account of this 
fortiflcatiiin, as it was older than their traditions. 

I Named from the falls in the river, the Indian name, "Sha- 
Be-o«nse." signifying rolling water. 

8 Downs & Co.'s manufacturing estaliHshment, commenced in 
1840, has a capital, including real estate and machinery, of about 
$200,000. They are largely engaged in the manufacture of pumps 
and a great variety of other articles, use annually 3.800 tt^tns of 
irnn, I, .^00 tons of conl. and employ 230 hands. Their yearly 
eab'S amount to about $400,000. They also manufacture Goffe's 
Patent Knitting Machine, and are largely eng:(ged in the manu- 
facture of hose, turning out 800 pairs per day ; 70 persons are 
empli'yed in this department. The Island Works of Silsby, 
Mynderse & Co., commenced in 1S48. is eng;aged in the manu- 
faotare of steam firo engines, portable steam engines, and a 
variety of other machinery. It employs 150 persona, and turns 
out work to the amount of $200,000 per year. Cowing & Co.'s 
works commenced about 1840. They are engaged in the manu- 
facture of file engines, pumpa, and various other articles, — 
emjdoy 140 men, and turn out work yearly to the amount of 
$125,000. The Fhcenix Woolen Mills givt-s employment to 90 
persons, and manufiictures goods to the amount of S1'''0.*'00 per 
annum. Besides these, there are in the place several flouring 
mills, h.iving in the aggicgate 32 runs of stone, 2 distilleries, a 
br.'wery, 2 planing mills, 5 founderie.s and machine shops, a 
scythe and fork factory, a woolen factory, and several minor 
niai.ufactories. About 50 tons of iron are used daily in the 
B.veial manufactories. — American Rex'eilh, Srneca fhlls, 1^59. 

1 Mr. Smith was the first white settler upon the Military 
Tract. Mr. Van Cliof was a Revolutionary soldier, having been 



in the battles of White Plains, with Washington at Valley Forge 
and with Sullivan in his campaign against the Indians. Ho 
settled on the river, and engaged in piloting boats over tho 
rapids until the lucks were built in 1S15. Among the other 

early settlers were James Bennett, Col. John Harris, and 

Parker. The fir.st child born was a daughter of Lawrence Van 

Clief, Nov. 29. 1790; the first marriage, that of . Ely and 

Pamela Parkhurst. in 1796; and the first death, that of Mrs. 
Job S'mith, in 1702, The first school was taught by — 
Leonanl, in 1797. Lawrence Van Clief kept the first inn, ia 
17^4; and Col. Wilhelmus Mynderse kept the first store, in 
1795, and built the first saw and grist mill, about the same 
time. In 1794, P.obert Trout, Kichohvs Gonverneur, Stephen N. 
Bayard, and Klkannb Watson, under the title of the Bayard 
Company, bought of the State 100 acres of land on the N. side 
of the river, embracing the greater part of the water-power upon 
that side. In 179S they purchased 250 acres on the s. side, and 
in 1809, C50 acres more on the same side, th" two purchases 
embracing nil the water-power upon that side of the river. In 
1816 they bonght 450 acres more on the n. side. Completing the 
purchase of the water-power. In 1795 the company sold a one- 
fifth intei"Ost in their purchase to Col. Mynderse, and constituted 
hiiii their agent. In 1795 the " Upper lied Mills*' were erected 
under his direction; and in 1807 the "Lower ited Mills" were 
erected. The Co. refused to sell th?ir land, neglected to improve 
the immense water-power that they owned, and in 1S25 broke 
down, and the property was sold for about one-fifth of its cost. 
In 1829-30 the manufacturing interests of tho place began t*t 
increase. About that time a paper mill was erected by Chauncey 
M.<irshali. G. V. Sackett, and Ansel Bascora; a cotton factory, by 
Judge Sackett; a machine shop, by McClary & Halliday; and ft 
dork factory, by Marshall & Adams. Until the locks w>re built, 
in 1815, tho most important business of the place was that of 
transporting goods and boats around the rapids. The " dress 
reform" movement w;is commenced in this town by Mrs. Amelia 
Bloomer, who adopted the dress known as the Bloomer Dress in 
1849. 

< The censns reports 7 churches in town; Bap., M. E., Wes. 
Meth., Prot. K., Presb., Ref. Prot. D., and R. C. 

6 Asher Ilalsey, from N. J., came in 1798. Among the other 
early settlers were Stephen Crane, Peter and Ezra Degarm-), 
Kobert Gould, Thos. Susson, Lewis Winans, and Thos. W. linfkf 
velt. The first child born was Danl. Crane; the first marriage, 
that of James Cook and Betsey Woodworth ; and the firf t flfvtth, 
that of Ezekiel Crane. Nancy Osman taught tho first school, 
in 1804. Stephen Crane kept the first inn. in 1809; Nicholas 
Traver built the first sawmill, in 1807, and Noah Davis the first 
gristmill, in 1817. 

fl There are 4 churches in town; Disciples, Bap., M.E., and 
Ref. Prot. D. 



618 



SENECA COUNTY. 



80 gradual that nearly every part is arable. The streams are all small. I^ear the center of the town 
is a cranberry swamp, occupying about 800 acres. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. 
Bearytown, (Fayette p. o.,) upon the line of Fayette, in the n.e. part, contains 3 churches, a 
steam sawmill, stave factory, and 128 inhabitants, of whom 51 are in this town. Romulus 
(p. V.) lies on the s. border. East Varlck (p. o.) is a landing upon Cayuga Lake. MeDuffie 
Town is a hamlet in the s. E. corner. Varick. is a p. o. The first settlement was made by 
James McKuight, in 1789.' There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. E. 

"WATERLOO— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It lies on the n. bank of Seneca 
Kiver, n. w. of the center of the co. The surface is almost one unbroken flat. A marsh extends e. 
and w. through the town s. of the center, and another occupies the N. E. corner.' The bed of Seneca 
River, on the s. boundary, is almost level with the general surface. The soil is muck and clay 
in the n. and e., gravel along the n. border, and a sandy loam in the center and w. Waterloo, 
(p. v.,) on Seneca River, near the e. border of the town, was inoorp. April 9, 1824. It is a station 
upon the N. Y. C. R. R. and upon the Seneca Canal. A fall of 24} feet in Seneca River furnishes 
an excellent water-power, which is mostly improved. It is a half-shire of the co., and contains the 
courthouse, 6 churches, the Waterloo Union School, a bank, a large shawl factory,' 3 distilleries, 2 
malt houses, 3 flouring mills, 5 sawmills, 2 founderies and machine shops, 2 oil mills, and nume- 
rous other manufactories.* Seneca Rivtr above the falls, being seldom frozen, is navigable through- 
out the year. This village is an important depot of lumber from the s. w. cos., and of coal from the 
Susquehanna and Blossburg Mines. Pop. 3,050. Soutll Waterloo, formerly called "Schoyes," 
is on the opposite side of Seneca River, in Fayette. Settlement was commenced by John Greene, 
from R. I., in 1789.' The first religious services were held about 181G.° 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellinys, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricidtural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Seneca County. 



Names of Towns. 


Acres op Land. 1 j 


VAIC4TI0N OF 1858. 


Population. 


1 
1 




s 




1 


Schools. 


1 

1 


1 


1 

816,199 
,437,614 
706.478 
696,511 
916,147 
793,589 
,479,6.50 
402.243 
761,261 
,029,876 


it 
II 

160,016 

100,616 

34,2.50 

67,770 

201.393 

148,000 

481,315 

18,li» 

62,376 

359,750 


"e 


5 
1 


S 

"o 




1 


3 
16 
8 
9 
9 
12 
10 
7 
11 
7 


il 

894 

1,165 
690 
424 

1,022 
856 

1,905 
648 
725 

l.,574 




16.646} 
27.106i 
13.172} 
17.112 
14.251 
17,977J 
11.78U 
10.1)02} 
15.606J 
8.093i 


3,274J 

6,425 

3,304 

4,4S3 

3,812}: 

6.600 1 

2,316 1 

8,4:!8| 

4.468 

3.815 


976,214 

1,538,129 
740,728 
7cU,2Sl 

1,117,.540 
941.689 

1,960.866 
420.343 
813.626 

1.389.625 


1.146 
1.7US 

713 
1,016 
1,098 

979 
2,5U 

717 

858 
1,964 

12,710 


1,0.S4 
1,662 

702 
1,002 
1,176 

900 
2,473 

702 

865 
2,082 


418 
613 
269 
401 
424 
342 
8.36 
279 
340 
747 


432 
653 
2'.I6 
402 
439 
360 
956 
283 
343 
781 


351 
491 
228 
298 
374 
251 
619 
212 
271 
626 


Fayette 




Ovid 




Tyre 

Varick 

Waterloo 


Total 


151,949} 46.936} "9.039,357 


1,623,.683 10,662,940 


12,648 


4.669 


4.944 3,621 I 


102 


9,802 


Names of Towns. 


Live Stock. 


Aqeicdltural Proddcts. 


1 

•il 

o.S 
160 
CS5 
471 
101 
282 
462i 
99 
747S 
217 


.5 




i 

3 


i 




Bu3H. or OauN. 


1 
> 


II 


■s- 

It 
^^ 
2o.*>+8 
21,623 
11,295 
17,734 
26,718 
20.024 
12,966 
20,690 
12,809 
10,766 


Dairy Pro 


DDCTO, 


1 


o> 


lb 


"1 « 


Citvert 


679 
1,390 
731 
763 
683 
862 
660 
677 
756 
492 


1,207 
1,689 
889 
1,183 
983 
933 
631 
854 
717 
874 


73'- 

1,311 

727 

731 

8oa 

75S 
69f 
62f 
381 
46£ 


3.576 
8,290 
6.623 
3.4.50 
3,9ia 
0.134 
4,042 
4,016 
4,276 
3,559 

47,634 


1,117 
3,272 
1.410 

i.on 

1,167 
1.261 
4.245 
1,019 
1,350 
1,080 


16.990 
36.082 
17.870 
13.611 
16,129 
10.682J 
12,7.53S 
13.5.33 
14,653 
7,379 


115.334 
194.820 

97.287 
101.248 
101,851 
143.746i 

67.435} 

80.960} 
112.246 

68,097i 


1,551 
4,146 

2,049 

1,9S.S 

1.711i 

2.160} 

2,029i 

2,0431 

1,5705 

1,631 


3.197 
6.206 

13.718 
4.612 
3.549 
1.989 
4.769 

10.023 
1.706 

23,886 


70,239 
140.312 
83..500 
68.295 
60,068 
09,136 
63,095 
72,346 
62,467 
36,126 


1,650 
400 

6,290 
414 
700 
700 

1,676 

1,793 
70 

1,320 






Lodi 


Rotnulua 










Tntrtl 


7,497 


9 860' 7,13t 


17,632 


159,6.83 


l,b83.12 


U 


20,879}! 72.644 


175,'. 


78 


706, 


574 


13,812 


3,216 



3 Tlip fir^t child born was a son of James McKnight. in 1790. 

4 The waters of Black Brook which flow through the ceutral 
Bwampy n^gion are impregnated with earthy ami vegetable 
niatter, which gives to them the peculiar quality of clearing the 
inside of steam boilers of the incruntations ot sulphate and car- 
honate of lime resulting from the use of havd water. 

^ The Waterlou Woolen Manufacturini; Co. was organized in 
1836, with a c.ipital of $150.000 : iiOO to '^^0 hands are employed ; 
300.000 lbs. of wool are used, and 40.0(.iO long shawls are annu- 
ally manufactured. This is. next to the Bay State Mills, the 
largest shawl factory in America. 

Among these establishments is a pliwter mill, boatyiird, and 
drydock. 4 copper, tin. and sheet iron factories, a fanning mill, 
uid washboard factory, and 2 cabinet and furniture ehops. 



' Ajnong the other early settlers were Jabez Oorham, from 
Ballston, (Saratoga co.,) who located upon the present site of 
the village. Salmon Bisbrow, from Saratoga co,, came in about 
the same time. The first child born was John Smith, in 1S08; 
the first marriage, that of Job Smith and Miriam Gorham. in 
1799; and the first deaths, those of John Gregory and Jaraen 
Hull, two Revolutionary soldiers, who drew luts in Ihis town, 
settled upon them, and both died about 180S. Isaac Gorham 
taught the first school, in 1810; Jabrz Gorham kept the firs! 
inn, about 179:'); Charles Swift, the first store, in ISlo; and 
James Bear built the first mill, in 1794. 

8 The census reports 6 churches in town; Presb., Prot. E., 
Kef. Prot. D., M. E., Disciples, and Friends. 



STEUBEN^ COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Ontario, March 18, 1796, and named 
in honor of Baron Steuben. The 7th Range of Townships was 
annexed to Allegany co. March 11, 1808, the part in the fork of 
Crooked Lake to Ontario co. Feb. 25, 1814, a part of Dansville to 
Livingston co. Feb. 15, 1822, a part of Reading to Yates co. in 1824, 
and a part to Schuyler co. April 17, 1854. It lies upon the s. border 
i]f the State, considerably w. of the center, is centrally distant 188 
mi. from Albany, and C(-)ntains 1,425 sq. mi. Its surface mostly con- 
sists of ridges and high, rolling uplands, forming the northern con- 
tinuation of the Allegany Mts. The watershed between Lake On- 
tario and Susquehanna River extends from Allegany co. eastward 
across the N. part of the co. The deep valley of Crooked Lake 
breaks the continuity of the highlands and extends 17 mi. s. w. from the head of the lake, connecting 
with the Conhocton Valley at Bath, and forming one of the numerous natural passes between the 
southern valleys and the basin of Lake Ontario. The highlands occupying the s. w. corner of the 
CO. also form a portion of the watershed, being drained by branches of Canisteo River on the E. and 
of Genesee River on the w. The highest summits in the co. are about 2,500 feet above tide.' 

The upland region has nearly a uniform elevation, with a slight inclination toward the N. It is 
intersected by numerous deep valleys, which have evidently been excavated by the action of water." 
The formation of the steep hillsicj^s which border upon these valleys is such as to prove conclusively 
that they were once united, and that a wide, rolling plateau spread over the region now so irre- 
gular and broken. The principal of these valleys are those of Canisteo and Conhocton Rivers, ex- 
tending nearly n. w. and s. E. through the co. From these valleys numerous others diverge at 
nearly right angles and branch off into countless deep, crooked ravines, intersecting the plateau in 
every direction. The hills that bo'rder upon these valleys are usually steep and 300 to GOO feet high 
Conhocton River ilow.s s.e. through near the center of the co. In high water it was once navigable 
for arks 14 mi. above Bath. It receives from the s. w. Neils, Bennetts, Campbells, Stockton, Jlichigan, 
and Stevens Creeks, and from the n. E. Twelve Mile, Ten Mile, Five Mile, (or Kauona,) Mud,' 
and Pleads Creeks. Canisteo River flows through a valleys, w.of the Conhocton and nearly parallel 
to it. In freshets it rises 6 to 8 feet, and is then navigable for boats and arks about 40 mi. Its 
chief tributaries are Canacadea, Crosby, Purdy, Bennetts, Col. Bills, and Tusoarora Creeks, 
all from the s. w. Tioga River rises in Penn., flows N. through a deep, wild mountain val- 
ley, and unites with the Canisteo at Erwin, and with the Conhocton at Painted Post, from the 
latter place the combined stream taking the name of Chemung River.* Canaseraga Creek, flowing 
N., drains the N. w. corner of the co. ; and several small streams rising in the s. w. corner form 
branches of Genesee River. Crooked Lake lies along the n. e. border, in a deep valley nearly 
surrounded by steep hills 500 to 800 feet high. Little Lake lies in a shallow valley along the e 
border of the town of Waj-ne. It discharges its waters s. into Mud Lake, and through Mud Creek 
into Conhocton River. Loon Lake, in Wayland, lies in a valley which is the southern continuation 
of the valley of Hemlock Lake in Livingston co. Still further s., in the same valley, is Mud Lake, a 
small sheet of water, the outlet of which flows s. and empties into the Conhocton. 

The shales and sandstones of the Portage group outcrop in all the deep ravines in the n. part of 
the CO. and in the w. bank of Crooked Lake. Elsewhere, the Chemung group composes most of the 
surface rocks. Near the State Line the highest hills are capped with a coarse, silicious conglome- 
rate, which forms the floor of the coal measures." A feeble brine spring is found at La Grange, 



1 Tho following elevations have been determined, principally 
by aetuftl siirvevs: Crooked I.ake, 718 feet; Corning, 925; Vil- 
lage of Hath, 1,090; IIornellsTille. 1,160; Arkport, 1,19-1; sum- 
mit iK'tween Mud Lake and Bath, 1.579; summit between Batli 
and Arkport, 1,S4*3: summit between Arkport and Angelica, 
2,062: Troupsburgh Hills, 2,600. 

2 These valleys must have been excavated by more powerful 
currents of water than now flow through them ; and their for- 
mation l>elongs to the drift period of geology. 

* Mud Creek is the outlet of Mud Lake, in Schuyler co. At 
the first settlement of the co. this stream was navigable, and 
arks were floated from Mud Lake down the creek and the Con- 
hocton to the Susquehanna, and thence to the Baltimore market. 
Since the clearing of the foresta, this stream has entirely failed 



for purposes of navigation, and now, in summer, it is almost 
dry. 

* These streams were all much larger before the destniction 
of the forests. In time of high water the early settlers describe 
them as being "full from hill to hill," 

6 The rocks of this CO. are generally of a shaly nature ana 
not fit for use. There are a few e,xrfplions. however, ()ne mi. 
N. of Bath is a stratum, '-i feet tliiek. of a tough, argill*>-calca. 
reons rock, forming an excellent building stone. In Woodlinll, 
Canist'Ki, and Jasper the sandstone ledges furnish an exc-Ii-nt 
quality of grindstones. At Arkport, in Dansville, and Troups- 
burgh are marl beds, from which lime is manufactured. — Geiji, 
ith Dist., pp. isa, m. 

fil9 



G20 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



and sulphur springs in Campbell, Jasper, and Urbana. The soil in general is composed of detritus 
of the adjacent rocks, and is better adapted to grazing than tillage. Upon the intervales along the 
larger streams the soil is a fertile alluvium. The extensive fiats upon the Chemung are among 
the finest agricultural lands in the State. Agriculture forms the chief occupation of the people. 
Grain is largely produced on the alluvial lands, and stock is extensively raised on the uplands. 
Stock and wool growing and dairying are the principal branches of agriculture pursued. Lumber- 
ing is still extensively carried on, — though it is gradually decreasing. The manufactures are prin- 
cipally confined to lumber, articles of wood, and the heavier and coarser products necessary to an 
agricultural region. 

The CO. is divided into the northern and southern Jury Districts, the co. buildings being respect- 
ively situated at Bath and Corning.^ The courthouse at Bath is a commodious brick building, 
erected in 1828.^ The jail is built of wood and closely surrounded by other buildings. The cells 
for prisoners are in the basement, and are not provided with any means of ventilation. Its arrange- 
ments show a culpable neglect and an entire disregard of the general sentiments of the co. and of 
the age. The co. clerk's office is permanently located at Bath. The courthouse at Corning is a 
fine brick edifice, erected in 1853-54 at a cost of $14,000. The jail at Corning was erected at the 
same time. The courts are held alternately at Bath and Corning. The co. poorhouse is located 
upon a farm of 214 acres about 2 mi. n. e. <»f Bath Village.' The average number of inmates is 75 ; 
and they are supported at an average weekly cost of §1.00 each. The farm yields a revenue of 
about S2,000. No instruction is afforded; but the children of proper age are bound out. 

The New York & Erie R. R. enters the co. from Chemung and extends along the valleys of the 
Chemung, Tioga, and Canisteo Rivers to Hornellsville, and the Canacadea to the w. border of the 
CO. It passes through Corning, Erwiu, Addison, Rathbone, Cameron, Canisteo, and Hornellsville.* 
The Buff'alo, N, Y. & E. R. R. extends n. w. from Corning up the Conhocton A^'alley, through 
Erwin, Campbell, Bath, Avoca, Cohocton, and Wayland, to the i^ border of the co. This road in- 
tersects the Genesee Valley R. R. at Avon, the N. Y. Central at Batavia, the Buff'alo & New York 
City at Attica, and the N. Y. & Erie at Corning. The Hornellsville Division of the Buffalo, New 
York & Erie R. R. extends n. w. up the valley of the Canisteo from Hornellsville, passing through 
that town and the s, w. corner of Dansville. The Blossburg & Corning R. R. extends from Corn- 
ing, through Erwin and Lindley, s. along the Tioga Valley to the Blossburg coal region. Crooked 
Lake is navigated by steam and canal boats, and forms a link in the chain of the internal water 
communication of the State. It is united with the Erie Canal at Montezuma by Crooked Lake 
Canal, Seneca Lake, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals, The Chemung Canal navigable feeder 
extends from Corning e. to Horseheads, in Chemung co. Considerable lumber is floated down the 
rivers and finds a market at Philadelphia and Baltimore. These various works of internal im- 
provement afford ample facilities for the transportation of goods and passengers, and bring the 
farm products of the co. into close proximity to the Eastern markets. 

Seven newspapers are published in the co.^ 



5 upon the orRanization of the Co.. in 1796. the co. building;s 
were located at Bath. A wood courthouse, one and a half 
stories hi.Lih. with two wings, was erected the same year. It 
was removed in ls2S and the present hrick courthouse erected. 
About the time of the erection of the first conrthoiise, a jail was 
built of hewn logs, wliich was snpersi^d*?il liy the erection of the 
present jail in lE>45. By an act of the Lej^islature, passed July 
19, 1853. the co. was divided into two jury districts, and the co. 
buildings for the soufhyni district were located at Coruinj^. 

- Tho first CO. officers were William Kersey. Fird Judge; 
Abraham Bradley and Eleazur Lindley, Associa/^ Judges ; Geo. 
D. Cooper, Co. Clerk; William Dunn, Sheriff; and Steplien Ross. 
Surrngate. 

3Tliis establishment consisted of 3 buildintra.— one of brick 
and two of wocd. — containing altogether 31 rooms. Iti Sept. 
1S59, the two frnme buildings were burned, and 6 persona, in- 
mates of the establisliment, perished in the flames. 

* This road was opened to Corning, .Ian. 1, 1850, and to Hor- 
nellsville. Sept. 3 of the same year. 

6 Tlie Jialh Ga:ette and Genesee JdvTtiser, the first paper 

published in Western New York, was established at 
Bath by Wm. Kersey and .lamus Eddie in 1796, and 
was continued several years. In 6 months from its 
first issue its circulation had reached luoo copies. 

The Steuben and AUfguny Patriot was started at Hath in 1S15 
by Benj. Smcjid, and was continued until 1S22. It was 
then chani^ed to 

Iht Farmer!^ Advocate and Steuben Advert isfir. In 1849 it passed 
into the hands of William C. Ulaiades. Hiid in 1S57 into 
those of P. S. Donahe, by whom it is uuw published 
as 

THe Steuben Pariuers' Advocate. 



Tfie I'hrmers* Gazette was commenced at Bath in 1816 by David 
Kumsey. 

The Steulien Afcssenger was started at Bath. April 17, 182«. by 
David Kuinsey, and was published by him, Saml. M. 
Eddie, Wm. P. Agnel, and Chas. Adams successively 
until 1S34, when its name was changed to 

The Const tludonalLit, and its publication was continued success- 
ively by R. L. Underhill, Whitmore & Van Valken- 
burtih, and Dowe & Richards, and by the last named 
firm as 

The St'tdn'n Democrat, until 1844. The paper was then gus- 
pt^nded. In 1S4S it was renewed by L. J. Beach, and in 
1^41.1 it was transferred bo Geo. 11. Bidewell, by whom 
the publication wius continued until 1852. 

The Steulhn Whig w;i3 publishe^l at Bath during the political 
caTiipaign of 1S2S, liy William M. Swain. 

TUe Steuben Courier was established at Bath In 1S43 
by Hull & Whitteiuore. It is now published bv H. IJ. 
I lull. 

The Tempernnce G^m was published at Bath in 1854, by Jenny 
and Caroline Rumsey. 

The Addi.wn Rpxord was published in Addison bv Isaac D. Booth 
from 1S40 to 1842, and in 1S4',1 by Drvden &. Peck. 

The Addhon Advocate was published by H. D". Dyer in 1S48-49. 

r/ic Voice nfthe Nation was commenced at Addison hy II. Den- 
ton in 1852. In 1855 the paper passed to Anthony L. 
Underhill, by whom it was published until 1^56, when 
it was removed to Bath and its name changed to 

The Steuben American, and its publication continued until May, 
1867. 

The Canistiio Express was published at Addison In 1850 by T. 
Messenger. 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



621 



Steuben co. was all Included in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. It was sold by Phelps and 
Gurham to Robert Morris, who conveyed it to Sir Wm. Pulteney and others, in London. The terri- 
tory was surveyed into townships and lots by Wm. Bull, for the Pulteney estate, in 1792-93. Sales 
were made by townships, at 18 and 20 cts. per acre. The first settlements were made in 1787-90, 
by immigrants from "Wyoming, Penn., who located upon Chemung River, in the s. e. part of the co. 
These early settlers were originally from Conn. About 1790, settlements commenced in the w. 
part, adjoining Yates co. In 1792-93, Capt. Chas. Williamson,^ agent of the Pulteney estate, 
commenced a settlement at Bath. He was accompanied by a large number of Scotch and German 
immigrants; and under his energetic and liberal policy the settlement progressed with great 
rapidity. The greater patt of the early settlers came from Penn. by way of Susquehanna and 
Chemung Rivers. Subsequently large numbers came from Eastern New York, New England, and 
New Jersey.^ The co. was divided by the Court of General Sessions, in 1796, into 6 towns, viz.: 
Bath, Canisteo, Dansville, Frederickstown, Middletown, and Painted Post, comprising the terri- 
tory now forming 31 towns of this co. and parts of Allegany, Yates, Livingston, and Schuyler 
cos. In 1790 the population was 168 ; in 1800 it was 1,788; and in 1855, 62,965. In extent of 
territory and in agricultural wealth it now ranks among the first cos. in the State.^ 



ADDISOIV^ — was formed, as '* Middletown " in March, 1796. Its name was changed April 0, 
1808. A part of Troupsburgh was taken off in 1808, Cameron in 1822, a part of Woodhull in 
1828, and a part of Rathbone in 1856. It lies upon the s. border of the co., just e. of the center. 
The surface is mostly a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the" Canisteo and its branches. The 
principal valley is about IJ mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides 300 to 400 feet high. The 
principal streams are Canisteo River, and the Tuscarora, Elks Lick, and Goodhue Creeks. Goodhue 
Lake, covering an area of about 500 acres, lies in the n. w. corner of the town. The soil is princi- 
pally a clay loam, with strips of gravel and alluvium upon the streams. Addison, {p. v.,) situated 
on Canisteo River, contains 3 churches, a bank, several mills and manufacturing establishments. 
Pop. about 1,300. South Addison (p. v.] contains 18 dwellings. Addison Dill is ap.o. 



The Addisrm Journal was started in 1R51 by R. Denton, and was 
removed to Allegany co. in 1S52. 

The AdtJixnn Democrat was commenced by Chas. L. Phelps in 
lRf.:i. and was merged in The Voice of the Nation in 1864. 

The Addison Advertiser, established in 1858 by E. 
M. Johnson & Henry Baldwin, is still published. 

Th^ C'lrniiig iiwl Bloashurg Adi'ocatewRS commenced at Com- 
ing in 1S40 by Chas. Adama. In 1841 it passed into the 
hands of Henry H. Hnll, by whom it was merged, in 
1843. in the Steuben Courier, at Bath. 

The Corning Jonrnal was commenced by Thomas Mes- 
R»-ng«TiuMay,1847. In 1851 it passed to A. W. McDow- 
ell and G. W". Pratt, and in 1852 to Dr. Pratt, its pre- 
sent publisher. 

The Ckn-nivg Sun was started in 1853 by M. M. Pomeroy and P. 
C. Van Gelder. In 1854 Rev. Ira Brown became the 
publisher, and changed its name to 

The Elmira S-nithern Tier Fanner and Coming Sun, and con- 
tinued it until 1856. 

The Uniifd .SYa/cs Farmer was published at Corning in the spring 
ons5(). 

The Corning Democrat was established in 1857 by 
Chas. T. Huston. It is now pnblished by Prank B. 
Brown. 

The. Painted I^st Gazette was started by Fairchild in 1846, 

and continued 1 year. 

The Painted Post Herald was published by Hawley & Bennett 
from 18+8 to isr)0. 

The Hornellsville Tribune was commenced In Not. 
1851, by Edwin Hough. It is now published by E, 
Hough k Son. 

The Natifmal Amprican was established at nornellaville in 1856 
by C. M. Harmon. In Nov. 1858, it was sold to Chas. 
A. Kinney, and its name changed to the 

Canisteo Valley Journal* 

A paper was published for a time at Hammondsport, on 

Crooked Lake. 

* Capt. Williamson was a Scotchman, and an officer in the 
British 24th regiment of infantry during the period of the Revo- 
lution ; but lie did not ser^'o in the war. in consequence of having 
boon made a prisoner by the French while crossing the Atlantic, 

* " A large proportion of the first settlers upon the Canisteo 
were from Penn., and had within them a goodly infusion of that 
boistHrous spirit and love of rough play for which the free and 
manly sons of the backwoods are everywhere famous. On the 
Susquehannft frontier, before the Kevolution, had arisen an 
Bthletic, scuffling, wrestling race, lovers of hard blows, sharp 
shooters, and runners, who delighted in nothing more than in 



those ancient sports by which the backs and limbs of all etont 
hearted youths have been tested since the days of Hercules. 
The eating of bears, the drinking of grog, the devouring of ho- 
miny, venison, and all the invigorating diet of the frontiers, the 
hewing down of forests, the paddling of canoes, the fighting of 
savages, all combined to form a generation of yeomen and 
foresters daring, rude, and free. Canisteo was a sprout from 
this stout stock, and on the generous river flats flourished with 
amazing vigor. Kvery thing that could eat, drink, and wrestle 
was welcome, — Turk or Tuscarora, Anak or Anthropophagus, 
Blue Beard or Blnnderbore. A 'back hold' with a Ghoul Mould 
not have been declined, nor a drinking match with a Beraerkir. 
Since the Centaurs never has there been better specimen of a 
'half horse' tribe. To many of the settlers in other parts of tho 
country, who emigrated from the decorous civihzation of the 
East and South, these boisterous foreigners were objects of asto- 
nishment. When ' Canesteer' went abroad, the public soon 
found it out. On the Conhocton they were known to some as 
the Six Nations, and, to the amusement and wonder of yonng 
Europeans, would sometimes visit at Bath, being of a social 
dispo.sition, and sit all day, ' singing, telling stories, and drink- 
ing grog, and never get drunk, nayther.' To the staid and de- 
vout they were Arabs, — cannibals. Intercourse between the 
scattered settlements of the colony was, of course, limited mainly 
to vinits of necessity ; but rumor took the fair fame of Canisteo 
in hand, and gave the settlement a notoriety throngh all the 
land which few ' rising villages,' even of the present day, enjoy. 
It was pretty well understood over all the country that beyond 
the mountains of Steuben, in the midst of the most rugged dis- 
trict of the wilderness, lay a corn growing valley, which had 
been taken possession of by some vociferous tribe, whether of 
Mamelukes or Tartars no one could precisely say, whose whoop- 
ing and obstreperous laughter was heard far and wide, surprising 
the Bolitudee." — McMasters's Bist. Steuben co., pp. 66-7-8. 

8 This CO. sympathized to some extent in the hostile feeling 
that prevailed throughout the Holland Land Company's Pur- 
chase toward its European proprietors a few years since; but in 
no instance were the processes of the courts seriously impeded 
or effeetually resisted, and juries have never refused to render 
for the proprietors as the facts warranted. There was doubtless 
little interest felt by the foreign owners in this estate beyond 
that of realizing the greatest Rim possible from their lands ; and 
the heavy burdens of debts, interest, assignments, and back pay- 
ments, perhaps not always borne with patience, have been 
gradually discharged, until but a comparatively small amount 
remains. 

* Named in honor of Joseph Addison, the English author. 
Called " TWcarora" by the early settlers. 



C22 STEUBEN COUNTY. 

The first settlement was made by Samuel Rice, in 1791.' The first church (M. E.) was organized 
in 1827, at East Hill.^ 

AVOCA* — was formed from Bath, Cohocton, Howard, and Wheeler, April 12, 1843. It is an 
interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a broken upland, divided 
into two ridges by the valley of the Conhocton. The declivities of the hills are steep, and their 
summits are about 400 feet above the river. The streams are Conhocton River and its tributaries 
Twelve Mile and Ten Mile Creeks from the n., and Bennetts and Neils Creeks from the s, w. 
The valley of the river is about 1^ mile wide. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. 
Avoca, (p'V.,) situated in the valley of the Conhocton, is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. 
It contains 2 churches, an iron foundery, and a flouring mill. Pop. 301. Wallace (p. o.) is a 
station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Michael Buchanan.* 
There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 

BATH^ — was formed March 18, 1796. Pulteney was taken off in 1808, a part of Howard and 
Cohocton in 1812, a part of Wheeler in 1820, Urbana in 1822, a part of Avoca in 1843, and a part of 
Cohocton in 1852. A part of Urbana was annexed April 26, 1839. It lies a little n. e. of the center 
of the CO. Its surface is broken and hilly. The Conhocton Valley, extending s. e, through the center, 
divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The s. half is a hilly upland, and the n. half con- 
sists of a series of wide valleys broken by several steep and isolated hills. The streams are Con- 
hocton River and its tributaries Five Mile and Mud Creeks from the n., and Campbells and 
Stocktons Creeks from the s. The Crooked Lake Valley extends n. w., and opens into the Conhoc- 
ton Valley at the village of Bath, 340 feet above the lake. The soil is chiefly a gravelly and clayey 
loam, with a deep alluvium in the valleys. Batb, (p. v.,) incorp. April 12, 1816, is situated upon 
the N. bank of the Conhocton. It is a half-shire of the co. It commands the trade of a rich agri- 
cultural district and has a manufacturing business of considerable importance. It contains the 
CO. buildings, 6 churches, 2 banks, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 2,012. Kanona,^ (p-^.,) 
N.w. of Bath, a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R., contains 2 churches and 40 houses; and 
Savona,^ (P-"^-)) s. e. of Bath, a station on the same r. r., contains 2 churches and 232 inhabit- 
ants; Sonora (p. v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses. Unionville is a hamlet in thes. part. 
The first settlement was made at Bath Village, in 1793, by Charles AVilliamson, land agent for the 
Pulteney estate, with 15 families, mostly Scotch and Germans.^ The first settled minister waa 
Ri'v. -Jiibn Niles, who mOved to the town in 1807.* 

BRADFORD^^— was formed from ''Jersey,'' (now Orange, Schuyler co.,) April 20, 1836. A 
part was annexed to Orange, April 17, 1854. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. 
Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Mud Creek. Mud Lake, near the e. border, 
in Schuyler co., is 1,100 feet above tide, and the summits of the hills are about 600 feet above the 
lake. The soil is generally a gravelly and clayey loam and best adapted to pasturage. Brad- 
ford, (p.v.,) on the outlet of Mud Lake, in the n. e. part of the town, contains 1 church and a 
gristmill and has a pop. of 260. I^iith Bradford (p.v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses. 



1 Among tbe first settlers were Elisha Gilbert, Sanil. and 
Reuben Searls, John and Isaac Martin, Wm. Wonibaugh, Wm. 
B. Jones, Israel Chauncey, Jesse Rowley, Amos Cam. and Amos 
Towsley. The first birth was that of Stephen Rice ; the first 
marriage, that of Brown Gillespie and Mies Gilbert ; and the first 
death, that of James Martin. Wm. Womban^h built the first 
gawmiU. in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 1806. The first store 
was kept by Samuel Smith, and the first inn by Reuben Searls. 

2 The census reports 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Bap., F. W. 
Bap.. Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. 

* Probably named from Tom Moore's "Sweet Vale of Avoca." 
The early settlers called the place '^'^ Buchanan,^' or the '* Eight 
Alile Tree." 

♦ James Moore, Joel Collier, Asa Phillips, James McWhorter, 
Finley McCIure, Daniel McKenzie. Abi-aham Towner, Jonathan 
Tilton. James Babcock, John Donahe, Richard and John Van 

Buskirk. Eleazur Tucker, Mtxidy, Henry and Allen Smith, 

James Davis, and Samuel W. Burnham were amon-.; the first 
scttK'n«. Michael Buchanan 2d was bnrn in 1809; Michael Bu- 
rlianan died in 1811; and James McWhorter and wi<iow Bu- | 
chanan were married in 1812. Eleazur Tiicker built the first 
Fawmill, and Jonathan Tilton the first ffristmill, in 182.'». Joel 
Collier kept the first inn, in 1808, and Alonzo Simmons the first 
etore, in 1.S30. 

5 Named from Lady Bath, only child and heiress of Sir Wm. 
Pulteney, of Loudon. She was succeeded July 1ft. 180M. by Sir 
John L. Johnstone, of Scotland, who appointed Robert Troup 
agent. Its Indian name was Tanighnaguanda. — McMaster^s 
ifist. Steuben, pp. Ill, 142. 



« Formerly "KmnedyviHe" p.o., from a resident named Ken- 
nedy. 7 Formerly '* Mttd Creek" p. o. 

fl Dugald and Charles Cameron, Thos. Metcalf. Hector McKen- 
zie. Andrew Smith. Geo. McClure, James McD.mald. Henry Mc- 
Elwee, James Reese, Robert Campbell, and William Dunn nettled 
in the town in 1793; and Wm. Kersey. John Wilson, G.-u. D. 
Cooper, Daniel McKenzie. and Gustavus and Brown Gillespie 
soon after. Charles Williamson Dunn, born in 179ft. was the 
first male child born in town. The first saw and grist mills 
were built in 1793, by Charles Williamson; and the first inn 
was kept the same year, by John Metcalf. 

The proprietors of the Pulteney estate indulged in visions of 
boundless wealth to result from the settlement of their lands. 
They supposed that the natural avenne to market from the rich 
"Genesee country" was down the Susquehanna, and that a 
city might be founded upon some of the headwaters of that 
stream which would command the entire trade of tlie West, 
After a survey of the region, the present site of Bath was se- 
lected as the location of the future city. Every inducenn-nt was 
held out to lure settlers; and for several years the markets of 
Biith proved a mine of wealth to the few who raised more grain 
than enouch for their own use. Williamson erected a theatea- 
within a few years after the first settlement, in anticipation of 
the future metropolitan character of the place. A race cmrse 
was also established, which for many years attracted siwrtsnien 
from all parts of the country. The golden visions of ciTic grai^- 
deur were "ever realized. 

8 The census reports 9 churches in town ; 3 Presb., 2 Bap., 3 
M. E., Prot. E., and R. a »« Named from Gen. Bradford. 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



623 



The first settlement was made in 1793, by Frederick Bartles and John Ilervey, from New Jersey.' 
Rev. E. Sanford was the first preacher in town; and Rev. Mr. Lazelle, (Bap.,) who settled in town 
in 1816, was the first settled minister. There are 2 churches in town; Bap. and M. E. 

CAMEROIV^ — was formed from Addison, April 16, 1822. Thurston was taken off in 1844, 
and a part of Rathbone in 1856. It lies a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a high, 
rolling upland, broken by the deep valley of Canisteo River, which flows s. E. through near the 
center of the town. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Cameron, (p. v.,) on the Canisteo, 
is a station on the Erie R. R. and contains 2 churches and 35 houses; West Cameron (p.v.) 
contains 1 church and 15 houses. JVorth Cameron is a p.o. The first settlement was made 
in 1800, by Richard Hadley, Phones Green, Samuel Baker, and Ira Pratt.' Rev. Ira Bronson 
(M. E.) was the first settled preacher. The census reports 5 churches.* 

CAMPBEIil.' — was formed from Hornby, April 15, 1831. It is an interior town, lying s.E. 
of the center of the co. Its surface consists of high, broken ridges, separated by the valleys of the 
streams. The declivities of the hills are generally steep and their summits are 300 to 500 feet 
above the valleys. The streams are Conhocton River, flowing s. E. through the w. part of the town, 
and its tributaries Wolf Run, McNutt Run, Meads and Dry Runs and Stephens and Michigan 
Creeks. The valley of the river is about li mi. wide. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam upon 
the highlands and a rich alluvium in the valleys. Campbelltown, (p.v.,) on the Conhocton, 
is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R., and contains 1 church, 3 sawmills, a flouring mill, 2 tan- 
neries, and about 20 houses. Curtis is a station on the same R. R. Settlement was commenced 
in 1800.' The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1831 ; Rev. B. B. Smith was the first 
settled pastor. There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and M. E. 

CAHflSTEO — was formed in March, 1796. A part of Troupsburgh was taken off in 1808, 
Hornellsville in 1820, and parts of Greenwood and Jasper in 1827. A part was annexed to Troups- 
burgh in 1818. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a 
hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Canisteo River flows eastward through 
the N. part of the town. Its valley is about J mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides 400 feet 
high. From the s. the river receives Bennetts and Col. Bills Creeks, which also flow through deep 
valleys bordered by steep hills. The soil is generally a clayey and gravelly loam. Canisteo, 
(p.v.,) on Bennetts Creek, in the w. part of the town, is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R., and 
contains 2 churches, a flouring mill, a tannery, and 60 houses; Crosbfville, (p.v.,) a station 
on the Erie R. R., contains 1 church and 20 houses. Center Canisteo (p.o.) is a hamlel 
of 10 houses. Bennetts CreeK is a p. o. in the s. w. part. The first settlement was made in 
1789, by Uriah Stephens, Sen., from Conn.' The first preacher — Rev. Geo. Spaulding — settled in 
town in 1805. There are 3 churches in town.* 

C ATOIV— was formed from "Painted Post," (now Corning,) as " Wormhj," March 28, 1839, and its 
name was changed April 3, 1840. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, 
more nearly level than most towns in the co. A considerable portion is yet covered with forests. 
The streams are small brooks, flowing northward. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam. Lumber is 
extensively manufactured. Caton, (p.v.,) near the center of the town, contains 3 churches and 
34 houses. A temporary settlement was made in town in 1814, by Joseph and Charles Wolcott ; but 
the first permanent settlement was made in 1819, by Isaac Rowley, from Bradford co., Penn." The 
first church (Presb.) was organized in 1832 ; and the Rev. Benj. Harron was the first settled pastor." 



> Among the first settlers were John Hemiup. Saml. S. Camp, 
Abrara Rosenbnrg, Henry Switzer, John Schrinner, Thomas 
Rolls, Michael Scott, Daniel Bartholomew, Henry Axtelle, Eze- 

kiel Siw kett. and Smith. The first birth was that of a 

daughter of John Hervey, in 1799 ; and the first death, that of 
Mrs. Thos. Rolls, in Aug. 1S03. Frederick Bartles built the first 
saw and grist mill, about 1795; and Frederick and Charles Bar- 
ties opened the first store, about 1800, and the first inn, m 1806 
The first school wa-s taught by Smith, in 1810. 

< Named from Dugald Cameron, an agent of the Pulteney es- 
tate. — McXtaM'Ts^s HisL Steubeity p. 116. 

" Joseph Butler, John Sauter, and John Jlollet were early 
settlers. The first gristmill was built by Saml. Baker; the first 
inn was kept by John Hollet, and the first store, by Andrew G. 
Erwin. < 3 M, E., Presb., and Christian. 

fr Named from the Campbell family, who were early and pro- 
minent settlers. 

« The first settlers were Samuel Calkins, Ellas WilHams, Jo- 
se;»h Wolcott, Rev. Robert Campbell and his son Archibald. 
The first birth was that of Bradford Campbell ; the first mar- 
riage, that of Asa Milliken and Rachel Campbell ; and the first 
death, that of Frederick Stewart, in 1806. Campbell & Stephens 



built the first sawmill, and Campbell & Knox the first grisi- 
mill. Robert Campbell kept the first inn, and Frederick Stew- 
art the first store. 

T Col. John Stevens, Bery. Crosby, Arthur Erwin, Solomon 
Bennett, Joel Thomas, Uriah Stevens, jr., Jedediah Stephens, 
Wm. Baker. James Hadley, Joshua Stephens, W. S. Thomas, 
Isaac and Israel Jones, and Asa Downs were among the early 
settlers. The first birth was that of Oliver Stephens; the first 
marriage, that of Richard Crosby and Hannah Baker ; and the 
first death, that of Henry Stephens. Solomon Bennett built the 
first gnslmill and kept the first store; and Jedediah Stephens 
kept the fir.«t inn. 

» Presb., M. E., and F. W. Bap. 

9 Stephen and Simeon Hurd settled in the town in 1821 ; Solo, 
nion Tarbox in IS'22; and E. P. Bahcock, Edward Robbtns, and 
Henry Miner in 1823. The first birth was that of Shepard 
Hurd; the first marriage, that of Oliver Woodworth and Eliza- 
beth Hurd ; and the first death, that of a child of John Rowe. 
Bennett Bruce built the first gristmill; Samuel Wormly kept 
the first inn. and W. D. Gilbert the first store; and Edward Rob- 
bins taught the first school. 

10 The Cuusufl reports 3 chorchefl; Fresh., Bap., aad M. L 



624 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



COIIOCTO^f — was formed from Bath andDansville, JunelS, 1812. A part of Avoeawas taken 
off in 1843, and a part of Wayland in 1848 ; a part of Bath was annexed in 1S52. It lies on the n. 
border of the co., w. of the center. The sarface is separated into ridges by deep and narrow valleys. 
The principal streams are Conhocton River, flowing southerly through the center, and its tributaries. 
The soil is generally a slaty and gravelly loam. Liberty, (Cohocton p.o.,) on the Conhocton, 
is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. and contains 2 churches. Pop. 200, ]Vortb Cobocton 
(p. V.) contains 1 church and 30 houses. Bloods,^ a hamlet, is a station on the r.r., 1 mi. from 
North Cohocton. The first settlement was made in 1796, by Richard Hooker and Joseph Bivin.* 
Rev. Elisha Brownson, (Bap.,) the first settled minister, removed to the town in 1811, The census 
reports 4 churches in town ; 3 M. E. and Presb. 

CORJVIXC — was formed, as "Painted Post,''* March 18, 1796. Its name was changed March 
31, 1852, Erwin and Hornby were taken off in 1826, and " JVormly" (now Caton) in 1839. A part 
was annexed to Erwin in 1856. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. The wide 
valley of Chemung River, extending n. w. and s. e. through the center of the town, and several 
lateral valleys, divide the uplands into rounded hills and narrow ridges. Its streams are Borden, 
Post, Narrows, Clump Foot, and Winsfield Creeks, tributaries of Chemung River. The soil upon 
the hills is a heavy, slaty loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam, occa- 
sionally intermixed with clay. Corning', (P-"^-') incorp. Sept. 6, 1848, is situated on the s. bank 
of Chemung River, in the w. part of the town. It is a half-shire of the co. The Chemung Canal, 
the Blossburg & Corning R. R., and the B., N, Y. & E. R. R. terminate here; and the village is au 
important station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It contains 5 churches, 2 newspaper establishments, 
2 banks, a State arsenal, and several mills and manufacturing establishments, and commands an 
extensive and constantly increasing trade.^ Pop. 3,626. Knoxville,^ opposite Corning, con- 
tains 2 churches and a pop. of 628, Gibson lies on the n. bank of the Chemung, 1 mi. e. of 
Corning. Pop. 428. Centerville contains 25 houses. East Painted Post is a p.o. 
The first settlement was made near the village of Corning, in 1788, by Frederick Calkins and Benj, 
Eaton.'' The first religious services were conducted by John Warren, in 1793. There are 7 
churches in town.^ 

OAWTSVIIjIjE' — was formed in March, 1796. Parts of Cohocton and Howard were taken off in 
1812, a part of Wayland in 1848, and of Fremont in 1854. A part was annexed to Sparta in 1822, 
and a part of Cohocton was re-annexed April 26, 1834. It is the n. town upon the w. border of the 
CO. The surface is mostly an upland, divided into ridges by the narrow valleys of small streams. 
The declivities of the hills are steep and tlieir summits are 300 to 400 feet above the valleys. The 
streams are head branches of Canaseraga Creek, flowing n., and of Canisteo River, flowing s. The 
soil is a sandy and gravelly loam in the e. and n., and gravel underlaid by hardpan in the s. w. 



1 Named from Calvin Blood. This is rendered an important 
station npon the r. r. from its connection with the Cannnd«ipiia 
fjake Route. A daily line of stages runs to Naples, at the bead 
of the lake, and a steamer plies daily between the latter place 
and Canandaipua. 

2 James and Anina Woodward settled in the town not long 
after; .Toseph Chamberlain, in 1S05; and Sanil. Cbtimberlain, 

Capt. Jonas Cleland. Joseph Shattuek. Horace Fowler, and 

Kddy, in ISOfi, Timothy Sherman, James Barnard. Sanil. Rhoadef. 
Jesse Atwood. Isaac Morehouse, and Chas. Burlinghame were 
also early settlei-a. The first marriage was that of Jos. Bivin 
and Sarah Honker, in 1798; and the first birth, th^t of Bethiali 
Hooker, their child, in 1800. The first death was that of Richard 
Hooker. Feb. 10. ISOl. Jonas Cleland built the first saw and 
grist mills, in 1S08; and Jos. Phattuck kept the first inn, in 
1809. Sophia Trumbull taught the first school, in 1810. 

s Named from Hon. Erastus Coming, of Albany. 

* In the summer of 1779. a party of tories and Indians, under 
the command of a loyalist named McDonald, returned from an 
incursion into the Susquehanna settlements, bringing with them 
many of their number wounded. At the confluence of Tioga 
and Conhocton Rivers, Captain Montour, son of the famous Queen 
Oatharine, a chief of great promise, died of his wounds. '■ His 
comrades buried him by the riverside, and planted above his 
prave a post on which were painted various symbols and rwde 
devices. This monument was known throughout the Genesee 
Forests as ' The Painted Post.'' It was a landmark well known 
to all the Six Nations, and was often visited by their braves and 
chieftains." This account of the origin of the Painted Post was 
given to Benj. P.^tter9on, the hunter, by a man namoi Taggart, 
who was carried to Fort Niagara a prisoner by McDonald's party, 
and was a witness of the burial of Capt. Montour, or at least was 
In the encampment at the mouth of the Tioga at the time of his 
death. Col. Harper, of narpersfleld, the well known officer of 
the frontier militia of New Tork in the Revolution, Informed 



Judge Knox, of Knoxville. in this co., that the Painted Post was 
erected over the grave of a chief who was wounded at the battle 
of the " Hog-Back" and brought in a canoe to the head of the 
Chemung, where he died. It was well understood by the early 
settlers that this monument was erected in memory of some 
distinguished warrior who had been wounded in one of the 
border battles of the Revolution and afterward died at this place. 
The post stood for many years after the settlement of the co. ; 
and the story goes that it rotted down at the butt, and was pre- 
served in the bar-room of a tavern till about the year 1810 and 
then mysteriously disappeared. It is also said to have been 
swept away in a freshet. — McMasters's Hist, of Steuben. Simms's 
Hist. Schoharie, p. 333. 

6 In 1852. 40.000 tons of Blossburg coal, brought by the Bloss- 
burg & Coming R. R., were transhipped at this place, and 
50,000,000 feet of lumber were exported. 

* Named from Judge John Knox, of this town. 

' Benj. and Peleg Gorton, jr.. Epbraim Patterson and bis pons 
Irhabod and Stephen. Bradford Eggleston. Justus Wolcott. Eliaa, 
William, and Henry McCormick, Hezekinh Thnrber. Jonathan 
Cook, Samuel Colgrove. and Eli and Eldad Mead settled in the 
town in 1790-91-92; Jonathan and Warren Rowley in 1794; 
James Turner and Caleb Wolcott in 1795; George McCnlloch 
and Benj. Patterson in 1796; and Nehemiah Hubbell in 179R. 
The first birth was that of James Calkins, Nov. 24. 1790; the 
first marriage, that of Benj. Gorton and Rachel Wolcott, in 1704 ; 
and the first death, that of Ichabod Patterson, in Aug. 1794. 
Icbabod Patterson built the first sawmill, and Jas. Henderson 
the first gristmill, both in 1793 ; Bepj. Eaton kept the first stove, 
in 1791, and Benj. Patterson the first inn. in 1798. Tlie first 
school was taught bv Samuel Colgrove, in 1793. 

B 2 Bap.. 2 m; E., Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. 

8 Named from Daniel P. Faulkner, an early and spirited citi- 
zen, known as " Captain Dan." — JUcMasters's Hist. Steuben Co., p. 
300. 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



625 



Ro§rersiviIle (South Dansville p. o.) contains 2 churches, an academy,' and a female seminary.* 
Pop. 200. Burns, a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., has about 15 house.s. Dotys Cor- 
ners is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Isaac Sterling and Samuel Gibson.' 
The census reports 6 churches.* 

ERWIM*— was formed from "Painted Post," Jan. 27, 1826. Lindley was taken off in 1837 
and a part of Corning was annexed in 1856. It lies w. of Corning, in the s.E. part of the co. Its 
surface is about equally divided between high, rolling uplands and the low valleys of streams. 
The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Tioga and Canisteo Rivers unite ' 
in the s. e. part of the town, and Tioga and Conhocton Rivers in the N. E., forming the Chemung 
River. The valleys of these streams are 1 to 2 mi. wide. The soil upon the hills is a shaly and 
clayey loam, and in the valleys it is a fine quality of alluvium. Nearly three-fourths of the sur- 
face is yet covered with forests. The lumber trade is extensively pursued. Painted Post, 
(p. V.,) situated at the junction of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers, is a station on the Erie R. R. and 
the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. It contains 2 churches, a bank, an iron foundery and machine shop, a 
tannery, and a flouring mill.' Pop. 777. Coopers Plains (p. v.) is a station on the B., N. Y. 
& E. R. R. and coutains 1 church. Pop. 293. Wm. Harris, an Indian trader, settled at Painted 
Post in 1787.' The census reports 4 churches.' 

FREMOKT' — ^was formed fiom Hornellsville, Dansville, Wayland, and Howard, Nov. 17, 
1854. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, 
forming a part of the dividing ridge between Canisteo and Conhocton Rivers. Its streams are 
small brooks. The soil is chiefly a shaly loam, derived from the disintegration of the surface 
rocks. Fremont Center (Stephens Mills p. o.) and Hasliinville (p. o.) are hamlets; 
and Big CreeR is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1812, by Job B. Rathbun, Amos 
Baldwin, and Sylvester Buck.'" The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Mr. Ford, in 
1814. There is but 1 church (M. E.) in town. 

GREENWOOD— was formed from Troupsburgh and Canisteo, Jan. 24, 1827. West Union 
was taken off in 1845, and a part of Jasper was annexed in 1848. It lies upon the w. 
border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland. Bennetts Creek flows 
northerly through the E. part of the town, in a valley 400 to 600 feet below the summits of the 
hills. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. GreenfTOOd, (p. v.,) on Bennetts Creek, con 
tains 1 church and 35 houses; and Rougli and Ready (p. v.) 12 houses. West Green- 
wood is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1820, by Christian Cobey and John H., Ezra, 
and Phineas Stephens." The census reports 3 churches.'^ 

HARTSVIliliE— was formed from Hornellsville, Feb. 7, 1844. It lies on the w. border of 
the CO., s. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by several deep valleys. Purdv 
Creek flows e. through the N. part, and the valley of Bennetts Creek extends along the E. border. 
These creeks are bordered by steep hillsides 400 to 600 feet high. The soil is a shaly and clayey 
loam. Hartsville Center, (Purdy Creek p. o.,) on Purdy Creek, near the center of the town, 
contains 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1809, by Benj. Brookins." There is no 
church in town. 



1 The Rogersville Academy was organized in 1849, and the 
buildings were erected in 1852. 

^ The Rogersville Union Seminary. 

' Among the first eettlera were .Tames, .Tohn. and Major 
Jones, Frederick Fry, William Ganong, Thos. and Nathaniel 
Brayton, Tisdale Haskin, Thos. and .Tohn Root, .Toshna Healey, 
Charles Oliver, Joseph Phelps. Elisha Rohinson, William C. 
Rogers, and Jesse liridges. Robert Fuller built the first saw- 
mill, in 1820, and Handy & Miller the first gristmill, in 1825. 
Isaac Sterling kept the first inn, in 1806. Tlie first school was 
taught by James .Tones, in 1811. 

< 2 Bap., and 1 each Preab., M. E., Univ., and K. C. 

• Named from Col. Arthur Erwin, of IJucks CO., Penn., an 
officer in the Revolutionary War, by whom the township was 
purchased of Phelps and Gorham. 

8 One mi. w. of Painted Post is a saw. shingle, and planing 
mill, that gives employment to 75 men, and turns out 8,000,000 
to 11.000,000 feet of lumber per annum. 

T David Fuller, Eli Mead, and Van Nye settled in the 

town in 1791-92 ; and Samuel. Frank, and Arthur Erwin, Capt. 
Howell Bull, and John E. Evans, in lSOO-41-02. Samuel Erwin 
built the first sawmill, in 1820, and the first gristmill, in 1823; 
and David Fuller kept the first inn. in 1792. The first school 
was taught bv John E. Evans, in 1812. 

• 2 Bap.. Presb., and .M. E. 

« Named in honor of Col. John C. Fremont. 



40 



1° John A. Buck, Joel Everett, and Danl. Atherton settled in 

the town in 1813-14; Taylor and Francis Drake, in 1815; 

and Solomon and Levi Gates, Robert Eilburg, Danl. Upson, 
Saml. Sharp, Nehemiah Luther. Lemuel Harding, Stephen Hol- 
den, and Edward Markham, in 1816. The first marriage was 
that of John A. Buck and Rebecca Baldwin, Aug. 24. 1815; the 
first birth, that of Charles E. Buck, Nov. 12, 181G; and the first 
death, that of Mrs. Amos Baldwin, Dec. 21, 1815. Danl. Upson 
built the first sawmill, in 1816, and the first gristmill, in 1819. 
Tlie first school was taught by Lydia Everett, in 1819. 

u Eleazar Woodward, John J. Hoyt. IL Carr. and Lewis Ord- 
way settled in town in 1822. The first birth was that of Charles 
C. Stephens; the first marriage, that of Iliram Putnam and Lu- 
cinda Stephens; and the first death, that of Ezra Cobey. The 
first gristmill was built by Col. John Stephens; and the first 
inn and store were kept by Levi Davis. Sarah Carr taught the 
first school. 

>2 Presb., Univ., and R.C. 

15 Joseph Purdy settled in the town in 1810; Blake in 

1815; Thos. Williams, Satterlee. Joshua Davis, and 

Neff in 1818; William D. Burdick and Perry Potter in 1819; 
Daniel P. Carpenter, Frost Powell, Joseph Thompson, John and 

Robert G. Martin, and Hudson in 1822; and Casper Vau 

Buskirk and Wm. Elli.ion in 1S23. The first birth was that of 
Sarah A. Cai-jtenter; the first marriage, ttiat of Robert G. Mar- 
tin and Mary A. Gleason ; and the flrat death, that of an infant 



G26 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



HORMBY'— was formed from "Painted Post," (now Corning,) Jan. 27, 1826. Campbell was 
taken off in 18.31, and a part was annexed to Orange (Schuyler co.) April 11, 1842. It lies near 
the center of the e. border of the co., and its surface is mostly a high, rolling upland. The streams 
are Dry Run in the N. w., and Post and Borden Creeks in the s., all flowing in deep, narrow 
valleys. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam of good quality. Hornby Forks (Hornby p. o.) 
contains 2 churches, several manufactories, and 21 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 
1814, by Asa and Uriah Nash, from Otsego co.^ There are 4 churches in town.' 

HORRIEL,L,SVIL,L,E'— was formed from Canisteo, April 1, 1820. Hartsville was taken off 
in 1844, and a part of Fremont in 1854. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. The 
surface is mostly a rolling upland, divided into two nearly equal parts by the Canisteo Valley. 
This valley is 1 to 2 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hills 400 to 500 feet high. Canaoadoa and 
Crosby Creeks, flowing through deep valleys from the w., are tributaries of the Canisteo. The soil 
is generally a clayey and gravelly loam. Hornellsvllle, (p. v.,) situated at the junction of 
Canisteo River and Canacadea Creek, is an important station on the Erie R. R. and is the southern 
terminus of the B. & N. Y. C. R. R. It has 4 churches, 2 newspaper ofBces, a bank, and 2 flouring 
mills. Pop. 1,519. Arkport, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. C. R. R., contains 1 church 
and about 50 houses. Almond is partly in this town.' The first settlement was made by Benj. 
Crosby, in 1792.° The census reports 6 churches.' 

OOWARD — was formed from Bath and Dansville, June 18, 1812. A part of Avoca was 
taken off in 1843, and a part of Fremont in 1854. It is an interior town, lying a little N. w. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland, forming a part of the dividing ridge be- 
tween Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers. The streams are all small. In the n. E. part are 2 small 
ponds. The soil is generally a heavy clay loam. Howard (p. v.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 
143. Toiivlesville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 15 houses. Buena Tista (p. o.) and 
Goffs Mills (p. 0.) are hamlets, and Soutli Howard is a p.o. The first settlement was 
made in 180G, by Abraham Johnson.' There are 5 churches in town.' 

JASPERS" — was formed from Troupsburgh and Canisteo, Jan. 24, 1827, and a part was an- 
nexed to Greenwood in 1848. It is situated near the s. w. corner of the co. Its surface is a hilly 
and broken upland, the highest summits being nearly 2,000 feet above tide. The streams are small 
brooks. The soil is a slaty, gravelly, and clayey loam. Jasper Four Corners (Jasper 
p.o.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 222. Jasper Five Corners contains 15 houses. West 
Jasper and Soutll Hill are p. offices. Settlement was commenced in 1807, by Nicholas Botz- 
man, Ebenezer Spencer, and William Wooley." The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1827; 
and the Rev. Geo. Howell was the first preacher. The census reports 5 churches.'^ 

liUVDliEY" — was formed from Erwin, May 12, 1837. It lies upon the s. border of the co., e. 
of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of Tioga River, which 
extends centrally through the town. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valley, 
and most of them are covered with forests. The valley is about 1 mi. wide and is bordered by 
steep hillsides. The soil upon the hills is a heavy, shaly loam, and in the valleys a rich alluvium. 
Three-fourths of the surface is still covered with forests. Lumbering is extensively pursued. 
Undleytown, (p. v.,) on Tioga River, is a station on the B. & C. R. R. and contains 15 dwell- 



obild of Ebenezer Mather, — nil in 1823. Daniel P. Carpenter 
openfd the first etnre. in 1825, and bnilt the first sawmill, in 
182R; anil Henry Frisbee kept the first tayern, in 1849. The 
first Brhool was taught by Miss Z. A. Puniy. in 1826. 

1 Named from .lohn Hornby, an English landholder to a large 
extent In this and other western cos. 

* Jesse Piatt. John Robbins. and Edward Stnbbs settled in 
the town in 1815 : John St. John, Amasa Stantrin. James S. and 
Hiram Gardner. Chester Knowlton, and Aden Palmer in 181,^- 
16; Henj. Gardner, Is.iac Gondell, Aaron Harwood. and John 
Bayer in IRIS. The first birth was that of Oeorne Stanton ; the 
first marriage, that of John Ridler and Miss Piatt, in 1816; and 
the first death, that of John Stanton. Ezra Shaw kept the first 

inn: Hon. A. B. Dickinson, the first store; and La Fevre 

bnilt the first mill, .lames C. l.each taught the first school. 

^ liap.. Christian, Presb., and Wes. Meth. 

* Named from Hon. Geo. Uornell, one of the early settlers. 
6 See page 170. 

* Eliaa Stephens and Geo. Horr.elt settled in the town in 1793 ; 
Elijah Stephens in 1794: Christopher HurUiut and Nathan 
Cary in 1795; John and Hugh Carney in 1790; Reuben Crosby 
m 1797 ; and James Jones in 1800. the first birth was that of 
William Stephens, in Dec. 1792; the firat marriage, that of Ren- 
brt- Crosby and Jenoy UcQneen, in 1799 ; and the first death. 



that of a child of Judge Homell. Judge Hornell built the first 
saw and grist mills, and kept the first store and inn. The first 
school was taught by Abigail Hurlbut, in 1796. 

' 2 Presb., Prot. E.. Bap.. M. E., and R. C. 

6 Reuben and Abraham Smith, Abel Bullftrd. Jacob and Tboe. 

Bennett, Charles McConnell. Simeon McMurty. and Col- 

grove settled in the town in 1808 ; Samuel Baker, .Toel Bullard, 
Benj. Bennett, Ephraim Rumsey. Wm. Allen, Daniel N. Bennett. 
.Tonas and Seth Rice, and Nathan Cory in 1810-11 : and Simeon 
Bacon, Wm, GofT, Israel Baldwin, and Rufus Halsey in 1812. 
Arethusa Bullard was born in 1809, and Mrs. Rowley died the 
same year. — the first birth and death in town. Henry Kennedy 
built the first sawmill, in 1809; .Tames Vaughn, the first grist- 
mill, in 1810: and Benj. Bennett kept the first inn. in 1816. 

» 2 Bap., and 1 each Presb.. M. E., and Ref. Presb. 

10 Named from Sergeant Jasper, noted for his courage at the 
battle of Port Mnultrie, S, C, June 28, 1776. 

u Adam Botzman and Andrew Craig were also early settlers. 
The first birth was that of Sally Botzman : and the ^rst mar- 
riage, that of Samuel Gray and Polly Simpson. Wctoits Botz- 
man was the first innkeeper, Amanda Smith ta.v*.' t tb« first 
school. 

" Bap., Presb., Christian, M. E., and Wes, Moth 

IB Named in honor of Col. Eleaznr Liudley. 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



627 



ings. Er^vin Center is a r. r. station and hamlet upon the river, near the n. border of the 
town. The first settlement was made in 1790, by Col. Eleazur Lindley, from N. J., the original 
proprietor of the town, who located upon the Tioga Flats.* 

PRATTSBCRGH'— was formed from Pulteney, April 12, 1813, and a part of Wheeler w;.:? 
taken off in 1820. It is centrally situated upon the n, border of the co. Its surface is a hilly 
upland, broken by the valleys of several small streams flowing in a general s. w. direction. The 
principal streams are Five Mile, Ten Mile, and Twelve Mile Creeks. The valley at Prattsburpcli 
Village is 1,400 feet above tide, and the hills are 300 to 400 feet higher. The soil is a gravelly 
and clay loam. Prattsbur^h (p. v.) was incorp. Dec. 7, 1848. It contains the Franklin 
Academy,' 2 churches, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop, about 600. Riker!< 
Hollow (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settler was Jared Pratt, who came in 1801 and for 21 
years was the only inhabitant.^ The first religious services were held at the house of Jared Pratt, 
by Rev. John Niles, in the fall of 1803.« 

PUI.TE]VEY^— was formed from Bath, Feb. 12, 1808. Prattsburgh was taken off in 1813. 
and a part of Urbana in 1848. It lies upon the w. shore of Crooked Lake, and is the n.e. corner 
town of the co. The surfaee is a rolling upland, 700 to 900 feet above the level of the lake. The 
declivities along the lake shore are broken by numerous narrow ravines formed by small streamn. 
The soil is chiefly a shaly and gravelly loam, and in some parts near the lake it is clayey. 
Harmony ville (Pulteney p.o.) contains 2 churches and 20 houses; and BluflTport (South 
Pulteney p.o.) 20 houses. Peltonville (p.o.) is a hamlet. OulicksTille, a landing on 
the lake, has a storehouse and 8 houses. Settlement commenced in 1802.^ Rev. Ephraim Eggles- 
ton, the first settled preacher, removed to the town in 1805. The census reports 6 churches.* 

RATH BOIVE'^— was formed from Addison, Cameron, and Woodhull, March 28, 1856. It is 

an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a high, rolling upland, 
broken by the valleys of Canisteo River and a branch of Tuscarora Creek. The upland is 300 to 
400 feet above the valleys. Naked and precipitous ledges of rock crop out on the hillsides along 
the valleys. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam, and in the valleys alluvium. Ratbt>onc- 
Tille, (p-v-O on Canisteo River, is a station on the Erie R. R. and contains 1 church, a flouring 
mill, and 33 houses. "West Addtson (p. o.) and Cameron Mills (p. o.) are hamlets. The 
first settlements were made in 1793-95.^* There are 2 M. E. churches in town. 

THURSTOUT" — was formed from Cameron, Feb. 28, 1844. It is an interior town, lying just 
s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a high, broken upland, forming a portion of the 
dividing ridge between Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers. The summits of the liills are 500 to 60f) 
feet above the river valleys. The streams are Stockton Creek, in the n. w., and Michigan Creek, 
in the s., flowing in deep, narrow ravines bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is a shaly and 
gravelly loam. Merchantville, in the e.. Bonny Hill., (p.o.,) in the n.e., and Rising" 
Tille, (p.o.,) in the w., are hamlets. Thurston and South Thurston are p.ofl5ces. 
The first settlers were William Smith, Luke Bonny, and Anderson Carpenter, at Bonny Hill, in 



1 Col. Lindley servod with the Jersey Bines duriDg the ReTo- 
Intionary War. In his migration to his new home he was ac- 
cnmpanied by hia two sons Sanil. and Eleazur, hie 5on-in-law 
£zekiol Mulford and John Seeley,and a man named David Cook. 
Tlie first child born was Eliza Mulford, Aug. 10, 1792; the first 
marriage, that of David Cook, jr. and Elizabeth Cady ; and the 
fifpt death, that of Col. Eleazur Lindley. in June, 1794. Joseph 
Miller taught the first school, near the Penn. line, in 1793; the 
widow of Col. Lindley kept the first inn, on the w. bank of the 
river; and John P. Kyers. the first store. The first sawmill was 
erected by Col. Lindley. There is no church, no hotel, nor place 
where liquor is Rold in the town. 

* Named from Capt. Joe! Pratt, one of the first settlers. 

8 For many years this academy has enjoyed a deservedly high 
reputation. 

' A. fonndery, a tannery and a flouring mill. 

6 Rev. John Niles. David Buell. Saml. Tuthill, and Capt. Joel 
Pratt came into town in 1H03; William P.Curtis. Pomeroy Hull, 
and Salisbury Burton in 1804; Noah Niles, Cyril Ward, Aaron 
Bull, EntKjh Niles, Harmon Fowler, Rufus Blodgett, and Stephen 
Hall, in 1^05. They were all originally from New England. 
The first child born was Mariette Pratt, in 18U2 ; the first dt-ath, 
ft daughter of Wm. P. Curtis, drowned, in 1R04; and the first 
marriage, that of Isaac Pardee and Patty Waldo, in 1806. The 
first school was tau^rht in a church by Horace Bull, in 1806-07 ; 
the first inn wns kept by Aaron Bull, the same year: the first 
mill waa erecteil on Five Mile Creek, by Robert Porter. Capt. 
Joel Pratt was a large proprietor of the town ; and the first set- 



tlement was conducted wholly under his encouragement, adrice, 
and direction. 

• The census reports 6 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E , Cong., an.l 
Christian. 

' Named from Sir Wm. Pulteney, former owner i,f the Pulte- 
ney Tract, 

8 The first settlers were Saml. Miller, John Van Camp. Q. V. 
Fitzsimnions. and John Block. James and Georpe Simnin, 
Henry Hoffman, Abraham Bennett, and Shadrach Norris settle<l 
in the town in 1805; and Saml. and Nathaniel Wallia. John 
Ells, Wm.White^ James Daily, Erastus Glass, Harmon Emmonti, 
and Seth Pierce in 1806. The first marriage was that of Chrih- 
topher Tomer and Jane Miller, in 1^09; and the first death, that 
of a child of Jrts. Daily, in 1806. Melchior Waggoner built tho 
first sawmill, in 1810. and the first gristmill, in 1814, Shadrach 
Norris kept the first inn, in 1807 ; and Angustun Tyler, the first 
store, in 1S08. The first school was taught by Polly Wentwoith 
in 1808. e 2 Bap., 2 M. E.. Cong., and Presb. 

10 Named from Gen. Ransom Rathl>on6, who settled in the 
town in 1842. 

" James Hadley and Wm. Benhnm wore the first setibTB 
Among the early settlers were Isaac and Jonathan Trnry, Mar 
tin Young. Wni. Morey, Moses Powers, Zephauiah Townsend 
TlioB. Maybury. and Snml. Colgrove. Isaac Tracy built the first 
sawmill, in 1^06; I^emuel Benham kept the first inn, in 1S04. 
and Gen. Rathbone the first store, in 1842. 

IS Named from Wm. K. Thnrston, a landholder reeiding lu 
N. Y. or vicinity. 



628 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



1813.* The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1814; Rev. Parker Buell was the 
first preacher.'' 

TROlJPSBrRGII^— wafl formed from '' Middletown" (now Addison) and Canisteo, Feb. 12, 
1808. Parts of Greenwood and Jasper were taken off in 1827, and a part of Woodhull in 1828. 
A part of Canisteo was annexed April 4, 1818. It lies on the s. border of the eo., w. of the center. 
Its surface is principally a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of small streams. The highest 
summits are 2,500 feet above tide and are the highest points in the co. Troups Creek, flowing s., 
is the principal stream. The soil is a slaty and clayey loam. Troupsburg'b Center, (Troups- 
burgh p. 0.,) on Troups Creek, near the center of the town, contains an academy* and 20 dwellings ; 
South Troupsburgta (p. v.) contains 16 dwellings. East Troupsbur§^b, (p.o.,) West 
Troupsburg-b, (p.o.,) and Youngs Hickory (p.o.) are hamlets. The pioneer settler was 
Samuel B. Rice, from Conn., who located e. of the center of the town in 1805.^ The first religious 
association (M.E.) was formed at the house of Samuel Cady, by Rev, Parker Buell, first preacher. 
The census reports 5 churches.* 

URB AlVA — was formed from Bath, April 17, 1822. A part was annexed to Bath in 1839 ; a 
part of Wheeler was annexed May 3, 1839, and a part of Pulteney April 12, 1848. It lies at the 
head of Crooked Lake, n.e. of the center of the co. Its surface is divided by Pleasant Valley (a 
continuation of Crooked Lake Valley) into two series of highlands, rising 800 to 1,000 feet above 
the lake. Cold Spring Creek takes its rise in this valley and flows n.e. to the lake. The soil in 
the valleys is alluvial, and on the hilltops a heavy, gravelly loam. From their sheltered situation, 
the slopes of the hills descending to the s. and e. are finely adapted to the culture of the grape.^ 
The town is noted for the production of a superior quality of fine wool. Uamiuondsport, 
(Urbana p.o.,) at the head of Crooked Lake, was incorp. June 16, 1856. It contains 2 churches 
and several manufacturing establishments. A daily line of steamboats plies between this place 
and Penn Yan. Pop. 560. IVortb Urbana, (p* ^-0 in tl^c n.e. part of the town, contains 2 
churches and 20 houses. Cold Spring is a hamlet; and INCount IFasbington, in the 
s. E., isap. 0. William Aulls and his son Ephraim, from Penn., settled at Pleasant Valley in 
1793.^ Elder Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) preached the first sermon, at the house of Mr. Baker, in 1795,' 

^f^AYLAHTD^*'— was formed from Cohocton and Dansville, April 12, 1848. A part of Fremont 
was taken ofli in 1854. It is the most western town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is an 
upland, rolling in the n. and moderately hilly in the s. It forms a portion of the watershed be- 
tween Susquehanna River and Lake Ontario ; and its highest summits are 1,600 to 1,800 feet above 
tide. The streams are small creeks and brooks. Loon and Mud Lakes are situated in a valley in 
the s. part of the town, and their waters flow in opposite directions. The outlet of the former is 
subterranean for half a mi. ; and where it comes to the surface it is in sufl&cient volume to form a 
valuable mill stream. The soil in the n. is gravel and muck, and in the s. a shaly loam. Way- 
land, (Wayland Dep6t p.o.,) in the n.e, part of the town, contains 40 dwellings. It is a station 
on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. Perkinsville, 2 mi. s. w. of Wayland, contains 2 churches and 
liO dwellings. Patcbins Mills is a hamlet. I^oon I^ake is a p.o. The first settlement 
was made in 1806-07, by Thos. Bowles and John H. Miller.^^ The census reports 3 churches.^^ 



1 Amos DickinHon settled iu 1814; and Joseph Fluent at 
Bonny Hill in 1817. The first settlers at Aldrich settlement 
were William Jack, Samuel Fisk, and Thomas Aldrich. in 1823. 
The first child born was Irena Smith, in 1813; the first mar- 
riage, that of Joseph Fluent and Fanny Dickinson, in 1818 ; and 
the first death, that of Anderson Carpenter, killed hy the falling 
of a tree, in 1817. The first school was taught at Bonny Uill, by 
Caroline Vinan, in 1818; the first store waa kept by Harlow 
Sears, at MerchantviUe. No tavern was ever kept in the town, 
Mid no license was ever granted to seil liquor. 

2 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 M. E., Bap., and Christian. 

* Named from Robert Trnup, of N. Y., general agent of the 
Pulteney estate. — Tur/ier's Phelps and Gorham Purchase, p. 279. 

* This institution has an average attendance of about 60 pupils. 
5 Peter Young and Peter Dalaun, from Addison, settled near 

Mr. Rice, in 1S06; Lieut. Reynolds and Jonathan Rogers settled 
at the same place in 1809, Geo. Martin in 1810, and James Works 
in 1811. The first child born was Polly Young ; the first mar- 
riage, that of Zebulon Tubbs and Sarah Rice; and the first death, 
that of Jeremiah Martin. Abner Thomas taught the first school, 
a little B. of Troupsburgh Village; Lieut. Reynolds kept the first 
ion, 4 mi. from the Center, and Ichabod C. Leach the first store, 
2 mi. from the Center. Geo. Martin erected the first gristmill, 
at Troupsburgh Village. « 2 Bap., 2 M. E., and F. W. Bap. 

T In 1857, 30 acres were devoted to vineyards; and the success 
of the experiment was so great that the number of acres was 
doubled in 185S. There are about 2,OoO acres in town with the 
9. and z. inoLinatioQ adapted to this purpouo. 



8 Samuel Bakor, Eli Read, and William Barney settled is 
Pleasant Valley in 1794; and Capt. Amos Stone, Capt. John 
Shether, James Shether, and Richard Daniels in 1795. These 
settlers were from New England, most of them from Conn. 
They had served through the Revolutionary "War, some of them 
with distinction as officers ; and all were inured to the privations 
and dangers incident to pioneer settlement. The first child bora 
Was Saml. Baker, jr. ; the first marriage, that of Jonathan Bar- 
ney and Polly Aulls, in 1794; and the first death, that of John 
Phillips, in Sept. of the same year. Eliphalet Norris taught the 
first school, in 1795, at Pleasant Valley; Caleb Chapman kept 
the first inn, at N. Urbana; Henry A. townsend the first store, 
at Cold Spring, in 1S15. John Shether built the first sawmill, 
in Pleasant Valley, in 1795 ; and Gen. Geo. McClure. the first 
gristmill, at Cold Spring, in 1802. 

» The census reports 6 churches; 2 Bap., and 1 each Presb., 
M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 

10 Named from Rev. Dr. Francis Wayland. of R. I. 

11 Among the early settlers were Adam Zimmerman, David 

Brown, Kaizier. Stephen Hicks, Thos. Begole, Solomon, 

James, and Elisha Brownsou, Isajic Willie, Walter and Dr. War- 
ren Patchin, Dennis Hess, Benj. Perkins, and Samuel Draper. 
The first sawmill was built by Benj. Perkins; and the first 
gristmill, by Dugald Cameron and Abijah Fowler, in 181 fi. Saml. 
Taggart kept the first inn. in 1S27 ; and James L. Monier. tho 
first store, in 1830. The first school was taught by Thos. Wil- 
bur, in ISll. 

IS Evang. Luth., Union, and B.C. 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



629 



WAYNE' — named in honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne — was formed, as ^^FredericJcstown,'" March 
18, 17%, Its name was changed April 6, 1808. Reading (Schuyler co.) was taken off in 1806, 
Orange (Schuyler co.) in 1813, and Barrington (Yates co.) and Tyrone (Schuyler co.) in 1822. A 
part was annexed to Tyrone April 17, 1854. It is situated upon Crooked Lake, on the e. border 
of the CO. Its surface is a rolling upland, 400 to 600 feet high, descending abruptly to the lake. 
Little Lake is a beautiful sheet of water lying along the e. border. The soil is a gravelly and slaty 
loam underlaid by hardpan. Wayne,^ (p-^-*) on the line of Tyrone, (Schuyler co.,) contains 3 
churches and 40 houses. Wayne Four Corners is a p. o. Keuka is a steamboat landing 
in the n. part. Zephaniah Hoff, Henry Mapes, Widow Jennings, and Solomon Wisson settled in 
town in 1791.* Rev. Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) was one of the first settlers, and for many years 
the only clergyman in town. There are two churches in town ; M. E. and Union. 

WEST FMIOIV — was formed from Greenwood, April 25. 1845. It is the s.w. corner town 
oi the CO. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 2,000 to 2,400 feet 
above tide, A large part of the town is yet covered with forests. Bennetts Creek is the principal 
stream. The soil is a heavy, slaty loam. Lumbering is extensively pursued. Rexville (p. o.) 
and Wileysville (p.o.) are hamlets. West Union is a p. o. The first settler was Abraham 
V. Olmsted, who located at Rexville in 1822.* The first church (M.E.) was formed at Rexville in 
1831. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 

WHEEI^ER^— was formed from Bath and Prattsburgh, Feb. 25, 1820. A part of Avoca 
was taken off in 1843, and a part of Urbana in 1839. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Five Mile and Ten 
Mile Creeks and of several small lateral streams. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam, well 
adapted to both grazing and tillage. Mitctaellville (p. v.) contains 20 houses ; and Wheeler 
Center (Wheeler p.o.) 1 church and 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1799, by 
Capt. Silas Wheeler, from Albany co.® Rev. Ephraim Eggleston (Bap.) conducted the first reli- 
gious services, in 1802. There are 2 churches in town; Presb. and M. E. 

WOODHUIil.^— was formed from Troupsburgh and Addison, Feb. 18, 1828. A part of 
Rathbone was taken off in 1856. It is the central town upon the s, border of the co. Its surface 
is a hilly upland, a considerable portion of which is yet covered with forests. Tuscarora Creek, 
flowing E. through the northerly part of the town, is the principal stream. The soil is a clayey and 
gravelly loam. Lumbering is carried on to some extent. Hfew^ville, (Woodhull p.o..) on Tus- 
carora Creek, contains 3 churches and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 215. Hedges- 
Ville contains 10 houses. The first settlement was made in 1805, by Stephen Dolson, Daniel 
Johnson, Patrick Breakhill, Bethuel Tubbs, and Samuel B. Rice.^ The first church (Presb.) was 
organized in 1830 ; and the Rev. Mr. Pomeroy was the first pastor. There are 4 churches in town.' 



1 Its former name waa from Frederick Bartles. — McMasters's 
Hist. StetiJjen n>., p. 181. 

2 Locally known as " Wayne Hotel." 

8 Enofl, Joseph, and James Silsbee, Abraham Hendricks. 
Joshua Smith, John Holdridge, Elijah Reynolds, and Kphraim 
Tyler were among the early settlers. The first birth was that 
of Elizabeth Wixson, Nov. 6, 1793; and the first marriage, that 
of Ephraim Sanford, jr. and Julia HofT. Jas. Silsbee kfpt the 
first store, and Enos Silsheo the first inn. The first school was 
taught by Nathaniel Frisbee. in 1797. 

* The late settlemen*. of this town was owing to the fact that 
a large share of the land was owned in England and by heirs 
under age. Among the first settlers were Fred. Hauber, Wm. 
Burger, and Wra. Bray, from Delaware co., who came in 1823 
and located near Rexville. John Wilev, Wm. Fisher, and Benj. 
Wilks settled at Wileysville in 1S49. Uriah Stevens taught the 
first school; Chas. Rexford kept the first inn. and Walter B. 
Olmsted the first store, at Rexville. John Wiley built the first 
saw and grist mill, in 1849-50. 

" Named from Capt. Silas Wheeler, the first settler. Capt. 
Whcvler served during the Revolutionary War, and was at the 
attack on Quebec and stood near Montgomery when he fell. 
He was 4 timee taken prisoner during the war. He died in 
1S2S, at the age of 7 8. 

* Nathan Rose. Wm. Holmes, and Turner Gardner settled in 
town in 1709; Col. Jonathan Barney and Thos. Aulls in 1800; 
Philip Murtle in 1802; and Otto F. Marshall, and others, named 
Bear, Ferval, and Rifle, in 1S03. William, son of Jonathan Bar- 
ney, was born Nov. 1, ISOl, and died Dec. 1, 1802,— the first birth 
knd death in town. Hon. Qrattan H. Wheeler was a party to 



the first marriage. Capt. Wheeler built the first sawmill, in 1S02; 
and Geo. W. Taylor the first gristmill, in 1803-04. John Beala 
kept the first inn, in 1820; and Cornehus Younglove, the first 
store, in 1835. The first school was taught by Uriel Chapin. 

'' Capt. Wheeler's first trip to mill is worthy of record. There 
were, at the time when he had occasion to 'go to mill,' tbre«i 
institutions in the neigh bo rhwid where grinding was done, — at 
the Friends' settlement, at Bath, and at Naples. The millstoneB 
of Bath had suspended operations. — there being nothing there 
to grind, aa was reported. Capt. Wheeler made a cart, of which 
the wheels were sawn from the end of a log of curly maple : (he 
box was of corresponding architecture. He started for Naples 
with two oxen attached to this vehicle. Two young men went 
before the oxen with axes and chopped a road, and the clumsy 
chariot came floanderiug through the bushes behind, bouncing 
over the logs and snubbing the stumps, like a ship working 
through an Ice field. The first day they reached a point a little 
beyond the present village of Prattsburgh. a distance of six 
miles from their starting point, and the second moored triumpb- 
antlv at the mtU at Naples." — McMaster^s Hist. Steuben Cb., pp. 
195-196. 

' Named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Woodhull, of the Revoln 
tiou. 

8 Caleb Smith settled in the town in 1808. The first birth 
was that of Polly Smith: the first marriage, that of Levi Rice 
and Cynthia Tubbs; and the first death, that of Benj. Tubbs. 
Caleb Smith built the first gristmill, in 1805; Ichabod S. Leach 
kept the first inn, and Josi»b Tubbs the first store. The first 
school waa taught by Abner Thomas. 

« 2 Bap., Presb., and R.C. 



630 



STEUBEN COUNTY. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Steuben County. 



Names of Towns. 



AddJBon 

Avociu 

Bath 

Bradford 

CaniiTon 

Campbtill , 

Canieteo 

Caton 

Cohocton..... 

Coming , 

Dansville. 

£rwiD... 

Fremout. 

Greenwood... 

HartaviUe 

Hornby 

Hornellsville. 

Howard , 

Jasper 

Lindiey.... 

Prattsbui'gh., 

Pulteney 

Rathboneo.... 

Thurston 

Troupsburgh, 

Urbana 

Waylaud 

Wayoi-. 

West Union.. 

Wheeler- 

Woodhull 

Total 



Acres op Land. 



9,376 
13,011 
30,775 

7,2M 
10,871 

8,242 

9,1S4 

7,712 
11,580 

7,803 
20,031 

4,097 
10.733 
10,065 

7,1S9 
13,151 

S,745i 
20,634i 
13,227 

3,729 
23,136 
16,730 

6,4081 
16,646} 
17,126 
I2,921i 
9,S13 
7,265 
14,334 
11,861J 



361.460 



I 
I, 



26,832 

8,661 
24,319 

5.798 
10,798 
16,297 
22,300 
14,453 
14.441 
20,482 
12,881 
18,,674 

7,745 
11,660 
I3,a32 
13,177 

9,21 6i 
17.657 
15,853 
19,874 
11,858 

4,878i 

1.6,083 
17,947 

8.656 
11,364S 

3,606 
14,268 
14,246 
18,894 



438,260J 



Vamjation of 1858, 



$ 428,955 
433,627 

1,653,478 
214,087 
219,740 
329,030 
393,381 
296,406 
4.53,101 

1,308,282 
601,936 
636,668 
247,611 
176,046 
158,025 
264,783 
865,650 
410,648 
230,172 
274,701 
666,801 
449.787 
269,491 
233,276 
184.531 
636,978 
210,394 
234.142 
88,276 
299,709 
240,932 



$ 92,270 
82,073 

579,191 
23 543 
63,257 
6,900 
41.671 
21,655 
64.792 

113,689 
58,414 
74,250 
78,624 
94,231 
37.143 
40,266 
45,788 

120,476 
75,741 
6,300 

102,270 
39,318 
28,934 
12.918 

132,210 
30,009 
1,200 
34,681 
11,028 
69,196 

114,785 



12,689,070 2.286,423 14,975,493 



e 



$521,225 
515,700 

2,132,667 
237,630 
282.997 
336,630 
435,052 
318,060 
617,893 

1,421,971 
660,330 
609,918 
326,135 
270,276 
195,168 
295,049 
911,468 
631,024 
305.913 
280,001 
659,071 
489,105 
298,425 
246,194 
316,741 
665,987 
211,694 
268,823 
99,904 
3.58,905 
355,717 



1,602 

926 

3,027 

642 

918 

816 

1,058 

837 

1,126 

3,276 

1,077 

944 

671 

622 

684 

756 

1.960 

1,366 

881 

369 

1,301 

762 



1,042 
966 

1,344 
467 
617 
717 

1,159 



32,189 



1,654 

S60 

3,004 

643 

919 

726 

927 

74S 

1,116 

3,059 

1,083 

875 

648 

602 

826 

654 

1,893 

1,304 

887 

335 

1,281 

808 

445 
937 
972 

1,307 
401 
697 
859 

1,046 



30,776 



518 
331 

1,068 
238 
336 
287 
362 
274 
444 

1,037 
401 
334 
221 
237 
195 
262 
689 
602 
341 
142 
609 
305 

171 
361 
361 
376 
174 
214 
253 
420 



11,351 



666 
359 
984 
245 
343 
292 
372 
291 
444 
1,160 
413 
339 
233 
237 
212 
274 
744 
612 
344 
143 
636 
309 

177 
373 
363 
482 
183 
233 
266 
426 



11,823 



236 

286 
860 
189 
288 
226 
271 
267 
297 
614 
287 
174 
210 
233 
177 
239 
477 
458 
299 
69 
440 
275 

167 
322 
288 
332 
143 
218 
197 
294 



8,710 I 354 25,817 



1,228 
8U8 

2,306 
655 
690 
618 
852 
626 
875 

2,162 
791 
741 
457 
667 
467 
666 

1,522 

1,083 
787 
313 

1,072 
828 
628 
440 
967 
822 

1,060 
311 
630 
632 
825 



Names of Towns, 



Addison. 

Avoca 

Bath 

Bradford 

CameroiL 

Campbell , 

Canisteo 

Caton 

Cohocton 

Coming 

Dansvilie 

Erwin 

Fremont 

Greenwood.... 

HiLTtsviUe , 

Hornby 

Hornellsville. 

Howard 

Jasper 

Liodley 

Prattsburgh.. 

Pnlteney 

Rathbone* 

Thurston 

Troupsburgh. 

Urbana 

Wayland 

Wayne 

West Union,, 

Wheeler 

Woodhull,,.. 

Total... 



332 
600 
1,368 
330 
418 
326 
377 
341 
636 
396 
763 
216 
502 
300 
229 
382 
369 
810 
496 
121 
886 
694 

170 

457 
680 
604 
367 
179 
496 
406 



13,899 



III 

937 
1,074 
2,578 

630 
1,023 

94' 
1,192 
1,072 

995 

670 
1,24' 

433 

683 
1,197 

686 
1,064 

890 
1,626 
1,463 

619 
1,391 
1,272 

449 

1,984 

1,117 

1,031 

683 

929 

839 

1,788 



32,199 



532 
8,54 
2,042 
501 
639 
616 
690 
627 
621 
678 
980 
3S5 
601 
788 
427 

cia 

630 
1,1.37 
802 
327 
929 
766 

295 
14 
671 
780 
472 
499 
618 
911 



20,284 



=0 



2,448 
6,530 
12,169 
3,493 
2,847 
2,036 
1,914 
2,344 
3.255 

S2S 
6,469 
1,495 
1,715 
1,701 
3.007 
3,365 
2.,522 
8,998 
3,385 

987 
8,093 
4,968 

1.354 
6.340 
9,946 
1,805 
3,663 
1,206 
6,220 
2,330 



_5_ 

767 

1,087 

2.360 

731 

619 

630 

816 

610 

807 

901 

1,368 

653 

549 

420 

382 

574 

646 

1,338 

726 

386 

1,02: 

1,073 

331 

7.50 

1,051 

1,005 

764 

369 

832 

817 

24,154 



AORICtTLTURAL PRODUCTS. 



Bosh, oh Grain. 



6,979 

12,695 

26,477 
4,908, 
4,229 
6,499 

13,912J 
3,563 

13,757 
8,440 

24..509 
4,766 
4,172 
1,866 
3,712 
3,248 

10,478 
6,596 
2.814 
1,326 

10„3194 
9,975 

2.921 i 
2,51 9i 
11,145 
12.252 
3,3.54 
1,242 
7,377 
5,849i 



229,802 



2,037 

2.044 

6,931J 

1,354 

1,952} 

2,241 

l,884i 

2.242 

1,466} 

1,684 

2,064 

943 
1,022 
1,049 
1,010 
4.203 
1.786 
2,47 6J 
2,011 

948 
2,953} 
2,050 



,231 

,621} 

,2.62 

,567} 

,008 

721 

,440 

:,466 



6S,749i 



12,004 
6,444 

14,379 
6,726 
3,864 
6,420 
6,964 

20,607 
7,631 

10,.309 

13,445 
7,185 
8,985 
5,480 
3,.506 

22,465 
5,311 

13,,539 
7,262 
6,933 
8.748 
6,268 

3.055 
8,170 
4,826 

11,604 
4.711 
7,878 
4,515 

10,026 



256,938 



0)1 



11,235 

23,412 

25,271 
8,042 
4.644 

11,898 
9,893 
6,048 

17,095 
8,828 

14,294 
3.746 

14,210 
3,978 
6,525 

14,201 
6,217 

at.461 
4,298 
6,905 

14.790 
8,347 

3,368 
8.618 

12,335 

4,470 

8.485 

610 

10,024 
3,174 



!97,2S9 



Daibt Pboductb, 



35.53 

0, OS 



66,.550 
77,063 

118,421 
37,130 
69,703 
60,166 
62,040 
81,166 
67,246 
26,316 
93,541 
29,906 
60,075 
79,900 
37,046 
69,885 
60,150 

129,746 
93,188 
20,962 

104,620 
88,971 

32,590 
103,775 
82,350 
65.200 
55.346 
41.980 
60.693 
112,445 



I'S-S 



3,640 

43,446 

13,630 

460 

2,100 

1,976 

500 

3,664 

6,2311 

800' 

18,539' 

6,000! 

6,775 

1,100| 

3,290 

1,915 

1,204 

13,690 

3,335 

100 

7,717 

6,419 

665 
2,816 
3,070 

23,500 
1,816 

17,700 
4,806 
4,745! 






1,34: 
773} 

3,069 
978 

1,186 
778 

1,676 
736 
691 
106 

1,603 

62 

1,063 

889 

1,461 

794 

2,689} 

2,436 

37 

1,188 

758 

1,148 
3,699} 

846 
1,288 

'28 
1,689} 

700 
1,144 



203,329! ,34,936 



a Formed since 1855, 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 




This county' was organized Nov. 1, 1083. It occupies the e. part 
of Long Island, embracing about two-thirds of its area, and 
includes several smaller islands off the E. and N. coasts. It is 
centrally distant 138 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,200 sq. mi. 
The E. extremity of the island is divided by Great and Little Peconic 
and Gardiners Bays into two narrow, unequal branches, between 
which are Gardinei-s, Shelter, and Robins Islands. A chain of islands 
extends from the n. branch nearly to the Conn, shore.' A beach com- 
posed of alluvial sand and shingle, broken only by occasional inlets, 
skirts the s. shore of the island, enclosing several large, irregular bays, 
the principal of which are Great South, Moriches, Shinnecock, and 
Mecox Bays. " This great beach is a line of spits and islands. One 
of the islands is about 25 mi. long, with a breadth of a few hundred yards. They are all narrow 
and long ; and when above the reach of the surf they are covered by a labyrinth of hillocks of 
drifted sand, imitating almost all the variety of form which snow drifts possess after a storm." 

The action of the waves and winds is gradually extending this beach. Off tht s. coast the sea 
is very shallow ; 50 mi. from the shore its depth nowhere exceeds 40 fathoms ; and sandbars at a 
considerable distance from the beach approach so near the surface as to break the waves into a 
surf. The traveler along the beach is seldom out of sight of a wreck.' Irregular branches project 
inland from Long Island Sound, in the w. part of the co., and from the bays upon the s. and e. 
The peninsulas and points thus formed are locally known as "necks." Upon the s. side of the 
island these necks generally take the name of the stream e. of them. An irregulai range of hilla 
extends e. and w. through the co., a little n. of the center. A second range, commencing in 
Brookhaven, extends into the s. branch of the island, terminating at Canoe Place and reappear- 
ing farther e. as the Shinnecock Hills. Along the N. border of the co. the surface is somewhat 
broken ; but in the s. it is very level. In the E. part are several fresh water lakes, and a few in 
the central and w. parts, the principal of which is Lake Ronkonkoma, on the w border of 
Brookhaven. The principal streams are Peconic River, in the E., and the Connecticut, in the 
central part. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, moderately fertile along the coasts ; but 
in some parts the surface consists of almost sterile plains or barren sandhills. The interior of the 
island, from near the foot of the hills to within one or two mi. of South Bay, is occupied by the 
" brush plains," which are sparsely inhabited and hardly susceptible of cultivation. Thousands 
of acres of these plains were burned over in 1844 and '45 ; and a thin growth of scrub oak, 3 to 4 
feet high, has since sprung up on the burned tract.* Along the coast are extensive salt marshes. 
No native rock is found within this co. ; and the whole island, except a few rocks near Hellgate, 
appears to belong to the drift formation or to have been formed as a strand of the sea. The 
waters of the sea are slowly encroaching upon the land of the E. and n. parts. 

The various branches of agriculture form the leading industrial pursuits.' Successful hus- 
bandry in this CO. involves a large expenditure for fertilizers,' which to considerable extent are 
obtained from the neighboring seas. Immense quantities of bony fish' are caught for this pur- 



1 Named from a co. in England. From 1665 to 1683 this co. 
formed the ^^East Riding of Torkshire" 

2 These islauda appear to have been separated from the main- 
land and from each ottier by tidal currentfi, wliirh flow between 
them with great force. — A^ K GeoJnqical .^j/nvv.— Mather. 

s From Nov. 1, 1S64, to June 28, 1867, 6 ships, 9 barlis, 16 brigs, 
25 schooners, and 9 sloops were wrecked, or in distress, off this 
coaat. The Government has established 26 lifeboat stations 
upon the s. shore, (of which 19 are within this co.,) 1 on 
Fishers Island, 1 at Orient Point, and 2 upon the Sound. Each 
station is furnished with boats, life<ars, mortars and rockets 
for throwing Hne-s, and at each a keeper is in constant attend- 
ance. Under the provisions of the act of Feb. 16, 1787, " mijvcA-- 
ma.^ters*'are appointed by the Governor and Senate in and for 
the several counties bordering upon the seashore. Of these 
there are 15 in Suffolk co. It is their duty to render every 
possible aid to distressed vessels. A project has recently been 
formed of constructing a telegraph line from .Montauk Point to 
Brooklyn, with stations along the beach, so that intelligence 
may be transmitted in seadon to admit of aid being sent to 
vejisels in distress. 



* Some of these tracts are 8 to 10 mi. long and 2 to t wide. 
The fires destroyed not only the forest trees, but every vestige 
of vegetation, and thousands of cords of wood : hundreds of 
deer and other animals perished in them. Tliese lands are 
valuable only for the timber upon them : and when that i« 
destroyed they become nearly worthless. 

^ Corn and potatoes are the leading agricultural exportations 
This CO. excels all others in the State in the amount of turnips 
raised. Wheat is one of the principal crops. 

* The annual expenditure of this co. for manures is nearly 
$200,000. — about half as much as is expended for the same pur- 
pose by all the rest of the State. 

7 Tlie.^e fish are the Aloxa menhaden, or *' moss bunkers." and 
are usually called '* bunkers" or '* skippniigs." They are caught 
from May to Nov., in seines, in immense quantities; at a single 
haul, a few years since, 1.400 000 were taken. They are sold at 
an average price of $1 per >I. They are usually strewn n\tt'n 
the surface as a top dressing or plowed under, but are eonit* 
times rotted with earth, s.-nweed, and other articles in compost 
heaps. The stench of tbfse decaying fi.th is extremel) un- 
pleasant and almost ovcrpuwering to strangers. 

631 



632 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



pose, and are used either alone or in connection with seaweed, stable manure, compost, guano, 
ashes, and other fertilizers. Oysters and clams abound in the bays and seas around the island ; 
and the taking of these, and fishing, form the principal occupations of the inhabitants along the 
shore. From the first settlement of the co. considerable attention has been given to whaling. 
This business was originally carried on in open boats from the shore ;^ but large vessels are now 
Bent upon long voyages to the Polar Seas.^ The preparation of ** fish guano,*' and oil from 
bunkers,^ shipbuilding, and brickmaking are the principal manufacturing interests of the co.* 
At Fire Island, Green port, and Orient, and at most of the villages along South Country Road are ex- 
tensive hotels, especially fitted for the accommodation of families from New York City, great 
numbers of whom spend the summer months at these public houses or in private families. 

The county seat is located at Riverhead.^ The courthouse is a fine two story brick building, 
situated near the depGt, and contains the usual county offices, and accommodations for the sheriff's 
family.® The jail, situated in rear of the courthouse, is a two story stone octagonal building. The 
county clerk's office is a fireproof brick building. The co. has no poorhouse.*' 

The first regulation concerning public roads was adopted under authority of an act of General 
Assembly passed in 1724, and was kept alive by repeated enactments. Commissioners ap- 
pointed by this authority about 1733 laid out 3 principal roads from w. to e. These were called 
the North, Middle, and South Country Roads, and upon them the principal villages and settle- 
ments are located. The project of opening a navigable communication between the bays upon 
the 3i shore of the island was recommended by Gov. Clinton in 1825, and was subsequently 
authorized by law, but was never carried into efi'ect.® The Long Island R. R. affi>rds the princi- 
pal avenue of business through the island.* Short stage routes connect the several villages along 
the N. and s. shores with the r. r. 

Seven newspapers are published in the co. ; 2 at Greenport, 2 at Huntington, 1 at Sag Harbor, 
1 at Patchogue, and 1 at Riverhead.** 

When Long Island first became known, it was inhabited by 13 tribes of Indians, of which all 
but two resided wholly or in part in this co.^' Of these the Montauks were the most numerous 



1 At present 3 whaleboats at Mastic Point, 2 at Shinne- 
cock, 6 at Soiitbanipton, and several at Bridgehampton, East 
Hampton, and Amaganeet, are kept in CDOstant readiness for 
use upon the beach. They are mounted, buttom upward, upon 
a staging, and are well supplied with oars, lances, harpoons, and 
other necessary tackle. During the winter and spring months j 
a lookout is kept, and when a whale appears a signal rallies tbe 
neighborhood to the chase. A year seldom passes without one 
prize ; and some years half a dozen are captured. 

2 The whaling interests of this co. received a severe check upon 
the discovery of gold in California. Many whaleships were fitted 
out for the trade with that region, and upon the reaction that 
followed were sold. The number of whaleships now belonging 
to the CO. is 33; and the greatest number at any one time (in 
1845^7) was S8. 

8 The manufactories of fish guano and oil are in Southold and 
upon Shelter Island, and on Napeague Reach. Tbe fish are 
heated by ete;ini. and the oil is extracted by hydrostatic presses. 
The residue is dried and ground for guano. Forty tons of fish 
yield 9 tons of guann and 840gals. of oil. It Is claimed by many 
that this mauufactured article possesses all tbe valuable pro- 
perties of the Peruvian guano. 

* Salt was formerly made from seawater at Sag Harbor. An 
extensive business was formerly carried on in cutting wood and 
shipping it to the New York market. Spafford, in his Gazetteer 
of 1823, .s^ys that a great portion of the fuel consumed in the 
city was furnished by the pine plains, and Wiat 100.01*0 cords were 
annually sent from Brookhaven. Since the fires of 18-44 and '46 
but little wood has been exported. 

6 A small two story frame building, erected in 1725, served for 
both a courthouse and jail. The first court of Oyer and Ter- 
miner under the State Government was held Sept. 4. 17S7. 

fi This building was erected in 1854 and '55, at a cost of $17,800. 
The ctimmittee appointed to superintend its erection were Sarn'l 
B. NicoU, Wm. R. Pnst, and Sylvester Miller, By an act passed 
April 9, 1813, the clerk of this co. was authorized to establish 
his office in two places, and to appoint a deputy to have charge 
of one. The records migrated between Islip and Southold, and 
^ere kept many years at Smithtowu. The records of wills in this 
CO. extend back to 1669. The records of the court of General 
Sessions and Common Pleas have been separately recorded since 
1723. 

' Most of the towns have poorhonses, at which co. paupers are 
provided for at tbe co. expense. 

8 The Long Island Canal Company, chartered April S. 184S, 
was authorized to etTect what in substance wiis embraced in 
De Witt Clinton's plan. viz. : communication between Grave.«eud. 
Jamaica, Great South, Southampton, and Mecox Bays, and across 
Canoe Place. 

* The rnad was opened to Farmingtnn Oct. 15, 1841, to Yap- 
hank June 2*;, lt4J, and to Greenport July 29, 1844. 



W FrothinffftanVs Lovg Island Efvald was established at Sag 

Harbor May 10, 1791, by David Fn-thingliam. In lt02 

it was sold to Sellick Osborn, and changed to 
The Suffolk (hunty Herald. It was sold in Feb. 1S04, to Alden 

Spooner. and its name was changed to 
The Suffilk Gazette, and in Feb. 1811, it was discontinued. 
The Suffolk Co Recorder was established at Sag Harbor Oct 19, 

1816, by Sam'I. A. Seabury. In 1817 it was changed to 
The American Eagle; 2 years afterward it was discontinued. 
The Corrector was st:irted at Sag Harbor Aug. 3, 1S22, b.y 

H. W. Hunt, and is now published by Alex. Hunt. 
The Reimblican AVatchman was conunenced at Sag 

llai l«ir in Sept. 1826. by Sam'I Phillips. In Sept.lS44, 

it was removed to Greenport, where it is now published 

by S. Phillips & Son. 
The Suflfblk. Times was started at Greenport in Aug. 

1^57, by John J. Kiddell. its present publisher. 
The American Eagle was establiphed at Huntington in 1S21 by 

Sam'I A. Seabury. In May, 1825. it was changed to 
The Long Island Journal of Philosophy and Cabinet of Variety, 

(mo.,) pub. by Sam. Fleet. In 1827 it was changed to 
The Portico, and was discontinued in 1829. 
The Long Islander was started at Huntington in July, 

183s, by Walter Whitman, and is now published by 

G.-n H. Shepard. 
The SuflTolk Democrat was start^-d Feb. 17, 1847. at 

Huntington, and is now published by Edward Strahan. 
The Suffolk 0'a::cUe was commenced at Hiverhead in Aug. 1849. 

After IS months it was removed to Sag Harbor. In 

Dec. 1854, it was brought back to Itiverhead, and was 

eonn after discontinued. 
The Swffolh Herald was established at Patchngno Aug. 

14. is.^s. hv A'an Zandt & Co., its present publishers. 
The Siiffolfe Union w;ia started at Kiverhead In 1S59 by 
I "Wasbin^ton Tan Zandt. 

:The Sag Harbor Express was commenced in 1859, 

u These tribes were the '* Canarsees,^^ occupying Kings co. and 
a part of Jamaica: the " Bockaways" the country about Rock- 
away and parts of Jamaica and \ewtriwn: the '■^Afattinecnrks" 
I the w. side of the island, from Flushing to the E. line of Hunting- 
ton; the"A>.ts«juij/5." the country fmni the e. line of Hunting- 
ton to Stony Brook; the " Setaul.ets,"' that from Stony Brook to 
1 Wading lUver; the ^' Cor clingv-es," all tbe N. branch of the island 
I E. of Wading Uiver: the '^ Sferecnkes^* and ^^ Murenpeques." thi- conw 
I try upon the s. side of the islands w. of Suffolk co.; the- Lecatogues,^* 
! the country fram the w, line of the co. to tbe E. part of Islip; 
' the "IWchngues" from the e. line of Islip tot hew. partof Sonth 
'ampton; the "■Sltinnecncks" the country around Canoe Place, 
land thence E. to East Hampton; the "J/onto"A:.s," that are now 
' included in the tnwn of East Hampton; atul the "Monhassets,^' 
uccupying Shelter Island. Of all these tribes there now remain 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



633 



and powerful ; and the consent of Wyandance,' their grand sachem, was necessary to the validity 
of all Indian grants of that date upon the island. The earliest settlement within the co. was 
made in 1639, on Gardiners Island, under title derived from James Farrett, agent of the Earl 
of Stirling, to whom a grant of the whole of Long Island had been made by the Plymouth Com- 
pany.'' Southold and Southampton were settled in 1640, Easthampton in 1648, Shelter Island in 
1652, Huntington in 1653, Brookhaven in 1655, and Smithtown in 1668, by English immigrants 
from New England. These settlers were strongly imbued with Puritan doctrines and zealously 
devoted to their strict observance.' They naturally sought alliance with the adjacent New 
England colonies, to whom they were warmly attached,' and with whom they were closely united 
until they were brought under the government of New York. Among the first measures taken by 
the colonists was the establishment of religious worship and schools, which in most of the towns 
date from the first or second year of settlement. These were commonly supported by tax, often 
levied in kind, and sometimes coupled with privileges and grants that are still recognized. 

The patents granted by the New York governors created corporations, with municipal powers 
and privileges which were liberal for that period. These have never been changed, and are still 
valid. The rights were of two classes,— one belonging to all who might gain a residence and 
citizenship within the town,, and the other pertaining only to the persons named in the patents 
and their heirs at law. During the Revolution most of the inhabitants of the co. warmly espoused 
the cause of the colonists ; but after the battle of Long Island the British ascendency was com- 
plete, and few opportunities occurred for assisting in the popular movement. Several bold and 
successful incursions were made by partisan corps ; but the armed occupation of the island was at 
no time interrupted.* During the latter part of the War of 1812 an English fleet was stationed 
off the eastern coast ; but few depredations were committed. The history of the co. fi-om that day to 
the present is only the record of the industrial pursuits of a thriving people. 



BROOKHAVEN — was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Nicoll, March 13, 1666, with the usual 
privileges of a township f and Dec. 27, 1686, the patent was confirmed by Gov. Dongan, and ex- 
tended privileges were granted.® It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It occupies the entire 
width of Long Island, near the center of the co. E. and w. It has 20 mi. of coast on Long Island Sound, 
21 on South Bay, and above 30 on Fire Island, which skirts the whole s. coast. Patchogue and Bell- 
port Bays, upon the s. coast, are branches of Great South Bay ; and Old Mans Harbor and Port -Jeffer- 
8on, Conscience, Setauket, and Flax Pond Bays, are indentations upon the n. coast from L. I. Sound. 
The principal capes upon the N. coast are Cranes Neck, Old Field Point,' Little Neck,* Dj-ers Neck,' 
Mount Misery, and Rocky Point. A range of low hills extends across the n. part of the town ; but 
elsewhere the surface is level. The principal streams are Peconic River, in the E. part, and the Con- 
necticut, in the central. There are several fresh water ponds of great depth and purity in the town, 
many of which have no outlet. The soil along the coast, both upon Long Island Sound and South 
Bay, is a moderately fertile, light, sandy loam, and in the interior it is generally unproductive. 
Along the streams near their mouths are numerous salt meadows. Port JefiTersoil'" (p. v.) is 
situated at the head of Port Jefferson Bay, on the N. coast. It has a good harbor, and shipbuilding 
is largely carried on.'^i Pop. 1,247. Setauket, (p. v.,) on the bay of the same name, contains 2 
churches and 4 shipyards and has a pop. of 1,136. Stony Brook,'^ (p-'f-.) near the line of 
Smithtown, contains 1 church and has a pup. (in this town) of 542. Mt. Sinai,'' (p. v.,) on Old 
Mans Harbor, has a pop. of 276. Millers Place,'* (p.o.,) Rocky Point, and S'lvezys 



but a few indivi<!i)al3 in Islip and Brookhnven. about 200 at 
Shinnecock, and o families on Montauk Point. They have lost 
all k nowledge of their tangnage. using ouly the English, and are 
intelligent and eivilized. They have interinarrred to a considera- 
ble extent with negroes, and are probably of more than half A f- 
ri^yin blood. 

1 Wyandance died in 1659, and the Montauk Indians afterward 
became tributary to the Narragansetts. 

• This grant waa made in 163o, and, at the request of Charles I. 
Farrett was appointed agent in 1637. — Houyh'i yantucket 

s Most of the towns were Jealous of the admission of strangers, 
and only allowed them to participate in their priTileges upon 
careful examinatioTi of character and motive. 

4 By the act of May 6, 1784. the sum of £10,000 was levied 
upon this CO. afl a " back tax" for defraying expenses incurred in 
the wars. 

6 Capt. John Tucker, Dan'l Lane, Richard Woodhnll, Henry 
Perring. and Jnhu .Ti-nuer were named trustees in this patent. 
Patents, J, 81, Sec. Office. 



* This instrument provided that 7 trustees should be annually 
elected, in whom the Jegal ownershipof the property of the town 
should be vested. John Palmer, Kicbard Woodbull, Snniuel 
Kburue, Andrew Gibb, Wm. Sttterlee, Thos. Jonner, and Thos, 
Helme were named as tlie first trustees. 

I The Indian name of this point waa " Cb.;nci.i-co." 
8 Called by the Indians *'.Vi-7Wj:-jte-rote." 

• Its Indian name was '^ P»-quf/tt" 

w Formerly known as '^Drowned Meadow,^ and called ".S>-w'(w- 
seW by the Indians. 

" Tht?re are 5 shipyards upon the E. side of the harbor, and 3 
upon the w. 

12 Called by the Indians " Wftpf/wag." The great quantities of 
shells found near the banks indicate that this waa a favorite 
residence of the natives. 

n Called by the Indians •^yt/n-o-wau-iud:.*' Old Mans Harbor 
IS also called .Mt. Sinai Iliirbur. 

1* Named from Andrew, sou of John Millcr,onc of the pioneers 
of Kast Hampton. 



634 SUFFOLK COUNTY. 

Ijandin^ are hamlets on the coast of Long Island Sound. Patdiogue' (p. v.) is situated on 
Patchogue Bay, in the s. w. part of the town. It contains 4 churches, an academy, and manufac- 
tories of twine, paper, cotton, ropes, and flour. Pop. 1,562. Bellport, {p. v.,) on the w. side 
of Belleport Bay, contains I church and an academy. Shipbuilding is carried on to a considerable 
extent. Pop. 383. Blue Point,^ (p. o.,) in the s. w. part, is a hamlet. Fire Place, (p. v.,) 
on Belleport Bay, contains 1 church and about 35 houses; Moriclies/4 churches and 50 houses ; 
£ast Moricbes, (p. v.,) 40 houses; and West Moriches (Moriches p. o.) and Seafuck^ 
hamlets, are situated near the coast of East Bay. Yaptaank^^ (p. v.,) a station on the Long 
Island R. R., containing 3 churches and 35 houses, and Soutti Haven, (p. v.,) containing 1 
church and 20 houses, are situated on Connecticut River. Mastic^ is a hamlet on Mastic River. 
Ifliddle Island, (p. o.,) containing 2 churches, Selden, (p. o.,) 1 church, IVeiv Tilla§rc, 
(p. 0.,) 1 church, and Coram,* (Cor-um,) (p. o..) are hamlets in the central part; and Wanip- 
missic,^ containing 1 church, and Manorville,^ (p. o..) are hamlets in the e. part. Center 
Moriches is a p. o. Waverly, and Medford, are hamlets and r. e. stations. The town 
poorhouse is located near Coram, upon a small farm purchased in 1817 at a cost of $900. The 
lighthouse on Old Field Point was built in 1823 ; and another on Fire Island, near Fire Island 
Inlet, was built in 1858.® The first settlement was made at Setauket,^^ in 1655, by a colony of im- 
migrants from near Boston, Mass.^* The land was bought from the Setauket Indians, and the sale 
confirmed by a release from Wyandance, Sachem of Montauk. This settlement was received under 
the government of Conn, in 1661, and Richard Woodhull and Thos. Pierce were appointed magis- 
trates by the General Court. The tract of land between Islip and Bellport, extending to the cent^er 
of the island, was purchased of the natives by John Winthrop in 1666, and the title confirmed 
March 29, 1680.^^ Col. Wra. Smith purchased Little Neck, Oct. 22, 1686, and an extensive tract 
E. of Connecticut River, extending northward to the center of the co., in May, 1691." Fort St. 
George, a strongly fortified British post on South Bay, was surprised and taken by a party of 80 
men, under Maj. Tallmadge, Nov. 21, 1780. They crossed Long Island Sound from Conn., landing 
at Old Mans Harbor, marched to Coram, where they destroyed a large amount of forage, and then 
to Fort St. George, which they captured without the loss of a man. Over 50 men were made prison- 
ers, and a large amount of property was destroyed," Gen. Woodhull,^^ Pres. of the Second and 
Third Provincial Congresses, Gen, Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
Col. Richard Floyd,*^ and Maj. Wm. 11. Smith, were residents, and Maj. Benj. Tallmadge was a 
native, of this town. In the infancy of the settlement a building was erected at Setauket, which 
served the double purpose of a townhall and church." There are now 26 churches in town.*® 

EAST OAMPTOIV— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Nicoll, March 13, 1666," and con- 
firmed by Gov. Dongan, Dec. 9, 1686. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies at the e. 
extremity of Long Island, s. of Gardners Bay and Lung Island Sound, and includes Gardiners Island, 
lying N. of the mainland. The e, part consists of a narrow peninsula, to which the name, Muntauk, 
is applied. Upon the n. coast are several large bays, some of them nearly landlocked. The princi- 
pal of these are Northwest, Three Mile, Acabonac, and Napeague Harbors, and Fort Pond Bay. 
In the central and w. parts the surface is mostly level or gently undulating ; but along the coast 

1 Named from the "Fb-chough" Indians, who inhabited this I Woolley, Akerly, Combs, "Waring, Mapes, Thorp, Eburne, Brew- 
region, stor, Poole, Sharpe, Burnet, Uelnio, Garlick, Moger, Pierce, and 

2 Called by the Indians '' Manow-tusx-quott," an important Ware. Many of these names are still common on the island, 
oyster bed in Great South Bay. in this vicinity. By a vote of the inhabitants, taken July 13, 16S7, the trustees 

8 An Indian name, pronounced Mo-rich-es. Great quantities of tlie town were directed to establish a school, and Francis 

of fish and wild fowl are sent from this vicinity to the New Williamson was empkiyed as a t-eacher, at a salary of £30 per 

York market. annum. The first mill was erected at Stony Brook, in 1690. — 

* Yaphauk is the Indian name of a small tributary of the Thompson's Hist. Long Island, 2d Ed., J, 4l.t8. 



Connecticut. The place was originally called "J/(Wri7te," and 
afterward '' Brnokfield." 

6 This name is applied to a considerable tract of land w. of the 
river, formerly occupied by the Puos-pa-tuck Indians, a tribe 
subject to the Pochoughs. Parts (if this tract were known aa 
'• Sa-ba-nock," " Ne<nm-maclc" " Coos-pu-lus" "J'a-ter-quos," 
" Uh-&>^ttg,'* and *' 3fat-ie-moy." 

Named from an Indian chief. 

7 This name was given by the Indians to a swamp in the 
vicinity. 

8 Formerly called "5/. Gecrrgn^s Manrrr." 

9 This lighthouse is 15U ft. high and 166 ft. above the sea, and 
i^ furnished with a French dashing lens apparatus of superior 
quality. 

>o Then called *' Cromwll Bay'* 

11 The family names of those settlers wore Woodhull, Haw- 
kins, WbJtehaire, Jenner, Perring, Gihb. Satterlee, Biggs, 
'J'ooker, Rogers, Fancy, Longbotham, Lane, Floyd, Muucy. 
Seward, ^Vadc. Payler, Smith, Avery, Dayton, liiivis. Frost, 
T omas, Baylis, Thumson, Ward, Koe, Budd, Brooks, Williams, 



^ A great part of this tract waa divided into 36 prizes, and 
disposed of by lottery for £12,000 in June, 1758, 

J8 These purchases were confirmed Oct. 9, 1693, under the 
title of the '' Manor of St. George" which included all the town 
as then founded E. of the Connecticut. A large proportion of 
this tract is still owned by the descendants of Col. Smith. 

1' Washington's Writings, VII; Journal of Congress, Dec. 6, 
1780; Thompson* s Hist. Long Island. 

15 Gen. WtK)dhull fell in the battle of Long Island^ Sept. 1776, 
and was buried in this town. — Onderdoiik's Rev. Inc. 

18 The lands of Col. Richard Floyd located in this town were 
confiscated by the British. 

" The early pastors of the church at Setauket were Revs. Na- 
thaniel Brewster, in 16.^5, Geo. Phillips, in 1697, David Younge, 
iu 1745, Benj. Tallmadge, in 1754, Noah Wetmore, in 1786, and 
Zachariah Greene, in 1797. 

18 9 M. E.. 8 Presb., 4 Cong., 2 Prot E., 2 Af. M. E.. B;tp. 

1* The trustees named in the patent were John Mulfoid. Tlioa. 
Baker, Thomas Chatfield. Jeremiah Concklvn. Stepht-n Uedges, 
Thos. Osborne, sr,, and John OsboiuQ.^I^tents, /, 81, Sec. Office 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



635 



upon the s. is a belt of low, shifting sand ridges; and the e. part is broken by low, irregular hills, 
some of which attain an elevation of 100 ft. above the sea. Near the coast in the s. part of the 
town and upon the peninsula are several fresh water ponds. The principal of these are Gi'eat,' 
Fort,'' Oyster, Hook, and Georgica Ponds ; and their outlets have been closed by sandbars or a 
beach. Upon the main portion of the peninsula of Montauk the soil is fertile, but its neck is a 
barren, sandy waste. In the w. part the soil is a light, sandy loam and is kept highly fertile by the 
use of manures. Stock raising forms the leading occupation ; and to that pursuit Gardners Island' 
and Montauk Point are exclusively devoted. A tract of al)out 9000 acres, embracing the entire k, 
portion of the town, is devoted wholly to pasturage. It is owned by a company, incorp. as tenants in 
common, whose affairs are managed by a board of 7 trustees elected annually.* Twelve trustees are 
chosen annually, to whom are committed the management of the town commons, the meadow beaches, 
and the waters within the bays, the privileges of which are enjoyed by all citizens. A town poor- 
house is located on a small farm about 2 mi. w. of East Hampton Village. Lighthouses are located 
upon Cedar Island, at the entrance of Sag Harbor,^ at the n. extremity of Gardinei's Island, and upon 
Montauk Point.* East llamptou, (p. v.,) about 1 mi. from the beach, in the s. w. part of the 
town, has 2 churches,' an academy,** 2 windmills, and about 70 houses. Aniagaii>*€lt, (p. v.,) a 
scattered village about 2 mi. e. of East Hampton, contains 1 church. Pop. 270. Sprln^N, (p.o.,) 
near Acabonac Harbor, and Wainscott, in the s. w. coruerof the town, are hamlets. Sag Har* 
boi'^ (p- V.) is partly in this town. The tirst settlement in this town, and the first English settlement 
in the State, was made on Gardiners Island in 1639, by Lyon Gardiner.'^ Settlement in the w. part 
of the town was commenced in 1648, upon lands purchased of the Montauk Indians, liy a company 
of English families from Lynn, Mass.'^ The government of the colony was purely democratic. The 
people met in ** General Court," and enacted laws, appointed civil and ministerial officers, and acted 
upon appeals fi*om the decisions of their magistrates. Three magistrates,^^ a recorder, a secretary, 
and a constable were annually elected. Lands were allotted to individuals, and could not be 
alienated without the approval of the General Court. In Dec. 1053, they adopted the laws of Conn. ; 
and from 1657 to 1667 they were united with that colony.^^ The inhabitants sided with the colonists 
in the disputes which led to the Revolution. In June, 1775, an ''Association" favoring the measures 
of the Continental Congress was formed, and its articles were signed by every male inhabitant 
capable of bearing arms." Rev. Thomas James, the first pastor in the town, settled in 1051.** 
There are now 4 churches in town.^® 

mTlVTI]VGTO]%'— was incorp. by patent, under Gov, Nicoll, Nov. 30, 1666." The patent 

was renewed Aug. 2, 1688, and again Oct. 5, 1094. It was r.3cognized as a town March 7, 1788, at 
which time Batons Neck and Crab Meadow were annexed. The w. line was established Feb. 17, 



1 Ciill-r'd by the lodiaos " Quaw-no-ti-wock.'* This pond con- 
tains 500 acres. 

8 The Indian name of this p-jnd is ^'- Konk-hong-a-nok." It lies 
8. of Fort Pond Bay, and nr-tiiiy divides the isthmus. 

8 Called by the Indians " Mtm-cfio-nock,' or *'■ 3ta-s/i<nig-o-muc'' 
and mentioned in early records as the "Isle of WighV It con- 
taioa 3,3<JO acres. 

* This tract originally belonged to the Montauk Indians, and 
was conveyed by tbem to the colonists of Kast Hampton. Feb. 
11, 1661, the natives reserviiif; to themselves the right of living 
upon and using so much of it ns they might need. Its owner- 
ship was vested in the colonists in person. The lands were 
represented at first by 40 shares, valued at £40 each, and were 
intrusted to the management of the trustees of the town. The 
shares are now divided into "eigbthg." of which 36 have been 
purchased by the corporation aud extinguished. These 
eighths are now worth $3y0 to $400 each. The tract is divided 
into large inclosures, of which "the ftdd" is reserved for fat- 
tening stock. Every share entitles its possessor to the privi- 
lege of pasturing for " the season" 4S c«ttle, 14 of them to be ad- 
mitted io**Oie ^Id" Ahorse is rated as 2" beasts," (cattle,) 
and 7 sheep as one. " The season'' is tixed by the trustees, and 
generally lasts from June 1 to Oct. 20. A^)out 1400 cattle and 
1100 sheep are annually kept within these inclosures. Five 
Indian fatnllies reside upon the tract, who own ."iO shares and 
are entitled. to the keeping of 50 cattle. These privileges are 
usually hired of them for $200 per annum. 

6 Cedar Island Lighthouse (btiilt in 1839) is 34 ft. high. 

* Montauk Lighthouse, on Turtle Hill, is 85 ft. high, and 160 
feet above the lerel of the sea. It was built in 1795, at a cost 
of $22,500. 

I The vane upon this church bears the dates of 1649 and 1717, 
as those of the first settlement of the village and the erection of 
the church edifice. 

* Clinton Academy was founded in 17S4. and incorp. by the 
regents Nov. 17. 17S7. A petition i>f the trustees of this insti- 
tution suggested to the leginlature the propriety of a general 
iratem of auperrision, aod led to tbu enactment of the law orguu- 



izing the Board of Regents of the University. This academy and 
Krasnius Hall, in Fiatl>nsli, were incorp. the snuie day, and are 
the oldest legally organized academic institutions in the State. 

9 See page 638. 

10 This island was purchased from Jas. Ffirrett, agent of tho 
Earl of Stirling, March 10, 1639. Elizabeth Gardner — born upon 
the island, Sept. 14. 1641 — was the first child of Knglish parents 
born within the present limits of this State. The pirate, Kidd, 
visited the island in 1699 and buried a qinntity of gold, silver, 
and jewels, wliich were afterward recovered by commissioners 
sent from Boston for that purpose. A piece of cloth of gold pre- 
sented by Capt. Kidd to Mrs. Gardiner is still [ireserved. 

11 Tliis purchase was made by the Governors of Conn, and New 
Haven for the colonists, and was conveyed to them the following 
year. The.tract embraced an area of about 30,000 acres ; and tho 
value of the articles given in exchange for it was £.'iu 4.^. 8f/. The 
Indinns reserved the right of fishing, hunting, aud of taking 
shells for wampum upon the lands sold, and the right to the 
fins and tails of drift whah'S. 

1- The first magistratea were John Mulford, Roht. Bond, and 
Thos. Baker. 

13 The lii-st school was taught by Chaa. Barnes, who rcwive.1 
a sniiry of £30 per annum. He was succeeded in 1663 by Peter 
Bi-nsoii. 

n.Inhn Chatfield. Co]. Abram Gardiner. Burnet Miller, Rev. 
Sam'l Bu.'ll. Thonms Wickbam, and 248 vtherf>.~~ Hedge's 20mh 
Annirtrsari/ Address. In Jan. 1777, the enemy, having armed oc- 
cupation uf the island, n-qnired the inhabitants to sign a counter 
declar.ition.fts the condition of their reniniriing in quiet occupa- 
tion of their hou.ies. Thin dei laralion wa.* si^rned by llO. of whom 
117 had signed the former paper. — 31SS. .SV«^ hilrrary. 

'* Tho succe^'ding pastors nf ihe same churth were Nathaniel 
Iluntting, in 1699.SHm'l Hnell, in 1746, Lyman Bcorher, in 179'J, 
ami Ehi-nezer Phillips, in ISIO. 

le 2 M. E., Presb., and Af. M. E. 

II The trustees n.iuied in the patent were Jonaa Wood. Wni. 
Leverige, Kobl. Seeley,John Keteham. Thos. Skidmore, Isasm 
I'latt, Thos. Jones, and Thus. ys"\<:ka.—i\iUni$, /, 63, Seo. Offica. 



636 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



1787, and Lloyds Neck was set off to Oyster Bay in 1788. This is the w. town of the co. It extends 
across the island, and has 10 mi. of coast on Long Island Sound and 6 on Great South Bay. It 
also includes about half of Oak Island Beach, and Cedar and several smaller islands in Great 
South Bay. The n. shore is deeply indented by Huntington Bay, from which Lloyds Harbor 
extends to the w., Huntington Harbor to the s., and Northport Bay to the E. Centerport and 
Northport Harbors branch off upon the s. of the latter bay, and two smaller arms upon the N. w. 
Great, Little, and Batons' Necks are peninsulas formed by these bays and harbors. Groups of low 
hills extend through the center, and the surface 2 to 3 mi. from the Sound is broken ; but elsewhere it 
is comparatively level. The soil in the N. and s. is fertile; but in the interior it is unproductive. 
The industrial pursuits are various ; whaling, fishing, and taking oysters and clams are some of the 
leading occupations. Shipbuilding and manufactures receive considerable attention. At the annual 
election 7 trustees are chosen, to whose care the management of the town property is committed.' 
The town poorhouse is located near Huntington Village. A lighthouse was built upon the point 
of Eatgns Neck in 1798.' Huntington, (p. v.,) near the head of Huntington Harbor, contains 5 
churches, a flourishing union school,* 2 printing offices, and a limited number of manufacturing 
establishments.* Pop. 1,328. Cold Spring/ (Cold Spring Harbor p.o.,) on the e. side of Cold 
Spring Harbor, contains 3 churches, 2 shipyards, a woolen factory, and other manufactories. Con- 
siderable whaling business is carried on from this port.' Pop. 602. IVortliport" (p. v.) is on the E. 
side of Northport Harbor. Shipbuilding is here largely carried on. Pop. 430. Centerport' 
(p. V.) contains 1 church and 142 inhabitants; and Ternon Valley"' (p. v.) 1 church and 100 
inhabitants. Babylon, (p. v.,) near Great South Bay, contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 470. 
This is a favorite resort for hunting and fishing parties. Amity ville," (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, 
contains 1 church and has a pop. of 304 ; Deer Park, (p. v., ) a station on the Long Island R. R., 
contains 12 houses ; Melville,'^ in the w. part,l church and 108 inhabitants ; and Comac, (Com- 
mack p. o.,) in the E. part, 2 churches and 121 inhabitants. West Ilills, (p. o.,) containing 1 
church, and Dix Ilills, (p. o.,) are hamlets on the Smithtown turnpike. Settlement began near 
the N. coast, in 1053, by a company from Sandwich, Mass.'' In 16G0 the settlement was received 
under the government of Conn. ; and in 10G3 deputies were elected to the General Court at Hart- 
ford. Upon the English conquest, in 1064, the town came reluctantly under the government of New 
York. During the Revolution, companies of tories were stationed here, and many outrages were 
committed upon those friendly to the independence of the colonies. There are 22 churches in town.'* 

IS1.IP'* — was first recognized as a town by the Colonial Government, Nov. 25, 1710, and by 
the State Legislature March 7, 1788." It lies w. of the center of the co., and extends from the 
s. coast to the middle of the island ; it has a coast of about 18 mi. on Great South Bay, and includes 
Cap Tree, Oak, and several other islands off the s. coast. Numerous narrow inlets from Great South 
Bay divide the coast into distinct " necks," of which there are 35 within the limits of the town. The 
Connetquot River, and Sam-pa-wams or Thompsons Creek, are the principal streams. The surface 
is level, except in the N. part, where it is hilly. The brush plains occupy all the central portion ; and 
near the coast are extensive salt meadows. Upon a tract extending along the bay, and varying in 
width from one to three miles, the soil is fertile. This part of the town is thickly settled ; but the re- 
mainder is almost uninhabited. The keeping of the town poor is let to the lowest bidders. Pena- 
taquit," (p. V.,) near the coast, contains 1 church and has a pop. of 292 ; Islip, (p. v.,) 2 mi. E. 
of Penataquit, contains 3 churches andabout 70 houses. Midroadville, containing 40 houses, 
and Say ville, (p. v.,) containing 2 churches and 822 inhabitants, are in the s. E. part, liake- 



1 Named from Gov. Eaton, of New Haven, by whom it was 
purchased of the Indians in 1646. The names "Eatons Manof 
a.nd**Gardiiiers Keck-" have been applied to it. 

2 The ferry from this town to Norwalk. Conn., which has been 
maintained from an early period, is under the control of these 
trustees. Under their patent — which is still in force — the inhabit- 
ants claim the exclusive right of taking oysters and clams in 
the waters within the jurisdiction of the town. Most of the 
public lands were sold in 1853, and the proceeds invested, to meet 
the ordinary expensejs of the town. About 3,000 acres were sold, 
at $5.40 per acre. 

» This lighthouse is 66 ft. high and 138 ft. above tide. It waa 
built at a cost of $9,500. 

* This school haa an endowment of $7,400, bequeathed by Na- 
thaniel Potter. 

6 E. C. Prime established a thimble factory at this place in 1837. 
Ten or 12 men are constantly employed, and 5 to 6 gross of gold 
and silver thimbles are made daily. There is a wind sawmill in 
this place, erected in 182.^, 

• Called by the natives '* Nach-a-qita-tucl^" 

I Belonging to this port are 5 whaling vessels, with an aggre- 
gate of 2,129 tons. 



8 Formerly called "f?rea? C<rw Harbor." 

8 Formerly called ^^LiUle Cow Harbor." 

to Formerly " Rfd-Eook." 11 Formerly " Wt-^t Neck.** 

18 Formerly " ,Suj«£ Hollow;" called by the Indians "AtTi- 
qitums." 

13 The n.imes of some of the families residing in the town at the 
date of NicoU's Patent were Titus, Wood, Brush, Green, Wickes, 
Jones. Rogers, Todd, Scudder, Skidmore, Chichester, Whitson, 
Bagly, Meggs, Mathews, Darling, Baldwin, Harnett, Ludlum, 
Adams, Smith, Ilonldsworfh, Critnfield, Soper, French, Foster, 
liatt. Jarvis, Powell. Cory, Leverich, Williams, Westcote, Lynch, 
Benedict, Conkling. Strickling. Tredwell, Porter, Wheeler, Seeley, 
and Ketcham. The first school was estabUshed in 1657. 

1* 10 .M. E., 4 Presb., 2 Meth. Prot., Bap., Prot. E., Union, 
Univ., R. C. and Af. M. E. 

15 Named from Islip, Oxfordshire, Eng. 

10 This act empowered the inhabitants of the district " on the 
G. side of Long Island, from the westermost limits of tlie land 
of Thos. Willett to the eastermost part of the lands of WUham 
NicoU, near Blue Point," to elect town officers. 

It This name was given by the Indiaus to ii small stream in th« 
neighborhood. The village waa formerly called "Meclianicsvillt." 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



637 



laud' (p. V.) is a station on the L. I. R. R., s. of Lake Ronkonkoma. Pop. 215. Tlioiiip»«ons Sta- 
tion (p. 0.) and KTorth Islip (Suffolk Station p. o.) are stations on the Long Island R. R. 
Modern Times is a place of about 20 houses, in the central part.^ The Patchogue Indians were 
the original occupants of that part of the town e. of Connetquot River, and the Secatogues, or Se- 
oatokets, of that part w. of the river. A large tract of territory, w. of the Connetquot, was purchased 
hy Wm. NicoU, Nov. 29, 1683, and that part E. of the same stream by Olof, Philip, and Stephen Van 
Cortlandt, June 1, 1703.' During the Revolution the inhabitants were in a constant state of alarni 
by the frequent passing of British troops to and from New York City. There are 10 churches in town.* 

RITERUEAD— was formed from Southold, March 13, 1792. It lies upon the N. side of 
the island, between Brookhaven and Southold, and has 16J mi. of coast upon Long Island Sound. 
Peconic River and Great Peconic Bay form the s. boundary, and Wading River^ a part of the w. 
The surface in the s. part is level, but in the N. it is hilly. The shore is lined with high and precipi- 
tous bluifa of clay and hardpan. The soil is light and sandy, and in most parts but moderately 
fertile. The poorhouse is located on a farm of 45 acres. Rlverliead, (p. v.,) an important 
station on the L. I. R. R., is situated on Peconic River at the head of boat navigation. It is the 
county seat, and contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, a seminary,' and several manufactories.' 
Pop. 813, — 723 in Riverhead and 90 in Southampton. From Riverhead E. to the line of Southold, a 
distance of about 6 mi. upon the "South Road," is a continuous settlement, which has received at 
different places the names I'pper Aquebogue, (p.o.,) Old AquebogTue, (Jamesport p. o.,) 
and Franklinville, (West Suffolk p. o.) Old Aquebogue and Franklinville are stations on the 
L. I. R. R. Jamesport" is situated about one-half mi. s. of Old Aquebogue, on Great Peconic 
Bay, and contains 1 church ; pop. 148. A^ortliville, (Success p. o.,) in the N. E. part, contains 1 
church and 35 houses; Baiting UoIlOfv, (p. o.,) in the N. part, in a scattered settlement, has 2 
churches ; and Wading River, (p. v., ) on stream of same name, 1 church and 25 houses. Settle- 
ment began at Riverhead, in 1690, by John Griffing and others. There are 10 churches in town.' 

SHELTER ISLiAIVDi"— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. NicoU, May 31, 1666;" but its 
government was united with that of Southold until 1730. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. 
It lies between the two peninsulas which form the E. extremity of Long Island, and embraces an area 
of over 8,000 acres. The island is very irregular ; upon all sides jutting headlands extend out into 
the surrounding waters, and branching bays penetrate into the interior. The principal of these 
inlets are Coecles, West Neck, and Deerings Harbors. The surface is hilly, and the soil fertile. Grain 
raising and sheep husbandry form the principal agricultural pursuits. Guano and oil are manu- 
factured in considerable quantities from bony fish caught in the neighboring waters. There is a 
wind gristmill near the center of the island. Shelter Island is a p. o., centrally located. This 
island was the ancient residence of the Manhassett Indians. It was purchased for the Earl of Ster- 
ling by Jas. Farrett, and was afterward sold to Stephen Goodyear, of New Haven. In 1651 it was 
purchased by Nathaniel and Constant Sylvester, Thos. Middleton, and Thos. Rowe." The first 
settlement was made in 1652. The first church edifice was built in 1743." 

SMITOTOW^M" — was organized by patent, March 25, 1677, and recognized as a town March 
7, 1788. It lies upon the n. side of the island, between Huntington and Brookhaven. Stony 
Brook and Nissequague Harbors, extending far inland, are separated by the Nissequague Neck. 
Nissequagne River, emptying into the harbor of the same name, divides the town into two nearly 
equal parts. The surface is considerably broken and hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam in the 
s. part, and a clayey loam along the Sound. The Branch, (Smithtown Branch p. o.,) on Branch 
Brook, near the center of the town, contains 2 churches and 35 houses ; SmlthtoirVn,'' (p. v.,) on 
Nissequague River, 20 houses; and St. Jamesvllle, (St. James p.o.,) at the head of Stony Brook 
Harbor, 1 church and 25 houses. Fresh Pond is a p. o., in the n. w. part. Hoppogue," on 



< This place was laid out on a magnificcDt acale. Large 
BnmB were spent in advertiBing it as a desirable residence for 
mecbanics and others of email means, and many were induced 
to buy lots. Their investments, however, proved of little value, — 
their deeds being given by irresponsible parties. 

* This "vUUigt^' was laid out and built by Stephen Pearl An- 
drews .ind others, who held to the doctrine of " the Sovereignty 
of the IndividDiU," and some of whom were practical believers 
in the '* Free Love" doctrine. 

• Nicoll s Purchase was confirmed to him by a patent issued 
by Gov. Dongan Dec. 5, 16R4 ; and the Van Courtlandt Purchase 
was confirmed to John Mowbray, by whom it had been subse- 
quently ix)ught, by a patent is.sued in 1708. 

< 3 M . E., 2 Prot. E., 2 Af. Meth., Cong., Cong. Meth., and Presb. 

* Called by the Indians " Pan-qua-cum-suck." 

• Established in 1835. 

7 Upon the river at this place is a fall of 6 ft. ; and a hydraulic 



canal, connecting two small ponds with the river, has been con- 
structed, in which is a fall of Si ft. 

8 Called by the natives " Mi-a-mog" or " jWi-an-ro^we," 

* 6 Cong., 2 M. E., 2 Swedenborgian. 

w The Indian name of the island was " ifan-haTl-sack-a-ha- 
qu<t£h-u-W(3r-7iock*' signifying *' an inland sheUered by islands." 

11 This patent was issued to Constant and Nath'l Sylvester. 

12 In 1673 Gov. Anthony Colve proclaimed Middleton and Con 
stant Sylvester "public enemies of Holland," aud sold their 
interests in the island. They were bought by Nath'l Sylvester, 
and the purchase money waa collected by an armed force. — 
Thmnpaon's HUt. L. I. 

13 The census reports 1 church; Presb. i 
n Named from Kichard .^mith, of R. I., the early proprietor of 

the town. l^ Usually called the *'IIcadoft/ie River." 

1^ Sometimes written ^^ilauppaugs." The word is supposed to 
signify *' sweet waters." 



638 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



thelineof Islip, and lVissequague,onNi88equagueNeck, are hamlets. A tract of land, including 
the principal part of this town, was, in July, 1659, conveyed to Lyon Gardiner as a free gift, by 
Wyandanoe, Sachem of the Montauks;' and in 1602 the grant was confirmed by the Nessequake 
tribe, by whom the lands were occupied. In 1663 the tract was sold to Richard Smith, and in 1665 
the remaining part of the town was purchased of the Indians by him. Fort Slongo, in the n. w. 
part of the town, was erected by the British during the Revolution. It was captured by a body 
of Americans, under Col. Tallmadge, Oct. 3, 1781.- There are 6 churches in tuwn.* 

SOUTIIAltlPTOW* — was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Andros, Nov. 1, 1676,^ confirmed by 
Gov. Dongan, Dec. 6, 1686, and recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It occupies the greater part 
of the s. branch of Eastern Long Island, and has 30 mi, of seacoast. The entire s. shore ia skirted 
by a beach which is united in a few places with the mainland, separating the inclosed waters into 
distinct bays, the principal of which are East, Quantuc, Shinnecock, and Mecox Bays; minor 
bays, branching from these, divide the surrounding shores into numerous irregular *' necks." The 
beach which separates the waters of these bays from the Atlantic is unbroken except by a single 
inlet into Shinnecock Bay. The outline of the n. coast is extremely tortuous; ragged and often 
nearly landlocked bays project inland, and irregular points of land jut out into the surrounding 
waters. A range of low hills extends along the n. border "of the town, and the Shinnecock Hills 
occupy the central part; elsewhere the surface is level. The soil in the e. and s. parts consists of a 
light, sandy loam, and is moderately fertile ; but in other parts it is of an inferior quality. A large 
tract s. of Peconic River is covered with extensive pine forests. Stock raising and the other branches 
of agriculture form the principal industrial pursuits. The lands are enriched by the application 
of immense quantities of bunkers. Large tracts of meadow and pasturage lands in difi'erent parts 
of the town are owned by 3 companies, who, in common, elect annually a board of 12 trustees, to 
whose management the lands are committed.® Taking clams and oysters, and whaling, form an 
important part of the business. The town has a small poorhouse, a short distance e. of Bridge- 
harapton, A lighthouse has been recently erected on Ponquogue Beach.' Sag Harbor, (p. v.,) 
in the n. e, part, was incorp. as a fire district in 1803, and as a village March 12, 1819. It contains 
7 churches, the Sag Harbor Institute, a newspaper office, a bank, a cotton flannel factory,® 2 clock 
factories, and several manufactories of oil casks. This port has long been noted for the extent of its 
whaling business.® It was made a port of entry in 1784, and by itself now constitutes a district of 
customs. Pop. 2,776, — 2,041 in Southampton, and 735 in Easthampton. iSoutlianipton^ (p. v.,) 
midway between Shinnecock and Mecox Bays, contains 2 churches, an academy,*® and 65 houses. 
Bridg^eliampton,** (p. v.,) in the e. part, contains 2 churches and about 40 houses ; Shinne- 
cock, on the E. side of Shinnecock Bay, is an Indian settlement of about 20 houses.*^ Sa^^, 
Scuttle Hole and Water mill are hamlets, in the e. part. Flanders, (p. v.,) in the n. part, 
contains 2 churches and about 20 houses; Speonk, (p. v.,) near East Bay, contains 2 churches and 
about 40 houses. Ketcliaboueck and Quo^iie, (p. o.,) near Quantuc Bay, and ClOOd Crround 
(p. 0.) and Canoe Place, near Shinnecock Bay, are hamlets. Riverhead (p. v.) is partly in 
this tijwn. The first settlement was made at Southampton, in 1640, by a company of immigrants 



1 This gift wae mude by Wyaodance upon the recovery of his 
daughtpr, whom Gardiner had restored from captivity among 
tho NarraganHctts. 

* The Americans destroyed the fortifications and 2 cannon, 
took 21 priBiiners. and retired without the loss of a man. taking 
with them 1 brass piece, the British colors, and a quantity of 
small arms and ammunition. — Onderdonk's {RevolvJionary) Iii' 
cifknf.'i, 8 3 M. E., Treeb., Prot. E.. and H.C. 

* Named from Southampfmi. En^. Called by the Indians 
''^5'-W((»i," a place ahouiidini; in fi?h. 

6 ,Iohn Topping. Jolm ilowell, Tlios. Halsey, sr.. Jos. Raynor, 
Edward Howell, John Jagger, John Foster, Francis Sayre, Joa. 
Fordham. Henry Pierson, John Cooper, Ellis Cook. Sam'l Clarke, 
Rich. Porft. and John Jennins were named trustees in this patent. 

* These landa are portions of 3 tracts, severally known as the 
" T<nvn I*urdiast" the " Quogue Purchase,'^ and the " Tipping 
JPurchasfi." which are still held by the proprietors in common. 
The " 7})wn Purchase" ocrupies the E. part of the town. It is 
di%'i»led into 154 shares, called " fifties," worth about $10 each. 
These fifties are subdivided into sixteenths, and the shares are 
owned in every conceivable quantity, from l-40th of a fifty to 10 
fifties. The Quogue and Topping Purchases occupy the w. part 
of the town. 

' Tliis lighthouse is 150 ft. high, and 160 ft. above the level 
of the seix. It is fnrnisiied with an excellent lens uppamtua, 
«ind its light can be seen 20 nautical miles distant. 

^The '-Suffolk Miils" were built at an expense of $130,000. 
About 160 hands are employed, and 10,000 to 12,000 yds. of flan- 
nel are made per week. 

^ The shipping of this port in 1858 coaaistod of 5 ships, 11 



barks, 2 brigs, and 2 schooners, with an aggregate of 5,927 tons, 
registered; 15 sloops, 5 schoonnrs, and 1 steamer, in all, 1400 
tons, enrolled ; and a few small vessels, amounting to about 100 
tons, licensed. The total number of vessels belonging to this 
port at difl'event periods has been as follows: in ISO". 4; in 183:^, 
20; in 1841,44; in 1843.52; in 1845,61; and in lf^47, 63. 

^^ This academy was established in 1 831. and is unincorporated. 

U This village is sometimes called ''Bullhead ;" and the name 
Bridgehamptou is applied to a large section of country extend- 
ing from Eaiit Hampton to the w. part of Mecox Bay. 

12 This is the residence of the remnant of the Shinnecock In- 
dians, consisting of about 200 persons. They have learned many 
of the arts of civilized life, and obtain a snbeiwtence by culti- 
vating the soil, fishing, and taking clams. Many of the young 
men go on whaling voyages, and the young women are employed 
as servants in the families of the whiles. Tliey have entirely lost 
their native language, and speak the English fluently. They are 
frugal, industrious, orderly, and intelligent. They have a smaP 
{Cnng.) church and a spacious schoolhouse. They reepive their 
proportion of the common schu'l money, and the flchixil cura- 
missioner of the district employs a teacher for them. They are 
exempt from taxation, and are debarred the exercise of the elect- 
ive francliifie. They ocmpy the lands between Canoe Place and 
Shinnecock Creek as tenants in common. This tract was con- 
veyed to the tm'itees <if the town by Pompumo. Chico. and Man- 
mannm, the sachems of the Shinnecxik Indians. Aug. 16. 1703; 
and tho same d.iy the trustees leased the landa back to the In- 
dians for a term of 1000 yeai-s. at »n annual rent of one ear of 
corn. The Indians aimually elect 3 trustees, who, with tlie con- 
currence of 2 justices, can lease certain of their lands to the whites. 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



639 



from Lynn, Mass. A grant of the land was obtained from James Farrett, agent of Lord Stirling, 
in April, and a conveyance from the Indians on the 13th of Dec, 1640. During the first 12 months 
47 settlers arrived,* In 1644 Southampton was received under the government of Conn., and until 
1664^ was represented in General Court at Hartford. Upon the Dut<:h invasion in 1073 the town 
again sought a union with Conn. It was received, and, together with East Hampton and Snuthold, 
was erected into a co. Upon the re-establishment of English power, in 1074, the tjown came under 
the government of New York. The first settlement at Sag Harbor was made in 1730, by a few 
fishermen. On the morning of the 24th of May, 1777, Col. Meigs, with 130 men, surprised the 
British force stationed at Sag Harbor, destroyed 12 brigs and a sloop, besides a large amount of 
forage, provisions, and merchandise, and returned across the Sound without the loss of a man.^ A 
body of American troops was stationed at Sag Harbor in 1813, in consequence of the presence of a 
British fleet in Gardiners Bay.* The first church was erected at Southampton, in 1641 ;* and the 
fii*st church in Bridgehampton was built in 1670.^ There are now 17 churches in town.'' 

SOUTIIOLD^ — was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Andros, Oct. 30, 1676,^ and recognized as 
a town March 7, 1788. Riverhead was taken off in 1752. It comprises the principal part of the 
northern peninsula of Eastern Long Island, and includes Robins Island in Great Peconic Bay, and 
Plum, Fishers, and several smaller islands in Long Island Sound. Orient"* is a peninsula upon the 
B. ; and Great and Little Hog Necks are smaller peninsulas in the s. The s. shore is indented by 
several small, irregular bays ; while the outline of the n. coast is unbroken except by 2 or 3 narrow 
inlets. The surface is elevated and level. The soil is a light, sandy loam, kept highly fertile by 
the use of manures. Plum Island," separated from the mainland by Plum Gut, contains about 
800 acres. Fishers Island, about 8 mi. eastward, is 7 mi. long by H wide and contains about 4000 
acres.*^ Great and Little Gull Islands are between Plum and Fishers Islands. Agriculture forms 
the leading industrial pursuit ; potatoes, corn, and wheat are the principal crops.^* Considerable 
attention is also given to shipbuilding, whaling, and commerce. A limited amount of manufac- 
turing is carried on." Scattered tracts of lands and beaches, owned by an incorp. company, are 
intrusted to the management of 3 trustees, elected annually. These lands are represented by 110 
shares, valued at $15 each. The town has a poorfarm of 300 acres near Southold Village. Light- 
houses are located on Hortons Point, Little Gull Island,^^ and ^' The Dumplings " — a group of rocks 
in Fishers Island Sound. ^* Greenport," (p. v.,) on Greenport Harbor, was incorp. April 18, 
1838. It is a port of considerable whaling and commercial business,^^ and is the E. terminus of the 
L. LR. R. It contains 5 churches and 2 printing offices. Pop. 1,665. Southold, (p. v.,) near the 



> TlieBe were Dan'l and Josiah Howe, Thos. Goldsmith, John 

Oldflelds, Siiml Dayton, Tbo8. Burnet, John and Edward Howell, 
Tho8. and Job Say re, Tho8. Topping, John Woodruff. Henry and 
Abruham Fierson, Richard Post, Obadiali Kogera, John Kord- 
ham. Samuel (isman. John Rose, James Herrick, Chria. Foster, 
Jos. llaynor, Ellis Cook. Edward Net'dbam. Sam'l James. John 
Ooflnian. John Bishop, John White, VVm. Payne. John Jewsup, 
llenry Walton, Wni. Harker, Allen Breed, Edmund Partington, 
Isaac Hillnian. John Copper. Geo. Woods. John Jagger. Richard 
Smith, Tbos. Hildreth, John Hampton, Jo^h. Barnes. John Jen- 
nings, Benj. Ilaynes. Geo. Wells, W'm. Odell. and John Luni. 

* The deputies were John Howell, from 1644 to '61; John 
Ckwrnore, from 1661 to '55; Thomaa Topping, from 1655 to '58; 
Alex. Knowles, from 1658 to '59; Thomaa Topping, from 1659 to 
'63; and Edward Howell, from 1^163 to '64. 

« Col. Meigs, with 234 men, crossed from Guildford (Conn.) to 
Soothuld, in 13 whaleboats. on the '23d of May, and transported 
the biiats across the peninsula, reaching the a. shore 4 mi. from 
Sag Harbor at midnight. In the attack the British bad 6 men 
killed and 90 were taken prisoners. The party arrived at 
Guildford on their return in 25 houi-s fi-om the time tbey left. 
Congress expressed its approbation of this enterprise by pre- 
senting Col. Meigs with a sword; and Gen. Washington, in a 
letter to Gen. Parsons, (by whose command Col. Meigs had 
undertaken the expedition,) congratulated him upon its suc- 
cessful achievement. — Onderdonk's Hev. Inc. 

* This fleet lay here through the war, making forced levie?; upon 
the inhivbitants of the adjacent shores, but usually paying for the 
property taken. A descent waa made upon Sag Ilaibor in June, 
1813; but an alarm was raised, and the invaders were repelkd 
without their doing serious injury. . 

* The piistitors of the society have been Rev. Abraham Pierson, 
In 1640; Robt. Fordham. in'l649; Jos. Taylor, in 1680; Joseph 
Whiting, in 16S0; Sam'l Gelstou. in 1716; Sylvanus White, in 
1727; Josh. Wiliiame, in 1786; Harmon Daggett, in 1792; David 
8. Boiart. in 17yH; John B. Babbitt, in liSlT; I'e'er H. Shaw, in 
1821; Dan'l Beers, in 1830; and Hugh N. Wilson, in ISW, 

* Kev. Ebtnez-r White, in 1690, Jos. Brown, in 1756, Aaron 
WvM>lworth, in 17H7. and vVmzi Francis, in 1823, have been the 
pastora of this church. 



' 6 M. E., 6 Presb., Bap., CoDg., Meth. Prot., Prot. E., K, C, 

and Union. 

8 That part of the town E. of Cutchogue was called by the Ib- 
dians *'i'e«-7it-<vjcA-." and by the English **NorthJteft." 

9 Isaac Arnold. John and Benj. Youngs, Josh, and Barnabas 
Ilorton, Sam'l Glover, and Isaac Corry were named trustees in 
this p:ttent. 

10 Called by the Indians '^PO-qua-tucl-V It was bought of the 
Indians by Peter Hallock, in 1641; and the first settlement waa 
made on it soon after, during Hallock's absence in England, by 
John Tuthill, John Youngs, jr., John King, and Israel, Richard, 
and Samuel Biown. — Gnffin's Jfntr7ial,\9. 

11 Formerly known as the "/sfe of Patmosf It was bought 
of the native.s, in 1659, by Sam'l Wyllys. 

12 This island was name*! *-Vissdiers IsUind^* by Capt. Cook, the 
navigator, in 1614. It was purchased, in 1644, by Gov. Win- 
throp, of Conn. ; and was organized as a township by a patent 
obtained from Gov. Nicoll, of N. Y., in March, 1688. It wm 
for a time claimed by both N. Y. and Conn. Ita surface is undu- 
lating; near the w.eud in a high sand bluff, and near the middlu 
another still higher. There are two convenient harbors on the 
coast. The soil is well adapted to grass growing and grazing. 
Hay, wool, butter, and cheese are exported. 

13 There were nearly as many potatoes raised in this town iu 
1855 as in all the co, besides. A greater quantity of wheat ia 
raised in Southold than in any other town in the co., and a 
greater quantity of corn than in any town except South.impton. 
InimenBO quantities offish and seaweed are used as Jertilizers. 

H Brick are made in large quantities near Greenport and upon 
Robins Island; and oil and guano areextensively manufactured 
from fish near Southold. 

16 The lighthouse upon Little Gull Island was bnilt in IROft. 
and is 56 ft. high and 74 ft. above tide. It is supplied with a fog 
bell, which is rung by machinery. 

i« The lighthouse upon North Dumpling was built in 1848, and 
is 25 ft. high and 70 ft. above the sea. A red light is used. 

IT Formerly "■^Stirling." 

18 The shipping of this port consists of 7 vessels engaged iu 
wh.iliug; iiltout lOD others, with an aggregate of 6000 tons, en- 
rolled; and 102 small vessels, licensed: mostly engaged in tb« 
coudtiDjf trade. 



640 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 



center of the town, is a station on the L. I. R. R. It contains 3 chnrehes, the Southold Academy, a 
savings bank, and about 80 houses. Ilermitag'e, a small settlement, Cutcliogrue, (p. v.,) 
containing 3 churches and nearly 100 houses, and IMattituck, (p. v.,) containing 2 churches and 
40 houses, are stations on the L. I. R. R. IVew Sufiblk, on Great Peconic Bay, contains 1 church 
and about 20 houses. Franklinville is on the line of Riverhead. West 8outlloId is a 
p. 0. East Marion,' (p. v.,) near the w. side of Orient Harbor, contains a windmill, a tidemill, 
and 1 church ; pop. 300. Orient,^ (p. y.,) on the E. side of the same harbor, contains 2 churches 
and 60 houses. The first settlement was made about 1640, by Rev. John Youngs and others, from 
New Haven.' The government of this colony, like that of several of the earlier New England 
settlements, was vested in the church members. None others were allowed to vote or to hold 
office ; and the Mosaic code was adopted as their law. This exclusiveness was of short duration. 
All citizens were soon admitted to the right of sufirage; and in 1657 the Mosaic code was super- 
seded by one better adapted to the circumstances of the people. Upon the union of New Haven 
vrith Conn., in 1662, Southold was united with the latter colony and was represented in General 
Court. In 1664 the town passed under the jurisdiction of New York. The first church was 
erected in 1641, in the village of Southold.* There are now 17 churches in town.^ 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Mamifactures, of Suffolk County. 



Names op Towns. 



Brookhaven...... 

East Hampton. 

HuntiugtoD 

lelip 

Riverhead 

Shelter Island.. 

Smithtown 

Soutbampton. ... 
Sonthold 

Total 



Acres of Land. 



163,818J 



I 
I 



90,723J 
14,061 
2.S,271 
35,757} 
20,943J 
3.181i 
17.&t6} 
33,606 
11.482} 



260,570r 



Valuation of 1858. 



51.971,850 

707,200 

1,405,000 

771.901 

609.660 

.S7,S00 

647,056 

1.382,000 

1,203.500 



8,686.856 



tt.tt, 




2,285,260 



$2,473,850 

958.060 

1,780,250 

943,701 

722,400 

116,600 

693,905 

1,802,450 

1,480.000 



4,761 
1,060 
4,163 
1,676 
1.369 
233 
1,037 
3,326 
2,806 



10,972.106 20,469 20,43' 



_5_ 

4,936 
1,095 
3,989 
1,006 
1,366 
260 
1,050 
3,336 
2,811 



7,241 



8,204 



1,431 
317 

1,068 

418 

619, 

70, 

242i 

1,064 
964 



Names of Towns. 



Brookhaven 

East HamptOQ. 

Huntington 

iBlip 

Riverhead 

Shelter Island... 

Smithtown. 

Southampton.... 
Southold. 

Total 



Lite Stock. 



1,281 
668 

1,683 

407 

681 

68 

441 

1,103 



7,111 



2,092 

1,480 

1,422 

708 

960 

373 

646 

3,649 

2,162 



13,382 



1,956 
S43 

1,776 
695 

1,032 
154 
662 

2,037 

1,679 



10,833 



6.069 
4,097 
6,847 
610 
721 
2,422 
3,048 
2,986 
2,216 
28,016 



« 



3,393 
1,076 
3,344 
1,128 
2,0.56 
370 
1,175 
4,004 
3,181 



Agricultural Products, 



Bu8R. op GaAIH. 



S6.175i 
13,2S0S 
39,732J 
10,692 
21,4325 
2,866 
12,376 
36,728 
32,650 



19,7271 203,733 







6,425 
8,119S 
9,2564 
2.907 i 
2,386} 
650i 
3,091 
7,968 
6,8014 



tot, 



24,955 

8,973 

28.124J 

15,691 

57,234 

4,S40 

3,695} 

29,603 

130,947 



41,606} 304,063 27,799 



■Is 

B 



6,236 
2.690 
1,677 
1,336 
6,0S7 
817 
680 
2,689 
6,089 



Daibt PaooocTS. 




634,405 



■S i 
0. S 



800 
660 
30 
100 



204 
226 



22 
243 
34 



1 Formerly "Rocly Point." * Formerly ^^OysUr Pfmds." 
s Among these early settlers were Wm. Wells, Barnabas Hor- 
lon, ThoB. Mapes, John Tuthill, and Mattliias Corwin. 
* This was the first church edifice erected in the State. The 



first pastor was Rev. JohnToungs. His successors were Josbna 
Hobart, in 1674, Beoj. Wolsey, in 1720, Jaa. Davenport, in 1738, 
and Wm. Throop, in 1748. 
6 5 Presb, 6 M. E., 3 Cong, 2 Bap„ K. C, and Univ. 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 

SThis county was erected from Ulster, March 27, 1809, and was 
named in honor of Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, of the Revolution. It 
contains an area of 1,082 sq. mi., and is centrally distant 85 miles 
from Albany. The surface is generally very hilly, and along the 
E. border mountainous. In the s. and w. it consists chiefly of 
ridges separated by narrow ravines ; but in the middle and N. it 
assumes more the character of a rolling plateau. The highlands 
of this CO. may be considered as the s. slope of the Catskills ; 
and near the N. borders of the co. they divide the waters that 
flow into Hudson and Delaware Rivers. From this elevated por- 
tion numerous ridges extend toward the Delaware, giving the co. 
a general southerly inclination. The Delaware cuts these ridges 
diagonally, its viilley forming the only division between the Catskills and the mountains of 
Eastern Penn. The highest points in the co. are the hills in the town of Rockland, which are 
estimated to be 2100 to 2400 feet above tide. Walnut Hill, in Liberty, has an elevation of 1980 feet. 
The lowest summit of the Shawangunk' Mt., between Bloomingljurgh and Wurtzboro, is 1271 feet 
above tide, and the highest summit is about 500 feet higher. This range of mountains at a distance 
presents a striking uniformity of outline, which is due to the evenness of stratification of the rock 
composing it. The lowest point in the co. is upon the Delaware, at tlie mouth of the Mongaup, 
which has an elevation of 550 feet above tide. The co. line on the Rondout is elevated 773 feet. 

With the exception of a small district on its e. border, through which flow the upper waters 
of Shawangunk Kil and Lackawack Creek, this co. is drained by the Delaware and its branches, 
the largest of which are Neversink^ and Mongaup' Rivers, Beaver Kil and Bashers Kil, and 
Callicoon (Caw-li-coon) and Ten Mile Creeks. The Neversink flows entirely across the co., having 
for its tributaries Bashers Kil, ATyncoop Brook, Bush Kil, Cherry-meadow Brook, and several 
minor streams. Most of these streams are rapid, and afford at niunerous points a great amount 
of water-power. In the valleys and forests of the co. are about 100 small lakes, which form 
peculiar and often picturesque and highly beautiful features in its scenery. Most of these ponds 
and streams abound in fish, of which trout is the most common. Pickerel have been introduced 
into several of them. 

The geological formation of the co. is exceedingly simple. The whole surface is underlaid by the 
red sandstone of the Catskill Group and the Shawangunk Conglomerate. These rocks extend 
southward into Penn., and form the floor of the coal measures. Of these rocks the latter postiesses 
a commercial value for millstones,* building stones, and the manufacture of glass. The soil is 
mostly a reddish loam mixed with gravel, and is generally stony ; in the s. E. nortion is found 
some clay. Grass is the staple production, and the hilly character of most of the co. seems to adapt 
it to grazing rather than to tillage. The facility with which the products of the dairy can now reach 
the great markets, by means of the N. Y. & E. R. R., has within a few years given an impetus to 
the prosperity of the co., while the erection of tanneries, which the same thoroughfare has encour- 
aged, has created a home market of great advantage to the farmer. In 1855 there were in the co. 
about 40 tanneries, producing over §2,000,000 worth of leather annually and employing about 750 
laborers. The lumbering interests also employ large amounts of capital and labor. Winter wheat, 
formerly considered a sure and abundant crop, is found to yield smaller returns and with less cer- 
tainty as the country becomes older ; and other crops, less valuable but more certain, have been 
substituted to a great extent. The surplus wheat of Sullivan co. was formerly transported by land 
to the Hudson, where it found a profitable market ; but, with the increase of manufactures, there is 
now less raised than is consumed in the co. Grass seed of a fine quality is raised in considerable 
quantities. The fruits are limited to apples, pears, plums, cherries, and a few peaches. The timber 
along the Delaware Valley is mostly hemlock, pine, oak, and chestnut ; and on the highlands it is 
hemlock, beech, maple, birch, ash, and basswood. The climate is cool and bracing, and the co. is 
r-emarkably healthy. 

I Pron. Shon-pum ; said to signify *' white stone." | * Esopua milktonea, formerly in high repute, were madd from 

* On Sauthior's Map, 1779. ilahaickamnck, or Xcver-Sink. the Shawangunk grit. 

• On Sauthier's Map, 1779, Mangawping, or JJtiiffwing, \ 

41 Ml 



C42 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 



The CO. seat* is located at Monticello, in llie town of Thompson. The oo. buildings, consisting of A 
courthouse and jail, are substantial stone edifices, erected in 1844 in place of the original co. buildings, 
■which were burned.^ The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres 3 mi. e. of Monticello. The 
average number of inmates is 56, supported at a weekly cost of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue 
of $400. A school is kept during 3 mo. in the year. No religious instruction is afforded. The house 
is too small, is poorly ventilated, is not furnished with water, and will not admit of a proper classi- 
fication of its inmates. 

The 2 great works of internal improvement within the limits of the co. are the Delaware & Hudson 
Canal,* extending through the s.e. part, and the N. Y. &E. R. R., built along the valley of the Dela- 
ware.* The former opens an easy and direct communication between the Hudson at Rondout and the 
Penn. coal mines at Carbondale ; and the latter forms one link of the great chain of western travel. 
Several plank roads have been constructed, as auxiliary to this great thoroughfare, greatly benefiting 
the sections of country through which they pass. The first newspaper in the co. was issued in 1821.^ 

Little is known of the early history of the co. Many traces exist of its occupation long anterior 
to that by the present race of settlers. Upon the first advent of the present settlers, a road was 
found to extend s. w. from Esopus, on the Hudson, along the valley n. of the Shawangunk Mts. 
It was known as the "il/me Koad,^* and, according to traditional account, was built by a company 
of miners from Holland, before the English conquest of 1664.® Two mines are said to have been 
wrought, — one where the mountain approaches the Delaware, near the lower point of Panquaroy 
Flat; and the other n. of the mountain, about halfway between the Delaware River and Esopua 
Creek. The Minisink Flat, on the border of Orange and Sullivan cos., is said to have been settled 
by Hollanders many years before the date of Penn's Charter; and the settlement, which extended 
40 mi. or more along both sides of the Delaware, had in a great degi-ee become isolated from the 
rest of the world. When the present settlements were begun, there was a road from the e., near 
the central part of the co., called the *^ Porter Boad;^' and in the n. part was another, called the 
'* IIunfer*s Road." 

With the exception of the vague traditions of early settlement by the Dutch along the Delaware, 
the first location of a permanent white inhabitant is said to have been made about the year 1700, 
by Don Manuel Gonzales, a Spaniard, who, having married into a Dutch family in Rochester, 
(Ulster CO.,) removed to Mamakating Hollow, where he erected a house and raised grain. He 
opened a trade with the neighboring Indians, who were then friendly ; and other settlers were 
induced to follow. Mamakating Precinct was formed in 1743, and until after the Revoluticn it 
embraced nearly all of the present co. of Sullivan. About 1750 a number of German families 
settled upon the w. frontiers of Ulster co. They suffered greatly from Indian hostilities. The 
first Indian incursion took place in 1777, when the family of Mr. Sprague, in Mamakating, was 
attacked. The next year the family of Jlr. Brooks was attacked, some members were killed, and 
others taken prisoners. 

On the 13th of Oct. 1778, a party of nearly a hundred tories and Indians, under Brant, invaded 
the settlements, first falling upon the family of Mr. Westfall, and killing one man. They next 
attacked the house of Mr. Swartwout, who ^as at home with his sons, (the women having been 
previously removed to a fort,) and killed all bnt one, who escaped. The firing alarmed others, 
who fled to the forts at Gumars and De Witts, where, by a skillful display of force by Capt. Abra- 
ham Cuddeback, who commanded at the former, the enemy were deterred from making an attack. 



1 By the act of incorporation the Gov. and council were to 
appoint 3 comniiasioners to locate the county seat, and the 
Board of Supervieora 3 others to superintend the erection of the 
courthouse and jail. Wm. Ross, Job. Morrell, and Abraham H. 
Scheuck were appointed for the former purpose, and David 
Hammond. John lindsley, Malachi West, John Newkirk, and 
Kftvies Martin successively fur the latter. 

* The firs^ buiMin[is,erected in accordance with an act passed 
March 2'.;, ISll. were burned Jan. 13. 1844. The first court was 
held, and the first Board of Supervisors orf^nized, at the house 
of Curtis Lineley. The county ofBcers first appointed were 
Wm. A. Thompson, First Ju^ge ; Samuel F. Jones and Elnathan 
Sears, Ass'>ci(itf Jiui^rs ; John ConkUn, Jabez Wakoman. and 
Daiid Hammond, A/anstant Justices ; James S. Dunning, Surro- 
ffote : Uriah Lockwood, Sheriff; and John P. Jonee, CUrlc. 

* The Delaware & Hudson Canal Oi. was incorp. April 23, 
1823. The work was commenced in July, 1826, and completed 
ID Oct. 1S2S. It was of great importance to the early set- 
tlors of the CO., as it opened an easy and cheap avenue to 
market. 

* This R, R. enters the co. in the town of Tusten from Penn. 
It having been found diflScult to construct the road on the N. Y. 
aide of the river, the right of way for a short distance was soli- 
cited from Penn. The petition was granted, and for the sub- 



stantial benefit which the R. R. conferred upon that State, the 
company was subjected to an annual tax of $10,000. This road 
forms a direct and epeedy communication with N. Y., and ban 
been of grejit value to the co. in stimulating its settlement and 
developing its resources. 
6 The Suniran Cminty Whig waa started at Bloomingbnrgh 
in 1S21, by John J. Tappan. It was removed to Monti- 
cello in 182S, and its name changed to 
Ttie Republican 'Watctiman. Frederick A. Deroe 
and James E. Winelow were successively its editoni, 
and since 1843 it baa been published by J. E. Quinlan. 
The Sidhvan County Herald was commenced at Monticello in 
1S33. and published by M. Smith, S. Phelps, and othets, 
about 4 years. 
The SuUivan County Whig was published at Bloominghnrgh 
in 1844, by J. S. Brown, and subsequently by John 
Waller, Jr. In 1855 it was changed to the 
Sulll'van County Democratic Republican, 

under which title it is now published by Waller. 
The Union Democrat waa established at Monticello in 1854, by 
F. A. Devoe, and was afterward united with The Whig. 
• See Eager's Hist. Orange Co., p. 50, where will be found a 
letter from Samuel Preston giving the eubstance of the tradi- 
tion. It la from Hazard's Regifitor. 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 



643 



After firing most of the houses and bams of the settlement, the marauders retired, leaving behind 
them a melancholy scene of havoc and desolation at the verge of an inclement winter. The dis- 
tress thus occasioned was very great. Major Pliillips arrived soon after the incursion with a com- 
pany of militia ; but the enemy had fled beyond reach. 

In 1777 or '78, Capt. Graham, with a party of 18 men, went to Chestnut Brook in pursuit of some 
Indians who had been committing depredations upon the settlements at Pine Bush. Having 
stopped to drink, Capt. Graham saw an Indian in the path, and the party fired a volley without 
effect. Upon this the Indians on the opposite banks returned the fire with fatal effect, and but 3 
of the party escaped to tell the dismal tale. To deprive the enemy of sustenance and the means 
for further annoyance, the Legislature, in 1779,' enacted a law directing the Governor to cause the 
destruction of such grain and crops in the w. frontiers of Orange and Ulster cos. as could not 
be removed to a place of safety. In 1783- the precinct of " Mamacotting" and the township 
of Rochester (the district of the regiment of Col. A. Hawke Hay, and that part of the Goshen 
regiment on the w. side of the Minisink Mts.) were exempted from a levy then made for the 
defense of the n. and w. frontiers.' 

Several traces of Indian occupation were found in the first settlement of the co. About 4 mi. 
from the Delaware, on the Flat, was found a brass or copper tomahawk, with a steel edge, and u 
handle perforated for smoking. Stone axes, flint arrows, &c. were frequently found. In 1793, an 
Indian living in Rockland, at a place called " Pocatocton," (meaning a river almost spent,) removed 
to Niagara. He is supposed to have been the last of his race that inhabited the co. Indian trails 
were found along the Delaware, the Beaver Kil, and in other sections. 

The part of tliis co. s. of the s. bounds of Callicoon and Bethel is comprised in the Neversmk 
Patent, conveyed to Matthew Ling and others Aug. 28, 1704 ; and the remainder of the co. in the 
great tract granted to Johannes Hardenbergh and others April 20, 1708, and known as the 
"Hardenbergh Patent."* The Newburgh and Cochecton Turnpike (incorp. March 20, 1801) was 
opened across the co. in 1808, and gave the first impulse to its prosperity by making it accessible to 
settlers. This section continued to receive emigrants from New England and the older portions 
of the State until its growth was checked by the completion of the Erie Canal to the Genesee 
country and the great lakes, by which emigration was diverted to the new and fertile lands of the 
AVest. Real estate in consequence declined materially in value, and many of the early settlers aban- 
doned their locations and joined the westward current. In 1819 or '20 the Orange Branch Turnpike 
was made, from Montgomery, (Orange co.,) crossing the Shawangunk Mt. at Roses Gap, and extend- 
ing across the barrens through Wakemans Settlement to the Neversink Falls, and thence to Liberty. 
The charter of this road was long since given up, but the route is maintained as a district road. 



BETJIEl. — was formed from Lumberland, March 27, 1809. Cochecton was taken oft in 1828 
It.lies upon the high ridges which form the watershed between Delaware and Mongaup Rivers, 
a little s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, and many of the declivities 
are steep and rocky. It is watered by a large number of small streams, mostly tributary to Mon- 
gaup River ; and it has many small lakes, which form a beautiful and romantic feature of the land- 
scape. White Lake, near the center, — ^named from its white sandy shores and bottom, — is noted 
for the beauty of its scenery.' The other principal lakes are Birch Ridge Pond in the n. w.. Horse 
Shoe and Pleasant Ponds in the n., Mallory Pond in the w., Indian Field Pond in the s., Big and 
Wells Ponds on the s. line, and Chestnut Ridge Pond and Black Lake and Lake Superior near the 
center. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, intermixed in places with clay. The settlement* 
are comparatively new, and the people are chiefly engaged in the raising of neat cattle, dairying, 
lumbering, and tanning.' Itloni^aup Valley (p. v.) contains 35 houses, and Bettael 15. 
Bushvllle and Wbite Lake axe p. ofiices. John Fuller waa the first settler in the " Fuller 
Settlement," in 1806-07.' The first preacher (Presb.) was the Rev. Mr. Green." 



' October 17. ' February 21. 

* Incidents connected with these eventa. and the details of the 
memorable battle of Minisink in July, 177d, are given in our 
account of the towns in which they occurred. 

* Portions of the llardenberffh Patent were settled upon 
leases of long term; and durini; the anti rent excitement, a few 
years since, the clamor a^nst this tenure prevailed extensively, 
but without acts of open violence. The refQ8.il to pay rents, 
which this feeling occasioned, led to a great amount of litigation. 
Although the excitement ba« subsided, the question is not fully 
settled. 

* This lake is noticed in one of tha poexos of Alfred B. Street, 
by the name of " Kon-ne-on-ga." 

' A tannery at Mongaup Valley in 1856 manufactured 60,000 



Bides of leather, valued at $187,000. It consumed about 600« 
cords of hemlock bark, and employed 70 men, at a cost of 
$12,000. There are about 102,000 sides of leather manufactured 
annually at diflerent t.inneries in this town. 

' ti. and C. Uurd were the first settlers at the Hurd settle, 
ment ; Adam and Eve Pentler near Bethel ; and Potter aud 
Mattison near White Lake. The first school at Mongaup was 
tantiht by G. P. Price, and at Bethel hy Dr. Copeland. Uillespi« 
k Ibxik kept the ilrst store at Whit« Lake, and J. K. Boenian 
built the first saw and grist mill, on White lAke outlet. Th« 
first birth was that of Catharine Fuller, in 1807, and the first 
death that of a child of Stephen Northrup. 

"The census reports i churchee; 2 31. E., Presb., and BitL 
Presb. 



6« SULLIVAN COUNTY. 

CAl.L,ICOOW— was formed from Liberty, March 30, 1842. Fremont was taken off in 
1851. It lies in the w. part of the co., about the sources of the n. branch of Callicoon 
Creek. It is watered by numerous streams flowing into the Delaware, the valleys being mostly 
narrow ravines, and the hills rising in steep declivities 200 to 600 feet above them. In the N. E. 
are Shandler and Sand Ponds, the latter affording a pure white sand, formerly used in making glass. 
The soil is mostly a sandy loam, and the hillsides and summits are generally capable of a good 
degree of cultivation. The settlement is recent, and the people are about equally engaged in 
lumbering, fai-ming, and tanning.^ JeflTei'SOnvllle, (p. v.,) on the line of Cochecton, has 
population of 433, of whom 305 are in this town. Youngsville, (p. v.,) IVortll Brancll, 
(p.v.,) and Callicoon Center (Callicoon p.o.) have each about 30 houses. The first settlers 
were Wm. Wood and his sons, Gerrett, Edward, and David, who arrived in town May 19, 1814, 
and lived 15 years in the wilderness.' Rev. 31r. McCIary, pastor of the Asso. Kef. church of Bethel, 
was the first preacher.* 

COCHECTOSf^ -was formed from Bethel, March 25, 1828. It is situated upon the bank of 
the Delaware, in the w. part of the co. Ridges of hills, with narrow valleys between, cover the 
entire surface of the town. The principal streams are the Callicoon and its branches, and several 
small tributaries of the Delaware. The mouth of the Callicoon is 777 feet above tide. Pike Pond 
in the E., Perry Pond in the s., and Mitchells Pond and Lake Huntington in the center, are the 
principal sheets of water. A large part of the surface is still covered with forests. The soil is 
mostly a gravelly loam, and best adapted to pasturage. Lumbering and tanning form the leading 
objects of industry. Cocliecton (p.v.) contains 209 inhabitants, Pilie Pond (p.v.) 188, 
Callicoon Depot (p. v.) 207, and Stevensburgli (Cochecton p. o.) 209. Beecli Wood 
and Fosterdale are p. offices. Settlements were begun on the Delaware before the Revolution, 
but were broken up. The pioneer settler was N. Mitchell, who located near Cochecton Village.' 
The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1839, and the Rev. Mr. Cummings was the first pastor.' 

FAL.L,SBIIRGII— was formed from Thompson and Neversink, JIarch 9, 1826. It derives 
its name from the falls in Neversink River at Fallsburgh Village. Its surface is hilly and rolling. 
It is drained by the Neversink and its branches. Sheldrake Pond, (named from the wild ducks 
that formerly frequented its waters,) Smith, Hill, and Browns Ponds in the w., and East Pond, 
in the E., are the principal lakes. The soil is a gravelly loam. The people are chiefly engaged in 
lumbering, dairying, and tanning.' Woodbourne (p.v.) contains 30 houses, JVeversinll 
Falls (Fallsburgh p.o.) 25, Hasbrouck (p.v.) 25, L<ocli SlieldraUe (p.v.) 15, and 
Sandburgh (p.v.) 15. It is said that settlement was commenced in this town by Germans 
previous to the Revolution,' but the settlers were driven off during that war. Soon after the 
peace 3 brothers by the name of Baker located in town and commenced the first permanent settle- 
ment.'" The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was built at Hasbrouck." 

FORESTBrRGH— was formed from Thompson and Mamakating, May 2, 1837. It lies 
principally upon the high ridges between Neversink and Mongaup Rivers, and has a broken surface 
and an average elevation of 1400 feet above tide. In this town are several small lakes, the 
principal of which are Ruddicks Pond in the N. w., Beaver Pond in the s., and Panther Pond in 
the center. The tovm still retains the character implied by its name. Mongaup Falls, on Mon- 
gaup River, 3 mi. above Forestburgh Village, are worthy of note. The river here falls into a 
chasm 70 feet deep, and the banks below the falls are more than 100 feet high. Lumbering, tan- 



1 Caw-li-coon. This name is said to signify " Turkey" in both 
Dutch and Indian. The Dutch for turkey is " Kalkofit.'^ In the 
statutes and official publications of the State the name is com- 
monly written "C'i/!tA'«m." — Harper' s N.Y.(£ E. E.R.Gtiidf,p.^. 

2 Tliere are 6 large tanneries in town, which manufacture 
about I'Jo.OOO sides of leather annually, 

8 Edward was a cooper; the others were farmers. The first 
child born was John Wood. Jacob Quick built the first saw- 
mill, and Samuel Young kept the first store and built the first 
mill, at Youngsville, In 1833-34 settlers began to come in from 
Coon, and the N. ; and in 1840 Germans began to settle in the 
town in considerable numbers. The latter class now form about 
one-third of the population, 

* The census reports 2 churches; Luth., Asso. Ger. Meth, 

& C<h8hek-tun. Originally called " Ciuh-mun-tunkj-' or low 
grounds, 

« Among the other early settlers were David Young, at Big 
Island ; John Ross, at Callicoon Creek ; Nicholas Conlilin and 
^-^ Tyler, at Cochecton. Job Jones tau<:ht the first school, 
near Cochecton ; Maj. Ebenezer Taylor kept the first tavern and 
store, at Cochecton ; and Mitchell Conklin built the first sawmill, 
oa Mitchells Pond Brook, On Big Island, 2 mi. above Cochecton, 



was an extensive Indian burial place, of which traces are occa- 
sionally plowed up at the present day. There are about 900 
Germans in this town. 

' The census reports 3 churches ; M. E., Presb., and Ref. Prot.D. 

* At Fallsburgh is an extensive tannery, that manufacturea 
40,000 sides of leather annually; and another of the same size 
is located at Woodbourne. 

^ Fruit trees planted by these settlers are said to be still 
standing, 

10 Thomas Rawson came in 1787 or '88; Thomas Grant located 
in 1789; Samuel Thaddeus, Obadiah Brown, and James Hill 
settled a little N. of Fallsburgh, and James Nicoll, Peter Ferdon, 
and Mr. Brush on the site of the villag©. The first sawmill waa 
built iu ISOS, and the first gri.st mill in 1809, by Philo Kuggles. 
Matthew Seeley kept the first inn, at Hasbronck, and Robt. 
Reading the first store, at Fallsburgh, In 1797, the nearest mill 
was at Napanock, in Ulster co. ; and for many years the nearest 
market was Newburgh. In 17SG or '87 an extraordinary and 
destructive flood occurred upon this valley. 

11 This church waa burned in 1837, and waa rebuilt at Wood- 
bourne. The census reports 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E., and 
1 Ref. Prot, D. 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 



645 



ning,' and dairying constitute the employments of the people. Forestbur^h (p. o.) contains 10 
houses, Oaklandvillc 15, and IIart'%vood 10. Settlement commenced before the Revolu- 
tion, and recommenced in 1795 on Mongaup River. Zephaniah and Luther Drake were pioneers in 
the s. w. part of the town, and Elisha Smith near Oakland.* Rev. Isaac Thomas (Meth.) was the 
first preacher.' 

FREMO^^T — was formed from Callicoon, Nov. 1, 1851, and named in honor of John C, 
Fremont. It lies in the extreme w. part of the co., upon the bank of the Delaware. Its surface 
is broken and hilly, the summits rising 600 to 1000 feet above the valley and 1500 to 1800 feet 
above tide. Its waters are Basket and Hankins Creeks, a great number of smaller streams, and 
numerous small lakes, the principal of which are Long Pond, Round and Basket Ponds in the n., 
Lox Pond in the e., and Trout Pond near the center. A large share of the surface is still a wilder- 
ness and is too rough for tillage. Tanning and lumbering form the principal employments vf the 
people. Fremont Center (p. v.) contains 141 inhabitants, and Obernbur^U (Fremont 
p.o.) 20 houses. liOn^ Fddy (p. o.) is the Basket Station on the N. Y. & E. R. R. Han- 
kins is a station on the same R. R. The first settlers were Joseph Green, at Long Eddy, John 
Hankins, at Hankins Depot, Benj. Misner, at Long Pond, and Zach, Ferdon, at Round Pond.* 

HIGDIjAIVD — was formed from Lumberland, Dec. 17, 1853. It is an interior town, lying 
in the s. part of the co. It is named from the character of its surface, which consists of high 
ridges between Delaware and Mongaup Rivers, 600 to 1,000 feet above the canal at Barryville and 
1,200 to 1,600 feet above tide. There are a great number of small lakes in town, the principal of 
which are Big Pond and Wells Pond on the n, line, Mud and Hagan Ponds in the e., York 
Pond in the s. w., Washington Pond, used as a canal feeder, and Blind, Little, and Montgomery 
Ponds near the center. The people are chiefly engaged in lumbering and the rudiments of farm- 
ing. Barryville, (p. v.,) a canal village, contains 25 houses, and E<uniberland (p. v.) 15. 
The first settler was John Barnes, who located at Narrow Falls.^ Rev. Isaac Sargent (Cong.) was 
the first preacher, about 1707.^ The battle of Neversink, in the Revolution, took place within the 
limits of this town.' 

IjIBERTY — was formed from Lumberland, March 13, 1807, and Callicoon and a part of 
Thompson were taken off in 1842. It lies n. of the center of the co., upon the watershed between 
the Mongaup and Beaver Kil. Its surface is rough and broken. AValnut Hill, s. of Liberty, ia 
1,980, and Libertyville 1,467, feet above tide. The n. and w. parts of the town are still covered 
with forests. The principal sheets of water are Lillie Pond in the n., and Broadhead Pond near 
the center. The soil is good, but stony; and the people are chiefly engaged in lumbering, dairying, 
and tanning.^ liberty (p. v.) contains 364 inhabitants, Parksvllle (p. v.) 40 houses, and 
liiberty Falls (p. v.) 25. Robertsonville and Stevensvllle are p. offices. The Liberty 
Normal Institute, at Liberty, is a flourishing academic institution.^ Stephen Russell (from Conn.) 
Bettled near Liberty, in 1793 or '94.^'* Rev. "VVm. Randall (Bap.) was the first preacher." 

liUmBERI^A^^D — was formed from Mamakating, March 16, 1798, embracing all the co. 
w. of Mongaup River and s. of the present n. lines of Liberty and Callicoon. From it were erected 
Liberty in 1807, Bethel in 1809, and Highland and Tusten in 1853. Its surface is rugged and 



1 Abont 100,000 Bides of leather are annually manufactured in 
this town. 

2 Miss Moore taught the first echool, at Drakeetown ; S. Co- 
nant kept the first inn, and Thomas AIsop the first store, at 
Forestlturgh. The first eai\TiiiU was built at Oaklandville. 

8 There are no church buiUlings in town. 

« Sarah Phillips taught the first school; John Ranfiesen kept 
the first inn, and John Hawkins kept the firat store and built 
the first aawmiU. About one-third of the population are Ger- 
mans. The census reports 1 church ; R. C. 

6 Among the other first settlers were John Carpenter, Wm. 
Seeley, N. Patterson, and Wm. Randall, at Beaver Brook ; and 
Beuj. Ilayne at Handsome Eddy. John Carpenter employed 
Nath'l Wheeler to teach the first school, before the public schools 
were organized. G. Ferguson kept the first inn, in lS3i}, and 
Phineas T^-rry the first store, in 1828. N. Patterson built the 
first sawmill, on Beaver Brook. 

• The census reports 3 churches ; Cong., M. E., Union. 

' This battle took place on the N. side of Beaver Brook, on lot 
17 of the 7th div. of the Neversink Patent. The scene of the 
action is tlie top of a hill 3 miles from Barryville and half a 
mile N. w. from Dry Bnxik. The battle took place between a 
party of tories and Indians, under Brant, — who were retreat- 
ing, after having destroyed the settlement of Nevers'nk, — and a 
party of American militia, who pursued them. The battle was 



long and bloody, and resulted in the retreat of the AmericanB 
with the loss of 44 killed. In 1822 the bones ot the slain were 
collected and interred beneath a monument at Goshen. An ad- 
drees was delivered on the occasion by Gen. Hatheru, who had 
taken a leading part in the engagement. 

8 About 106,U0U sides of leather are annually manufactured in 
this town. 

» Incorp. by law, April 12, 1S48; the Hon. John D. Watkins, 
the founder, being sole corporator. 

10 Among the other first settlers were Nathaniel Pinney, Josiah 
Whipple, and Nathan Staunton, who came from Preston, Conn., 
in the spring of 1795, and settled on lot 12; John Groton and 
Edward Swan, who settled on lot 3 ; Ebene/.er Green, on lot 4 ; 
Isaiah Whipple, on lotlO.oftnict known astheSOOO aero lot; and 
Stephen Benton, who locntnd at Benton Hollow. A viar Whipple 
taught the first school, at Blue Mountain Settlement; Kotiwell 
Russell kept the first inn, Stephen Russell the first store; and 
Chas. Broadhead built the first grist and saw mill, on the moun- 
tain, in 1797. The first child born wtts Sally Staunton, in 1797; 
the first marriage, that of David Rowland and Aviar Wliij^ple, in 
1797 ; and the first death, that of Sally Staunton, or a son of Wil- 
liam Aby, in 1798. The first house was erected about Imlf amile 
8. of where the Presb. ch. now stands. Most of the first settlers 
afterward removed west. 

u The census reports 4 churches; 1 Bap., 2 M. E., apd 1 Presb. 



646 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 



troken, and much of it is yet a wilderness. The name of the town still suggests the leading pur- 
suit of the people. A large numher of small lakes, with their outlets, form the principal waters. 
The principal of these lakes are Lebanon Pond in the n., Kound, Sand, and llogais Ponds in the w., 
and Long Pond in the center. Metauques Pond, in the E., lies about 2 mi. w. of the Mongaup, 
and 300 feet above it. On its outlet is a beautiful cascade. Mongaup and Pond Eddy are 
p. offices. There is but one church, (M. E.) The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends through the 
town along the course of the river. It is supposed that settlement was commenced before the 
Revolution ; but the names of the first settlers are not preserved.' In the survey of the Miuifcink 
Patent by Charles Webb in 1762, mention is made of "Reeve's Sawmill."^ 

MAMAHLATISIG,' said to have been named in honor of an Indian chief, was erected into a 
precinct by the General Assembly, Dec. 17, 1743, and embraced all the present territory of Sulli- 
van CO. and a portion of Orange. It continued as a precinct until organized as a town, March 7, 
1788. It was reduced to its present limits by the erection of Deerpark (Orange co.) and Lumber- 
land in 1798, Thompson in 1803, and a part of Forestburgh in 1837. It lies upon the highlands 
between Neversink and Shawangunk Creeks. Two parallel ridges, separated by the valley of 
Bashers Kil, extend through the town in a x. E. and s. w. direction. The eastern of these ridges is 
known as Shawangunk Mt. The declivities of this mountain are gentle upon the E., but abrupt 
and broken on the w. It attains an elevation of 1100 feet above the summit level of the canal, 
and about 1700 feet above tide. In the n. w. part of the town is a mountain of nearly equal eleva- 
tion, known as Panther IIUl. The principal streams are Shawangunk, Bashers, and Pine Kils, the 
last of which is the outlet of a small lake in the w. part of the town, known as Yankee Pond. 
The summit level of the Delaware & Hudson Canal, 17 mi. long and 525 feet above tide, is con- 
structed through the valley of Bashers Kil. Masten Pond, in the w. part, is used as a reservoir. 
About 2 mi. n. of Wurtzboro a vein of lead was discovered several years since, and was worked 
to a considerable .extent. After an abandonment of several years, preparations are again being 
made to work it. The soil is a sand and gravel loam, in some places intermixed with clay, and 
best adapted to pasturage. The census of 1855 shows that this town is second only to Thompson 
in the amoimt of dairy products. Bloouiiugburgll' (p. v.) contains 365 inhabitants, 
and Wurtzboro* (p. v.) 491, Sumniitville (Mamakating p. o.) 20 houses, and Pbillips- 
port (p. 0.) 10; the three last named lie upon the canal. Burling-bani (p. v.) contains 130 
inhabitants. West Broofevllle {p. o.) is a hamlet, and HoniOfvack is a p. o. The early 
settlement of this town has already been noticed,* but most of the details have been lost. On the 
approach of the Revolution the Indians became hostile, and several blockhouses were erected on 
the frontiers of Ulster co., one of which was at Wurtzboro. On account of the distressed con- 
dition of the people by reason of Indian hostilities, they were favored by the supervisors in the 
apportionment of taxes. Many persons in those days accounted wealthy were reduced to poverty, 
and but little that could be destroyed remained on the return of peace. Gonzales, the pioneer 
settler, is said to have built the first sawmill, at Wurtzboro. In 1792 this town contained 182 
taxable persons, of whom 34 were in the present towns of Lumberland, Tusten, and Highland. In 
1794, Capt. David Dorrance removed from Windham, Conn., and purchased 1000 acres imme- 
diately s. of the site of Wurtzboro.' John Dorrance, with Elijah Perry, also from Conn., erected 
the first bark mill in Sullivan co. Rev. Mr. Freleigh was tlie first pastor of the Ref Prot. D. Church, 
built in 1793.« 

]«ETERSI]VH.'— was formed from Rochester, (Ulster co.,) March 16, 1798. Rockland and 
a part of Shandaken were taken ofi" in 1809, and a part of Fallsburgh in 1826. The surface 



1 Among the early settlers since tbe Revolution were .Tohn 
Showers and Joshua Knight, at Mongaup, S. Gardner and El- 
nathan Corey, at Pond Eddy, P. Van Vauken, above Monf;aup. 
and John Rinck and Wm. Ryarson, in other parts of the town. 
The tirst school was kept in a barn by Mr. Famham; the first 
inn W.13 kept by E. Corey, at Pond Eddy. 

» Mr. Webb lived at Otisville, (Orange co.,) and died at an ad- 
vanced age in 1S14. 

» Written Mame- Eating, Mame-Cotink, 4c. in early records. 

* This village was settled by J. Newkirk, about 1780, and was 
Incorp. AprU 26, 1833. It contains 3 churches, 4 hotels, and 6 
stores. 

6 Named from Maurice Wurtz, grantee of a canal privilege in 
Penn.. afterward merged in Del. and Hudson Canal Co. 

* See page 642. 

7 A road was constructed at an early day, by Ananias Saeket, 
from Mamakating westward, passingabout three-fourths of a mi. 
B of L-jrds I'ond, and continuing to Xathan Kinne's Flats, from 
wLich place Capt. Dorrance made a road to Cochecton for £5 per 



mi. This road opened a communication from the Hollow to 
the Delaware River, a distance of about 33 mi. A portion of it is 
still in use. bnt the greater part was taken up by the Xewburgh 
& r'ochecton Turupilie. The village of Wurtzboro is built upon 
a tract of 1000 acres bought by Johannes Masten. who cle.ired 
the land and erected a sawmill. Westbrookville (formerly 
*^ Bashshusi-nh^^) was settled about the same time, and the first 
house was built of stone and used as a fort to shelter the set- 
tlers. Mr. Felton was a pioneer near Burlin,iiham, and J. New- 
kirk at Bloomingburgh. The early town records have been lost. 
The first school was kept at Bloomingburgb in 17S4. by Mr. 
Campbell. Wm. Harlow kept the first inn, 2 mi. N. of Blooming- 
burgh; Wm. Wighton opened tbe first store, J mi. s. of the same 
place; and H. Newkirk built the first gristiujll, on the Shawan- 
gunk, within this town. 

8 The census reports 11 churches; 6 M. E., 2 Kef Prot. D., 1 
Bap.. 1 R. C, 1 Asso. Ref Presb. 

» This name, first applied to tbe river, is said by some to be 
derived from the Indian ''iV'c-ica-sinA-," or Mad River, and by 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 



647 



is very hilly and U) a consideraLle degree covered with forests. It is watered by the Neversink 
and its branches, and by the Lackawack, or w. branch of the Rondout, which flows to the Hudson. 
Deuman Hill, 3300 feet, and Thunder Hill, 2500, above tide, are the principal elevations: the latter 
received its name from the fact that one of the early settlers was frightened away from the place by 
loud thunder. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and best adapted to pasturage. The people 
are chiefly engaged in lumbering, tanning,' and dairying. GrataaniSVille^ (p. v.) contains 40 
houses, IVeversink Flats (Neversink p.o.) 35, and Claryville (p. v.) 30. The first settle- 
ment was commenced on the Lackawack, 2 mi. below Grahamsville, by the Hornbeoks, Clines, 
Clearwaters, and Lowes, who obtained an Indian title in 1743, and were driven off during the 
Revolution. Mr. Larrabee, on Thunder Hill, and Benj. Gillett, John Hall, and Wm. Parks, on the 
1000 acre lot, were the pioneer settlers after the war.' The first church (Meth.) was located at 
Grahamsville ; and the first preacher was Rev. Samuel M. Knapp.* 

ROCKIjAB^D — ^was formed from Neversink, March 29, 1809. It lies upon the headwaters 
of the Pepacton, or E. branch of the Delaware, in the extreme N. part of the co. It is a rough, wild 
region, very hilly and mostly covered with forests. Its principal streams are Beaver Kil and 
Williwemack Creek. A chain of small lakes extends through the town, the principal of which are 
Upper, Mongaup, and Hodge Ponds in the e., Big and North Ponds in the s. E., Shaw Pond in the 
s.. Burnt Hill and Jenkins Ponds in the w., and Sand, Rlud, and Knapp Ponds in the center. 
Lumbering, farming, and tanning^ are the principal pursuits of the people. Westfield Flats 
(Rockland p.o.) contains 28 houses, and Morsstou (p. v.) about 12. Beaver Kill, Purvis, 
and Sllin Creek are p. oflices. ' Settlement was begun in 1789, by two families named Stewart 
and West, from Middletown, Conn. ; they located near the middle of the Big Beaver Kil Flat.' 
Rev. Mr. Conkey (Meth.) was the first preacher.' 

TIIOMPSOM' — was formed from Mamakating, March 9, 1803, and named in honor of Wm. A. 
Thompson, first judge of the co. A part of Fallsburgh was taken off in 1820, and a part of Forest- 
burgh in 1837. It lies principally upon the highlands between Neversink and Mongaup Rivers, 
and is less hilly than most of the to\vns of the co. The hills rise 100 to 300 feet above Monticello. 
Neversink and Mongaup Rivers, with several small lakes and streams, constitute the waters of the 
town. Kiamesha, or " Clearwater," better kno^vn as Pleasant Pond, is a beautiful little lake near 
Monticello. The other principal ponds are Dutch in the n. E., Lords and Mud in the E., Wolf in the 
S. E., and Sackets (named from Ananias Sacket, an early settler near it) in the s. w. The quiet 
scenery of these lakes is becoming appreciated by the lovers of nature and those seeking a retreat 
from the heat and dust of cities in summer. The soil is a reddish loam. The people are principally 
engaged in stock raising, lumbering, and tanning.* Monticello/ (p. v.,) the principal village, was 
incorp. April 20, 1830. Pop. 629. It is beautifully situated upon a ridge of highlands 1387 feet 
above tide, and is surrounded by hills. It is finely laid out, the main street being 1 mi. long and 
8 rods wide, with flagged walks and ornamented with shade trees. It contains a courthouse, jail, co. 
clerk's and surrogate offices, and a banking house, all of stone ; 3 churches, the Monticello Academy, 
3 hotels, 10 stores, 3 printing oflices, and an iron foundery. TllOUipsouville (p. v.) and 
Brid^eville (p. v.) each contain about a dozen houses. Gales and Gleu Wild are p. oflices. 
The first settlers were Wm. A. Thompson, John Knapp, and Timothy Childs, at Thompsonville.'" 
Rev. John Boyd (Presb.) was the first preacher." 

TUSTE^ — was formed from Lumberland, Dec. 17, 1853, and was named in honor of Col. 



others to be so named because the stream is less affected by 
drought than others. 
I About 95,000 sides of leather are manufactured each year. 

* Named in honor of Lieut. Graham, who was Itilled in a 
skirmish with the Indians near the present site of the village. 

* The first child born was Elijah Parks. Christopher Darrow 
taught the first school: Mr. Larrabee kept the first inn. on 
Thunrler Hill: Richard Childs kept the first store; and Wm. 
Parks built the first gristmill. 3 mi. s. E. of the Flats. There 
are no town records earlier than 1814. 

* The census reports 5 churches; 3 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D. 

* One of the most extensive tanneries in the State is in the w. 
part of the town. Alwut 170,000 Bides of leather are manu- 
factured each year in town. 

* Another account says the first settlors were Robert Cochran, 
Jehiel and Luther Stewart. In the following year, Peter Wil- 
liams and Cornelius Cochran came in from Mass. Mr. Rascom 
settled 1 mi^. of Purvis p. oflice. and Thnnia-s Nott and .Tames 
Overton 1 mi. s. of the same. The first child bom was Susan 
Thorn ; the first marriage was that of Kbenezer White and Cla- 
rigsa Field; and the first death was that of Sylvaaus Stewart. 



SylTinns Bascora taught the first school, at Westfield Flats ; 
Jehiel Stewart kept the first inn. Mr. Loveland the first store ; 
and Luther Stewart built the first mill, at Westfield Flats, The 
settlers are said to have obtained their first seed corn fnrm tita 
Indians on the Susquehanna Flats, and this stock ha" been con 
tinned till the present time. The lumber trade began in 1798. 

' The cen.'sus reports 3 churches; M. E., Presb., and Union. 

8 About 35,000 sides of leather are mainifactured annually. 

Named by J. P. Jones, from the residence of Thos. Jefferson. 
The first settlement of this village w-ss made in 1S04. by Samuel 
F. and Jolin P. Jones, from New Lebanon, (Columbia co.,) who 
located at this place in anticipation of its becoming the co. scat 
ofanewco. to be erected from Ulster. J. P. Jones erected the first 
house, in 1804, and opened the first store; Ctirtis linsley kept the 
first inn. 

10 A. Sacket and A. D. Kinne were the first settlers in the w. 
part of the town, and John Wetherlow and John Simson on the 
Neverf-ink. .\«a Hall kept the first school, at Bridgeville; Judge 
Thompson built the first mill and factory, at Thompsonville. 

u The census reports 4 churches; M. E., Presb., Prot. E., and 
UnioD. 



648 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 



Benjamin Tusten, who was killed in the battle of Miniaink, in 1779.' Thia town lies upon the n 
bank of Delawjire River. The w. and s. parts are very hilly, and the e. portions belong to the 
plateau of rolling lands which comprises the greater part of Tusten, Highland, and Lumberland. 
The average height of this region is about 750 feet above the Delaware, or 1400 feet above tide. 
The principal streams are Ten Mile River and its branches : Half Moon and Mill Ponds in the e., 
and Mill, Davis, and Canfield Ponds in the center, are the principal sheets of water. The soil is a 
gravelly loam, and best adapted to pasturage. The people are generally engaged in farming and 
lumbering. IVarrowsburgb, (p. v.,) containing about 35 houses, is the only village. It derives 
its name from the fact that the Delaware is here compressed by two points of rock into a deep, narrow 
channel. Over this is a wooden bridge, with a single span of 184 feet.^ The place is known to lum- 
bermen by the name of " Big EdJy." Below the narrows the river expands into a wide basin, which 
in time of a freshet exhibits a stirring scene. Delavrare Bridge and Beaver BrOOk 
are p. offices. John Moore kept the first inn and store, and R. Moore built the first mill. The 
Baptist is the only church in town. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Sullivan County. 



Namis of Towns. 



Bethel 

Cochecton — 

Calticoon 

Fallsburgh. .. 
Forestburgh. 

Fremont 

Highland 

Liberty 

Lumberland., 
Mamakating, 

Nevereink 

Rockland 

Thompson 

Tusten 

Total, 



Acres opLajid. 



13,46S 
7.596 
6,5S0 

18,651J 
1.914 
3,1 7Ch} 
1,-4MJ 

15,1474 
l,714i 

17.073i 

14,366t 
6,S30 

17,43B 
1,087 



38.855 
33.175 
121,475 
26.350 
26,040i 
27.852 
7,449 
30,745i 
34,416 
43,652J 
24,176 
47,003f 
28,303 
7,328 



125,489} 494,829: 



Taldatios op 1858. 



$371,020 
360,170 
140,627 
316,690 
117,920 
128.967 
164,774 
380,945 
191.270 
612,928 
231.651 
106,767 
615,680 
131,260 



I 
If 



$42,226 

19.800 

6,450 

29,200 

13,900 

6,400 
43,860 

2.200 
46,860 
28,676 

6,817 
255.800 

4,950 



$414,145 
379,970 
147,07' 
346,890 
131.820 
128,96: 
170.174 
424,796 
193,470 
658,778 
2l»,226 
113,584 
771.480 
136.210 



$3,771.469 $605.117 $4,276.586! 15.491 13.996 



1,362 

1,040 

1,118 

1,686 

468 

729 

464 

1,477 

497 

2,110 

1,136 

674 

1,801 

439 



s; 



1,249 
1,431 

974 
1,443 

371 

672 

411 
1,389 

405 
1,974 
1,044 

698 
1,749 

386 



623 
414 
637 
132 
237 
158 
620 
186 
748 
413 
227 
619 
161 



486 
650 
416 
690 
140 
246 
168 
632 
162 
793 
420 
237 
630 
158 



1,136 
1,218 

871 
1.271 

326 

4,84 

369 
1,240 

398 
1,616 
1,034 

618 
1,445 

315 

6,517 4,070 167 12.330 



301 
411 
328 
414 
83 
184 
112 
472 
115 
611 
318 
204 
614 
103 



St 



Names of Towss. 



Bethel 

Cochecton 

Callicoon 

Fallsburgh 

Forestburgh... 

Fremont 

Highland 

Liberty.. , 

Lumberland... 
Mamakating.. 

Neversink 

Rockland 

Thompson 

Tusten. 

Total 





Live Stock, 






AORICDLTDRAL PRODUCTS. 




II 


s 
la 


111 
gS5 


a 

1,042 


i 




Bush, op Gkaik. 


2 


•5, . 
5.= 


la 


DllBY PeODDCTS. 


■1 


1 




u 

ft.e 


294 


1,779 


1,171 


844 


10.791 


36,734J 


4.453 


8.783 


4,210 


95.030 




176 


1,197 


741 


228 


496 


10.214 


24,636 


2.082 


9.861 


2,062 


48.785 


160 


78 


932 


486 


166 


363 


6.565 


13,1385 


1,5204 


6,777 


416 


24.589 




377 


2,448 


1,470 


1,934 


1,099 


6,251 i 


41,686 


6,240 


13,417 


11,046 


126,329 


228 


69 


186 


161 


140 


86 


983i 


2,3074 


8634 


2,603 


877 


17,936 




65 


490 


264 


145 


162 


2.670 


7,3544 


940 


5,321 


322 


17,616 


210 


67 


277 


221 


117 


225 


2,102J 


4,409i 


6454 


4.02BJ 


329 


15.601 




396 


2,463 


1,285 


2,131 


891 


7,4911 


36,5064 


6.1664 


11,669 


11,679 


106,646 


2,935 


65 


321 


189 


.31 


194 


2,613 


3,8664 


6674 


3,818 


37 


14,166 




687 


1,219 


1,653 


1,369 


1,761 


12.886J 


33,6184 


4,4864 


8,030 


13,543 


127,648 




344 


2.099 


989 


2,450 


694 


7,370 


29,411 


4,712 


9.720 


14,646 


110,866 


150 


168 


1.011 


659 


1,135 


297 


1,049 


12,216 


2.474 


6.945 


4,6,S5 


60.814 


676 


440 


2,026 


1,721 


1,.674 


1,096 


6,216 


30,8104 


6,2244 


12.314 


9,153 


168,845 


250 


6 


124 


104 




44 


1,362 
76,6264 


3,373 


362 
40,7164 


2.102 


535 


8.280 




3,092 


16,571 


10,775 


12,591 


8,231 


280,066} 


103,188} 


73,298 


931,927 


4,698 



=i.S 



1,078 

2354 

129 

247 

73 

82 

72 

1,574 

60 

392 

3.659 

960 

984 



1 See pages 603, 643. 

* The " ^.^r^cwsburgh Bridge Co." was incorp. April 5, 1810, 



with a capital of $5,000. The bridge was to be 25 feet wide, well 
covered with plank, and secured by railings. 



TIOGA COUNTY. 




This county was fonned from Montgomery, Feb. 16, 1791. A part 
of Chenango was taken off in 1798 ; Broome in 1806 ; a part of 
Tompkins in 1822 ; and Chemung in 1836. It lies near the center 
of the s. border of the State, centrally distant 135 mi. from Albany, 
and contains 542 sq. mi. Its surface is broken by a series of ridges 
extending northerly through the co. from the Penn. line and form- 
ing a northerly continuation of the Allegany Mts. The summits 
of these ridges have a nearly uniform elevation of 1,200 to 1,400 ft. 
above tide. The valley of the Susquehanna cuts them diagonally 
and breaks the continuity of the general system of highlands. 
Numerous lateral valleys extend in a general N. and s. direction 
from the river, separating the ridges and giving a great variety to 
the surface. These valleys vary in width from a few rods to a mile and sometimes more, and are 
generally bordered by steep declivities which rise 250 to 400 ft. above them. The summits of the 
hills are generally broad and rolling, and in some places are broken and rocky. 

The rocks of this co. belong to the .Chemung and Catskill groups. The former occupies all the 
surface n. of the river and forms the underlying rock of the hills s., and the latter crowns all the 
summits s. of the river. The sandstone of the Chemung group is quarried for flagging ; and some 
of the red sandstone is sufficiently compact to make good building stone. Limestone, from which 
lime is manufactured, is found along the Penn. border. There are no other minerals of import- 
ance. The river valleys, and many of the hills adjoining, are covered deep with drift, consisting 
of sand, clay, and gravel. This deposit near Factoryville is 80 ft. thick, and a wide belt of it 
seems to extend northerly in an almost unbroken line from the latter place to Cayuga Lake. The 
principal streams are Susquehanna River, and Owego, Catatunk, Cayuta, Pipe, and Apalachin 
Creeks and their branches. These creeks have generally rapid currents, though few waterfalls ; and 
they furnish all necessary water-power for local purposes. Their valleys are usually narrow and 
rocky in their upper courses, but toward the Susquehanna they expand into broad and beautiful 
level intervales. The valleys of the Susquehanna and several of its tributaries are celebrtted for 
their beauty. 

The soil along the valleys is a rich, deep, gravelly loam, with an occasional intermixture of clay 
and sand. The intervales along the Susquehanna are especially noted for their fertility. Tho 
uplands are gravelly and sandy and moderately fertile. Upon the summits the soil is hard and 
unproductive, and in many places the rocks are entirely bare. A considerable portion of the up- 
lands is still covered with forests. 

The prominent intereSt of the co. is agricultural, and its various branches are successfully pui 
sued. Winter and spring grains, corn, and the root crops, are mostly cultivated on the lowlands 
or river bottoms, and the uplands are devoted to stock and wool growing and dairying. Consider- 
able commercial interest has grown up in connection with the rail roads, and manufactures have 
also been established to a limited extent.' 

The county seat is located at Owego, upon the Susquehanna.'' The courthouse, a wooden 
structure, was erected about 40 years since, at a cost of $8,000. It is in a good state of preserva- 
tion. The jail, jailor's house, and barn, all of brick, were built in 1851, at a cost of about $6,000. 
The jail contains 8 double cells. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building, erected in 1858, 
at a cost of $2,200. The courthouse, clerk's office, jail, jailor's house, and barn occupy a square 
in the center of the village. 



1 A lar^e Inmber and tanning business was formerly carried 
on; but it ha*i dr-^lined, from the scarcity of material. 

2 By the ortianic act of 1791, Tioga was formed a half-shire 
connty. It provided that the courts should be held alternately 
at •' Cfimaitgo" in the town of Union, and at "iWit-MivH Point,*' 
in the town of Chemung, the former now Binghaniton, Broomo 
CO.. and the latter Klmira, Chemung co. The half-shire was 
abolished upon the OFL'ani/ation of Broome co. in 1S06 ; Feb. 
17, 1810, Nathaniel Locke, Anson Cary, and Samuel Campbell 
were appointed commis.^ioners to locate the courthouse site, and 
Joshua Ferris. Isaac Swartwout, and Samuel Westbrook to 
superintend the erection of the building; and in 1811-12 the 
county seat wafl removed from Elmira to Spencer ViUage. June 



8, 1S12, the CO. was divided into 2 Jury Districts, and the courta 
were held at Elmira and Spencer. The East Jury District em- 
braced the towns of Tioga. Spencer, Danby, Caroline, Candor. 
Berkshire, and Owego; and the We.st, the towns of Cayuta, 
Catharines. Chemung, and Elmira. The courthouse at Spencer 
was burned in 1821. and by an act of 1822 the half-shire of the 
county was re-established, and Owego and Elmira became tho 
half-shire towns. Upon the organization of Chemung co. in 
183fi, Elmira became its county seat, and Owego the county 
seat of Tioga. The first county officers were Abr.im Miller, 
Pird Jwi(]<'- ; Wm. Stuart. Z>t.</!Wci Attormy ; Thomas Niclu Ison, 
Cnuniy cUrk; James McMasters, Sfierijff'; and John Merseroau, 
Surrogate. 

^ 643 



650 TIOGA COUNTY. 

The county poorhouse, a stone building, is located near Owego, upon a farm of 62 acres, which 
yields an annual income of $600. The average number of inmates is 62, and the -whole number 
of rooms for their accommodation is 15. No school is connected with the establishment, and no 
means are provided for religious instruction. 

The principal works of internal improvement are the N. Y. & E. R. R., extending along the river 
valley through Owego, Tioga, and Barton ; and the Cayuga & Susquehanna R. R., extending from 
Owego northward through Tioga and Candor to Ithaca.' These roads furnish ample facilities for 
transportation, and bring the products of the county into close proximity to the Eastern markets. 

Three weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

The first settlement in this county was made upon the Susquehanna intervales, soon after 
the Revolution, by emigrants from the Wyoming Valley in Penn. These settlers originally came 
from Conn, and Mass., and left Wyoming in consequence of troubles growing out of the Indian 
hostilities and of controversies in regard to title. They located here before the Indian title to the 
lands was extinguished. The greater part of the present territory was comprised in the Boston 
Ten Towns. The title of this tract, comprising 230,400 acres between Chenango River and Owego 
Creek, was vested in the State of Mass. in 1786, and in 1787 it was sold to a company of 60 per- 
Bons, mostly residents of that Stale. The greater part of the proprietors immediately took posses- 
sion of these lands ; and thus it happened that the county was filled up with a New England popu- 
lation while the fertile region of Western New York was yet an unbroken wilderness. 

BARTOA^ — was formed from Tioga, Jlaroh 23, 1824. It lies w. of the Susquehanna, in the 
s. w. corner of the co. Its surface is generally hilly. A small portion of level land lies along the 
s. border. The highlands on the w. rise abruptly from the valley of Cayuta Creek, and are divided 
into two ridges by the valley of Ellis Creek. Their summits are broad and rolling and generally 
covered with forests. The highest points are 400 to 600 ft. above the river. The soil is a rich 
aUu\-ium in the valleys and a sandy or gravelly loam upon the hills. A sulphur spring is found 
on Ellis Creek, near the center of the town. Waverly, (p. v..) situated upon the Erie R. R., in 
the s. w. part of the town, was incorp. in 1854. It contains the Waverly Academy, 5 churches, and 
several manufactories. Pop. 1,067. Factory ville, {p. v.,) on Cayuta Creek, 1 mi. e. of Waverly, 
contains 180 inhabitants; and Barton, (p. v.,) near the s. E. corner, on the Susquehanna, 30 
dwellings. JVortli Barton is a p. o. Ualsey Valley (p. o.) is a hamlet in the x. e. part, on 
the line of Tioga. The first settlement was begun by Ebenezer Ellis and Stephen Mills, who 
located in this district in the year 1791.' There are lOchurches in town.* 

BERKSIIIRE:— was formed from Tioga, Feb. 12, 1808. Newark was taken off in 1823, and 
Richford in 1831. It lies upon the E. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is mostly a 
hilly and broken upland, with a mean elevation of 1,200 to 1,400 ft. above tide. A high hill, with 
steep declivities, lies e. of the center of the town. The streams are the East and West Branches 
of Owego Creek and their tributaries. The soil in the valleys is a sandy and gravelly loam, and 
upon the hills it is a tough clay and hardpan. Berksllire (p. v.) con*.ains 3 churches and 34 
dwellings. East Berkshire and Vf ilson Creek, are p. offices. The pioneer settlers of 
the town were Daniel Ball and Isaac Brown, who came in 1791.^ Rev. Seth Williston conducted 
the first religious services in town.* 

I This road cost $500,000, and it was sold, in 1852, for $4,500. I The Owego Times, under which title he still continnes 



* The Ammcan Farmer was commenced at Owego in ISIO 
by Stephen Mack. In 1813 it was Bold to Stephen B. 
Leonard, who changed its name to 

Tfie Owego Gazette, and continued it until 1835, when he sold to 
j. B. Shurtliff. In 1S41 ttie office was burned, and the 
paper was discontiiiuttl a short time ; out soon after it 
was rp<3o3citjited by E. P. Marble, and in 1S43 it was 
sold to Thomas Woods. In 1S44 it was changed to 

The Tioga Firemun. John Dow, publisher, and in a few years 
W.1S discontinued. A local party dispute having arisen, 
aniithor pa|)er. called 

TUe Owego Gazette, was started in 1844 by H. A. Beebe, 



its publication. 
Tlie ^Vaverly Advocate was commenced at Waverly 

Village in 1852 by F. 11. Baldwin. It is now published 

by Baldwin & Pulley. 
Tfie St. Nicholas, a monthly literary magazine, was published 

about 1 year in 1853. 
8 Among the other e.irly settlers were Benj. Aikens. Ezekiel 
Williams, John llanna, Wm. Bensley, Luke Saunders, Jamea 
Swartwood, Charles Bingham. Layton Newell. Lyon C. Hedges, 
Philip Crans, Justice Lyon, John Manhart, Ste. Reed, and SiKia 
Wolcott. A number of these were from the Wyoming Valley, 
and some of them from the adjoining towns of this co. Georgo 



and the two papers were published under the same name 1 W. Buttson erected the first sawmill, at Barton Village. 

for several months. In 1845 Tholuiis Peasall became < 5 M. E., 2 Bap., Prot. E., Cong, and 11. C. 

proprietor, and in 1846 the paper was sold to David 6 Among the first settlers were Stephen and Samuel Ball. Peter 

Walter and son. In 18+8 it again passed into the hands Wilson, and Josiah Ball, from Stockbridge, Mass., in 1792-93. 

of II. A. Beebe, by whom it is still published. "j John Brown, Capt. Asa I.^onard, Eben. C<X)k, Daniel Carpenter, 

The Republican Wiis published 1 year at Owego iu 1833 by Consider Lawrence. David Williams, Joseph Waldo, Nathaniel 

Chatterton. Ford. Abel. Azel, and Nathaniel Ilovey. Jeremiah Campbell, and 

Th£ Owego Advertiser was commenced in 1836 by Andrew H. Samuel Collins.— all from Berkshire co., Mass.. — came in soon 

Calhoun, and wiis continued by him until 1852, when after. W. II. Moore kept the first inn and store; David Wil. 

he sold to Powell & Barnes, who cbauged its name to liams erected the tirst mill ; and Miss T. Moore taught the first 
rV Southern Tifr Times. In 1854 Wm. Smyth purchased the school. 

establishment and changed the name of the paper to | « The census reports 4 churches; 2 M. E., Cong., and Bap. 



TIOGA COUNTY. 



651 



C.4IVDOR — was formed from Spencer, Feb. 22, 1811. It is a large town, extending from the 
center to the N. border of the co. Its surface consists of high, liroad, rolling uplands, separated 
mto ridges by the narrow valleys of streams flowing in a southerly direction. Their declivities are 
generally abrupt, and their summits are mostly covered with forests. Catatunk Creek flows through 
the center of the town, and the West Branch of Owego Creek forms the e. boundary. The waters 
of Catatunk Creek enter the town near the center of its w. border and flow s. E., its valley com- 
pletely dividing the western ridge into two parts. The soil is a gravelly loam, fertile in the 
valleys and moderately so upon the hills. The settlements are mostly confined to the valleys. 
Candor (p. v.) is situated on Catatunk Creek, near the center of the town. It is a station on 
the C. & S. R. R., with 3 churches, a tannery, woolen factory, flouring mill, a sawmill, and about 
70 dwellings. Candor Center, i mi. w. of Candor, contains 1 church, a flouring mill, 2 saw- 
mills, and 20 dwellings. Willseyville, (p. v.,) a station on the C. & S. R. R., in the n. w. part 
of the town, contains 20 dwellings. South Candor, on Catatunk Creek, near the s. border 
of the town, contains a church and about 20 dwellings. fFeltonville (p. o.) is a hamlet at 
the mouth of Dolittle Creek. East Candor is a p. o. The first settlers were Thos. IloUistcr, 
Job Judd, C. Luddington, and Isaac Judd, from Conn., who came into town in 1793.' Rev. Daniel 
Loring was the first preacher. The census reports 10 churches.* 

WEWARK. — was formed from Berkshire, as "Westville," April 12, 1823. Its name was 
changed March 24, 1824. It lies upon the center of the E. border of the co. Its surface is mostly 
a hilly, upland region, with a mean elevation of about 1,200 ft. above tide. Its streams are the 
West Branch of Owego Creek, forming the w. boundary, and the East Branch, flowing s. w. 
through near the center of the town. The soil in the valleys is a fine, gravelly loam, but upon the 
hills it is an unproductive hardpan. The greater part of the uplands are yet unsettled. JVcvrarU. 
Valley, (p. v.,) located in the valley of East Owego Creek, contains 2 churches, mills, an ex- 
tensive tannery, and 75 dwellings. Ketcliumville, (p. v.,) in the N. E. corner of the town, 7 
mi. N. E. of Newark Valley, contiiins a church, sawmill, and 26 dwellings. fVest IVewark is 
a p. 0. Jenksville, in the n.w., is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1791, by emigrants 
from Berkshire co., Mass.' First religious association (Cong.) was formed in 1798, by Rev. Scth 
WiUiston, a missionary from Conn. ; Rev. Jeremiah Osborn was the first settled preacher, in 1803.* 

HflCIIOLiS — was formed from Tioga, March 23, 1824. It lies upon the s. bank of the Sus- 
quehanna, near the center of the s. boundary of the co. Its surface is mostly upland, excepting 
the broad valley of the Susquehanna, and broken by the narrow valleys of small streams. The sum- 
mits of the hills are broad and 300 to 500 ft. above the river. Many of them are still covered with 
forests. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam and very productive ; upon the hills it is a mode- 
rately fertile, gravelly and clayey loam, underlaid by red sandstone. KiollOlK, (p. o.,) Hoopers 
Valley, (p. o.,) and Canflelds Corners (p. o.) are hamlets upon the Susquehanna. The 
first settlement was made by Ebenezer Ellis, Pelatiah Pierce, Stephen Mills, and James Cole, in 
1787. There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Union.* 

OWEGO* — was organized Feb. 16, 1791. Spencer was taken off in 1806. It is a large town, 
occupying the s. E. corner of the co. Its surface is mostly upland, separated into two distinct parts 
by Susquehanna River and broken by the narrow valleys of small creeks. The summits of the 
ridges are broad and rolling, and 300 to 500 ft. above the river. The intervale along the river 
in some places is an unbroken flat more than a mile in width. Owego Creek, flowing through ii 
broad and beautiful valley, forms the w. boundary of the town n. of the Susquehanna. The other 
streams are Nanticoke Creek, from the N., and Apalachin Creek, from the s., and a great number 
of smaller brooks and creeks. The declivities bordering upon these streams are generally 
eteep. The soil is principally a gravelly loam. A considerable portion of the hilly re- 



1 They were followed in 179-t by Joel and Elijah Smith, Israel 
Meud. aiKl hii BOn Isratd, — the former two from Conn, and the 
latter from Vt. Families named CollinB. Sheldon, Marsh, Bates, 
and Ellis were also among the early settlers. The first inn was 
kept by Thomas Ilollister ; the first store by Philip Case ; and 
the lirst gristmill was erected by Elijah Hart. 

2 6 Bap., 2 M. E., Prot. E. Cong., and Union. 

* Among the settlers in 1791 were Elisha Wilson, (living upon 
the pla<"e of his original settlement in 185S. at the age of 87,) 
Daniel Ball, Isajic and Abram Brown. Dean, and Nor- 
ton, — all from Stockbridge, Mass., — most of them settling in the 
valley of Owego Creek. The first birth was that of Wm. Ball. 
Miss E. Moore taught the first school; Enos Slawson kept tho 
first store and inu ; and £. Wilson built the first mill. 



* The census reports 5 churches ; 3 M. E., Cong., and Presb. 

^ Among those who settled later were Judge Emanuel Coryell, 

Isaiah Junes, Bass, and Emmons, in 1791 ; and aliout 

the same time Caleb Wright, on the site of Nichols Villaj;e, 
and Stephen Dodd, a short distance below. In 1793 Jon.4tbaa 
Piatt and his son Jonathan, Col. Richard Sackett, Lewis Brown, 
and Miles Forman, — all from Westchester Co., — settled in the 
valley. Major John Smyth and his sons John, Gilbert, and 
Nathan, from Monroe co., Penn., Benjamin Louusbury. Ziba 
Evans, Jonathan Hunt, Richard Sarles, Asahel I'ricli.^rd, 
Jonathan Pettis, Joseph and John Annibal, Joseph Morey. aud 
David Brigsa, were also among the pioneer settlers. The first 
birth was that of Daniel Pierce, in 1787. 

« Owego, "Swift River."— ^n/wls of BinghamUm, p. 110. 



652 



TIOGA COUNTY. 



gions is yet covered with forests. Manufactures, and commerce to a limited extent, engage 
the attention of the people. Owego, (p. v.,) the co. seat, was incorp. April 4, 1827. It is 
finely situated upon the Susquehanna, near the mouth of Owego Creek.' It is the com- 
mercial center of a large agricultural and lumbering district; and since its first settlement it 
has been one of the most important villages in the southern tier of counties.^ It contains 
the Owego Academy, a female seminary, 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper oifices, and several 
manufacturing establishments.' A bridge 80 rods in length here crosses the Susquehanna. 
Pop. 3,041. Apalacbln, (p. v.,) on the s. bank of the Susquehanna, 8 mi. above Owego, 
contains 1 church and 200 inhabitants. Cauipville, (p. v.,) on the N. bank of the river, 
J mi. above Owego, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. It is a station on the Erie R. R. 
Fleniin^ville (p. o.) is a hamlet in the n. w. part of the town, on Owego Creek; South 
0\Te§ro is a p. o. near the Pennsylvania line. Amos Draper, an Indian agent and trader, 
from the Wyoming Valley, erected the first house in town, at Owego Village, in 1786, and 
moved in his family in 1787.* The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Seth Wil- 
liston. The first religious association (Presb.) was formed in 1810, and a church was organized 
in 1817; Rev. Horatio I. Lombard was the first settled minister, in 1818. There are 13 
churches in town.* 

RICHFORD — was formed from Berkshire, as "Arlington," April 18, 1831. Its name was 
changed April 9, 1832. It is the N. E. corner town in the co. Its surface is mostly upland, broken 
by a few narrow valleys. It contains the highest land in the CO., estimated to be 1,400 to 1,600 ft. 
above tide. Its streams are the head branches of Owego Creek. Its soil is a moderately fertile, 
gravelly loam. About one-third of the surface is yet covered with forests. Leather and lumber are 
manufactured to some .extent. Rlcllford, (p. v.,) s. of the center of the town, contains a 
church and about 60 dwellings. West Rictarord is a p. o. The first settlements, made at a 
later period than those in Berkshire, from which the town was taken, were since the com- 
mencement of the present century ;° but the exact date could not be ascertained. There is a 
Presb. church in town. 

SPEIVCER — was formed from Owego, Feb. 28, 1806. Candor, Caroline, Danby, and Newfield 
(the last three now in Tompkins co.) were taken off Feb. 22, 1811, and Cayuta, March 20, 1824. 
It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is an upland, broken by the valleys of small 
streams. The N. w. portion forms the watershed between Susquehanna River and Cayuga Lake. 
The ridges have a general n. and s. direction. Their declivities are generally steep and their 
summits broad and broken. Catatunk Creek, flowing e., breaks through these ridges at nearly 
right angles, forming a deep and narrow valley. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam, and 
upon the hills it is a har*, shaly loam. Spencer,' (p. v.,) on Catatunk Creek, w. of the center 
of the town, contains 3 churches, 2 tanneries, a valuable mineral spring and 75 dwellings. The 
first settlement was commenced in 1795, by Benj. Drake and Joseph and John Barker.* The first 
religious meeting was held by P. Spaulding, at his own house ; and the first religious association 
(Bap.) was formed by Elder David Jayne.' 

TIOGA — was formed from Union, (Broome co.,) March 14, 1800. Berkshire was taken off 
in 1808, a part of Union in 1810, and Barton and Nichols in 1824. It lies on the Susquehanna, 
s. w. of the center of the co. ' Its surface is principally upland, terminating in bluffs along the river 
intervale. The streams are Catatunk and Pipe Creeks and numerous smaller creeks and brooks. 



1 Glen Mary, for several years the residence of N. P. Willis, is 
Bituated on Owego Creek, near the w. bounds of the village. It 
was here that his exquisite Rural Letters wore written. 

2 For many years the p. o. here was one of the four distri- 
buting; offices of the State. From this place also were shipped 
salt, plaster, lumber, and wheat for the Penn. and Md. markets. 
Sept. 7, 1S49, a destructive fire occurred, burning 75 buildings. 

8 The principal of these are manufactories of steam engines 
and boilers, machinery, castings. Bash and blinds, silverware, 
lumber, leather, flour, and plaster. 

* John McQuigg and .Tames McMaster, from New England, 
the original patentees of the half-township on which the village 
of Owego stands, settled there in 1788. A clearing was made 
and grain sowed on an Indian improvement at Owego, in the 
FCison of 1786, by Wm. McMaster. Wm. Taylor. Robert 
McMaster, John Nealy, and Wm. M'ood. who entered the valley 
from the E. by way of (Itsego Lake and the Susquehanna. The 
first birth in town was that of Selecta, daughter of Amos Dra- 
per. .Tune 19, 1788 ; the first school was taught by Kelly, 

in 1702; the first store and hotel wore kept at Owego, by Wm. 
J]tates. 



6 5 M. E., 2 Presb., Prot. E., Bap., Ck>ng., Wes. Meth., R. C 
and Union. 

6 Among the early settlers were Evan Harris. Samuel Smith, 

Samuel Gleason, Nathaniel .Tohnson. Stevens. Jeremiah 

Campliell. Beriah Wells. Caleb and .Tesse Gleason., Ezekiel Itich, 
and William Dunham, — many of them from the adjoining town 
of Berkshire. 

' This village was the co. seat of Tioga co., then including 
Chemung, from 1812 to 1821. 

8 Among the early settlers at Spencer Village were Joshua 
Ferris. Henry Miller, Edmund and Rodney Ilobart, from Conn., 
Andrew Purdy.Thos. Mosher. from Westchester co.. and George 
Fisher. The first birth was thjit of Deborah, daughter of Ben- 
jamin Drake; the first m.arriage. that of John B. Underwood 
and Polly Spaulding; and the first death, that of Prescott 
Hobart. The first school was taught by Joseph Barker, in hia 
own house, at Spencer Village; the first inn was kept by 
Andrew Purdy; the first store by Samuel Doolittle; and the 
first gristraili was built by Benj. Drake. 

9 The cepsus reports 3 churches in town ; Cong., Bap., and 
M. E. 



TIOGA COUNTY. 



653 



The soil is a fine, dark loam in the valleys and a gravelly loam upon the hills. Slost of the sum- 
mits are still covered with forests. Tioga Center, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Pipe Creek, con- 
tains a church, several mills, and 60 dwellings. It is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. 
SmitUsboro, (p. v.,) on the N. Y & E. R. R., contains 230 inhabitants. Ualsey Talley 
(d. 0.) is a hamlet, in the N.w. corner of the town, on the line of Barton. Straights Cor- 
ners is a p. 0. on the n. border. The lirst settlement was made on Pipe Creek, in 17^5, liy 

Samuel and AVilliam Ransom, Primmer, and Andrew Alden, from Wyoming, Penn. Col. 

David Pixley, from Mass., and Abner Turner, from N.II., made the first settlement on the river, 
in 1791.' There are 2 churches in town : M. E. and Union. 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Popidation, DiceUings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Tioga County. 



Names of Towns. 



Barton 

Berkshire- 
Candor 

Newark 

Nichols — 

Owego 

Richford... 

Spencer 

Tioga 



Total.. 



Acres of Land. 



16,629i 
9,283 
30,709 
13,038 
12,050 
33,801J 
8.898 
13,445 
16,980J 



154,894i 



15.8764 
9,613 
27,521 
16,182 
7,3634 
26.0464 

6,947 
12.367 
16,608 



138.4234 



Valuation of 1858. 



$713,367 
145.990 
690.945 
311,688 
321,025 

1,680,121 
166.016 
247,830 
648,234 



4,816,114 



o-a. 



$134,460 
3,665 
37,760 
25,675 
29,900 
618,440 
11,600 
16,925 
21,360 



799,745 



$847,817 
149,6)5 
728,695 
337.261 
360,926 

2,198,661 
167,616 
264,765 
669,584 



1.876 
633 

1,997 
983 
945 

4,223 
69S 
911 

1,660 



6,614,859 13,616 13,346 



1,966 
636 

1,897 
962 
926 

4,10.'i 
684 
894 

1,477 



•& 

_i_ 

770 
203 
744 
387 
319 
1,467 
231 
367 
671 



6,049 



775 
219 
787 
403 
347 
1,376 
242 
879 
679 



5.107 



653 
213 
624 
365 
170 
1,115 
189 
328 
369 



3,926 



22 

6 
26 
13 
13 
39 

9 
12 
20 
159 10,875 



Names of Towns. 



Barton 

Berkshire.. 

Candor 

Newark 

Nichols 

Owego 

Richford... 

Spencer 

Tioga 



Total.. 





Lite Stock. 








Agricultural Products. 


1 


1 


11 . 
161 
£55 


O 


i 


1.414 


Bush. 


ov Grain. 




« 

oja, 




Daikv Pboddcts. 


■| 


1 






664 


1,850 


1,621 


3,266 


9,43S4 


102.11074 


4,093 


9.907 


14,400 


167,686 


1,610 


293 


1,165 


949 


2,230 


614 


426} 


34,334 


2,7094 


8,795 


17,586 


126,340 


14,209 


1,125 


2,905 


2,303 


7,258 


2,019 


6,9154 


160.266 


6,7684 


27,519 


23.681 


287,692 


16,996 


683 


1,558 


1,386 


3,645 


907 


775 


61.7894 


4,108 


17,191 


16,445 


145,189 


6,210 


384 


1,372 


1,026 


2,776 


1,202 


6,1274 


83.848J 


2.9074 


12.116 


16,896 


102,186 


1.800 


1,383 


3,680 


2,813 


8.176 


2,837 


12,353 


185.384} 


8,404 


46,52.84 


29,694 


235,444 


4,644 


284 


783 


788 


2,143 


445 


775 


42,208 


2,047 


6.009 


10,927 


84,021 


1.626 


426 


1,608 


913 


3.061 


673 


2,658 


68,140 


3,0784 


9,021 


14,197 


90,803 


2,200 


636 


1,789 


1,155 


3.698 


1.137 


6.770 


91.827 


4,296 


13,432 
160,5184 


25.467 


120.424 


2,303 


6,678 


16.710 


12,954 


36,162 


11,248 


45,2394 


828.8054 


38.401} 


169,183 


1,366.783 


60,367 



•^■3 



99U 

699 

4,275 

1,238 

2.396 

3.1754 

W4 

962 

2,012 



16,3901 



1 Among the early settlers were Joel Farnham, Jeremiah 
White, Abel Stafford, Eii/.ur Wrigiit, Samuel Giles. Ilnt,'h E. 
Fiddis; John Hill, from Ma.«s. ; William Taylor, from Saratoga 
CO, : Nathaniel Catlin, Cornelius Taylor, Beriiih Muudy, John 

Smith, James Schnunover, Taylor, and Hnugerford, 

from Wyoming, Penn, , Daniel Morsoreau, from Staten Island; ] 



FrancisGragg, Nath'l Onodspeed, Jesse. Ziba, and Amos Miller, 

Enos Cantield, Lodowyck Li;:ht, Lyou.and Ezra Smith. IVum 

Westchester CO.. N.Y.: Geo. Horton. M'.liean, \. Brink, Dr. Tink- 
ham, 0. Leach, K. Curtis, Wm. S. Jones, T. Madison, C. Schuou- 
over, and James Brooks with 5 sous. 



TOMPKINS COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Cayuga and Seneca, April 17, 1817. 
Three towns were annexed from Tioga, March 22, 1822, and a part 
of Schuyler co. was taken oif in 1854. It lies around the head of 
Cayuga Lake, s. w. of the center of the State, is centrally distant 
141 mi. from Albany, and contains 506 sq. mi. Its surface consists 
principally of an upland, broken by a series of ridges extending N. 
' and s. The watershed between Cayuga Lake and Tioughnioga 
River occupies the E. border of the co., and that between the same 
lake and Susquehanna River the s. border. The deep valley of 
Cayuga Lake, 700 ft. below the summits of the ridges, separates 
the N. portions of the co. into two distinct parts. The E. portion, 
declining toward the n., gradually loses its hilly character and 
spreads out into the beautifully rolling lands so common in Central N. Y. West of the lake the 
land does not lessen in height within the limits of the co. ; but the rough, broken hills change into 
smooth ridges, with long, gradual slopes. 

The deep valley of Cayuga Lake affords a fine opportunity to examine the geological structure 
of this region. Upon the shore in the extreme N. part are found the Hamilton shales, the lowest 
rock in the co. Next above them on the shore appear the TuUy limestone, Genesee slate, and 
Portage or Ithaca shales and sandstones.' The summits of all the hills are formed of the rocks 
belonging to the Chemung group, usually covered deep with drift deposits. The streams, in their 
course from the table lands to the lake, have worn deep channels into the rocks, and waterfalls 
which once were, probably, at the face of the bluffs, have receded one to two miles, forming below 
deep, rocky chasms bordered by perpendicular walls. As the rocks are composed of strata of 
different degrees of hardness, the water has worn them irregiilarly, — the soft and yielding shales 
generally forming a declining surface, while the hard and compact limestone retains its perpen- 
dicular forms.^ 

The streams are Salmon, Fall, Cascadilla, Six Mile, and Taughanick Creeks and Cayuga Inlet 
and their branches, flowing into the lake, and several branches of Owego Creek and other small 
streams, flowing s. The cascades upon these streams form one of the most peculiar and interesting 
features of the landscape. 

The soil in the n. part is generally a gravelly or clayey loam, formed by the drift deposits ; and 
that in the s. is a gravelly or slaty loam, derived from disintegration. It is all best adapted to 
grazing. In the n. part the people are generally engaged in grain raising, wheat forming the 
staple production. In the s. towns the principal branches of agriculture pursued are stock raising 
and dairying. Considerable manufacturing is carried on at Ithaca and other places. 

The CO. seat is located at the village of Ithaca. The courthouse is a brick edifice, built upon a 
fine lot near the center of the village.' The jail, contiguous to the courthouse, is a well built 
stone edifice, with ample accommodations for the health of the prisoners. The cells are clean and 
well ventilated. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof building, fronting upon Tioga St. The poor- 
house is situated upon a farm of 100 acres in Ulysses, 6 mi. n. w. of Ithaca. The average number 
of inmates is 63, and the revenue derived from the farm is about $1,500. No school is provided 
for the children, and they are not admitted to the public schools. The house is pleasantly situated, 
and will compare favorably with other poor-houses throughout the State. 

The Cayuga & Susquehanna R. R. extends from Ithaca to Owego, connecting with the Erie 
R. R. at the latter place. Cayuga Lake is navigable and connects with the Erie Canal at Monte- 
zuma. A daily line of steamers plies between Ithaca and Cayuga Bridge, on the N. Y. C. R. R., 



1 The Tully linieBtone furniahes an aViundance of lime ; buf e 
fragments of tliis rock are found Gcattercd over the land severiil 
hundred feet above the regular veins of the rock, ehowing that 
Borne great force had been in operation here at some former 
period. The CJenesee slate is about 100 ft. thick, and the Portage 
group 300 ft, 

2 The Taughanick Falls, below Trumansburgh, have receded 
Bomethirg more than a mile from the lake. "In its passage, 
the stream first produced a series of f;ills and rapids, but flually 
receded so as to form but a single fall. This is caused hy the 
nigher strata being bo much harder than those below that a 
firm table la formed of these, while those below are under- 
uiiD*^d." About 1 mi. N. of these lulls is a cascade. wber«, from 

654 



j the absence of a resisting stratum at the surface, the rock has 
I been worn down in a continuous slope. — Geo/. IV. IHst., n 378. 
I 379. •!■ f 

3 The act of incorporation fix^d the courthouse at Ithaca, tho 
exact locality to be designated by the Surveyor General, or, if ho 
neglected to do it. by the judges of the co. court. Unless a 8it« 
was conveyed to the Supervisors and $7,000 secured to be psid, 
the CO. wad to be reannexed to the cos. from whence it waa 
taken. Luther Gere, Wm. R. Collins, and Daniel Bates were 
appointed to superintend the erection of the co. buildings. The 
first CO. officers were Oliver C. Comstock, First Judge. ; Archer 
Green, Cterk; Henry Bloom, Sherif; aild Andrew D, W, Bmyn, 
Surrvffate. 



TOMPKINS COUNTY. 



655 



touching at all the landings on the lake. The railroad and canal and lake constitute one of the 
principal routes for supplying the West with the anthracite coal of E. Penn. 

Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* 

The three s. towns of this co. were included in the Watkins and Flint's Purchase, and the re- 
mainder in the Military Tract. A public road was built from Oxford, on Chenango River, directly 
through to Ithaca, by Joseph Chaplin, in 1791-92-93, and this became the great highway for immi- 
gration in the s. part of the State for many years. As a consequence, the co. immediately bor- 
dering upon the road was rapidly settled. The first immigrants were mostly from New England. 
At the place where Ithaca now stands were found cleared fields which had previously been culti- 
vated by the Indians ; and these lands were among the first occupied in the co. The next settle- 
ments were made in Ulysses, on the w. bank of the lake, and along Chaplin's road in Dryden. The 
opening of the rich lands of the Genesee country to settlers diverted immigration from this region, 
and the co. for many years did not increase in population with the same rapidity as the regions 
further w. The growth of the co., however, has been gradual and continuous ; and now in every 
element of real prosperity it is fully on an average with the other cos. in tlie State, 



CAROLiIjVE — was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co.,) Feb. 22, 1811, and was transferred to this 
CO, March 22, 1822. A part was annexed to Danby in 1839. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. 
Its surface is an upland, broken by a series of ridges extending n. w. and s.e. 500 to 700 ft. above 
the valleys and 1,500 to 1,700 ft. above tide. The summits of the hills are usually rounded and 
rolling and their declivities steep. The streams are Owego Creek, forming the e. boundary, and 
Six Mile Creek and their branches. These streams flow in deep, narrow valleys bordered by steep 
hillsides. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and is well adapted to grazing. Caroline 
Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 14 houses; Motts Corners, (p. v.,) on Six Mile Creek, 
in the n. w. corner of the town, 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,^ and 40 houses-, 
Speedsville, (p. v.,) upon Boycr Creek, in the s. e, corner, contains 3 churches and 30 houses ; 
and Slaterville, (p. v.,) near the n. border, 1 church and 30 houses. Caroline Depot 
(p. 0.) is a station on the C. & S. K. R. Caroline (p. o.) is a hamlet in the n. e. corner of the 
town. Ra^TSOn Ilollow, on the e. line, is a p. o. The first settlement was begun by Capt. 



' The Seneca Eepuhlicav. tbe first paper publishod in the co., 
was stHrt'-il at Itliaca, July 4, 1815, by JoDuthan Inger- 
soU. In ISU) it was changed to 
The Rhaca JmimuL and in 1S17 Mack & Shepherd became pro- 
prietors. It xvas successively issued by Mack k Searing. 
Ebenezer Mack, and Mack & Morgnn, until 18"J4, 
when \Vm. Andnls became partner, and the paper w.is 
IpeuL'd by Mack & Andrua. In 1827 the name was 
cbangf'd to 
Ithaca Journal, Literary Gazette, and General Jdverti^er, and 
about H year afterward a portion of the title was 
dropped, Hml it w.is iseued as 
Tbe Itliaca Journal and Advertiser* Tn Dec. 
1833. Mack & Andrua sold to Nathau Itandall; in 1837 
Randall Bold to Mattison & Barnaby ; and in 1S>39 A. 
E. Barnabv became 8ole proprietor. In 1841 Barnaby 
Bold to Alfred Wells, and snon after Welle sold to J. H. 
SelkreK, the present puldi-her. 
The Republican Cfironi'.k was started at Ithaca in June. 1820, 
by Spencer A Stockton. Tn 1^*2.3 David D. Spencer 
became Siile proprietor. In 1826 S- S. Chatterton 
bonffht an interest, and in 182S he became sole pro- 
prietor, and soon nfter changed the name to 
The. Ithaca Republican. In 1831 or '32 he again changed the 

name to 
The Tompkins American, and in 1834 the paper wae discon- 
tinued. 
7%e Western MessengT was started at Ithara in 1S26 by A. P. 

Searing, and was continued about 2 years. 
The rhilanihrofiit, <\ Unirersali^^t paper, was started at Ithaca 
in 1S31 by O. A. Brownson, and wjis continued abont 
1 year. 
The Ithaca Chronicle was started by D. D. k A. Spencer in Feb. 
1828, and was continued by thenj jmtil 18S3. when 
Anson Spencer became sole proprietor. In 1805 it was 
changed to 
Tike American Citizen, publistied by A. E. Barnaby k 
Co. It is now published by An -on Spencer, who has 
ben one of the proprietors from the commencement 
of the pipLT in 1S2S. 
The Lake Li;iht was stnrted at Trumanshurgh in 1S27 by Wm. 

W. i'lielp*!, and w.'m continui'd about 2 years. 
The Truman^f"ir'/h Advertiser was published a short time In 

1833 by h. FairrliiM. 
T/ie Jeffersoni'in and 7)nnpK-ins Times was slartcd in 1836 by 
C. Bobbins. He soon after fluid to G. G. Freer, who 
changed the name to 



The Ithaca Herald. In 1837 Nathan Randall became proprietor. 

and merged the paper in the Ith;ica Journal and Ad- 
vertiser. 
The Christian Doctrinal Advocate and Spiritual M^nftfir v::]n 

started at Motfs fVjrnera in 18;i7, under the Jinsjiices of 

the 7th Day Baptist denomination, and was continued 

several years. 
The Tompkins Volunteer was started at Ttha'-a by IT. C. God- 
win in 1840. Hb soon after sold to J. Hunt. jr. In 

1841 the title was changed to 
The Anti-Masonic Sentiud, started at Trumansbiirgh Feb. 1S29, 

K. St. Jidin. etlitor, enntinued only a few weeks. 
T/ie Trumamhvrgh Sim, started Dec. 1840, John Gray, editor, 

was published about 3 years. 
T/ie Truman.sburffh Ilrald, started March, 1846, S. M. Day, 

editor, w«ji published about 1 vear. 
Trumanshurgh Weelbj /»(/''/«wif?i(, started 1851, was publiehed 

but a short time. 
The Trum'insbiirfth Gazette was published a short time in 1840 

by J. H. Ilawes. 65,5 

The Flag of the Union was started at Ithaca in 1848 by J. B. 

Gosman. In 1860 it was merged in the Ithaca Journal 

and Advertiser. 
The Templar and Watchman was started at Ithaca in 1853 by 

Orlando Lund. It afterward passed into the hands of 

Myron S. Barnes, and was continued a short time, 
Rumsey^s Companion was started at Dryden in 3Sd6 by H. D. 

Bumsey. It was soon after changed to 
The Firr.ride Oanpaninn, and again in a few months to 
The Dryden N'-wn. In 1857 it was sold to G. Z. House and 

chan^ied to 
The New Toric (hnfederacyy and was soon after discontinued. 

In 1*^58 it was rosuscitatt-d. as 
The Dryden Ne%v8, by Asabel Clapp, by whom it is still 

pul)lishi-d. 
The Tompkins C«unty Democrat was started at 

Itha-.a inSept.l85tJ, by Timothy Malony, by whom it ia 

still publi^h.'d. 
a Two flouring mills, two sawmills, a tannery, and woolen fac- 
tory. One mile below the village is the extensive gun barrel 
manufaetury of J. k B. I/oscy, and, with one exception, the only 
one in the State. This establishment was started 50 years ago, 
by Abiel J^sey, father of the present proprietors, at Otsego; 
thence it was removed to Fall Creek, near Ithuca; thence to 
Owego; and thence to its present location. 



C56 



TOMPKINS COUNTY. 



David Rich, who came from Tt. in 1795 and located near Willoiv Bridge ; Widow Earsley, with 
five sons and five daughters, from N. J., came in the next year ; and for several years these were 
the only families in town.' The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at an early period; the 
first pastor was Rev. Garrit Mandeville. The census reports 10 churches in town.' 

DAIVBY — was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co.,) Feb. 22, 1811, and was transferred to this 
CO. March 22, 1822. Part of Caroline was annexed April 29, 1839, and a part was annexed to 
Caroline in 1856. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. Its surface is broken by range 
of hills extending N. and s. 300 to 400 ft. above the valleys. Their sunuaits are rounded and thei 
declivities generally steep. The valleys are mere ravines. The principal streams are Cayuga 
Inlet, flowing N., and numerous small streams, the latter being tributaries either to this or to 
Owego Creek. The soil is a mixed gravelly and shaly loam, with occasional patches of clay, and 
is well adapted to grazing. Danbf , (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 3 churches and 50 houses ; 
Beers Settlement, (South Danby p. o.,) near the center, about a dozen houses. West 
Danby is a p. o., near the w. border. The first settlers were J. D. Yaple, Dr. Lewis Beers, 
Jabez Beers, and Joseph Judson, who located at Beers Settlement in 1797.' The first church 
(Cong.) was formed in 1807 ; Rev. Daniel Loring was the first pastor. There are 8 churches in 
town.* 

DRYDEK' — was first erected as a separate town on Feb. 22, 1803. It is a large town, 
occupying the central portion of the E. border of the eo. The surface of the n. half is rolling 
or moderately hilly, and that of the s. half hilly and broken. The E. border forms the water- 
shed between Tioughnioga River and Cayuga Lake. The highest ridge, in the s. E. part, is 
1,700 to 1,800 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Fall Creek, flowing s. w. through near the 
center of the town, on its course affording several millsites. Several small streams, tributaries 
to Owego Creek, take their rise in the s. part. Dryden Lake is a small sheet of water 1 mi. 
long and about J mi. wide, lying in an elevated valley near the E. border and 1,500 ft. above 
tide. A mineral spring, strongly impregnated with sulphur, magnesia, and iron, is situated one 
mi. w. of Dryden Village, and has a local notoriety for medicinal virtues. In the m. e. part are two 
Bwamps, each covering an area of several hundred acres. Dryden, (p. v.,) on the s. branch of 
Fall Creek, in the E. part of the town, is a flourishing inland village. It contains 2 churches, a 
large gristmill, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 522. Etna, (p. v.,) on Fall 
Creek, near the center, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, an iron foundery, and machine 
shop. Pop. 230. West Dryden, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, contains 93 inhabitants ; Varna, 
(p. v..) on Fall Creek, near the w. border, 170 inhabitants; Malloryvllle, Freeville, and 
California are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced in 1797, by Amos Sweet, on the 
present site of Dryden Village." Joseph Chaplin built a road from Oxford, Chenango CO., to Ithaca, 
passing through this town, in 1791-92-93. There are 9 churches in town.' 

EXFIEIiD'— was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821. It lies upon the center of the w. 
border of the co. Its surface is rolling, and it has a mean elevation of 500 to 700 ft. above Cayuga 
Lake. The principal streams are Ten Mile Creek and the s. branch of Taughanick Creek. Upon 
the former, in the s. E. part of the tovra, is one of the finest of the beautiful cascades so common 
in tliis CO. It is in a deep gorge, and has a total fall of 230 ft. The soil is principally a gravelly 
loam. Enfield Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 dwellings; Enfield (p. v.) 

25 dwellings. Enfield Falls is a hamlet. Among the first settlers were Geltner, John 

Whitlock, Jas. Rumsey, Lewis Owen, and Isaac and John Beech.' There are 5 churches in town." 



1 Among other early settlers were T. Tracy, S. Yatee, A. Boyer, 
and M. Keed, from Mass. : .Joseph Chambers. Kichard Bush, and 
Ilartmore Earnest. from Ulster co.. in 1798 ; Levi Slater, (formerly 
of Slaterville.lChas. and John Miilk8,.John Cantine. (flrst settler 
at Motts Corners.) and James Bishop, all from Ulster, and John 
KonnceTille. from Mass., in 1801. The first child born was Har- 
riet Rounceville. The first school was taught by John Robinson. 
Richard Bush kept the first inn. Isaac Miller the first store, and 
Gen. Cantine built the first gristmill, in,lSOO. 

s 4 M. E., Prot. E., Cong., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., F. W. Bap., and 
Vmv. 

3 The first settlers of W. Danby were Ph. Ppanlding.Wm. HuEp:, 
and M. Barker. Tlie first death was an infant son of Lewis Beanls- 
ley. Joseph Judson taught the first school, Dr. Bp.-rs kept the 
first inn and store, and Peter Yaple built the tirst gristmill. 

< 3 M. E., 2 Bap., Cong.. Prot. E., and Swedenborgian. 

& Named in honor of John Dryderj, the English poet. 

•i The nest settlers were Ezckiel Sandford, David Foot, and 



Ebenezer Chausen. who located at Willow Glen in 1708. A 
single yoke of oxen, at one load, brought these three families, 
consisting of 14 persons, and all their household goods, from the 
Chenango River. Capt. Geo. Robertson fsometimes called the 
" father of the town"') came in the same year, and settled on Lot 
53. Among the other earlv settlers were Lyman Hurd. from Vt., 
Dr. Sheldon. Dr. Wolf, Irona Peat. Wra. Daley. Joel Hull, and 
Jas. Wood. The first child born was Robert Robertson ; and the 
first death was that of the mother of Amos Sweet. Daniel 
Lasey taught the first school, in 1804. Amos Lewis kept the 
first "inn. Joel Hull the first store, and Col. Hopkins, from Homer, 
built the flrst mill, in 1800. 

I 6 M. E., 2 Presb.. 2 Eap,, and R, C. 

8 Named from Enfield. Ct. 

John Apjilegate kept thefirst inn, Samuel lugerBoU the flrst 
store, and Benj. Ferris built the first mill. 

10 2 M, E,, Christian, Bap., and Presb. 



TOMPKINS COUNTY. 657 

CrROTOIV' — wa8 formed from Loclce, (Cayuga co.,) as ^'Division,^* April 7, 1817, and its name 
was changed March 13, 1818. It is the n. e. corner town in the co. Its surface is rolling or 
moderately hilly. From the valleys the land rises by long and gradual elopes to a height of 100 
to 300 ft. The highest point in town is about 1,500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are 
Owasoo Inlet and Fall Creek. Bear Swamp, in the w. part, contains an area of several hundred 
acres. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam, underlaid by slate. Gi'Oton, {p. v.,) on Owasco 
Inlet, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, the Groton Academy, and several manu- 
facturing establishments.* Pop. 587. McLeo,!!, (p. v.,) on Fall Creek, in the s. e., contains 5 
churches, several factories,* and 40 houses. PeruTille^ (p-"^-*) near the s. border, contains 2 
churches, a saw and grist mill, pail factory, and 30 houses. Groton City, (p. v.,) in the n. e. 
cnrner, and West Groton, (P^'^^m) ^^ the n. w., contain about 11 houses each. Bensons 
Corners is a hamlet, in the s. w. corner. Among the first settlers were Saml. Hogg, at West 
Groton ; Ichabod Brown, John Guthrie, and — ■ — Perrin, at Groton ; and J. Williams, J. Houghtal- 
ing, and W. S. Clark, at East Groton. The census reports 11 churches.* 

ITHACA^ — was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821, It is the central town in the co., lying 
at the head of Cayuga Lake. A tract of land 2 mi. long and IJ broad, low and nearly level, 
extends s. from the lake shore ; and from this the valley of Cayuga Inlet opens to the s. w. and 
that of Six Mile Creek to the s. e. Ridges 400 to 700 ft. high, with steep declivities, separate 
these valleys and surround the low land and the head of the lake. From the summits the surface 
spreads out into a rolling upland. A marsh ^ mi. wide borders immediately on the lake. The 
streams are Fall, Cascadilla, Six Mile, Buttermilk, and Ten Mile Creeks, and Cayuga Inlet. In 
their course from the uplands each of these streams plunges down the wall-like precipices which 
surround the lake, forming series of cascades which for beauty and variety are scarcely equaled 
elsewhere.® The soil is a fertile, gravelly loam upon the uplands, and a deep, rich alluvium in the 
valleys. Ittiaca, (p. v.,) 1^ mi. s. of the head of Cayuga Lake, is the co. seat, and the com- 
mercial center of the co. It is beautifully situated upon a fine alluvial plain, bordered on 3 aidea 
by lofty hills, and on the fourth by the lake, with which it is connected by a navigable inlet. It con- 
tains the Ithaca Academy,' 9 churches,* 2 banks, 4 printing offices, and a large number of manu- 
facturing establishments.* The commercial interests of the place are extensive and important. A 
daily line of steamboats on the lake running between this place and Cayuga Bridge, in connection 
with the C. & S. R. R., serves to connect the Erie R. R. on the s. with the N. Y. Central on the n.*° 
The lake is also a link in the great chain of the internal water navigation of the State, and upon 
it a large amount of canal commerce, centering at Ithaca, is carried on. The transhipment of 
Scranton and Lackawanna coal brought by the C. & S. R. R. forms an important and constantly 
growing branch of business. A large proportion of the anthracite coal for the Northern and Western 
markets is supplied through this avenue.*^ The public schools erf the village are graded, and are 
in a flourishing condition. The annual attendance is about 1,200.^^* The village was incorp, April 
2, 1821. Pop. 4,908. The first settlement of the town was made by Jacob Yaple, Isaac 



1 Named from Groton, Ct. 

' Three carriage shops, a foundery, machine shop, and tbrash- 
ine machine factory. 

8 Thrashing machine factory, pail factory, two fnrnacea, flour- 
ing mills, and 2 sawmilla. 

* 2 Bap., 3 M. E., 3 Con;.. Wes. Meth., Prot. E., and TTniT. 
6 Name applied by Simeon De Witt, and borrowed from one 

of the Ionian Isles, the home of Clyseea. It was originally 
called " The Flats," and its name was brought into use by being 
placed upon a tavern sign. — Kind's Early Hist, of Iihaca. Mr. 
be Witt, who for more than 50 years held the office of Surveyor 
Oeneral, became the owner of the site of Ithaca and the sur- 
rounding country about the time, or soon after, the first settle- 
ment. He died at this place Dec. 3, 1834; hia remains have 
since been removed to the Albany Rural Cemetery, 

• Upon Fa\l Cre^k. witb'n the space of 1 mi., are 
ing in height from 44 to 12.^ ft. The deep gorge through which 
the stream flows is bordered by perpendicular cliffs. A tvinnel 
2'.>0 ft. long. 10 to 12 ft. wide, and 13 ft. high was excavated 
through the rock for hydraulic purposes in 1831-32, by J. S. 
Beebo. Upon Cascadilla, Six Mile, and Buttermilk Creeks are 
also successions of fine cascades, within the limits of the town. 
At Buttermilk Falls the water rushes down at an angle of about 
45 degrees, in a sheet of perfectly white foam, the appearance 
of the water furnishing a name to both the cascades and the 
stream. 

T In J822 the Genesee Conference of the M. E. Church applied 
for the Incoiporation of a college, to be located at Ithaca, and 
cotiaidorablo sums were pledged for this object; but the project 
{oiled of accomplishment. 

? 2 M. E., Bap., Preab., Cong., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., Af. 
Meth., ftttd R. C. 



* The manufactories are as follows:-^ flouring mills, 3 paper 
mills, 5 plaster railla, 1 oil mill, 1 oilcloth factory, 1 brewery, 

1 lead pipe factory, 1 rake factory, 4 carriage shops, 2 tanneries, 

2 sewing silk factories, 4 furnaces and machine shops, 2 saw- 
mills, 1 manufactory of collars, bosoms, and neckties, and 8 boat- 
yards: 25 to 30 boats are annually built, at an aggregate cost of 
$50,000 to $60,000. The silk manufiictoriea employ ItK) persous, 
and produce 600 lbs. of sewing silk per week. 

10 The Ithaca A Owego R. R. — the second R. R. chartered in the 
State— was incorp. in 1828, and opened in the spring of 18,i4. It 
was 29 mi. long, and had 2 inclined pl.-ines ascending from Ithaca, 
The first was 1,73^1 ft. long, with 405 ft. rise, and the second 
2.225 ft. lone;, with a rise of 1 ft. in 21. The total elevation In 8 
mi. was 602 fl.,— which was 602 ft. above its 8. terminus at 

u^., ^.v.^.. ......... ^.. .^, v..-^ ..^^..^j ..1^.^. ^. J. Ithaca. Horse-power was at first used throughout the entire 

• Upon Fa\l Crcpk. within the space of 1 mi., are 5 falls, vary- ' length of the road. In the first 6 months it transported 

* " " ' '■ ' * ■ ' 12.n00 tons of freight and 3,300 passengers. The State having 

a lien upon the road, the Comptrollt^r sold it at auction on 
the 20th of May. 1842, for $1,500, to Archibald McTntyre and 
others. For $13,500 it was put in operation, under the name of 
the Cayuga k Susquehanna R. R. The inclined plane was sub- 
sequently changed to a circuitous grade roiid. and horses were 
superseded by locomotives. This road is now leased to the Del;'- 
ware, Lackawanna k Western R. K., and it is extensively used 
for the transportation of coal. 

11 During the past few years the coal trade has averaged 
90.000 tons per annum. This trade will probably largely iajreaao 
with the increased facilities for moving the coal forward. 

12 A Lancasterian school was early established here, and was 
continued to within a few years, when it was supersedeil by tb« 
present system of pabhc scboob. 



42 



658 



TOMPKINS COUNTY. 



Dumond, and Peter Ilinepaw, who located on the present site of Ithaca Village in 1789. The 
land that they occupied had previously been partially cultivated by the Indisns.' The first 
church (Presb.) was organized in 1804-05, with seven members. 

IiAmSIlVG — was formed from Genoa, (Cayuga co.,) April 7, 1817. It lies upon the E. bank 
of Cayuga Lake, in the N. part of the co. The surface is principally a rolling upland, 500 ft. above 
the lake, bordered by steep declivities. Salmon Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through near 
the center of the town. Its valley is narrow and bordered by steep hillsides. Gulf, Townly, 
and Iledden Creeks are its principal tributaries. The soil is generally a fertile, gravelly loam. 
lylldlowville, (p. V.,) on Salmon Creek, about 1 mi. from its mouth, contains 2 churches, 
several factories,^ and about 50 dwellings. I^ansiug^ville, (p. v.,) on the ridge w. of Salmon 
Creek, in the n. part of the town, contains 1 church and 25 dwellings. IVortll Lansing, (p. o.,) 
in the N. E. corner, Lake Ridge, (p. o.,) on the bluff above the lake, in the N. w. corner, and 
Iilbertyville (South Lansing p. o.) are hamlets of about a dozeu houses each. East l<an- 
Siillg and Forest City are p. offices. Forest City Water Cure is finely situated on the bluff 
overlooking the lake, in tlie a. part of the town. The first settlement was begun in 1769, by emi- 
grants from N. J.' The census reports 7 churches in town.* 

NEWFIEliD— was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co.,) as "Capita," Feb. 22, 1811. It« name 
was changed March 29, 1822, and a part was annexed to Catharines (Schuyler co.) in 1853. It ia 
the s. w. corner town in the co. The surface is high and hilly, the ridges being 400 to 600 ft. 
above the valleys and 1,500 to 1,700 ft. above tide. The streams are Cayuga Inlet and Ten Mile 
Creek and their branches. The valleys of these streams are usually narrow and bordered by 
steep hillsides. A portion of the w. part of the town is yet uncultivated. The soil is a shaly and 
clayey loam, best adapted to grazing. IVe^Tfield, (p. v.,) in the N. E. part of the town, contains 
3 churches, 2 flouring mills, 2 carriage shops, a woolen factory, an oilcloth factory, and about 80 
dwellings. Trumbull Corners, (p. v.,) on the n. border, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. 
Poney Hollow (p. o.) is a hamlet in the s. w. part. The first settler was Jas. Thomas, who 
locateil at Poney Hollow.' The census reports 3 churches in town.' 

UliYSSES — was formed March 5, 1799. Dryden was taken off in 1803, and Ithaca and 
Enfield in 1821. It lies upon the w. bank of Cayuga Lake, on the N. border of the co. A range 
of bluffs 000 ft. high, with steep declivities, borders upon the lake ; tad from their summits the 
surface spreads out in an undulating upland. The only considerable stream is Taughanick 
(Ti-kaw-nik) Creek, which crosses the town from the w. In its descent from the plateau to the 
lake this stream forms a series of cascades, the principal of which is known as Taughanick Falls. 
These falls have receded about 1 mi. from the shore of the lake, and have worn a deep gorge in 
the yielding shales, with banks 380 ft. high. The stream now falls, in an unbroken sheet, over a 
limestone terrace 210 ft. in height. About J mi. farther up the gorge is another fall, of 40 fl. The 
soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam. TruDiiansburg'h,' (p. v.,) near the n. border of the 
tovm, is the secuud village in the co. in amount of business and population. It contains 4 churches, 
the Trumansburgh Academy, and several manufacturing establishments.' Pop. 1,052. JacU> 
sonville, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 50 houses. Water- 
. burgta, near the w. border, contains 1 church, mills, and 40 dwellings. Ilalseyville' is a 
hamlet. The first settlements were commenced by Samuel Weyburn, at the mouth of Taughanick 
Creek, and by Abner and Philip Tremaine, on the site of Trumansburgh, in 1792.'° The first church 
(Presb.) was formed by Jedediah Chapman, in 1803. There are now 6 churches in town." 



^ Amonf* the otherearly settlors were families named McPowel, 
imvenport. Hloon), Kins- Patcliin, Star, Conrad, iM.^rIde, Sayers, 
and Blink. The ftret child born waaa daui;hter of John Dumond, 
Sept. 1789. The first death wa« that of Rachel Allen, in 1790. 
A man named Liphtfoot brout;ht a boat laod of goods up the 
lake in 1792, and he continued a kind of itinerating trade for 
tKiYerai yejirs. David Qiiii?;^ opened the first regular ptoro: 

Hartshorn kept the first inn ; and .la-'ob Yaple built the first 

mill, in 179t). Dr. Friebee was the first physician, and — .— Howe 
the first teacher. The first families were a montli in getting 
from Kinfrston (Ulster co.) to Owego, ipid 19 days from thODce 
to their destination. 

8 Grist and saw mills and an ax helve factory. 

3 Amonj the early settlers were Wra. Goodwin, Silas Ludlow, 
Abram Bloom, and families nrimed Beardsley, Depny. Miaier, 
Allen, Atwater, and Bowker, who came in 1791; .Sam'lGibbs and 

Holmes, in 1792; and .\bram Van Wapner, in 1797. The 

first m.arri.age was that of Henry Blo<im and Miss Goodwin ; and 
thi first death, that of the wife of Henry Bloom, in 1798. Wm. 
itoyse kept the first inn, at Liberty vilJe. The first night of his 



stay in the house a rattlesnake crept into 1 he bed and slept with 

his children. Tooker kept the first store; Henry Ludtow, 

of I.udlowville, built the first mill, in 1798. 
» 4 M. E., 2 Bap., and Presb. 

* Among the early settlers were S. Chambers, Eli.iali Moorft, 

Ciirter, and Dan'l B. Swartwood. Jeremiah Hail bept the 

first inn, George Dudley the first store; and John Greene built 
the first mill. 

* Bap., M. E., and Presb. 

' Name derived and corrupted from Tremaine, the first &mny 
of settlers. 
8 ."J flouring mills and 2 fnmaces and machine shops. 

* Named from Nicoll Halsey. the first settler. 

^o.Tohn McLallen. a young man. accompanied the Tremaines 
!n the capacity of teamster. The first child bora wajj Calvin 
Tremaine, in 1794; and the first m-arriajre, that of John Mcl.iaIleQ 
and Mary King, Dec. 12, 1799. John MeLallon kept the first inn, 

Henshaw the first store; Abner Tremaine built the first 

mill; and Stephen Woodworth taught the first school, all at 
Tmnunsbargb. u 3 al k., Bap., Presb., and R- O. 



TOMPKINS COUNTY. 



659 



Acres of Landy Valuation, Population, DwelUnrjs, Families, Freelwlders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural ProductSy and Domestic ManvfoA^tureSy of Tompkins County, 



Names op Towns. 



Caroline... 

Banby 

Dry den .... 

£nfield 

Qroton 

Ithaca 

Landing... 
Newfield .. 
Ulyesea.... 

Total. 



AcBBS OF Land. 



1 
I. 



20,120i 

•21,993i 

39,sm 

17,611J 

•23,681} 

16,395 

29,363 

20,984) 

16,762 



205.6168 



12,004 
11.445 
19,021} 
6,267 
7,981 
3,S2si 
7.912 
14,040i 
3,474i 



84,963} 



Valuation of 1868. 



$366,248 
393.929 
968.i;i4 
302,687 
612,615 

1,341,890 
918,765 
419,731 
611,260 



6,916,617 






$23,761 
32.850 
132.650 
16,000 
18ti,95D 
841,708 
135,275 
23,000 
174,025 



1,666,219 



$380,007 
426,779 

1,091,264 
318,587 
799,566 

2,183,698 

1,054,030 
442,731 
785,276 



7,481,836 



Population. 



1,260 
1,182 
2,497 
942 
1,721 
3,485 
1,636 
1,440 
1,666 



16,719 



1,216 
1,149 
2,606 
970 
1,683 
3,668 
1,620 
1,360 
1,625 



16,797 



_i_ 

477 
487 
968 
392 
664 
1,304 
616 
667 
596 



6,061 



S 



496 
468 

1,035 
392 
733 

1,322 
643 
671 
626 



6,30« 



466 
424 
918 
331 
486 
812 
414 
482 
442 



Schools. 



4,766 166 11,913 



?^ 



el 



1,005 
880 
1,790 
720 
1,215 
2,477 
1,340 
1,239 
1,187 



Names op Towns. 



CaroIiDe... 

Danby 

Dryden .... 
Enfield.... 

Qroton 

Ithaca..... 
Lansing... 
Newfield.. 
Ulysses.... 

Total 





LivB Stock. 






AORIOntTORAL PBOODCTS. 




II 


p 






5- 


s 


BiraH. OP Grain. 


2 


■sa 


' 1^ 


Daisy Pboddcts. 


i 


.§■ 


L^ 


•S .J 


^ 


feStS 

1,766 


5 


§ 


^ 


'g 


* 


S 


Rta, 


l«^ 


i: .g 


« g 


734 


1,676 


6,868 


1,466 


2,332i 


135.231} 


3,702} 


9,6294 


33,834 


191,160 


6.343 


964 


1,946 


1,342 


7,051 


1,467 


7,838i 


148,763 


3,453 


17.791 


49,142 


130,978 


4,019 


1,870 


3,120 


3,316 


12,327 


2,638 


ll,629i 


263,806i 


7,466i 


19,567 


85,870 


390,214 


10,094 


867 


1,616 


968 


6,214 


1,436 


10,278 


141,325 


2,3801 


13,032 


31,721 


107,925 


496 


1,162 


1,733 


2.660 


6,248 


1.905 


2,319 


159,884 


4,714i 


16,343 


86,169 


326,616 


36,001 


919 


1,234 


871 


4,494 


1,111 


19,310 i 


85,6905 


l,973i 


8,420J 


23,631 


79,626 


160 


1,270 


1,706 


1,617 


9,340 


1,847 


13,676 


208,043i 


3,083 J 


7,923 


48,677 


168,125 


1,388 


962 


2,024 


1,268 


6,373 


1,367 


13,428i 


119,267 


3,022 


13,614 


29,768 


146,146 


1,300 


725 


1,232 
16,276 


964 


6,133 


1,123 


21,105 


102,177i 


2,07 7 i 


4,786 


29,055 
417,767 


106,169 
1,646,947 


1,310 


9,443 


14,572 


61,036 


14,368 


101,916i 


1,364,167} 


31,843} 


III4O6 


60,128 



14,847 



ULSTER COUNTY. 




This county was formed Nov. 1, 1683/ and included the country 
between the Hudson and the Delaware, bounded n. and s. by due 

E. and w. lines passing through the mouths of Sawyers and Mur- 
derers Creeks. A part of Delaware was taken off in 1797, a part 
of Greene in 1800, and Sullivan in 1809. A portion was annexed 
to Orange in 1798, and the town of Catskill was annexed from 
Albany co. the same year. It lies on the w. bank of the Hudson, 
centrally distant 68 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,204 sq. mi. 
Its surface is mostly a hilly and mountainous upland. The Cats- 
kill Mts. occupy the n.w. part; and the Shawangunk Mts. extend 
N. E. from the s. w. corner nearly through the co. The mountain 
region consists of irregular ridges and isolated peaks with rocky 
sides and summits too steep and rough for cultivation. The summits are 1,500 to 2,000 ft. above 
the Hudson, The remaining parts of the co. are generally broken and hilly. Esopus Creek flows 
in a tortuous course through the n. part and discharges its waters into the Hudson. It receives 
Platte Kil from the n. Rondout Creek enters the s. w. corner of the co. and flows n. e. along the w. 
declivity of the Shawangunk Mts. and enters the Hudson at Rondout. It receives as tributaries 
Sandburgh Creek in the s. w. part of the co., and Walkill near its mouth. The latter stream flows 
along the e. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. The remaining streams are small brooks and creeks. 

The rocks of the co. are composed of the Portage and Chemung shales, in the e. part, and the 
Shawangunk grit or Oneida conglomerate, in the w. part. Drift deposits are found in nearly every 
part. Lead ore is found to some extent among the Shawangunk Mts.'' 

At an early period the Esopus grit was largely quarried and manufactured into millstones.' 
Water-limestone of an excellent quality is found and largely quarried.* The Ulster co. Cement 
has an excellent reputation throughout the United States, and is used in immense quantities on 
fortifications and other Government works requiring solidity. It was used on Croton, Brooklyn, 
Cochituate, Albany, Washington, and other water-works. It finds a ready market in every port 
on the seaboard from New Brunswick to Texas. It has been exported to California and South 
America, and is largely used in and around New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, upon public 
and private buildings. The cement rocks are quaruied usually on the hillsides, and these openings 
often extend in galleries under the overlying rock. The rock outcrops in a belt running n. e. and 
8. w,, first appearing on the Hudson a few miles n. of Kingston Point, and extending 20 to 25 mi, 
to the town of Rochester, but is lost from view at the surface in several places between these 
points. In the section occupied by the Portage group of rocks are found extensive outcrops of 
thin bedded sandstone, yielding a fine quality of flagging, which is largely quarried and exported.* 
Tho soil is generally a good quality of sandy and gravelly loam, in some places intermixed with 
clay. Most of the valleys are covered with a deep, rich alluvium. 

Most of the land is best adapted to grazing. Dairying is extensively pursued, and spring grain 



1 In its charter it is eaid to " contain the towns of Kingston, 
Hurley, and Marbletown, Foxhall. and tho New Paltz, and all 
Tillajiiea, neighborhoods, and Christian habitations on the w. side 
of the Iludsuu's River, from the Murderers Oieek, near the Uifj;h- 
landri, to the Sawyers Creek." It was named from the I rish title 
uf the Duke of York. The bounds between this a,nJ Albany co. 
were nut fully settled at the Revolution. An act was passed 
in 1774, but nothing was done under it toward a settlement, aod 
it was repealed in 1788. An act wjis also passed in 1774 to run 
and mark the boundary of this and Oranj^e counties from E. of 
the Shawangunk Mts. to the Delaware. 

s A mine was opened near EUenville more than 40 years ago. 
It was never worked to profit, and is now abandoned. The 
Ulster Mine, near Sullivan co. line, was opened in 1837. It is 
tiOO or 700 feet above the valley. The galena in these mines is 
associated with blende, iron and copper pyrites, calcite, and 
quartz. There are indications and vague traditions that these 
mines were worked at a much earlier period and yielded profits 
beyond computation. 

8 In Smith's History, written in 1732. this co. is said to bo 
noted for fine flour, beer, and a good breed of draft horses. The 
millstones — then quarried about 10 mi. from tho river — had ac- 
qnired celebrity, and were said to far exceed those from Colen, 
iu Europe, formerly imported at £80 tho pair, while Esopus 
660 



stones did not cost a fourth part of that sum. Small millstones 
fur family use are still made for the Southern market; but the 
business has lost niuchof its former importance. A finer quality 
of these grits, when calcined uud crushed, furnishes the silex 
used in the glass manufacture at EUenville. 

^ Water-limestone was acciditntally discovered on the line of 
the Erie Canal, by Canvass White, an engineer, in 1818. In 1820 
he obtained a patent, and subsequently obtained Judgment 
against one or more of the contractors for using it. The first 
waterlime or cement made in Ulster co. was alx)ut the time the 
Delaware & Hudson Canal was commenced. Its manufacture has 
now become a leading and profitable pursuit, employing about 
$1,000,000 of capital and 1,000 men. In March, 1859, there were 
Id establishments in the co., owned by individuals and com- 
panies. 

6 The Btone is of a bluish gray color and slaty texture, and 
maybe split into slabs of almost any manageable size and from 
1 to 4 inches in thickness. The rock is traversed by Joints or' 
seams, that divide very smoothly and gre-atly facilitate the labor 
of quarrying. It is brought down to the river and shipped in 
immense quantities at every lauding in the co. and transported 
to New York and other places along the coast. The busiueaa 
employs a large number of hands. 



% 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



C61 



is raised to some extent. Fruit growing is becoming an important branch of business. Manu- 
factures of sole leather and lumber are located in the western towns,^ and water-lime in the eastern. 
The commerce, carried on by means of the river and canal, is large, and is constantly increasing. 

The CO. seat is located at Kingston.'* The courthouse is a fine stone edifice, situated upon Wall 
St.' The jail is a stone building in rear of the courthouse. It is well arranged and furnished and 
is kept in good order.* The clerk's ofiice is in a fireproof one story building on the corner of 
Fair and Main Sts.^ The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 140 acres, on the s. line of New 
Paltz, 16 mi, s. w. of Kingston. It is poorly constructed, not ventilated at all, and is entirely unfit 
for the purposes for which it is used. The average number of inmates is 175, supported at a weekly 
cost of $1.25 each. A school is taught 6 months in the year.* The farm yields a revenue of $500. 
The Delaware & Hudson Canal is the only important work of internal improvement in the co. 
It extends from Rondout, on the Hudson, up Rondout and Sandburgh Creeks, through Kingston. 
Rosendale, Marbletown, Rochester, and Wawarsing. It opens a direct communication between the 
coal mines of Penn. and the Hudson. The Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. was incorp. April 23. 
1823, and the canal was finished in 1828.' 

One daily and 7 weekly newspapers are now published in the co.® 

The Dutch established a trading post upon the present site of Rondout in 1614, and probably a 
few Dutch families settled in the immediate vicinity soon after. This early settlement was broken 
up by Indian hostilities, and a new one was commenced between 1630 and '40. This was again 
attacked by the Indians, and in 1655 was abandoned. Before 1660, settlers had again located at 
Kingston and vicinity. In 1660 a treaty had been concluded with the Indians ; and the people were 
BO unsuspicious of danger that they left open the gates to their fort both day and night. June 7, 
1663, the Indians came into the fort at AViltwyck in great numbers, apparently to trade, while the 
greater part of the people were engaged in their usual avocations out of doors. At a given signal 
the Indians commenced the work of destruction. Recovering from their first panic, the whites 
rallied, under the leadership of Thomas Chambers, and finally drove the Indians out of the fort; 
18 whites were killed, and 42 were carried away prisoners. The out settlements were all destroyed. 
A destructive war ensued, in which the Ulster Indians were nearly exterminated. During this war 
the valley of the Wall Kil was discovered, and soon after the peace of 1663 it was occupied by a 
colony of French Huguenots.^ The settlements gradually extended along the valleys of Esopus, 



1 The principal tanneries are in Shandaken, Olive, Woodstock, 
Denning, Hardenburgh, and Wawarsing. 

3 A courthouse and jail were built eoon after the incorp. of the 
CO.. and an appropriatiriQ was made for their repair .July 21, 1715. 
These buildings proving inadequate, an act of General Assembly, 
passed Oct. 14, 1732, allowed the old buildings and lot to be sold 
and new buildings to be erected. Repairs were authorized in 
1745, 17i)0, 1765, and 1773; and in 1775 a further Bum was 
granted to complete them. The courthouse and jail were 
burned by the British Oct. 16,1777, and a lottery was granted 6 
months after to rai?;e £2,000 to rebuild them. By act of March 
19, 1778, the yheriffa mileage was directed to be computed from 
the house of Mrs. Ann DuBi'ise.an innkeeper in New Pultz. 

8 The first county officers under State government were Levi 
Pauling, First Judge; Kgbert Duraond, Sheriff; and Joseph 
Gasherie, Surrwjate. 

* The Senate Committee in 1857 report this jail as one of the 
best in the State; hut, as 15 or 20 prisoners escaped In the winter 
of 1858 and '59, the correctness of the committee's couclusious 
may well be questioned. 

6 Dutchess and Ulster cos. were incorp. at the same time, and 
were united for about 30 years. The records of Dutchess co. for 
that period are found in the Ulster co. clerk's office. 

* The Senate Committee of 1857 report that they found 12 cells 
for lunatics in an old, dilapidated building so open that it was 
scarcely possible to keep the inmates from perishing. 

' See page 63. The Canal Company owns a e. e. over the 
mountain from Honesdale to Carbondale, Penn., and the co.tl 
mines at the latter place. It formerly owned most of the boats 
on the canal, and leased them to boatmen. About 1850 the 
Penn. Coal C'<impany made an arrangement, by which upon 
payment of toll they were allowed to transport coal in their 
own boats from Hawley to Port Ewen. 

* Tfie Nrw Tork Journal and Advertiser — published by John 

Holt, and which was removed from New York to Pough- 

keepsie in 1776 in consequence of British occupation — 

v/AB published at Kingston from July to Oct. 1777. 
The Farmers' Jfeffister was commenced at Kingston in 1792 by 

Nicholas Power and Wm. Copp. 
The Hisinff Sun was commenred at Kingston in 1793 by Wm. 

Copp and Sam'l S. Freer. 
TTie UtstfT Gazette was commenced at Kingston in 1798 by Sam'l 

S. and A. Freer. 
The Plebeian was commenced at Kingston In Nov. 1805, t^ 

Jesse Buell, who continued as editor until 1313. In 1827 

its muDe was changed to 



The Plebeian avd Vlster Co. Jdvcrtiser. 

The Ulster Sentinel was published at Kingston about 1826-2S 

by Charl-8 G. De Witt. 
The Ulster Republican was commenced at Kingston 

in 1S28 by b. Curtiss, jr. It is D0wj»ublished by iiom- 

mell & Lounsbery. 
The Ulster Palladium was commenced at Saugerties in 1828 by 

P. J. Fish and C. Frary. Its name was eubsequently 

changed to 
T?ie Ulster Palladium and Manufacturers* Journal. 
The Katifmal Pioneer was published at Milton in 1830 by Dan'i 

S.a'uthill. 
The Ulster Star was commenced at Saugerties in Jan. 1833, by 

Wm. Cully. 
The Ulster Cnuiity Whig was commenced at Kingston in 1835 

by Wallace &. Brown. 
The Kingston Democratic <ToixrnaI was com- 

menccil iul837by Wm.ILKomeyn. its prc-sentpublii^hei. 
The Political litformer was commenced at Kingston in 1S40 by 

H. M. Komeyn. 
Tlte Ulster Huguenot was commenced at Kingston in 1S43 by 

J. Cully and T. F. Baldwin. 
The Hickory Jjemocrat was issued at Kingston, as a campaign 

piiper, in 1844. 
The tJlster Democrat wa-s commenced at Kingston in 

1846 by A. A. Bensall. It is now publisbed by S. R. 

Harlow. 
The Kingston Dally Chronicle is issued from the 

same office. 
The Ulster 'SVhgraph was commenced at Saugerties in 184G by 

Sohimon S. Uommell. Its name was subsequently 

chanced to 
The Sanger! les Telegraph, Elting & Rosepaugh, pubn. 
The Rondont Kreeman, started in 1S59, iti now issued 

by Vaiiraiiren k (iilderslefve. 
The Rondout Courier was commenced in 1847. It is 

now irtililiphc'd by J. P. Ilageman, 
The Ellenvllle Journal was commenced in 1847. It 

is now publislied byO. A. Campbell. 
The People's Press is published at Kingston by Daniel 

Bradbury. 
8 After the peace of 1660 the Director General of New Nethn 
hinds shipped 11 Indians prisoners to Cura^oa to be sold uit 
slaves. Tbia outrage led to the attack made in Hiii-'i, and tb« 
bloody war that followed. Nine days after the retront (»f thft 
Indians from the attack upon Wiltwyck, in June, 1663, a ruin- 



662 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



Rondout, and Walkill Creeks and their tributaries. Besides the manorial grant of Fox Hall,' the 
English made township grants of Kingston, New Paltz, Marbletown, Rochester, Hurley, Shawan- 
gunk, and Marlborough. During the Revolution the frontier settlements were exposed to Indian 
hostilities, and before the close of the war were all de8tro3-ed or abandoned. The river towns were 
taken by the British in 1777, and most of them were piDaged and burned. The Provincial Con- 
gress and State Legislature held several sessions at Kingston during the war and soon after. The 
people were nearly all ardent patriots ; and there were probably fewer tories in this co. than in any 
other section of the State. Since the Revolution the oo. has steadily progressed in wealth and 
population. The completion of the Delaware & Hudson Canal was a marked era in the history 
of the industry of the co. ; and the commencement of the cement manufacture and stone quarrying 
have greatly added to its permanent prosperity. 



DEWIVIBIG' — was formed from Shandaken, March 6, 1849. A part of Hardenburgh -was 
taken off in 1859. It lies in the N. w. part of the co., upon the border of Sullivan. Its surface is 
a broken and mountainous upland. A spur of the Catskill Mts. extends through the town, with a 
mean elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 ft. Its streams are head branches of Rondout Creek and Never- 
sink River. The valleys are narrow ravines bordered by steep and rocky hillsides. The soil upon 
the uplands is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy loam. The settlements are chiefly confined 
to the valleys. Denning is a p. o. near the center. Dewittsville is a hamlet near the s. line. 
This town, though large, has the least population of any town in the co. Its chief wealth consists in its 
heavy growth of hemlock and hard wood. Settlements were made at a compai-atively recent period.' 

ESOPUS— was fbrmed from " Kingston," April 5, 1811. A part was set off to Kingston, and a 
part of Hurley was annexed, in 1818, and a part of New Paltz was annexed April 12, 1842. It 
lies upon the Hudson, and is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Its surface is rolling 
in the e. and moderately hilly in the w. A range of hills extends n. and s. through near the center 
of the town, the highest peak being 1,632 ft. above tide. Huzzys Hill, s. of Rondout, is 1,000 ft. high. 
Wall Kil forms the w. and N. boundaries, and Swarte Kil and Black Creek flow through the s. part.* 
The soil is a light, clay loam. Fruit growing is becoming an important branch of business. Ce- 
ment is largely manufactured, and an extensive commerce is carried on by means of the river and 
Delaware & Hudson Canal.* Port Efven, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, s. of tlie mouth of Ron- 
dout Creek, is a village built up by the Penn. Coal Co. A large part of the coal bTought forward 
by the canal is here shipped upon barges for the Northern market. Pop. 1,300.' Arnoldton, 
(p.v.,) upon Walkill Creek, in the s. part of the town, contains a church, woolen factory, cotton 
factory, and 150 inhabitants. South Rondout, upon Rondout Creek, in the n. part, contains 
an extensive cement and lime factory, a lager licer brewery, a brickyard, several boatyards, and 
568 inhabitants. Dasliville, upon Walkill Creek, in the s. part, contains a cement factory and 
20 houses. SIeig'htsbur§^h, upon the Hudson, at the mouth of Rondout Creek, contains an 
extensive shipyard and 40 houses. EllniorosC'oi'nei*S, (Esopus p. o.,) upon the Hudson, con- 
tains a church and 40 houses. AniesTllle (p. o.) and Atkarton are hamlets. Freerville, 
in the n. part, contains a gristmill and 20 houses. Settlements were made by the Dutch, soon 
after their first occupation of the co.' The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) of which there is any record 
was formed in 1751; Rev. G. W. Mancius was the first preacher.' 

GARDIIVER'— was formed from Rochester, New Paltz, and Shawangunk, April 2, 1853. It 
is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling in the E. and hilly in the 



forcement of 40 men, under Ensign Mysgon, arrived, and re- 
lieved the fort. Capt. Krygier, with a cannon and a force of 210 
men, pursued the Indians to their furts and destroyed their 
grain. In Sept. another expedition surprised an Indian fort. 36 
mi. B. w. of Wiltwyck. killed the chief and 20 others, and re- 
stored 22 captives. The Indians were eftectually broken and 
Bcattered, and late in the fall they sued for peace and restored 
all the remaining prisoners except 3. 

1 Tiiomas Chambers, the original proprietor of this patent, 
endeavored by will to entail it in his family; but it passed to 
atrangere before the Revolution. 

2 Named in honor of Wm. H. Denning, former proprietor of a 
large part of the town. 

3 The first sawmill was built in 1827, and the first tannery in 
1850, at DevvittsviUe, by De Witt i Reynolds. 

* "Sirpiis," as known by the Dutch, included both Kingston 
and the country s. of the Rondout. Their descendants slill de- 
Rignate Kingston as "iSl>piiS," and the corporate town above 
named as ''Klein Supusi' or Little Sopua. The word is of Indian 



origin. The Esopua Indians— who lived in this region when 
first linown to the whites — were of the Algonquin stock, and 
were allied to the Mohepan and the other river tribes. 

6 Along the bluffs that overlor>k the Hudson are several fine 
country residences. Two Ughtliouses are built in the rivei op- 
posite this town. 

Named from .Tohn Ewen, President of the Penn. Coal Com- 
pany. The village was laid out in 1S51: nearly all of the in- 
habitants are more or iess interested in the coal trade. 

t .lohannes Louw was born in 1681 ; Baltus Terpening and 
Tryntje A'an Vliet were married in 1682. These, so far as ia 
known, were the first birth and marriage in town. Wui. Hin- 
man taught a school, at the Ilook. in 1763. A mill was built 
on Black Creek prior to ISOO. A cotton taetory was built at 
D.oshville in 182$, and the one now at Amoldton in 1830; th« 
former is standing idle. 

» There are 6 churches in town ; 3 F>ef. Prot. D., M. E., Prot. E, 
and Friends. 

« Named in honor of Addison Gardiner, formerly Lieut. Gov. 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



663 



center and w. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the w. border.* The Wall Kil flows x. e. through 
near the center and receives Shawangunk Kil from the s. w. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, 
with clay and alluvium along the streams. Lumber and leather are manufactured to some extent. 
Tuthillto^vn^ (Tuthill p. o.,) upon Shawangunk Kil, near its mouth, contains 20 dwellings.' 
Eiibertyville, (p. o,,) on the n. line, and Jcnklnstown are hamlets. The first settlement 
was made at an early period, by a colony of French Huguenots. The first church was formed in 
1833 ; Rev. Wm. Brush was the first preacher. 

nARDEIVBtJRGD^— was formed from Denning and Shandaken, April 15, 1859. It lies 
in the extreme w. corner of the co. Its surface is a broken and mountainous upland, the highest 
suKimits being 2,000 ft. above tide. It occupies a portion of the watershed between the Hudson 
and Delaware. Beaver Kil, Mill Brook, and Dry Brook take their rise in the town. I>ry 
Brook (West Shandaken p. o.) is a hamlet. 

UrRl^EY*— was granted by patent Oct. 19, 1708.^ A part of the Uardenburgh Patent was 
released by Margaret Livingston, and was annexed March 3, 1789 ; and a part of New Paltz was 
taken off in 1809, a part of Esopus in 1818, a part of Olive in 1823, a part of Rosendale in 1844, 
and a part of Woodstock in 1853. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The 
surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, the highest summits being about 700 ft. above 
tide. Esopus Creek flows n. e. through the s. part. Along its course are extensive fertile flats. 
The soil is a sandy loam, a considerable portion lying n, of the creek being unfit for cultivation. 
Stone quarrying is extensively carried on.^ Blurley, (p. v.,) on Esopus Creek, contains a church 
and 160 inhabitants;' and West Hurley, (p-v-O in the n. part, 2 churches and 25 dwellings. 
The first settlements were made by the Dutch, about 1680.® This town became the refuge of the 
inhabitants of Kingston when the latter place was taken by the British in 1777. The first church 
(Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1800 ; Rev. Thos. G. Smith was the first pastor.* 

KIIVGISTO^ — was incorp. by patent May 19, 1667, and was recognized as a town May 1, 
1702.^*' Fox Hall Patent was annexed March 12, 1787.^^ Esopus and Saugerties were taken off in 
1811; a part of Esopus was annexed in 1818, and a part was annexed to Saugerties in 1832. It 
lies upon the Hudson, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, the highest 
summit being Kuykuyt or Lookout Mt,, hbout 600 ft. above tide. Esopus Creek flows n. e, through 
near the center, receiving Saw Kil from the w, as tributary. Rondout Creek forms the s. boundary. 
The soil is principally a clayey loam. A large business in coal, ice, and stone is carried on by 
the canal and river. Kiugston, (p. v.,) upon Esopus Creek, 2 mi. w. of the Hudson, was 
incorp. April 6, 1805. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 8 churches, the Kingston Academy, 
several private seminaries, ^^ 3 banks, 1 savings bank, 4 newspaper offices, and several small 
manufactories.^* Pop. 3,971. Rondout,^^ (P-v.,) upon the Hudson, at the mouth of Rondout 
Creek, was incorp. April 4, 1849. It is the center of an extensive trade upon the river and canal.'* 



1 "■The Traps" is a deep pass or gully, 650 ft. wide, extending 
through these mountains. 

* A woolen factory \v:is built at tliis place at an early period. 
8 Named in honor of Johannes Haidenburgh, the patentee of 

an immense tract in this and adjoining cos. This town has 
been formed since the etatistics for this work were ubtained. 

♦ Namt-d from Geo. Lovelaces family, who were Uarons Hurley 
in Ireland. — Benson's Memt/ir, p. 49. In early times it was 
called "HurUy t^mmo7i." 

6 The patentees of this tract were Cornelius Kool. Adrien Gar- 
retsie, Matthew Ten Eyck, Jacobus Bu Bois, Johannes Schep- 
moes, Roeloff Swartwout, Cornelius Lammerse, Petor Petersies, 
lrfiwrenceOsterh(iudt.and Jauneiie Newkirk. The successors of 
the original truateea afterward bought 300 acres for the benefit 
of the corporatinn. An at:! of April -i, 18015, appointed John A. 
De Witt. Levi Johnston, and a third person, to be named by the 
freeholders, to sell these lands and make a partition among the 
owners. 

« The stone obtained from these quarries is used for building 
and flagging. The business gives employment to several hun- 
dred men. 

' Some of the buildings at this place are nearly 200 years old. 
A wij-e Buspensiou bridge 160 ft. long here crosses the Esopus. 

8 Among the early settlers were families named Crispell, Du 
Bois, Cole, Newkiik. Schepmoes, Ten Eyck, Wynkoop, Klmeu- 
dorf, Roosa, Constable, Louw, Delamater. and others, — mostly 
from lli'Uand and lSel;:ium. In 1719 the following peisons held 
theoflice of trustees of thecorporHtien: — Cornelius Kool, Adrien 
Garretaie, Jacob Du Hois. Barnabas Swartwout, Jacub Rutse, 
Nicolaes Rooea, and Charles Wyle. The firMt inn of which there 
is definite knowledge was kept about ITtiO, by Charles he 
Witt, at Hurley Village. Two gristmills were erected soon after 
the first settlement. 

» There are 3 churches in town; 2 Ref. I'rot. D., and M.E. 



10 Called by the Indians "Alkanlarten," — paid to signify smooth 
land. It was more commonly called Esopus, from a tribe of In- 
dians that inhabited it. Guv. Stuyvesant granted it a charter. 
May 16, 1601, under the nauie of VViltwyck, (Indian Town.) and 
relieved it from dependence upon Fort Orange. Its affairs were 
to be managed by a sheriff and 3 schepeus. Roeloff Swart- 
wout was appointed first sheriff, and Evert Pels, Corneliu.-i 
Barentsen Sleight, and Elbert Heymans Roosa, the first 
Bchepens. Appeals from their decisions might be made to 
the Director General and Council in New Netherlands. The 
sheriff and commissioners were to hold a court every fortnight, 
except in harvest time, unless occaslbn or necessity might other- 
wise require. All criminal cases were to be referred directly to 
the Director General and Council, except the lesser crimes, — as 
quarrels, injuries, scolding, kicking, beating, threaten ings, simply 
drawing a knife or sword, without assault or bluodjshed, — which 
might be prosecuted in the lower court. 

11 Fox Hall Patent was issued to Thomas Chambers, May 21, 
1667, with manorial privileges. Chambers first settled ou tha 
tract now occupied by Troy, as a tenant under Van Rensselaer 
He removed in 16,'>2 to Esopus, acquired a large estate by trade, 
and rendered efficient service in the war against the Indians. 
He died in 1698. The district still bears the name of •* Fox Hall." 

1^ The Golden Hill Seminary and the Brookside Female Semi 
nary, two private boarding schools, are located at this place. 

13 The Newark Lime and Cement Manufaituring Co., organized 
in 1848, has 2 manufactories at Newark. N. J., and one at Kou 
dout, N.Y., producing in the aggregate 750,000 barrels annually 

1* The principal trade is that of stone, obtaiued fl.cu the neigh 
boring quarries. 

15 Formerly named "The Strand'' and ^^Kinffxtrm Landing!* 
When the canal was located, it was named "li'ilirm," from Uia 
then president of the canal company ; but it^ present name waa 
adopted soon after. It ib the l>utch name for redout. It waa, 



664 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



It contains 8 churches, a bank, and newspaper office. The people are principally engaged in the 
coal trade ; aad a large number of steamers, barges, and sailing vessels are constantly engaged 
in freighting coal, stone, and cement from thia place.^ The Newark Lime and Cement Manufac- 
turing Co. manufacture a larger amount of waterlime and cement annually than is produced at 
any similar establishment in the country. Pop. 5,978. Eddyville, upon Rondout Creek, 2J 
mi. from its mouth, contains a cement factory^ and about 50 dwellings. It is the n. terminus of 
the D. & H. Canal. Wilbur^ (p. v.,) on the Rondout, below Eddyville, contains ai)out 100 
houses. It is the center of an immense trade in flagging atones.^ Fly ]>IOunt£iin is a p. o. 
Dutcb Settlement is a hamlet in the n. part. Flatbusb contains a cement factory.' 
The Dutch built a trading and military post here as early as 1614; but every thing was swept 
away in the wars of 16 11 15. Another settlement was commenced in 1652, and abandoned in 
1655. The first permanent settlers came in soon after, but suffered much from Indian hos- 
tilities for several years.^ Feb. 19, 1777, the first State Convention adjourned from Fishkill to 
Kingston. On the 9th of September following, the State Legislature convened here, but dispersed 
upon the approach of a British force under Sir Henry Clinton on the 7th of Oct. At that time 
the public records were hastily removed to the back settlements, and the place was burned.^ The 
first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed May 30, 1658. There are IS churches in town.' 

EiLOYD — was formed from New Paltz, April 15, 1845. It lies upon the Hudson, s. of the 
center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling and hilly upland, terminating in a bluff upon the 
river; and the average height of the surface above tide is about 200 ft. Swarte Kil flows n. along 
its w. boundary and Black Brook n. through the center. The soil is generally a clay and gravelly 
loam. The bluffs along the river are principally occupied by fine country seats. H^eiV Paltz 
I^anding*, (p-'^-») upon the river, contains 2 churches and 50 houses;^ Centerville (Lloyd 
p. 0.) a cliurch and 17 houses. Levi^isbur^b is a hamlet on the river, s. of New Paltz Landing. 
I(i vcrside is a p. o. in the n. e. part. The date of first settlement in this town is quite ancient ; 
but most of the details of the first years are lost. It was originally named " Paltz." The first 
church (M. E.) was formed in 1787. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Presb. 

M4RBL<ETOWiV — was formed by patent June 25, 1703.^ It was first recognized as a town 
March 7, 178S. A part of Olive was taken off in 1823, and a part of Rosendale in 1844. It is near 
the geographical center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of the 
streams. Stone Ridge, near the center, the highest summit, is about 400 ft. above tide. Eeopus 
Creek flows through the n. part, and Rondout Creek through the s. e, corner. The soil is chiefly 
a clay and sandy loam. A quarry of Shawangunk grit has been opened, and a sulphur spring has 
been found near the line of Rosendale. Stone Ridg^e, (p-"^-*) s. e. of the center, contains 2 
churches and 80 houses ; Kripplebusb, (p. v.,) in the s. part, a church and 12 houses. Iljglt 
Falls^" is a hamlet upon the canal. Marbletown is a p. o. Bruceville (High Falls p. o.) 
is a small canal village on the line of Rosendale, in the s. e. corner. The first church (Ref. Prot. 
D.) was formed in 1738,^^ 

MARLBOROUGH — was formed as a precinct, from Newburgh Pi'ecinct, March 12, 1772, 



at an early period of its growth, a maz.e of crookpd lanea, bor- 
dered by rude shantiea and inhabited by a floating population 
of Irish laborers. The vjllaK'* still rbntains a large proportion 
of Irish, and has a large and increasing number of German in- 
habitants. Its appearance has much improved within a few 
yeara. 

1 About 20 Btoamers are engaged in the freighting business of 
this place. Lines of steamers also run regularly to Albany, 
New York, and intermediate pla^-es. A steam ferry connects 
the pliice with Uhinebeck, on the p. bank of the HudVon. 

2 The Lawrence Cement Co. manufacture 90,000 barrels of 
cement annually. 

3 The aggregate amount of this trade is more than $250,000 
per annum. 

* Tho Kingflt/in and Rosendale Cement Co. manufacture 70,000 
barrels of cement annually. 

6 The site of the first Dutch fort is t^nid to be upon a plateau 
In the w. bounds of Kondout. The locality is still called by Its 
Indian name, Ponkhockie, said to pi^'nify "Canoe Harbor." On 
the 7th of Junn. 1663, aa most of the people were at work in the 
fields, the Indiana ninde a sudden attack upon the fort, (which 
was carelessly left open,) killed 18. and carried away 42 as prison- 
ers. Capt. Chambers rallied the men, drove out the Indians, and 
commenced a war in which the captives were mostly reclaimed 
and the Indians nearly exterminated. The first marriage on the 
church record was that of Jan Janse Timmermans and Catha^ 
rine Mattyson. Oct. 3, lB6n. 

* The British force under Gen. Vaughan. consisting of 3.000 
ooeo, was sent up the river to co-operate with Burgoyne. For 



todays after passing the barriers at the High lands they amused 
thcineelves by burning and plundering the places along the 
river. They took possession of Kingston Oct. 17, and, after plun- 
dering it several hours, they burned every house but one. The 
houses were mostly of stone, and the woodwork was easily re- 
phured after the retreat of the British. Several of the early 
meetings of the Legislature were held at this place ; and the first 
State Constitution was formed here. 

7 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Bap., Prot.E., Presb., and Jewish, at 
Kingston; 2M.E., Presb., Germ. Evang. Luth., B.C., Bap., Prot. 
E.. Kef. Prot. D., and Jewish, at Rondout ; and M, E. at Eddy- 
ville. 

8 A ferry connects this place with Poughkeepsie. 

8 This patent was granted to Col. Henry Beekman, Capt, 
Thos. Gaston, and Capt. Chas. Brodhead. in trust for the in- 
habitants. Trustees continued to be annually elected until 
1808. The records of 1703 contain the names of the following 
petitioners for grants of land: — Slosys Du I^iy, Thomas Vande- 
marke, Loondart Kool, Richard Wilson, Jeremy Kettell, jr., 
Gysbert Roosa, Wm. Nottingham, John Cock, sen., and Capt. 
Richard Brodhead. 

10 The Ogden Rosendale Cement Co. manufactures 100,000 
barrels annually, and employs 70 men; D. tf. Ogden. President. 
The falls on the Rondout are here about 50 feet high, affurding 
a great amount of water-power. 

11 The census reports 5 churches in town; 3 Ref. Prot. D. 
and 2 M. E. Rev. Derick Ronieyn and Rav. J. R. Hardenburgh 
(afterward Pres. of Rutgers College) were both paators of tho 
Kef. I'rot. D. church at Stone Kidge. 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



665 



and as a town, March 7, 1788. Plattekill was taken off in 1800. It lies upon the Hudson, in the 
s. E. corner of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly. Marlborough Mt., a rocky ridge along the 
w. border, is about 1,000 ft. above the river. The streams are principally small brooks flowing 
directly into the Hudson. The soil is a slaty loam. ]Ylilton/(p. v.,) upon the Hudson, in the n. 
part, contains 5 churches and about 75 dwellings. Iflarlborougb, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 
contains 2 churches, several manufactories,^ and about 50 dwellings. I^attingto^vn is a 
hamlet. The date and statistics of the early settlement have not been ascertained. The first 
church (Presb.) was formed Jan. 1, 1764.' Antwerp Raspberries are extensively raised. 

IVEIV PALTZ*— was granted by patent by Gov. Andres, Sept. 29, 1677.* Its bounds were 
enlarged April 1, 1775, and a part of Hurley was annexed Feb. 2, 1809. A part of Esopus was 
taken off in 1842, a part of Rosendale in 1844, Lloyd in 1845, and a part of Gardiner in 1853. It 
is an interior town, lying s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a hilly upland. The 
Shawangunk Mts. extend along the w. border. Paltz Point, the highest summit, is 700 ft. above 
tide. Wall Kil flows n. e. through near the center; it is bordered l)y wide, fertile flats. The soil 
is generally a fine (|uaUty of sandy loam. Hay is one of the principal products and exports. 
IVew Paltz, (p. V.,) upon Walkill, near the center, contains the New Paltz Academy, 2 
churches, and 45 dwellings. Butterville, Oliioville, and 8pringtown are hamlets. 
The first settlements were made by a colony of French Huguenots, a few years before the date of 
the patent.® The oldest church record is in French, and bears date of 1683. There are 3 churches 
in town ; Ref. Prot. D., M. E., and Friends. 

OLIVE — was formed from Shandaken, Marbletown, and Hurley, April 15, 1823. A part was 
annexed to Woodstock, and a part of Woodstock was annexed, in 1853. It is an interior town, 
lying a little n. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mountainous in the n. and w. and hilly 
in the s. and e.^ A considerable portion of the mountainous region is too rough for profitable cul- 
tivation. Esopus Creekflowss.E. through the town, a little s. of the center. The soil is a sandy, 
gravelly, and clayey loam. Lumbering and tanning^ are largely carried on. Shokan,^ (p. v.,) 
upon the creek, n. of the center, contains 2 churches and 20 houses ; Samsonville,^" (p. v.,) on 
the s. line, a church, tannery, and 30 houses; Olive, (p-"^-') ^^ the n. e. corner, a church and 
25 houses; and Olive City, (Olive Bridge p. o.,) on the creek, near the center, a tannery and 20 
houses. The first settlements were made in the Esopus Valley, in 1740.^' The first church (Ref. 
Prot. D.) was formed at Shokan, in 1800." 

PL.ATTEKIL.r<^'— was formed from Marlborough, March 21, 1800. A part of Shawangunk 

was annexed April 3* 1846, but was restored March 28, 1848. It lies upon the s. border of the co., 
near the s. e. corner. Its surface is broken by a series of ridges of an average elevation of 300 ft. 
above the valleys. Its streams are small brooks and creeks. The soil is a fine quality of sandy 
and gravelly loam. Plattekill, (P-^-O iiear the s. line, contains a church and 25 dwellings; 
Clintoudale, (p. v.,) in the n. part, on the line of Lloyd, a church and 20 dwellings; Flint, 
(New Hurley p. o.,) in the s. w. corner, on the line of Shawangunk, a church and 15 dwellings, 
and lUodena, (p. v.,) near the n. w. corner, 16 dwellings. The first settlements were made about 



J This place is situated at the head of a deep, rocky gorge 
opening down toward the Hudson. 

2 About 15,000 wheelbarrows and $40,000 worth of agricultu- 
ral implemeuta are mftnufactured annually. 

8 The census rt'portR 9 churches in town; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., 
2 Friends, Prot. K., Kap.. and Chrietian. 

* Pronounced New Psiwltz, and named from Pfalz, the Ger- 
man name of the I'atatinate. 

5 The patentees of this tract were Lewis Da Bois, Christian 
Deyo, Abraham Haabroecq, Andries Le Fevre, Jean Brocq, 
Pierre Deyo, Lawrens Bevorie, Anthony Crespel, Abraham 
Du Roia, Hugo Frere. Isaac Du Bois. and Simon Le Fevre. 

* The valley of Wall Kil was discovered by one of the par- 
ties engaged in pursuing the destroyers of Wiltwyck. in the 
summer of 16t33. The persecuted exiles from France, who first 
Bonght refuge in flermany, and thence emigrated to America, 
df'cided upon settling here. They bought the land of the In- 
diftue May 2t>, lfi77, and sof^n after thi-y settled iu their new 
homes. In 172S, the owners of the pitent intrusted its care to 
12 trustees, known as "The Twelve Men." These trustees were 
elected annually, until the organization of the town under the 
Strito Government. The Twelve Men iu 17S.S were Simon Du 
Bois. Jacobus Haabrouck. .Tohannis Fn-er. .lacob Hasbrouck, 
jr., Abraham Donaldson. Abraham Eltinge. Petris Hasbrouck, 
Bamutd Revii-r, Benjamin Deyoi*. Isaac Le Fever, Matthew I>e 
Fever, and Abraham Eiu. By act of March 31, 1785, the allot- 



ments made by the Twelve Men were confirmed. Their "Com- 
mon Book" was to be retained by the Surveyor General until a 
convenient time, and then it was to be deposited with the co. 
clerk of Ulster co., to be forever preserved. Its records are 
deemed authentic evidence in court. 

7 The towns of Olive. Rochester, and Denning, corner on a 
hill which is about 2,700 feet above tide. Shokan Point ia 
about 3.100 feet high; and the average elevation of the low- 
lands is 800 feet above tide. 

8 There are 4 extensive tanneries in town, one of which, 
owned by Pratt & Samson, is the largest oak tannery in the co. 
It produces 70,000 sides of sole leather annually. 

8 Pronounced Sho-kan'. 

"* Named from Gen. Henry A. Samson. 

" Geo. Middagh settled in 1740; Samuel Cox, in 1742; William 
Nottingham, in 1745. — all near Olive Bridge; John Crispell, in 
1747, a little E. of Shokan; Hendrick Crispell, at Shokan, in 
1760; John Coons, in 1775; and Thos. Bush, in 1755. a. of 
Olive City. The first inn was kept at Olive Bridge, by Conrad 
Du Bois; and the first store, sawmill, and gristniill. by Lemuel 
Winchell, at Winchella Fails. Three sons of Frederick llnsh 
were carried off by the In'Iians in 1781. Two were killed, and 
the third returned. The early history of this town is bleuded 
witii that of Marbb'town. 

12 The census reports 4 churches; 2 Ref. Prnt.D., Pap„ M.E. 

1* Pronounced Piaw-ta-kill, and signifles "Flat Brook." 



666 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



the commencement of the last century. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was fonned in 1770; 
Rev. Stephen Goetschius was the first pastor.' 

ROCHESTER^ — was incorp. by patent June 25, 1703,' and organized as a town March 7, 
1788. A part of Middietown (Delaware co.) was taken off in 1789, Neversink (Sullivan co.) in 
1798, Wawarsing in 1806, and a part of Gardiner in 1853. A part of Wawarsing was annexed 
March 21, 1823. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. Ranges of 
mountains extend along the E. and w. borders, and a rolling upland occupies the central portions. 
Rouduut Creek flows N. E. through the s. part, and receives as tributaries Sander Kil, Peters Ki!, 
and several other streams. Vernooy Creek flows s. through the w. part. The soil upon the up- 
lands is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy loam mixed with clay. The Delaware & 
Hudson Canal extends along the valley of Rondout Creek. Esopus millstones are largely quar- 
ried in this town. An extensive cave near Kyserike has been explored about half a mile. 
Alligervllle and Port Jackson are small villages upon the canal. Accord and Ky- 
serike are p. offices. The first settlements were made about 1700, by the Dutch.* The first 
church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed soon after the first settlement. There are now 2 churches in 
town ; Ref. Prot. D. and M. E. 

ROSEKDAEE— was formed from Marbletown, New Paltz, and Hurley, April 26, 1844. It 
is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and broken upland, 
the highest summits being 200 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Rondout Creek flows n. e. through 
near the center, and receives Coxing Kil from the s. and Kottie Kil from the N. The Delaware & 
Hudson Canal extends along the valley of the Rondout. The soil is principally a sandy loam. 
The manufacture of cement has become one of the most important branches of business.' There 
are SIX cement manufactories in town. Rosendale, (p. v.,) upon the creek and canal, contains 2 
churches and 450 inhabitants ; Eawrenceville, 1 mi. w., 40 houses; Bruceville, (High 
Falls p. 0.,) upon the line of Marbletown, about 30 houses. Creek Eocks, a canal village, on 
the E. border, and Wlliteport, in the n. part, each contains about 20 houses. The first settle- 
ments were made by the Dutch, about 1700." The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1797 ; 
Rev. Thos. G. Smith was the first preacher.' 

SAUGERTIES' — was formed from Kingston, April 5, 1811. An error in the boundary was 
corrected June 8, 1812, and a part of Kingston was annexed April 2, 1832. It lies upon the 
Hudson, in the N. E. corner of the co. The surface is rolling in the E. and hilly in the center and 
w. The hills upon the river and extending 2 mi. back are underlaid by limestone, from which 
quicklime and cement are manufactured. Farther w. are quarries of fine flagging stone. Platte 
Kil flows through the town in a tortuous course and forms the principal drainage. Kaaters Kil 
flows along the N. border. The soil along the river is a clayey loam, and upon the uplands a sandy 
and gravelly loam. Quarrying is extensively carried on.' Sau^erties, ( p. v., ) upon the Hudson, 
at the mouth of Esopus Kil, was incorp. April 26, 1831, as " Ulster." Its name was changed 
April 10, 1855. It contains the Saugerties Academy, 7 churches, a newspaper office, and several 
extensive manufactories. Pop. 3,334. Maiden, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 2 mi. N. of Sauger- 
ties, is the seat of an extensive stone trade. Pop. 350. Glasco, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 
3 mi. s. of Saugerties, is the seat of an extensive brick manufactory and stone trade. Pop. 

8 Thi3 name is said to be derived from the Dutch " Zagger," a 
sawyer, from a sawmill built by Robert Livingston on Saw Kil. 
Ebenezer Wooster first used the name in 1749, when enrvejing 
the bounds of the Hardenburgh Patent. 

In 1826. Henry Barclay, of N. Y., purchased the present site 
of the village, and the water-power. Ue built a dam^aud con- 
structed a race which made a fall of 47 feet. Ue soon after built 
a rolling mill, paper mill, and cotton factory. The laet named 
has since been changed to a white lead factory. The Ulster Iron 
Works employs 300 hands night and day, and manufactures 
6.000 tons of bar and hoop iron annuslly. The paper mill em- 
ploys 125 hands, and turns out GOO tons of paper annually. The 
White Lead Works employs 40 men, and manufactures 1,500 
tons of paint annually. A steam mill for dressing stone turns 
out IJ tons daily. The village is also largely engaged in com- 
merce. About 30 Bail-vessels are employed in e-vporting stone 
and brick. A steam ferry plies between this place and Tivoli 
station on the Hudson River R. R., and a daily steamer runs to 
New York. 

* It is estimated that 2.000 persons are employed in quarry- 
ing, dressing, drawing, and shipping stone from this town. The 
varieties are chiefly flagging and curb stone; but cut stone for 
many uses is also sold. About a half million of doUain' worth 
of stone is shipped annually from Saugerties, Maiden, and 
Qluaco. 



1 There are7 churches in town; 3 M.E.,Wes.Meth., Ref. Prot. 
D., Presb.. and Friends. 

s Named in honor of the Earl of Rochester. The Indian name 
is said to be Mom-bac-cus. 

3 The first trustees under the patent were Col. Henry Beek- 
Jnan, Joachim Schoonmaker. and Mosys Du Puy. 

* In 170.3 the following persons resided in town : — Van Gerritse 
Decker. Lodewyck llornbeck. Leendart Kool.ar., Anthony Ilorn- 
beck, Wm. De La Montaigne, Tennis Oosterhont, Jan Cartwright, 
Gysbert Van Garde, Andries Davies. and David Dn Bois. Tennis 
Oosterhont had a "corne mill" on MomhLiccus Kil. in 1743. 

'» More than one-half of the cement made in the co. is manu- 
factured in tiiis town. The water-limestone quarries may be 
said to constitute the wealth of the town. The cement manu- 
factories are as follows : — 

Barrels. 

Niwark and RnsmdaJe Lime avd Cement Cb., at White- 

port, manuftctures annually 125,000 

LawrencevilU M'ln'g C\nunt fh., annually 50.000 

Jt'fSendaU Omnit 0>., Rosendale, manufact's annually 40.000 
Clmrwatrr ct Martin, " " " 40.000 

David S. Ogden, " " " 28,000 

Luther Huffman, " " " 8,000 

An inn was kept at the old "Rosendale Farm" in 1711. 

7 There are 5 churches in town; 2 Ret Prot. D., Bap., Friends, 
and K. C. 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



C67 



about 300. West Camp, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, in the n. part, contains a church and 1-5 
houses. Quarry ville, (p. v.,) in the n. part, and Unionville, near the center, each con- 
tains about 300 inliabitants, who are mostly eugaged in getting out stone from the neighboring 
quarries. Olenerle, upon the s. line, Tan Akens Mills, near the center, and Asll- 
bary, are small villages. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, at an early period ; but 
the largest immigration was that of the German Palatinates,' a colony of whom located at West 
Camp in 1710. The first church (Luth.) was organized at West Camp, in 1711. There are now 
15 churches in town.^ 

SIIARfDAKEW — was formed from Woodstock, April 9, 1804. A part was annexed from 
Neversink (Sullivan co.) in 1809. A part of Olive was taken off in 1823, Denning in 1849, and 
a part of Hardenburgh in 1859. It ia the K. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is mostly a 
mountainous upland, broken by deep ravines. The declivities are steep and rocky, and a largo 
share of the surface is too rough for profitable cultivation. The town is not inhabited except 
along the valleys, the mountain region being left to wild beasts and hunters. The soil in the 
valleys is a clay and sandy loam. The principal branches of business pursued are lumbering, 
shingle making, and tanning. Sbandaken,* (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains a church, a large 
tannery, a sawmill, gristmill, and 20 houses; Pine Hill, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, a sawmill, 
gristmill, tannery, and 15 houses. liadeivs Corners, (The Corner p. o.,) in the extreme E. 
angle of the town ; Pboenlcia, (p. o.,) in the n. e. corner ; and Woodland, (p. o.,) s. B. of 
the center, are hamlets. At each of these places, and at several other points in town, are exten- 
sive tanneries.' The first settlements were made before the Revolution.' There are 2 churches 
in town ; Ref Prot. D. and M.E. 

SHAW AUfGUlVK'— was formed as a precinct Dec. 17, 1743, and as a town March 7, 1788. 
A part of Gardiner was taken off in 1853, a part was annexed to Plattekill in 1846 and restored in 
1848. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. The surface is a hilly and broken up- 
land. The Shawangunk Mts., extending along the w. border, are about 2,000 ft. above tide. The 
Shawangunk River forms about i of the s. boundary, and flows N. E. through near the center, re- 
ceiving Dwaars KiF from the w. AVall Kil flows n. e. through the e. part, receiving Muddy Kil from 
the E. and Dwaars Kil from the w. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. Sba^rangunk, 
(p. V.,) in the s. e. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, spoke factory, and 20 hou'ses ; lllsterville, 
(p.o.,) in the s. w. part, 10 houses; and Galeville Mills, (p.o.,) on Wall Kil, a chuich, 
sawmill, gristmill, and 10 houses. Dwraarskill, near the center, is a p. o. Bruynstvick, 
(p.o.,) on the N. line, contains a church and 10 houses ; Jamesburg^ta, (p. v.,) near the extreme 
w. angle, a church and 12 houses. ISe^w Hurley (p. o.) is a hamlet, on the line of Plattekill. 
The first settlements were made along the valley of Shawangunk River, by the Dutch, between 
1680 and 1700.' New Fort is a locality where two Indian battles were fought in 1663. The first 
church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed Oct. 10, 1753 ; Rev. V. Vrooman was the first pastor.'" 

WAWARSING" — was formed from Rochester, March 14, 1806. A part was re-annexed to 
Ro.'hester in 1823. It is the s. w. corner town in the co. Its surface is mostly a mountainous 
upland, broken by several deep valleys. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the e. border; and 
spurs of the Catskills occupy the central and w. parts. The highest peaks are 2,000 to 3,000 ft. 
above tide. The mountainous portions in the e. and s. w. corners are rocky and precipitous and 



1 Christ'n Myers and brotht^ra settled at a place called " Church- 
land," just w. of Sau^erties Village. Martin Snyder settled at 
the same place, and G. W, Dedrick at West Camp. Aaron \ew- 
kirk and Felte Fiero in the same vicinity, — all in 1700, Dedrick 
Marrtesstock settled at " Kmitshiin" in 172S. Peter Winne, 
Edward Woods, Myndert Mynderse. B. Barhanl, Jacobus Pearsen, 
Myndert Schutt. Godfrey Denolfen, and others, were early 
eclth-rs. On the 18th of May, 1711. there were 14 Palatinates at 
*'Elizabethtown," 111 at '-Georgetown," and 321 at •'^ew Vil- 
lage." in this town. The settlers afterward mostly removed to 
the valleys of the Schoharie and Mohawk. 

- 4 Ilef. Prot. D., 4 M. E., Germ. Moth., Bap., Cong., Prot. E., 
R. C, Luth., and Pre.sb. 

3 Said to signify '* Rapid Water." 

* The road from Shandaken to Lexington is constructed 
through a pass 4 mi. long and in some places scarcely 500 feet 
wide, and abounding in picturesque scenery. It ia through the 
watershed between Ksopus and Schoharie Creeks. 

^ 200,000 sides of leather are annually manufactured in this 
town. 

" John Longyear, Cornelius Furlough, Jacob Brink, Coooradt 

Wisner. and Frederick Markle, all settled before the war. 

Witherspoon taught school at The Corner at an early period. 



^ Pronounced Shawn-gum, and said to mean " white rocks." 
The kil or creek receives this name from large white rocks at 
its junction with Wall Kil ; and it was applied from the stream to 
the mountain and town. Another version is that it ia named 
from the Shaw.in, a southern tribe, and gunk, a mountain, 
or, The mountain that extends toward the south. 

8 The Dutch applied the term Dwjmr to streams that flowed 
sometimes in one direction and sometimes in another. This 
phenomenon is true of waters at the mouth only of the stream, 

•.Among the early settlers were Jacol'us Bmyn, Cornelius 
Schoonmaker, Abram Schutt, Zachariah Hoffman, Bei^amia 
Smedes, Jacob Decker, John Terwilliger, and Johannes Decker. 
Along Wall Kil, Robert Kain, Robert Grahitm, David Davis, 
Daniel Wintield, Hendrick Van Wegen, and James Penneck 
settled from 1710 to '30. A school waa taught near Bruyns- 
wick p. o.. between 1730 and "40. The first mill was probably 
at the junction of Wall and Dwaars Kils, 1 mi. below Shawang- 
unk Village, 

^^ There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Kef, Prot. D, and 2 M, 
E. 

u Usually abbreviated to '' War-sink." It is an Indian word, 
an 1 said to signify " black bird's nest." 



668 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



too rough for cultivation: The s. w. portion is a hilly upland. Rondout Creek flows m a deep 
valley from the w. border s. E. to near the center ; thence it turns at nearly right angles ajia flows N. 
E. to the E. border. It receives from the s. Sandburgh Creek, a stream which drains the w. declivi- 
ties of the Shawangunk Mts., Beer Creek, and the outlet of Cape Pond, which flows thjough near 
the center and empties into Sandburgh Creek. The Delaware &, Hudson Canal extttids along 
the valleys of Rondout and Sandburgh Creeks, at the w. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. The soil 
in the valleys is principally a sandy loam. Lumber,' leather, glass, earthenware, iron, and axes 
are extensively manufactured in different parts of the town. Elleni'ille, (p. v.,) upon Sand- 
burgh Creek, at the mouth of Beer Kil, was incorp. in Sept. 1858. It is an important canal 
village, and contains several churches, a high school,' newspaper office, and an extensive glass 
factory.' Pop. 1,700. IVapanock, (p. v.,) upon the Rondout, above its junction with the Sand- 
burgh, contains several churches and manufactories,* and a population of about 700. flomo- 
fvack, (p. V.,) a canal village, upon the lino of Sullivan co., contains a church, glass factory, 
woolen factory, and 20 houses. Kerlionkson, (p. v.,) a canal village, on the line of Rochester, 
contains a church and 30 houses. Lackan'ack, (p. v.,) upon the Rondout, in the w. part, con- 
tains 2 churches, extensive tannery, and about 40 houses. Greenfield, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, 
contains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, tannery, and about 25 houses. 'Wawarsing, (p. v.,^ 
in the n. e., contains a gristmill, sawmill, tannery, and about 25 houses. Port Benjamin, 
a canal village, south of Wawarsing, contains about 25 houses. Port Klxon, a village upon 
Rondout Creek and the canal, in the n. e. part, contains a church and about 25 houses. The first 
settlements were made about the commencement of the last century, principally by the Dutch.' 
During the Revolution the inhabitants were killed, captured, or driven off by the tories and 
Indians.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1745 ; Rev. J. Fryenmoet was the first 
preacher.' 

WOODSTOCK— was formed April 11, 1787, from the settlements of Great and Little 
Shandaken, which had been attached to Hurley. A part of Middletown (Delaware co.) was 
taken off in 1789, Windham (Greene co.) in 1798, and Shandaken in 1804. A part of Olive was 
taken off, and parts of Olive and Hurley were annexed, Nov. 25, 1853. It lies upon the n. border 
of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface is mostly a mountainous upland, too rough for profitable 
cultivation. Several fine valleys extend through the town, separating the upland into several dis- 
tinct ridges and peaks. Overlook Mt., in the n. e. corner, is 3,500 ft. above tide. Near its sum- 
mit is Shues Lake, a beautiful sheet of clear water. The scenery in this vicinity is among the 
finest in Eastern N. Y. Saw Kil and Beaver Kil are the principal streams. The soil is a clay and 
slaty loam upon the uplands and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Woodstock, (p. v.,) in the s. 
E. part, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 20 houses ; Bearsville, (p. o.,) 2 rai..w. of Wood- 
stock, is a hamlet; Liake Ilill is a p. o., near the center. The first settlements were made just 
before the commencement of the Revolution.* The first church (Luth.) was formed in 180G.' 



" About 10,000,000 ft. of lumber are sent from this town 
annually. 

2 The Ellenville High School, establiBhed in 1S53. It is a 
boarding and day school. 

3 The EllenviUe Iron ^Vork« — Wm. TT. Blonmfr, proprietor — 
msnnfactures bark mills, leather rollers, and mill gearing. It 
employs 2o men. 

♦ The Napanock Ax Factory employs about 100 men, and 
manufactures 150.000 axes annually. The Napanock Iron 
Works employs 50 or 60 men, and manufactures pig and wrought 
iron and R. a. car axles. 

6 The first settlers were Abram BeTier. John Bevler, from 
New Paltz, in 1708, Egbert De Witt, Peter Kernoony, and 
Andries De Witt. An inn was kept by Johannes Bevier before 
the Revolution. The first store at Wawarsing was kept by 
Abram Vernooy; the first gristmill was built by Cornelius 
Vernooy. 

* On the 12th of Aug. 1781, a large party of tories and Indians, 
nnder one Caldwell, appeared in this town. They had formed 
the design of falling upon Napanock, but, being informed that 
♦hat place was defended by a cannon, they came to Wawarsing 
jefore the inhabitants were up in the morning. At this place 



was a stone fort on the site of B. C. Hornbeck's 1 ouse. Two 
men and a young woman discovered the enemy before they 
reached the fort, and the young woman succeeded in closing 
the door just in time to prevent it from being burst open by 
the savages. The latter, finding further nttjick dangerous, 
dispersed for burning and plundering the out settlements. 
Some 5 or 6 dwellings, 7 barns, and a gristmill were burned, 
and on the next day the enemy withdrew, laden with spoils. 
.Several lives were lost on both sides, and much property was 
destroyed. — The Imtians ; tyr Narratives of Massacres and Itepre- 
datietns on the Frontiers of Wawarsink and Vicinity, p. 21. 

7 The census reports 11 churches in town; 4 M. E., 3 Ref. 
Prot. D.. 2 R. C, Bap., and Friends. 

8 Philip Bonesteel, first innkiK-per, settled in 1770; Edward 
Short, in 1776; Peter Short, in 17S4; Jacobus Du Boia. Ephraim 
Van Keuren, Philip Shultis. and Henry Shultis. sen., in 178S ; Jno. 
Hutchens. in 1790; Wm. Elling. in 1786 ; Mathew Keip, in 1787 ; 
and Ja^ob Montrose at an early day. Robert Livingston built 
the first sawmill, and J. Montrose the first gristmill. These 
settlements were much harassed by the Indians during the war. 

9 There are 6 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Luth., B^P-, luid 
Friends. 



ULSTER COUNTY. 



665 



Acres of Land, Vahtaiton, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Sehools, Live 
Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Ulster County. 



NuiEs OF Towns. 


Acres OF Land. || 


VilOATlOM OF 1858. 1 


POPULATIOS. 1 


1 




1 
1 




1 


Schools. 


^ 


1 
1 


1 


■3S 






5 


1 


« 


5 






m 




.J 


a 


■& 




•s- 





Vn 


si 




1 


s 


1 


ft.lt 


1 


^ 


1 


4 




,0 


1 


5 


el 

327 


Denoiog 


910 


76,9134 


$71,195 


$450 


$71,645 


385 


307 




132 




131 


86 


Esopus 


13,0+1, 


8,439 


82o,45( 


72,636 


898,085 


2,252 


2,035 




6V9 




837 


605 


16 


1,562 




18,697 




662,979 


73,800 


630,779 


964 


969 




;m 




354 


249 


9 


822 


Hardeuburgh".. 


























Hurley 


7,268) 


9,858 


399,254 


15,440 


414.694 


1,094 


1,021 




3S0 




395 


181 


8 


766 


KiDgaton 


8,622 


16,812 


3,066,701 


1.260,918 


4,316,625 


7,162 


6,822 


1,829 


1 


,(73 


746 


15 


4,838 


Llovd 


12,018 


6,613J 


483,685 


87,350 


671,03.5 


1,106 


1,086 




379 




42S 


269 


8 


905 


Marbletown 


17,946- 


1- 14,787 


954,631 


66,700 


1,011,230 


1,887 


1,840 




620 




699 


639 


13 


1,M6 


Marlborough.... 


13,103 


2,874J 


368,S1S 


68,650 


427,369 


1,302 


1.366 




426 




514 


255 


10 


981 


New Paltz. 


14,428 


6,497i 


614,881 


166.600 


680,481 


1,009 


1,012 




317 




326 


252 


6 


698 




14,663 
15,342 
18,087 


- 22,474 
4.190i 
25,966i 


339,120 
642.644 
800.611 


23,780 
45,200 
34,483 


302.870 
687,844 
836,099 


1,496 

981 

1,768 


1,428 

951 

1,707 




516 
348 
617 




691 
369 
Ml 


367 
265 
391 


14 

9 
13 


1,347 

713 

1,301 




Rocheater- 


Rosendale... 


7,877 


3,371 


694,460 


40,200 


634.660 


1,333 


1,239 




3Vo 




491 


163 


b 


890 


Saugerties 


17,816 


\ 14,931} 


1,468,940 


372,660 


1,841,690 


4.R12 


4,506 


l,4.s7 


1,788 


1,020 


22 


3,280 


Shaudaken 


12,7&i 


79,891 


260,87: 


7,600 


268,471 


1,298 


1,164 




461 




454 


266 


20 


1,060 


Shawangunk.... 


21,360 


r 8,097 


742.588 


77,145 


819,734 


1,293 


1,338 




478 




484 


316 


12 


1,140 


Wawarsing 


17,974- 


- 48,052 


871,68i 


71,656 


943,237 


3,729 


3,498 


1,391 


1,436 


716 


30 


2,783 


Woodatock 


8,828 


} 24,253 


239,881 


28,488 
2,482,619 


268,369 


906 


900 




306 




340 


218 


6 


608 


Total 


240,6395 '378.202J 


13,207,29? 


15,689.817 


34,767 133,179 


11,068 


13,051 


6,894 


222 


25,566 


Names of Towns. 


Live Stock. 1 


Agricultural Products. 1 


1 




c'S 








Bush, of Gbain. 


1 


■g. . 




Daisy Products. 
























187} 




1 


153 


s 

e 


1 


1 




I 
4,3964 


1 
643 


11 

05 a, 

2,1-0 


la 

24 


1^1 






31 


314 


14i 


206 


72 


629 


16,160 






Eaopus 


649 


628 


59i 


463 


1,981 


13,122 


36,195 S 


3,282 


11,662 


72,130 


63,287 






727 




604 


818 


1,66£ 


4,449 


2,948 


15,462 


38,8201 


4,428 


3,850 


6,692 


156,649 






459 


llardeuburgh".. 


Hurley 


351 


666 


47'. 


387 


913 


7,648 


22,589 


2,006 


8,324 


3,315 


39,081 






267} 


Kingston 


1,018 


442 


691 


3,260 


2.977 


12.335i 


32.296 


2,8.il 


12,442 


4,460 


28,752 




100 


469 


Lloyd 


636 


554 


W^ 


682 


1,783 


19,709 


27,358J 


3,86S 


3,564 


4,864 


84,634 






208 




718 


v.m 


1,43 


! 1,662 


2,850 


23,4745 


53,080 


4,649 


I 12,916 


18,390 


110,870 






2,778} 


Marlborough. ... 


386 


658 


89 


i 739 


1,821 


20,306J 


30,065J 


3,835 


, 2,940 


4,782 


99,925 






.30 


New Paltz 


448 


99 


J 1,991 


2,066 


19,809 


38,215 


4,419 


3,759 


8,070 


95,7 S5 






659 


Olive 


437 


1,304 


94- 


, 1,147 


1,019 


11,158} 


26,293i 


3,727 


i 7,469 


208,996 


84,966 






3,068 


Plattokill . ... 


518 
664 


767 
1,436 


1,30 
1,29 


1 1.632 
5 2,056 


2,678 
2,230 


21,004 
22,610 


36,434 
49,618} 


4,974 
178 


i 8,559 
I 8,943 


10,024 
3,051 


119,695 
110.773 






90 
1,4.51} 






317 


382 


53 


\ 262 


969 


8,252i 


17,772 


1,806 


6,251 


6,465 


32,715 






447 


Saugerties 


1.211 


1,071 


1,72 


I 1,210 


2,664 


14,649J 


41,656i 


6,759 


1,162} 


11.253 


131,887 






1,605} 


Shandaken 


366 


1,262 


81 


1,678 


519 


2,089 


17,070 


.1,369 


8,000 


10,616 


63,290 






2,048 


Sbawaugunk.... 


618 


1.294 


1,02 


7 4,599 


3,671 


20,143 


46,182 


4,979 


6,116 


11,936 


235,000 






321 


Wawarfliiig 


797 


2,129 


1,48 


7 2,265 


1.840 


13,623 


69.286i 


6,422 


20,523 


11,613 


152,846 




S!0 


369 


Woodstock 


334 


1,181 
16,808 


■;v 


1,368 


1,034 


8,849 


16,455 
692,785} 


2,698 
64.795 


6,889 


3,084 


64,527 




190 


1,291 
16,446} 


Total 


9.893 


17,33 


2 29.841 


34,025! 1264,764{ 


134,639} 


397,764 


1,669,631 


520 



/ 



o Formed since 1S55. 



WARREN COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Washington, March 12, 1813, and 
■was named in honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, of the Revohition. 
It lies s. and w. of Lake George, near the e. border of the State. 
It is centrally distant 65 miles from Albany, and contains 968 sq. 
mi. The surface is very broken and mountainous, less than one- 
half being susceptible of cultivation. The mountain ranges are 
continuations of the great mountain masses which culminate in 
Essex CO. The characteristic features of Essex are somewhat softr 
ened and subdued in this co. The mountains are broader, less 
pointed, and generally less precipitous ; the valleys are wider and 
more connected ; and there are larger expanses of comparatively 
level land. With all these modifications, however, a great part of 
the surface is wild and rugged. High, serrated ridges traverse the entire extent of the co., often 
rising thousands of feet above the valleys. These mountains, being principally composed of primary 
rocks, which strongly resist the action of the elements, have a steepness of declivity and sharpness 
of outline in marked contrast with the gradual slopes and beautifully rounded summits of the 
highlands of the slate and limestone regions. The soil formed by the exceedingly slow process 
of disintegration is either washed directly into the valleys, or in the course of ages it collects in 
thin layers upon the hillsides, giving nutrition to a scanty vegetation. Three of the five moun- 
tain ranges n. of the Mohawk Valley extend through this co. The Palmertown Range enters 
the extreme E. part of Queensbury from Washington co. French Mt., a spur of this range, at 
the s. E. extremity of Lake George, rises almost precipitously from the lake and attains an eleva- 
tion of 2,500 to 3,000 ft. above tide. Another spur of this range forms the Luzerne Mts., which 
extend through the s. part of Luzerne and the e. part of Caldwell, — a n. branch extending n. 
and forming the whole series of high blufiFs which border the w. shore of Lake George. The 
second or Kayaderosseras Range extends N. E. through Stony Creek, Th*rman, Chester, and Ho- 
ricon, sending spurs both N. and s. Crane Mt., in the s. e. corner of Johnsburgh, the highest peak 
of this range, has an elevation of 3,000 ft. above the surrounding valleys. The third or Scbroon 
Range occupies the central and northerly part of Johnsburgh and the n. w. angle of Chester. It 
consists of a great number of rocky peaks rising to a height of 2,500 to 3,000 ft. above tide ; most 
of these have never yet been named. The rocks that compose these great mountain masses are 
principally gneiss. Granite, white crystalline, limestone, and serpentine are found in considerable 
quantities in the fbrm of injected veins. A belt of this limestone extends along the course of the 
Kayaderosseras Mts., and from it a good quality of lime is manufactured. In the valleys and in 
the s. part of the co. are found layers of Potsdam sandstone, black marble of the Black River 
limestone strata, Trenton limestone, and Dtica slate. Many of these rocks are useful for building 
materials ; and the limestone furnishes an abundance of excellent lime. At the foot of a granito 
ledge upon Crane Mt. is found a bed of very pure porcelain clay, supposed to have been formed 
by the slow disintegration of the feldspathic rock. Graphite and magnetic iron ore have also 
been discovered, but not in sufficient quantities to be profitably worked. 

The drainage of the co. is mostly through the Hudson River. This stream enters the co. from 
Essex, in two branches about 10 mi. apart, and these, after flowing through nearly parallel 
valleys for about 30 mi., unite in one stream. The E. branch is the outlet of Schroon Lake, and 
the w. forms the drainage of the Adirondack Mts.' This river has a very rapid course; and 
upon it are several rapids and falls, two of which are worthy of especial note.' Lake George' is 



* The w. branch of the Hudson was called by the Indians 
Tfro-hoken ; the e. br-inch, At-a-teTta. 

• Tlie Ilif^h Falls are situated ju^t below the great easterly 
bend of the river in the s. w. corner of Luzerne. The water flows 
in a series of rapids for three-fourths of a mi. over a declining 
rocky bottom, and is then compressed into a narrow gorge for 
80 roils, at the bottom of which it shoots down a nearly perpen- 
dicular descent of 60 ft. The gneiss ledge over which it falls 
19 convex inform. and the w.ater is broken into perfect sheets 
of snow- white foam. A few rods above the last leapof the water, 
and where it is rushing with the greatest velocity, the river is 
spanned by a single plunk 13 ft. in length. At Glens Falls the 

670 



river flows over a shelving rock with a trtal descent of 60 fl. 
The fall is broken into three channels by natural piers of black 
limestone standing upon the brow of tlie precipice over which 
the water flows. 

s Called by the Indians Can-i-a-de'ri-oit, the tail of the lake. 
Tho name "Horicon" has been applied by some modern writers 
to Lake George, and it is said to he an Indian word meaning 
"7 fie Lak-e of Silver Waters However poetic and appropriate 
this designation may appear, or however euphonious it may 
sound, it may be qnestioned whether a term suggested by fancy 
alone, and never used by the aborigines, will ever find place 
among the geographical aajues of the State as one of Indias orijiln. 



WARREN COUNTY. 



671 



situated npon the e. border, and receives the drainage of the e. part of the co. It is 3G mi. long 
and 1 to 3 mi. wide.* 

The soil of this co. is mostly a thin, sandy loam. The level lands n. of Glens Falls are very 
sandy, and are known as '*pine plains.'* The declivities of the mountains have a very thin soil, 
and usually a scanty vegetation. In the valleys is some clay mixed with the sand and disinte- 
grated primitive rocks, forming a deep and excellent soil. Farming and the manufacture of lumber 
and leather fbrm the leading pursuits of the people. Farming is mostly confined to stock raising 
and dairying. Immense quantities of logs are floated down the Hudson and manufactured into 
lumber, shingles, hoops, staves, and heading, at Glens Falls and other places. Black marble is 
quarried at Glens Falls, and feldspar and kaolin for the manufacture of porcelain, graphite and 
serpentine are also found in different places. Peat exists in abundance; but it has never been 
extensively used, 

Caldwell, at the head of Lake George, is the county seat.^ The courthouse was built in 1816-17, 
with the jail in the basement. The poorhouse is located on a farm of 200 acres in "Warrensburgh.* 

The works of internal improvement are the Glens Falls Navigable Feeder, 7 mi. in length, 
feeding the summit level of the Champlain Canal, and the improvement in the log navigation 
of the Hudson. There is no r. r. in the co.* Three newspapers are now published in the co.* 

This CO. was the scene of some of the sanguinary battles between the French and English long 
anterior to its settlement. In 1755, a provincial army of 5,000 men, under Sir. "Wm. Johnson, 
designed to act against the French posts on Lake Champlain, assembled at Albany early in June, 
and were there joined by a large number of Mohawks under King Ilendrick. Forts Lyman 
(afterward Fort Edward) and Miller were built, and a road was opened to Lake George. The 
news of Braddock's defeat was received before this army left Albany. The expedition set out on 
the 8th of Aug., by way of Lake George, for Ticonderoga, with the design of erecting a fort there. 
Learning that the French had anticipated them and had already fortified Ticonderoga, they en- 
camped near the head of Lake George. About the 1st of Sept., Baron Dieskau, the French com^ 
mander, with a force of 200 grenadiers, 800 Canadian militia, and 300 Indians, passed up South 
Bay and across the rocky peninsula, with a view of falling upon the rear of the English 
and of cutting off their supplies from Fort Lyman. On the 8th, a force of 1000 troops under Col. 
Ephraim Williams, and of 200 Indians under King Hendrick, were sent out to meet them ; but, 
falling into an ambuscade, the greater part of the troops and the two commanders were killed. 
The survivors fled, and were immediately followed by the French. The firing alarmed the 
camp, and a breastwork of logs was immediately thrown up, and 300 men, under Col. Cole, were 
despatched to cover the retreat of the flying fugitives of the first party. Flushed with victory, the 
French assailed the English camp with great fury, and a sanguinary conflict ensued, which lasted 



1 This lake has long hpen celebrated for itfS wild and pictn- 
re«fine beauty. It ia almost completely surrounded by pr©- 
cipitouB and rocky mountainB, and is studded with little, green 
islHnds. Us winding course ia marked by a panorama of heauti- 
ful and distinct views. At some points high rocky bluffs rise 
precipitously from the very edge of the water, and at others a 
little basin seems scooped out among the hills. Most of the 
mountain declivities are covered with verdure; but a few of 
them are masses of naked rocks. This whole region is full of 
hinturic interest. Each mountain, precipice, and cape has its 
own tales and reminiscences of the olden time. Some of the 
fiprcest conflicts of the last long wars between the French and 
English colonists took place upon its shores, and the pure and 
peaceful waters of this besntiful lake were often ensanguined 
with the blood of fierce combatants. Again during the Revolu- 
tion war held hii;h carnival here: but eince that period its visi- 
tors have been principally the lovers of the wild and beautiful 
in nature. Sabbath-Day Point and Lord Howes Point are two 
low beaches upon the w. shore, near the foot of the lake; and 
Rngers Slide Jaa pn-cipic© upon the W. shore, 200 feet hich. rising 
at an angle of nbout 25 degrees. Tongue Mt., forming a pro- 
montory upon the w. shore. Anthonys Nose, upon the b. shore, 
and French Mt., n^itr the head of the lake, have each an eleva- 
tion of mnre than 2,000 feet. 

* The first courts worn hi-ld at the '^Ldke Hforge Coffee nnuse." 
Thw clerk's office was located !»y law within 1 mi. of this place; 
and this was made the point fmm which the eherifT'sniilfnge was 
reckoned. By an act passed March 31, 1>!15, three commission- 
ers were to be appointed by th"* governor to locate the site of the 
e^iurthouse and jaii and to superintend its erection. The first 
CO. officers were Wm. Kobards, First Jitftpf ; Ilonry Pjiencer, 
S'tfriff: John Beebe, f^lirl: ; Robert Wilkinson, Surrnrjatfi ; Ar- 
chibald McMurphy, Wm. Stover. Richard Cameron, and Jirah 
Skinner, CorcmTs. Thom:i8 Archibald, the present co. clerk, 
has held the office without interruption since Feb. 1S21. 

8 The poorhouse is a tw* story wooden building. ItisflOyears 
old and in a very dilapidated condition. Tlie annual revenue 
ftwn the farm \% about {'JOO. The average number of himates 



is 54, who are supported at a weekly expense of 90 cts. 
each. 

* The Lake Ontario <t Hudson River R. R. (late the Sacketa 
Harbor k Saratoga R.R.) Is laid out through tlie c<i. along the 
w. side of the Hudson, and a large part of the grading has been 
done; but the work is now suspended. 

6 Tht WaTny.n Co. Patriot^ commenced at ttlens Fallsabont 1S13 

by John Cunningham, was the first paper in the co, 
A newspaper was begun at Caldwell in 1S17 or 18 by Timothy 

Haskins, which in four or five years was changed to 
Tlie Guardian. It was a few years after sold to Broadwell, 

its name again changed, and in two years after it was 

removed to Glens Falls. 
7%e Gfens Falls Ohnfri'fr was started in 1S2.S by E. 0. Sidney. 

In about two years it passed into the hands of Abiel 

Smith, who changed its name to 
Thfi Glens Falls Republican^ and afterward to 
The Warrfin Co. Ates:s€7iger. In lfi35 it was again changed to 
The Warren On. JifesaeTig'-r and Glens Fulls Jdvrrtiser, by which 

name it was continued until 1840, when it appeared an 
77(6 Glens Falh GmeUe, and in two years after as 
The Glens Falls Clarion. In 1850 it passed info the hands of 

Zabina Kills, its present publisher, by whom its name 

was changed to 
The Glens Falls Free Press. 
The Glens FtiUs ^ectator was publi.-^hed in 1840 by D. Ellis. 
T)it WarrenOn. Tr/nV? wasstartcdby JamesA. Kellogg.and con- 

finu''d one year. 
The Glens Falls Messenger was established by A. D. 

Milne. and is still continued. 
The Glens Falls Republican was cstahliFhod In 

1842 by M. A T. J. Strong, v.-ho cnndnctod it until 

1^51. It haspa-'isi'd through several hands, and is now 

published l)y H. M. Uarri.s. 
The Kechal lite and Temperance Bvgle, semi-mo., was commi^nped 

in 1845 by M. & T. J. Strong, and conliuued several 

months. 
The Star of Destiny was nublished In 185C bv A. D. MiIo«. 



672 



WARREN COUNTY. 



from 12 M. to 4 p.m. and resulted in the total defeat of the French.* Col. Blanchard, who commanded 
at Fort Lyman, learning the result of the first engagement In the morning, sent a party of about 300 
N. H. and N. Y. militia to the scene of the conflict. This party surprised the French camp, and, 
after dispersing the troops left to guard it, they hastened on to the English camp and arrived in 
season to assist materially in gaining the victory. This engagement "was the only one fought 
during the campaign of 1755 that reflected the slightest credit upon the British army. 

The remainder of the season was spent in erecting Fort Wm. Ilenry,' on the site of the English 
camp. A projected attack upon Ticonderoga during the winter was prevented by the uncommon 
severity of the season. In the summer of 1756 a provincial force of 6,000 men assembled here, 
but too late to effect their purpose.* On the 17th of March, (St. Patrick's day,) 1757, the French, 
under Longee, a famous partisan officer, attempted to surprise the fort, but were successful only 
in burning a few buildings and several vessels on the lake.* Soon after, a party of 400 English, 
under Col. Parker, marched to attack Ticonderoga; but, falling into an ambuscade, only 72 
escaped. Early in the summer of 1757, Montcalm, the French commander, made extensive 
preparations to capture Fort Wm. Henry. On the last day of July, Maj. Putnam discovered a 
large body of the enemy encamped on an island about 18 mi. down the lake. Gen. Webb, who 
had immediate command, upon being apprized of the matter, enjoined Putnam to keep the intelli- 
gence secret and to prepare to escort him (Webb) back to Fort Edward, leaving Col. Munro in 
command at Fort Wm. Henry. The enemy soon landed in force and proceeded to invest the fort. 
The garrison consisted of 2,500 men, and the attacking force amounted to nearly 9,000. Gen. 
Webb had a force of 4,000 regulars at Fort Edward, only 9 mi. distant, and the militia were 
rapidly collecting to afford further aid. Col. Munro sent pressing and repeated messages for 
relief; but Gen. Webb paid no attention to the request, and appeared totally indifferent to every 
thing but his own personal safety. At length, upon the ninth day of the siege, he allowed Gen. 
Johnson to march with a body of volunteers to the relief of the garrison ; but before the party 
had proceeded 3 mi. they were recalled, and Gen. Webb sent a letter to Col. Munro advising him 
to surrender on the best terms he could obtain. This letter was intercepted and given to Col. 
Munro by Montcalm in person. Thus cut off from hope, and assured by Montcalm that the 
garrison should march out with the honors of war, with their arms, and one of the four cannon 
of the fort, with their baggage and baggage wagons, and an escort of 500 men to Fort Edward, 
he surrendered. The Indians soon began to pillage the baggage, and, not being checked, fell 
upon the sick and wounded, whom they killed and scalped. Excited by carnage, they next 
surrounded and attacked the disarmed and defenseless troops; and, although Montcalm was 
implored to furnish a guard, as promised, the massacre was allowed to proceed until a large 
number were killed or hurried away prisoners for more deliberate torture.* 

In the summer of 1758 an army of 7,000 regulars and 10,000 provincials, under Gen. Aber- 



1 Gen. Jobnson ■was wounded early in the action, and the com- 
mand devolved upon Gen. Lyman. The former in his oflRcial 
report, probably from jealousy, avoided mentioning the muna or 
BerviceB of the latter, altliough they were efficient and v.ihiable. 
Popular report stated the French loss at 700 to 800 ; but Johnson 
reported it from 300 to 400. Official acconnts place the English 
)o88 at 120 killed, 80 wounded, and 62 missing. Dieskau died 
in England several years after, from wounds received in the en- 
gagement. 

2 Named in honor of the Duke of Cumberland, brother of the 
heir apparent, afterward George III. 

8 Several incidents worthy of note occurred during this expe- 
dition. At Halfway Brook a party of teamsters were Kurprised 
ftnd captured by GOO of the enemy, who immediately retreated 
down Sfouth Bay. A hundred men, under Capta. Israel Put- 
nam and Robert Rogers, set out from Fort Wm. flenry, crossed 
over to Lake Champlain, and from an ambuscade poured a de- 
Btructive fire upon the en^-my as they passed. A number were 
killed, and the English immediately retreated across to Lake 
George. The next morning they embarked on the lake, and at 
8abbath-Day Point they were met ty aforce of French and Indians 
three times their own number. The English dashed forward 
to the attack ; and. by ^ese^^■iDp their fire until they came into 
close quarters, they threw the enemy into confusion, and suc- 
ceeded in escaping, with the loss of one killed and two wounded. 
In the winter of IT-'ie-ST, Maj. Kogere, with 74 men, went down 
Lake George, and crops'?'d over to Lake Champlain, where he cap- 
tured a small narty of /rench. On his return he was met on the 
Bummit of the hill by aparty of 200 French; and a desperate con- 
flict ensued. RIaJ. Rogers was wounded, and the command de- 
volved upon Capt.8tark. (afterward Gen. Stark of the Revolution.) 
The conflict continued until nightfall, when the French re- 
treated, leaving half of their number dead upon the field. Of 
the rangers, 48 remained unwounded ; and the company pushed 
forward through deep snows and reached the lake in the morn- 
ing. They were now quite exhausted ; and Staik, with two others, 



pushed on to Fort Wm. Henry, arriving in the evening. He pro- 
cured sleds and returned to bis suffering comrades, whom he 
reached the next morning. The party finally reached the fort, 
after extreme suffL-ring. — Fognrs's Jwir., p. 36. 

< A part of the garrison were Irish, and could not be restrained 
from celebrating the day by getting drunk. The fort was de- 
fended by the vigilance of the rangers, who repulsed the French 
while the other troops were coming to their senses. — Sogers'a 
Jour., pp. 43, 109. 

6 Humanity sickens at the revolting scenes of this day, which 
have stained thememoryof Montcalm with the blackest infamy. 
A few sur\ivors of the massacre fled for their lives, and suc- 
ceeded in reaching Fort Edward in safety. The next day Maj. 
Putnam was sent with his rangers to watch the motions of thb 
enemy ;bnt he arrived just attfr they embiuked and were beyond 
reach of pursuit. As he came to the shore, the demolished fort, 
the burning buildings, and the ghastly and mangled corpses of 
the dead and the feeble groans of the dying, quickly told the 
dismal story of treachery and barbarity, scarcely less chargeable 
to the cowardice of "Webb than to the perfidy of Montcalm. 
AVriters differ as to the number murdered on this occasion, the 
estimates varying from 300 to 1,500. It is probably nearer the 
latter number. There was a tendency among the provincials to 
exaggerate, and among the regulars to palliate, the occurrences 
above related. The massacre occurred Aug. 9, 1767. Among 
the accounts given by eyewitnesses of the scene, that of Jonathan 
Carver, the well-known traveler, has perhaps been most fre- 
quently quoted. The feelile attempts that have been made to 
defend the reputation of Montcalm, undt/r the plea that he ex- 
erted himself to restrain the Indian barbarities, find ample refu- 
tation in the fact that with five or six times more whites than 
savages the latter were allowed to proceed unmolested. If this 
relatively small number could not be restrained, there must 
have existed a degree of insubordination incompatible with mili- 
tary success and sti-angely at variance with the condition of 
other armies under Montcalm. 



WARREN COUNTY. 



673 



crombie, proceeded against Ticonderoga by way of Lake George. On the 5th of July the army 
embarked on board of 900 bateaux and 135 boats, and passed down the lake with all the pomp 
and pageantry of war ; and four days after they returned, shattered and broken, with a loss of nearly 
2,000 in killed and wounded. Such of the latter as admitted of removal were sent to Fort Edward ; 
and the main army lay inactive in camp at the head of the lake during the remainder of the season. 
In June, 1759, Maj. Gen. Amherst, with an army of 12,000 men, advanced to Lake George, and, 
while waiting to complete his arrangements, he commenced building Fort George, about half a mile 
F from Fort Wm. Henry.' As Gen. Amherst advanced to Ticonderoga, the French withdrew to 
Orown Point, and soon after to the Isle Aux-Noix. Quebec fell soon after, and the conquest of 
(!aiuida was completed the following year, rendering the vast military works at Fort George, Ti- 
conderoga, and Crown Point of no further utility, and allowing the hardy pioneers of civilization 
to advance and occupy the fertile valleys which as provincial soldiers they had previously traversed. 



B01.T01V— was formed from Thurman, March 25, 1799. Hague was taken off in 1807, a part 
of Caldwell in 1810, and a part of Horicon in 1838. It lies E. of the center of the co., between 
Schroon River and Lake George. The e. shore of the lake constitutes the e. line, so that more 
than one-half of the lake is within the limits of this town. The surface is principally occupied 
by the high mountainous ridges which lie between the lake and Hudson River. There are 3 
principal peaks belonging to this range within the limits of the town, — Tongue Mt.,' on the 
peninsula between the lake and North West Bay, 2,000 ft. above tide ; Pole Hill, in the N. part, 
2,500 ft. high ; and Cat Head, in the center, 1,500 to 1,800 ft. above tide. The mountains gene- 
rally rise precipitously from the lake; but toward the w. the surface assumes the character of a 
high, rolling upland. High up among the hills are numerous little crystal lakes, the principal 
of which are Trout Lake, Marsh Pond, and Edgecomb Pond. Trout Lake is 1,000 ft. above Lake 
George. Not more than one-half of the town is susceptible of cultivation. The soil is a thin, 
sandy loam.' Bolton, (p. o.,) situated on Lake George, opposite Green Island,* is a small vil- 
lage. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1792, principally by New England people.* 
The improvements are confined mostly to the vicinity of Lake George. The first church (Presb.) 

was formed in 1804 ; the Rev. Armstrong was the first settled minister. There are 2 

churches in town; Bap. and M. E. 

CAl.D'WEIiIi' — (Col'-well) was formed from Queensbury, Bolton, and Thurman, March 2, 
1810. It lies around the s. extremity of Lake George. A range of mountains occupies the ex- 
treme w. part. The central portion is a high, hilly region, descending abruptly to the lake. 
Prospect Hill, w. of the s. extremity of the lake, has an elevation of 2,000 ft. above tide. Soutli 
of this hill a low valley extends s. w., through Caldwell and Luzerne, to the valley of the Hud- 
son near the mouth of Sacandaga River. This depression seems to be a continuation of the valley 
in which Lake George is situated, and shows that a change of a few feet in the elevation would 
cause the waters of the lake to flow into the Hudson. In this valley is a chain of smalt lakes. 
A narrow strip of low land lies immediately upon the border of the lake. The soil is a sandy loam 
among the hills, and a dark, rich, sandy and clayey loam on the lowlands. Caldtfell, (p. v.,) 
the county seat, is situated near the head of Lake George. It contains 2 churches, several hotels, 
and about 50 dwellings. This place is the annual resort of great numbers of tourists and pleasure 
seekers, who are attracted hither by the beautiful scenery of the lake and the surrounding region. 
During the summer the steamer Minnehaha plies daily between Caldwell and the foot of the lake. 
Fort William Henry and Fort George were situated near Caldwell, at the head of Lake George and 
Bloody Pond, in the s. part. Settlement commenced at the head of Lake George, soon after the 
conquest of Canada; but its progress was arrested by the Revolution. Soon after the close of the 
war, settlement was recommenced.' There are 2 churches in town; Presb. and Union. 



1 Scarcely a vestige of thin fort remains, most of the Btones of 
which it was built having been burned for lime. 
s Indian name. At-al'a-po'sa, a eliding place. 

* Within the limits of this town is the most beautiful scenery 
of the lake. Its channel is studded with a multitude of small 
islands, some of them ronsisting of barren, desolate rocks, while 
others are clothed with the richest verdure. Diamond Island, 
near the 8. extremity of the lake, derives its name from the 
beautiful quartz crystals that have been found upon it. 

♦ During the Revolution this isliind was fortitied, and Gen. 
Bargoyne, when he advanced to the Hudson, left upon it a large 
amount of public property, guarded by two companies of the 
47th regiment, commiind^d by Capt. Aubrey. After the partial 
success wliii-li atb^nded the attt^mpt upon Ticomieroga in 1777, 
Cols. Warren and Brown, on the ^th of Sept., made an attack 



13 



upon this place with the gnoboats they had captured. They 
were repulsed with loss, and retreated to the E. shore. The 
enemy being in pursuit, they burned their boats, crossed the 
mountains to Lake Champlain, and returned to Gen. Lincoln's 
camp at Pawlet. Vt. 

ft Among the first settlers were .lames Ware, Joseph Tuttle, 
Rufus Randall, BenJ. Pierce, David and Reul>en Pniitli, Eleazer 

Goodman, Daniel Nims, Frederick Miller, Boyd, Wright, 

and Thomas McGee. The first birth was that of Lydia Ware ; 
and the first death, that of Mrs. John Pierce. Sally Boyd t^iught 
the first school. 

* Named from Gen. James Caldwell, a merchant of Albsny. 
who became a patentee of 1,595 acres, in 4 pai-cels by gr.uivn 
dated Sept. 18--J9, 1787, 

' Among the early settlers were Danlol Shaw, Bononi Burtch« 



674 



WARREN COUNTY. 



CHESTER— was formed from Thurman, March 25, 1799. It lies upon the n. border of the 
CO., between Hudson and Schroon Rivers. The surface is broken. The Kayaderosseras Mts. extend 
through the s. part, and the Schroon Range occupies the n. w. portion. A continuation of the 
valley of Schroon Lake, extending in a s. w. direction to the w. branch of the Hudson and sepa- 
rating the mountain ranges, contains a chain of small lakes. Loon Lake is the principal one in 
this valley; and s. of it, among the hills, is another sheet of water, called Friends Lake. Schroon 
Luke is about 1,000 feet above tide, and the hills that surround it are 500 to 800 feet above its 
surface. The soil is generally light and sandy. A cave in Mt. Moxon is quite a curiosity, and 
has some local notoriety. Near the N. border of the town, upon Stone Bridge Creek, is a natural 
bridge.' Feldspar has been quarried to a considerable extent and exported for the manufacture 
i)f pnrcel.'iin. Cbestertown (p. v.) contains the Chester Academy and 246 inhabitants; sind 
PottersviHe (p. v.) 126. The .settlement of this town commenced toward the close of the lost 
century.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1796; and the Rev. Jehiel Fox was the first 
pasbir. There are now 6 churches in town.* 

HAGUE — was formed from Bolton, Feb. 28, 1807, as " Rochester." Its name was changed 
April 6, 1808, and a part of Horicon was taken off in 1838. It lies upon the shore of Lake George, 
in the n.k. corner of the co. The surface is very mountainous, not above one-fourth being suscep- 
tible of cultivation. The mountains along the lake generally descend abruptly to the very edge 
of the water. The narrow valleys of Trout and North West Bay Brooks form the line of separation 
between the two mountain ranges. Ash Grove Hill, upon the w. border, is 2,000 to 2,500 feet above 
tide; and upon the shore of the lake, in the N. e. corner, is another mountain peak of nearly the 
same elevation. Rogers Rock is on the lake shore, in the n. e. corner. It rises from the water's 
edge at an angle of about 45° and attains an elevation of 300 feet.* Sabbath-Day Point is a head- 
land projecting into the lake near the s. border.^ The soil is a light, sandy loam. Iron ore has 
been found near Seventh Pond; and mines have been worked to some extent, but they are now 
abandoned. The beauty of the lake and the solitary grandeur of the mountain scenery of this 
town render it a favorite resort for hunting and fishing parties and the lovers of the beautiful in 
nature.' Hague, (p.o.,) on McDonalds Bay, and Wardboro (p.o.) are hamlets. The prin- 
cipal improvements are along the lake. The first settlement was made about 1796.' There is a 
union church in the town. 

HORICOIV — was formed from Bolton and Hague, March 29, 1838. It lies upon the N. border 
of the CO., E. of Schroon Lake. The greater part of its surface is occupied by the two branches of 
the Kayaderosseras Mts., which are here divided by the valley of Brant Lake. In the n. and E. 
these ranges rise, in numerous sharp, rocky peaks, 1,600 to 2,000 feet above tide; but in the s. and 
w. they sink into a hilly plateau region. About one-half of the surface is arable. Among tho 
hills are great numbers of small lakes, laving with their cryfstal waters the base of the huge, rocky 
ma.8ses which tower above them. Brant Lake, the principal of them, is 10 mi. long and is every- 
where surrounded by precipitous hills. The soil is a sandy loam. Horicon, (p. v.,) situated 
on Schroon River, in the s. w. part of the town, contains about 20 houses; and IHill Brook, 
(p. V.,) on Schroon Lake, 15 houses. Aaron Harris, Joseph Gregory, Bishop Carpenter, and Timo- 
thy Bennett were some of the earliest settlers.' The first church (Wes. Meth.) was formed in 1820 ; 
Nathaniel Streeter was the first minister. There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Bap., M. E., and Wes. Meth. 

JOH]«SBIJRC}H°— was formed from Thurman, April 6, 1805. It lies upon the bank of the 



— Tierce, Andrew Edmonfis, Reed Wilbnr, Obadiah TTTint, 
Thaddeus Bradley, Eliaa Proaaer, Nathan Burdick, Geo. Van 

Deusen. Butler, and Christopher Potter. The first inn and 

gristmill wore erected by Gen. Caldwell. 

1 The stream, after falling into a basin, enters a passage in 
two branches under a natural arch 40 feet hish and about 80 
broad, and emerges in a single stream from under a precipice 
54 feet high. 247 feet from it.y entrance. This bridge is described 
in Morse's Oeogi-aphy (1796) as follows: — "In the county of 
Montgomery is a small, rapid stream emptying into Schroon 
Lake, west of Lake George : it runs under a hill, the base of which 
is 60 or 70 yards in diameter, fbrming a most curious and beauti- 
ful arch in tb>' rock, as white as snow. The fury of the water 
and the roughness of the bottom, added to the terrific noise 
within, have hitherto prevented any person from passing through 
the chasm." — Am. Univ. Ge/y.y 503. 

8 The first settlers were Titus, Jabez, Levi, Gideon, Enos, Jona- 
than. Daniel, and Caleb Mead, Beman, Isaac Bennett. .Tolin 

Haskins, Obadiah and Benj. Rnapp, Noel Wightman. James 

Ptorbuck, Steward, and D. and J. Punderson. The first 

birth was that of a son oi' Caleb Mead ; and the first death, that 
pf Martin Wightman. 

• 3 M. E., Bap., Preab., and ProL B. 



* This rock, sometimes called Rogers Slide, receives its name 
from an incident traditionally related of the escape of Maj, Robert 
Rogers at this place in the winter of 175S, He was surprised 
at the top of the rock by a band of Indians, and most of his party 
were cut off; but he escaped by sliding down the rock to the 
frozen surface of the lake. 

^ It is generally supposed that this name was derived from the 
fact that Gen, Amherst and his suite, while passing down the 
lake on their way to Ticonderoga in the summer of 1759, stopped 
here to refresh themselves upon the Sabbatii ; but this deriva- 
tion of the name is doubtful, for it is mentioned in Rogers's Jour- 
nal, June 28, 1768, — the season before. 

8 On the 20th of July. 1S56, the steamer John Jay. while on 
her way up the lake, was burned near Garflelds. Six persons 
jumped overboard and wore drowned ; but the rest wore rescued 
by boats from the shore. 

^ Among the first settlers wore Abel Rising, .\bner Briggs, 
Elijah Bailey, Samuel Cook, Ellis Denton, Samuel Patchin, John 
Holman, Isaac and Urial Balcom. and Uri Waiste. 

6 Howard Waters, Nathan, Benj.. and James Hayes, Benj. 
Hayes 2d, John Bobbins. .lames Frazier, and Benj. Wright we!« 
also early settlers, Hannah I'.eynolds taught the first schooL 

* Named from John Thurman, an early settlor. 



WARREN COUNTY. 



675 



Hudson, and is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is very broken and mountainous. The 
Schroon Range occupies the n. and central parts; and a spur of the Kayaderosseras Range extends 
into the s. Crane Mt.,' the highest peak of the latter, is about 3,500 feet above tide. Tlie greater 
part of the town is too rough and broken for cultivation. The arable land is confined to the narrow 
valleys. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Kaolin, serpentine iron ore, and otlicr minerals 
are found. There are 3 large tanneries in town. Jobnsburg'b, (p. v.,) on Mill Creek, contains 
20 houses; Kobles Corners, on the same stream, 25 ; IVortb Creek, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, 
at the mouth of North Creek, 15; and The Glen, (p. o.,) on the Hudson, in the s. E. corner of 
the town, 7. The first settlement was made soon after the close of the Revolutionary War, by 
John Thurman, the proprietor of extensive tracts in this part of the State.'' The first church (Bap.) 
was organized in 1793. There are 4 churches in town.' 

IjUZERME — was formed from Queensbury, April 10, 1792, as " Fairjidd." Its name was 
changed April 6, 1808. A strip of territory 1 mi. wide was set ofi" to Queensbury, March 30, 
1802. It lies upon the e. bank of Hudson River, in the s. extremity of the co. Two branches of 
the Luzerne Mts. extend through the town, respectively occupying the N. and s. portions. They 
are separated by the valley which extends s. w. from the s. end of Lake George. A chain of small 
lakes lies along its course ; and in them two streams take rise, one of which flows to Lake George 
and the other to the Hudson.* About one-half of the surface bordering upon the river is a high, 
hilly region, but arable. Kettle Bottom, in the s. part, and several peaks of the ridge which 
extends along the e. border, are 2,000 to 2,500 feet above tide. The soil is a light, smdy loam. 
liUZerne (p. v.) is situated on the Hudson, above its confluence with Sacandaga Rifcr. Pop. 
280. The first settlements were made about 1770, along the Hudson. Most of the early settlers 
occupied lands leased from Ebenezer Jessup, the patentee. There are 3 churches ir. town.' 

CJUEESfSBUIlY — was incorporated by patent' as a township, May 20, 1762, and recognized 
as a town, March 13, 1786. Luzerne was taken o8" in 1792, and a part of Caldwell in 1810. A 
strip of territory 1 mi. wide was taken from Luzerne and added to this town in 1802. It lies 
between Lake George and the Hudson, and is the s.E. corner tovm of the co. The w part is occu- 
pied by the Luzerne Mts., and the extreme N. part by French Mt., a high, rocky bluff which rises 
precipitously from the surface of Lake George to a height of 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The 
central and s. parts are rolling, gradually declining toward the s. The soil is a light, sandy loam 
in the interior, and a deep, tough clay upon the river. The fall in the Hudson at Glens Falls is 
about 50 feet high, and affords valuable mill privileges. Below the fall is a small island, through 
which is a cave extending from one channel to the other. The manufacture of lumber is largely- 
carried on.' Glens Falls,* (p. v.,) incorp. April 12, 1839, is situated on the Hudson, in the s. 
part. It contains 9 churches, the Glens Falls Academy, 3 newspaper oflices, 2 banks, and several 
manufactories.' Pop. 3,420. West Glens Falls, on the Hudson, contains 25 houses; and 
Queensbury, (p. v.,) in the e. part 20. Freucb Mountain (p. o.) is a hamlet. The 
summit level of the Champlain Canal is fed through the Glens Falls navigable feeder vrith water 
taken from the Ilud.son above the falls. The settlement was commenced in 1766 ; but its progress 
was very slow until after the close of the Revolution.'" The first house of worship was erected by 
the Society of Friends, in 1786. There are now 11 churches in town." 

STOIVY CREEK— was formed from "Atho?.,"" Nov. 3, 1852. It lies upon the w bank of 
Hudson River, and is the s. w. corner town of the co. Nearly the whole town is still a wilderness. 
Through the center of the town extend mountain ranges, several peaks of which attain an eleva- 
tion of more than 2,000 feet. The valleys of E. and w. Stony Creeks are narrow ravines, forming 
a natural pass between the valleys of the Hudson and Saeandaga. The soil is a light, sandy loemi. 

* This patent embraced 2,300 acres. 
^ An itumenw number of lojrs ip annually fixated down frx/m 

the pine forests of the Upper Hudson to Oiens Falls and Foit 
Edward. At one mill upon the State dam at the former place 
are 12 gates and 250 saws. 

8 The Indian name of this place is said to liave been Kay-au- 
do-ros-sa. It was called '' Glftiiilh'^ for some time. 

* This place contJiina 4 sawmills, a flouring mill, and an eal**- 
blishment fur sawing marble. 

10 Among the first settlers were .Abraham Wing, Feed Fen in, 
Asajih and Benajah Putnam. Jeffrey Cooper, Icliabod Merritt, 
and Caleb Dowell. Immediately after the war. Benj. Wing. Neho- 
miah Seelice. Phineas Babcock, Wni. Roland, David Bennett, 
James Ilougbson, Silas Brown, and Jeremiah Briggs .sultK.d iu 
town. 

11 2 Friends, 2 R. C. Bap., M. E, Presh., Pnit. E, Ol. of Mes- 
eiali, Asso. Presb., and Univ. 1* See Thuruian. 



J There is a small pond near the summit of the mountain 
which is much frequented by cranes; and from this circum- 
Btanoe it derives its name. Seen from Warrensburgh, 11 mi. 
distant, the mountain presenta a striking reFembtance to the 
profile of the human face. 

2 Among t! e early settlers wore Robt. Woddell, Geo. Hodgson. 
John Wilkinson, Reuben and Calvin Washliurn. and Samuel 
Bonierrille. The first birth was that of Polly Woddell: the first 
marriage, thai of Calvin Washburn and Betsey Woddell; and 
the first death, that of Enos Grover. The first mills were erected 
in 1789 or '90, by Mr. Thurman. He opened a store and built a 
distillery; and in 1795 he erected a woolen factory. This was 
Boon after changed to a cotton factory ; and as early as 1797 he 
erected calico printing works, the first, it ia believed, in America. 

> Bap., M. E., Free Will Bap., and Wes. Meth. 

* Hadley and Jessup Falls, upon the Hudson, are within this 
town. See page 688. ^ Bap., M, E., and Union. 



676 



"WARREN COUNTY. 



Creek Center (p. o.) and Stony Creefe, (p.o.,) both upon Stony Creek, are hamlets. The 
first .settlement Tras made about 179.5.' The iirst preacher was Jonathan Paul, a Christian Indian. 
The first church (Presb.) was formed about 1800.^ 

THURMAW— was formed April 10, 1792. Bolton and Chester were taken off in 1799, Johns- 
burgh in 1805, and a part of Caldwell in 1810. The town was divided into "Athol" and Warren.s- 
burgh Feb. 12, 1813 ; and '• Athol" was divided into Thurman and Stony Creek, Nov. 3, 18.52. It lies 
upon the w. bank of the Hudson, s. w. of the center of the co. The w. part is a high, broken 
upland, almost unknown except to hunters. The e. portion, along the Hudson, is a hilly plateau, 
with several peaks rising 1,000 feet above the valley. Among the hills are numerous small lakes. 
The soil is a light, sandy loam. AtllOl (p. o.) and Ttaurman, (p.o.,) both in the E. part, are 
hamlets. Settlement was commenced in the latter part of the last century.* A Bap. church was 
tir,st formfed ; Elder Jehiel Fox was the first preacher. There are now 4 churches in town.' 

WAKREIVSBURGH— was formed from Thurman, Feb. 12, 1813. It lies between the two 
branches of the Hudson, near the center of the co., and upon the ridges s. of the junction. The 
peninsular portion is a rolling plateau 600 to 1,000 feet above the river. The s. w. part is occupied 
by an immense mountain mass with several summits 2,400 to 3,000 feet above tide. Nearly two- 
thirds of the land in town is arable. The soil is a light, sandy loam among the hills, and upon the 
river it is nearly the same, mixed with some clay. 'Warrensburgb (p. v.) is on Schroon River, 
3 mi. from its junction with the Hudson. Pop. 700. Across the Hudson, below the mouth of 
Schroon River, is a long bridge connecting tliis town with Thurman. The first settlement was 
made a few years after the close of the Revolution.* A M. E. church, the first in town, was organ- 
ized in 1796; and the Rev. Henry Ryan was the first minister. There are 4 churches in town.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Warren Coxmty. 



Names op Towns. 


Acres of Lato). 1 


Valuation op 1858. | 


Population. | 


i 

s 




.1 






ScHOOia. 


^ 


1 




11, l£ 






5 
c 

1 


e 

§ 


1 


oi 


449 




1 


0. 
1 


1 




i 

2 




4 


o 


4l 

10 


Bolton 


9.5S3J 


21,868 


113,972 


6,050 


120,022 


625 


542 


216 


232 


196 


CaldwelL 


4,891J 


9,081 


75,628 


16..326 


91,963 


452 


428 


164 


170 


138 


6 


378 


Chester 


16,498 


20,428 


198,333 


13,250 


211,683 


993 


943 


359 


385 


363 


20 


957 


Ila^ue 


6.154i 


29,6561 


69,449 


6.259 


64.708 


309 


806 


96 


110 


67 


7 


277 




7,492 


28,655 


101,580 


17,275 


118,866 


678 


568 


226 


335 


176 


12 


651 


Johnsburgh 


12.954J 


80,846} 


209,463 


6,102 


214.665 


1,059 


924 


356 


396 


293 


14 


800 


Luzerne 


10.281J 


n,187i 


91,418 


9.350 


100,768 


666 


620 


265 


265 


208 


13 


622 




21,288J 


16,674i 


1,002,430 


344,300 


1,316.730 


3,237 


3,201 


1,182 


1,294 


848 


24 


2,273 


Stonv Creek 


3,618 

8,695 

10,845 


45,113 
41,922 
20,010 


65.492 

63,400 

172,485 


1,450 

600 

13,160 


66,942 

64,000 

186,636 


491 

687 
987 


422 
672 
969 


178 
238 
3.34 


180 
247 
365 


12.3 
168 
238 


7 

7 

11 

131 


3.59 

424 

722 

7,812 




Warrenaburgh 


Total 


111,202J 


331,341 


2443,650 


432,111 


2,576,761 


10,184 


9,485 


3.614 1 3,979 1 2,807 




Lite Stock. j 


Ageictltokai Pkoducts. 


1 












6C9H. OF GbUW. 


1 


V ■ 


■g. 


DAiRr Prodcctb. 
























1| 
l,629i 




i5 




1 


i 




1 


I 


1 


^1 

ma. 


11 
5 6.592 


O 3 

0,(13 


fcS 


Bolton. 


277 


1,000 


58 


B 2.065 


454 


706 


10,721 


2,445 


12,41 


4S,606 


11,171 


Caldwell 


171 


288 


29 


3 856 


.347 


872 


10,683 


767 


7,18 


- 4,211 


27.632 




1,294 




460 


1.121 


70 


3 2,270 


694 


811 


31,855 


2,778 


26,14 


9 6,705 


43,030 


4.425 


1,406 


Hague 


132 


665 


26 


9 601 


aw 


648 


9,601 i 


1.123 


8.10 


5 6,292 


27,300 


1.290 


161 


180 
358 


728 
1.064 


36 
91 


6 1,094 
3 2.034 


385 
7.'M 


638 

858 


20,7874 
, 32.246 


1,768 
2.962 


13.31 


' 457} 


44,200 
63.606 


1,290 
6.940 


1,291J 
2,023 


Johnsburgh 

Luterne 


28.175 6.150 


282 


777 


48 


I 9.30 


4.1-4 


686 


20,362, 


l,492j 


9.a55 3,473 


40.600 


1,800 


61 6i 




960 i 1.039 
143 336 
128 600 
260 703 


1,36 
26 
30 
60 


3 3,164 
9 601 
8 1.148 

4 1.819 


1,452 
222 
220 
603 


6,173 
189 
330 
352 


85,90SJ 

i 10,165 

13,075, 

16,483i 


3,720- 

998 

2.074 

1.961 


36,40 
9.43 
11.84 
12.93 


5 20,744 
7 635 
■ 3.511 


102.982 
21,470 
26..575 
36,886 


30,920 

658 

4.700 

2,440 


1,505 
698 
247 
674 

11,434J 






Warrenaburgh 


5 2,10 


2 


ToUl 


3,341 


8 


121 


6,16 


i 16,472 


5,703 


12.164 


\ 270,889 


22.088}'173,328'68,77 


a 


482,7 


86 


64,634 



» The first settlers were James Ferguson, James. John, and 
(le<>. Donald, Wm. Riley. Wm. and Alex. Murray, Hugh McMiller. 
and John and Jae. E. Cameron. The first birth was that of 
Annjt Murray. 

2 Tho census reports 4 churches ; Bap., M. E., Presb., VI ^. Meth. 

* Nanieti in honor of John Thurman. 

* AniODg the early settlers were Thurston Kingston, Wm. 
■ohoson, Zebadiah Burdick, Elisha Kendall, Oliver Brooks, 



Richardson Moore. Benajah Wells, Amoa Bowen, Abiel Frost, 
and John King. The first marria;;e was thnt of Duncan Mcfiuen 
and Miss Cameron; and the first death, that of John Roynoldfi. 

6 Bap., M.E.. Prot. Meth.. and Wes. Meth. 

6 Wm. Bond, Joseph Hutchinson, Wm. Lee. .Tnsiah Wood- 
ward, Varnum. Richard.'^on Thurman. and Wni. Jnlmson 

were some of the first settlers. The first death was that i)f Wm- 
Johnson. ' 2 M.E., Wea. Meth., and Presb. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 




This countj' was formed from Albany as " Charlotte County,^''' 
March 12, 1772. Its name was changed April 2, 1784; Clinton 
CO. was taken off in 1788 ; the E. portion was ceded to Vermont in 
1790 ;' a strip along its s. border was annexed from Albany Feb. 7. 
[1791; and Warren co. was taken off in 1813. It lies on the E. 
1 border of the State, is centrally distant from Albany 45 ijiiles, and 
I contains an area of 850 sq. mi. The surface consists principally of 
|r 'ii^-_ ---T ' ' jc' 'S3 a series of ridges extending n. e. and s. w., and tlie valleys between 
\ / them. The remarkable depression which extends southerly from 

the s. extremity of Lake Champlain divides these ridges into two 
distinct groups, — the N. belonging to the Palmertown Mt. Range, 
and the s. constituting one of the connecting links between the high- 
lands of Southern New York and those of Western Vermont. The s. group is subdivided into three 
principal ranges, which are all related and of the same general character. The most southerly of 
these ranges is a northerly continuation of the Taghkanick Range of Rensselaer co., occupying the 
greater part of White Creek and the e. part of Jackson. The declivities are usually steep, and the 
summits broad, broken, and rocky. The second — sometimes described as a continuation of the 
Petersburgh Mts. of Rensselaer — constitutes the highlands of Cambridge, Jackson, Salem, and the 
E. part of Hebron and Granville. In Salem it spreads out like a fan between the streams. The 
third comprises the highlands of Easton, Greenwich, Argyle, Hartford, Granville, Hampton, and the 
E. part of Whitehall. It might with propriety be called Cossayuna Range, from the principal lake 
which it incloses. The declivities of these ranges are usually steep, and, except where broken 
by ledges, are arable to their summits. They gradually rise toward the E., reaching thoir culmi- 
nating point near the E. border of the co. The highest summits are 1000 to 1200 feet above 
tide. These three ranges belong to one general group and are of the same geological formation. 
They are composed of slate rock, ledges of which crop out along their whole extent. Many of 
these ledges in Granville and Hebron are quarried, and furnish stone much valued for roofing, 
building, and ornamental purposes. Among the slate quarries are found numerous veins of injected 
quartz, intersecting the slate strata in every direction, varying from the thickness of paper tu 
several inches. They often present cavities and surfaces beautifully studded with transparent 
crystals of quartz. The edges of the slate are sometimes bent and distorted by the quartz dikes, 
showing the extreme heat and great force of the injected veins. The soil in this system of 
highlands consists chiefly of disintegrated slate, and is very fertile. 

The second group of highlands, belonging to the Palmertown Mt. Range, occupy the towns ot 
Fort Ann, Dresden, Putnam, and the e. part of Whitehall. They belong to the primary format 
tion, their rocks consisting principally of gneiss, granite, sandstone, and impure limestone. Their 
sides are very precipitous and broken, and their summits are wild irregular masses of naked, 
barren rocks. The valleys between them are narrow and rocky, often bordered by precipices 
many hundred feet in height. The soil is cold and unproductive, like that of all regions of a 
similar geological formation. A narrow valley extending s. w. from the s. extremity of South 
Bay divides the group into two ranges. Saddle Mt., overlooking South Bay and 1000 ft. above 
tide, is the highest peak in the s. range ; and Black Mt., 2878 ft. above tide, is the highest peak 
in the N. range. Diameter Rock, on the N. shore of South Bay, is 1300 ft. above tide.* 



' The oriirinal bounds of thisco. were as follows: — All that part 
of the State N. of the present co. of Saratopa, and of a line ex- 
tending; from the mouth of Stony Creek 510 chains E. ; thence 
8. to the Batten Kil. and alontr that stream to the 8. line of 
Princetowu. and thence to ^^Oumhf.rhtntf^ co. Its w. line was the 
present w. line of Sarato^ra co. continued to Canada, and its E. 
line the w. lines of '•Cu»i/yfr/«0(/" and '*(??oMCe5(.T" coa. These 
limits embraced the w. h.Tlf of Vermont. N. of the Batten Kil, 
and the present cos. of Warren, Essex, Clinton, and a part of 
Fmnklin. 

3 Named from Princess Charlotte, eldest daughter of Geo. III. 

8 The act of cession, by commissioners appointed for the pur- 
pose, WM dated Oct. 7, 1790. and the line was finally settled by 
commisiiioaers frol»> both States in 1812. The N.Y. commis- 



sioners were Smith Thompson, Simeon He Witt and Geo. Tib- 
bitts. See Notes to N. Y. .Session Laws. April 15. 1814. 

* The following^ table of elevations is mostly from Dr. Fitch's 
Survey of Washington co. ; — 

FRBT. 

Black Mountain, in Dresden, the highest peak 2,87S 

Wiiiards Mountain. Easton 1,605 

Bald .Mt.. Greenwich 9V^ 

Summit between Hudson and Champlain Valleys.- 891 

Mt Defiance (Spafford's Gazetteer) 720 

Pinnacle, North Granville 694 

Batten Kil, Vt. Line (Sargeant's Canal Survey) 502 

Summit between Lake and Hudson River 469 

Eagle Bridge E. It. level, above Troy (S. M. Johnson 1 401 

677 



678 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



The Hudson River forms the s. half of the w. border of the co. A rich intervale, from half a 
mi. to a mi. in width, bordered by a series of clay bluifs 20 to 60 ft. high, extends along its course. 
Most of the other streams of the co. are tributaries of the Hudson, and among them are the 
Hoosick, Batten Kil, Moses and Fort Edward Creeks, and many smaller streams. Wood Creek^ is 
a deep, sluggish stream, flowing into Lake Champlain and draining the valley, which here extends 
from the lake to the Hudson. The soil along the valley is mostly a hard, stiff clay. The Metto- 
woe, or Pawlet, and the Poultney Rivers, from Vt., are tributaries of Wood Creek. In the co. are 
several other streams important as mill streams.^ Lake Champlain s. of Ticonderoga is scarcely 
more than a ship canal through a reedy marsh bordered by rocky cliffs. Lake George lies along 
the N. w. border of the co. Among the hills in the interior are several small lakes, the principal 
of which is Cossayuna Lake, in Argyle.^ 

The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits of the people. The principal 
grains raised are rye, spring wheat, oats, buckwheat, and corn. Peas, beans, flax, and potatoes 
are also extensively cultivated. Stock raising, dairying, and wool growing are also extensively 
pursued. The manufactures of the co. are principally along the Hudson and Batten Kil. 

The county offices are divided among several towns. The courts are held alternately at Salem and 
Sandy Hill, and the clerk's office and co. poorhouse are located at Argyle.* The jail is connected 
with the courthouse at Salem, and all prisoners sentenced for more than two months are sent to the 
penitentiary at Albany. 

The principal public works in the co. are the Champlain Canal,^ extending in and along Wood 
Creek and the Hudson to Greenwich ; the Saratoga & Whitehall R. R., extending through Fort 
Edward, Kingsbury, Fort Ann, and Whitehall, with a branch to Lake Station and another to 
Castleton, Vt. ; and the Rutland & Washington R. R., extending from Eagle Bridge, through White 
Creek, Jackson, and Salem, to the State line. 

The first newspaper in this co. was established at Salem, in 1788.® 

Upon the advent of the whites, few Indians were found within the limits of this co. ; but Indian 



Sandy Hill Center, green and street (W. T. Baker) 2S0 

Glens Falls Feeder, summit level *' 229 

Champlain Canal " (Spafford) 140 

Iludson River, Ft. Edward to Ft. Miller *■ 110 

'' above Saratoga Dam " 92 

Lake Champlain (various authorities) 86to93 

Lowest point on Hudson in Easton 75 

Fort Edward (R. R. Survey) 143 

Fort Ann " 121 

Comstocks Landing " 114 

Whitehall Junction " 121 

Lake Champlain " « 88.2 

fcitateLine " 328 

1 i?. du Chicnt. or *' River of Logs" of the French. 

2 At Sandy Hill a dam 8 to 10 ft. high and 1200 ft. long crosses 
the Uudson, the water setting back to the foot of the rapids 
below Glens Falls. At Fort Edward a dam 27 ft. hiuh and 900 
feet long was built by the State in 1821, as a fee<ier to the 
canal, but, the Glens Falls feeder superseding it, it whs sold to 
a company in 1840 and cut down to 16 ft. The Saratoga Dam 
(where the Champlain Canal cros-ses the Hudson into Saratoga 
CO.) is 1390 feet Ion?. Batten Kil is crossed by 9 dams. White 
Creek furnishes a large number of mill sites, once improved, but 
now mo.«tlv abandfint-d. Black Creek has several valuable and 
improved mill sites. Mettowee or Pawlet River has also several 
valuable mill sites. 

a The following estimates are taken from Dr. Fitch'a Ag. Sur- 
vey of Wash. Co. :— 

ACBEft. 

Surface of Lake Champlain (within the co.). 6,400 

" of Hudson River " - 1.56(» 

Kingsbury Swamp 9,600 

Aggregate amount covered by water or marshes. 27,229 

•' « « by roads 8,200 

" " unimproved private lands 188,052 

" '* lands in cultivation 310.760 

* The first co. officers under the State Government were Wm 

Daer, First Jwlge, ; Ebenezer Clarke, Cb. Clerk ; John Thomas, 

Sheriff; and Richard Hatfield, Surrogate. 

5 The channel of the Hudson was first used from Saratoga 
Dam to Fort Edward, except a short canal with locks around 
the falls .^t Fort Miller. The summit level is fed by the Glens 
Falls navigable feeder. 

6 The Times. It was published by Mr. Gerrish ; and in 1795 

it was changed to 

The Washington Patriot. From 1810 to 1818 it bore the name of 

The Northern Post, and was published successively by Dodd A 
Rnmsey and Dodd & Stevenson. About 1827 it ap- 
peared as 

The O). Pout atifl North Star; and in 1840 aa 

Tlie Washington Co. Post. It is now published at 
North White Creek by R. K. Crocker. 



The Washington Register was started at Salem in 1802 by John 

P. Reynolds, and continued several years. 
The Salem Messenger w us commenced about 1S19. 
The Salem Pre.^s was issued May 21, 185U, by VV. B. Harkness^ 

and is still continued. 
T}ie Whitehall Emporivm was published froml822 until about 1828, 
Th'i Wliit'hall Republican was published in lSo2 by J. K. Averill. 
The "Whitehall Chronicle was started in June, 1840, 

;inil is now publislied by H. D. Morris. 
The IVhitehall Democrat was founded in 1845, and 

is now published by 11. Dudley and J. B. Wilkins. 
TliA Wliilehall Telegraph (tri-w.) was commenced in 1847, and 

continued a short time. 
The Whitehaller was published by W. S. Southmaid in 1849. 
The American Sentinel was established in June, 1855, 

by Jolin K. M'atkins. 
The Sandy Hill Herald was started in 1824, and is 

now published by E. D. Baker. 
The Sun was published at Sandy Hill in 1826 by A. Emmons. 
The Free Press was issued by the same publisher in is;j2. 
T/ie Indepiynient Politician was published at Sandy Hill in 1832 

by C. Y. Haynes &. Co. 
The Temperance Advocate was published at Sandy Hill the same 

year b}' S. P. Hines. 
The Anti Masonic Champifm was started at Tnion Village In 

1S30 by L. Dewey, and published by him until 1S36, 

when Wells & Ljinsing became the proprietors. 
The Banner was published at Union Village in 1836 by Wells & 

Lansing. 
The Union Village Q)urant was published in 1836 by Ormsby k 

Holmes. 
The Union Village Deniocrat was started in- 1S39 by John W. 

Lawton. and in 1S41 John C. Osborn became the pub- 
lisher. Id 1>42 hf was succeeded by Joseph Holmes, 

by whom it was styled 
The Democratic Chawpion. aud continued until 1846. 
TA^ WTi.'!/lI>J'?^'?^^'^. .^'''i'"''/ Wits puMif^hcd at Union Villageinl840. 
The AV.Co. People's Journal wa^ i-.niid-d in 1843 by 

John W. Curtis, by whom it is still (ml'lisbed. 
The Champion was st^Artedat Union A'illise in 1n4 I y -i Hi^lniea. 
The Eagle was started by J. L.Cramer in 1845. Inls4tiit became 
The Union Vdlaoe Eagle, and was published about 2yeai-8 by 

McCall & Bailey. 
The Union Vdlage Democratic Standard v/aB published in 1849 

by Wm"; A. McCall. 
The Wash'ingfon Tdrgraph was established in 1849, aud is n>*w 

pulilish'-d by C. M. Haven, as 
The Granville Register. 
The J*itbhr LMqer, started at Fort Edward in ISM by H. F. 

ISlnnchard. is n ■«■ c:illi'<l the 
Port Edward Ledger. 
The Fort Edward Institute Monthly was started 

ju 1 li*> L.y W m. A. Ilolley. uud is atill publi.-hed. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



679 



trails and implements of Indian art frequently found show that it had been inhabited at a former 
period. The n. portion of the co,, lying in the natural channel of communication between Hudson 
Kiver and Lake Champlaln/ became the great highway of hostile parties passing between the 
Five Nations and the Canada Indians, and at a later day by the more formidable armies of disci- 
plined troops in the sti'uggles which ended in the conquest of Canada. The French made incur- 
sions upon the English and Five Nations in 16G5, 1688, and 1093 ; and these were returned by 
attacks upon the French and Indians in Canada in 1091 and 1692. For several years after, the 
passage of small hostile parties was of frequent occurrence. In 1709, Forts Ann and Nicholsuu 
were erected by the English and garrisoned for the protection of the northern frontier; but 
upon the return of peace they were abandoned.^ Frequent incursions of small parties were made 
in the AVar of 1748, and many persons were murdered, — though no regular engagement took place. 
Again, during the French War of 1755, forts were built at Ft. Ann, Ft. Edw^ard, and the whole 
region around the head of Lakes George and Champlain became the theater of stirring military 
events. The armies that attacked Ticonderoga, and those that finally effected the conquest of all 
the French posts upon the lakes, marched through this region ; and it formed a portion of the great 
battle-ground between the armies of two nations contending for the sovereignty of a continent. In 
the summer and fall of 1777, upon the advance of Burgoyne, war again, for a brief space, spread 
terror and desolation over the whole region ** Skcneshorough^* was burned and abandoned on the 
7th of July, Fort Ann was taken on the 8th, Fort Edward on the 28th, and the country was over- 
run by the enemy soon after. On the 13th and 14th of Sept. the British army crossed the Hudson 
into Saratoga co. ; and about the 10th of Oct. Fort Edward was re-taken by the Americans, thus 
effectually cutting off the retreat of the army, already disheartened by their defeat at Bemis 
Heights. The surrender of Burgoyne put an end to the war in this section ; and the subsequent 
history of the co. is but the record of the continued and progressive triumphs of peaceful industry. 



ARGYLE^ — was granted by patent, March 13, 1764,* and formed as a town, March 23, 1786. 
Greenwich was taken off in 1803, and Fort Edward in 1818, It lies near the center of the co. Its 
surface is rolling in the n. and w. and broken and hilly in the s. and e. The highlands are divided 
into broad ridges with abrupt declivities. In the n. part Tamerack Swamp covers several hundred 
acres. The principal stream is the Moses Kil,^ which flows in a s. w. direction through near the 
center of the town. The other streams are small brooks, which flow into the Hudson, Batten Kil, 
and Wood Creek. Cossayuna Lake® is a beautiful sheet of water, 3 mi. long, situated in a narrow 
valley in the s. e. part of the town. It is everywhere surrounded by steep hill slopes, and contains 
several beautiful green islands. To the n. e. of this lake, high up among the hills, is Argyle Lake,' 
a small sheet of water, half a mile in circumference. The soil of the town is generally a pro- 
ductive, slaty or gravelly loam. A mineral spring, 1 mi. n. w. from South Argyle, is said to re- 
semble those at Saratoga. Ar^Ie (p. v.) was incorp. March 27, 1838. It is the seat of the 
Argyle Academy. Pop. 375. ]\orf li Argyle and Soutb Arg"yle (p. offices'! each contains 
about 20 houses, and TUe Hook. 10. Argyle was conveyed to 83 families, and in 1765 the first 
settlement commenced.® The family of John Allen, a tory living on Lot 25, was murdered by 
Indians belonging to Burgoyne's army, July 26, 1777,^ The first church (Asso. Ref. Presb.) was 
formed in 1793 ;^° Rev. Geo. Mairs was the first preacher. 



1 There were three distinct routes, — one from Fort Edward, 
down Wood Creek, with a portage of 6 to 10 mi., one from Fort 
Ann to the bead of South Bay, and one from Giens Falls to 
Lake George. 2 goe page 682. 

3 Named in honor of the Scottish Duke of Argyle. 

* This patent was granted to Scotch immi^'rantfl (who came 
over under Laughlin Campbell in 1738-40) and to their descend- 
ants. It embraced 47.450 acres, and granted township privileges. 
Duncan Read. Neal Shaw, Alexander McNachten. (McNauph- 
ton.) and Neal Gillespie were appointed trustees. A stately 
avenue, called " The Sfrftt," 7 mi. in lenpth and 24 rods in 
width, was laid out (on paper) and surveyed E. and w. through 
the center of the township, and lots were laid out on each side. 
In the rear farm lots were laid out, thus affording accommoda- 
tions for proprietors and tenants. In the summer of 17ft4 this 
tract was surveyed and divided into 141 lots, in accordance with 
this plan, by Arch. Campbell, of N. J., and Chris. Yates, of Sche- 
nectady. The natural impediments in the way, however, pre- 
cluded the possibility of building the street or in any way real- 
izing the plan. 

* Formerly "^^Moss Kil,'" probably from Capt. Moss, who settled 
opiHMite its mouth. 



* Called at different times^JWi^," ''Legbrauts,^' ".VcEochrons." 
"Cowans," and "i^?^ Lal'e." The name given on the uiapand in 
the text, after having gone out of use. was restored by Dr. Fitch 
in his survey. Cossayuna is said by the St. Fran^nis Indians to 
signify '* The Lake at our pines" and is highly expressive of its 
original scenery. 

J Summit Lake is a picturesque sheet of water in the co., upon 
the vei-y summit of the central range of hills. Two sawmills 
are supplied by its outlet. 

8 Alex. McNaiighton, Arch. Livingston, Duncan Campbell, 
and Koger Read settled on the Bj^tten Kil; and .James Gilles. 
Duncan Taylor, and George Kilmer, near the center of thu 
town. Many of the lots were never visited or claimed by theii- 
proprietors, and they were taken up by squatters. The first 
death was that of Mrs. Arch, Drown. 

^This family had been assured of protection by Burgoyne. 
Their murder, together with that of .lane McCrea, had the ten 
dency to convert many persons who had hitherto been torie» 
into active partisans in the Anterican cause. 

w The census reports 5 churches; 2 Aaso. Presb., M. E., Ref. 
Presb. or Cong., and I'rot. E. 



680 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

CAI^BRIDGE — was incorp. by patent,^ July 21, 1701. It was formed as a town^ in Al- 
bany CO. Mareh 7, 1788, and annexed to Washington co. Feb. 7, 1791. White Creek and Jackson 
were taken off in 1815. The surface of the town is hilly in the n. and rolling in the s. The 
summits of the hills are 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The e. part embraces a portion of the 
valley of Owl Kil, which is celebrated for the beauty of its scenery. Upon the w. of this 
valley are high undulating hills, the broad sweeps of which show alternate patches of green wood- 
land and cultivated farms ; and upon the E. rise the Taghkanick Mts., rough and broken, while 
the valley itself is very smooth and level. The other streams are Wampecack Creek, Whiteside 
Brook, and several other small brooks. The soil is generally a gravelly and sandy loam. Flax is 
extensively cultivated. Cambridge (p. v.) contains 100 houses and the Cambridge Washingt<tn 
Academy; Center Cambridge (p. v.) 13 houses; IVortb Canibridg-e (p. o.) 10; and 
BusKirk^ Bridge^ (p. v.) 15. The first settlers consisted of 30 families, who located in 1761, 
'62, and '63 and who each received 100 acres of land as a gift from the proprietors.* Phineas 
Whiteside,^ from Penn., settled 8 mi. w. of the Colerain Colony, in 1766. The expedition against 
Bennington, under Baum, passed through the town Aug. 13, 1777 ; and the remnant of the fugi- 
tives returned on the night of the 16th. The first church (Asso. Presb.) was organized in 1789; 
Rev. Thos. Beverly was the first pastor.* 

DR£$DEX — was formed from Putnam, as "South Bat/,'' March 15, 1822; its present name 
was adopted April 17, 1822. It lies between Lake George and the s. extremity of Lake Champlain. 
Nearly its entire surface is covered by steep mountain ridges, several peaks of which are 1500 ft. 
above the lake. The declivities of the mountains are steep, sometimes forming perpendicular preci- 
pices several hundred feet high. Upon the side of Lake George the mountains rise abruptly from 
the very edge of the water ; but upon the borders of Lake Champlain is a narrow strip of arable 
land. The principal mountain peaks are Black' and Sugar Loaf Mts. and Diameter Precipice. 
Pike Brook and the head branches of Mill Brook take their rise in these mountains. All of the 
surface in the interior is covered with forests or naked rocky peaks. The soil is hard and sterile, and 
is unfit for agricultural purposes. The town was principally conveyed to non-commissioned officers 
and privates of the Colonial British army ; and settlement was begun about 1784, by Jos. Phippeny, 

at the foot of South Bay. Ebenezer Chapman, Boggs, and Daniel Huff came soon after, and 

settled along the bay and lake. Lumbering has formed a prominent pursuit. In several localities 
iron and other ores have been noticed, but none worked to any extent. The town is without a p. o. 
A bridge was built, at the expense of the State, across South Bay, near its outlet, in 1856. 

EASTOX — was formed from Stillwater and Saratoga, March 3, 1789, while a part of Albany 
CO., and so named from being the e. town in the Saratoga Patent. It was annexed to Washington 
CO. Feb. 7, 1791. It lies upon the e, bank of the Hudson. A broad intervale extends along the 
course of the river, which is succeeded by a plateau region, embracing the central and s. portions 
of the town. The e. part is broken by several lofty hills. The principal highlands are Willards 
Mt.^ and Harrington Hill. The streams are Hudson River and Batten Kil,^ forming the w. and 
N. boundaries of the town. Kidney and Vly Creeks, and a few minor streams. Upon the e. borders 
of the town is an extensive swamp known as ''The VIj/."^° The Di-on-on-dah-o-wa Falls," upon 

1 This patent embraced 31,500 acres, find was nominally con- [ Thomas, William, and James) upon large farms near him. 
vfyed to 60 persons, most of whom resided in HeliruD, Conn. These estates are all owned by his descendants at the present 
The real owners were but 6 in number, and of these 3 only were ( day. The remaining lauds were mostly leased by the six pro- 
mentioned in the cliarter, viz. : Isaac Sawver and Edward'Wells, i prietors at an annual rent of one shilling per acre; but, they 

being generally willing to sell at a sum equal to the present 

worth of the perpetual rent, most of the settlers have gradually 
acquired the fee simple of their farms. The first iim was of logs, 
on the site of the " Checkered House" and kept by Jas.Cowden. 
Philip Tan \ess built the first sawmill and gTlstn)ill on Gordons 
Brook, near Buskirks Bridge. This neighborhood was called by 
the Indians " Ti/-o-shf>l.e,'' and by them a fii.-ld of 12 acres had 
been cleared there for corn. Other early settlers on the Hoosick 
Patent were Col. Lewis Van Wort and John Quackenbush. 

« The census reports 4 churches ; 3 M. E., 1 Asso. Presh. 

' Black Mt.. the highest, is 2.879 ft. above tide. 

8 Willards Mt. is said to have derived its name from a Mr. 
Willard. who from its summit, with a spyglass, reconnoiterod 
the position of Burgoyne's army at Saratoga. 

» Judge Benson, in his work upon the names of places, states 
that this Ptream was named from the Christian name of Bar- 
tholomew Van Uogeboora, first settler above Stillwater. Bart, 
is the abbreviation of Bartholomew, and hence Btirts Kily or 
Batten Kil. 

10 A term used to denote a marsh overgrown with bog moss 
and low bushes. 

n Pronounced Di-on-f-n-dah'o-wa. On amapofSaratogaPatent 
published in 1709 it is written Di-on-on-de-ho-we. 



of Conn., and Jacob Lansing, founder of Lansingburgh. The 
other three owners — Alex. Colden, Wm. Smith, and Geo. Banyar 
— were connected with the Colonial Government. 

* The town included a portion of the Iloosick Patent. 
3 Named from Martin Van Buskirk, who built the first bridge. 

* The patent was conditional to the settlement of. 30 fiimilies 
within 3 years; and to meet this requirement tlie most inviting 
portion was surveyed, and 100 acres offered as a gift to each 
family that would remove thither. These lots lay in a double 
row, on both sides of Owl Kil, from below the '* Checkered 
Housf" into the present town of Jackson. They embrace the 
several village precincts from Davis Corners to near Stephen- 
sons C<'rnei-s. Among the settlers were Jas. and Kubt., sons of 
Kphraim C^^iwan, Jas. and John Cowden, John McClung. Samuel 
Bell. Col. Blair. Geo. Gilmore, Geo. Duncan, David Harrow. Wra. 
Clark. John Scott, and Tlios. Morrison. A son of tlie last was 
the first child born of civilized parents in town. Hugh Kelso, 
a son of Col. Blair, was the first person who died in town. It is 
recorded that of these 30 families (who were fur a time the most 
thrifty in town) all but two lost their property and died in 
poverty, mainly from intemperance. They were mostly from 
folerain, Conn. 

& William Whiteside acquired the title to 3 lots, of 400 acres 
rich, of the finest land, and settled hia sons (John, Peter, 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 681 

Batten Kil, below Galesvdlle, are GO ft. high, and well worthy of note. The soil ie an excellent 
quality of eaody and gravelly loam. Limestone of an excellent quality abounds in this town. 
Machinery, agricultural implements, and woolen goods are manufactured at Galesville. E^siston 
Corners (North Easton p. o,) contains 30 houses; Easton (p. v.) 17; Soutli Hastou 
(p.v.) 15; and Crandalls Corners 8. Parts of Union Village and GaBesville^ are 
in this town. The date of the first settlement is unknown, but it was probably several years 
after the Saratoga Patent- was issued. In 1709 a fort^ was built on the hill top, 1 mi. s. of Gales- 
ville, and a few families settled under its shelter; but the dread of Indian hostilities prevented tlie 
settlement from spreading. On the 30th of Nov. 1745, the enemy made a descent upon the place, 
killed 30 persons, and took 60 prisoners, including a portion of the garrison, who were decoyed 
from the fort by the Indians feign*, ig to be wounded. The remaining part of the garrison burned 
the fort and unfinished blockliouses and withdrew, leaving the frontier unprotected. Settlers did 
not return until 1760.* At Schuylerville is a bridge across the Hudson 800 ft. long. The first 
religious meeting (Quaker) was held in 1778. A Ref. Prot. D. church was formed in 1805; Rev, 
Philip Duryea was the first preacher.^ 

FORT A]V]V— was formed, as " Wesifield," March 23, 1786. Hartford was taken off in 1793, 

and Putnam in 1806. It received its present name, April 6, 1808, from the old fort erected here in 
1709. It lies s. of the southern extremity of Lake Champlain, and s. e. of Lake George. Its central 
and w, parts are occupied by the high and rocky peaks of the Palmertown^ Mts., here divided into 
three distinct ranges, — Palmertown Mt., in the w. part, Mt. Putnam, in the center, and Fort Ann 
Mts., in the e. The extreme e. edge of the town is occupied by uplands belonging to the Cossayuna 
Range. Diameter Rock and Buck Mt., on the line of Dresden, are the highest peaks, and are 
1300 to 2500 ft, above tide. The valle^^s separating the ranges of the Palmertown Mts. are known 
a& " I^urnace'^ and *^ Welchs Hollow." The principal streams are Wood Creek, Halfway Creek, 
Furnace Hollow Creek, and Podunk Brook. The principal bodies of water are Orebed, Sly, Cupe- 
land, Hadlock, and Trout Ponds. The soil in the mountain region is hard and sterile, scarcely 
strong enough to support the natural growth of forest trees ; but in the valleys it is a gravelly loam 
alternating with a stiff clay.'^ Iron® and woolen goods are manufactured to some extent, Fort 
Ann^ (p. V.) has 608 inhabitants ; Oriswolds Jflills (p. v.) about 14 houses. West Fort 
Ann, (p.o.,) Soutli Bay, Canes Falls, and Conistocks I^anding (p.o.) are small 
villages. Fort Ann was one of a chain of military works erected in 1709, to facilitate the exten- 
sive operations then in progress against Canada.*** It stood upon the w. side of "Wood Creek, about 
half a mile from the present village of Fort Ann, the Champlain Canal passing partly across the 
spot which it enclosed. It was built at the joint expense of England and the Colonies. Artillery 
Patent, covering the e. part of this town, was granted Oct. 24, 1764, to Jos. Walton and 23 other 
Provincial officers, in equal shares, irrespective of grade. Settlement was not generally begun 
until after the Revolution. An engagement occurred here, July 8, 1777, between the rear guard 
of the retreating American army, under Col. Long, and the advanced guard of the British, under 
Col. Hill." In Oct. 1780, a blockhouse in this town was burned by the enemy. The first church 
(Bap.) was formed in 1780;*^ Rev. Sherman Babcock was the fii'st pastor. 

FORT EDWARD— was formed from Argyle, April 10, 1818. It lies upon the e. bank 
of the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the co. A wide intervale extends along the 



1 Formerly called "Arkansaw." The present name is derived 
from John Gale, former proprietor of the villape site. See p. 68.1. 

2 This patent was granted Nov. 4. 1GS4. and renewed Oct, 9, 
1708. The part E. of the Hudson was 12 mi. long; and 6 mi, broad. 

* This fort WHS built of thick posts driven into the ground close 
to each other, in the manner of palisades, forming a square, "the 
lenjiith of whose sidea waa within the reach of a musket shot." 
At each corner were houses for officers; and within the palisades 
were barracks of timbers. — Kalm's Travels. 

* Among the first settlers of aboutthis period were Pet. Becker, 
Elijah Freeman, Thos. and Mishal Beadle. William Thompson. 
Nathan Totter. John Swain, and William Coffin. A school was 
taught near Union Village as early aa 17S7. Gerrit Lansingh 
kept the first store, iu 1794; and John Gale built the firt't mill, 
nt Galesville, in 1810. The first woolen factory waa built ia the 
summer of 184t5, by Gale, Rodgers & Iteynolds, 

6 There are 5 churches in town ; 2 M. E., 2 Kef. Prot. D., and 1 
Friends. 

6 &iid to be named from a small remnant of Indians, who were 
driven from Conn, and settled here. 

I Near Wood Creek, 50 feet above the present surface of the 



5 tons of pig iron daily, A forge was bnilt at West Fort Ann in 
1S2S. for making anchora and chain cables. 

9 lucorp. March 7, 1S20. 

10 While this fort was in process of erection, a force of 1500 
French and Indians were sent to destroy it; but, learning that 
Col. r^icholson was posted here with a superior furce, they r** 
turned. 'While the English were awaiting at this place th<s 
opening of a road and the construction of bateaux on Lake 
Champlain. a fatal sickness broke out in the camp, and great 
numbers died as if poisoned. In October Col. Nicholson re- 
turned with his crippled forces to Albany. Charlevoix states 
that this sickness was produced by the treachery of the Indians, 
who threw the skins of their game into the swamp above the 
camp. It is more probable that it was a malignant dysentery 
caused by the malaria of the swamps and the extreme heat. 

1' The Americans were obliged to retreat in cunsefjni-nce of their 
ammunition giving out. They destroyed their works, and felli-d 
trees across the road and creek, obstructing tlic route to Fort 
Edward asmujh as possible. The removal of these obstruct ions 
caused a delay of several weeks, which finally proved fatal to 
the invading army. 



eti-eam, are found pot holes worn by water, evidently by an i ^Xhe first edifice waa built in ISIO, 2mi.E. of Peweys Bridge, 
ancient current flowing southward. I and isnowuaedasaschnulhouse. There are6churches in town; 

* A blast furnace was built at Mt. Hope in 1826, which makes | 3 Bap., M. E., Meth. Prot., and Free. 



682 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



river, but toward the e. the surface rises to a height of 200 to 300 ft. and spreads out into a heauti- 
fully uuduhiting upland. The Hudson, Moses Kil and Dead Creek are the principal streams. The 
soil upon the river is a mixture of heavy clay and alluvium, but farther e. it is a sandy or gravelly 
loam. lu town are several extensive manufacturing establishments.^ Fort Ed^vard'^ (p-^O 
J3 finely situated on the Hudson. Pop. in 1858, 1,5G5. The Washington Co. Seminary and Female 
Collegiate Institute,^ one of the largest academic institutions in the State, is located at this village. 
Fort Miller (p. v.) is situated on the Hudson, about 7 mi. below Fort Edward. Pop. 225. Fort 
Edward Center is a p. o., and Durkeetown is a hamlet. The first family that located 
in the town or co. was that of Col. Lydius, son of Rev. John Lydius, who, having acquired the 
title to Delliu's discarded patent, built a house, and engaged in trade with the Indians at what 
is now Fort Edward Village.* His daughter, Catherine, was born here, and was the first white 
child born in the co. Fort Nicholson was built in 1709, but was soon after abandoned. As a 
part of the plan of military operations against Canada, about 600 men, under Gen. Lyman, were 
sent forward, in June, 1755, to build a fort where Fort Nicholson had formerly stood, at the great 
carrying place to Lake Champlain.^ Fort Edward was a very importiint depot for arms and ren- 
dezvous for armies in the great expeditions against Canada; and it served as a vast hospital for the 
sick and wounded until 1760, when it was allowed to go to decay. During the Revolution it was 
again occupied by both British and Americans. Fort Miller is named from the fort built, about 
1755, in the bend of the river opposite the village.® After the peace this town settled rapi<lly. 
Wm. Duer/ son-in-law to Lord Sterling, was the pioneer of Ft. Miller, where he built a large house 
and sawmill. There are 6 churches in town.^ 

GRAIVVIELE— was formed March 23, 1786. It is situated upon the e. border of the co., N, 
of the center. Its surface is undulating and hilly. The ridges generally slope gradually to 
their summits, which are elevated 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Quarries of excellent roofing 
elate have been opened in difiereut parts of the town.® Wide intervales of excellent land extend 
along the course of Mettowee, or Pawlet,'^ and Indian Rivers. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam, 
and is particularly adapted to potatoes, large quantities of which are exported. A limited amount 
of manufactures" is carried on in town. Grafiiville'- {p. v.) c<tntains 450 inhabitants; IVorUl 
Granville (p. v.) a female seminary, and 220 inhabitants; Middle Granville (p. v.) an 
academy and 800 inhabitants ; and SoutBi Granville (p. v.) 111. The land in this town is em- 
braced in several grants made to about 30 captains and lieutenants who had served in the French 
War.^^ Barnaby Byrnes Patent, of 2000 acres, in the s. e. corner, was sold to Kennith McKcnnith, 
a merchant of New York, who again sold it to Donald Fisher, a tailor of that city. Fisher induced 
several relatives of his to remove from Scotland aud settle upon his tract. In the Revolution he 
withdrew to Canada, and his lands were confiscated and sold; but, owing to some informality, the 



1 The dam at Fort Kdward furnishes water for 4 gang sawmills, 
a macliine shop and furnace, a flouring mill. pKistcr mill, paper 
mill, and cotton factory. At Fort Miller Dam are a grist and saw 
mill, fulling mill, machine shop, and wooleu factory. 

- lucorp. under Gen. Act of 1847. 

8 The st-minary building is 300 ft. long by 40 broad, and 
stories high, besi'dee an exrensive wing. It baa accommodations 
for 500 pupils. See page 743. 

* His house was burned by the Indiana in 1749, and his son 
taken prisoner. 

& It was named Fort Lyman; but a few years aflor, the name 
was changed to Ft. Edward, iu honor of Edward, Duke of York, 
grandson of Geo. II, and brother of Geo. III. It stood on the 
bank of the river, N. of the creek, and within the present village 
limits. It was 4 Bided, with bastions on 3 angles, the fourth 
bemg protected by the river. Its ramparts of earth and timber, 
If'i ft. his;h and 22 thick, were mounted with 6 cannon and in- 
closed several large buildings. Storehouses and barracks were 
built on Monroes Island, opposite. A band of savages at'tempted 
to surprise it in Aug. 1759, but were repulsed by Maj. Israel I'ut- 
njim and his rangers. In the winter following. Putnam saved 
the fort from destruction by a characteristic exercise of cool in- 
trepidity and ri.aring. The fort accidentally took fire, and the 
fliimes spread with great rapidity in the immediate vicinity of 
the powder magazine. Putnam placed himself in the path of 
the flames, and fought desperately until the fire was subdued; 
Hiid when he retired from his poet his arms, face, and hands 
were entirely skinned, and the frail covering of the magazine was 
completely charred. 

The murder of Jane McCrea took place .Tuly 27. 1777, near a 
spring, and beside a venerable pine tree a little E. of the village. 
This tragedy was at once reported throughout the country, and 
aided greatly to weaken the influence of the British, while it 
anmsod the patriots to more desperate efforts in resisting the in- 
Tuders. The old pine tree died in 1849; and in 1853 it was cut 



down and made into ciiues and boxes as mementos of the event 
The remains of Miss McC. are interred in the Union Ceuietery. 

® The flat upon which this fort was erected is protected on three 
sides by the river and a narrow bay; it was further defended by 
a strong parapet of timber covered with earth, antl with a ditch 
in front. A blockhouse was built upou the bluff" that overlooks 
the point; and within the flat storehouses were erected. 

■> lie was the first State Senator from this co. Among the 
first settlers were Noah Payne, from Warren co.. Conn., in 1766, 
Timothy Bucl, and the Crocker families. Nath'l Gage was living 
at Ft. Miller when these families arrived. The Durkee, Saun- 
ders, and Bell families settled in the upper part of the town. 
The first one of these consisted of a father and 5 sons, from R. I. 
These settlers first to*ik out titles under Lydius, but, finding 
them invalid, they bought of the Schuyler pioprieters. There is 
no tradition of loss to the settlers from this cause, — whence it is 
inferred that Col. Lydius refunded whatever he may have re- 
ceived. Hugh Monroe, (owner of Monroes Island.) Patrick 
Smith, and Dr. Jas. Smith settled at Fort Edward about 1764. 
The house of Patrick Smith — still standing, y mi. s, of Canal 
Aqueduct — was the headquarters of Burgoyne and Gen. Schuy- 
ler at different times during the Revolution; and it was the co. 
courthouse. 

8 2 M. E.. 2 Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., Presb. 

» Tlie laborers engaged in this business are mostly Welsh. 
Jones &. Co. have an extensive factory for cutting and dressing 
this for a variety of ornamental and useful purposes. 

10 This stream, rising among the Dorset Mts., is subject to 
sudden and severe freshets, which render the maintenance of 
bridges difficult and expensive. 

U At Granville Village are a paper mill and woolen factory. 

12 Incorp. in 1S49; formerly called *' Bishnps Corm-r/;:' 

13 These grants became known by the names of the patentees, 
as ^'Grants N'yrth and South Patent," ^ Lakes Pate Jit,'' •■Hutchiit- 
sons PaUnt" " Kelleys PaUnt," ''Dupersons Patent," &c. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



683 



State afterward bought off his claim, for $12,000.' The firet carding machine used in the State 
was erected at Middle Granville, in 1808.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed Aprill6, 1782; 
the fir.st pastor. Rev. Oliver Hitchcock, was settled in 1786 ; and the church was erected in 1790.^ 

ttREEWWIC'H— was formed from Argyle, March 4, 1803. It lies on the w. border of the 
CO., in the n. angle formed by the junction of tlie Hudson and Batten Kil. Ranges of hill.s, 200 to 
300 ft. above the valleys, extend through the central and eastern parts of the town. Bald Mt., 
near Batten Kil, is the principal peak. The declivities of the hills are so gradual that the surface 
appears to be rolling rather than hilly. Upon Batten Kil are two considerable falls, one of whicli 
is 75 ft. iu height. The other principal streams are the Cossayuna, Rogers, and Stony Creeks and 
Livingston Brook. Cossayuna Lake extends into the N. E. corner of the town. The soil is a slaty 
and gravelly loam interspersed with patches of clay. The town is more extensively engaged in 
manufactures than any other iu the co.* Union Tillage/ (Greenwich p. o.,) on the line of 
Easton, contains an academy and 1,173 inhabitants, 888 of whom are in Greenwich; Bald 
Mountain^ (p. v.) 225 inhabitants; East Greenwicli (p. v.) and Center Falls each 
about 100 houses; and IVortli Greeuwicli (p. v.) 70. Galesville (p. v.) is a manufac- 
turing village of about 40 houses, on the line of Easton. Battenville, (p. v.,) iu the s. e. 
corner, contains about 200 inhabitants, liakeville (Lake p. o.) is a hamlet. It is sup- 
posed that the first settlement was made by the Dutch, previous to the French War, a few 
families of them remaining at the time of the Revolution.' About 1733 a large number of Scotch 
emigrants had come over under the promise of grants of land from Government, — which promise was 
not fulfilled. Jan. 5, 1763, three of these emigrants — Duncan, George, and Jas. Campbell, sons of 
Laughliu Campbell — petitioned for 100,000 acres; and on the 11th of Nov. following a patent of 
10,000 acres was issued to the 3 brothers, their 3 sisters, (Rose Graham, Margaret Eustace, and Lily 
Murray,) and 4 other persons. This grant embraced about one-third of the town of Greenwich. 
The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1774; Rev. Leonard Bowers was the first preacher.' 

HAMPTOW — was formed March 3, 1786. It lies upon the e. border of the co., N. of the 
center. A range of hills, about 500 ft. above the valleys and for the most part covered with 
forests, extends through the central and eastern parts of the town. Poultney River, separating 
the town from Vt., is the principal stream. Along its course is a wide intervale of fine land. 
The soil is a gravelly loam interspersed with clay. The intervale is alike fertilized and desolated 
by the frequent overflows of the stream. Hampton Corners (Hampton p. o.) contains 20 
houses, and I.01V Hampton^ (P-o.) 5. The greater part of this town was included in patents 
granted to Provincial oflicers. The N. part embraces about 2000 acres of Skene's Little Patent."" 
The first settlement was made some little time before the Revolution," by Capt. Brooks, Col. 

Gideon Warren, and Webster. The first church (Prot. E.) was built at a very early date;''' 

Rev. Stephen Jeweth, from N. J., was the first preacher. 

HARTFORO — was formed from " Westfield," (now Fort Ann,) March 12, 1793. It lies neai 
the center of the co. The s. e. section is broken and hilly, and the center and N. w. level or 
gently undulating. The summits of the highest hills are 500 to 700 ft. above the level of the 
Champlain Canal. The principal streams are East Creek and its branches. Slate and limestone 
of an excellent quality are found among the hills." The soil in the s. e. is a rich, slaty loam, and 
that in the N. w. a heavy clay. There are several chalybeate springs, the principal of which is 



1 Capt. Dan'l Curtis, frnm Now Lebanon. N. Y., came into town 
about 1780 ; Capt. Ebenezer Oould. from Kiliingly, Conn.. Nath'l 
Sprint;, Asapli Coulc. Tim. Allen. F. S. Ilojge, Ebenezer Wall«er, 
and David Boane. settled before or about tlie time of the Revo- 
lution. Beni. Ilaker kept an inn at Nortli Granville, about 1790, 
and Jos.Jeiiks kept a store as early as 1795. Nath'l Spring: 
erected a gristmill at Granville. abnutl"S7. A school was taught 
by Jas. Richards, in 1783. at South Granville. 

* It is said that this carding machine was obtained secretly 
from England and for some time wa>* worked in private. 

8 The census reports 10 church buildings ; 2 Friends, 2 Presb., 
Bap.. Cong., M. E.. Meth. Plot., Wes. Meth., and Prot. E. 

4 Batten Kil is improved by a dam of 8 ft. fall at East Green- 
wich, one of 9 ft. at B.attenville, a dam and falls of 25 ft. at Center 
Falls, ad,am of 8 ft.at Union Village, a fall of 40 ft. at Galesvllle, 
and a dam near the mouth of the stream. The Dion.on-dah^)-wa 
Falls are not improved. There are awwlen factory, a grist, saw. 
and plaster mill, at East Greenwich, a manufactory of seamless 
bags at Battenville, a woolen factory, grist, saw. and plaster mill, 
at Center Falls, and mills near the mouth of the stream. 

6 The first settlement in this village was made in 1781, by 
.lob Whipple, and it was first called " Wltipple Cify." It was 
incorp. March 29. 1809. The first cotton factory in the .State was 
erected here in 1804, by Wm. Mowry, wtio bad received his in- 
Btructioa at the pioneer establishment of Sam'l Slater at Paw- 



ttlcket, R. I. In this village are several mills and machine 
shops and a large carriage factory. 

8 This village is entirely dependent upon the manufacture of 
lime widely known aa the Bald Mt. lime. At the kilns of K. W. 
LowberlOO,OOObushels are annually manufaetun^d. 

T .\mong the first settlers at Lakeville were Alexander Reid, 
John McKachron. and Robt. McNaughtou: at East Greenwich, 
Archibald Livingston; at Carters Pond. Asa Carter; near Gales- 

viUo. Abraham Lansingh, Gale, White, TelTt ; 

and at Center Falls, Thos. McLean, Jas. Conoly, Nathan Rogers, 
and Smith Barber. 

8 The census reports 9 churches ; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., Cong,, Ref. 
Prot. D., and Aseo. Presb. 

8 \ paper mill here manufacturea annually 240,000 lbs. of 
wrapping paper. 

10 This patent of 0000 acres was granted July 6. 1771. 

u Among the early settlers were SanVl Beman. Peter P. French, 

Hyde, Benj. liice. Ilufus Hotchkiss, and Jason Kellog;^ 

French & Beraan kept the first store, and the former the tirsl 
inn. Itev. Wm. Miller, originator of the belief that the second 
advent of Christ would take place in 184:1, residi'd in this town. 

12 The first religious society formed was M.E. The census re- 
ports 4 churches; Bap., M. K.. Prot. E., and Sec. Advent. 

18 Lime for local use was made in this part of the town. 



084 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



upon the farm of Alvin Briggs, near the center. Among the limestone ridges in the n. part are 
several small eaves. IVortll Hartford (Hartford p.o.) contains about 300 inhabitants; Soutll 
Uartrord (p. v.) 150 ; and l,og Tillage 50. This town embraces the Provincial Patent, 
granted, May 2, 1764, to 26 commissioned officers of the N. Y. Infantry.' Settlement was not com- 
menced until after the Revolution.' The first church (Bap.) was built in 1789.' 

IIEBR03J*— was formed March 23, 1786, and named from Hebron, Conn. It lies near the 
center of the e. border of the co. A broad mountain range extends through the center, occupying 
nearly one-half of its entire surface, and a series of high hills extends through the E. and w. 
sections. The summits of the highlands are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys and are mostly 
crowned with forests. The ranges of hills are separated by the valleys of Bhick Creeli and its 
principal w. branch. The soil is a sandy and slaty loam, of a light, porous nature, easy of culti- 
vation, and well adapted to resist the extremes of wet and drouth. In the hilly regions is con- 
siderable rocky waste land. In the N. and E. are extensive and valuable quarries of slate. Mortll 
Ilebron^ (p. v.) contains the North Hebron Institute and 12 houses ; East llebron (Hebron 
p.o.) 12 houses; TVest Hebron (p. v.) the West Hebron Classical School and 40 houses; 
Helclier" (p. v.) 20 houses; and Slateville (p.o.) 8. This to^vn was embraced in patents 
granted to officers and privates who had served in the French War, — mostly to Scotch Highlanders 
belonging to the 77th Regt. of Foot. These grants were made so long after the war that those who 
were entitled to them never appeared to claim them. The first settlements appear to have been 
made before the Revolution. There are two academic institutions in town. The first church 
(Asso. Ref. Presb.) was organized in 1780 ;' Rev. Dr. Gray was the first pastor. 

JACKSOIV — was formed from Cambridge, April 17, 1815. It lies on the E. border of the co., 
s. of the center. The N. branch of the Taghkanick Range occupies the e. portion of the town, and 
several parallel ranges extend through the central and w. portions, rendering the entire surface very 
hilly. The summits of the hills are 300 to 800 ft. above the valleys and are generally crowned with 
forests. The declivities are often steep and rocky. The principal streams are Batten Kil and a 
branch of Owl Creek. In the valley between the hills that border immediately upon Batten Kil 
and those farther w. are several small lakes, known as Long, Big, Dead, and Little Ponds. These 
lakes are beautiful sheets of water, surrounded by hills, forests, and fine cultivated farms. The soil 
is a slaty loam and very productive. Jackson Center (Jackson p. o.) contains 16 houses ; 
Coila, (p. V.,) on the line of Cambridge, about 30 houses; and Anaquassacook 12. Por- 
tions of this town and White Creek wore embraced in the Anaquassacook Patent of 10,000 acres, 
granted May 11, 1762.' The first settlers were James Irvine, Peter Magill, and John Miller, all 
of whom located in the s. part of the town.' The only church (Ref. Prot. D.) in town was organized 
Dec. 31, 1833 ; Rev. Jas. W. Stewart was the first pastor. Geo. Law, one of the projectors and pro- 
prietors of the California line of steamships, was a native of this town. 

H-IHICrSBURY — was incorp. by patent May 18, 1762, and recognized as a town by the State 
Government March 23, 1786. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Nearly all 
of its surface is level or gently undulating. A range of hills, rising about 150 ft. above the valleys, 
occupies the extreme B. edge of the to-mi. The principal streams aro the Hudson, in the s. w. 
corner ; Wood Creek, upon the e. border ; Halfway Brook, in the N. w. corner, and Moss Brook. 
At Bakers Falls,'" upon the Hudson, the river shoots down a steep descent of ledges, in all 76 ft. 
in 60 rods, forming a scene of great beauty, and affording an extensive water-power. The soil 
along the valley of Wood Creek is a hard, stiff' clay ; in the other parts of the town, a sandy or 
gravelly loam. There are extensive quarries of limestone in town, furnishing an excellent building 
material; from these quarries was obtained the stone for the locks on the Champlain & Hudson 



1 This patent contained 26,000 acrea, each officer receiving 
1,1100 acres. 

2 Col. John Bucli, Manning Bull. Stephen and Asa Bump. 
John and Edward Ing.-ills, and Nathan and Sani'l Taylor were 
among the first settlers. Aaron and Eber Ingoldsbee. from 
Boylstun. Mass., came in 1782, and Timothy Stocking. Klienezer 
Smith, and John Paine in 17S4. A school was tauiiht in 1700. 
at North Uartford, by Thos. Paine, from Conn. A gristmill was 
built of logs at an early date. 

8 The census reports 4 churches in town; M. E. Bap., Cong., 
and Union. 

* During the Ke^olution,andforsome time after, the place was 
kD"wn 03 " Black Greek" 



^ Locally known as " Miinros Meadows" 

8 Locally known as " Bedlam." 

t The census reports 7 churches ; 2 M. E., 2 Sec. Advent, Bap., 
Asso. Presb., and Asso. P.ef. Presb. 

6 This patent was granted to Ryer, Jacob, Freeman, and W. 
M. Scheruierhorn. .Johannes. Nicholas, and Peter Quackenboss, 
Thos. and John Smith, and Joseph Jansen, all of Schenectiidy, 

9 .'Vmong the settlers on the Anaquassacook were Hugh 
Thompson and Ebenezer Billings, and near the ponds John 
McLean and Jonathan Conger. A schoolhouse was built in 

1780. a little w. of Peter HUPs residence. An inn was kept by 
Isaac Murray alwut 1790. John McQiU built a store of logs, in 

1781, on the site of the present residence of Peter Hill. 

10 Named from Albert Baker, the second settler in town. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



685 



Canal. Manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent.^ Sandy Hill^ (p-'^O li^s ^ popu- 
lation of 1,260. Moss Street contains 25 houses; Hingsbury (p. v.) 25; Pattens Mills 
(p.v.)20; Dunhams Basin 10; Vaug^lins Corners 12; Adamsville (p.o.) 12; 

I^an^dons Corners 5 ; and Smitlis Stasin (p.o.) 8. Kingsbury Patent, containing 26,000 
acres, was granted to Jas. Bradshaw and 22 others, from Conn., May 18, 1702. The lirst settlera 
were James Bradshaw, Albert Baker, and his sons Albert and Charles, from New York City.* A 
sawmill was built at Bakers Falls before the Revolution, and a gristmill in 1807. The town was 
the scene of many an adventure during the French War,* and the settlement was entirely broken 
up daring the Revolution. Traces of a road cut by Burgoyne*8 army are still visible near Kings- 
bury. The first minister was Francis Baylor, a Moravian, about 1776. Meetings were held by 
the Prot. E. and the Bap. in ITOS." Several noted men have been residents of this town.® 

PUTIVAM'— was formed from "Westfield," (now Fort Ann,) Feb. 28, 1806. Dresden was set 
off in 1822. This town lies in the extreme n. end of the co., upon the mountainous peninsula 
between Lakes George and Champlain. The mountains are divided into two separate ranges by 
the valleys of Mill and Charter Brooks. The w. range of mountains rises abruptly from the surface 
of Lake George, and in the s. part of the town attains an elevation of 900 to 1,000 ft. above the surface 
of the lake. The greater part of the surface is rocky, broken, and unfit for cultivation ; but sections 
of arable land extend along the valleys of the small streams and the borders of Lake Champlain. 
The soil is generally a hard, gravelly loam. Graphite of a fine quality is found in abundance. A 
small pond lies among the mountains, on the w. side of the town, 300 feet above Lake George. 
Putnam Corners, (Putnam p.o.,) containing about 10 houses, is the only village. The tilla- 
ble lands were mostly granted to privates of the N. Y. Provincial regiments, and feeble settle- 
ments had probably commenced before the Revolution.^ The first church (Asso. Presb.) was 
built in 1801 ;* Rev. James Miller, from Scotland, was the first pastor. A private academy at 
Putnam Corners was established in 1854. 

SAIjEM — was formed by patent Aug. 7, 1764, and was recognized by statute March 23, 1786. 
It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface consists of moderately elevated ridges, 
separated by narrow valleys, all extending in a n. e. and s. w. direction. The hills are usuallv 
bordered by gradual slopes and their summits are crowned with forests. There is very little 
waste land in town. Batten Kill, forming the s. boimdary, and Black, White, and Trout Creeks, 
are the principal streams. Lytles Pond, in the n. part, is a beautiful sh«et of water lying in a 
ba-in among the hills and surrounded by forests. The soil is a rich, slaty or gravelly loam. 
Salem, (p. v.,) incorp. April 4, 1803, has 832 inhabitants ; Sbushan (p. v.) has 2 churches, 4 
mills, and about 50 houses; and Eag^levllle, (East Salem p.o.,) Clapps Mills, and Fitches 
Point have each 40 to 50 inhabitants. James Turner and Joshua Conkey, from Pelham, Mass., 
settled in 1761. They were joined, the next year, by Hamilton McCollister. In 1704 a patent 
*)f 25,000 acres was obtained,^ne-half owned by a company of New England settlers and the 
other by Oliver De Lancey and Peter Du Bois, two Government officials.^** These last sold their 
share to Rev. Thos. Clark and his company of Irish and Scotch immigrants at a perpetual rent 
of one shilling per acre.^^ The Camden Tract, on the e. part of the town, was granted to captains 



1 The dam at Saody Hill, across the Hadaon, 1.200 ft. long and 
10 ft. high, furnishes water-power for several mills and a woolen 
factory. At Bakers Falls there are a paper mill and 2 gristmills. 
The lumber business of the town is very extensive and im- 
portant, the sawmilla being supplied with logs floated down 
from the Upper Iludson. There are also in townestabliehments 
for the manufacture of pianos, steam engines, portable saw- 
milU, &c. 

s This village has been a half*8hire town since 1807. It was 
incorp. March 9, 1810. 

* Among the other first settlers were Mirhae! Hoffnagle, Solo- 
mon King, Oliver Colvin,and Nehemiah Seely. 

* At one time IT soldiers were taken prisoners by the Indians 
and carried to the present site of Sandy Ilill Village. They 
wore seated on a log. in a row, when their CMptors deUberately 
began to tomahawk them, taking them in order from one end 
of the log. When all were killed but one, (John Qnackenbose, 
of Albany.) a squaw claimed him, and his life was spared. He 
returned after a few years of captivity, and resided near Boo- 
Hick, in Cambridge. In Aug. 1758, Majs. Putnam and Rogers 
encountered a party of French and Indiana in this town, during 
which eugagement Putnam was made prisoner. The enemy were 
finally compelled to withdraw, with a loss of 90 men. 

6 The census reports 9 churches; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., Presb., 
Prot. K., and R. C. 

* Gov. Wright received his legal education at the office of 



Henry C. Martindale, of Sandy Hill. I^ieat. Gov. Pitcher, for 
some time Acting Governor, was a citizen of this town, Hon. 
Wm. P. Lee, late Chief Justice and Chancellor of the Sandwich 
Island.^, was a native of Sandy Hill. 

' Named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam, who in this vicinity, 
as miijor in the colonial service, performed some of his moat 
daring exploits. 

8 Tlie fii-st sawmill waa erected by Eobt. Cnmmings, in 1802, 
on .Mill Creek, 1 mi. from Lake Champlain. The first child 
bom was James Jennings, in 1803; the first death was that of 
Anne Thompson, in 1804. Robt. Patterson kept the first school, 
in 1804. Many of the first settlers were Scotch, and among 
them were Obadiah Blake, Robt. Cnmmings, John Blair, Wm. 
Button, George Easton, Pelatiah Bugbee, John Butterfleld, and 
Josiah Clark. 

• There are 2 churches; Asso. Presb., and F. W. Bap. 

W This patent waa surveyed into 308 lots, and a large pine lot 
was reserved for the common benefit, and cut up into small lota 
for division ; 3 lots near the center of the town were set apart 
to support the minister and schoolmaster. 

n The New England and Scotch Bottlers were mixed together 
in their settlements, and often on alternate farms; and, in con- 
sequence of the rivalry between the two parties of proprietors, 
the town wae speedily settled. The New Englandera wished to 
call the town " WJiite Creek," and the Scotch "■'■JVcw Fcrth;" and 
each name was strongly inaisted on. 



686 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



and lieutenants in the Provincial army. Rev. Thomas Clark was the first minister.^ The Salem 
"Washington Academy was incorp. Feb. 15, 1791.^ 

WHITE CREEK.^— was formed from Cambridge, April 17, 1815. It is the s. e. corner 
town of the co. The surface of the s. portion is gently rolling, and the central and n. portions are 
occupied by the Taghkanick Mts. The siumnits of these mountains are rocky and broken and 
covered with forests, and their sides are bounded by abrupt declivities and perpendicular ledges. 
The principal streams are Hoosick Kiver, Owl Kil, Pumpkin Ilook,* Center, White, and Little White 
Creeks. The upper course of Owl Kil is through a deep and narrow valley abounding with pictur- 
esque views. A small vein of lead has been discovered three-fourths of a mi. E. of Posts Corners. 
The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam. More sheep are raised in this town than in any other in 
the CO. Garden seeds and flax are largely cultivated, ^ortli White Creek, (p. v.) adjoins Cam- 
bridge. White CreeK, (p. o.,) Posts Corners, Center White Creeh, (p. o.,) Ash 
Grove, Dorrs Corners, Pumpliin Uooli, and JUartindale Corners are hamlets. 
The Walloomsac Patent, lying partly in this town, on the s., was settled by the Dutch. Among 
the other grants were the Bain, Embury, Grant and Campbell, and Lake and Van Cuyler, Patents. 
A colony of Irish Methodists settled near Ash Grove about 1770 ; and here was organized the second 
M. E. church in America,* by Thos. Ashton (from whom the locality was named) and Rev. Philip 
Embury. James and Thos. Morrison made the first settlement, near AVhite Creek.^ 

WOITEUALL^ — was incorp, by patent March 31 , 1765, as *' Shenesborough.''^ Its name was 
changed March 23, 1786. It lies at the s. extremity of Lake Champlain. Its surface is moun- 
tainous in the w. and level and undulating in the center and e. Saddle Mt., upon the w:-^ border, 
is nearly 900 ft. above the surface of the lake. The principal streams are AVood Creek, Mettowee 
(or Pawlet) and Poultney Rivers. Upon Wood Creek, near its mouth, is a fall which furnishes a 
valuable water-power. The soil of the greater part of the town is a hard, stiff clay and is best 
adapted to grazing. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in town.* W^hitehall (p. v.) is 
situated near the mouth of Wood Creek, on Lake Champlain. The r. r., canal, and lake trade give 
this place commercial importance. The Whitehall Academy is in the e. part of the village. Pop. 
3,225. This town was the scene of stirring military events during the French War.'° The first 
settler was Maj. Skene, who located here, with 30 families, in 1761. Nominally associating 24 
others with himself, he obtained a patent of 25,000 acres, March 31, 1765; and a patent of 9,000 
acres in the town of Hampton and Whitehall, July 6, 1771, known as Skene's Little Patent. 
About 1770 he built a massive stone house and barn, a forge, and one or two sawmills. He also 
built a sloop upon the lake, and a road, known as ^^ Skenes Road,^^ 30 mi. through the wilderness 
toward Salem. He appears to have been a man of great energy of character, and he endeavored 
to secure solid and permanent advantages to the infant settlement." Upon the approach of the 
Revolution, Maj. Skene espoused the royalist cause, and his house was taken by the Americans 
in May, 1775.^^ In 1776 an American garrison was stationed here, and a small fleet was fitted 



1 Rev. Thos. Clark (Asso. Presb.) was the first minister; and 
his church, formed iu Ireland, was tran spin n ted without re- 
organization. In 1769 a l*resb. society was formed, Kev. John 
Harford first pastor. Their church, then unfinished, was forti- 
fied by Capt. Jos. McCracken in 17 77. and soon after was burned 
by the enemy. There are now 7 churches in town; 2 M.E., Asso. 
Presb., Asso. Ref. Presb., F. W. Bap., I'resb., and Morav. 

2 For a threat number of years this school was one of the most 
noted ia Ea.'^tern New York. Among the distinguished persons 
who have received a portion of their education here were Hon. 
Samuel Nelson, of the U. S. Supreme Court. Hon. Jolin Savage, 
formerly CbiefJustice of N.Y., and Kev.Dr.Bethune. of Brooklyn. 

3 The creek from wliich the town was named received its name 
from tlie white quartz pebbles that form its bed. 

< Said to be a corruption of the Indian I'om-pa-nuck, the name 
of a tribe of Indians who removed hither from Conn. 

B Embury preached the first Met h. sermon in N. Y.. 3or4year8 
btffure. The census reports 8 churches in town; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 
Friends, Presb., R.C.,and Asso. Ref. Presb. 

* Among the other early settlers were Buel Beebe, Maj. John 
Porter, Lphraini, James, and Roht. Cowan. David tlarrow. Sani'l 
Clark. John McClung. Oeo. Duncan, Robt. and George Clilmore, 
Wm. Kager, Wui. Selfrage, Sam'l Ball, and John ?cott. The early 
settlers in the E. part of the town were Thomas Ashton. Edmund 
Wells, John and Ebenuzer Allen, Bavid Sprague, Seth Chase, 
John Ilarroun, Thos. McCool, John Woods, Simeon Fowler, John 
Young, Jopiah Dfwey, and John Corey. John Rhodes built the 
first clothing work?;, at I'unipkin Hook. 

' Called by the Indians " Kah-cho-quah-na," the place where 
dip JUh. 

* Named from Maj. Philip Skene, a British half-pay officer, it8 
fouurier and patentee. 



8 The manufactures consist of lumber, machinery, vessels, 
boats, carpets, and sash and blinds. An extensive lumber trado 
is carried on with Canada and with ports on the Uudson, 
through Lake Champlain and the Champlain Canal. 

10 Maj. Israel Patusim was stationed here in the summer of 
1758, with 35 ran^rers, to watch the motions of the enemy and 
prevent the passage of small parties. A point — ntw known as 
Puts Rock — three-fourths of a mi. N. of the village, overhxiking 
South Bay. and completely commanding the past-age of Wood 
Creek, was ch<'sen, and a etont- breastwork was buiit and con- 
cealed by bushes. Soon after the work was finished, a party of 
500 French. Ud by tlie partisan Molang. upon a secret expedi- 
tion, attempted to p.ngg up the creek in the nii;ht. They were 
received by a most destructive fire, and before they rould re- 
cover from their surprise, one-half of their number were killed. 
Finding that the enemy bad lauded below and that be was in 
danger of being surroundt-d, Putmun quietly withdrew, with no 
loss, and but two men wounded. 

n Maj. Skene became acquainted with this place while accom- 
panying the expedition under Gen. Amherst, in 1755. f-onnHfter 
be planted his first settlement, of 30 families, lie was ol liged to 
goto the West Indies; and upon his return in 1763 he lound 
but 15 families remaining. He brought a number of slaves from 
the ^\est Indies, and employed them and a large number of 
discharged soldiers upon his works. His house was 3it by 40 ft. 
on the ground, and '2^ .^^tories hij;h ; and his barn was 130 ft. long, 
with massive stone w.ills pierced with portholes. The other 
bui!dinc;6 in bis settlement weie a few frail houses belonging to 
his tenants. 

12 llo was very popular with the settlers, and henco he i\t.9 an 
object of both fear and dishke to the patriots. His place was 
captured ty a party of volunteers under Capt. Henick, and 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



687 



out in the harbor and put under the command of Benedict Arnold. Upon the approach of Bur- 
goyne's army, in 1777, the fort was blown up and the houses, mills, &c. were all burned.' During 
the War of 1812 this place became an important dep6t of military stores. The first steamboat on 
the lake was launched here, in 1809. The Champlain Canal was constructed to this point from 
Fort Edward in 1819, and finished to Troy in 1824.* In 1806 Gen. Williams made arrangements 
for building a church, but died before he could carry them into effect. His son (Col. John Wil- 
liams) and his widow carried out the design, and presented the building to the Asso. Presb. Soc. 
It was rebuilt in 1826.^ 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Washington County. 



NA.MES OP TOTHB. 



Argylo 

Cambridge.... 

Dresden 

Easton 

Port Ann 

Fort Edward. 

Granville 

Greenwich ... 

Hampton 

Hartford 

Ilebron 

Jacltson 

Kingsbury.... 

Putnam 

Salem 

White Creek.. 

Whitehall 

Total 



Acres of Land. 



g 

& 



27,186 
18,013i 

6,600J 
30,994i 
22,619J 
12,791i 
2-.611i 
20,864J 

8,725 
21,978 
25,616 
17,981 
18,440 

7,883 
26,1044 
22,688} 
19,240 



I 

I 



8.350J 
4,206 

21.943J 
6,936i 

27,966J 
2,006 
6,632 
6,349 
3,939 
4,S62J 
7,138 
4,880 
4,324i 

12,423 
7,976 
8,616 
9,015 



333,030} 143,[i.'i4} 12.766,947 



VALtJATlON OF 1858. 



$1.002,,')07 

902,490 

92,810 

1,366,90; 
657.072 
800.950 
87.3,565 

1.204,115 
231.751 
738,967 
779,302 
768,170 
786,406 
144,680 
830,3,S5 
868,265 

1,022,650 






$209,232 

181,804 

4,000 

223,330 

56.137 

492,150 

146,260 

489,625 

30,845 

82,484 

93,390 

66,580 

106,786 

19,854 

308.314 

333,762 

396,740 



$1,211,739 

1,054,294 

96,810 

1,690,29: 

713,209 

993,100 

1.018,816 

1,693,740 

262,690 

818,451 

872,692 

834,720 

891,161 

104,434 

1,138,699 

1,202,027 

1,419,390 



3,209,222 15,976,169 22,539 21,866 



1,613 
1,132 

387 
1,482 
1,846 
1,630 
1,710 
1,959 

429 
1,132 
1,283 

906 
1,736 

378 
1,461 
1,267 
2,299 



1,631 
1,172 

348 
1,630 
1,699 
1,434 
1,653 
1,929 

417 
1.064 
1,266 

864 
1,628 

346 
1,464 
1,182 
2,239 



•s- 

i_ 

666 
415 
146 

689 
613 
460 
695 
746 
101 
396 
605 
S'23 
652 
122 
606 
462 
749 



603 
459 
160 
614 
695 
52S 
660 
790 
161 
416 
830 
335 
626 
129 
861 
886 
893 



484 

286 
100 
397 
327 
360 
469 
473 
106 
345 
379 
242 
464 
101 
410 
326 
472 



g| 

1,078 

990 

318 

976 

1,310 

1,112 

1,236 

1.442 

282 

807 

831 

587 

1,329 

302 

1,016 

90S 

1.769 



16,292 



Names of Towns. 



Argyle 

Cambridge ... 

Dresden 

Easton 

Fort Ann 

Foit Edward 

Granville 

Greenwich 

Hampton 

Hartford 

Hebron 

Ja*-'kBon 

Kingsbury ... 

Putnam 

Salem 

White Creek.. 
Whitehall 

Total 



Live Stock. 



m 



1,196 
737 
160 

1,030 
797 
443 
855 
913 
168 
697 
884 
634 
634 
240 
888 
669 
882 



£55 



2.090 
1,086 
6.192 
1.668 
1,652 

947 
1,604 
1,478 

602 
1,229 
1,612 
1,062 
1,067 

944 
1,606 

951 
1,682 



1.838 
1,071 

300 
1,677 

965 

667 
2,023 
1,345 

616 
1,061 
1,66- 
1,049 

971 

468 
1,322 

800 
1,163 



EC 



4,667 
9.716 
1.613 

13,426 
5.196 
2.266 
4,736 
4,370 
4,432 

12,008 
6,186 
6,817 
5.931 
3,098 
8.654 

18.905 
7.656 



4,058 
2,897 

212 
3,028 
1,127 

933 
1,581 
2,690 

330 
1,479 
2,351 
2.816 
1,184 

214 
2.963 
1,638 

804 



Aqricdltural Products. 



Bosh, of GaAm. 



18,138 

14,767 
802} 

26,848 
l,628i 
2.287 J 
6,988 

18,928 i 
1,602 
4.284 
4.976 

14,281 
1,230 
1,113 
6,208 
3,566* 
2,739i 



11,707 21,721118,689 118,533 '30,305 130,.354 1,4.84,742^69.881 767.285 



fS 



164,446 
9S.2S3i 
13,876} 

183,367 
63,907 J j 
71,673 
80,021 

140,079 
22,960 
79,686 

121,047 

112,9S7i 
63.337 
18,607 

134,890i 
68,403 
47,380} 



4,790{ 

4,281 

1,528 

6,813} 

5,626 

2,700 

6,428} 

3,639 

2,169 

4,326} 

4,796 

3,316 

4,717} 

2,037 

4,842} 

4,891 

6,409 



72,928 
38,211 
6,096 
46,905 
27.481 
11,262 

107,972 
46.914 
10,966 
87,867 

109,647 
69,570 
38,619 
4,964 
61,934 
25,994 
14,009 



•5S 
11 



29,861 

11,126 

2,872 

14,601 

6,812 

1.625 

24,697 

14.808 

6,844 

21.422 

12,877 

8,621 

7,076 

4,662 

10,678 

6.666 

6,476 



Daibt Peoddcts. 



S-3 
ft.cq 



163,321 

109,204 

23.323 

137,864 

91,843 

6.5,014 

106,160 

129,495 

36,210 

104,564 

129,987 

106,071 

94,385 

47,490 

143,020 

67,351 

79,846 



3 S 



2,875 

7,420 

3,105 

42,176 

44.824 

2.368 

334,707 

17,100 

35.633 

18,109 

26,115 

630 

30,642 

440 

4,636 

36,160 

27,713 



189,103 1,626,138 634,491 6,298} 



I'? 



216 
1,238} 

403 
1,835 

631 
40 

416 

212 



269 
72 
278 
246 
681 
45 
66 
92 



Maj. Skene the younger, 60 tenants, and 12 negroes were taken 
prisoners. The sloop -was sent down the lake to Col, Ethan 
Allen at Shoreham, Vt. In the cellar of the house was found 
the body of the wife of the elder Skene, which had been pre- 
served many years to secure to the husband an annuity devised 
to her " while she remained above ground." The Americans 
buried the body in the rear of the house. 

^ When Ticonderoga was abandoned to Burgoyne, the public 
stores were embarked in 200 bateaux and sent rip to this p<tint 
under the convoy of 6 galleys. Tliey were pursued and over- 
taken, 3 of the galleys were burned, and nearly all of the stores 
were destroyed. All the works at ** SkenesbormiglC were blown 



np or burned, and the Americans retreated in disorder to Fort 
Ann. Burgoyne stayed in this place 3 weeks, while opening a 
road to Fort Ann. The remains of a battery and blockhouse 
built about this period, overlooking the lake, are still visible. 

2 A company, under the name of the "Northern Inland Nam 
gallon Company" had previously been formed for the purpose of 
uniting the waters of Lake Champlain with those of the Hud. 
son. After expending large sums of money, the project was aban- 
doned. 

» The census reports 7 churches ; 2 M. B., Bap., Cong, Presb . 
Prot. E, and R. C. 



WAYNE COUNTY. 




This county' was formed from Ontario and Seneca, April 11, 1823. 
It lies upon Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the State ; is centrally 
distant 171 mi. from Albany, and contains 624sq. mi. A series of 
bluffs 25 to 75 ft. high extends along the lake shore; and from 
their summits the surface rises in gradual slopes to the lake ridge, 
a distance of 4 to 5 mi. This ridge is 50 to 200 ft. wide on the 
top, and about 200 ft. above the lake. It declines toward the e., 
and upon the E. border of the co. it can scarcely be traced. The 
declivity of the ridge upon the s. is 8 to 20 ft. : and from its foot 
the surface gradually slopes upward to the surface of the limestone 
ridge, which extend^ E. and w. through the co. a little N. of the 
center and forms the watershed between Lake Ontario and Clyde 
River. The summit of this ridge is 140 feet above the lake ridge, 340 feet above the lake, 
and is about 3 mi. wide. It is highest upon the w. border of the co., and gradually declines 
toward the E.' From its southern edge the surface gradually declines to Clyde River and slopes 
upward from the river to the s. line of the co. South of the limestone ridge are numerous drift 
ridges extending n. and s. and from one-fourth to one and a half miles in length. The declivities 
are usually very steep, and the summits 40 to 100 ft. above the surrounding surface. They 
usually end in an abrupt declivity toward the N., but gradually decline toward the s. They are 
composed of clay, sand, and gravel, and seem to be deposits from great currents of water. 
Considerable marshy land extends along Clyde and Seneca Rivers, and also through the co. N. 
of the lake ridge. 

Ganargwa, or Mud Creek, enters the s. w. corner of the co. from Ontario, flows in an irregular 
but generally easterly course to Lyons, whore it unites with the Canandaigua Outlet and forms 
Clyde River,' which continues eastward to the e. bounds of the co., where it discharges its waters 
into Seneca River. These streams receive from the N. West Red Creek, East Red Creek, and 
Black Creek, and from the s. numerous small brooks. The streams flowing into Lake Ontario 
are Bear, Deer, Davis, Salmon, Thomas, Wolcott, and Big and Little Red Creeks; First, Second, 
and Third Creeks flow into Great Sodus Bay. The principal indentations upon Lake Ontario are 
Great Sodus, East, Port, and Blind Sodus Bays. Great Sodus Bay forms an excellent harbor. 
Crusoe Lake, in the s. E. corner, is the only considerable body of water. The streams, in their 
course through the drift deposits and lake ridge, have usually worn deep ravines. 

The lowest rock in the co. is the Medina sandstone,' appearing upon the lake and in the ravines 
near it. It occupies a strip with an average width of 2 mi., widest at the w. Next above this is 
the Clinton group of limestone and shales, extending to the foot of the limestone ridge. Next 
above is the Niagara limestone, forming the summit ridge and occupying a strip about 3 mi. in 
width. South of this is the Onondaga salt group of red and green shales and gypsum, extending 
to the s. border and occupying nearly one-half of the co. The rocks are mostly covered by thick 
deposits of drift, and are only exposed in the ravines of the streams. Shells, marl, and muck are 
found in large quantities in the marshy regions. Weak brine and sulphur springs are found in 
various localities in the Medina sandstone and the red shales of the Onondaga salt group. 

The soil derived from the drift deposits is generally a sandy or gravelly loam, with an occasional 
intermixture of clay. The soil along the lake shore, principally derived from the disintegration 
of Medina sandstone, is a roddisli, sandy loam. At the foot of the mountain ridge, both n. and s., 
i.s a strip of very productive clay loam. In the valley of Clyde River the soil is principally a 
gravelly loam and alluvium. The marsh lands, when drained, are covered deep with a rich 
vegetable mold, which develops into the most fertile soil in the co. 

Agriculture forms the leading pursuit. The branches, in the order of importance, are grain 
raising, stock growing, dairying, and wool growing. Fruit is extensively cultivated, and is rapidly 



1 Named in honor of Oen. Anthony Wayne. 

2 This peculiar formation ib accounted fur by the theory that 
the low regions througli the N. and central parts of the co. were 
once covered by the waters of the laiie, and th.at the limestone 
iiiige waa a IoOl' bar or point extending into th<'lalie from thew. 

s Named by Wm. McNab, a Scotchman. At an early day it 



was navigable as far as Lyons, and was a link in the great chain 
of Western travel. 

* This stone is extensively quarried for building stono. It 18 
soft when tirst taken from the quarry, but hardens npoD ex- 
posure to the atmosphere. 



"VV A Y N E COUNTY. 



680 



becoming one ot the most important agricultural products. Few counties in the State surpass this 
in the quality or quantity of apples and peaches annually produced. A strip of land bordering 
upon Lake Ontario, and extending from Niagara River to the Oswego, seems peculiarly adapted 
to the cultivation of apples and peaches, and is rapidly becoming one of the most important fruit- 
growing regions in the State. In Wajiie co. $25,000 worth of dried fruit is annually prepared. 
Peppermint and tobacco are raised along the valley of Mud Creek. 

The county seat is located at the village of Lyons, near the center of the co. The courthouse is 
a fine cut stone building, fronting Church St. It has an Ionic portico, and is surmounted by a 
large dome.^ The jail is a commodious stone building, in the w. part of the village. It contains 
rooms for the jailer's residence, and is one of the best arranged and conducted establishments of 
the kind in the State. The county clerk's office is a fireproof building, fronting Pearl St., a little 
s. of the courthouse. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 130 acres 1^ mi. w. of the court- 
house. The average number of inmates is 57, supported at a weekly cost of $1.55 each. A school 
is taught throughout the year. The farm yields a revenue of $1,400. The buildings are insuffi- 
cient for the accommodation of the inmates; but the institution seems to be well arranged and 
well kept. 

Six weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

The Erie Canal extends through the s. tier of towns ; and along its course are the most populous 
and thriving villages of the co.* The direct branch of the N. Y. Central R, R. between Syra- 
cuse and Rochester extends, along the course of the canal, through Savannah, Galen, Lyons, 



1 The first courthouse was a brick edifice, erected soon after 
the orgauizatioD of the co. It was superseded, in 1854-55, by 
the present structure, built of Lockport limestone. The building 
committee of the present courthnuse were John Adams. Stephen 
Mardhall, and F. B. Cornwell. The fir^t oflBcers of the co. were 
John S. Talniadge, I^irst Judge; Uugh Jameson, Sficri^ff"; Wm. 
H. Adams, Bi:ttrict Attorney; Isaiah J. Richardson, Co. Clerk ; 
and John S. Tulmadge. Surrogate. 

2 Tkt P-ilmyra Rffjtster, the first paper published in the co., 

was rommenced Nov. 26, 1817. by Timothy C. Strong. 

It was continned under various titles until 1823, when 

it was published as 
Thz Wi:$t<-rn Farmer and Cytnnl Adrorate, and pa.ised into the 

hands of Pomeroy Tucker, who chani^ed its name to 
The Wayne Sentinel, under which title It is now pub- 
lished by Wm. N. Cole. 
The Lyons Republican was commenced Aug. 3, 1821, by Geo. 

Lewis. It was discontinued in Feb. 1822. 
The Lyons AdveriUcr was commenced May 31, 1822, by ITiram 

T. Day. It underwent various changes in name and 

publishers. It was published as 
The Wayne Omnty Gazelip, by Ephraim J. Whitney; as 
The Lyons Argns, by E. J. & W. W. Whitney; 
TIxe Lvons G^izeW:, by Barker & Chapman; 
The IV'Jiyn'! Cb. PiUriot. and as 
Thi Wistern Argus, by Chapman & Chapin and Aahloy & Co.; 

and as 
TIu Wcstfrn Argus, by Charles Poucher. In 1841 it was 

changed to 
Th'-. Lynns Gitz- ttt>. and was published by Russell from 1840 

to 1853, when it was sold to Wm.Van Camp, and in 1855 

or 'oti it was merged in The Wayne Democratic I're^s, 
iT/ic Palmyra Freeman was commenced 5larch 11, 182S, by D. D. 

Stephenson. It soon aftf-^r passed into the hands of J. 

A. Hadley, who removed the press to Lyons and 

changed the name to 
Thi Ojuntrymnn. Myron Holley became connected with it as 

associate editor. In 1831 it was suspended for a time, 

and afterward resumed as 
Tkt Lynns American, by Myron Holley. In 1835 it was pub- 
lished by Wm. H. Childs. In 1S36 it was removed to 

Clyde and published as 
The Clyde Gazeiie. by Dennis Cord, until T838. 
TliP. Rtjlf'ctnr, mo., was commenced at Palmvra in 1828 by 0. 

Dogberry, jr. It was discontinued in 1H30. 
The Newark Republican was commenced at Newark in Nov. 

1829. by Jeremiah 0. Balcli. It was discontinued in 1831. 
The Clyde Standard was published about 6 mo. in 1830 by E. 

P. Moon. 
T)ve Western Spejctator and Wayne Ad^^ertiser was commenced at 

Palmyra Jan. 9, 1830. by Luther Howard and Erastus 

Shepai'd. In 1831 its name was changed to 
Tti^ Spectator and Anti-^^asonic Star. It w.i8 removed to 

Rofhester the same year and merged in The Anti- 

Miisnnic Enquirer. 
The Palmyra Whig was commenced in Feb. 1838, by Wm. N. 

and Sam'l Cole. It was removed to Lyons by Wm. N. 

Cole, and its name changed to 
The Wa>/n'^ County Whig, In the fall of 1S50 it i)nssed into the 

hands of Williams & Gavitt. In the spring of 1862 

they sold it to Silas A. Andrews, who continued it a 

few mouths and eold it to Wm. Van Marter; and iu 



44 



Nov. of the same year it passed into the hands of Rodney 
L. Adams. In Sept. 1806, its name was changed to 

The Iiyons Republican j and April 30. 1851*. Mr. Adami 
sold itto W.T. Tinsley & Co.. its prfjsent publishers. 

The Wayne Standard was commenced at Newark in June, 1838, 
by David M. Keeler. In Aug. 1839, it whs s.dd to Gen. 
Barney T. Partridge, J. P. Bartle, and S. Culver, who 
changed its name to 

The Ncio .^is. Stephen Culver, editor. In Jan. 1840 it was 
sold to — — Norton, and discontinued in May following. 
In July following it was revived as 

The Wayne Standard, by D. M. Keeler. and published uutil 184,3. 
when it i)a3sed into the hands o*" H. L. Winants, and in 
about 1 yc-u- was discontinued It was revived soon 
after, as 

The Newark Courier, by David Fairfield. It was successively 
published by Wm. K. Creague and B. F. Jonen as 

The Neivark Journal ; aud in 1854 by G. D. A. Bridgman, who 
changed its name to 

The Neivark Whig. In Sept. 18-56, it passM into the hands of 
C. F. White, who changed its name to 

The Newark Weeltly Courier, and still continues 
its publication. 

The Palmyra Ontricr was commenced May 28, 1843. by Frederic 
Morlfy. It passed into the hands of J.C. Bennett, who 
changed its name to 

Tlie Palmyra Democrat. It was published again as 

The Palmyra Oyiirier, by Benedict, from about 1851 to 'M. 

Mr. Benedict sold it to Beebe, and in a shurt ttm« 

afterward it passed into the hands of A. E. AveriIl,who 
changed its name to 

The Pabnt/ra Amin-iraji, and subsequently .again to 

The Palmyra Courier, under wliich name Mr. Averill 
still continues its publication. 

Tfu Clyde E/jgle was commenced in 1844 by B. Frazee. It was 
successively published by Dryer. Stephen Salis- 
bury, and in 1847 by Rev. Chaa. O. Acly and William 
Tompkins, who changed its name to 

The Clyde Telegraph. It atterward passed into the hands of 
Rev. W. W. Storiker, and soon after to Wm. R. Fowle, 
and in a short time it was discontinued. 

The Clyde Induxtn'al Times was commenced in Feb. 1850, by 
Payn & Smith. It soon passed into the hands of Job. 
A. Payn. Its name was changed in 1851 to 

The Clyde Weekly Times, under which title it is now- 
published, by Joseph A. Payu. 

The Northern M'thodist Protestant was published by an asso- 
ciation at Clyde in 1849; Rev. W. W. Storiker, editor. 

The Wayne Banner w&M published at Woloott in 1850 by John 
Mclntyre, and was removed to Clyde, and merged in 
The Industrial Times on the first issue of the latter 
paper. 

The Farming Mirror was commenced at Lyons in July. 1853. by 
R. L. Adams & Co., and w;is published 1 year. 

The "Wayne Democratic Pt-css was commenced at 
Palmyra in 1855. It was removed to Lyons the samo 
year, and is now published by Wm. Van Camp. 
3 The enlargL'd canal crosses Seneca River on the e. Ixirder of 

the CO., on an aquctluct built upon 31 arches of 22 ft.-i-t span 

each. It crosses Mud Cronk, a Utile w. of Lyons. upi>ri an a<iue- 

duct of 5 arches, and again cro-ifses the wuue stream, n. of Pal- 
myra, upon an aqueduct of 3 archos. 



690 



WAYNE COUNTY. 



Arcadia, Palmyra, and Macedon. A ship canal' route and a r. r. route' have been surveyed, 
connecting the Erie Canal and Central R. R. with Lake Ontario. 

The western 9 towns iu this co. belonged to the Pulteney Estate ; the e. part, including Savan- 
nah, Galen, and portions of Wolcott and Butler, constituted a portion of the Military Tract. The 
intermediate portion, except the s. 3 tiers of lots in Rose, were compensation lands granted to the 
Pulteney Estate for the gore between the old and new pre-emption lines. The earliest white 
inhabitants were hunters and trappers. The first permanent settlements were made in 1789, at 
Palmyra, under the auspices of General John Swift, agent of a company of settlers from Conn. ; 
and at Lyons, under Charles Williamson, agent for the Pulteney Estate.' From 1790 to 1794, 
colonies came in from R. I., Long Island, and Maryland.* The settlements did not progress with 
great rapidity for several years, owing to the diseases which prevailed. The fear of Indian hos- 
tilities and of British invasion during the War of 1812 greatly retarded settlement. On the return 
of peace, settlers began to arrive in considerable numbers, principally from New England and 
Eastern N. Y. The completion of the Erie Canal gave a new impulse to immigration ; and in a few 
years the flourishing villages of Lyons, Clyde, Palmyra, and Newark were built up along its 
course. The N. Y. Central R. R., built through the co. in 1852-53, greatly benefited the co. and 
enhanced the value of the lands. 

The most notable of the later incidents in the co. have been the rise of Mormonism in Pabnyra,' 
and the commencement of spiritual rappings in Arcadia." 



ARCADIA — was formed from Lyons, Feb. 15, 1825. It lies on the s. border of the co., a 
little w. of the center. Its surface is a rolling region, broken by drift ridges. Mud Creek flows 
E. through the town, n. of the center, and receives several small streams as tributaries. The soil 
is a sandy, gravelly loam, mixed with clay on the hills. Gypsum is found in the s. w., and marl 
in the center. ]Ve>va.rR, (p. v.,) including Arcadia, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the canal, was 
incorp. July 21, 1853, as Newark. It contains 7 churches, a bank, flouring mill, tannery, 3 furnaces, 
and several manufactories. It is a flourishing canal village and a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. 
Pop. 2,042. Pairville, (p. v.,) about 5 mi. n., contains 1 church, a tannery, a limited amount 
of manufactures, and 159 inhabitants. lUarblctown, near the s. E. corner, contains a church 
and 10 houses. Jessups Corners and Uydeville are hamlets. Settlement was com- 
menced in 1791, by Joseph Winters and B. Franklin.' The first church (M. E.) was organized in 
1805. Roger Benton was the first settled minister, in 1806.' A family named Fox, residing 
at Uydeville, in Arcadia, first heard the mysterious sounds known as the " rappings" on the 
night of March 31, 1849. Investigations were made in regard to the origin of the raps, but 
nothing definite was settled upon. The family soon after removed to Rochester, the "raps" accom- 
panying them; and hence the name "Rochester Rappings." A series of investigations was insti- 
tuted, and the matter became public, some claiming for it a spiritual origin, but the great majority 
pronouncing it a humbug or delusion. From this source modern spiritualism originated. 

BUTlrER — was formed from Wolcott, Feb. 26, 1826. It is the center town on the e. border 
of the CO. Its surface is diversified, level in the s. E. and rising into ridges in the N. w. The 
highest point is Armstrong Ilill. The principal stream is Wolcott Creek, which rises in the N. E. 
and, flowing in a circuitous course, leaves the town near the n. w. corner. The soil in the valleys 
is a gravelly loam, and on the hills it is generally clay, with a tenacious subsoil. Lime is manu- 
factured in the n. part to a limited extent. Soutb Butler, (p. v.,) on the s. line, contains 5 
churches, a classical school, several manufactories, and about 400 inhabitants. West Butler 
(p. o.) contains 10 houses ; Westbury, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, partly in the town of Victory, 



^ In 1827, a charter waa obtained for bnildinp a ship canal 
from the Erie Canal, at Montezuma, to Great Sodus Bay. Sur- 
Toya were made, but no work waa ever done. A new charter 
was obtained by John Greig, of Canandait.'U.i, in 1836; and an- 
other by Gen. Wm. II. Adams, in 1851. The route mimed in 
the list charter is from Sodus Bay to the Erie Canal, a little w. 
of Clyde. Some work has been done on parts of this route. 

* The Sodus Point & Southern R. R. was incorp. in April, 1852. 
The road was to extend from Sodus Bay to Newark. The route 
hM been f^urveyed, but no work has been done. A survey haa 
also been made for a R. R. from Cl.vde to Sodus Bay. 

8 Mr. Williamson built roads from Palmyra and Lyons to 
Sodus Point; upon these the early settlers mostly located. He 
alao laid out a city upon ?odua Bay, which has not yet been built. 

4 The Maryland settlers brouglit with them eovoral slaves ; but 
it waa Boon found that slave labor was unprofitable. 



6 See p. 693. 

• See Arcadia. 

'Gilbert Howell and Paul Reese came in in 1795: Samuel 
Soverliill in 1798; Humphrey Sherman, Reuben Starks, and 
John Miller, from Long Island, in 1800; and Ebenezer Smith 
soon after. The Lusks came in from Columbia co, in 1806. 
Jacob, Philip, and Isaac Lusk purchased 1 sq. mi., which is now 
occupied by the village of Newark. Caleb Tibbitta, Stephen 
Aldridge, Henry Cronice, and Cooper Culver settled in 1807 ; and 
Dr. A. Hyde, in 1810. The first death was that of a child of B. 

Franklin, in 1792; the fir.ct marriage, that of Hess and 

Amy Tibbitts, in 1798. Stephen Aldridge kept the first inn, 
and .1. P. Bartlet the first store. 

8 There are 10 churches in town; 2 Meth. Prot.. M. E., Preeb,, 
Prot. E., Union, Ref. Prot. D., Bap., R. C, and Christiiin. 



WAYNE COUNTY. 



C91 



(Cayuga co.,) 1 church and 20 houses. Butler Center is a hamlet. The first settlement was 

commenced in 1802.' The first settled minister was Mills.' Rev. Antoinette L. Brown, the 

first woman ever regularly ordained in the State, was settled for several years over the Cong. 
Church at South Butler. 

GAliEW— was formed from Junius, (Seneca co.,) Feb. 14, 1812. Savannah was taken off In 
1824. It lies on the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly in the E., but more 
level in the w. In the s. w. is a large tract of swamp land. Clyde River' flows through the town 
from w. to E. in a circuitous course. The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. Clyde,* (p. v.,) 
near the center, on Clyde River, was incorp. May 2, 1805. The canal passes through the village ; 
it is also a station on the N. Y. C. R. R. It contains 6 churches, a high school," 2 banks, a news- 
paper office, a glass factory, and several other manufactories.' Pop. 1,85G. Klarengo, (p. v.,) 
in the s. part, contains a church and 20 houses; liOCk Berlin, (p. v..) in the w. part, on the 
canal, a church and 30 houses. Angells Corners, in the s. e., and Meadville, in the e., 
are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced by Loammi Bedell, in 1800.* The fiut church 
(Presb.) was organized July 8, 1814.' Borings for salt water in the vicinity of Clyde have been 
made, but without success. One of the wells emitted inflammable gas : the well was soon filled np. 

HUROBf— was formed from Wolcott, as " Port Bay," Feb. 25, 1826. Its name was changed 
March 17, 1834. It lies on Lake Ontario, E. of the center of the co. A part of Great Sodus Bay 
lies in the N. w. corner. East Bay, in the N., and a part of Port Bay, in the N. E., extend into the 
town. Its surface is rolling, with a general northern inclination. In the w. and N. w., near Great 
Sodus Bay, are several tracts of swamp lands. The lake shore rises in a series of bluffs, the 
highest of which — Chimney Bluff— is 175 ft. above the lake, and Bay Bluff 120 ft. Several small 
streams flow N. through the town, the principal of which is Mudge Creek, which empties into 
East Bay. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, intermixed with clay in the s. Worth 
Huron (p.v.) contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and 40 houses; South Huron 
(Huron p. o.) 1 church, a townhouse, and 20 houses. Port Cilas^OfV (p. o.) is a hamlet, at 
the head of sloop navigation on Great Sodus Bay. The first settlement was commenced by Pere- 
grine Fitzhugh and Wm. Helmus, and some other families from Md., in 1796.'" The first church 
(Presb.) was organized in 1813." 

IiYORfS — was formed from Sodus, March 1, 1811. Arcadia was taken off in 1826. It lies on 
the s. border of the co., a little e. of the center. Its surface is a moderately rolling region, broken 
by sand ridges. The Canandaigua Outlet from the s., and Mud Creek from the w., join in the s. 
part and form Clyde River. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, with marl upon the creek 
bottom lands. Lyons, (p.v.,) on the canal, at the junction of Canandaigua Outlet and Mud 
Creek, was incorp. April 18, 1854. It contains the co. buildings, 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 news- 
paper offices, a union school," and several manufactories ;" and it is an important R. R. station. 
Pop. 3,221. Alloway, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on Canandaigua Outlet, contains a church, a grist- 
mill, and 30 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1789, by Nicholas and Wm. Stansell 
and John Featherly." They settled, with their families, (12 persons in all,) a half mile s. of the 



1 John Granby and Wellman settled near the center, as 

early as 1803; Erastus Uubl.ard and Abijab Moore, in 1805; 
Capt. Willis, Wm. Hallett, Henry Bunnel, Aaron Iloppin, Mrs. 
Bunco, and Morris Craw, previous to 1807; and Setli Craw and 

Koger Olmsted, in 18U8. The first birth was that of 

Winans ; the first death was that of Jedediah Wheeler, in April, 
18U. Vieles built the first sawmill, at the center. 

2 There are 7 churches in town ; 2 M. E., 2 Christian, Bap., 
Cong,, and 2d Adv. 

* This was Township No. 27 of the Military Tract, and received its 
name from having been appropriated to the Mndical Department. 

< Named by Wm. McXah, agent of the Hornby Estate. Geneva. 

6 This location was originally called *'Blork House" from a 
blockhouse built here by Indian trjiders at an early day. It 
was used during the Revolution by tories as a ''station" in 
emUL'gling gcds from Canada ria Sodus Bay. It wns burned 
previous to 1800. The viHase was first called "L<(HrfJw7/c." 
from Henrietta lAura, Countess of Rath, dauKh'er and heiress 
of Sir Wm. fulteney. Its name was chan;-'ed to Clyde in 181K. 

« It is a union school, formed from Districts 14 and 17. 
Incorp. April 24, 18*4, with special privile;;e8. This was one 
of the earliest union schools in Western New York. The 
school employs 6 teachers. 

' 2 large tlifttilleries, 2 steam flouring mills, 2 steam sawmills, 
2 furnaces and shops for manufacturing agricultural iTuplements, 
a large cooperage. 1 brewery, 2 malt houses, and a tannery. 

•* Among the other early settlera were Nicholas King, David 
Godfrey, and Isaac Mills, with their families, fnm Orange co.. 

N. v., on I/)t 70, in the a. w. p.irt of the town, in 18(11 ; 

Creacher, from Md., Eliaa Austin, Payne, and Capt. John 



Sherman, in 1804. The first birth was that of Isjuic Godfrey, in 
Fell, 1S02; the first death, that of David Godfrey, acci<leutally 
killed. Oct. 13, 1801. The first marriage was that of JnbcK 
Reynolds and Polly Mills, in 1S(J5. James B, West kept tho 
first store; Maj. Fred. A. De Zenz built the first saw and grist 
mill, in 1818. 

^ There are 9 churches in town ; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., Presb., Prot. 
E„ Germ, Meth., Friends, and 11. C, 

to Among the other early settlers were Dr. Zenas Hyde, 

Knox, and several families from Mass. and Conn., in 1S07; 
Josiah Vpson. in 1808. and Norman Sheldon, in 1810. Tlie fli-Bt 
birth was that of a child of Dr. Hyde; and the first death, that 
of Mrs. Hale, in 1809, Gardiner Murlge taught the first school, 
in 1812; Norman Sheldon kept the first inn. in 1810; James 
Mudge kept the first store; and Elihu Spencer bnilt the first 
saw and grist mill, in 1809. 

it There are 3 churches in town ; M. E.. Meth. Prot,, and Prnab. 

12 The Lyons Union School was among the first of the kind 
established in the State. It employs 12 teachers and luw 800 
to 900 iiupils. 

t3 Amimg these are an extensive manufactory of essential oils, 
(principally peppermint.) a furnace, machine, and agricultural 
implement shop, a pottery, brewery, tannery, tile nianufact(*ry, 
brickyard, fannini,' mill factory, and a manufactory of saddle 
trees. About lO.UOO Ihs. of peppermint oil aru produi-ed annu- 
ally in the CO., — J of the whole amount in tho U. S, — Trans. 
Ag. &)c.]865. p. 067. 

t* John Biggs, Richard Jones, Geo. Carr. Wm. Oibbs. .ind John 
Perrine were early settlers. The first marriage was (hat of Jaa 



692 



WAYNE COUNTY. 



present village of Lyons. They were piloted up the Mohawk, (whei'e they had previously settled,) 
and by the usual water route, by Wemple, an Indian trader. Charles Williamson, agent of the 
Pulteney Estate, commenced a settlement at Lyons Village in 1794. through Charles Cameron, his 
local agent. Jas. Otto came in 1796. In 1798, Judge Evert Van Winkle and and 40 others came 
in, from N.J. and Md.; and in 1801, Judge Daniel Dorsey and family, from Md. Judge Dorsey 
had previously purchased of Mr. Williamson nearly 1,000 acres in the immediate vicinity of the 
village. Rev. John Cole (Meth.) was the first local preacher.' 

M ACEDOIV — was formed from Palmyra, Jan. 29, 1823. It is the s. w. corner town of the cu 
Its surface is rolling and irregular. The valley of Mud Creek extends E. through the s. part. It 
is drained by Mud and Red Creeks and their tributaries. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam 
upon a limestone formation. Macedon, (p. v.,) a canal village, was incorp. Nov. 1856. It 
contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, furnace, and machine shop, and about 500 inhabitants. 
Macedon Center (p. v.) is incorp., and contains 3 churches, the Macedon Academy, and 20 
houses. The first settlement was made as early as 1789, by Webb Harwood and Ebenezer Reed." 
The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1800.' 
■ MARIOIV — was formed from Williamson, as "Winchester," April 18, 1825. Its name was 
changed April 15, 1826. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. Its surface is 
broken by sandy hills and gravelly ridges ; the Niagara limestone crops out in the n. part. It is 
drained by East Red Creek, which flows s. into Mud Creek. The soil is a gravelly, calcareous loam, 
and drift. Limestone is quarried in the N. part, for building purposes and public works. Near 
Marion Village is a sulphur spring. Marion, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 4 churches, the 
Marion Collegiate Institute, a furnace and machine shop, a fanning mill factory, and 390 in- 
habitants. The first settlement was commenced in 1796, by Daniel Lovell.* The first church 
(Presb.) was organized Nov. 1, 1808.* 

OIVTARIO — was formed from Williamson, as "Freetown" March 27, 1807. Its name was 
changed Feb. 12, 1808. Walworth was taken off in 1829. It is the N. w. corner town of the co.. 
Lake Ontario forming its N. boundary. Its surface is mostly level, with a general inclination 
toward the lake. It is drained by several streams running N. to the lake, the principal of which 
are Bear, Deer, and Davis Creeks. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, with drift and muck n. of 
the ridge. Between the lake shore and the ridge road are extensive marshes, heavily timbered. 
Iron ore, in the form of red oxid, is found in large quantities in the Clinton group, extending E. 
and w. through the center of the town. Salt was formerly manufactured to some extent. Ontario, 
(p. V.,) in the s. E. part, contains a church, steam sawmill, furnace, and 25 houses; Ontario 
Center, 2 mi. w., a church and 20 houses ; Furnace Tillage, near the center, a furnace* 
and 16 houses. IVew Boston, on the lake shore, is a hamlet. The first settlement was com- 
menced by Freeman Hopkins, from Mass., in 1806.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 
1811,' by Elder Lyon. 

PAEiMYRA— was formed in Jan. 1789. Macedon was taken ofi' in 1823. It lies on the s. 
border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is undulating. Mud Creek flows E. through the 
town, s. of the center. Its tributaries are East and West Red Creeks and several small streams. 
The soil is a calcareous loam, with marl on the creek bottoms, and drift, sand, and gravel on the 
hills. Palmyra, (p. v.,) in the s.w. part, was incorp. April 9, 1819. It is an important canal 
village, and is a station on the N. Y. C. R. R. It contains 5 churches, the Palmyra Union School," 



otto and a daughter of Capt. John Dunn. John Rig^s kept the 
first inn. in 1801 : Judge Daniel Borsey, the tirst store; Henry 
Tower, agent of Mr. Williamson, built the first mills, at Alloway, 
in 1796: and Dorsey & Milton, the first carding and cloth dress- 
ing mill, in 1807. 

1 There are 8 churches in to^vn ; 2 M. E.. Presb., Prot. E., 
Bap., Evan. Luth., Germ. Evan. Kef,, and R. C. 

2 Israel Delano, from Mass., and David Comstock, settled in 
the N.part, and Darius Comstock and Jerome Smith In the cen- 
tral part, in 1790. Jnc(ib Gannett, John Gibson, Barnabas 

Brown, Abner Hill, Adam Kingman, Spear, Jonathan 

Warren, Constant Southard, Reid. Packard Barney, and 

Philip Woods, from .Mass., in 1791. A number of Fi'iends came 
in ISOO from Penn. and Mass. The first child born was Enoch 
Gannett, in 1791: the first death w.is that of David White. 
Barnabas Reed taught the first school: Wm. Porter kept the 
first inn. and Jacob Gannett built the first mill. 

5 There are 5 churches in town; ■2Friend8, Bap., M. E..and R.C. 

4 Blakesley and Ezra Phelps settled in 1796, David and 

Isaac Sweezy in 1797, and Wm. B. Cogswell, from R. I., in March, 
."■}8. The first birth was in the fiimily of David Lovell ; the first 



death, that of Phelps, in 1800. Widow Stiles kept the first 

inn, in 1799; and built the first gristmill, in ISOl. 

6 There are 4 churches in iovnx ; Cong., M. E., Bap., and 
Christian. 

6 The " Wayne Co. Iron Co." manufacture about 6 tons of pig 
iron per day, from ore dug in town. 

I Among the early settlers were Peter Thatcher and Harry 
Leavins, who settled on the lake shore, and Noah Fuller, in 
1809 ; Willar J Church. Isaac Simmons, Job n Case, Wm. Middle- 
ton, Jared Putnam, David Jennings, and Amos Thayer, from 
Conn., in 1810. In the 8, part settlement commenced in IS08. 
Daniel Inman settled at the Corners in 1809 ; John Edmonds, 
Saml. Sabin, Abraham Smith, Wm. Billings. Lewis Janes, and 
Geo. Sawyer, near the same place, soon after. Alfred Town, 
Nathaniel Grant, and Wm. Greenwood located at West Corners. 
The first child born was Melissa Hopkins, May 7, 1S06. Daniel 
Inman kept the first inn, in 1811, and Freeman Hopkins built 
the first sawmill. 

8 There are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Presb., and Bap. 

« Incorp. in 1848. Employs 10 teachers and averages abont 
600 pupils. 



WAYNE COUNTY. 



093 



a bank, 2 printing offices, and a number of manufactories.' Pop. 2,310. East Palmyra, 

(p. V.,) a canal and R. R. station, in the E. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 20 houses. 
Thefirstsettlement was made by John Swift, in 1789 or '90.'' In the winter of 1788-89, .John Swift and 
Col. John Jenkins purchased Tp. 12, R. 2, now Palmyra, and commenced the survey of it in IMareh. 
During the summer, John Swift moved into the town, and erected a log bouse and storehouse a little 
N. of the lower end of Main St., Palmyra. Before the close of the year 1789, Webb Harwood and 
family, Noah Porter, Jonathan Warner, and Bennett Bates, from Mass., came in. Mr. Ilarwood 
settled a little w. of the village. David AVhite and family came in in 1790. The first church (Presb.) 
was formed in 1797 ; Rev. Eleazur Fairbanks was the first pastor.' Joseph Smith, the father of the 
prophet, settled a little s. of Palmyra Village in 1819. The plates of the Mormon Bible were said to 
have been dug up on a hillside in Manchester, Ontario co., a little s. of the Palmyra line. The 
Smiths were money diggers, and had previously been digging in this locality for gold. The bouk 
was printed at the office of the Wayne Sentinel, Martin Harris, a convert, mortgaging his farm to 
defray the expense. 

ROSE* — was formed from Wolcott, Feb. 5, 1826. It lies in the interior of the co., e. of the center. 
Its surface is mostly undulating or level, with drift ridges in the s. E. Several small tracts of swamp 
land lie in different parts of the town. The streams are small ; Mudge, Sherman, and Thomas Creeks 
are the principal. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed with clay on the elevations and with muck 
on the lowlands. The highest point is 140 ft. above Lake Ontario. Limestone approaches the sur- 
face in the n. part, and has been quarried to some extent for lime and for building purposes. Kose 
Valley, (Rose p. o.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a steam sawmill, and tannery. Pop. 
218. 'Wayne Center, in the w. part, contains 20 houses ; Glenniark Falls,^ in the n. part, 
contains 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, and 10 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1805, by 
Caleb Melvin and Alpheus Harman.' The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1824.' 

SAVABfBf AH' — was formed from Gralen, Nov. 24, 1824. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. 
Its surface is broken by drift ridges in the N., and is low and marshy in the s. ; about one-third of 
the s. part is a woodland marsh, known as Crusoe Island. Seneca River forms the s. part of the 
E. boundary. Crusoe Lake is a small, shallow body of water near the center; its outlet, Crusoe 
Creek, flows into Seneca River. The soil in the n. is a sandy and gravelly loam, and in the s. it is 
principally composed of muck and shell marl.' A tract of about 1,900 acres in the s. E. part is 
an open marsh, producing coarse grass. Savanuab, (p. v.,) near the center, is a station upon 
the N. Y. C. R. R., and contains 20 houses. The first settlement was made by Elias Converse and 

Joseph Mozier, in 1812.'° The first preacher was Rev. Wiers, (Bap.) There is no church 

in town. 

SODUS" — was formed in Jan. 1789. Williamson was taken off in 1802, and Lyons in 1811. 
It is the central town on the n. border of the CO., and is bounded N. by Lake Ontario. A part of 
Great Sodus Bay lies in the N. E. corner. Its surface in the N. part is mostly level, with a gentle 
inclination toward the lake. A ridge 140 to 190 ft. higher than the surface of the lake passes through 
near the center ; and s. of this the surface is broken by several ridges extending n. and s. The lake 
shore varies in height from a low swamp to bluffs 70 ft. high. Second and Salmon Creeks are the 
principal streams. The soil in the N. part is a clay and sandy loam, and in the s. gravelly loam. The 
manufacture of lime is extensively carried on in the s. part ; and red sandstone is quarried in the s. w. 
Red oxid of iron (argillaceous ore) is found 2 mi. w. of Sodus Point. Salt was manufactured in 183 1 



1 A macliine shop and manufactory of agricultural iniple- 
menta. 2 furnaces, a scale manufactory, distillery, tobacco manu. 
fiictory. and gas works. About 2 mi. N. E. of the village is an 
extensive rope and cordage manufactory. 

* The settlers that followed in 1790-91-92, as near as can be ascer- 
tained, were Lemuel Spear, David Jackways, .Tames Galloway, 
Jonathan Willet. the Mattisons, Gideon Durfee, sr., and his sons, 
^Gideon, Kdward, Job. Pardon, Stephen, and Lemuel, — Isaac 
Springer. Wm.. James, and Thos. Rogers. John Russell, Nathan 
Harris, David Wilcox, Joel Foster, Abraham Foster, Elias Reeves, 
and Luther Sanford. In 1791 "The Long Island Co.," through 
Elias Reeves, A. Foster, Wm. Hopkins, and Luther Sanford. pur- 
chased 5,501) acres near East Palmyra, at 25ct8. per acre ; and the 
first wheat harvested sold for 25ct8. per bushel. The first birth 
was tiiat of a child of Webb Harwood, in 1790; the first mar- 
riage, that of Wm. Wilcox and Ruth Durfee; and the first death, 
that of David White. Ira Selby taught the first school, in 1793. 
Dr. Azel Ensworth kept the first inn. and Samuel Colt the first 
store, at an early day. Jonah Howell built the first mill, 1 mi. 
£. of the village. 

* The census reports 10 churches in town ; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., 
Prot. E., Bap ., Christian, Cong., Friends, and K. C. 



* Named from Robert L. Rose, Esq., of Geneva. 

6 There is a fall at this place, on Thomas Creek, of 22 ft. 

* Among the other early settlers were Milton Salisbury, 

Crafts, John Sherman, Joel Bishop, sr., Lott Stuart, Aaron Shep 

ard, Chas. Thomas. Pomeroy. and Bannister. The first 

birth was that of a child of Mr. Salisbury, in 1812; the first 
marriage, that of Hosea Gillett and Hannah Burnham. in Jan. 
1S13; and the first death, a child of Harvey Gillett. in 1812". 
Sally Bishop taught the first school, in 1813; and Oliver Wet- 
more built the first sawmill, in 1812. 

' There are 3 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., and Bap. 

8 Named from the surface in the s. part. 

5 The Galen Salt Works of an early period were in this town 

10 Among the early settlers were Michael Wejitberwax, Benj. 
Seeley. Garret Burnham, Henry Taylor, Chauncey Ives, Johu 
Green, Abner and Ezra Rockvvny. Henry Myers, David Cush- 
man, Smith Ward, and Samp.fon M.-Baiie, mostly fnun liastern 
N. Y. The first marriage was that of Geo. Fredenlmrgh and 
Sally Converse; the first birth was that of a child of Geo. Kre- 

denburgh; and the first death, that of Sweetman, Loria 

Brown taught the first school, in 1S17. 

il Called by the Indians "Assorodus," meaning " silver}' water." 



694 



WAYNE COUNTY. 



and '32. SodUS (p. v.) contains 3 churches, the Sodus Academy, and about 300 inhabitants. 
Sodus Point, (p. v.,) on the lake, w. of the entrance to the bay, is a U. S. port of entry in the 
Genesee District. It has a lighthouse, a church, a steam sawmill, and about 200 inhabitants. 
Sodus Center (p-f.) contains a church, fuundery, carding mill, grist and saw mill, and 40 
houses; Alton (p. V.) a church and 30 houses; South SodUS (p. v.) a church and 30 houses; and 
Joy (p. V.) a church, shingle factory, and 30 houses. The first settlement was made in 1794, under 
the auspices of Charles Williamson, agent of the Pulteney Estate.' Mr. Williamson caused a road to 
be cut through from Palmyra to Sodus Point in the spring of 1794. During the summer the town 
was surveyed, an extensive city plan laid out between Salmon Creek and the Point, and within two 
years mills were erected on Salmon Creek. A tavern was built at an expense of $5,000, a pleasure 
yacht was placed upon the bay ; and in roads, surveys, buildings, &o., over $20,000 was expended. 

Thos. Little and Moffat were the local agents of Mr. Williamson. Of all those connected witli 

these premature improvements, but few remained after they were completed. Elijah Brown was an 
early settler, 4 mi. w. of the Point, and Amos Richards, 7 mi. w. Ammi Ellsworth came from Conn. 
in 1801, and settled near the Point. Dr. Wm. Nixon Lummissettled atthe Point. He built mills and 
a forge. A daughter of his is Mrs. Elizabeth Ellet, author of the " Women of the Revolution," and 
" Domestic History of the Revolution." Col. Peregrine Fitzhugh came from Md. in 1803, with his 
family and slaves, — over 40 persons in all. Dr. Thos. G. Lawson, an Englishman, settled 1 mi. from 
the Point, in 1803. After expending considerable money in attempting to form a settlement, he 
abandoned the enterprise in 1805. In 1799, besides those already mentioned, there were 25 families 
in town on roads leading to Palmyra and Lyons. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1805 ; 
Elder Seba Norton was the first settled minister.'' 

■^VALiWOKTH^— was formed from Ontario, April 20, 1829. It is the central town on the w. 
border of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling upland, the ridges being the most elevated land in 
the CO. The Niagara limestone crops out in the n. part, marking its course by a hard, stony surface 
some rods in width. It is drained n. by several small streams, and s. E. by tributaries of Red Creek. 
The soil is a rich, sandy loam. ^Valwortll, (p. v.,) near the s. e. corner, contains 3 churches, 
the Walworth Academy, and 230 inhabitants. In the immediate vicinity is an extensive nursery.* 
■West Walworth, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains a church and 115 inhabitants. The first 
settlement was begun about 1800.^ The first church (M. E.) was organized previous tol809.' 

WILil-IAMSOM' — was formed from Sodus, Feb. 20, 1802. Ontario was taken ofi' in 1807, 
and Marion in 1825. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center, Lake Ontario forming 
its N. boundary. Its surface is level in the N., with a gentle inclination toward the lake. 
In the a. it rises into low ridges. It is drained by a few small streams that flow n. into Lake On- 
tario. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, mixed with clay near the lake shore. Pulteney- 
ville,' (p. V.,) on the lake shore, a U. S. port of entry in the Genesee District, contains a church, 
gristmills, a steam sawmill, and about 450 inhabitants; Williamson, (p. v.,) s. of the center, 
contains 2 churches, a steam flouring mill, and about 300 inhabitants ; East Williamson 
contains 2 churches and 20 houses. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Wm. Waters.' The 
census reports 8 churches in town.'" 

WOE.COTT" — was formed from Junius, (Seneca co.,) March 24, 1807. Butler, Huron, and 
Rose were taken off in 1826. It is the N. E. corner town of the co.. Lake Ontario forming its N. 



1 Moses and James Sill kept the first inn, at Sodus Point, in the 
building erected for that purpose by Mr. Williamson. On the 
evening of .Tune 1.% 1813, a party of about 100 English landed at 
Sodus Point in boats, from the fleetof Sir Jas.Yeo, lor the purpose 
of seizing or d<-8troying what public stores they could find. They 
were oppo.^eil by about 40 Americans, under Capt. Hull, of Lynns. 
Alter the liiet lire the Americans retreated. The enemy burned 
ft hoQses, and the old Williamson Hotel, owned by Capt. Wm. 
Wicl,ham. The public flour had been secreted in a ravine, and 
femained undiscovered. The ne-\t day a gunboat proceeded up 
tlie lake to Nicholas Point and burned a warehouse. The 
British had 2 killed, and the Americans 1 killed and 1 mortally 
wounded. The total amount of property destroyed amounted to 
about $25,000, 

2 The census reports 11 churches in town ; 4 M, E., 2 Prot. E., 
2 Preab., Bap., Christian, Con^, 

3 Named from Chancellor Walworth, 

4 This nursery — established in 1840 — occupies 75 acres, and 
produces annually 300,000 trees, mostly sent to New Kngland, 
N. J., Md., and Va. 

6 Among the other early settlers were George JliUet, in 1802, 
Daniel Douglass and George Randolph, at West Walworth. Dr. 
Hurlbut Crittenden, in 1804, Deacon Gideon Hassett, James and 
fonathan Hill, Capt. Gilbert, Uinckley, and John and 



Marshall Chamberlain. The first death was that of Green, 

killed by the fall of a tree, in 1806. The first store was kept by 
Thomas F. Kemp.sli.ill. 

* There are 5 churches in town; 2 Bap., M. E,, Cong., and 
F. W. Bap. 

T Named from Charles Williamson, the first agent of the 
Pidteney Estate. 

8 Named from Sir Wm. Pnlteney. On the morning of .Tvtne 13, 
1813, Com, ?ir James Yeo, with a British force, m,ide a descent 
upon this place. Gen. J. Swift, who commanded the Americans, 
surrendered, with the stipulation that private prvipeity and 
persons should be respected. Most of the U.S. store-s bad been 
previously removed to a place of safety. The British iiad 2 
killed and 3 wounded. 

8 Capt. Sam'l Throop, Jeremiah Selby, .lohn Holmes, and Al- 
pheus Curtis, came in 1806, Maj. Wm. Rogers in 1807, and Dan'I 

Poppin.s, Timothy Smith, Denning, Andrew Cflnnell. .Sniu'l 

Ledjard, and Jacob W. Hallett, soon after. The first child born 
v^'as H. N. Thi-oop, in Nov. 1807, Major Rogers kept the first 
inn, in l.'^07; Jos. Colt, the first store, Capt. Sam'l Throop and 
Jeremiah Selbv built the first saw and grist mill. 

10 2 Presb., M. E., Wes, Meth,, Bap., Cong., Ref, Prot. D,, and 
Union, 

u Named from Gov, Oliver Wolcott, of Conn. 



"WAYNE COUNTY. 



695 



boundary. Its surfiice is undulating, with a general inclination toward the lake. In several locali- 
ties are tracts of low marsh land. The streams are AVolcott and Big and Little Red Creelis, and 
several smaller streams, which flow n. into Lake Ontario. A part of Port Bay, in the n. w., Blind 
Sodus Bay,' in the N. e., and two smaller bays, extend inland from the lake. The soil is a sandy 
and gravelly loam. Iron ore is found in the N. E. part. 'Wolcott, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, 
was incorp. Feb. 24, 1852. It contains 4 churches, an academy,^ 2 flouring mills, 2 sawmills, a 
furnace and agricultural machine shop, carding machine, and carpet and coverlet factory. Pop. 
600. Red Creek, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, is incorp., and contains 3 churches, the Red Creek 
Union Academy, 2 gristmills, 3 sawmills, a woolen factory, furnace, and tannery. Pop. in 1859, 
697. Furnace Village,' in the w. part, contains a furnace, sawmill, and 12 houses. The 
first settlement was made by Jonathan Melvin, sen., on Lot 50, in 1805.* The first settled minister 
was Daniel S. Buttrick.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freelwlders, ,Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, a7id Domestic Manufactures, of Wai/ne County. 



Names of Towns. 



Arcadia 

Butler 

Galen 

Huron 

Lyons 

Macedon 

Marion 

Ontario 

Palmyra .... 

Rose 

Savannah ... 

Sodus 

Walworth... 
Wiiliamsoo. 
Wolcott 

Total. 



Acres op Land. 1 




1 


1 


1 


fc 


•i 


1 


g 


24.539 


6,967J 


I.') ,316 


6.920 


a4,30U 


10,62.1 


12.220S 


7,692 


1.1,917 


6,230 


1S.674 


4,3S9 


14.362i 


3,698 


13.8S6f 


6,978f 


17.099i 


4,202i 


13,272} 


8,577 


ll,250i 


7,967J 


29,963S 


11,697} 


15,858J 


4,606 


14.796 


6,802 


12,996 


8,710 


254,4.51J 


102.062i 



Valuation of 1868. 



J! 




1 


= * 


^ 


§ t 






s 


tS 


0! 


$101,728 


$1,421,601 


6S0.494 


21,860 


1,3.S1,393 


3ti7,678 


675.999 


31.444 


1,356,631 


31.3.960 


951,179 


121.670 


4SS,5S5 


-1.012 


464.509 


72.688 


1,190,.524 


195,000 


627.597 


36,911 


465,362 


8,000 


1,085,811 


116,089 


678.442 


82,470 


641.248 


69,632 


649,749 


66,300 


12,308,024 


1,364,222 



868. 


Population. 


1 
2 


.i 

1 
5 


.« 






5 

1 
2,6»4 


..: 


5 
1 


■& 

1 


1,102 


1 


$1,523,329 


2,832 


987 


796 


602.344 


1,128 


1,099 


414 


438 


360 


1,748,971 


2,706 


2,475 


9-24 


995 


490 


607,443 


985 


S96 


886 


384 


315 


1,669,481 


2,(.K)4 


2,601 


874 


978 


076 


1,072.849 


1,249 


1,1S6 


453 


493 


366 


659,697 


98.5 


962 


382 


419 


360 


537,097 


1,222 


1,101 


461 


486 


371 


1,386,624 


2,062 


2,053 


713 


846 


527 


603,608 


1,084 


1,030 


396 


419 


329 


4a3,362 


961 


811 


343 


349 


212 


1.201,900 


2.331 


2.207 


908 


932 


777 


660,912 


991 


973 


390 


417 


347 


610,880 


1.301 


1,251 


496 


629 


428 


605,049 


1.636 


1,478 


593 


609 


484 


13,612,246 


23,964 


22.796 


8,708 


9,376 


6,844 



vs 



i . 
s-s. 



1,903 
815 

1,850 
775 

1,849 
816 
756 
943 

1.319 
791 
719 

1,880 
703 
791 

1,223 



Names of Towns. 



Arcadia 

Butler 

Qalen 

Huron 

Lyons 

Macedon.... 

Marion 

Ontario 

Palmyra .... 

Rose 

Savannah.. . 

Sodus 

Walworth... 
Williamson. 

Wolcott 

Total. 



Live Stock. | 


AoRictn,TCRAL Products. | 












Bush, o 


F GRAm. 


1 


>■ . 


■g. 


Daisy Pao lucTS. 


S 


Ip 


s 


f 


£ 


i 

^ 


6, 


41 


|J 


^sS 


Ki 


IB 
1,453 


1,735 


S 


6 


4 
2,788 


£ 


* 


e 


Si: 

23,870 


S-? 
3S.4at 


0, « 


^ 2 


1,493 


10,821 


44,032 


180,099 


4,580 


140,0.54 


6.331 


981 


1,766 


1,024 


4,898 


1,647 


16.462 


140,631 


2,6.57 


17,906 


51.981 


97.671 


16.112 


1,373 


1,961 


1,649 


8,814 


4.198 


31.178 


199,092J 


3,806 


19,646 


49,888 


140.558 


16.278 


712 


1,091 


675 


3,716 


1,438 


10.3.57 


113,036 


1,910 


15,895 


20,361 


69,860 


4,844 


1,320 


1,322 


1.610 


7,722 


2,406 


27.367 


134.752J 


3,430 


17,473 


61.626 


89,472 


4.128 


909 


1,329 


963 


10,288 


1,924 


26,787 


110.8994 


3,163 


16.777 


27,949 


77,662 


9.900 


846 


1,084 


974 


3.763 


1.632 


12,473 


108.744S 


2,6S3J 


16.740 


34,036 


96,5.50 


18,763 


886 


1,201 


923 


4,020 


1,286 


9,610 


83.609i 


2.6854 


15.272 


17.431 


88,376 


17,400 


869 


1,303 


1,193 


7.954 


1,900 


31,073 


112.236 


3.713 


16,701 


33.113 


106,711 


14.816 


764 


1,286 


871 


3,727 


1,241 


9,778 


94,200 


1.7244 


13,240 


28,636 


66,330 


7,076 


676 


1,348 


761 


4,947 


1,335 


15,925 


113,8.53i 


1,904 


14.376 


14.907 


69,216 


2.290 


1,616 


2,516 


1,846 


15,625 


3,149 


26.396i 


207.538} 


6.0724 


30,847 


70,448 


177,259 


9.7654 


877 


1,148 


878 


6,,S45 


1,644 


12.600 


113.704J 


3,386 


19.066 


21,170 


68.464 


6.444 


994 


1,278 


1,037 


7.609 


1.519 


8,803 


93.427 


2,943 


13.8.35 


82,702 


91.822 


30.175 


673 
14,928 


1.327 
21,696 


882 


4.296 


1,692 


9,103 
289.734i 


112.7604 
1.918,672i 


1.713J 
46,2714 


10.854 


17.466 


79.186 


2.452 


16,769 


104,846 


29,799 


261,403 


509,620 


1,446,0,S0 


163,7634 






803 

1,7.50 

1.271 

1,310 

360 

32 

592 

1,669 

268 

846 

1,366 

779 

335 

845 

8394 



13.0644 



1 Named from the sandbar which stretches across its mouth 
from the w. shore. 

8 The Leavenworth Institute, incorp. in 1859; named from 
Isaac Leavenworth, who contributed one-lialf tbo total cost 

* Wolcott Furnace manufactures about 450 tons of pig iron 
per annum fmm ore dug in the n. e. part of the town. 

* Among the other early settlers were Adonijab Church, from 
Uass., ill 1806, Osgood Church and family, in 1807, Dea. Enapp 



and Lambert Woodruff, in the vicinity of Bed Creek, Noadiah 
Child, in 1811, and .Tacob Snyder, with bis familvof 10 children, 
in 1813. The first death was that of a son of George Salmon. 
Obadiah Adams kept the first inn, and Noadiah Child built tl>a 
first saw and grist mill, in 1814. 

5 There are 8 churches in town; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Prosb. 
F. W. Bap., and Meth. Prot. 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 

--^g-^?— :;^^ This countv, constitutinfr one of the original divisions of the State 

>g^^Uiy! '■ ■ ' " under the Englisli rule, soon after the first conquest, was organized 

j^^^^p: '■■ A Nov. 1, 1683, with its present limits. It lies upon the E. banls of 

fiff^ ' .^^K 'li6 Hudson, in the s. e. part of the State, and is bounded on the e. 

Iffi: ,, , fiA by Conn, and on the s. by Long Island Sound. It is centrally 

[xj^ P ^!Bl distant 105 mi. from Albany, and contains 525 sq. mi. The sur- 

1^-^ I I ' 'Bj face consists of several ridges of hills parallel to the river and 

y H ;/ ^J separated by wide valleys. The hills are in two general ranges, 

\^ ':^l : ^/ the first extending along the river and the second along the Conn. 

\^ , \ / line. They are subdivided into a great number of minor ridges 

^■^^jIjI^^^^^ and hills, all extending n. and s. The highest summits are 600 to 

1,000 ft. above tide. The valleys, extending n. and s., are continu- 
ous, affording ample opportunity for the construction of roads and railroads ; and they are generally 
bordered by gradually sloping hillsides.' In some localities the hills are abrupt and rocky. The 
principal streams are Peekskill Creek, Furnace Brook, Croton, Pocantico, and Neperhan Rivers, 
and Tibbetts Brook, tributaries of the Hudson ; Bronx River, Westchester and Ilutchinsons Creeks, 
Mamaroneck and Byram Rivers, flowing into Long Island Sound ; Maharness and Stamford Mill 
Rivers, flowing e. into Conn. ; and Muscoot Creek, Plum Brook, and Titicus, Cross, and Kisko 
Rivers, tributaries of the Croton. The lakes are small bodies of water scattered through the hilly 
portions. The s. E. portion of the co., along the Sound, is deeply indented with bays and estuaries, 
which in some places are bordered by extensive marshes. Most of the streams which flow into 
the Sound afford, by the reflux of the tide, an intermitting hydraulic power, which is employed in 
several places. 

The rocks of the co. consist principally of granite and gneiss, of many dissimilar varieties, and 
of white crystalline limestone. These rocks crop out upon the declivities and summits of most of 
the hills, aff'ording an abundance of the best kind of building stone. The marble quarries at 
Sing Sing and other places are extensively wrought, their products affording one of the most 
valuable exports of the co. Traces of various kinds of ore have been discovered ; but all search 
for profitable metallic veins has proved unsuccessful. Several mineral springs are found in differ- 
ent sections, the principal of which is the Chappaqua Spring, 3 mi. e. of Sing Sing. It emits 
sulphuretted hydrogen and is said to possess useful medicinal properties. The soil, derived prin- 
cipally from the disintegration of the primitive rocks, is light, sandy, and, naturally, only mode- 
rately productive ; but, by a continued process of scientific culture, it has been rendered very 
fertile. Upon the Hudson and the Sound and in various other localities are drift deposits and 
alluvium, furnishing a much more productive soil. The people are principally engaged in gar- 
dening and fruit raising, fattening cattle, and supplying milk for the New York market. Bricks 
in immense quantities are manufactured along the Hudson for exportation. Other manufactures 
are largely carried on in the villages adjacent to New York. 

This CO. is distinguished for beautiful and picturesque scenery, noticeable in nearly every part. 
The highlands that border upon the Hudson afford an extended view of that river, the Palisades, 
and of the hilly country of Rockland and Orange. Along the s. E. border fine views are obtained 
of the Sound, the numerous green islands along the coast, and the adjacent shores of Long Island. 
In the interior the landscape is agreeably diversified by hills, dales, and clear, running streams. 
Many wealthy inhabitants of New York have erected beautiful villas and country residences upon 
tlie finest sites ; and the hills of the co. are now studded with these splendid specimens of archi- 
tectural art. 

In the vicinity of New York are numerous small villages inhabited by mechanics and working 
men doing business in the city. These people go back and forth daily on the lines of railroad, or 
by steamboat, living in the country for the sake of economy. A considerable amount of manu- 
factures is carried on at these suljurban villages. A large transient population, mostly from New 
York, make this co. their residence during tlie summer months. 

1 The roads that cross the co. E. and w. are a constant succession of ascents and descents, while those extending N. and 3 
Oimugh the valleys are nearly level. 
696 



WESTCHESTER COUXTY. 



697 



The CO. is a half-shirc, the co. buildings being located respectively at Bedford and White Plains,* 
The courthouse at Bedford is a wooden structure ; and attached to it is a jail for the temporary 
confinement of prisoners. The co. buildings at White Plains are of granite, and are the most 
commodious and costly buildings of the kind in the State.'* 

The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 173 acres in Mount Pleasant, 5 mi. n. of White Plains. 
The average number of inmates is 225, supported at a -weekly cost of 68.V cts. each. The farm 
yichls a-ttivenue of $2,500. A school is kept throughout the year. The buildings are of stone; 
and the whole establishment seems to be well arranged. 

The Hudson River R. R. extends along the river banks through Yonkers, Greenburgh, Mount 
Pleasant, Ossining, and Cortlandt. The Harlem R. R. extends n. through the central part of the 
CO., extending through Morrisania, AVest Farms, Yonkers, East Chester, Scarsdale, Greenburgh, 
White Plains, Mount Pleasant, New Castle, Bedford, Lewisboro, and North Salem. The New 
York & New Haven R. R. extends from the Harlem R. R. at East Chester e. through Pelham, 
New Rochelle, Mamaroneck, Harrison, and Rye. A branch road extends from the Harlem R. R, 
at Morrisania s. e. about 2 mi. to Port Morris. The other principal public work in the co. is the 
Croton dam and the great aqueduct which supplies the city of New York with water. Lines of 
steamers ply between New York and the various ports along the Hudson and East Rivers, aflbrding 
cheap and easy means of communication with the great city. 

Five newspapers are now published in the co.^ 

When first known to the whites, this co. was occupied by the Mohegaus, who were divided into 
several bands or clans with distinctive names.* They paid tribute to the Five Nations, and were 
known in early documents as " River Indians." 



1 At the organization of the co. in 1683, the courts were esta- 
blished at Westchester, and were continued there uutil 1759. A 
court of sessions w;i3 held at East Ohester for some time. By 
act of Dec. 16. 1758. the justices and supervisors were directed 
to select a rn-w site for a courthouse, wliich was loc:ited at White 
Plains; and in that year, 1700, and 1762, £'2,000 were voted to 
erect and ftuisli it. It was used until 1776. when it was hurned. 
By an act of May 1. 1786. £l.SOO were appropriated for the erec- 
tion of a courthouse at Whito Plains and another at Bedford, 
under the superintendence of Stephen Wnrd, Elienezer Lock- 
wood, Jonathan Q. Tompkins, Ebenezer Piirdy. Thog. Thomas, 
Richard Ilatfteld, and Hichard Sacket. jr. Prisoners had pre- 
Tiously been confined in the Now York jail; and courts had for 
a time been held in the Presbyterian church of Bedford. Both 
buildings thus erected are still standing, and owned by the co. 
A clerk's office was built at White Phiins, in 1830. adjacent to 
the courthouse, in the old part of the village. The Provincial 
Convention held its sessions a few days in July. 1776, at the 
courthoufle in White Plains; and in front of it tlie Declai-ation 
of Independence was publicly read upon its receipt by that 
body, Tbi- buildiu'^, an 1 wh:it remiiined of the villaije, were 
wantonly burned by a New England major on the night of Nov. 
5, 1776. 

2 An act passed March 30, 1855, authorized the county trea- 
surer to loan $.35,000 for the erection of a ni-w conithouse. jail, 
clerk's office, and surro^^ate's office, upon a site in Wliitn Plains, 
to be selected by the supervisors, and under a committee to be 
appointed by them. The present buildin-rs were erected in 
1856-67, under the superintendence of Abnihara I latfi.ld. States 
Barton. Wm. Marshall, jr., David Hunt, aU'l Geo. C. Finch, at a 
cost of $l'2o.OOO. Tliey are built of granite quirried near the 
village, and form 3 buildings connected by corridors. The front 
part is devoted to the records of the cleik and surrogate, is fire- 
proof throughout, and its spacious rooms are furnit-hed with 
iron cases for books and p.»per8. The reixirds have been re- 
cently bound, and put in complete order for preservation. The 
middle portion is devoted to court and jury rooms, sheriff's 
office and residence; and the rear building is the jsil. connected 
with the court room only by a verandali. Prisoners may bo 
brought into court witlnnit liability to rescue by a crowd. The 
cells, 36 in number, are built in '2 tiers in a central block. 

By an act of April 16. 185S, the offi e of Uegi-fter of Deeds w.Hfl 

created, to be filled by election trienuially. The act took effect 

Jan. 1, 1859. 
> The Somers Museum was published by Milton F. Gushing 
in 1810. 

The Westchester Gazpft-e was published at Peekskill by Robert 
Crombia about ISIO. It was afterward changed to 

The Weslchesttir and Putnam Qiz-'tt''. Severn! changes of pro- 
prietors and perhaps of name, occurred when in 1332 
it became 

Tlie Westcliester and Putnam Sentinel, and was published a 
short time by Dr. Brewer. It was aff-rward pub- 
lished ab'^ut 2 years !)y Samuel Ib-u.-itis. sv* 

The S"nti7ipl. It then psissed into the hands of Samuel Marks, 
who coutinvi d it as 

The Wtstchfsfer ami Putnam Repuhliran. In 1^44 it was sold 
to Wm. Richards who cliange,d its name to 

Th£ Peekskill Rrpul'liow. In 1852 Joseph J.Chambers became 
proprietor, and in 1857 the paper was removed to Sing 
Sine, where it is now published aa 



Tlie Republican, by J. H. Piatt; J. J. Chambers, editor. 

The We^tchestn- Palrint was published at West I'arms a short 
time in 1812 by Lopez, 

The Wesicltester H'-rald and Putnam Gazette was published at 
Sing Sing in 1(^17. It wag subsequently published as 

The Wnstcheiter tinrahi, by Cideb Roscoc. The oJRcewas burned 
in 1856, and tlie publication has not been reauniod. 

The Westcheiiter Spy was eommenc< d at White Plains in 1832 

by Harpending. It was contiuued by William B. 

Lamphear, S. U. Arn.dd. John ^V'. Bell, and others, 
until ls4S. when it w;ts disci-intiimed. 

The Hudsou River Chronicle was commenced at 
Sing Sing in 1S37 by A, 11. Wells. It is now published 
by Wm. C. Howe. 

The ProUrtnr, a campaign paper, was pnblJHhed in 18^4. 

The. Pi-t Chegt^ir Ba?ina- was pub. by Wm. A. McMillan in 1845. 

The Elastem State Journal was commenced at AVhito 
Plains in 1^45 by Edmund U. Southerlaud, its present 
publisher. 

The Westchexter and Putnam Democrat was commenced at 
Peekskill in IS— by Bailey & M.irks, It was con- 
tinued by Siimuel Marks, and was for a time discon- 
tinued. It was revived by G. K. Lyman, and soon 
after it passed into the hands of J. Arnold, who con- 
tinued it until 1851. when Ezra J. Horton became pro- 
prietor, and changed its name to 

The Highland Etu/le. In 1855, J. W. Spaight became the pub- 
lisher, and in 1N58 the paper passed into the hands of 
Dr. Feiielim Hiisbrouck, who changed its name to 

The Highland Democrat, and still publishes it. 

'The WcsfchrMer (iazi'ttc was commepced at Morrisania in 1849. 
i^tf'pben Angel was for some time editor. It was discon- 
tinu'-d aljout 185f-. 

The "Westchester County Journal was commenced 
at Morri8;inia in 1850 by James E^tillmau, its present 
publisher. 

The Plain Dealer was removed from Roslyn, and afterward to 
Glen Cove. 

The Westchester Gazetteer was commenced at West Farms in 
1849, by II. Coggshell; it was removed to Mott Haven 
July 14. 1851. and discontinue^ in 1852. 

The Yonkers Herald was commenced in 1852 by Thos. 
Smith, its present publisher. 

The Westchester A'ews wjis commenced at New Rochelle in 1S53 
liy Thos. Tiiwndrow. It was removed to Yonkers In 
1S54, and published until Jan. 1856, whim it was pur- 
chased by M. F. IJnwe; and in Fi-b. following u new 
paper w;is is-^ued in its place, called 

The Yonkers KxHmiiier, which is still published by 
M. F. Kowe. 

The Mount Vernon Gazette was commenced in 1R54 by Egbert 
A. S. Msnuing. It w;i3 discontinued in 1857. 
* The Siwannyx (Keup\ed the shores of the sniind from Ni>r- 

walk to near Hellgate: the M^tnlmttrun held the island of \.-w 

York, and as far n. as o[ pnsito Tappan; the iV.r./na<il:erk)f In Id 

the slioro from the Sint Sink to tbu Armonck; the Sint Sinks 

occupied the present town of Ossining and its vicinity; tho 

Kit4--haionnks claimed fio territory on the Cmton, and N. to 

Anthonys Nose; and the Parhami and Wappinijers tho High- 
lands. The Tankdenke2 resided in the roar of Sing Sing. — 

Bolton's W Cluster, I, p. 10. 



698 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



Settlement began under the Dutch authority, in the southern part, and before the Revolution 
nearly every part of the co. had been occupied. A large part was embraced by the Cortlandt, 
Philipsburgh, Pelham, Scarsdale, and Fordham Manors.* Of these the first sent a representative 
to the General Assembly, and the second was forfeited by the attainder of its proprietor in the 
Revolution. The borough of Westchester, including the present towns of Westchester, West 
Farms, and Morrisania, was also represented by a member, and had a mayor's court. This co. 
was the scene of many events of great importance in the Revolution, and, from its occupying the 
middle ground between the opposing armies, was alternately overrun and pillaged by the refugees 
o*" both.'^ The southern part was taxed £2,000, May 6, 1784, to repay Revolutionary expenses. 



BEDFORD^ — was first formed under Connecticut, in May, 1697. Its rights were confirmed 
by New York in April, 1704 ; and it was fully organized as a town March 7, 1788. It is an interior 
town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is elevated and broken by small hills and 
valleys, and is almost entirely available for agricultural purposes. Croton River forms part of the 
N. boundary ; Maharness River flows through a small portion of the s. part; and Cross River flows 
through the N. E. corner. Byram Lake lies on the s. border. The soil is generally a good quality 
of sandy and gravelly loam, but stony on the hills. Bedford, {p. v.,) s. e. of the center, is sur- 
rounded by hills, one of which on the n. retains its Indian name of '* Aspetong," The village is 
a half-shire, and contains a courthouse,* 2 churches, the Bedford Academy, a Female Institute, 
and 30 houses. Bedford Station, (p. o.,) on the Harlem R. R., contains 10 houses. Ha- 
toiiab, (p.v.,) on Cross River, near its junction with the Croton, contains 30 houses. Mount 
Kisko, {p. v., ) a station on the Harlem R. R., on the w. border of the town, contains 200 inhabit- 
ants. Wliitloefeville is a station on the Harlem R. R. near the.N. border. The town was 
mostly included in a purchase made July 1, 1040, by Nathan Turner, for New Haven, and sold 
the same year by the latter to Andrew Ward, Robert Coe, and 20 others, for X33. Other Indian 
purchases were made, the last of which was July 24, 1703.^ There are 8 churches in town.^ 

CORTIjAIVBT^ — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n. w. corner 
of the CO. Its surface is broken and hilly. The ranges of hills generally extend N. and s. and 
are separated by narrow valleys. The declivities are often steep and nearly precipitous, An- 
thonys Nose,^ on the n. line, 1,228 ft. above the river, is the highest land in the co. Although 
very broken, the surface generally is susceptible of cultivation. The principal streams are Croton 
River, flowing across the s. part, Furnace Brook, Peekskill Hollow Creek, and Gregorys Brook. 
The soil is generally a sandy and gravelly loam, with a strip of clay along the river. Among the 
mountains are found a variety of interesting minerals.® Brick is extensively manufactured.^'* 



1 These patents were frranted as foUowe : — 

CorUandt Patent was gi-anted June 17, lt;97, to Stephanus Van 
Coitlaiiclt, with an annual qtiitrent nf 40 sliilling^. It in- 
cluded the present towns of Cortlandt, Yorktown, Somers, 
and North frlalem. 

PhUipshurgh Patait was granted .Tune 12, 1703, to Frederick 
Philipse, at an annual quitrent of £4 Vis. It included 
the present towns of Gieenburgh, Mount Pleasant, and 
Ossining. 

Pdhain Patmt wns granted Oct. 25, 1G87, to John Pell, and in- 
cluded the present town of Pelham and a part of New 
Rochelle. 

F>/7'dham Pahmt was granted in 1671 to John Archer, and in- 
cluded 1.253 acres in the present town of West Farms. 

Scarsdale }\itent was granted March 21, 1701, to Caleb Ileath- 
cote, subject to an annual quitrent of £5. It included the 
present towns of Scarsdale, New Castle, North Castle, and 
a part of White Plains. 

2 Two classes of brigands, equally destitute of principle, but 
professing attachment to opposite interests, infested the co., 
committing atrocious crimes without punishment, and often 
preying upon their nomiual friends with as little mercy as 
upon their avowed eneniies. Of these, the "Cowboys" pn> 
fessed tory sentiments, while the "Skinners"' were ostensibly 
attached to the American cause. The two parties often ope- 
rated in concert, the Cowboys bringing contraband goods from 
New York to exchange for the property plundered by the Skin- 
ners; and. when a pretext was necessary, a skirmish would 
occur, and the goods from the enemy would be openly borne 
away, as if lawfully cjiptured. — BnUfni's Westc/iester. I, p. 211. 

* Named from Itedfordsbire, England, whence many of the 
early settlers came. It formed part of the territory known 
as Kippowams. Privilege of plantation was granted under the 
present n.ime by a court of election held at iiartford. Conn., 
Slay 11, 16S2. In 1697 a patent was granted by Conn, to the 
town. In 1700 the royal approval vox obtained to the survey 



of 16S3 and '84, by which Bedford and Kye were included in 
New York; and in April, 1704, a patent with town privileges 
was granted by that colony. In 1690 there were 31 proprietors 
residing in town. 

* County courts ore held alternately here and at White Plains. 
The village was burned in the Kevolution by a party of Uriti.'^h 
light horse, on their route to Fairfield, Conn. Py an act piissed 
April 11, 1785, courts were ordered to be held in the frewb. 
church until the courthouse should be rebuilt, or till the fur- 
ther order of the Lejj;islature. 

6 The title to 5,115 acres of land in this town became invested 
in Jacobus Van Cortbmdt at iin early period. This estate was 
divided in 174.3. Frederick Van Cortlandt receiving 1.424, Abram 
De Peyster 1,110, John Chambers l,2.s2, nnd Pet'T Jay 1,299 
acres. Gov. John Jay, a son of Peter Jay, became invested 
with a large portion of the last raeotiuned allotment. The 
estate is still owned by his descendants. On a tract known as 
"the Hop (Jrounds" are still living many families of the same 
name as the first purchasers. Amon^r these are families named 
Green, Miller, Holme. Koberts, Ambler. Clark, Ayers, Westcott, 
Simpkin, Mead, Webb, Cla.son, and Iliggius. Tradition locates 
in this town the scene of a bloody engagement fought in Feb. 
1644, between the Dutch and Indians, in which 500 of the latter 
perished. 

« 3 M. E., 2 Prot E., 2 Preab.. and Bap. 

T Named from the original patentee. 

8 Named fmm Antoine De Hooge, Sec. of Rensselaerwyck. — 
Bensoiis Memoirs, p. 40. 

9 Among these minerals are epidote, .<!phene, and sulphate of 
barytes. In opening the E.R. tunnel through Anthonys Nose, 
beautiful flnt hexagonal crystals of calcite were found. 

10 There were in Aug. 1858. 34 establishments worked as sepa- 
rate yards, 11 of which used steam power and 9 made pressed 
brii'k. This business began here about 1812-15, and was most 
thriving from 1S47 to 1854. Large quantities of these brick 
were used on the Croton Aqueduct. The business gives emplojr- 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



699 



Peeksklll,' (p-^-O upon Peekskill Bay, in the n. w. part of the town, was incorp. April 17. 
1816. It is situated in an elevated valloy surrounded by heights which afford extensive views of 
the river. It contains 10 churches, the Peekskill Academy, 4 boarding schools, a bank, newspaper 
office, and several manufactories.^ It is connected by a steam ferry with CaldAvells Landing, and 
by a daily steamer an<l line of sloops with New York. It is a station upon the H. R. R. R. Pop. 
3,538. VerplancIiS Pomt, (Verplanck p. o.,) upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. 
border of the town, was laid out in ISuO. It contains a church, steamboat landing, several im- 
portant brick manufactories, and 1,450 inhabitants.* CrotOift* (Croton Lauding p.o.) is a r. r. 
station, in the s. part of the town. It contains 4 churclies, a rolling mill, wire mill, and several brick- 
yards. Pop, 400. Crugers^ (Boscobel p. o.) is a landing and r. r. station, 4 mi. s. of Peekskill. 
Annsvitle, a small village on Peekskill Creek, contains a church and wire mill.® (-ortland- 
ville, near the Van Cortlaudt mansion, contains a church, a planing mill, and about -0 houses. 
Oregon, on the line of Putnam co., contains a rolling mill and a wire mill. lUount Airy, 
E. of Croton, is a hamlet. Crofoii Point'' is a peninsula in the s. part of the town, devoted 
chiefly to vineyards. ITlontrose*^ Poind is a peninsula s. of Verplancks and separated from it 
by Meanagh Creek. Daniel Birdsall, Nathaniel Brown, Joseph Travis, and Capt. Isaac Conklin 
settled at Peekskill, in 1764.^ There are 18 churches in town.® 

EAST CHESTER^" — was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It is an interior town, lying 
in the s. part of the co. Its surface is broken by ridges extending n. and s. and separated by 
narrow valleys. Bronx River,^^ forming the n. boundary, and Ilutchinsons or East Chester Creek, ''^ 
forming a portion of the e. boundary, are the principal streams. The soil is a sandy and gravelly 
loam, with some alluvium J^long the river intervales. Marble is extensively quarried along the w, 
border." The Harlem R. R. extends along the valley of the Bronx, and the N. Y. & N. H. R. R. 
crosses the s. part of the town at nearly right angles to the hills, requiring heavy cuttings and 
embankments. A portion of the territory of the town is public land, under the management of 
3 trustees. Esist Chester, (p. v.,) at the head of sloop navigation on Hutchinson Creek, con- 
tains 2 churches and 551 inhabitants. Mount Vernon, (p. v.,) a station at the junction of the 
Harlem and N. II. R. R.s, was incorp. Dec. 13, 1853. It contains 4 churches, several private 
schools, and 1,161 inhabitants. West Mount Vernon contains 630 inhabitants; East 
Mount Vernon 275 inhabitants; and Waverly and WasUingtonvilie are suburban 
villages, inhabited principally by mechanics and men doing business in New York. Bronx- 
ville, (p. V.,) on the line of Yonkers, is a r. r. station, and contains a manufactory of carriage 
axles. Tuckalioe (p. v.) is a r, r. station, near the marble quarries. Burpos Corners is 
a small settlement on the n. border. Fleet^vood and Jacksonville are places projected 



ment to l,3.'iO men, and tnrns out 80.000.000 to 90,000.000 of 
bricks annually. The pressed brick made liero are Known in 
HKtrkct as "Croton front*!." and sell at from $8 to $9 per M. 
Thert> is a small firebrick manufactory at Peekskill, using clay 
fc-oni N. .T. 

1 Named from Jan Peek. — Benson^s Mem. p. 36 ; Bourn's West 
Chester. I. 62. The vicinity was called Sachus, or Sackhoes, by 
the natives, and the stream. Magrigaries. 

8 Among the manufactories are 6 iron founderies, chiefly en- 
gaged in the manufacture of stoves and plows, and giving em- 
ployment to 300 men: 2 macliine shops, 2 tobacco factories, a 
pistol and Li^un factory, tannery, and gin ilistillery. 

8 Named from the family of Verplanclia, former owners. 
This point lies opposite Stony Point; and upon it Fort La 
Fayette was erected during the ReTolution. King's Ferry, a 
part of an important military route, was between the two 
p lints. The fort was captun-d by the enemy, under Sir Henry 
Clinton in person, June 1, 1779. hut was abandoned Oct. 21 of 
that year. Col. Livingston held command of this place in 1780, 
at the time of Arnold's treason; and the headquarters of Oen. 
"Washington were located here for some time. Tliis lncality was 
called by thelniHan8"Meim;igh,"anii wag sold toSfeplianus Van 
Cortlandt inl6S3, with the lands e. called "App;imrighpogli." A 
small creek N. was called '• Tammoesis." The purchase was 
confirmed by patent, with a quitrent of 2 bushels of wheat. 
About 1734 it was h^-ld by John Lent, at an annual rent of one 
pepper-corn. — Bolt-yn^s H>.<t., 7.94. The population mentioned 
in the text ifi much less in winter. 

* Formerly c;iUed " G>Uabe.rg Landing." 

S Named from Col. John P. Cruger, whose estate, including 
Oscawana Island, is adjacent. '■^Biiscnhel'" (the original name) 
was th<? residence of Staats Morris Dyckman. 

« Corllaodt Bridge. arrojiB the mouth of Peek-^kill Creek, is 
l,49fi feet long. Cpou the point at the mouth of the creek are 
the rora.ain3 of Fort Independence. During the Revolution two 
liiitish v*^-hS«^lBwere sunk opposite this point, and about 40 years 
since several cannon were raised from them by di\ing hells. 

T By the Indians called Senaequa Neck, i>.nd long known as 
^'■TeUers JPoint," from Wm. Teller and Sarah his wife, first 



owners. The ship Vulture anchored opposite thia point Sept. 
21, 1780. with Andr6's mission. 

8 Tlie first store was built by Daniel Birdsall. in the vicinity 
of the Middle Dock. Capt. Swim is said to have 8.ailed the first 
slonp from Pemart's Dock, in 1773. — BnUon's ^Vkstrhest€r, I, 62. 
Many stirring events of the Revolution occurred in thia vici- 
nity, and the country suffered much from the enemy's incur- 
sions. In March, 1777, Col. Bird landed with 500 men, and the 
few Americtins stationed here fired the storfhou^es and retired. 
In Sept. 1777, the whole village was sacked and burned. Ed- 
mund t'alnifr, a tory spy. was hanged on Gallows Hill, 2 mi. N. 
of the village; and Daniel Strang, anotlier spy from the enemy, 
wan executed on a pear tree near the presi-nt academy. John 
Paulding, one of the captors of Andr6, was a native of thia vil- 
lage, and received from the State a farm in this town. HiM 
remains repose in the Episcopal graveyard, 2 mi. >'. of the vil- 
lage, where a neat monument was erected, at the expense of thi 
corporation of New York, in 1827 ; and the work waa completed 
with impoaing ceremonies Nov. 22 of that year. Gen. Pierre 
Van Cortlandt fornipfly resided 2 mi. n. of Peekskill ; and at 
this phice Gen. McDougal posted his advanced guard when the 
enemy took i>03session of Peekakill in March. 1777. East of the 
Van Cortlandt mansion stands St. Peli-r's Church, an old, di- 
lapidated building, erected in 1767. The united parishes of St. 
Peter's and St. Philip's were endowed by Oil. Beverly Robinsou, 
and the title was confirmed Mar. 27, 1794. The property ima 
been sold by order of the court of Chancery, and the avails 
equally divided between the two churches. 

9 4 Friends, 4 M. K., 3 Prot. E., 2 Presb., Bap., Wes. Moth., 
Prot. Meth.. Ref. Prot. D., and R.C. 

'0 Anciently called '^ ffutchinsons" and afterward " T?if! T'-n 
Fitrms.'* Its present name waa used as early as 1666. — Bolton's 
We<frhe^(n: /, 120. 

1^ Named by the Indians '* Aquehung." 

J2 N.Hined by the Indians " Aqueanounck.*' 

^3 The marble is of tlie variety called dtdomite. The \. Y. 
Custom House and the City Hall at Brooklyn were built of this 
material. The Custom House at New Orleans is being con- 
structed of stone fi'om these quarries. 



700' 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



by building associations. This town appears to have been a favorite residence of the natives ; and 
when first settled by the -whites it contained traces of former occupation. The Indian title was ac- 
quired in 165-1: and confirmed in 1654, 16G6, and 1700. Thos. Pell, the purchaser, granted it to 
James Eustis and Philip Pinkney, of Fairfield, Conn., and their associates. In 1GG5, 26 persons 
signed a covenant for the security of their mutual rightei.* The settlers were incorp. by patent, 
March 9, 1666,*^ and for many years were engaged in a controversy with Westchester concerning 
the bounds of their grant. A house was fortified in Oct. 1675, as a place of refuge from Indians. 
The first schoolhouse was agreed upon in 1683 ; and the site has ever since been occupied for this 
purpose. A townhouse was voted in 1685. East Chester was celebrated for the interest it took 
iu behalf of Leisler.* The Cong, church of this town was formed in 1665 ; and a place of worship 
was built about 1700.* The town sufiered greatly in the Revolution, from its being the middle 
ground between the opposing armies. A farm of 252J acres was granted in this town to David 
Williams, one of the captors of Andr6, June 16, 1783. He afterward removed to Schoharie co., 
where he died. 

GREE^BURGH^— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on tlie w. border of the co., s. of the 
center. Its surface is much broken by hills parallel to the Hudson, and separated by narrow val- 
leys, through which flow several streams, the principal of which is Neperhan or Sawmill Creek, 
Hudson River forms the w. boundary, and Bronx River the e. The soil is clay and sandy loam. 
Several marble quarries are worked near the Hudson. Hastings, (Hastings upon Hudson 
p. o.,) near the s. w. corner, a station on the II. R. R. R. and a steamboat landing, contains 2 
churches, steam marble works, limekilns, and a limited number of manufactories. Pop. 1,135. 
Dobbs Ferry,® (p. v.,) a station on the II. R. R. R. and a landing on the river, contains 3 
churches and 1,040 inhabitants. Irviii&rton J (p. v.,) a station on the H. R. R. R. and a landing 
on the river, contains 2 churches and 590 inhabitants. Tarryioivn,^ (P-V.,) on the n. border, 
a steamboat landing and a station on the II. R. R. R., contains 4 churches, the Paulding Insti- 
tute, and about 8,000 inhabitants. Harts Corners, (Moringville p. o.,) a station on the 
Harlem R. R., is a hamlet; Mlddleto'^vn is a settlement below Tarrytown ; IlaBls Cor- 
ners,^ a neighborhood in the n. part; AslilTord^ a settlement 3 mi. below; Abbotsford^ 
a locality near Dobbs Ferry; and GreenviBle, a neighborhood in the s. part. The first 
Indian purchase was made in 1640. In 1662 Connecticut bought all the Indian lands w. to the 
North River, and in 1681-82-84 Frederick Philipse bought the lands now included in this and 
other towns which, by Patent of 1693, were formed into the Philipsburgh Manor. In 1779 they 
were forfeited by the attainder of Col. F. Philipse and sold for small sums to the former tenants,'" 
under a pre-emption clause in the general act of May 12, 1784, for the sale of confiscated estates. 
The census reports 6 churches in town.^' 

IIARRISOIV^^ — ^was formed March 7, 1788. It is an interior town, near the e. border, s. of the 
center of the co., its n. e. corner touching the line of Conn. Its surface is generally level. Blind 



1 Thos. aud Richard Shnte, Nathaniel and .John Tompkins, 
Thos. and John A. Pinkney, Joseph .loans, John and Moses 
Hoitt, James Eustis. Daniel Godwin, Wm. Squire, David Os- 
burn, John Godiug. Samuel and John Drake. John and Moses 
Jackson, Nathaniel White, Wm. Ilaidon, John Gay. Richard 
Hoadley, Henry Fowler, John Emory, and John Clarke were 
the signers of this agreement. 

2 Philip Pinkney, Jauies Eustis, and Wni. Haidon were named 
in this patent: and these persons resigned their trust to tlie 
inhabitants soon after. 

3 BcWm's Weitchestrr^ 1, 135. 

* The census reports 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. 
D.. Bap., R. C, and Univ. 

6 In the Dutch "Greinbnrgh," literally "Grain town." In 
Bome early deeds it is called " Lawrence's Plantation;" and by 
the Indians, "WeckquaskeckjWeckquoesqueeckiWiequoeahook, — 
in pure Algonquin, Weic-quoes-guck. the place of the bark 
kettle.— 5"/^<n'jJ Hist. Westchester Co., /, p. 163. This town was 
inhabited by a powerftil tribe of Indians known as tlie Wick- 
quoes-quicks. called by the English Wickers Creeks; and nntil 
tlie middle of the last century the natives were numerous. A 
cold blooded murder of an Indian was avenged 2(J years after- 
ward by his nephew, in Sept. 1691. The Dutch attempted to 
retaliate, but without success. In Feb. 1641, the Mohawks 
made a descent upon these Indians, who fled to the Dutch for 
protection. The soldiers of the fort by night crossed to New Jer- 
Bpy. where the Iniliann had assembh'd. and wantonly butchered 
ne^trly HXi ; and 30 were murdered at Corleais Hook. This 
barbarity aron^ed 11 tribes toWndictive war. in which the Dutch 
settlements around Fort Amsterdam were laid waste. A peace 
wag agreed upon April 22, 1643, hut was nut fully establiohed 
for many years. 



6 Named from a family of this name who were early settlers 
and kept a ferry. The first interview between Arnold and Andr6 
was to have taken place here; but. for some reason, it did not. 
The British commissioners sent up to obtain Andre's release 
had their interview here with Gen. Greene. Gen. Washington 
and Gov. Clinton here met Gen. Tarleton, at the close of the war- 
in i:S3. 

' Named from Washington Irving, whose quaint Dutch home- 
stead, "Sunny Side," is a short distance above. The village 
was formerly called '^Dearma7is," or "■ Denrmans Landing.'*' 

8 From '"Tarwe."' wlieat; and, by the natives, Alipconck. or 
Place of Elms. By an act of May 1, 17S6, a tract of 2 acres for 
a burial place, 100 acres for a glebe to the Ref. Prot. D. church, 
and 17 acres to the Prot. E. church, were confirmed. The vil- 
lage is pleasantly situated opposite the widest part of the Tap- 
pan Zee. The site of Andre's capture, marked by a handsome 
monument, dedicated Oct. 7, 1853, is about three-fourths of a 
mi. N. E. from the station. 

9 Near the Presb. church is the monument to Isaac Tan Wart, 
one of the capturers of Major Andr6, — erected by the citizens of 
the CO., June. 1829. 

10 Among these were families named Van Tassel. Van Wart, 
Odell, Lawrence, Post, Archer, Hart, Acker, Dyckman, and 
Reqna. 

11 2 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., Prot. E., and Rap. 

12 Sumetimew called " Harrisons Precinct."' or '* The Purchase." 
Prior to 1774 it formed one of the si.x precincts of Kye Parish. — 
Bolton's JVesfchester, /, 246. It was named from John Uiirrison, 
who pnrcliased it from the Indians Fel). 1, 1095. and confirmed 
to Wm. Nicolls. John Harrison, and others. June 2.^. 1696. It 
was formed a sepai^ate precinct by act of Miirch 9, ITTi. 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



701 



Brook' forms a part of the e. boundary, and Maniaroneok Creek a part of the w. Rye Pond' liea 
on the N. border, and St. Mary's Pond on the w. The soil is a fertile, gravelly loam. Purchase, 
in the n., is a hamlet, containing 2 Friends' meeting houses. Oarrison is a p. o. The first set- 
tlement commenced at an early period. The census reports 2 Friends' meeting houses' in town. 

liEWISBORO'— was formed March 7, 1788, as " Salem." Its name was changed to " South 
Salem" April 6, 1806, and to its present name Feb. 13, 1840. A part of North Salem was an- 
nexed April 26, 1844. It lies on the e. border, near the N. E. corner, and forms the eastern angle 
of the CO. Its surface is much broken and in places mountainous. Croton River forms its w. 
boundary. Cross River flows through a small portion of the central southern part. Waccaback 
Lake^ and North and South Ponds are in the n. part, and Cross Pond is on the line of Poundridge. 
The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. Soutb Jijalcin, (p. v.,) in the E. part, is a scattered vil- 
lage, containing a church and 15 houses. Cross River, (p. v.,) in the s. corner, contains 2 
churches, several manufactories, and 20 houses. Goldens Bri«l§^e (p. o.) is a station on the 
Harlem R. R. Tista, (p. o.,) in the s. e. corner, is a small settlement. liewlsboro (p. o.) is 
in the s. part. Settlement was commenced under the authority of Connecticut, at an early period. 
This region was the scene of several Revolutionary incidents.* There are 7 churches in town.' 

SIAMAROIWECK^ — was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon L. I. Sound, in 
the s. E. part of the co. Its surface is broken by low ridges of gneiss, generally extending N. and 
s. Mamaroneck Creek, forming the E. boundary, and its tributary, Sheldrake Creek, are the prin- 
cipal streams. The coast is deeply indented by several bays, which divide it into numerous penin- 
sulas and headlands. Mamaroneck, (p. v.,) near the head of Mamaroneck Bay, is partly in 
Rye. It contains 2 churches, (Prot. E. and M. E.,) and several manufactories not at present in 
operation. Orienta,^ Tf'asblngrtonville, Cbatswortb,'" and Hickory Grove are 
village plats and prospective villages. Hellogg'sville, on the line of New Rochelle, has an 
extensive tide mill. The Indian title was obtained in 1640 and in 1662. John Richbell received 
a ground brief from the Dutch, and letters patent from Gov. Lovelace, Oct. 16, 1668, to three necks 
of land, at a quitrent of 8 bushels of winter wheat. In 1700 Caleb Heathcote acquired title to 
most of the eastern neck, with other lands, which was confirmed March 21, 1701. A portion 
descended in marriage to James De Lancey, aftei-ward Governor of the colony, and ancestor of the 
present Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Western New York. Settlement began about 1660 ; and 
the village of Mamaroneck is one of the most ancient in the co. The town records date back to 
1697 ; they were suspended from April, 1776, to April, 1785. During this period numerous events 
of historical interest occurred in this town. The day before the battle of White Plains, Col. Small- 
wood surprised and cut off a large body of the enemy under Major Rogers, stationed upon Nelson 
Hill. Col. White, of the Continental army, was overtaken near this place by Lieut. Hiokford, and 
some thirty stragglers, who had taken refuge upon the ice, were killed. 

MORRISAHIIA"— was formed from West Farms, Dec. 7, 1855. It is the s. w. corner tovm of 
the CO., lying upon Harlem River, contiguous to New York. Its surface is broken by several low 
ridges which extend N. and s. Most of its surface is occupied by village plats laid out since the 
extension of railways, and is inhabited by persons doing business in New York, fllorrisania, 
(p. v.,) a R. R. station, in the n. e. corner, contains the St. Joseph's Drsuline Convent, an academy 
and free school, and 2,587 inhabitants. 9Iott Haven, (p. t.,)" opposite Harlem, contains 2 



1 Called by the Indians Mockquatns. 

- This pond covers 210 acres, and abonnda in pickerel. It 
dipchargos into Bronx River ; and it waa at one time proposed to 
take this water to supply New York City. 

3 One of these was built before the Revolution, and was used 
by the Americans during the war as a hospital. 

♦ Named from .John Lewis, a prominent citizen. Its northern 
part formed a portion of Cortlandt Manor: and on its division 
in 17^ the pai-t in this town fell to the share of Stephen Van 

C^rtlandt.tiertrude Beeckraan. Margaret Boyd, and Skinner. 

Its eastern part is included in the Oblong. See p. 269. 

6 This lake covers 212 acres, and. with the at^acent ponds, is 
fed by springs and rivulets from Groat Long Pond Mountain. 
Beavers inhabited its shores as late as 1837. 

* Maj. Andr6 was conducted to the headquarters of Col. 
Jameson, in North Castle, and thence, in charge of Maj. Tall- 
madge. to Col . Sheldon's quarters, iu this town. From this pl.ice 
he addressed Gen. Washington, disclosing his true name and 
r.tnk. The house where he was detained is still preserved. 

' 2 .M. E., Mcth. Prot., Prot. F,., Presb., Bap., and Friends. 
9 Pronounced both Mam-a-ro'neck and >lam fir'O-neck. The 
latter ia more generally used, and is often contracted to " Mor- 



neck" or " Mar-neck," in common speech. It has been variously 
written Momoronack, Mamarinck, Mennack, and Momoronuck. 
It has been by some supposed to signify '' the place of rolling 
stones."— Boiton's Wfstchesttr, I, 282. There was an Indian 
chief of this name, who resided upon the Croton. 

8 Formerly called ^' Mamaronfx^k PinnW *' Great Neck " and 
"iJe Lancet/s Neck." The eastern part of this neck is called 
Seamans Point, from Giles Seaman, former owner. The natives 
called it Waumainuck. The moflern name " Edgewater^' has 
been applied to this place. The western part is called "Long 
Beach Point." 

10 Near this place is a rocking atone, estimated to weigh 150 
tons, which may be mt^ved by the hand. 

11 A town of tins name w.as formed March 7,1783. and annexed 
to Westchester Feb. 22, 1791. It was named in honor of Gou- 
verneur Morris, whoso estate was situated iu the town. 

12 Named from Jordan L. Mott, principal founder of the works. 
Steel works have been erected near tlie rail road bridge. By 
act of March 31. 1790. Lewis Morris was allowed to build a toil 
bridge at this place across Harlem Kiver. lie assigned! his right 
to John B. Coles, who was nlluwed. March 24, 179.i, to build a 
dam in Harlem River, with locks, and liability for damages. 



702 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



churches, an extensive iron foundery, and 843 inhabitants. Port Morris,' upon the Sound, has 
a harbor of 60 ft. depth ; and it is proposed to land vessels here that draw too much water to enter 
New York Harbor. A branch of the Harlem R. R. 2| mi. long connects this place with Melrose. 
Wilton, Old Morrisania, East Itlorrisania, Tf'est Morrlsania, South Mel- 
rose, East Melrose, Eltona, Woodstock, Clareniont, and High Brld^evllle, 
are suburban village plats. A tract kndwn as Broncks Land," granted by Gov. Nicoll to Jonas 
Broncks, was sold to Richard Morris in 1G08; and on May 9, 1697, Lewis Morris obtained a patent 
for the township or Manor of Morrisania, with a quitrent of 6 shillings. Prior to the Revolution 
it formed one of the precincts of Westchester parish. Early in the war a division of the American 
army was stationed here ; but after the disasters of Long Island it retired northward, and British 
troops were posted there, but not without annoyance from partisan corps. The dwellings at Mor- 
risania were burned the same day as was the courthouse at White Plains. 

MOriVT PL,EASAHfT— was formed March 7, 1788. Ossining was taken off in 1845. It 
lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is broken by high 
ridges, the principal of which are Buttermilk and Chappaqua Hills. Bronx River forms the E. 
boundary ; and Neperhan and Pocantico Rivers flow obliquely across the town. The soil is a 
clayey and sandy loam, well adapted to cultivation. There are several marble quarries in town.' 
Pleasantville,' (p. v.,) near the n. line, contains 2 churches and 358 inhabitants. Ifnion- 
ville, (Neperhan p. o.,) a station upon the Harlem R. R. contains 97 inhabitants. Beek- 
mantown, on Pocantico River, in the s. w. partof the town, is a suburb of Tarrytown. It con- 
tains 5 churches, the Irving ami Tarrytown Institutes, and about 1,500 inhabitants. Sleepy 
Holloi'T,'' Upper Cross Roads, and Lower Cross Roads are hamlets. This town 
was included in the Manor of Philipsburgh, granted to Frederick Philipse; and by his will, dated 
Dec. 9, 1702, he granted to his son Adolph the portion of the manor n. of Dobbs Ferry, including 
this town. The title descended to his son Frederick, and was forfeited by the attainder of a son 
of the latter of the same name in 1779. One of the principal grantees under the State was 
Gerard G. Beeckman. Many Revolutionary associations are connected with this town; and several 
encounters took place within its limits. The census reports 6 churches in town.' 

MEW CASTEE'— was formed from North Castle, March 18, 1791. A part of Somers was 
annexed May 12, 1846. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface is 
much broken by hills having a general course a little E. of n., the principal of which are Mount 
Prospect and the Chappaqua Hills, terminating in Mount Kisko. The Neperhan, Bronx, and Po- 
cantico Rivers rise in this town. Upon the borders are Chappaqua, Wampas,' and Kirby Ponds, 
and Croton Lake. Chappaqua Sulpluir Springs, 4 mi. N. E. from Sing Sing, have acquired a local 
notoriety. The soil is a gravelly clay and sandy loam. Mount Kisko (p. o.) is a small village 
and R. R. station, on the line of Bedford. 'Kew Castle (p. o.) is a small scattered village, 
upon Kirby Pond, near the line of Bedford. Chappaqua^ (p-O-) is a r. r. station, near the 
s. line. Sarlesville is a hamlet, uear the center of the town ; and here the town business is 
generally transacted. This town w.as included within Richbell's purchase of 1660, and, with other 
lands, was sold to Caleb Heathoote, and was patented to him and 10 associates'" Feb. 14, 1701. It 
was afterward known as the "West Patent of Northcastle," or simply "West Patent." Settle- 
ment began about 1720, or a little earlier. At the time of the Revolution it formed one of the 
precincts of Rye parish. It was greatly annoyed by sudden incursions of plundering parties ; and 
St. George's church was for a long time occupied as a guardhouse and hospital by the Continental 
troops. The census reports 5 churches in town." 

MEW ROCOEEEE — was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Sound, in 
the s. part of the co., and extends northward in a long, narrow strip. The surface is moderately 



The bridge at Ilarlom leading to Mott Haven is liuw free, the 
charter ot its firmer owners liavinfj expired in 185S. The bridge 
formerly known us Macomb's Bridge is removed, and is about 
being relmilt. 

I Sometimea called " Morrisport." Named from Ocuverneur 
Morris, the principal owner. 2Called by the natives Itaoachque. 

a Tlie New (irieans Custom House was built of marble from a 
qUJtrry in the n. e. part of this town. 

* Formerly called " darks Comers.*' 

6 Sleepy lloliow is noted tor being the scene of oneof Irving's 
celebrated legends. The Dutch church at this place was formed 
in 1697, and the edifice erected in 1699. The communion table 
and service plate, originally given by the first lord of the manor, 
are still preserved. 



• 2 Bef. Prot. D, M. E., Prim. Meth., Prot. E., and R. C. 

'Called by the Indians Shappaqua, said to signify "a vegetable 
tooV— Bolton's H'ustc'teslfr, I, 361. 

8 Named from the sachem, chief proprietor of these lands in 
1696, whose residence is said to have been near. 

3 Pronounced SbAp-pa^uaw. It is sometimes written Chape- 
qua, 

10 These patentees were Bobt, Walters. Leigh Atwood, Corne- 
lius Depeyster. Caleb lleathcote, Matthew Clark.son, John Cald- 
well, Kichard Slater, Lancaster Simes, Bobt. Lusting, and Barne 
Ojsens. It WHS settled by families named Ward, Concklin, 
Hyatt, Underhilt, yaight. Carpenter, Green, Kirby. Davenport, 
Van Tassel, Gnffen, Tompkins. Kipp. Secor, Brady, Reynolds, 
Quinly, and Merrith, u 2 M. E., 2 Friends, and Prot. E. 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



703 



uneven and in some parts stony. Davenports Neck,* a peninsula containing 200 acres, and several 
fine islands in the Sound, belong to this tmvn.^ Crystal Lake, e. of the village, is chiefly cele- 
brated for its ice, large quantities of which are annually "harvested." The soil is fertile and 
peculiarly adapted to fruit raising.^ IVeiV Roclielle, (p. v.,) upon an estuary from the Sound, 
in the e. part of the town, was incorp. Oct. 5, 1857. It contains 6 churches, several private 
schools, and about 2,000 inhabitants. A portion of the village and the lands surrounding it are 
occupied by elegant villas and country residences of persons doing business in New York. The 
steamboat landing is a half mile s. w. of the village, on a small island connected with the main land 
by a stone causeway. The village is a station on the N. Y. & N. 11. R. R. Beechwood Cemetery, 
incorp. Jan. 30, 1854, lies a mile w. of the village. West IVew Rochelle, Petersville,* 
and l^pper IVe'W Roclielle are scattered villages, mostly inhabited by Germans. This town 
was embraced in the Manor of Pelham, and was sold by John Pell, Sept. 20, 1G89, to Jacob Leisler, 
for the settlement of a company of French Huguenots. These people are said to have been 
brought over in one of the king's ships, and to have landed on the n, e. part of Davenports Neck, 
then called ''Bavffets" or ''Bounfoys PoinV^ They mostly purchased under Leisler in 1690. 
There were 23 freeholders in town in 1708. The town records commence Nov. 1, 1699, and until 1735 
were kept partly in French. They were suspended from April 2, 1776, to June 24, 1783. A 
French church was organized in 1089, and in 1709 most of the members conformed to the Epis- 
copal faith; and this denomination are now owners of pi'operty given by Pell. The Presbyterians 
also claim succession from the tirst French church, a part of the members of which did not 
conform.^ 

IVORTII CASTliE^— was formed March 7, 1788. New Castle was taken off in 1791. It 
occupies a long, narrow strip on the e. border of the co., adjoining Stamford and Greenwich, Conn. 
Its surface is much broken by hills,^ particularly in the w. part. It is drained by Maharness, 
Byram, and Bronx Rivers and their branches. Rye Pond lies on the s. border; Byram Pond on the 
line of Bedford ; and Wampus Pond on the line of New Castle. Cobamong Pond, a mile e. of 
Byram Pond, has no inlet and is very deep. The soil is clay and sandy loam, ^ortli Castle 
(p.v.) contains a church and a few houses. Ariuonk,^ (p-"^-*) near the center, contains 3 
churches, a woolen factory, and 20 houses. Kensico,"^ (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains several 
manufactories and 103 inhabitants. Qua.rter Station is on the N. H. R. R., in the extreme s. 
part. The first settlements commenced at a very early period." The census reports 7 churches in 
town.'^ 

IVORTH SAl-EM^'— was formed March 7,1788. A part was annexed to Lewisboro in 1844. 
It is the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly, the summits rising 100 to 300 ft. above 
the valleys. Croton River forms the w. boundary. Titicus'* River, a principal branch of the Cro- 
ton, flows w. from Conn, through near the center. The valley of this stream varies in width from 
i mi. to IJ mi., and is bordered by steep hills. Peach Pond, on the n. border, covers 400 acres. 



1 Formerly "Laj/Jfrs'^ (" Leslies") and "L^our^.t" Neck. Bought 
in nS6 by Newberry Davenport, and since owned by the Daven- 
port family. 

* Davids or Hewletts Island. Named from Thaddeus Davids, 
the owner. It contains about 100 acres, and is fitted up for pic- 
nic and pleasure parties. Steamboat excursions are occa-sinnally 
made thither from the city. Goat, Marketts, Whortleberry, 
Locust, and Van Cleeae Islands also belone; to this town. Bur- 
dens Point, on Davenport Neck, is also a place of resort, 

8 From 12 to 20 acres are devoted to raising blackberries, 
— chiefly the variety known as the " New Rochelle or Lawtou 
blackberry," orlt-'inally a eeedling from the fields, which has 
proved of much value. There are also extensive nurseries in 
town. 

* Formerly called "New Jerusalem." 

6 The purchase included 6.000 acres, to which Pell added 100 
acres for the use of the French church. Among the refugees 
were Francis Le Count, David De Bonrepas, Alexis Allaire, Har- 
vey Beipnon, Esaye V.ineau, Andrew Thaunet. David Bonnefoy, 
Ijouis Guion, Pierre Das. Pierni Palcot, Andrew Naudin and 
Bons Andrew and Louis, Theophile and Chas. Fourrestier, Am- 
broise t*ycard and sons Ambroise, Daniel, and Jacques, Ouil- 
laume Liiudrie, G. Latteneau, Isivaq Caillard. Marie Cothon- 
neau and her son Guillaume. j€tfin Newfuillo, Est'.'i-!>ie LaviEne, 
and Jean Constant. Tbos. Paine, author of "Common Sense." 
died in this town in 1^09, and his remains were taken to Kng- 
land by Cobbett in 1819. His admirers have erected a monu- 
ment over the spot where he was interred. 

6 Thei-e are now 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Prot. E., Preeb., 
Bap., Af. Meth., and R. 0. 

' Formerly " Whitfi Fields," and afterward deaignated the 
^'Liberty of North Castle.'' 



8 Mt. Misery, in the 8. e. angle. 200 to 300 ft. above the valley, 
is named from the fact that a large party of Indians were cut 
off here by the Huguenots, in retaliation for a descent npon 
New Rocln:n<i.— Bolton's W.stchfster, I, p. 447. 

9 Formerly "^fiH Sr/zcarf-:' and still often called by that name. 

10 Formerly "Robbins Mills'' 

n The Indian title to this town was obtained by Caleb Heath 
cote and others between IGW and 1705. and confirmed by several 
patents. Of these the "Middle Patent," embracin.: 1.500 acres, 
was grant'd Feb. 17, 1701-02, and the w. portion waa confirmed 
to Anne Briilges and her associates Sept. 25, 1708. A partition 
of tlie Mid<ile and West Patents took place June 23. 1766. Tho 
allotments were balloted for and sold to numerous persons, 
of whom many nairied Bnmdage, Griffin, Lockland, ?illick, Sco- 
field. Clapp, and others are descendants. — Bolton's tVcstchesUr, 
I, p. 455. 

Major Andr6 immediately after his arrest was sent to Col. 
Jameson, stationed in this town; and from here he was al- 
lowed, through the inadvertence of that officer, to notify Arnold 
of his arrest. 

12 3 M. E., 3 Prot. E., and Friends. 

13 This town was mostly purchased by Stephen Van Cortlaniv 
and was embraced within tlie bounds of his manor. The E. jiart, 
within the Oblong, was purchased in 170H by John Belden, 
Saml Keeler, Mattbew Seymour, Matthias St. John, and other 
inhaliitants of Norwalk. Conn. Upon tlie division of the Manor 
of Coitlandt in 17:U. this town fell to the share of Andrew Mil- 
ler, Jobn Schuyler, «iid Stephen De Lancey. 

1* Otherwise called Miitighticoss. The name in the lext pei 
haps has been cbiinged from this, and is said to have been de- 
rived from an Indian chief! 



704 



WESTCIIESTKR COUNTY. 



Beaver Pond is a small sheet of water near the n. line. The soil is better adapted to grazing than 
to grain raising, Turkey Hill Heg in the s. w. part. IVorfU Salem/ (P-v.,) in the e. part, 
contains 2 churches, a paper mill, and 30 houses, i^aleni Cenfer,^ (p.o.,) a hamlet, is the seat 
of the North Salem Academy.' Purdys Station, (p. o.,) on the Ilarlem R. R., on the w. border, 
contains 2 churches and a small woolen factory. Croton Falls, (p. o.,) in the n. w, corner, is a 
station on the Ilarlem R. R. The first settlement commenced at a very early period, mostly by 
immigrants from Conn. The census reports 7 churches in town.* 

OSSIXIIVC;*— was formed from Mount Pleasant, May 2, 1845, It lies upon the Hudson, n. of 
the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a hilly upland, the ridges extending parallel to the 
river. Prospect Hill is a commanding eminence on the s. line of the town. Pocantico River forms 
its E. boundary. Marble is extensively quarried, and traces of several metals have been found.^ 
The soil is a productive, gravelly and clayey loam. Sing Sin^, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, near 
the center of the w. border of the town, was incorp. April 2, 1813. It is beautifully situated upon 
ground gradually rising from the river to the height of 180 ft., and at most points affording fine 
views of Tappan Bay and the opposite shore of the Hudson. It contains 4 churches, the Mount 
Pleasant Academy,' a female seminary, and several other popular female schools. Pop. about 
3,500. This village is chiefly notfed for being the seat of one of the N. Y. State prisons. The prison 
was erected at this place in 1825, with a view of employing the convict labor upon the marble 
quarries. It receives convicts from certain southern and eastern counties, as specified by statute.^ 
Prospect Ilill^ is a scattered settlement along the s. border, Sprin§r Valley, e. of Sing 
Sing, and .Sparta, s. of Sing Sing, are hamlets. This town was included in the Manor of 
Philipsburgh, and was settled by the Dutch previous to the commencement of the last century. 
The lands were forfeited by the attainder of Frederick Philipse during the Revolution. *° The 
first church was organized at a very early period, but the exact date is lost.^^ The Dale Ceme- 
tery, containing 47 acres, J mi. n. of Sing Sing, was incorporated January 14, 1851. 

PEIiIIA W^ — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on Long Island Sound, in the s. part of the 
CO., on the e. border, and it embraces several islands in Long Island Sound.^^ Pelham Neck** is a 
peninsula extending into the Sound ; upon it are several elegant country seats. Its surface is un- 
dulating, the valleys ranging n. and s. Hutchinsons Creek*^ forms the w. boundary. The soil is 
mostly of an excellent quality of sandy and gravelly loam. PeltiaiiiviUe,^ near the n, angle 



1 A granite boiililer, weighing PO tons or over, lies in this vil- 
lago. supported aliout 3 ft. from the ground upon the poiuts of 
5 smaller limestone rocks. There is a chalybeate spring near 
the village. 

- About a half mile w. of the village is a natural bridge. 

3 This academy was erected between 1770 and '75 by Stephen 
Pe Lancej' for a rosidence. but was not used a^ such, and in 17Sfi 
it was purchased for its preeent use. It was inrorp. Feb. 19, 1700. 
Among its students have been Dan'l D. Tompkiiifl, Col. N.P, Tall- 
niadgp and brother, lion. James Kent, and several other 
prominent citizens. Its patronage at present ia small. 

< 2 M. R.. Treeb., Bap., Prot. E., Union, and Friends. 

5 f)riginany called "Ossivsing" It name was changed March 
14, 1S46. The proper Indian name is said tnpignity "stone upon 
Ktone," and has been written Sin Sing, and Sink-Sink. A powei^ 
ful clan of Mohegans of this name inhabited this region wlien it 
was first known to the whites. 

6 Small specimens of galena, with several ores of copper, have 
been obtained. Snlphuret of zinc and oxyd of manganese are 
occasionally found in the lime rock. ^ See pp. 745, 746. 

^ This prison was erected by tlie convicts themselves, 100 of 
whom were sent from Auburn Prison for that purpose under 
the charge of Capt. Elam Lynds, who had chiefly directed tlie 
builiHng of the Auburn Prison. The novel spectacle was ex- 
hibited on the 14th of May, 1825, of the arrival of this band on 
the open ground which was to bo the theater of operations, 
without a place to receive or even a wall to inclose them. * * * 
'I'he first day sufficed to erect a temporary barrack for shelter 
at night: and ever after they continued in unpansing labor, 
watclied by a smnll number of guards, hnt held under per- 
pniuid government of their accustomed discipline and submis- 
siiin to the power whose vigilant eye and nnrelasing hand they 
felt to be perpetually upon them and around them. — Introduc- 
tion to Naf. Hist. N. r. p. 186. 

The Hudson River R. R, crosses the prison grounds under 
two broad arches with an intervening walled space. The male 
prison is 4S4 by 44 ft. and 5 stories high, and has 1.000 cells. 
The w. yard is inclosed by 2 buildings 40 ft. wide, '2 stories high, 
extending from the main prison to the river, and occupied by 
kitchens, hospital, chapel, and shops. The yard thus formed is 
4!*2 by 412 ft., and has a range of shops 40 ft. wide, parallel to 
the main prison. There are also worlohops on tlie E. The 
fi-niale prison, upon the same premises, but under separate 
mnnaeement, is built of rough marble taken from the State 
quarries. It stands on an elovated site, e. of the R. R., with a 



colonnade of the Tonic order across the end fronting the river. 
It was built in 18.'15-40. and i-eceivea female convifts sentfnct-d 
to State prison from every co. in the State: it contains llBcells. 
By an act of April 18. 1S59. tJie Inspectors of State Piisons were 
directed to sell such of the premises at this place as are not r-.-- 
quired for prison purposes, at a price not lam than §200 per acre, 
and to appropriate the moneys thus received to building and re- 
pairing such works at the prison as they may deem proper. 
Several large file factories are located at Sing Sing. 
^Formerly known as ^^ Long Hill.''* 

10 Families named Ward. Orser. Crank, Bazelio, Acker. Purdy, 
Merritt, McCord. Bishop. Balyeas. Storm. Jones, Millet, and 
Ryder, purchased under the Conmiissionors of Forfeiture. 

H There are 6 churches in town; 3 Prot. E., Bap., M. E., and 
Presb. 

12 Named from Thos. Pell, of Fairfield, Conn. A purchase was 
made of the Inibans by Mr. Pell. Nov. 14. 1054; and most of 
this was confirmed to him by Gov. NicoU, Oct. 6. 1606. The 
quitrent reserved in this grant was a lamb annually. Pelham 
Manor originally embraced 9,166 acres, and was confirmed by 
Gov. Dongan. Oct. 25. 1687, to John Pell, nephew of the first 
purchaser. This town is mostly owned by a few wealthy pro- 
prietni-8, and, except Scarsdale, is the least populous in the co. 
Several acres of berries are cultivated for the city market. 
Pelham Bridge connects the town with East Chester. 

1^ The principal of these is "City Island," — formerly "Minne- 
ford Island." or "'■ Midhrrrii Isianit." Its present name is derived 
from commercial establifiliments projected at an early colonial 
period and renewed subsequent to the Revolution. It was 
supposed that the India trade could be carried on from this 
place with peculiar advantage. It is now principally occupied 
by oystermen. 

Harts Island, or "Spectacle TsUmd," has an area of 85 acres. 
Hunters Island, belonging to the estate of E. Desbrosses Hun- 
ter, has an area of 250 acres, and was formerly connected with 
the mainland by a stone causeway and bridge. High Island 
lies near the s. point of Pelham Neck. 

1* Formerly 'Mhtic Hooh\t Neck" from an Indian owner ; and 
afterward ''ii'orfmniis Neck." It was a favorite place for Indian 
sepulture; and traces of graves are atill seen. A ferry was es- 
tablished to Hempstead Ilarbor and to Matagarisons Bay in 
Vi:t^, by Samuel Rodman. 

i& Named from Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, the first settlor. Its 
Indian name was Acqucahnunck, from a term descriptive of the 
red cedar tree. — Bolton's Westchester, I, p. 642. 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 705 

«f the town, is a new^y surveyed village and station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R. Pelliain is a 
p. 0. on the E. border. Prospect Hill is a locality near the center. Pelliain Priory' 

is the seat of a young ladies' seminary, established by the late Rev. Robert Bolton and conducted 
by his daughters. A settlement vras made in this town in 1642,^ by Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who 
was driven from Massachusetts on account of her religious belief. There is 1 church (Prot. E.) 
in town. 

POUIVDRIDGE'— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies in the e. part of the cc, its s. line 

l>ordering on Stamford and New Canaan, Conn. Its surface is hilly and much broken. The Stony 
Hills occupy the N. part and extend 3 or 4 mi. in a N. E. direction, with steep, craggy sides and 
rocky summits. Cross River flows through the extreme n. corner, Stamford Mill River flows s. 
through the E. part, and Maharness River forms a part of the s. w. boundary. Cross Pond is on 
the E. line. The soil is a gravelly loam. Poiindridg^e, (p. o.,) near the center, is a small 
settlement with 2 churches. Boutonto^'n is a hamlet, in the N. corner. The first settlement 
commenced near the center of the town, in 1744, by Capt. Joseph Lockwood and associates, from 
Stamford, Conn. There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., Prot. Meth., and Presb. 

RYE * — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on the e. border of the s. part of the co. It is a 
narrow, irregular strip, bordering on the Sound and Greenwich, Conn. Its surface is broken and 
rocky. Byram River* forms a small part of the E. boundary, and Blind Brook a part of the w. 
The soil is chiefly clay. There are quarries of hard, blue granite in town. Along the coast are 
several small islands.* The mirage is frequently seen upon the coast, bringing to view the shore 
of Long Island with great distinctness. Rye, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R.. 
contains 3 churches, a private seminary, and 300 inhabitants. Milton, in the s. part, is a 
hamlet, with 1 church. Ryebeacli is a place of resort during the hot season. Port 
Chester, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R., contains 5 churches, several private 
seminaries, extensive manufactories,' and 1,695 inhabitants. Kingstreet is a fine agricul- 
tural district, extending nearly 7 miles n. of Port Chester. The first settlement was commenced 
on Manursing Island.* The census reports 9 churches in town.' 

SdiRSDAliE'" — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies in the interior of the s. part of the co. 
Its surface is broken by ridges and hills. Bronx River forms the w. boundary, and the e. angle 
borders on tiie Mamaroneck. Hutchinson and Sheldrake Creeks rise in this town. The soil is a 
olayey and sandy loam. It has no villages, and is the least populous town in the co. Scars- 
dale, (p. 0.,) in the w. part, contains a church and a few houses. Scarsdale Station, on 
the Harlem R. R., is on the w. border of the town. In the s. corner of the town is a Friends 
meeting house, on a site used for that purpose long before the Revolution. Gov. Tompkins was a 
native of this town; and Chief Justice Morris and Maj. Wm. Popham — for many years clerk of 
the Court of Exchequer — resided here. The census reports 2 churches in town , Prot. E. and 
Friends. 

SOIHERS" — was formed March 7, 1788, as " Steplientown." Its name was changed April C. 
1808. A part was annexed to New Castle in 1846. It lies on the n. border of the co., near the 



1 Upon these 'premises is a rocking stone weighing about 20 
ton^. 

« This settlement was soon after broken up by the Indians, 
who killed IS persons, including the founder. 

» Named from the ancient Indian pound, or deer trap, which 
formerly stood at the foot of a high ridge 5. of the present vil- 
lage.— M(OJi's WMlchest/ir, II, p. 1. This town was embraced 
in Turner's Purchase of 1640, and once formed part of Stamford. 
Conn. The Patent of Stamford, granted May 26. 16S.5, included 
a portion of this town. In the settlement of boundaries in 1731, 
four miles were taken from Conn. A grant was made March 2, 
1701. to Robert Walters, .lohn CholwcU, Leigh Atwood, Corne- 
lius De Pcyster, Richard Slater, Barne Cosens, Lancaster Symes, 
Matthew Clarkson, Robert Lurting. Peter Matthews, and Caleb 
Heathcote. This grant was subsequently known as the "East 
Patent." It was sold Aug. 7, 1766, under " an act for the more 
effectual collecting of his Majesty's quitrcnts." Families 
named Lockwood, Ambler, Forsher, Bishop, Ferris, Hoyt, Holley, 
Brown, Sillick, and Scofield were purchasers under this sale. 
Until 1775 the town formed one of the precincts of Rye. In 
1S21. 900 acres were sold to satisfy the State claim to quitrents 
in the East Patent. 

* Called by the Indians " Poningoe.'* 

6 Called by the Indians " Armonck." The meadows bordering 
it were called " Hascco" and *' Miosehassaky." 

•Manursing, called by the Indians "Minnewies," or Pine, 
Ilonhawk, Great, Middle, and Little Captains Islands. 



7 These consist of a foundery, edge tool, bolt, sirew, and rod 
factory, tide gristmill, and a last and shoe factory. 

8 This island was bought by the Dutch W. I. Company, who 
sold it .lune 29, ICOO, to John Coe, Peter Disbrow. and Tboe. 
Studwell. The proprietors proposed to name the place Hastings, 
and i.ssued a declaration of allegiance to the Iting, to which 
was annexed a description of their proposed town, embracing 
the country between Byram River and Blind Brook. Upon the 
final annexation to New York it was formed intn a market 
town, with the privilege of holding a fair of four days, begin- 
ning on the 2d day of October. Courts of special se.s'iions were 
also held here. Tlie Dutch made the first Indian purch!i.so in this 
region, in 1640 : and numerous conveyances were afterward made. 
By the agreement of 1660, this town was included in Conn. In 
1683 it was assigned to New York. In 1696 it was again 
claimed by Conn.; and the present line was fully settled May 
14. 17.'^0. The charter of Rye was granted Aug. 12. 1720. 

« 3 M. E., 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., Af Meth.. and R. C. 

ic Named from Scarsdale, in England, whence the Heath- 
cote family came. In colonial times this town formed part of 
the manor of Scarsdale. 

n Named from Capt. Richard Pomers,the intrepid and gallant 
hero of the Tripolitan War, '* Stfphentoyim'' was named from 
Stephen Van Cortlandt. Prior to 17HS, it formed part of tim 
ti>wn8hip of Hanover, within Cortbindt Manor : and under tbo 
natives it formed part of the territory of Amapogh, or Amma- 
walk.— Soiton'j Watchtster, II, f. 131. 



46 



706 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



center. Its surface is broken by ridges in the s. ; in other parts it spreads out into level plains. 
Croton River forms the s. E. boundary. Musooot River' and Plum Brook flow s. through the town 
into Croton River. Croton Lake, the fountain head of the Croton Water Works, lies in the 
s. If. corner, extending into Yorktown. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Somers, (p. v.,) 
in the Jf. E. part, contains 2 churches, a bank, and 20 houses.* Croton Falls, (p. v.,) in the 
N. E. corner, on the line of North Salem, is a small village and station on the Harlem R. R. It has 
a good Water-power. 'West Soniers (p. o.) is a hamlet. This town, in the allotment of the 
manor in 1734, fell to the share of Mrs. Margaret Bayard, Philip and Stephen Van Cortlandt, 

Andrew Johnston, Miller, Stephen De Lancey, and Mrs. Susannah Warren. The census 

reports 5 churches in tovpn.' 

WESTCHESTER'— was organized as a town, Nov. 7, 1788. West Farms was taken off in 
18-lG. It lies on the Sound, in the extreme s. part of the co. It is bounded on the w. by Bronx 
River, and on the s. and e. by the Sound. Its surface is generally low and flat along the coast and 
rolling further inland. Several bays and estuaries extend far inland and divide the land into 
several peninsulas and necks. The principal of the latter are Classons Point,* between Bronx and 
Westchester Rivers ; Zeregors Point, next E. ; and Throggs Neck,* a long and narrow promontory 
extending s. e. into the Sound. About 2,500 acres along Westchester River is a salt meadow, a 
portion of which is held as public property and managed by 3 trustees. The people are princi- 
pally engaged in gardening and fruit growing. Westcliester, (p. v.,) at the head of navi- 
gation on Westchester Creek, is a scattered village of about 1,000 inhabitants. Bl'Onxdale, 
on the line of West Farms, has an extensive tape factory, a dye and bleach works, and about 400 
inhabitants. Scliuylervllle, upon Throggs Neck, is a scattered village of 300 inhabitants. 
Integrity, near Bronxdale, has a tape factory. ConnersvlIIe, Wakefield, Center- 
ville, and (Inionport are modern villages. Fort Scliuyler, upon the extremity of Throggs 
Neck, was begun in 1833 ; and in 1851 $848,013 had been expended upon it. The estimated cost of 
construction and repairs was then $873,013.' The first settlement on Throggs Neck was made in 
1642, by John Throckmorton and 35 associates, from New England, with the consent of the Dutch. 
The Indian title to the land was extinguished in 1643, by the Dutch, and a land brief was granted 
in that year, and another in 1052. The English began a settlement at Westchester' in 1642; but 
the Dutch, considering them intruders, arrested several of them, and in 1656 they surrendered 
themselves to the Dutch Government. The settlement was claimed by Conn, in 1063 ; but the 
next year it came under the government of the Duke of York. A patent was granted by Gov. 
NicoU, Feb. 13, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Jan. 6, 1686. A market was established at West- 
chester, May 11, 1693, to be held weekly; and the same year an annual fair was established, to 
meet alternately at this place and Rye. It was made a borough town April 16, 1696, with mayor, 
aldermen, and common council, " according to the form of the best governed towns and corpora- 
tions of the realm of England," and the right of holding a mayor's court, and a representation by 
one delegate in General Assembly. The De Lancey family, prominent officials under the Colonial 
Government, and loyalists of the Revolution, resided in this town. The first church (Cong.) was 
formed soon after the arrival of the first settlers.' 

WEST FARMS— was formed from Westchester, May 13, 1846. Morrisania was taken off in 
1855. It lies upon the Sound and along Harlem River, in the s. part of the co. The surface is 
rolling, the ridges extending n. and s. Bronx River forms its E. boundary, and Sawmill Brook 
flows through the center. Its soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, rendered very productive by scien- 
tific farming. West Farms, (p. v.,) a large village at the head of navigation on Bronx River, 



1 This river is said to discharge 3,628,800 gallons of water per 
day. 

2 Hachaliah Bailey, of Somers, about 1815 imported the first 
elephant brought into the United States. '-Old Bet" with 
other animals soon after imported formed the first travel- 
ing menagerie in the country, with which Van Amburgh, the 
Lion Tamer, wtis afterward associat»>d. Thjiddoua and Gerard 
Crane, Lewis Titus, and John June, familiar to the public as 
enterprising showmen, were from this town and North Salem. 

3 2 M. E.,"2 Presb., and Prot. K. 

* The Dutch called this region •^VreedlandC^ or the land of 
reace. and the village '■ 0<VRt Dffrpr or Kast Village. 

* Formerly " CnmhUU Nejck," and granted to Thos. CornhiU, 
vr Coiiiell, in 1646. 

* Named from John Throckmorton, the pioneer settler. A 
lighthouse. 61 feet high and 66 feet above the Sound, was built 
hei-e in 1826, and refitted in 1855. It has a fog hell struck by 
iQAchinery 7 times per minute. 



^ It was built to accommodate 1,250 men and to mount 318 
cannon. With the projected work upon Wilkins Point, in 
Flushing, Queens co.. these fortresses would effectually prote<'t 
New Y'ork against the approach of a hostile fleet from the 
Sound. The tort is built of granite from Greenwich, Conn. 

8 The settlers at '* Vreeillandt" at this time were Lieut. Thoa 
Wheeler, Thos. U. Newman, Robert Bassett, John Cloes, Sher- 
wood Davies, Wm. H. Fenfall, Richard C. Meares, Samuef 
Havelt, Isjwc Hoibert. Robert Roes, Jas. Bill, John S. Genner, 
Richard Osbort. and Wm. Ward. The Dutch released Capt. R 
Ponton, Wm. Klet Black, John Gray, and Roger Wheeler, who 
had been arrested for taking up arms at " l'rec'Jlandt."^BoUon's 
Wfstcfioiter, U, p. 1(30. In 1662 they were allowed to nominate 
their own magistrates and hold their own courts; "but in dark 
and dubiotis matters— especially in witchcr.ift — the party ag 
grieved might appeal to the Governor and Council." 

9 There are 7 churches in town ; 2 Friends, Cong., Prot. E. 
M. E., Presb., and Af. Meth. 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



707 



3 mi. from the Souno, contains 4 churches, a carpet factory, molding mill, and gristmill. Ford- 
tiaiii,(p.v.,)on the r. r., in the n. part of the town, contains 4 churches and is the seat of St. John's 
Colle^e.^ Treiiiont,2 Central Morrisania/ Williams Bridge, (p. o.,) and Fair- 
mount are modern Tillages. The last named is a station upon the Harlem R. R. Claremont 
i-s a email village on the line of Morrisania. The eastern part of the present town, originally known 
as '^The West FaT^ms" was patented April 25, 1666, to Edward Jessup and John Richardson, Indian 
purchasers.* Fordham was bought by the Dutch in 1639, and in 1646 it was owned by Adrien 
Van der Donck. In 1671 John Archer, owner of 1,253 acres, obtained a patent under the title of 
the *' Manor of Fordham." It passed to Cornelius Steenwyck, and was conveyed by his widow in 
1094 to the Dutch church in New York, in whose possession it remained 60 years.^ The High 
Bridge of the Croton Aqueduct connects the e. w. corner of this town with N. Y. City and Ma- 
comb's Bridge, in the N. w. corner. Fort No. 8 was built upon the eminence n. w. of the Archer 
homestead in the Revolution ; and its guns assisted in the capture of Fort Washington in 1776. It 
was demolished by the enemy Oct. 20, 1782. Fort Independence, on Tetards Hill, was dismantled 
in 1833. Prince Charles Redoubt and the Negro Fort of the Revolution were on the s. side of 
Valentines Hill. There are 9 churches in town.^ 

■WHITE PLiAI^S — was formed March 7, 1788. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center 
of the CO. The surface is rolling and hilly. Mamaroneck River forms its e. boundary, and Bronx 
River its w. St. Marys Lake lies along its e. border. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. 
Wblte Plains^ (P- v-) ^s situated near the w. line of the town. It contains the old and new 
CO. buildings, 3 churches, and several private seminaries. It is a station upon the Harlem R. R., 
and contains about 1,000 inhabitants. This town was purchased Nov. 22, 1683, by the inhabitanta 
of Rye, and was settled soon after. In 1720 it was divided among 41 proprietors ;® and a charter 
was granted March 13, 1721, with a quitrent of 2 shillings 6 pence to every 100 acres. It em- 
braced 4,435 acres. Many important historical events occurred in this town during the Revolution. 
The village was wantonly burned Nov. 5, 1776, by a New England major. The battle of White 
Plains was fought on Chatterton Hill, in Greenburgh, opposite, and within view of the village. 
There are 6 churches in town.* 

YOJVH.ERS^*' — vras formed as a town March 7, 1788. It Is the most southerly town in the co. 
upon the Hudson. The surface is rugged and broken by several ridges extending n. and s. Va- 
lentines Hill," the highest point, is 400 ft. above tide. Tuckahoe Hill, in the e. part, and Thirty 
Deer Ridge, extending into Greenburgh, are prominent points. The principal streams are Bronx 
River, forming the e. boundary, Spuyten Duyvil Creek, forming the s. boundary, Neperhan 
River, flowing through the center, and vSprain River and Tibbetts Brook.^* The soil is a clayey 
and gravelly loam. The people are largely engaged in manufactures.^^ The heights along the 
river are studded with elegant country residences. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in busi- 



1 This college, situated on Rose Tlill, immediately E. of the 
Harlem R. R., is under the control of the K. C. denomination. 
It was incorp. April 10, lS4ti, havinj: been opened tor students 
June 24, 1841. It is under the direct charge of Jesuits, who. 
being associated for religious motives, receive no salary beyond 
personal support. Six other persons are employed as special 
instructors upon pay. In 1^58 it reported to the Regents 59 
undergraduates, besides which it has about IW other pupils. 
Upon the premises is a large and hundsome gothic chnrch, and 
St. Josephs Theological Seminary. The main building, of etone, 
2 stories high, with an attic, cf^ntalns the parlor, chapel, and 
proft'seors' apartDients, and is adorni-d with valuiible paintings. 
Two front wings, of brick, one story each, 90 by 25 fct. contain 
the ref^-ctory. kitchen, study hall f»r the fir^t division, and 
general assembly room. A large brick building contains the 
study hall for the second division, sleeping, play, and wash rooms. 
At e.ich end of the front wings is a 3 story brick building, for 
veadiii'X hall, music, drawing, and class rooms, and dormitories. 
A :i stnry brick building. l')0 by 20 feet, contains the library, 
mnsoiim. wardrobe, and walking hali. for the senior diviwion. The 
farm and property are valued at $147,000. Its librarif^s number 
12,09(1 volumes, and It has a valuable cabinet of minerals. 

2 Formerly " Upj^r Morrisnriin ."' " Sttuth Fordham."' ^^Adams- 
ville." and^'Afottnt Hope,'^ — all of which are now embraced in one 
village under the general name of Tremont. 

* A town hall wns authorized to be erected April 15, 1854, and 
was located e. of Fordham Avenue, in Central Morrisania. It 
WJ18 built at a cost of about $15,000. By the subsequent erec- 
tion of Morrisania it is brought near the 8. border of this town. 

* This patent was boundfd R. by Ilronx River, and w. by a 
little brook called by the n:itive3 SachwTahnng. — including a 
neck of land called Quinnabiing. The 8. part of the town, or 
*' Planting I^Wk," was called by the Indians Qulnnaliung, The 
W. side of this neck wad called the '' Debatable Qround," because 



it was in dispute between the patentees of West Farms and 
Morrisania from 1666 to 1740. 

6 An act of General Assembly, Dec. 12, 1753. allowed the 
Dutch church to sell the Manor of Fordham. — which wafl done, 
and the money received is now vested in the city. Three hundred 
acres were excepted from this sale bv Mrs. Steenwvck. 

« 3 Prot. E., 2 Ref Prot. D., 3 M. E., Presb., and R. C. 

7 This village is divided into two parts,— the old village, lying 
about three-fourths of a mile fiom the R. it., antl the new vil- 
lage, lying between the old village and the R. R. .station. 

8 Among these were families named Ilorton. Denimm, I*urdy, 
Brown, Lane, Frost, Disbrow. Merritt, Hyatt. Hoyt, Knapp, 
Pease, Kniffin, (tdell, Galpin, Budd, Lonnsberry. Travis, Stock 
ham. Fowler, Walter, Cox, Jeffrey, Sherwood, Lyon, and 
Brondig. Several of these names are still common in towa. 

9 3 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. 

10 Pronounced Yunk'ers. It is a Dutch word, signifying "gen 
Oeman." or country nobleman,— a title of respei t applied first 
in this place to Adrien Van der Donck, the patentee and first 
proprietor. This town and Mile Square formed a township ic 
the great Manor of Philipsbnrgh, until the Kevolution. The 
Indians called the place Ke-ke-sbick. 

11 Named from the family who owned the adjoining propertj 
for abriut 130 years. 

12 Sprain River was called by the natives Ar-men-pe-ral ; ana 
Tibbetts Brook. Mos-ho-ln. 

13 There are about 20 manufactories in town, employing, whmi 
in full operati'in, 1.2ii0 to 1.50U persons. Two hat factories iwch 
employ near 200 operatives. The fnundery at Spuyten Dnyvll 
employs ab'oit 3i'0 hands; and a pickle fiictory. on the Hudson, 
a still larger number. The Nei>erhan, a stream that enters 
the Hudsun in the lower part of Yookers Village, affords a coo- 
siderable amount of water-power. 



708 



"WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



ness in New York. Yonkers, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the 
town, was incorp. April 12, 1855. It contains 9 churches, several private seminaries,^ 2 hanks, and 
2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1859, 6,800. It is a steamboat landing,^ and a station on the Hudson 
River R. R. It has several manufactories and a gi*eat number of beautiful suburban villas.* 
Spuyten Duyril, (p. v.,) on the creek separating the town from New York, is the seat of 
several large founderies, and is principally inhabited by operatives. Tucksilioe, (p.o.,) an old 
settlement in the e. part, is a station upon the Harlem R, R.* Near this place are several marble 
quarries. Kin^S Bridge (p.o.) lies upon Harlem River, and is connected with New York City 
by a bridge. Riverdale, below Yonkers, is a group of villas and a r. r. station. Soiitli 
TonkerN is a p. o. The Croton Aqueduct passes through this town from n. to s. A castellated 
stone mansion, built by Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, on the banks of the Hudson, a mile below 
Yonkera, has lately been purchased for an educational institution by the Roman Catholics.* The 
country now included in Yonkers, West Farms, and Morrisania, and containing about 24,000 acres, 
■was granted to Adrian Van der Donck in 1640, with the right and title of Patroon. He gave to 
his estate the title of **Colen Donck" perfected its title by purchase from the Indians, and took 
measures lor its improvement.* There are 15 churches in town.' 

YORKTOWM8— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the 
center. Its surface is broken and hilly. The Highlands lie along the n. border; and several 
points are elevated 600 to 1,000 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Croton River,® flowing 
across the s. part. Moharsic Lake,^" near the center, Mohegan Lake, in the n. part, and Magriga- 
nies Lake, in the n. e. corner, are small bodies of water. Crompond, (Yorktown p. o.,) near 
the cfenter. Pines Bridge, (p. o.,) near the e. line, JeflTerson Valley, (p. o.,) in the n. e. 
corner, and Sbrub Oak, (p. o.,) near the n. line, are hamlets. A rolling mill, wire factory, 
gristmill, and sawmill have been erected 2 mi. w. of Croton dam. This town formed a part of 
Cortlandt Manor, and in the division of 1734 fell to the shares of Andrew Miller, Gertrude Beeck- 
man, Cornelia and John Schuyler, Gertrude A^erplanck, EJizabeth Skinner, John Watts, Philip 
Verplanck, and Susannah Warren. A Presb. church built at Crompond^'*about 1738 was burned 
July, 1779, and a committee in Congress in 1839 reported in favor of paying $3,500 for the loss, as 
the premises had been used as a storehouse by the Continental troops. Col. Green was surprised 
in this town May 13, 1781, by a party of refugees, in which affair Maj. Flag, 2 subalterns, and 27 
luen were killed, and many wounded. The census reports 7 churches in town," 



1 The priDCipal of these are the Yonkers Collegiate Inatitnte 
and G.vmnaeiam, conducted on the miUtary system, Starr's Board- 
iDg School, several female seminaries, and a public free school. 

- The steamer Henry Clay was burned not far from this place, 
on her down trip. July 28, 1852. Of 500 persons on board, 
nearly 100 perished, among whom was A.J. Downing, the editor 
and author. 

3 The Manor Hall, near the center of the village, built about 
1745. was one of the seats of the Philipee family. 

4 Hodgman's Rubber Goods Manufactory, located at this place, 
wmploys about 75 hand?. 

& An edifice of fine architectural proportions and great size 
was erected, in 1858, in the rear of the mansion. The premises 
form the institution formerly located on the Central Park in 
New York, and are under the charge of Sisters of Charity. 

c Van der Donck subsequently took an active part in repre- 
senting in Holland the interests of the colonists against the 
alleged tjTanny of tlie %Vest India Company and its servants, 
and finally succeeded in his efforts, notwithstanding the enmity 
of Gov. Stuyvesant and the influence he was able to bring to 
oppose him. Ue died in 1655, and his estate was afterward sold 
in detached portions by his widow. His settlement was laid 
waste by the Indians. Sept. 15, 1655, and probably remained 
imocoupied until after the English conquest. In 1672 Frederick 
Flypsen or Philipse, with Thos.Delaval and Thos. Lewis, bought 
8,000 acres of CoIpu Donck, nearly all in the present town of 
Yonkers; and subsequently the former became sole owner to 
Kings Bridge. For one of these thirds he paid £530. These 
poHscasions were extended, by fiirther purchase, to Croton and 
Bronx Rivers; and in June, 1693, the Lordship or Manor of 
Philipr^burgh was erected, with all the rights, honors, or privi- 
leges enjoyed by the most favored, excepting that of represen- 
tation in the General Assembly. He established a drawbridge 
at. Spuyten Duyvil Creek, built a church, still standing, in 
Sleepy ilollow.and made other improvements. His descendants 
occupied a prominent position in the colonial government; but, 
hiding with the royal cause, he lost every thing in the ]{evolu- 
tion. Col. F. Philipse, the last proprietor of this estate, was paid 
jC62,075 by the Britiah Government, aa an eqnivaU-nt for this 



loss; and his estates were sold by the State to his tenants at 
very moderate rates. 

£62,075 by the British Government, as an equivalent for this 
loss; and his estates were sold by the State to his tenants at 
very moderate rates. 

7 4 Prot. E., 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 K.C., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., Wes. 
Meth., and Unila. 

8 The country E. of Cortlaudtown was called by the Mohegane 
Appanraghpogh ; and the e. part of Yorktown is still celled 
^ Amawaik," — probably an abbreviation. — Buiton's Westchester^ 
21, p. 377. 

9 The Croton dam, at the head of the Croton Aqueduct, is in 
this town. At the top it is 166 ft. above tide and 65 ft. above 
the bed of the river; 61 feet wide at low water level, with 
openings of 90 and 180 feet for the passage of the surplus 
waters. Between these is a partition, forming the foundation 
of the gatehouse and sluiceway for relieving the stnicruro from 
the i)res8ure of the lake, and for the discharge of water during 
repairs. The water flows over an ogee-curved apron of cut 
stone laid upon hewn timber, and is received in a pond, forme<l 
by a second dam. 300 ft. below. The aqueduct is taken from 
the lake tlirough a tunnel, on the 8. side, 180 ft. long in the soliil 
rock ; and the flow of water is regulated by a double set of metal 
gates. The dam was destroyed while building, in Jan. 1841; 
but the present structure promises to sUnd without injury, and 
almost without repair, to an indefinitely remote period. The 
surface over which the waste water flows is now much more 
ample than was intended before the accident in 1841. The pond 
has a capacity of 500,000,000 gallons. 

Croton River was named Kitchawan, signifying a large and 
swift current. The bend west of Pines Bridge was named 
Keweghtegnack. The commissiooers were obliged to j)urchap8 
about 900 acre.': of land overflowed by the dam, at an avemgo 
cost of $500 per acre. 

10 Often called "Crom Pond." the Dutch term for Crookod 
Pond. It conpists of 2 parfs united. Near this pond is French 
Hill, where the French forces under l{ochamI)cau were en- 
camped in 1781-S2. Turkey Mountain is an extensive woodland 
tract to the a. e. 

n 2 M. E., 2 Friends, Bap., Cong., and Presb. 



WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 



709 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Westchester County. 



Names of Towns. 


Acres of Land. || 


ViLHATION OF 1858. | 


Population. | 


> 




.s 




1 


Schools. | 


1 
1 


1 

1 


1 
1 


I! 


1 


5 
1 




i 

674 
1,676 
935 
1,192 
240 
385 
226 

704 
345 
607 
467 
318 
900 
122 
313 
666 
74 
316 
582 

2,419 
262 

1,436 
466 


1 
464 
679 
597 
624 
162 
288 
81 

269 
220 
100 
277 
188 
615 

78 
250 
411 

45 

157 

303 

1,445 

90 
668 
32* 


^1 
41 


ii 


Bedford 


21,243i 
13,614) 

4,5064 
12,702 

8,6164 
12,6404 

2,8314 

13,3964 
11,211 
3,601 
11,4024 
10,970 
6.891 
1,901 
8,2144 
6,090 
2,801} 
17,2»14 
6,479 
3,2364 
3,276 
9,699 
18,389J 


3,473 
6.9664 
13,524 
2,1824 
1,676 
4,9-24 
1,051 

3,1304 
2,781 
1.662 
4.4104 
2,051 
1,304 
1,333 
3,894} 
1,251 
1,1324 
3.110 
2,5794 
992 
9,317 
4,267 
6,035 


$1,326,990 

2.614,150 

1,216.705 

4,051,067 

723,550 

810,786 

683,595 

1,768,362 

1,684,766 

697,388 

l,360,aOU 

676,133 

801,427 

1,404.033 

533,000 

345.734 

1,468.967 

334,592 

1,046,691 

1,808.915 

1,865,274 

771,610 

4.072,128 

1,069.492 


$275,180 
502.600 
243.845 
487,600 
141,660 
144,642 

46,100 
81,5,600 
261,979 
148.S22 
429.800 
119,225 
202,750 
416,400 
213,760 

78,774 
628,348 

86,820 
319,842 
422,900 
364,500 
170,756 
816.640 
176,885 


$1,602,170 

3,116,760 

1,460,550 

4,538,667 

866,110 

955,427 

629,696 

2,583,862 

1,846,746 

846,210 

1,780,700 

794.368 

1,004,177 

1,820,433 

746,760 

421.508 

1,997,315 

421.412 

1.366,633 

2,231.816 

2,229,774 

942,366 

4,887,668 

1,246,377 


1,706 

4,500 

2,425 

3,093 

Oil 

889 

625 

1,783 

879 

1,489 

1,213 

736 

3,173 

391 

709 

1,681 

206 

859 

1,748 

6,173 

627 

3,696 

1,156 


1,758 

3,968 

2,290 

3,342 

660 

8S6 

643 

1,894 

883 

1,612 

1,202 

792 

2,685 

442 

730 

1,817 

240 

885 

1.716 

6,263 

796 

3,859 

1,190 

40,352 I 


615 
1,181 
774 
924 
218 
338 
172 

640 
317 
497 
395 
289 
662 
119 
281 
631 
62 
304 
493 

2,035 
233 

1,368 
410 


14 
17 
5 
9 
6 
9 
2 
1 
10 
8 
2 
7 
8 
6 
2 
6 
5 
1 
8 
3 
4 
2 
6 
9 


1,098 

3,110 

1,600 

2,204 

511 

660 

364 

2,748 

1,241 

572 

1,163 

830 

626 

1,613 

246 

469 

1,903 

1.37 

678 

1.216 

1,928 

448 

2,621 

717 




Greenburgh 

Uarrison 




Morri-iania" 

Mount Pleasant 

Newcastle 


NowRochelle. 

North Castle 


North Salem 


Oasiaiog 


Poundridge 

Rye 

Scarsdaie 

Somers 

Westchester 




Yonkers 

Yorktown 


Total 


209,140} 


81,9474 


32.926.284 


7,418,117 


40,343.401 


40,326 


12.758 


15,225 


8,216 


145 


30.301 


Names of Towns. 


Live Stock. 


Agricultural Products. 


^.2 


i 


a1 
III 


1 


1 


1 


Bosh, or Giluk. 


i 




li 


Dairy Pboducts. 


s 


% 


1^1 


1 

i 
D. 


g 


Bedford 

Cortlandt 


461 
725 
263 
466 
221 
319 
104 

389 
272 
166 
326 
2.30 
338 
78 
157 
237 
116 
394 
376 
408 
167 
683 
638 


922 
940 
238 
832 
669 
781 
154 

827 
658 
282 
647 
6.34 
427 
108 
607 
397 
162 

1,147 
446 
241 
208 
603 

1,2M 


2,127 
1,636 
695 
858 
766 
1.386 
233 

1,0.^8 

1.074 
343 
898 

1,266 
686 
126 
92 
430 
213 

1,705 
676 

1,296 
229 
661 

1,728 
20,078 


665 
302 

17 

1,949 

176 

440 

30 

1,357 
476 
88 
136 
417 
111 

472 

40 

261 

1,69.1 

48 

24 

246 

705 

1,677 


1,412 
1,491 
684 
1,449 
842 
913 
267 

1,469 
763 
445 

1,166 
606 
831 
125 
683 
684 
325 

1,639 
567 
822 
483 

1.26S 

2.1,57 


9,940 
7,000 
1.716 
6,7504 
4,2264 
3,670 
621 

5,0734 

4,5304 

2,340 

4.6064 

2.4424 

2,096 

563 
2.186 
2,436 
1,774 
6,883 
1,236 

280 
2,367 
6,243 
8,a)14 


61,8334 
36,730 
15,.SS1 
34,3624 
20,404 
36,9904 
6,676 

49,0984 

31,2614 

11.519 

29.:J35} 

26,440j 

21.847 

6,697 
15,9694 
16.722i 

8.552 
67.9704 
22,836 

7,842 
17,533 
80,1624 
63,986 

630,438) 


8,344 

6,1004 

2,672 

6,127 

4,187 

4,3904 

1,121 

6,7974 
4,902 
2.471 
4,600i 
4.690 
3,004 
9^8 
2.30)1 
4,093 
1.225 
6,676 
3.174 
2.786 
2.502 
3.327 
7.237 


31,43 
18,94 

4,47 
14,40 

9,38 
12,20 

2,98 

18,98 

9,11 

4..34, 

17,78 

7.22 

8.76 

2.20 

6,66 

7,.5a 

2.08 

22,80< 

10.00 

12.96 

7,94 

17.73 

36.37 


1 3,333 
1 934 
1 146 
) 430 

1 2,173 
) 1,876 
) 636 

r 1,717 
r 472 
! 156 
i 1,6094 
) 1,447 

2 510 
! 

1.346 
! 1.731 
I 493 
) 6.765 
) 108 
) 118 
i 2.243 
) 29,006 

3,889 


76.854 
85,830 
19.732 
48,962 
44,616 
62,767 
16,957 

60,258 
34.260 
19,600 
92,036 
77.376 
22,236 
7,910 
66,029 
24,213 
17,339 

101.278 

20.965 

8,537 

21,510 

37,6M 

149,901 


200 

140 

100 
926 

100 
120 
100 
495 
40 


40 

25 

135 

48 
209 

30 


Greenburgh..... 




Mamaroneck 


Mount Pleasant 


New Rochelle 

North Castle 


North Salem 

Ossining 

Pelham 

Poundridge. 

Rye 

Scarsdale 

Somers 

Westchester 






Yorktown 


Total 


7.332 13.074 


11,321 '20.861 


85.1654 


90.496J'2S6,24< 


60.13741,116,689 


2.180 


487 



«FonnedsiQce the census of 1855. This town is estimated to embrace 7,000 acres, and to contain 4,000 malee and 4,150 femaleo. 



WYOMING COUNTY. 




This county was formed from Genesee, May 14, 1841. Eagle, 
Pike, and a part of Portage were annexed from Allegany co. ia 
1846. It is an interior county, in the s. w. part of the State, sepa- 
rated from Lake Erie by Erie co., and from the Penn. line by Cat- 
itaraugus and Allegany. It is centrally distant 228 miles from 
3 Albany, and contains 590 sq. mi. Its surface is abroad, rolling 
j upland, divided into ridges and broken by ravines worn by the 
> Htreams. It has a slight inclination toward the n. The summits 
of the highest ridges are 1,200 to 1,500 ft. above Lake Erieand 1,700 
to 2,000 ft. above tide. Several of the ravines in the n. are 1 ,000 ft. 
below the summits of the adjacent ridges. In the interior the 
ridges are broken, and the country begins to assume the hilly 
character which is more fully developed further s. Genesee River, which forms a portion of the 
E. boundary, is bordered by steep bluffs 200 to 400 ft, high. Near Portageville the river descends 
from the plateau, in a series of three falls, to a depth of more than 300 ft, within a distance of 2J 
mi. The water has worn a deep and irregular ravine in the shelving rocks, and the nearly per- 
pendicular banks at the foot of the lower falls are 380 ft, high. The deep gorge, with the rapida 
and falls, form one of the wildest and most picturesque scenes in "Western New York.* 

The other principal streams are Cayuga, Tonawanda, Little Tonawanda, Oatka, East Coy, Wis- 
coy, Cattaraugus, and Buffalo Creeks. The valley of Oatka Creek, from near the s. border of 
Warsaw to the n. line of the co., is bordered by steep hills 400 to 1,000 ft. high. Silver Lake, in 
Castile, (the principal body of water,) is 3 mi. long and about ^ mi. wide. The rocks of this co. 
consist principally of the shales and sandstones of the Portage group. The summits of the 
southern hills are covered with the rocks belonging to the Chemung group. Thin layers of com- 
pact Portage sandstone are found in many parts of the co. and are extensively quarried for 
flagging. Upon the ridges little rounded eminences are frequently seen, appearing like drift 
hills ; but upon examination they are found to be shale rock covered with a thin soil. Marl 
and muck are found in considerable quantities in the swamps. The waters of Silver Lake 
and of several of the streams are constantly depositing lime in the form of marl. The drift 
deposits in the co. are very extensive, and the soil in some parts is derived from disintegration. 
Upon the hills it is mostly a clay loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys it is a fertile, 
gravelly loam and alluvium. The people are principally engaged in stock and wool growing 
and in dairying, for which the soil upon the hills is admirably adapted. Wheat, barley, corn, 
and fruits are largely cultivated in the valleys. Very little attention is paid to manufactures 
except such as are strictly necessary to an agricultural community. 

The county seat is located at Warsaw,^ The courthouse is a commodious brick edifice, situated 
in the n. part of the village. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof building, adjacent to the court- 
house. The jail is a wood building, arranged so as to enable the keeper to classify the prisoners 



J The Upper or Horse-Shoe Falls are about three-fourthfi of a mi. 
belo%y Portafreville. The name ia derived from the curve in the 
faceof the cliff over which the water flows. For a short distance 
above the edt^e of the precipice the water is broken by a succes- 
Bion of steps in the rock, forming a series of rapids. The height 
of the fall, including the rapids, is about 70 ft. The Middle Falls 
are about one-half mi. further down the river. For 2 or 3 rods 
above the edge of the clift" the water is broken into rapids, and 
then in an unbroken sheet it pours down 110 ft. into a chasm 
below, bounded by perpendicular ledges. A cave, called the 
" Devirs Oven,'' has been worn in the rocks under the w. bank, 
near the bottom of the falls. In low water 100 persons can be 
eeated vrithinit; but when the river is high it is filled with 
water, and is only accessible by boata. The Lower Falls consist 
of a series of rapids one-half mi. in extent, with an aggregate 
f:iH of 150 ft. For about 2 mi. below the Middle Falls the river 
pursues awinding and rapid course between high, perpendicular 
walls: then descends in a succession of steps almost as regular 
as a staircase, dives under a shelving rock, shoots out in a narrow 
p;igg not more than 15 ft. wide, rushes down a nearly perpendicu- 
lar descent of 20 ft., strikes against the base of high rocks stand- 
ing alinost directly in its course, whirls back, and. turning at 
nearly right angles, falls into a deep pool overhung with shelving 
710 



rocks. An isolated mass of rocks. 15 ft. in diameter and 100 ft. 
high, known ets^' Sugar Loaf," rises from the river bed nt the 
bend of the stream and receives nearly the whole force of the 
rushing water. It is bordered on one side by the present bed of 
the stream, jind on the other by a deep chasm which separates 
it from the E. bank of the river. Within the memory of people 
now living, the river flowed over the precipice on the level of the 
rock which now forms its w. bank, and Sugar Loaf was an island. 
These falls are accessible only from the w. The perpendicular 
bank on the w. side of the river at one point is 380 ft. high. 

2 The commissioners named in the net to select the location 
were Peter R. Reed, of Onondaga, Pavis Hurd, of Niagara, and 
John Thompson, of Steuben. The building commissioners were 
John A.McKlwaine, Paul Rich.-irds.and Jourttb.-tn Perry. Trum- 
bull Cai-y, Esq., of Batavia, gave to the co.an ample public square 
upon which to erect the public buildings. The first cnnrtswere 
held at a public house at East Orangeville, in June. 1841. and the 
first meeting of the Board of Supervisors was at the same place. 
The first co. oflicers were Paul Uicharda, First Jiidfje : James 
Sprague, Peter Patterson, Jos. Johnson, Associatf Judges : W. 
Riley Smith. District Aitm-nn/; N. Wolcott. Co. Clerk; W. K. 
Groger, Sheriff'; and Harvey Putnam, Surrogate. 



WYOMING COUNTY. 



ni 



according to law.^ The poorhouse is situated on a farm of 97 acres near the w. border of Orange- 
ville, 9 mi. w. of Warsaw. The average number of inmates is 73, supported at a cost of 75 cts. per 
week each. The farm yields a revenue of about ^300.^ 

The Buffalo, New York & Erie R. R. extends s. e. through Attica, Middlebury, Warsaw, 
Gainesville, Castile, and Genesee Falls, crossing the Portage Falls and connecting with the N. 
Y. & E. R. R. at Hornellsville. A r. r. route has been surveyed, and a road-bed graded, from 
Attica s. w. to the Allegany River.^ 

There are 5 weekly newspapers published in the co.* 

The eastern tier of towns in this co., with the exception of a portion of Castile, belonged to the 
Ogden, Silver Lake, and Cotringer tracts of the Morris Reservation, and the remaining parts of 
the CO. to the Holland Land Purchase. TheGardeau Tract, containing 17,927 acres on both sides 
of the Genesee, was reserved for Mary Jemison (the '^old white wovian") by the Seneca Nation in 
their treaty with Robert Morris in 1797.^ About one-half of this tract lies in the present town 
of Castile. Upon this tract Mary Jemison and her descendants continued to reside until 1816, 
when she sold all but 2 sq. mi, on the w. side of the river to Micah Brooks and Jellis Clute. 
The remaining 2 mi. she sold in 1831 to Henry B, Gibson and Jellis Clute, and removed to the 
Cattaraugus Reservation. The first white man that lived within the limits of the co. was a tory, 
named Ebenezer Allen, who in consequence of his crimes fled from Penn. and joined the 
Indians about 1780. He located upon the Genesee, and for a time lived upon the lauds of Mary 
Jemison. He afterward built a saw and grist mill on the present site of Rochester, removed 
thence to Oatka Ci*eek,^ and thence to Canada.' The first permanent white settlers were John 
Tolles, Jacob AVright, Nathaniel Sprout, and Stephen Crow, in 1802. The settlements increased 
rapidly, and in a few years most of the best lands of the co. were taken up. Most of the early 
settlers were from New England; but the later immigrants have principally been Gei'mans. 



ATTICA— was formed from Sheldon, April 4, 1811. Orangeville was taken off in 1816. It 



1 The courthouse, jail, and clerk's office were erected in 1842, 

at a cost of $1'2.000. 

s The poorhouse contains '22 rooms, and the inmates are pro- 
vided with good, substantial food ; but the bouse does not admit 

of proper accommodations for the paupers, or for classification of 

the insane, of which there are alway*a number. 
8 The Allegany Valley Kailroad. 

* The Getfsre Eegistrr^ the first newspaper in the co., was 
established at Warsaw in 1S28 by L. k W. Walker, and 
was continued 6 months. 

Th& Waraaw Sentinel was commenced by Andrew W. Young in 
May, 1S30, and continued until Dec. 1831. when it was 
merged in the Republican Advocate at Batavia. 

Thz AUica Hepublican was commenced by David Scott in 1833- 
34. It wa3 soon after changed to 

The Attica Republican and Genesee Advertiser. E. A. Cooley 
became its publisher, and changed it to 

The Attica Balance, and subsequently to 

The Attica Democrat, and continued it until 1846. 

The Genesee Recorder was commenced at Perry by Geo. M. Ship- 
per in 1834, and continued about 2 years. 

The American Citizen was commenced at Warsaw in 1836 by J. 
A. Hadley. After 1 year, it was removed to Perry and 
published by Mitchell & Warren. Mr. Mitchell con- 
tinued the publication until Jan. 1841, when it was re- 
moved to Rochester, 

The Pike Whig was commenced by Thoa. Carrier ia 1S38. Soon 
after, its name was changed to 

The Pike GazettCy and it was continued for about a year. 

The Watcht<nver, a Bap. paper, was issued in 1839 from the office 
of The American Citizen. It was published 1 year by 
Ansel Warren. 

The Register, a campaign paper, was published at Perry in 1840 
by Isaac N. Stoddard and John H. Bailey. 

The Perry Democrat was commenced in 1841 by Pet. Lawrence. 
In 1848 it parsed to 0. C, Britt, who continued it 
until 1853. 

Tbe "Western Xew Torker was commenced at Perry 
in Jan. 1841, by Jnhn H. Bailey. In the summer of the 
same year it passed into the hands of Barlow & Wood- 
ward, who removed it to Warsaw. It was successively 
published by Harlow & Blanchurd, Mr. Blanchard, and 
H. A. Dudley until April 1, 1858, when it passed into 
the hands of Elijah W. Andrews, and afterward to 
Andrews & Harrington, by whom it is still published. 

The Countryman was commenced at Perry by N. S. Woodward 
in 1843. It soon passed to Dan"l. S. Curtis, who changed 
its name to 

The Impartial Countriiman^ and continued it until Aug. 1846, 
when it passed to Ansel Warren, who changed its 
name to 

The i>« Oiiizcn, and continued it until Aug. 1847. 



The Wyoming Republican was commenced at Warsaw by E. L. 
Fuller in 1844; it wiis published until March, 1847. 

The Attica Telegraph was commenced by Abraham Dinsmore in 
Oct. 184ti, and was published about 2 years. 

Tfie Old Eighth Whip wns commenced at Attica, April 1. 1848, by 
R. W. Dibble and W. H. Civer. After about 6 nios. Mr. 
Dibble retired and Mr. Giver continued the paper, as 

Thr Spirit of the Old Eighth, until 1850. 

The Attica Atlas was comniencL^ Jan. 1, 1851, by Silas 
Folsom, by wliom it is still published. 

The Chrii^tian InveMigator was puMishrd iit the office of tbe 
Free Citizen for 1 year. Edited by Win. Gooddell. 

The Wyoming fn. A<ivfiiiser was commenced Dec. 21, 1853, and 
was publisbi-d 1 yeiir by Horace Wilcox. 

Tlie "Wyoiniiis; Times was commc-uced at Perrv by T. 
S. GillL't in .May. 1855. It was destroyed by fire in 1856, 
and resuscitated soon after. It is still i^ub. \>y Jlr. Gillet. 

The Wyoming Co. Mirror was commenced at War- 
saw in 18+ti by A. Ilulley. In 1856 it passed into the 
hands of Babbitt & Lewis, in 1858 to Lewis & Merrill, 
and in 185!) toH. A. Dudley, by whom it is still published. 

The Arcade Kuterprlse was started March 31, 1869, 
by J. H. Gibnon, and is still published. 

6 The parents of Mary Jemison emigrated from Ireland in 
1743, and Mary was born during the voyage across the ocean. 
The family settled upon the western frontiers of Penn., where 
they remained in peace until the breaking out of the French 
War in 1754. In 1755 a party of Indians visited the settlenu-nt 
and took the family prisoners, and on their retreat murdered 
all but Mary, then a girl of 12 or 13 years. She was carried 
captive to an Indian settlement on tbe Ohio, and adopted by two 
women who had lost a brother in the war. She grew to woman- 
hood among the Indians, adopted their habits and customs, wna 
twice married, and bad 8 children. — 3 sons and 5 daughters. 
After the Revolution she had an opportunity to return to her 
white friends; but she preferred to remain with her husband 
and children. She was greatly beloved by the Indians, and 
highly respected by the whites who became acquainted with 
lii-r. She retained her knowledge of the Knglish language, and 
to the last remembered the early instructions of her mother, 
and the last counsel which that mother gave when they were 
taken captive and the designs of the Indians to niui-d'or the 
father and mother became manifest. She died at the Cattaraugus 
Reservation, Sept. 19. 1833, aged 90 or 91 years. 

• This creek is still locally known as .\liens Creek. 

7 Few characters mentioned in either histnry or fiction have 
approached so near the idea of total depravity as this bl(vid- 
thirsty monster. He was an openpolyganiist. — murdered sevend 
persons while professing the greatest friindsbip for them, — and 
while upon the war-trail with the Indians amused himself by 
dashing out tbe brains of Infants. 



712 



WYOMING COUNTY. 



lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the 
ravines of the streams. In the e. part are several considerable hills with long gradual slopes. 
Tonawanda Creek, the principal stream, flows through the N. w. corner, and receives numerous 
branches from the E., the largest of which is Crow Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. 
Attica, (p. V.,) upon Tonawanda Creek, in the n. w. part of the town, was incorp. May 2, 
1837. It contains a flourishing union school, a bank, a newspaper office, a flouring mill, and 5 
churches. Pup. 1,184. Attica Center (p. o.) and Vernal are hamlets. The first settle- 
ment was made in 1802, by Zera Phelps.' The first religious services were held Sept. 21, 1809, 
by Rev. Royal Phelps, at which time the first church (Cong.) was formed, with 5 members.' 

BEIVIVIIVGTOIV— was formed from Sheldon, March 6, 1818. It is the N. w. corner town 
of the CO. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the ravines of small streams. Cayuga Creek 
and its branches drain the central, and Murder Creek the n. part of the town. Tonawanda Creek 
flows through the s. e. corner. The soil is a clayey, gravelly and sandy loam. Bennington 
Center (Bennington p. o.) contains 3 churches and 30 dwellings; and CowlesvIIIe, (p. v.,) 
in the N. w. part of the town, 2 churches and 206 inhabitants. Folsonidale (p. o.) is a hamlet, 
on Cayuga Creek, and has a valuable water-power. The first settlement was made near the center 
of the town, in 1802, by John Tolles, Jacob AVright, and William Barber, from Vt.' The first re- 
ligious services were conducted by Rev. Peter B. Root, in 1805. The first church (M. E.) was 
formed in 1807.* 

CASTILiE (Cas-tlle)— was formed from Perry, Feb. 27, 1821. It is the central town upon 
the E. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling and terraced upland, broken by the deep valleys 
of the streams. Genesee River, forming a portion of the e. boundary, is bordered by steep 
banks 300 to 350 ft. above the water. In some places the faces of the bluffs are perpendicular 
ledges 200 ft. high. Numerous small tributaries of the river have worn deep lateral channels in 
these bluffs. The valley of Silver Lake occupies a wide and shallow basin in the n. part of the 
town.' Its outlet is toward the N. Wolf Creek rises in a swamp near the head of the lake and 
flows s. A wide, level valley, bordered by low terraces, extends from the e. shore of the lake 
and opens into the valley of Wolf Creek at Castile Village. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. 
Castile (p. V.) lies on Wolf Creek, in the s. w. part of the town. It is a station on the B. & 
N. Y. City R. R. Pop. 682. St. Helena, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, in the s. e. corner of the 
town, contains 20 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 18D8, by Robert Whalley, from 
R. I., 1 mi. e. of Castile Village.* The first religious services (Bap.) were held near the s. end 
of Silver Lake, in 1816, by Elder Benj. Luther.' 

COIIVA — was formed from Sheldon, March 6, 1818. Java was taken off in 1832. It is the 
s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling or hilly upland, broken by valleys. Catta- 
raugus Creek flows s. w. through near the center of the town, and receives several tributaries, the 
principal of which is Clear Creek, from the s. From the valleys the town spreads out into a 
rolling region, with long gradual slopes arable to their summits. The highest point is the ridge 
in the N. E., which is 1,100 ft. above Lake Erie, as determined by actual survey. The soil of 
the upland is a clayey and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Arcade (China p. o.) is situated 
at the junction of Cattaraugus and Clear Creeks, in the s. w. part of the town. It has a fine 



1 Among the other early settlers were Deacon Porter, Nath'l 
Sprout, and Maj. P. Adams. The first child born was Harriet 
Phelps, July 25. 1803 ; the first marriage, that of Stephen Crow 
and Lucy Elwell; and the first death, that of Thomas Mather, 
in the winter of 1803. Sophia Williams taught the first 
school, in 1807 ; Daniel Stanton kept the first inn, in 1809 ; 

Fitch, the first store; and Zera Phelps built the first mill, 

in 1806. 

2 The census reports 6 churches; Cong., Presb., F. W. Bap., 
Bap., M. E.. and R. C. 

» Amonff the other early settlers were Chauncey, Justin, and 
George Loomia. Pcletiah Case. .Joseph Farnham, George Hoskins, 
David Tolles, .\aron Clapp, and Ezra Ludden, The first marriage 
wafl that iif Aaron Whitney and Rachel Truesdale, in 1807 ; and 
the first death in town, that of a child of Wm. Barber, in 1803. 
The first school w.os taught by Rachel Truesdale. in 1807 ; the 
first inn was kept by Joseph Farnham, in 1817. Chauncey 
Looniis erected the first sawmill, in 1808; he also kept the first 
store. Quartns Clapp built the first gristmill, at CowlesviUe. 
A son of David Tolles, 8 or 9 years old, was lost in the woods in 
1806 and was never found. 

* The census reports 5 chnrches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., Presb., 
M.E., and Univ. 

* Mary Jemison, the '* old white woman," with her family, hid 



in the alders at the foot of this lake while Gen. Sullivan 
was laying w.aste the Indian villages upon the Genesee. In 
the summer of 1855 it was reported that an immense serpent, 
100 ft. long, had been seen in this lake. So well was the story 
apparently authenticated that thousands of visitors came from 
all parts of the country to obtain a sight of his snakeship. 
A burlesque account of the capture of the sei-pent, which 
appeared in the Btijfaln Itipuhlic, raised the excitement to the 
highest pitch ; and immediately afterward the whole humbug 
collapsed. 

6 Soon after, a settlement was made at the fo<5t of the lake, in 
the w. part of the town, called the " Tallnian S'^ttl'-mf.nt." Ziba 
Hurd and Jonathan Gilbert, from Vt., were the first settlers at 
Castile Villa'^e. in 1816. The first child bom was Jane McRay, 
in 1813; and the first death was that of Laura Wilcox, in 1815. 
The first school was taught in 1816, by Anna Benn^'tt. from 
vt. Robert Whalley kept the first inn, and erected the first 
sawmill, on Wolf Creek, below Castile Village, in 1811. John 
Card and Sylvester Lathrop built the first gristmill, on Lot 40, 
in 1820; the first store was kept by Lemuel Eldridge and M. 
Frost, in 1816. 

' The census reports 4 churches; Cong., Bap., M. E., and 
Christian. 



WYOMING COUNTY. 



■13 



water power, and contains a woolen factory, flouring mill, and 3 churches. Pop. G37. East 
C'btna is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1808, on Lot 28, by Silas Meech, from New 
England.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, at Arcade, in 1812. 
The first church (Cong.) was formed at Arcade, by Jno. Spencer, July 24, 1813.' 

COVIXGTO^ — named from Gen. Leonard Covington — was formed from Le Roy (Genesee 
CO.) and Perry, Jan. 31, 1817. A part was annexed to York (Livingston co.) in 1823. Pavilion 
(Genesee co.) was taken off in 1841. It is the N. e. corner town of the co. The surface is a 
moderately hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Oatka Creek flows through 
the N. w. corner, and receives as tributary Pearl Creek, which flows N. w. through near the center. 
Wide, fertile alluvial flats extend along Oatka Creek. The soil of the uplands is generally a 
gravelly loam. Covington Center, (Covington p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 20 dwellings; 
Pearl Creefe, (p. v.,) in the n. w., contains 15 dwellings; La Grange, (p. v.,) near the s. 
line, a church and 20 dwellings; and Peoria, (p. v.,) near the E. line, 15 dwellings. The first 
settlement was made in 1807, in the iv. part, by Jairus Cruttenden, AVilliam Miller, and John and 
William Sprague, all from New England.' The first religious services were held at the house of 
David Norris, in 1814, by Rev. Mark Norris, from Vt.* 

EAGIiE — was formed from Pike, Jan. 21, 1823. It occupies a central position on the s. bordei; 
of the CO. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Nearly the 
whole drainage is through Wisooy Creek and its branches. Cold Creek takes its rise in the s. E. 
part of the town. The hills bordering upon the streams are very steep, and their summits are 400 
to 700 ft. above the valleys. Eagle Lake, a small body of water in the s. w. part, has no visible 
outlet. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Eagle Tillage, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part of the 
town, contains a church and 20 dwellings. Eagle, (p.o.,) in the N. e. part, is a hamlet. The 
first settlement was made in town iu 1808, on Lot 8, by Silas and Wm. Hodges, from Cayuga co.* 
There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., F. W. Bap., and Christian. 

CrAIlVESVIEEE — named from Gen. E. P. Gaines — was formed from Warsaw, as " Hehe," 
Feb. 25, 1814. Its name was changed April 17, 1816. It is an interior tow-n, lying s. E. of the 
center of the co. The surface is an upland, slightly undulating and broken by the valleys of the 
streams. Oatka Creek flows through the N. e. part, and East Coy Creek through the s. w. The 
soil on the hills is a thin, dark loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a fertile, gravelly 
loam. A good quality of building stone is quarried in the N. part of the town. Gaines- 
ville Creeli, (Gainesville p.o.,) on East Coy Creek, near the center of the town, contains a 
female seminary,' 3 churches, and about 300 inhabitants. East Gainesville, (p. v.,) a station 
on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., contains 20 houses. Gainesville Center and IVewburgh 
are hamlets. The first settlements were made at Gainesville Creek in 1805, by Wm., Richard, 
and Chas. Bristol, from Columbia co., and Elnathan George, from Vt.' The first religious meeting 
was held in 1809. The first church (Presb.) was formed iu 1815.' 

GEMESEE FAIiliS — was formed from Pike and Portage, (Livingston co.,) April 1, 1846. 
It lies on Genesee River, in the s. E. corner of the co. A nearly perpendicular rocky bluff, 100 to 
300 ft. high, borders upon the river, and from its summit the country spreads out into an undu- 
lating upland. The celebrated Portage Falls, in the Genesee River, are opposite this place.' The 
soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Portageville, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, contains 5 churches 
and several mills. Pop. 561. The B. & N. Y. City R. R. crosses the Genesee, near the village, by 
a bridge 800 ft. long and 234 ft. above the bed of the river. This bridge was built at a cost of 



1 Ichabod S.andera, Samuel Nichols, Silas and Leonard Parker, 
Jacob Jackson. Wm. Barnes, Amasa and Alfred Kilbourn — most 
of them from Vt. — settled in the town in 1S09. The first child 
born was a daughter of Jacob Jackson, and the second a son of 
Samuel Nichols, both in ISIO; the first marriage was that of 
Silas Meech and Lydia Parker; and the first death, that of Mrs. 
A. Kilbourn, in the spring of 1812. Uebecca Parker taught the 
first school, in 1811; Silas I'arker kept the first inn, in 1812, 
and the first store, in ISlo. Maj. Moses Smith built the first saw- 
mill, in ISll, and Col. Duel Kowley the first gristmill, in 1810. 

2 The census reports 5 churches ; Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., 
M. E., and R.C. 

8 The first child born was Viola, daughter of Dr. Dan'l White, 
in 1809: the first marriage was that of Calvin Davis and Sylvia 
Beardsley. in 1814 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Easty, in 
ISU. Wm. Miller kept the first inn, iu 1813; Dan'l Balcom, the 

first store, in 1812; Spaulding built the first gristmill, in 

IhlO ; and Sprague and Spaulding the first sawmill, in 1S12. 

* The census reports 3 churches; Pre8b.jAsso. Presb., and M.£, 



' Alanson, son of Silas Hodges, was the first child born, Oct. 13, 
1809. The first inn was kept by Dan Beach, the first store, by 
Elvjah Hyde, and the first sawmill was erected by Amos Huntley. 

• The Gainesville Female Seminary was established in 1865, 
by Misses Hardy and Kldridge, and other citizens of this place. 
The school is on the plan of the Mount Holjoko (.Mass.) school. 
The buildings will accommodate lUO boarding pupils and 150 
day scholars. 

' John Patterson and James Cravath. with others, settled in 
1800. Pamela Patterson was the first child born, in 1807. Tho 
first school was taught in Dec. 11. by lleoj. Cole. The first inn 
was kept at the Center, by Kenj. Hoag, in 1815; and the first 
store, by Lewis Wood, iu the Yates settlement, in 1816. Whe<l- 
ock Wood erected the first sawmill, iu 1809. on Oatka (Ycek; 
and John Card and Benj. Mallory, tho first gristmill, in 1825, 
at Gainesville Creek. 

> The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Cong 
Bap., and Univ. 

• See page 710. 



714 



WYOMING COUNTY. 



$175,000, and is the largest wooden r. r. bridge in the world. The Genesee Valley Canal also 
crosses the river at this point bj an aqueduct built upon stone abutments 40 ft. high ; the struc- 
ture cost §70,000. The first settlements were made on the river, above Portageville, in 1804, by 
John, Samuel, and Seth Fields.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. John Griffith, 
(M. E.,) in 1809 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Joseph Case, at '' Biyelows Cor- 
ners;' in 1818.^ 

JAVA — was formed from China, April 20, 1832. It lies on the w. border of the eo., s. of the 
center. Its surface is an elevated region, broken by hills and the deep valleys of the streams. 
The highest summits are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys and 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above Lake 
Erie. Buffalo Creek flows through the w. part, and receives a large number of tributaries. Catta- 
raugus Creek takes its rise in the e. part. Cattaraugus Lake is a small sheet of water in the s. e. 
part, nearly surrounded by steep hills. It forms one of the sources of Cattaraugus Creek. The 
soil upon the hills is a thin, dark loam underlaid by hardpan; in the valleys it is principally a 
gravelly loam. About 1 mi. e. of Java Village is a quarry of fine building stone. Java Vil- 
lagre (p. V.) lies upon Buffalo Creek, in the n. w. part of the town. Pop. about 200. IVorth 
Java, (p- ^m) i*i the n. e. corner of the town, contains a church and about 100 inhabitants. 
Java Centerj (p. o.,) East Java, (p. o.,) inthes.E. part of the town, Curriers Corners, 
(Java p. o.,) in the s. w., and Williailisvllle, near the e. border, are hamlets. The first set- 
tlement was made on Lot 32, in the n. w. part of the town, in 1810, by Wm. Richardson and 
Timothy Kirby, from Lowell, Mass.^ The first church (R. C.) was formed in 1838.* 

M1DDI.E BURY— was formed from Warsaw, March 20, 1812. It lies on the n. border of the 
CO., E. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. 
Oatka Creek flows through the s. e. corner, and Little Tonawanda Creek through the w. part. A 
deep ravine extends e. and w. through near the center of the town, forming a natural pass 
between the valleys of these two streams. The hills that border upon Oatka Creek are steep and 
400 to 600 ft, high. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. TVyomiiig', (p. v.,) on Oatka 
Creek, near the e. border of the town, contains the Middlebury Academy,^ 3 churches, and 378 in- 
habitants. West Middlebury, (Dale p. o.,) a station on the B. & N. Y, City R. R., contains 
20 dwellings. The first settlement was made by Jonas Sellick, (from Rutland co., Vt.,) in 1802, 
near Wrights Corners.® There are 5 churches in town.^ 

ORAMGEVIIiliE — was formed from Attica, Feb. 14, 1816. Wethersfield was taken off in 
1823. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, 
broken by deep ravines. The streams are Tonawanda Creek and its branches, draining the w., 
and small branches of Oatka and East Coy Creeks, draining the e, parts of the town. The sum- 
mits of the highest hills are 400 to 700 ft. above the valleys. The soil is a gravelly and clayey 
loam underlaid by hardpan. Orangeville Center (Orangeville p. o.) contains 15 houses ; 
Jolinsousburgli^ (p, v.,) on Tonawanda Creek, lies partly in Sheldon. Pop. about 100. 
Oalls Corners (East Orangeville p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 
1805, by John Duncan, on Lot 13, and Elisha Doty, from Cayuga co., on Lot 12.^ The first 
church (Presb.) was organized by Rev, John Alexander, July 11, 1812." 



1 Natban and Joseph Dixon, Joseph and Justice Bailey, and 
Sebetiah Ward Fettlud previous to 1807, The first death was 
that of Sophia Smith, in 1S17. The first school was taught by 
Maria Bellinger, in 1809. The first inn was kept by Lewis 
Wood, at Portageville, in 1824; and the first store, by Foot & 
Martin, the same year. The first sawmill was erected in 1^12, 
and the first gristmill in 1820, on the river, by Mumford, Smith, 
& McKay. 

2 The "census reports 5 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., Univ., 
and R.C. 

3 In 1S12 and '14, Chas. Richardson and Paniel H. Worcester 
settled at Java Village, and Charles Fox at Curriers Corners. 
The first mill was erected by Daniel 11. Worcester, at Java Vil- 
lage, in 1816; the fiist inn was kept by Chas. Fox, at Cumers 
Corners, in 1818 ; aud the first store, by Mr. Comstock, at Java 
Tillage, in 1S20. 

4 The census reports 4 churches; Cong., M. E., F. W. Bap., and 
R.C. 

6 This academy was founded mainly by the efforts and libe- 
rality of several of the first settlers of the village. Its main 
building was erected by subscription, in 1817. It now has 
Bome endowments, and is under the charge of the Baptist de- 
nomination. Fur many years it was considered the first insti* 
tution w. of the Genesee Kiver, and still maintains a high repu- 
tation. 

6 In 1S03 a number of immigi-anta from Vt. settled in the 
town, among whom were Reuben Chamberlain. Jabez Warren, 
f ifderick Gilbert, Sterling Sterns, and I.<ira«^l M. Dewey. The 
prfct store was kept by Edwin Putnam, in 1810, near Wrights 



Corners; the first gristmill was built by Silas Newell, in 1813, 
near Wyoming Village; the first sawmill, by A, Worden,in 1809, 
at West Middlebury ; Amzi Wright kept the first inn. at Wrights 
Corners, in 1806. In May, 1817, Artemus Shattuck, a citizen 
of this town, went into tlie woods, a distance from home, to 
chop. While cutting off a log that bad been partially split 
open, his foot was caught in the crack, and he bung for a long 
lime suspended by his foot and partially supported by one hand. 
Despairing of receiving aid, and entirely unable to extricate 
himself, be finally tinjuintrd his ankle with bis pocket knife, 
made a crutch f.f a cruoked stick, and started for the house. 
He was found ubnut dark, and carried to the "house, where bis 
leg was amputated by a surgeon. He recovered, became a Bap. 
minister, and lived many years. 

' 2 Bap., and 1 each V. W. Bap., Presb., and M. E. 

8 Lemuel Chase and James Sayer settled about the same time, 
and Seth and Adial Sherwood, Silas Merrifield. and Asahel 
Ward in 1806; Truman Lewis and a number of other familiea 
in 1807. The first rhild born was a son of Seth Sherwood, in 
1807: the first marriajre was that of Adial Sherwood and Mies 
Wood, in 1S09 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. James Sayer. 
Corinna Lewis and M.iry McKnight commenced the first schools. 
May 1, 1811; Isaac Mnore kept the first inn, in 1811, at the 
Center; and Silas Hubbard the first store, in 1814, at the same 
place. Robert Hopkins erected tlie first sawmill, in 1810, and 
Levi Johnson the firflt gristmill, in 1S17. 

« The census reports 4 churches; Presb., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., 
and Frienda. 



WYOMING COUNTY. 



715 



PERRT' — was formed from Leicester, (Livingston co.,) March 11, 1814. A part of Covington 
was taken off in 1817, and Castile in 1821. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. 
Its surface is level or gently rolling. Its streams are small brooks and creeks. The foot of 
Silver Lake lies along the s. border. Perry, (p. v.,) upon the outlet of Silver Lake, was 
incorp. in 1829. It contains the Perry Academy,^ a newspaper office, a bank, a woolen factory, 
3 flouring mills, and several churches. Pop. 035. Perrj Center (p. v.) contains a church 
and 40 dwellings.' West Perry is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 180G, on Lot 
28, by Josiah Williams, from Vt.* The first religious services were held at Perry Center, in Dec. 
1813, by Rev. Mr. Herrick, (Bap.,) when he was retreating from Buffalo. The first chui-ch (Presb.) 
was organized at the Center, by Rev. Oliver Ayer and Silas Hubbard, June 28, 1814.^ 

PIKE' — was formed from Nunda, (Livingston co.,) March 6, 1818. Eagle was taken off in 
1823, and a part of Genesee Falls in 1846. It lies on the s. border of the co., E. of the center. 
Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. East Coy Creek flows s. through the E. part, and 
Wiscoy Creek s.E. through the center. Enory Hill, the highest point, is about 100 ft. above the 
R. R. at Castile, and the lowest point, in the s. E. corner, is 200 ft. below the R. R. The soil is a 
gravelly and clayey loam. There are several quarries of building stone in town. Pike, (p. v.,) 
on Wiscoy Creek, near the center, was incorp. Aug. 11, 1848. It contains the Genesee Conference 
Seminary,' an iron foundery, a flouring mill, a woolen factory, and 3 churches. Pop. 581. East 
Pike, (p. v.,) on East Coy Creek, contains a church, a flouring mill, an extensive paper mill, and 
60 dwellings. Pike Five Corners, Griffitlis Corners, and East Coy (p. o.) are 
hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1806, by Peter Granger, Eli Griffith, Asahel New- 
comb, Phineas Harvey, and Caleb Powers, all from Whitehall, N. Y.' The first church was 
formed, Sept. 25, 1821, at Pike ViUage.» 

SHEEDO^ — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) March 19, 1808. Attica was taken 
off in 1811, and Bennington and China in 1818. Its surface is a rolling upland, 400 to GOO ft. 
above the valleys. Tonawanda Creek flows through the E. and several tributaries of Buffalo 
Creek through the w. part. The soil upon the hills is a thin, dark loam underlaid by hardpan 
and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Strykersville, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner of the town, 
contains several mills, 2 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. Varysburg'll,"' (p. v.,) in the 
N. E., upon Tonawanda Creek, contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Sbeldon (p. o.) and 
morth Slieldon (p.o.) are hamlets. Johnsonsburgit (p. v.) is on the line of Orangeville. 
The first settlement was made in the N. part, in 1804, by Roswell Turner, agent of Phelps and 
Chipman, the original purchasers of the town." The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at 
the house of Roswell Turner, by Rev. Mr. Spencer. The first church was formed at the Center, 
in 1808.'^ 

WARSAW — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) March 19, 1808. Middlebury was 
taken off in 1812, and Gainesville in 1814. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the 
CO. Its surface is a broken upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of Oatka Creek. The 
declivities of the hills are steep, and their summits 700 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. Upon Mill 
Brook, a small tributary of Oatka Creek, is a perpendicular fall of 105 ft. Warsaw, (p. v.,) 
the CO. seat, was incorp. April 17, 1843. It lies in the valley of Oatka Creek, at the center of the 



1 Named from Commodore O. H. Perry. 

* The academy buildings were erected by Rubscription of the 
inhabitants, and cost $12,000. This school has been offered to 
the State for a normal school. 

* An acidemy was sustained here for several years. 

* Among the tirst settlers were Seth Canfield, Samuel and 
Nath'l Howard. Amos Smith. Pbicol M.Ward, and Amos Otis, — 
mostly from New England. The tirst death was that of Nancy 
Williams, in ISlo. The first school was tauirht at Perry Cen- 
ter, inlS13.byAnnMann.tromMft.ss. The first inn was kept by 
Amos Smith. "a little E. of the Center, in 1811 ; the first store, by 
T. A .T. C. Kiigerley ; and the lirst mill was erected at Perry Vil- 
lage, by John Hamersley, in 1812. 

» The census reports 7 churches; 'i Bap., 2 M. E., and 1 each 
Presb.. Cong., and Univ. 

« Named from Gen. Zebulon Montgomery Pike. 

' The seminary buildings were eret-ted in 1856, at a cost of 
$9,000 ; they have accommodations for 300 students. The pro- 
perty is held by a board of trustees, and is under the patronage 
of the F. W. Bap. denomination. 

* The first child bom was Louisa, daughter of Asahel New- 
comb, in Aug. 1806; the first marriage was that of Kussell H. 
Benton and Susannah Olin, Feb. 2.*^, 1800; and the first deaths 
were those of twin children of Phineas Harvey. In the spring 
Df 1807. Mr. Harvey died the succeeding autumn. The flrst 



school was taught by Miss Beulah Abell, (from Washington CO.,) 
in the summer of 1809. Eli Griffith kept the first inn, at Pike 
Village, in 180S, and Tilly Parker the flrst store, in IMO, at the 
same place, Eli Griffith built the first sawmiH, in 1809, and the 
first gristmill, in 1810, a little above Pike Village. 

* The census reports 4 churches; 2 M.E,, and 1 each Cong, 
and Bap. 

1"^ Named from Wm. Vary, one of the first settlers. 

1^ Mr. Turner was the father of 0. Turner, Esq., author of the 
History of the Holland Purchase, Phelps and Gorham Pur* 
chase, &c. Among the other early settlers were Robert Carr 
and David Howard, inlSO.'i; Seth Gates, Lemuel Castle, Levi 
Street, Marvin Brace, Stephen Welton. (from Eastern New York.) 
and Uriah Persons, (from Penn.,) in 1806, The more recent set- 
tlements in the town have been made mostly by German immi- 
grants. The first child born was Chipman Phelps Turner, in 
1805; the first marriage was that of Justin Loomis and Polly 
Rolph. in 1807; and the first death, that of David Hoard, who 
was killed by the falling of a limb of a tree, in 1805. The first 
school was taught at North Sheldon, by Polly P.olph. in 1807; 
the first inn was kept by Roswell Turner, in 1800, at North 
Sheldon. Wm. Vary built the flrst sawmill, in lS06, and the 
flrst gristmill, in 1808, at Varysburgh, 

w The census reports 8 churches ; 2 M. E,, and 1 each Presb,, 
Cong,, Bap,, F. W. Bap., Ref. Prat. D,, and R. C. 



716 



WYOMING COUNTY. 



town. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 5 churches, an academy,' 2 newspaper offices, a bank, 
an insurance company and office, and several important manufactories.^ Pop. 1,200. Soutll 
Warsaw (p. o.) is a hamlet. East Warsaw is a p. o. The first settlement was made at 
Warsaw Village, by Elizur Webster, in 1803.' The first church (Cong.) was organized July 14, 
1808 ; Rev. John Lindsley was the first preacher. Their church edifice was buOt in 1817, and is 
still occupied.* 

WETHERSFIE1.D— was formed from Orangeville, April 12, 1823. It is an interior town, 
lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland. Tonawanda, East Coy, and 
Wiscoy Creeks all take their rise in this town. Wetherslield Springs, (p. v.,) in the 

N. E. corner, contains 3 churches and 25 dwellings. Hermitage, (p. v.,) on the E. border of the 
town, contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Smiths Corners (Wethersfield p. o.) is a 
hamlet. The first settlement was made on Lot 11, in 1810, by Lewis Hancock, Guy Morgan, 
and Calvin Clifibrd, from Jefferson co.' Rev. Mr. Boomer (Bap.) was the first preacher.' 



Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, DweUinys, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Slock, Agricidlural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Wyoming County. 



Names of Towns. 



Attica. 

BenDington .... 

Coatile , 

China. , 

Covington- , 

Eagle 

Gaineaville 

Genesee Falls.. 

Java 

Middlebury 

Orangeville 

Perry 

, Pike 

/ Sheldon 

Warsaw 

Wethersfield.... 



Total. 



Acres of Land. 



16,432 
22,377 
17,970i 
16,766 
12,344i 
12,916 
14,1285 
6,772t 
17.996 
16.500 
14,336 
17,984 
11,084 
17,796 
16,442 
12,820J 



8,628 

13.110 
6,756 

13,683 
2,980 
9,923 
6,290 
2,925 

11,709 
4,603 
6,464 
4.771 
6.930 

11,656 
4,782 
9,655j 



241,664i 122,7645 



Valuation of 1858. 



$630,112 
466,430 
771,000 
600.246 
471,823 
307,008 
462,024 
239,470 
423,362 
493,092 
300,722 
738,719 
399,268 
382,299 
740,790 
330,677 



7,662,002 



l| 
t E 
a. ft, 



$111,360 
18.611 
84,303 
47,800 
31,376 
7,176 
60,560 
9,360 
22,316 
76,530 
30,098 

126,875 
23,700 
86,400 

148,660 
60,150 



873,232 



$747,46: 
474,041 
866,363 
648,046 
603,198 
314,183 
612,674 
248,820 
446,67 
668,622 
330,820 
665.6941 
422,968| 
417,699! 
889,4401 
380.727! 



^ 



1,327 

1,301 

1,186 

1,061 

670 

733 

884 

660 

1,187 

904 

730 

1,253 

930 

1,347 

1,393 

734 



1,362 

1,264 

1,158 

1.057 

660 

657 

869 

638 

1,108 

883 

711 

1,307 

957 

1,319 

1,401 

728 



8,625,2341 16,189 16.969 



600 
612 
472 
345 
248 
264 
360 
218 
403 
351 
251 
490 
361 
496 
610 
276 



6,041 



6,285 5,208 



406 
493 
374 
316 
216 
215 
312 
146 
383 
323 
231 
384 
280 
432 
452 
246 



Schools. 



S'S. 



967 
941 
826 
800 
430 
688 
634 
190 
992 
690 
469 
801 
741 
1,226 
1,049 
649 



Names of Towns. 



Attica 

Bennington..., 

Ca«tile 

China. 

Covington. 

Eagle 

Gainesville...., 
Genesee Fails. 

Java. 

Middlebury..., 
Orangeville.... 

Perry 

Pike 

Sheldon 

Warsaw 

Wethersfield. . 
Total.... 



871 
619 
686 
666 
694 
183 
687 
769 
601 
B53 
602 
623 
789 
628 



sss 



1,318 
2,098 
1,434 
2,164 

710 
1,317 
1,235 

404 
2,179 
1,168 
1,195 
1,349 
1,111 
2,209 
1,237 
1,183 



1,364 

1,355 
887 

1,326 
488 
832 
762 
261 

1,470 
993 

1,664 
899 
924 

1,602 
975 

1,035 



16,737 



744 

699 
1,281 
615 
681 
614 
766 
299 
9; 

851 
690 
1,023 
668 
841 
816 
669 



11,674 



Agricultural Products. 



Bdsh. of Grain. 



10,276 
6,981 
108,269J 
208 

60,321 
967 

17,788i 

12.988 
3,741 

66,0785 
4,298 

60.625 
6,443 
3,611 

18,744 
4.946- 



385.276 



W 



39,2125 

67,082 

68,2785 

69.8715 

31,689 

68,1815 

62,4945 

24,991 

90.3585 

63,6025 

32,890 

60,956 

61,971 

64,1765 

36,800; 

66,089} 



878,4445 



ll 



11.364 
15.261 
13.027 
15,724 

6,762 
17,609 
13,806 

4.479 
16,620 

9,163 
10,902 
17,203 
14.431 
12,940 
14,700 
11,131 



58,421{ 203,932 323,290 



40.530 
20,781 
19,079 

6,694 
10,736 

6,790 
24,396 

7,449 
12,962 
35,499 
19,248 
29,624 
21,016 
26,649 
33,288 
10,660 



DjUBY PEODUCra. 



■§>; 



54,785 
90,896 
97,002 

123,976 
66.920 
77,838 
76,267 
14,485 

131,090 
81.770 
63,010 

106,260 
73,887 

121,962 
88,076 
76,724 



145,950 

14,618 

7,171 

26,100 

3,946 

16,986 

15,720 

100 

42.050 

74,026 

273.150 
16,718 
28,617 
67,310 
27.605 
66,140 



1,333,948 823,106 17,173 



,- 



346 
1,297 
1,186 
1,761 

291 
1,130 

433 

104 
3,74' 

164 

946 
1,945 

336 
1,146 

466 



1 It was fncorp. by the regents in 1853, and is under the 
management of a village board of education. 

* Sash and Minds, horse rakes, carriages, and waterproof oil 
blacking. 

■ In the same year, Wm. Webster, Shubael Morris, Amos Kin- 
ney, Elijah Cutting, and Joseph Palmer settled in the 8. part 
of the town, and Josiah Uovey in the N. part. The first set- 
tiers were mostly from New England. The first child bom 
was Eliza Webster, in 1804; the first marriage was that of 
Silas C. Fargo and Catharine Whiting; and the first death, 
that of an infant son of Sterling Stearns, in 1804. The lirst 
death of an adult was that of Dwiglit Noble, in 1808. The 
first school was taught by Samuel McWhorter, in 1807. Elizur 



Webster kept the first inn, in 1809 ; and Absalom Green and 
Dan'l Shaw, the first store, in the same year. Solomon Morris 
built the first grislniill, in 1808. 

<Tbe census reports 6 churches; Preab., Cong., Bap., F. W. 
Bap.. Prot. E., and M. E. 

6 John W. Parry, from Oneida co.. settled at Wethersfield 
Springs in the fail of 1810. and built the first house at that 
place. The first school was taught by O. Martin. The first 
gristmill was erected by James Cravath, in 1812. on East Coy 
Creek ; and the first sawmill, by Calvin Clifford, on the same creek, 
in 1810. 

6 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Bap,, and 1 each Cong., 
Prot. E., M. E., and Christian. 



YATES COUNTY. 




Tnis county was formed from Ontario, Feb. 5, 1823, and named 
from Joseph C. Yates, then governor. Barrington and Starkey 
were added from Steuben, April 6, 1824. It is centrally distant 
172 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 370 sq. mi. Its 
surface consists of a series of ridges extending from Steuben co. 
I in a northerly direction, and gradually declining from a height of 
I about 1,700 ft. above tide, upon the s. border, to a level of the undu- 
lating region near the foot of Seneca Lake. The first or most eastern 
of these ridges lies between Seneca and Crooked Lakes, and occu- 
pies the towns of Barrington, Starkey, Milo, Torrey, and a part 
cf Benton. The highest summit is about 900 ft. above Crooked 
Lake and 1,200 above Seneca. The slopes are generally gradual 
and the inclination uniform. The second ridge occupies the high peninsula between the two 
branches of Crooked Lake, and extends n. through Jerusalem, finally losing itself in the rolling 
upland of Benton. The s. part of this ridge is known as " Bluff Point," from its abrupt termi- 
nation. It is about 400 ft. above the lake. The third range lies between the w. branch of 
Crooked Lake and Flint Creek, and occupies the w. part of Jerusalem, the E. part of Italy, and 
the s. E. part of Potter. The highest summits in the s. are about 700 ft. above the lake. A fourth 
ridge lies between the valleys of Flint Creek and West River, and extends n. through the w. part 
of Potter. A fifth range occupies that portion of Middlesex lying between West River Hollow 
and Canandaigua Lake. The declivities of the last two ranges are mostly very steep ; and their 
summits are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. The uplands, except in the extreme w. part, are 
smooth and arable to their summits. The valleys between them are wide and exceedingly fertile, 
and the k. part of the co. is a fine rolling region. 

The lowest rocks in the co. are the upper series of the Hamilton shales, cropping out on the 
lower course of the Crooked Lake Outlet. Next above these, upon the same stream, appear the 
TuUy limestone, Genesee slate, and Portage groups. The first of the three, furnishing lime, is 
the most valuable mineral in the co. The Portage group near Penn Yan furnishes a good quality 
of flagging stone, and is extensively quarried for that purpose. The shales and sandstone of the 
Chemung group occupy the summits in the s. part of the co. ; calcareous tufa is found upon 
Crooked Lake Outlet, and marl in the swamps near the foot of the lake. Iron pyrites have 
been found in considerable quantities at Bluff Point. The soil for the most part consists of a 
fine quality of gravelly loam, intermixed with clay and the disintegrated shales of the Portage 
group. It is well adapted to either tillage or pasturage. 

The principal streams in the co. are Crooked Lake Outlet, Keshong Creek, Big Stream, Rock 
litream, Flint Creek, and West River. Seneca Lake, forming the e. boundary of the co., is 447 ft. 
above tide, and Canandaigua Lake, forming a part of the w. boundary, 668 ft. Crooked Lake,' 
near the center, two-thirds of it lying within the Co., is 718 ft. above tide and is 18 mi. in length. 
Its N. part is divided by Bluff Point into two branches, each of which is from one to two mi. wide. 
Owing to the depredations of the midge winter Wheat is less grown than formerly, while spring 
grains, root crops, stock, wool, and fruit are much more extensively and profitably produced. 
The outlet of Crooked Lake affords large water power for manufacturing purposes, — as yet but 
slightly improved. 

The county seat is located at the village of Penn Tan,' on the line of Milo and Benton.' The 
first courthouse' and jail combined was erected in 1824; and in 1834 it was burned. In 1835 a 
new brick courthouse was built, on a public square, at a cost of $12,000. A jail, detached, was 
erected the same season. The latter was destroyed by fire in Feb. 1857, and was rebuilt the same 
year, at a cost of $10,200. A clerk's office was erected some years previous, upon the public square 



1 Called by the IndiaDB 0-go-ya-ga, a promoDtory projecting 
Into the lake. 

2 The commissioners who located the Co. seat, were John Sut- 
ton, of Tompkins Co., George U. Feeter, of Herkimer CO., and 
Joseph B. Wnlton. of Otsego CO. 

8 The first court w.is held at the house of Asa Cole, in Penn 
Yan, on the fir>^t Tuesday in June, 1823. The first board of bu- 
perrisors met at the same place. The first co. officers were Wil- 
'iam 01. OliTer, First Judge ; James Taylor, Dist. AUy.; Abraham 



H. Bennett, Cb. Olerk; James P. Robinson, SJuriff; and Abr». 
ham P. Vosburgh, Surrogate. 

< John Sutton, of Tompkins, Geo. H. Feeter, of Herkimer, and 
Joseph B. Walton, of Otsego cos., were appointed commissionerfl 
to locate the co. buildings, and Wm. Phattnck, of Penton, Geo. 
Sherman and Samuel Stewart, of Milo, to erect them. Th« 
courts were to be held at the house of Asa Colo until the cour^ 
bouse was finished. 

717 



718 



YATES COUNTY. 



vrith the other public buildings, near the center of the village. The co. poorhouse is located on 
a farm of 123 acres in the town of Jerusalem, about 5 mi. s. w. of Penn Yan.^ The average 
number of inmates is 86, and they are supported at a weekly cost of $1 40 each. A school is 
taught in the house during a portion of the year, and religious services are held occasionally. 
The Crooked Lake Canal extends along the outlet of Crooked Lake, and enters Seneca Lake at 
Dresden. It opens a direct water communication with Yates co. and the n. portion of Steuben, 
and affords an easy and cheap means of transportation. The Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua 
R. R. extends through the co., e. of the center, connecting with the N. Y. C. R. R. at the n. 
terminus and with the N. Y. & E. R. R. at the s. These two works of internal improvement fur- 
nish market facilities equal to those generally enjoyed by the interior cos. of the State. 

Three newspapers are published in the co.^ 

Tiie early history of this co. is intimately associated with the history of the "Friends" a religious 
sect founded by Jemima AVilkinson.* This singular woman took the name of the "Universal 
IViendy" and was regarded as a prophet by her followers, among whom were persons of respecta- 
bility, wealth, and influence. At a general meeting of the sect, in Conn., in 1786, it was resolved 
to emigrate to some unsettled region and found a colony where they might live in peace and in the 
undisturbed enjoyment of their religious opinions. Three of their number were delegated to 
seek out a proper location.* They proceeded to Penn., went up the Susquehanna River, and fol- 
lowed the route of Gen. Sullivan to Seneca Lake, where they finally determined to locate. In 
June, 1787, 25 "Friends" set out for the land of promise by the way of the Mohawk Valley. They 
settled about 1 mi. s. of tha present village of Dresden, the location being fixed upon from its 
close proximity to the fine waterfalls upon Crooked Lake Outlet.^ During the fall they prepared 
the land, and in the following season sowed it with winter wheat, which they harvested in 1789 ; 
and this was the first wheat crop raised in AVestern N. Y. In 1789, Wm. Potter and Thos. Hathaway, 
two of their number, purchased of the State 14,000 acres of land lying between Seneca Lake 
and the Pre-emption Line, and subsequently Thos. Hathaway and Benedict Robinson purchased 
the town Jerusalem of Phelps and Gorham.® In 1789, Jemima and a large number of her followers 



* This buildiDg, erected 25 years ago. is 100 ft. by 50. aod 3 stories 
high, including basement. The fami yields a revenue of $1,000. 
- Tht Ffnn Van IhraUl was esta.bli«beJ at I'enn Yan in May, 
1818. by Abraham H. Bemu'tt. In 1820 it appeared as 
The Penn Van Democrat. In 1S35 it was pub. by 
Bennett k. Keed. iu iS-ili by Reed & Bennett, and in 
1S47 by AliVed Heed. In 1850 Darius A. 0(rdon became 
proprietor, in 1853 Ueubeu Spicer, and in 1857 Geo. D. A. 
Bridgman, its present publisher. 
The Tates Count]} Itepublican was started Bee. If , 1824, by E. J. 
Fowle, and continued 10 years. He then sold it to John 
Remmick, who pul)liehed it fts 
The Penn Van Ei^quirer about 2 years, when it wag discontinued. 
The Wt-stern Star was pub. at Penn Yan in 1833 by H. Gilbt-rt. 
The. Miscdlany was pub. at Penn Yan in 1833 by ThoB. H. Baeeett. 
Tfie Democratic Whig was commenced iu 1S37 by Wm. Child. 
About 2 years after it passed into the hands of Nicholas 
D. Suydam. who changed its name to 
r/ie Tales Cffunitj Wlivj. In 1845 it passed into the hands of 
Rodney L. Adams. In 1852 Mr. Adams sold it to Cleve- 
land &. Loot. Mr. Look soon retired, and in 1856 its 
name was changted to 
The Yates County Chronicle. It is now published 

hy Stafford C. Cleveland. 
The DcTtuicratic Organ was commenced in 1844 at Penn Yaji by 

Harvey L. Winants, and published about 2 years. 
The Penn Tan Telegraph, da., was issued from the office of The 

Wliig. fbr 6 mos. in 1846. 
The Dundee Record was commenced at Dundee, Jan. 25. 
1S44. by (lifford J. ISiMith. Kdward Hoa^^bmd succeeded 
to its editorship in 1S47, John J. Diefciidorf in 1853, and 
D. S. Bruner. its present puVilisher, in 1^57. 
3 Jemima Wilkinson was the daughter of Jeremiah Wilkinson, 
a R. I. farmer. She was one of a f:imily of 12 children and had 
little or no advantages of education. In her 2nth year she had a 
eevere attack of fever ; and for some time her life wsis despaired of. 
Tpon her recovery she claimed that she had been raised from the 
de;id. — that her cam:il existence was ended and henceforth her 
life was to be spiritual and divine, — and that she was endowed with 
the power of prophecy. She soon commenced traveling and ex- 
horting, and succeeded in converting many persons, among whom 
were several eubstantial New England farmers. The follo^ving 
description of her person is copied from "The New Haven 
Gazette and Connecticut Magazine." dated March, 1787. " She is 
about the middle size of wom;m. not genteel in her person, rather 
awkward in her carriage; her complexion good, her eyes re- 
markably black and brUliant. her hair black and waving with 
beautiful ringlets upon her neck and shoulders. Her features are 
regular, and the whole of her face is thought bj'many to be per- 
ffctly beautiful. As she is not to be supposed of either sex, so 
Ibis neutrality is manifest in her personal appearance. She wears 



no cap, letting her hair bang down as has been described. She 
wears her neckcloth like a man ; her chemise is buttoned around 
the neck and wrists. Her outside garment is arobe. under which 
it is said she wears an expensive dress, the fashion qf which is 
made to correspond neither with that of man nor woman. Her 
understanding is not deficient, except touching her religious fa- 
naticism. She is very illiterate, yet her memory is very great; 
artful in discovering many circumstances which fall out among 
her discipli's. On all occasions she requires the most extra- 
ordinary attentions that can be bestowed upon her : one or more 
of her disciples usually attend upon her and perform the most 
menial services. Iler pronunciation is after the peculiar dialect 
of the most illiterate of the countrypeople of New England. Her 
preaching has very little connection, and is very lengthy. — at tiraee 
cold and languid, but occasionally lively, zealous, and animated." 
When she first arose from her bed of sickness, she assumed that 
there was once such a person as Jemima Wilkinson, but that she 
died and.went to heaven, after which the Divine Spirit reanimated 
that s;mie body and it arose from the dead ; now, this divine in- 
habitant is Christ Jesus our Lord, the Friend to all mankind, 
and gives his name to the body to which he is united, and there^ 
fore body and spirit conjointly is the ''rniver.ml Friend.'" Sho 
assumed to have two "TTfin'-ssct." corresponding in all respecta 
to those prophesied in Rev. chap. xj. from 3d to 13th verses 
These were James Parker and Sarah Richards. During her whole 
life she never yielded the pretensions which she at first made:and 
her whole career had the merit of consistency. Among the prin- 
cipal peculiar tenets of the sect was the strict enforcement of the 
Shaker doctrine of celibacy as indispensable to a pure life. The 
meetings were conducted after the manner of the Quakers, the 
whole congregation often sitting in perfect silence for an hour or 
more. — Sck Tarwr's His*, of The Phdps and G'rrham Piirrhase. 

This extraordinary woman exerted a strong influence over her 
followers, who gratuitously planted and hoed her corn, sowed 
and reaped her wheat, and cut and gathered her hay, always 
having care to be of no trouble or expense to the Friend upon 
these occasions. On one occasion she addressed, through an inter- 
preter, a bandof 0neid;i8 whohad encamped near her settlement 
on their way to a treaty, endeavoring to convince them that she 
was Christ. They listened with apparent attention, and, when 
she had finished, one of the chiefs arose and delivered a short ad- 
dress to his countrj-men. She requested to have it interpreted 
to her, — when the savage contemptuously replied, in broken Eng- 
lish, that if she were the character she assumed to be, she would 
have understood the poor Indian as well as any one. She died 
July 1. 1819, and her sect has long since been broken up. — Uud- 
soii^s Lifr nf Jonima iVilKini:nn. 

* Abraham Davton. Richard Smith, and Thomas Hathaway. 

5 The first gristmill in Western X.Y. was built in 1789. by Hich'd 
Smith. James Parker,and Abraham Davton, 2| mi. from Penn Yan. 

fi ''It was a rule at that early period with Messrs. Phelps A 



YATES COUNTY. 



719 



came in. The first framed house in the eo. was erected for her, on a farm of 1000 acres set apart 
for her especial use. For a time the colony flourished ; but soon neighbors began to arrive, and 
jealousies were engendered, and a series of persecutions commenced, which seriously retarded the 
progress of the colony and embittered the last days of the "IVie7id."^ 



BARRIIVGTOIV— was formed from "Wayne, (Steuben co.,) April 6, 1822. It lies upon the e. 
bank of Crooked Lake, in the s. part of the co. Its surface consists principally of a high ridge, 
sloping gradually upward from Crooked Lake to a height of 600 to 800 ft. Big Stream flows 
through the s. E. corner, in a deep ravine bordered by steep declivities. From Crooked Lake the 
ascent is nearly uniform for 2 miles ; and the summit of the ridge is rolling. The soil is a slaty 
gravel mixed with clay, and is generally productive. Barrin^on,^ (p. v.,) near the center, 
contains 1 church and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Jacob Teeples.' The 
Kev. Jas. Osgood (Bap.) was the first preacher. There are two churches in town; Bap. and M. E. 

BESITOIV' — was formed from Jerusalem, Feb. 12, 1803, as " Vernon." Its name was changed 
to "SiieU" April 6, 1808, and to Benton April 2, 1810. Milo was taken off in 1818, and a part 
of Torrey in 1851. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling and gradually 
descending toward the N. and e. From Seneca Lake the land slopes upward for a mile, and to 
a height of about 300 ft., where it spreads out in a beautiful undulating region. The valley of 
Crooked Lake, 200 ft. below the summits of the table land, extends about 1 mi. into the s. part 
of the town. Keshong Creek passes through the n. e. corner. The soil is clay along the lake, 
but upon the hills it is a deep, rich, clayey and gravelly loam, well adapted to almost every branch 
of agriculture. Bellona, (Benton p.o.,) situated on Keshong Creek, in the N. E. part, contains 
2 churches, (pop. 205;) and Benton Center (p. v.) 2 churches and 28 dwellings. Fergu- 
sons Corners (p. o.) is a hamlet. The village of Pcnn Yan lies partly within this town. 
The first settlement was made in the spring of 1789, by Levi Benton, from Catskill, Greene co.' 
The first religious meetings were held in the barn of Levi Benton, in 1792, and were conducted by 
Ezra Cole. There are now 4 churches in town.' 

IT AL.T — was formed from Naples, Feb. 15, 1815. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its 
surface consists of three distinct ridges, each attaining an elevation of about 1000 ft. above Canan- 
daigua Lake. These ridges are divided by the valley of Flint Creek — known as Italy Hollow — 
and West River Hollow. The valleys are generally narrow and bordered by steep and often 
precipitous sides. The summits of the ridges are broken uplands. The soil is a slaty and 
gravelly loam and is best adapted to pasturage. Italy Hill (p. v.) is situated in the s.e. corner; 
and Italy Hollow (p. o.) on Flint Creek, s. of the center. The first settlement in the town 
was made by John Mower, at West Hollow, in 1793.' There are 4 churches in town.' 

JERUSAIiEM — was organized Jan. 1789, and Benton was taken off in 1803. A small part 
of Steuben co., in the forks of the lake, was annexed Feb. 25, 1814. It lies on the w. bank of 
Crooked Lake and is the central town in the co. Its surface is divided into two distinct ridges 
by the w. branch of the lake and its inlet. The E. ridge terminates on the s. in Bluff Point, a 
promontory, 8 mi. in extent, lying between the two branches of Crooked Lake ; and it extends on 
the N. into the town of Benton. It is about 400 ft. high and IJ to 2 mi. wide, and is bordered by 
steep declivities. The continuity of this ridge is broken by a remarkable depression extending 



Gorham, in selling a picked towiiBhip, to require the purchaser 
to draw for another township at the same price. Robinson and 
Hathaway, after purchasing Jerusalem, drew what is now the 
town of Geneseo, Livingston co. The Friend objected to her 
people ' trading and buying property at a distance,' and, fearing 
lier displeasure, they prevailed upon Mr. Phelps to release them 
from the bargain, which he waa quite willing to do. ixa he had 
ascertained the value of the township." — Turner's Hist. 

1 She w.aa several times prosecuted for lilasphemy, and was 
harassed by lawsuits, which were chiefly instigated by those who 
had once been her followers and friends. — Turner's Uiit. of The 
PItelps and Gorham Purchase. 

2 i^ometimes called " Warsaw." 

8 The next settlers were Thomas Broneon, from Conn. ; Wm. 
Coolljaugh, from N. J. ; Jonathan Davis, Williiun Ovenshire, Oliver 
Parker, .Matthew Knapp, Joseph Fenton, John Kriss. and Henry 
Spry. The first school was taught byA.C. West, in ISIO. Jacob 
Taet^les keptthe first tavern, in 1^04, on the Bath Koad ; and Elijah 
Towiisend, the first store. John Carr erected the first gristmill, 
and Wm. Cummins the first sawniiU. 

< Named from Levi Benton, the first settler. 

* T. Spencer settled at Bellona in 1790; George Wheeler, Ro- 
bert Chisson, Jas. Scofleld, Otis Barden, and Daniel Brown in 



1791 ; and Ezra Cole, Eliphalet Hull, and Samuel and Cyrus Bnell, 
with their families, in 1792. The first birth was that of Matilda 
Buell. in Sept. 1792 ; the first marriage, that of Thos. Barden and 
Olive Benton, in 1791; and the first deaths, those of Ephraira 
and Samuel Wheeler, who both died in the fall of 1792. The first 
sawmill was built by Dr. Caleb Benton, in 1790. at Bellona. The 
first store was kept by Luther Benton and James Stoddard, in 
1799, and the first inn by Ezra Cole, in ISOO. John Coates taught 
the first school, at Benton Center, in the winter of 1794. The 
first town meeting was held at the house of Daiuel Brown. 

• Two M. E., Bap., and Fresh. 

' Josiah Bradish, Seth Sprague, Fisher and Isaac Wliitney, 
William Dunton, Edward Low, William Clark, Archibald Ann- 
strong, Card Knowles, John Armstrong, Morris and Ha.'Jtings, 
settled in 1794 and '95, and Nathan Scott and Andrew Rolison in 
ISuy. The first birth w.as that of Polly Mower, in Oct. 1795 ; and 
a child of Mr. Mower wns the first that died. The first marriage 
was that of Jabez Metcalf and Nancy Torrey. Nancy Torrey 
taught the first school, in 1811.3, at West Hollow. Elias Lee kept 
the first tavern, at the same place, in 1S06; Abraham Maxfield 
the first store, at Italy Hollow; Asahel Stone, jr., ertrted the first 
saw and grist mill, at the same place, at an early date. 

e Two Bap., M. E., and Presb. 



720 



YATES COUNTY. 



from the head of the w. branch of Crooked Lak^ e. to the E. branch. The highest point in this 
vallev is about 70 ft. above the lake. The ridge on the w. rises gradually for 3 or 4 mi. and attains 
a height of about 700 ft. above the lake, where the surface spreads out into a rolling upland. The 
soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, and is vrell adapted to both pasturage and tillage. Branch- 
port, (p. V.,) situated at the head of the w. branch of Crooked Lake, contains 3 churches and 
about 55 houses. Kinney§ Corners (BluflF Point p. o.) is situated in the e. part of the town; 
Sbermans Hollow and Yatesvllle are p. offices. The first settlement was made by 
Jemima Wilkinson, in 1789.' In that year crops of wheat were harvested in the town, and a mill 
was erected that made flour the same season. The first, and for a long time the only, religious ser- 
vices in town were conducted by Jemima, at her own house. There are 4 churches in town.^ 

MIDDLiESEX — was formed in 1789, as " Auyusia." Its name was changed April 6, 1808. 
Potter was taken off in 1832, and a part was annexed to Potter in 1856. It is the ^f. «•. corner 
town, lying upon the E. bank of Canandaigua Lake. Its surface consists chiefly of high ridges 
separated by narrow valleys. The summits are 500 to 600 ft. above the lake. The valley of West 
River divides the ridges, and the valley of a small stream known as Boat Brook divides the w. 
ridge into two peaks, the N. of which is known as " Bare Hill." The soil is clayey on the summits 
of the hills, and gradually changes to a deep gravelly loam in the valleys. Near Federal Hollow, 
a mile from Rushville, is an inflammable spring.' Middlesex Center (Middlesex p.o.) con- 
tains 3 churches and 20 dwellings. Orerackers Corners is a hamlet. The first settlement 
was made in 1789. Judge Potter, one of the surveyors of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, was the 
original purchaser of the town, and took an active part in its first settlement.* Many of the first 
settlers were adherents of Jemima Wilkinson ; and for a considerable time there was no other 
religious association in the town. There are now 4 churches.' 

MIliO — was formed from Benton, March 6, 1818. A part of Torrey was taken off in 1851. 
It lies on the e. border of the co., between Seneca and Crooked Lakes. Its surfoce rises from 
iSeneca Lake in a gentle and gradual slope for 2 mi., where it attains an elevation of about 400 to 
500 ft. From this summit the land spreads out into an undulating region, gradually declining 
on the w. to the valley of Crooked Lake. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with some clay 
in the vicinity of Penn Yan and on the shore of Seneca Lake. Penn Yan,° (p. v.,) the county 
seat, was incorp. April 27, 1833. It is situated at the foot of Crooked Lake, and is an important 
station on the Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua R. R. A daily steamer connects it with Ham- 
raondsport, at the head of Crooked Lake. It conta,ins 6 churches, a high school,' 2 newspaper 
establishments, and a bank. Pop. 2,277, — 2,114 in Milo, 103 in Benton. ]>IiIo Center (p. v.) 
contains 150 inhabitants ; and Ilinirods Corners (Milo p. v.) 78. The first settlement was 
commenced in the N. part, by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson, from R. I., in 1787.* The first 
religious services were conducted by Jemima Wilkinson. There are now 10 churches in town.' 

POTTER'" — was formed from Middlesex, April 26, 1832, and part of Middlesex was annexed 
Deo. 18, 1856. It lies near the center of the N. border of the co. Its surface is hilly in the s. w., and 
rolling in the center and N. Flint Creek, the principal stream, flows northerly through near the 
center of the town. A swamp of 1 to IJ mi. wide extends along its course for 8 mi. n. of Potter 
Center. The soil is a slaty loam in the s. w., and a gravelly and sandy loam, with an intermixture 
of clay, in the remaining parts. Kushvllle (p. v.) is partly in Gorham, Ontario co., but princi- 
pally in the N. w. part of this town. Pop. 583, — 408 in Potter, 175 in Gorham. Potter Center 
(Potter p. 0.) contains 20 houses. Toak is a p. o. on the line of Benton. Settlement was begun 
in 1788, by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson. The most prominent among them were William 



1 Tlie first Rcttlers were Thomas Hathaway and Daniel Brown. 
In 1789, .Temima, "TAi? Univerml Frn-nd." m eho was called, 
entered the town with a large retlnne. among whom were Sarah 
Richards and Rachael Malin, her two " Witne-^se^s,'^ Isaac Kinney, 
Solomon Ingraham, Samuel Doolittle. and Wm. Sandford. as part 
of her family, all from Rhode Island. They all lived with .Jemima 
in the h.^use previously erected for her, — the first frame house 
built in Western N. Y. The first gristmill was built by Richard 
Smith, James Parker, and Abraham Dayton, 2^ mi. from Penn 
Yan. David Wagener opened the first public house, at the same 
place: Daniel Rrown built the first sawmill, north of Brancbport; 
and John Noycs taught the first school, in 1794. 

2 Bap.. M. E.. Presb., Univ. * Bfc^^ Mmfr>ilogy N. T., p. 166. 
* Among the first settlers were Michael Pierce. John Walford, 

.Taliez French. .John Blair, James Lewis, and John IMcNear, all 
from R.I. William Bassett taught the first scho,>l,in 1796; Jesse 
Gilbert kept the first tavern, near Rusb\ine. and Nelson Wilder 
tho first store. John Walford. jr.. built the first sawmill. The 
firat death was that of Mrs. Lucy Walford, iu 1791. 
' Two M. E., Bap., and Free Will Bap. 



* Among the early settlers of the village were a Pennsylvanian 
and a Yankee, each of whom wished to name tho place. The 
matter wa^ finally compromised by uniting the first syllable of 
their respective designations, — Penn and Yan. 

' The I*enn Yan High School was incorporated as an academy 
in 1S.')7. Tlie building is now in process of erection. 

8 The first settlers were Abraham Dayton, Richard Smith, Jas, 
Parker, ,Tohn Lawrence, Stephen Card, Samuel llartwell. Heze- 
kiah Townsend, David and Peleg Brigg. John Supptee, Elijah and 
Micajah Brown, David Wagener, and Adam Hunt and his sons, 
Abel and Silas. The first death was that of Mrs. Jedediiih Holmes, 
in 1788. As Jemima Wilkinson's creed was the dominant reli- 
gion of the town at that period and for some time after, there 
were no marriages, and of course no known births. It was an 
era in which people died and none were legitimately born. He- 
eekiah Townsend kept the first inn, a little E. of Penn Yan, and 
Jame« Hill the first store. 

» .3 Bap., 2 M. E., Cnng., Wes. Meth., Presb_ Prot. T... and R. C. 

w Named from Arnold Potter, an original proprietor and the 
first settler in town. 



YATES COUNTY. 



721 



Potter and his sons William, Arnold, Simeon, and Edward, who had purchased the whole town- 
ship.' Rev. Mr. Haskill was the first settled preacher, in 1796. There are 11 churches in town.' 

STARKEY' — was formed from Reading, (Schuyler co.,) April 6, 1824. It is the 8. E. corner 
town of the co. Its surface is a gradual slope from the bluffs which border upon Seneca Lake to 
the w. border of the town, where it attains an elevation of about 700 ft. The bluffs upon the lake 
in the s. half of the town are 100 to 200 ft. high and nearly perpendicular. In the s. part, a ridge 
breaks the uniformity of the slope near the center. Big Stream and Rock Stream flow into Seneca 
Lake, falling several hundred ft. in their course. The soil is clay along the lake, a sandy loam in 
the s. part, and a gravelly loam in the N. Dundee, (p. v.,) incorp. June 26, 1848, situated on Big 
Stream, in the w. part, contains 4 churches, the Dundee Academy, a bank, and a newspaper office. 
Pop. 732. Eddytown (p. v.) contains a church and the Starkey Seminary.* Pop. 123. Rock 
Stream (p. v.) contains 25 houses, and Starkey Corners (Starkey p. o.)20. Big Stream 
I'oint (p. o.) and Sbaunons Corners are hamlets. Settlement began in 1800.* Rev. Mr. 
Clark conducted the first religious services, in 1808. There are 8 churches in town.* 

TORREY' — was formed from Benton and Milo, Nov. 14, 1851. It lies upon the E. border of 
the CO., on the shore of Seneca Lake. Its surface consists of a slope rising from the lake to the w. 
border, to an elevation of 400 to 500 ft. Crooked Lake Outlet flows through a deep, narrow, and 
rocky valley. Its whole fall from Crooked to Seneca Lake is 271 ft. The soil on the lake shore is 
clayey, and in the center and w. a sandy and gravelly loam. "West Dresden^ (p- v-) is located on 
Seneca Lake, at the terminus of Crooked Lake Canal. It is a landing for the Seneca Lake steamers. 
Pop. 365. The town was settled by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson, mostly from New England, 
in 1787.' Jemima was the first preacher. There are now 2 churches in town ; Presb. and M. E. 

Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live 
Stock, Agricultural Froducts, and Domestic Manufactures, of Yates County. 



Names of Towns, 


AcKES OF Land. 1 


TALnATIOS OP 1868. 


Population. 


i 
i 

306 
487 
276 
652 
268 
846 
402 
601 
247 


> 

216 
604 
289 
652 
263 
610 
402 
627 
258 




1 


Schools. 1 


1 
1 


1 

1 
1 


.a 



1 


1? 


■3 


5 

760 
1,279 

783 
1,439 

642 
2,076 
1,083 
1,191 

647 


1 


1 

223 
355 
250 
456 
223 
630 
346 
316 
186 


^1 






16,8S8i 

19,496 

16.3123 

26,3944 

16,4724 

18,0264 

16,6124 

15,8584 

11,481 


6,227 
5.0094 
10,1564 
8,3734 
6,172} 
4.716 
6.599i 
4,0624 
2.817 


$478,775 
988,909 
298,168 
944,497 
442,816 

1,421,549 
652,673 

1,060,643 
540,822 


$12,900 

162,678 
46,666 
69,554 
23,670 

209,750 
88,666 

178,650 
53,400 


$491,675 
1,141,587 

340,814 
1,014.051 

466,485 
1,631,299 

741,338 
1,239,093 

694,222 


744 
1,221 

723 
1,358 

663 
2,228 
1,065 
1,237 

673 


13 
12 
12 
16 

9 
14 
13 
11 

7 


593 
797 
697 

1,019 
467 

1,674 
893 
914 
492 




Italy 


Middlesex 


Milo 






Torrey 


Total 


166,6424 


51,134 


16,825,741 


$834,823 


$7,660,564 


9,900 


9,912 


3,873 


3,621 


2,884 


107 


7,636 


Names of Towns. 


Lite Stock. 


Agricultural PRODucia. 


1 
•II 


1 


?1 

III 


780 
1,11s 
622 
1,10S 
69S 
97C 
681: 
88£ 
477 


& 
§ 


c 

1 
1,110 
2.026 

789 
1,832 
1,141 
1,792 
1,344 
1,607 
1,046 


Bdsh, or GaAiw. 




n 


11 
05 ■? 


Daiby Pboddci«. 


1 
12,726 
27,183 
6,0014 
33,554 
22.5824 
27.348 
21,1474 
22,181 
19.703 




1v| 

a, oj 






651 
824 
682 
1,035 
620 
969 
750 
775 
477 


1,024 
1,249 

855 
1,639 

880 
1,008 
1,186 
1,061 

627 


6,351 
12,381 
3,848 
9,047 
5,91S 
5,394 
12,203 
4.999 
4,686 


60,147 
117,582 
20.306} 
C1,57S4 
24,0884 
53.2464 
64,0634 
86.0Mi 
64,908 

631,032} 


1,378 

2,4364 

1,827 

2,801 

1,522 

1,392 

2,0464 

1,4224 

1.026 


6,889 
8,300 
5,311 
7.879 
3.115 
6,963 
3,970 
11,5854 
3,840 


11,609 
34,626 

6,903 
14,814 

7,066 
15,425 
21,139 
23,927 

9,364 


73,995 
113,173 
65,540 
106,673 
65,885 
92,7061 
63.423 
91,299 
44,666 


1,623 
6,987 
23,470 
8,055 
8.062 
2,010 
6,147 
4,123 
596 


230 
441 
9254 
264 
412 
301 
1,163 
67 




Italy 


Middlesex » 

jlilo 






Torrey 


Total 


6,773 


9,639 


7,26C 


64,827 


12,686 


193,4861 


15,8504 '67,9124 


143,773 


717,2S 


94 


59 


972 1 


3,793! 



1 R0U4C Perry, and Benj., Jesse and Joshua Brown came with 
tbf I'ottors nnd eettled in the E. part of the town. Tbt-y wire 
followed by Elisia Gilbert, Jabez French, Abram, Isaac, and Jacob 
l*ino, Francis and I'eleg Brifrge, jr., Edward Craft, Amaziub 
Koyes, M. Sheffield, David Southerland, Nathan and Calvin 
I/iomis, Abial Thomas, and George Green. The first birth was 
tluit of JofihuaBriggs; the first marriage, that of Amaziah Ktyes 
and a daughter of Major C. Craft, in 1795 ; and the first death, that 
of Janu'H Lewis, in 1796. Arnold Potter built the first saw and 
gHst mill, in 1792. The first public house was opened in 1792, by 
Eliaa Gilbert, and the first store in 1801, by John Griffin. 

« 4 M. E., 3 Bap., Cong., Ev. Luth., Univ., and R. C. 

8 Named from John Starkey, one of the first settlers. 

* The seminary building ia a 4 story brick edifice. The school 
Is under the control of the Cliristian denominatiun. 

* William Eddy, Archibald Ellis, Jacobs, Matthew Roy ce, 



CiDstin. Abaer Hurd, and his mn Gen. Timothy Hnrd were 

among the first settlers. Andrew Harrison kept the first inn, at 
EddytoWD. in 180S ; and Hervey Smith the first store, at the same 
place, in IS09. The first sawmill waa built by Timothy Uurd, in 
1S07. Rhoda Royce taught the first school, iq 1809. 

* 3 Presb,, 2 51. E., Bap., and 2 Chri9ti;tn. 

' Named from Henry Torrey. * Usually called "Dresden." 

* The first settlers were Asabel Stone, Abel. Elnathan and Ji^ 
natliaii Itutsf )rd, ISenedict Robinson, Thoa. Hathaway. .lededi^fh 
Holnirs. Klisbii Luther, David Fish. James Browu, Kohert Buck- 
ley, ami Kliphaiet Norris. The first marriage was that of Bcnt- 
dict Kobiiison and Susannah Brown, Sept. 1, 17u2; anil tlie first 
death, that of Mrs, Jedediah Uolnies, in 178S. Thomas Hatliaway 
kept the first inn, in 1790; and Eliphalet Norris the firct sti'i-c, m 
1792. The first mills were built by Charles Williumsuu, in 1795 



49 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Abbrevia«0X3.-!«. bay; fcr. brook; en. county; cr. creek; h. bill; islt, island; la. lake: lo. locality or bamlet; m(. moun- 
ABBItEViATlOKS.-oa. y,^_^_ ^ j^^^, . ^ „ j,^gt oj,^^ . ^ „. post Village ; r.river; (.town; r. village. 



PAOE 

Aalplaats cr. 687, 597 

Aanmsburgh lo. '.235 

Abbotsfbrd.. lo. 700 

Abbotts Corners V. 291 

Acabonac Harbor 634 

Academy p.o. 495 

Academy Hill lo. 587 

Accord p. o. 666 

Acra P- 0- 331 

Adam mt. 510 

Adams P- v. 365 

Adams t- 355 

Adams Basin p. v. 400 

Adams Center p. v. 355 

Adams Kidgo h. 541 

Adarasville lo. 163 

AdamsTille P- o. 377 

Addison p. v- 621 

Addison t. 621 

Addison HUl p. o. 621 

A<Urondack...int3. 19, 296, 300, 
336 

Adirondack v. 303 

Adncys h. 510 

Adriance p. o. 271 

Afton p. V. 225 

Afton t. 225 

Akron p. v. 292 

Alabama. p. o. 324 

Alabama t. 324 

Alabama Center v. 324 

Alabama Springs 26 

Alb.-iny City 166, 169 

Albany co. lol, 156 

Albion p. V. 513 

Albion <■■ 520 

Alden p- ». 282 

Alden t. 281 

Alden Center p. v. 282 

Alden Station lo. 282 

Alder Brook. p. o. 311 

Alder Creek p.T. -162 

Alexander P- v- 324 

Alexander t. 324 

Alexandria P-O. 355 

Alexandria t. 366 

Alexandria Bay 355 

Alfred P-O- 16'-* 

Alfred t- 169 

Alfred Center p. T. 169 

Allegany «>• 168 

Allegany Jnts. 19, li8, 649 

Allegany p- "- 188 

Allegany r. 21, 23, 1S6, 187, 

Allegany t. 187 

Allen po. 170 

Allen t. 170 

Allen Center p.o. 170 

Aliens cr. 688 

Aliens Hill p.o. 498 

AliigerTille v. 666 

Alloway p.v. 691 

Allyns cr. 401 

Alma p. T. 170 

Alma t- "» 

Almond p. T. 170 

Almond t. 170 

Alpina lo. 376 

Alpine p. v. 610 

Alps P- T- 567 

Altay P-f- 612 

Alton P- V. 694 

Altona t. 235 

Amaiianset p. v. 6-35 

Amber p.v. 486 

Aniboy t. 520 

Ambov f- *81 

Amboy Center. p. v. 530 

Amenia t- 269 

Amenia Union. p. T. 270 

Ameniaville. p. T. 270 

American Falls 450 

Ames P-"- «2 

Amesville P- o. 662 

Amberst t- 282 

Amity p. T. 510 

Amity t.l70 

Amity v. 687 



P.KOE 

Amityrille p.v. 636 

Amsterdam p.v. 411 

Amsterdam t. 411 

Anaquassacook v. 684 

.\ncram p.v. 243 

Ancram t. 242 

Ancram Lead Mines. ..p.o. 243 

Andersonville p.o. 309 

Andes p.v. 259 

Andes t. 269 

Andover p. v. 171 

Andover t. 170 

.\ndreas br. 642 

AndruBville p. o. 309 

Angel Cliff h. 633 

Angelica cr. 168 

Angelica p. V. 171 

Angelica t. 171 

Angells Corners lo. 691 

Angelville lo. 238 

Angola p.v. 290 

Annsberg lo. 246 

Annsville t. 461 

AnnsviUe 699 

Ant b. 505 

Anthony mt. 689 

Anthonys Kil cr. 589 

Anthonys Nose mt. 19, 642, 

698 

Antwerp p. v. 365 

Antwerp t. 366 

Apakchin cr. 649, 651 

Apalachin ™ p. v. 652 

Appling p. o. 356 

Apulia p. T. 483 

Arcade v. 712 

Arcadia p.v. 690 

Arcadia t. 690 

Argusville p. v. 604 

Argyle la. 679 

Argyle p. v. 679 

Argyle t. 679 

Aries la. 557 

Arietta t. 337 

Arkport p. v. 626 

Arkville lo. 263 

Arkwright p. o. 210 

Arkwriilht t. 210 

Arkwright Summit... .p.o. 210 

Armonk p.v. 703 

Armstrong h. 690 

Arnoldton p. v. 662 

Arthursburgh p.o. 272 

Ashbel br. 223, 227 

Ashbury v. 667 

Ashlord lo. 700 

Ashford p. v. 188 

Ashford t. 188 

Ash Grove v. 686 

Ash Grove Hill h. 674 

Ashland p. T. 281 

Ashland t. 231 

Ash Park p.o. 189 

Ashville V. 213 

Aspetong b. 698 

Astoria p. V. 648 

Atkarton lo. 662 

Athens p. v. 331 

Athens t. 331 

Attica p.v. 712 

Attica t. 711 

Attica Center p. o. 712 

Attlebury p. o. 277 

Auburn City 199 

Augur p. 300 

Augusta p. V. 462 

Augusta t. 462 

Aurelius p. v. 200 

Aurelius t. 200 

Auries cr. 407, 413 

Auriesville p. v. 413 

Aurora p. v. 202 

Aurora t. 283 

Au Sable....jnt8. 232, 296, 302, 

305, 307, 336 

An Sable....r. 21, 232, 235, 236, 

238, 296, 300, 302, 303 

An Sable t. 235 

Au Sable Forks.. .p. v. 236, 302 



PAGE 

Austerlitz p. v. 243 

Austerlitz t. 243 

Austin h. 641 

Ava p.o. 462 

Ava t. 462 

Ava Corners v. 462 

Avalanche la. 22, 303 

Avoca p. V. 582 

Avoca t. 582 

Avon p. V. 382 

Avon t. 382 

Avon Springs 26 

Ayreshire p.o. 225 

Babcock Hill p. o. 463 

Babylon p. v. 636 

Bacon Hill po. 691 

Bayleys br. 261 

Baker cr. 170, 222 

Bakers Bridge v. 169 

Bakers Falls 684 

Bakers Falls lo. 684 

Bakers Mills p.o. 248 

BainbridsB p. v. 225 

Bainbridge t. 2'25 

Baines Station v. 245 

Bald mt. 295, 688, 677 

Dald Eagle cr. 615 

Bald Mountain p. v. 683 

Baldwin cr. 220, 222 

Baldwin p. v. 221 

Baldwin t. 220 

Baldwinvillo lo. 647 

Baldwinsville p.v. 483,490 

Ball h. 188,641 

Ball p. 607 

Ball Hill h. 188 

Balls Cave lo. 606 

Ballston la. 587 

Ballston p. 0. 590 

Ballston p.v. 687 

Ballston t. .686 

Ballston Center p. o. 687 

Ballston Outlet cr. 590 

Ballston Spa v. 590 

Ballston Spring 590 

Balmville lo. 609 

Baltimore v. 254 

Bangall p. v. 277 

Bangor t. 308 

Baptist Hill v. 495 

Baquet mts. 336 

Barberville v. 568 

Barbourville p. o. 266 

Barcelona p. v. 216 

Bare Hill h. 720 

Bargers p. 543 

Barker p. o. 181 

Barker t. 181 

Barker Point lo. 660 

Barkersville p. o. 691 

Barnerville p.v. 604 

Barnes h. 274 

Barnes Corners p.o. 379 

Barnum cr. 616 

Barrack h. 669 

Barre t. 513 

Barre Center p.o. 514 

Barrett h. 541 

Barretts p. 641 

Barrington p. v. 719 

Barrington. t. 719 

Barrytown p. v. 276 

Barryville p. v. 646 

Barton p. v. 660 

Barton t. 650 

Barton Hill p. o. 608 

Basher.s Kil cr. 606, 641, 646 

Bashville p.o. 643 

Basic cr. 166, 3.32 

Basket cr. M5 

Basket.. lo. 545 

Basket p. 645 

Basket Pond br. 261 

Bassitt mt. 302 

Bata\'ia p.v. 324 

Batavia t. 824 

Batavia Kil ...283, 264, 331, 3»4 
Batavia Kill lo. 264 



PAGE 

Batchelerville p. v. 688 

Bath isle 450 

Bath .....p.v 622 

Biith t 6-22 

Bath V. 37r,857 

Bating Hollow p. o. 637 

Batten Kil 680, 683 

Battenville p.v. 683 

Baxters br. 261 

Bay Bluff lo. 691 

Bay Ridge v. 373 

Bay Side lo. 546 

Bay View p. o. 667 

Beach Kidge p.o. 455 

Be.HCon Hill mt. 19 

Beacrotts mt. 345 

Bean h. 407.413 

Beanville v. 176 

Bear cr. 216,688, 682 

Bear la. 216 

Bear mt. 19,486,505,507 

Beards cr. 381, 384 

Beardsley cr. 222 

Bear Kil 265 

Bearsville p. o. 668 

Bear .*^^vamp br. 204 

Bear Trap cr. 4S7 

Bearvtown v. 616, 618 

Beaver cr. 223, 888, 491, 497 

Beaver isle 279 

Beaver la. 190 

Beaver p. 704 

Beaver r. 375, 376 

Beaver Brook p.o. 6-18 

Beaver Dam cr. 164, 691 

Beaver Dams p.v. 611 

Beaver Kil 260, 261, 641, 647, 

663 

Beaver Kill p.o. 647 

Beckers Corners. lo. 163 

Bedford lo. 367 

Bedford p. v. 698 

Bedford t. 698 

Bedford Station p.o. 698 

Bcdloes isle 418, 419 

Beechers cr. 588 

Beecbers Hollow v. 588 

Beechwood Cemetery.. ..lo. 703 

Beech Woods p. o. 644 

Beekman p. 0. 270 

Beekman t. 270 

Beekman Furnace Jo. 270 

Beekmans Corners lo. 607 

Beekmnntown p. o. 2.36 

Beekmantowu t. -236 

Beekniantown v. 702 

Beekmanville v. 270 

Beer , cr. 668 

Beer Kil 668 

Beers Settlemeril v. 656 

Belcher p.v. 6S4 

Belle Isle p. v. 481 

Belfast p. V. 171 

Belfast t. 171 

Belfort lo. S78 

Belgium v. 481 

Belleville p.v. 357 

Bellmnnt t. S09 

Bellona v. 719 

Bellows la. 317 

Bellport p V. 634 

Bellport Bay 63.3,634 

Bellvale mts. 601, 510 

Bellvalc p. v. .MO 

Belvidere p. v. 170 

Beniis Heights p. o. 593 

Benin Water. p. 507 

Bennett h. 164 

BennettB...cr. 225, 622, 623, 625 

Bennetts p. 303 

Bennettsburph p. v. 611 

Bennetts CrTners p. o. 392 

Bennetts Creek p.o. 623 

BennettsviUc p. v. 225 

Bennington p. o. 712 

Bennington t. 712 

Bennington Center. v. 712 

Benson p.o. .388 

Benson Center p.o. 338 

723 



724 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAnE 

BensoQs Corners lo. 657 

Beiitley p. o. 567 

Benton p. o. 719 

Benton t. 719 

Benton Center p. v. 719 

Bert;en p. o. 325 

Bergen t. 325 

Bergen Corners lo. 325 

Bertiboltz .p. v. 456 

BerkBhire p. v. 650 

Berkshire t. 650 

Borlin p. V. 554 

Berlin t. 554 

Bern p. o. 162 

Bern t. 162 

BernbanU Bay p. v. 520 

Bernville 162 

Berrins isle 548 

Betbiiny p. o. 325 

Belhiiuy t. 326 

Bethany Center. lo. 325 

Bethel p. y. 643 

Bethel t. 643 

Bethel v. 346 

Bethlehem t. 163 

Bethlehem t. 505 

Bethlehem Center p.o. 163 

Bethphage lo. 551 

Betts Corners v. 484 

Big isle 541 

Big la. 684 

Big p. 506, 647 

Big Alder cr. 377 

Big Bowmans p. 558 

Big Brook p. 0. 471 

Big Buli'alo cr. 284, 290, 293 

Bii; Choconut cr. 179 

Big Clear la. 311 

Big Creek p. o. 625 

Bigelow cr. 325, 327 

Big Flats p. T. 220 

Big Flats t. 220 

Big h. 541 

Big Hollow p. T. 335 

Big Red cr. 688 

Bis; Salmon cr. 202 

Big Sister cr. 279. 290 

Big Stream cr. 718, 721 

Big Stream Point p. o. 721 

Big Tree Corners p. o. 291 

Big Trout cr. 261 

Big Wells p. 643 

Bill .h. 610 

Bill Whites h. 610 

Bingbamton p. v. ISO 

Binghamton t. 180,649 

Birch br. 542 

Birch cr. 579 

Birch Kidge p. 643 

Birdsall p.o. 172 

Birdsall t. 171 

Birdsall Center p. o. 172 

Birmingham lo. 300 

Birmingham Falls 235 

Birmingham Falls Jo. 300 

Birmingham Falls v. 235 

Bisby la. 349 

Black br. 496,497,560, 678 

Black cr. 20,164,168,171, 

320, 325, 32S, 347, 351, 360, 

395, 398, 401, 621. 685, 688 

Black la. 23, 572, 577, 680. 

588,643 

Black jnt. 296, 507, 677 

Black p. 271 

Black...r. 21, 22, 351, 352, 359, 

361. 362, 376, 377, 379, 458, 

462. 406, 660. 

Black Drook p. y. 236 

Black Brook „ t. 236 

Black Creek p. y. 175 

Black Cup h. 507 

Black Lake p- o. 681 

Black Meadovy cr. 484, 605 

Blackmine Ridge mt. 569 

Black Riyer bay 352 

Black Kiyer p. v. 361 

Black River y. 359 

Black Rock h. 605 

Black Rock p.o. 2S4, 288 

Blatk Top h. 507 

Black Waluut Island...lo. 510 

Blackwells isle 418, 419 

Blanchsrds Settlement. lo. 376 

Blauveltvillp lo. .571 

Bleecker p. y. 316 

Bleecker t. 316 



PAOE 

Blenheim t. 603 

Blind br. 700 

Blind p. 645 

Blind Sod US Bay.. 206,688, 695 

Bloikville p. v. 213 

Blodgeta Mills p. o. 252 

Bloods lo. 624 

Bloodville v. 690 

Bloody p. 255 

Bloody Pond p. 673 

Bloomingliurgb p. y. 646 

Eloomingdale lo. 419 

Bloomingdale.- p. o. 304 

Blooming Grove p.o. 504 

Blooming Grove t. 604 

Blooming ij rove v. 504 

Blooming View v. 667 

Bloomville p. v. 262 

Bloasvale p. o. 462 

Blue br. 462 

Blue Point p. o. 634 

Blue Ridge mts. 19 

Blue .'■tore lo. 248 

Bluff Point lo. 719 

Bluff Point p. 0. 720 

Boat br. 720 

Bog Meadow br. 693 

Bog Meadow cr. 505 

Bog Meadow. p. 605 

Boglit p. o. 166 

Bolivar p. V. 172 

Bolivar t. 172 

Boltcm p. o. 673 

Bolton t. 673 

Bolts Corners lo. 204 

Bombay. .,r. t. 309 

Bombay Corners p. o. 809 

Bonaparte la. 376 

Bnne Run cr. 186 

Bonny Hill p.o. 627 

BoonviUe p. v. 462 

Boonville t. 462 

Booth p. o. 348 

Boquet...mt. 295, 301, 302. 304 

Boquet r. 296,301,305 

Boi]Uet v. 301 

Borden cr. 624, 626 

Boreas p. 304 

Borodino p. v. 487 

Boston p. y. 283 

Boston t. 283 

Boston Center v. 2S3 

Boston Corner p.o. 243 

Bo.sworth mt. 300 

lloucks Falls 605 

Bouokville p. V. 392 

Boutontown lo. 706 

Bovina , -.p. v. 260 

Bovina t. 259 

Bowens cr. 324 

B.jwery cr. 3.32 

Bowery Bay 644 

Bowling Green lo. 443 

Bowmans cr. 412 

Bowmansville p. v. 291 

Boyer cr. 665 

Boylston p. o. 521 

Boylston t. 521 

Boynton v. 558 

Bozuu Kil cr. 164, 696 

Brackel cr. 223, 229 

Braddocks ba. 395 

Bradford p. y. 622 

Bradfoid t. 622 

Bradley cr. 182 

BradleyBrookRe3ervoir..la. 390 

Bradstreets isle ,521 

Brag Village lo. 496 

BrainardB p. v. 557 

Brakabeen p. y. 606 

Bramans Corners p. v. 696 

Bninch br. 6.37 

Branchport p. y, 720 

Brandon t. 309 

Brandt p. v. 283 

Brandt t. 283 

Brandy cr. 579 

Brant la. 674 

Brantingham .la. 377 

Brantiugham p. o. 377 

Brasher t. ,575 

Brasher Center lo. 575 

Brasher Falls p. y. 575 

Brasher Iron \S'orks...p. o, 575 

Bread cr. 201 

Breakneck br. 542 

Breakneck mt. 19,640,642 



t PAGE 

Breakneck v. 542 

Br.esport p. y. 222 

Brewertou p, y. 481 

Biewsters Station p.v. 543 

Brickville v. 221 

Bridge Haven lo. 547 

Bridgehampton p. y. 638 

Bridgeport p. v. 394 

Bridgeville v. 647 

Bridgewater. p. v. 463 

Bridgewater t. 462 

Brier Hill p. o. 580 

Brigham p. o. 216 

Brighton p. y. 308 

Brightim t. 113, 398 

Brighton y. 537 

Brinkerhoffville- lo. 272 

Brink Street cr. 332 

Bristol p. o. 495 

Bristol t. 496 

Bristol Center p. y. 495 

Broadalbin p. o. 316 

BroadalOin t. 316 

Bloarihead p. 645 

Brocken Straw cr. 211 

Brocketts Bridge p. y. 346 

Brockport p. v. 405 

Brockton p. o. 215 

Brock ville lo. 615 

Brockway h. 559 

Bronx r. 23, 696. 699. 700, 

702, 703, 705, 706, 707 

Bronxdale v. 706 

Bronxville p. y. 699 

Brookflcld lo. 647 

Biotikfield p. o. 300 

Brookfteld t. S90 

Brookbaven t. 633 

Brooklyn p. o. 367 

Brooklyn City 367 

Brooklyn Heights lo. 367 

Brooks Grove p. v. 385 

Brookville lo. 651 

Brookville p. o. 324 

Broome co. 178 

Broome t. 603 

Broome Center p. o. 605 

Brown cr. 387 

Browns cr. 340 

Browns Hollow cr. 349 

Browns Hollow v. 416 

BrownviBe lo. 496 

Brownville p. v. 356 

Brownville t. 3.56 

BruceviUe v. 664, 666 

Brunswick. t. 554 

Brunswick Center lo. 654 

Brushs Mills p. y. 312 

Brash Hollow lo. 643 

Brushland p. y. 260 

Brutus t 200 

Bruynswick p. o. 667 

Buciiaa h. 569 

Buck lir. 223 

Buck mt. 681 

Buck p. 395 

Buckhom isle 279, 449 

Bucklins Corners y. 213 

Bucks Bridge lo. 582 

Bucktooth cr. 188 

Bucktooth p. o. 188 

Bucktooth t. 188 

Buel p.v. 412 

Buena Vista p.o. 626 

Buffalo.cr. 20,22,279,293,714 

Buffalo p. o. 284 

Buffalo City 284 

Buffalo Plains p. o. 284 

Bull h. 642 

Bull Hill mt. 19 

Bull Pout ; p. 304 

Bulls Head p.o. 270 

Bullville p. V. 506 

Bulson h. 669 

Bunker h. 559 

Bunker Hill lo. 659 

Burdens Point lo. 703 

Burdett p.v. 611 

Burdick Settlement y. 227 

Burlingham p.v. 646 

Burlington p. o. 532 

Burlington t. 631 

Burlington Flats p. y. 532 

Burlington Green v. 532 

Burke p. o. 309 

Burke t. 309 

Burke Hollow y. 309 



PAflB 

Burned h. 507, 641 

Burns p.v. 172 

Burns t. 172 

Burns .v. 625 

Burnt Hill p. 647 

Burnt Hills p. y. 58" 

Burpos Corners lo. 699 

Burralls br. 491, 4U8 

Burrs Mills p. o. 362 

Bui tonsville. p. v. 413 

Bush cr. 175 

Bush Kil 26.3,641 

Bushnells Basin p. v. 401 

Bushnellsville p.o. 331 

Bushville lo. 32.5 

Bush wick cr. ."(.7 

Bushwick Cross Roads. ..v. 367 

Bushwick Green v. 367 

Buskirks Bridge-.p. v. 666,679 

Busti p.o. 210 

Busti t. 210 

Busti Comers y. 210 

Butler br. 886 

Butler h. 505 

Butler t. 090 

Butler Center lo. 691 

ButteiBy cr. 623 

Butterfly p. o. 523 

Butter Hill mt. 19 

Buttermilk cr. 186 

Buttermilk h. 702 

Buttermilk p. 273, 300 

Buttermilk Falls 326, 505 

Buttermilk Falls lo. 326 

Buttermilk Falls p. v. 505 

Bntteriiut cr. 474, 

481, 4S4, 630, 632, 633, 536 

Butttrnnt h. 569 

Butternut p. 300 

Butteruuts p. o. 532 

Butternuts t. 632 

Butterville lo. 665 

Buttonwood cr. 395 

Byersville p. y. 387 

Byr.im la. 698 

Byram p. 703 

Byram r. 23, 696, 70S 

Byron p.v. 325 

Byron t. 325 

Cabin cr. 334 

Cabin Hill p.o. 269 

Cadiz p. y. 190 

Cadmans cr. 591 

Cadosia Valley p.o. 262 

Cadyville p.v. 239 

Cairo p. y. 331 

Cairo t. 331 

Cairo Forge lo. 331 

Calder cr. 387 

Caldwell cr. 416 

Caldwell p.v. 673 

Caldwell t. 673 

Caldwells Landing. lo. 377 

Caledonia p.v. 3S3 

Caledonia t. 383 

Caledonia Spnng 383 

Caledonia Springs Outlet 

cr. 405 

California lo. 482, 656 

Callanans. Corners p.v. 163 

Callicoon cr. 641, 644 

Callicoon p.o 644 

CaBicoon t, 644 

Callicoon Center v. 644 

Callicoon Depot p.v. 1544 

Calvary Cemetery lo. 649 

Cambria p.o. 4ri.j 

Cambria t. 453 

Cambridge p.v. t»8t> 

Cambridge t. 680 

Camden p. v. 463 

Camden t. 463 

Cameron p.v. 623 

Cameron l. 62."i 

Cameron Mills p.o. (>27 

Caniillus p. y. 4,81 

Camillus t. 480 

Campbell t. 623 

Campbell Hall lo. .=.07 

Campbells cr. 622 

Campbelltown p. v. t;23 

Campbellville p. v. 273 

Camps cr. 5.''.4 

Campville .p. v. 652 

Canaan p. o. 243 

Canaan t. 243 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



725 



PAOE 

Canaan Four Cornpr8..p. V. 243 

Cttiiacadea cr. 619, 6*26 

Canada lo. 201 

Canadiiway cr. 208, 210, 214 

Canadice. la. 20, 495 

Canadlce t. 495 

Caniidice Corners p. o. 495 

Canadice Iniet. cr. 495 

Can.idice Outlet cr. 491 

Canajoharie cr. 407, 412 

Cansyoharie p. v. 412 

Canajoharie t. 412 

Canal.., p. o. 490 

Canandaigua la. 20, 22, 491, 

-17, 720 

Canandaigua p. v. 495 

Caii-^ndaiijua. t. 495 

Canandai;;ua InleU cr. 497 

Canandaigua Outlet cr. 21, 

491, 497, 688, 691 

Canarsio p. o. 372 

Canasawacta cr. 223 

Canaseraga cr. 20, 168, 381, 

386, 386, 388, 394, 619 

Canaseraga p. v. 172 

Canaseraga v. 394 

Canastota cr. 388, 394 

Canaatota p. v. 392 

Candor p. v. 651 

Candor t. 651 

Candor Center v. 661 

Caneadea cr. 168, 172, 479 

Caneadea p. v. 172 

Caneadea. t. 172 

Canes Falls T. 681 

Canfield p. 647 

Canfields Corners. p. o. 651 

Canisteo p. v. 623 

Canisteo r. 21, 23, 168, 170, 

619, 623, 626, 626, 627 

Canisteo t. 623 

Cannonsville p. v. 265 

Canoe h. 277 

Canoe Place lo. 638 

Canoga p. v. 615 

Canopus cr. 542 

Canopus 1. 640 

Canopus Lake cr. 543 

Canopus Valley lo. 540 

Canterbury v. 504 

Canton p. v. 575 

Canton t. 575 

Canton v. 490 

Cap isle 636 

Cape h. 607 

Cape Vincent p. v. 356 

Cape Vincent t. 356 

Cap Tree isle 636 

Cardiff p. v. 483 

Carlisle p. v. 604 

Carlisle t. 603 

Carl Place lo. 660 

Carlton isle 356 

Carlton p.o. 614 

Carlton t. 614 

Carmanaville lo. 419 

Carmel p. T. 641 

Carmel t. 641 

Caroga t. 317 

Caroline p.o. 655 

Caroline t. 655 

Caroline Center p. v. 656 

Carpenter b. 277 

Carpenters p. 4S6 

Carpenters Point lo. 606 

Carroll t. 211 

Carrolton t. 188 

Carra cr. 264 

Carterville p. v. 621 

Cartersville v. 401 

Carthage p. v. 363 

Carthage Landing p. v. 272 

Carytown lo. 413 

Caryville lo. 327 

Cascadilla cr. 654 

Casper cr. 267 

Cassadaga cr. 212, 213, 214, 

216 

Cassadaga la. 216 

Cassadaga p. v. 216 

Caesville p.T. 466 

Castile p. ». 712 

Castile t. 712 

Castle br. 491, 498 

CasUe cr. 179, 181 



PAGE 

Castle isle 163 

Castle Creek p. v. 181 

Caalleton p. v. 659 

Castleton t. 665 

Castleton v. 498 

Catatunk cr. 649, 651, 652 

Catfish cr. 351, 623 

Catharine cr. 219, 222 

Catharines cr. 609, 610 

Catharines p. v. 610 

Catharines t. 609 

Cathatachua cr. 340 

Cat Head h. 673 

Callin la. 303 

Catlin t. 220 

Catlin Center p.o. 221 

Cato p.v. 201 

Cato t. 201 

Caton p.v. 623 

Caton t. 623 

CatskiU...cr. 166,165,329,331, 

332, 600, 603 

Cat8kill...mto. 19, 329, 331, 660 

Catskill p. V. 332 

Catskill t. 332 

CattaraugU8...co. 101, 103, 186 

Cattaraugus cr. 20, 22, 186, 

187, 189, 194, 213, 279, 283, 
289, 292, 712, 714 

Cattaraugus la. 22, 714 

Cattaraugus p.v. 193 

Caughnawaga lo. 407 

Caughdenoy p. v. 522 

Cayadutta cr. 314, 407, 415 

Cayuga br. 200 

Cayuga co. Ml, 197 

Cayuga cr. 451, 466, 712 

Cayuga isle 449 

Cayuga la. 20, 22, 197. 198, 

200, 206, 614, 616 

Cayuga p. v. 200 

Cayuga Inlet cr. 654 

Cayuga Outlet cr. 197 

Ca'yuta....cr. 219, 222, 609, 610, 
649, 650 

Cavuta la. 609 

Cayuta p. o. 222 

Cayuta t. 610 

Cayuta v. 610 

Cayutaville p. o. 611 

Cazenove cr. 283, 289, 293 

Cazcnovia la. 22, 388 

Cazenovia. p.v. 390 

Cazenovia t. 390 

Cedar cr. 678 

Cedar h. 607, 610 

Cedar p. 607 

Cedar r. 3.39 

Cedar Hill lo. 276 

Cedar Hill p. o. 163 

Cedar Island isle 635 

Cedar Lake p. o. 346 

Cedar Swamp p.o. 651 

Cedarville p.v. 342 

Cemetery of the Ever- 
greens lo. 549 

Center br. 636 

Center cr. 686 

Center Almond p. o. 170 

Center Berlin p.v. 664 

Center Brook p. o. 530 

Center Cambridge p. v. 680 

Center Canisteo p.o. 623 

Center Falls v. 683 

Centerfield p. o. 495 

Center Island Jo. 660 

Center Lisle p. v. 182 

Center Moriches p. o. 634 

Center Point p.o. 607 

Centerport p.v. 636 

Centerport v. 203 

Centerport Harbor 636 

Center Sherman p. o. 215 

Center Square v. 526 

Center Village p. v. 181 

Centerville lo. 332, 548, 666, 

706 

Centerville p.v. 172 

Centerville. t. 172 

Centerville v. 203. 216. 238. 

481, 624, 661, 664 
Center White Creek ...p. o. 686 

Central Bridge p.v. 606 

Central Morrisania lo. 707 

Central Park lo. 423 

Central Square p.v. 622 



PAOB 

Ceres p.v. 174 

Chain la. 303 

Champion p. v. 3.57 

Champion t. 367 

Champion South Road..p.o. 357 

Champlain...la. 21, 22, 23, 121, 

232. 236, 237, 239, 296, 304 

Champlain p.v. 237 

Champlain r. 236 

Champlain t. 236 

Channingville lo. 274 

ChapinviUe p.v. 496 

Chappaqua h. 702 

Chappaqua p. 702 

Chappaqua p. o. 702 

Chapp.lqua Springs 696, 702 

Cliarlestou p.v. 413 

Charleston t. 412 

Charleston Four Corners 

p. V. 413 

Charlotte la. 241,246 

Charlotte lo. 464 

Charlotte p.v. .199 

CharIotte...r. 21, 257, 260, 262, 
630, 600, 607 

Charlotte t. 211 

Charlotte Center p. v. 211 

Charlotteville p.v. 607 

Charlton p. v. 687 

Charlton t. 687 

Charter br. 685 

Chases la. 316,379 

Chases Mills p. o. 579 

Chaseville p. o. .634 

Chateaugay p.v. 310 

Cliateangay r. 307, 309, 310 

Cliateangay t. 310 

Chateaugay Lake p. o. 309 

Chath.im p. T. 244 

Chatham t. 244 

Chatham Center p.v. 244 

Chatham Four Corners 

p.v. 244 

Chatsworth lo. 701 

Chattcrdena. p. 262 

Chatterton h. 707 

Chjiugh-ta-noon-da. cr. 597 

Cliaumont p. v. 359 

Chaumont r. 367, 360 

Chaumont Bay .....124, 362, 359 

Chautauqua co. 101, 208 

Chautauqua cr. 211, 216 

Chautauqna.....la. 22, 208, 211. 
213 

Chautauqua t. 211 

Chautauqua Valley p.o. 174 

Chazv la, 237 

Chazy lo. 235, 682 

Chazy p. V. 237 

Chazy r. 21, 23, 237, 238 

Chazy. t. 2;!7 

Chazy Landing lo. 237 

Cheese Coats b. 669 

Chekomiko cr. 273 

Chelsea V, 6f6 

Chemung CO. 219 

Chemung p. o. 221 

Chemung r. 21, 2.1. 219. 221 , 

222, 624, r'26 

Chemung t. 221 

Chemung Center p.o. 221 

Chenango co. 101, 223 

Chenango p. o. 181 

Cheuango...r. 21, 23, 178, 22.3. 
•226, 228. 229, 230, 388, 4.18 

Clienango.... t. 181 

Chenango rorks..p. v. 181. 226 

Cheningo cr. 260 

Chemmda cr. 168. 174 

Cherry Creek p.v. 211 

Cherry Creek t. 211 

Cheiry Hill lo. 163 

Cherry Meadow br. 641 

Cherry Valley cr. 6.30, 634 

Cherry Valley p, v. 632 

Cherry Valley t, 632 

Cherubusco p. o. 237 

Cheshire p.v. 495 

ChesbireviUe .p. o. 229 

Chester p.o. ,606 

Chester t. 606, 674 

Chester v. .W6 

Chesterfield t. 300 

Chestertown p. v. 674 

Chestervllle v. 167 

Chestnut Ridge h. 2,89 



VKnr. 

Cliestnut Ridge p. 643 

Chestnut Ridge p.o. 271 

Chictawauga p.o. 288 

Chictawauga t. 288 

Chili p. V. 398 

Chili t. 398 

Chimney isle ,674 

Chimney Bluff lo. 691 

Chimney Point 377 

China p. 0. 712 

China t, 712 

China Forge .p. 641 

Chippewa ..cr. 580 

Chippewa lo. 677 

Chittenango.„cr. 388, 390,474, 
484 

Chittenango p, v. 394 

Chittenango Falls p. 0. 390 

Chittenango Springs 26 

Chittenango Springs..., Jo. 394 

Chittendens Falls T. 248 

Christian Hook lo. 547 

Chub .la. 349 

Chucks „ h. 610 

Chuctenunda cr. 314, 407, 

411, 413, 696 

Church Hollow p.o. 226 

Chnrchs Mills v. 210 

Churchtowu p.v. 244 

Cburchville p. v. 401 

Cicero .p. o. 481 

Cicero t. 481 

Cicero Corners v. 481 

Cincinnati cr. 467 

Cincinnatus p.v. 251 

Cincinnatus t. 261 

CireleviUe p. v. 610 

Citizens Union Cemetery 

lo. 371 

City isle 704 

City p.o, 270 

City Park lo, 369 

Oapps Mills V. 685 

Claremont lo, 702, 707 

Clarence p, o. 289 

Clarence t. 288 

Clarence Center p.v. 289 

Clarence Hiillow v. 289 

Clareneeville lo. 54S 

Clarendon .p, v. 614 

Clarendon t, fl4 

Clark mt. 302 

Clarksbnrgh p. o. 290 

Clarks Corners lo. 590 

Clarks Faetory p. o. 263 

Claiks Mills .v. 464 

Clarkson p. v. 399 

Clarkson t. 898 

Clarkson Center p. v. 405 

Clarkstown p.o. 669 

Clarkstown t. 569 

Clarksville p. v, 164 

Clarksville t, 17.3 

Clarksvillcv. 200. 390, 634, 669 

Clarksville Corners v. 173 

Claryville p. v. &J7 

Classons Point lo. 706 

Claverack..cr. 241,244,246,247, 
243 

Claverack p. v. 244 

Clavorack „ t. 244 

Clay p. 0. 481 

CI.1.V t 481 

Clayhurgb v. 238 

Clayton p. v. 367 

Cla.vton t. 367 

Clayton Center p. o. 357 

Clavville p. v. 4ri6 

Clear cr. 190, 212, 289, 712 

Clear la. 190 

Clear p. 304,643 

Cleai Creek p.v. 189,212 

Clearwater br. 260 

Clendening Valley Jo. 418 

Clermont p, v. 244 

Clermont t. 244 

Cleveland p. v. 621 

Clifton p. v, 398 

nifton V. 666 

Clifton Springs p. v. 497 

Clifton Par/i p, v, 687, 5S9 

Clifton Park. .,t. 587 

Clinton CO. 110,232 

Clinton p. v. 46-1 

Clinton t. 2:17 

Clinton Corners p. v. 2Ji) 



726 



INDEX 01 GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PASE 

Clintondalo p. T. 666 

Clinton Hollow ..p. v. 270 

Clinton Point p. o. 270 

CUntonville lo. 486, 633 

Clintonville p. v. 235 

OlockviUe p. V. 392 

Clove. br. 261 

Clove cr. 642 

Clove lo. 607 

CloTC p. o. 277 

Clove KU 277 

Cloveaville p. o. 263 

Clowesville lo. 560 

Olump Foot cr. 624 

Clyde p. T. 601 

Clyde r. 21, 613, 688, 691 

Clymer. p. v. 211 

Cl.vmer t. 211 

Clymer Center p. o. 212 

Cobamong p. 703 

Cobles Kil 600, 606 

CobleskUl p. V. 604 

Cobleskill t. 604 

CobleskUl Center p. v. 604 

Cochecton p. V. 644 

Cofhecton t. 644 

Cochecton Center p. o. 644 

Cockburns Gore lo. 263 

Coecles Harbor ba. 637 

Coeymans br. 164 

Coeymans cr. 156, 163 

Coeymans p. o. 163 

Coeymana t. 163 

Coeymans Hollow p. o. 163 

Co'-vin.ins Landing. v. 163 

Cohocton .p.o. 624 

Cobocton t. 624 

Colioes .p. V. 166 

Coila p.v. 684 

Colchester p. o. 260 

Colchester t. 260 

Cold...br. 223, 260, 253, 254, 693 

Cold cr. 174, 713 

Cold h. 505 

Cold Brook p. v. 348 

Cold Creek v. 174 

Colden la. 22, 302 

Colden p. v. 289 

Colden t. 289 

Coldenham lo. 608 

Coldenham p.o. 608 

Cold Spring br. 201 

Cold Spring.....cr. 188, 188, 628 
Cold Spring.....lo. 454, 499, 628 

Cold Spring p. T. 642 

Cold Spring t. 188 

Cold Spring v. 636 

Cold Spring Harbor. ..544, 636 
Cold Spring Harbor. ..p. o. 636 

Coldwater lo. 399 

Cole br. 377, 588 

Cok-mans Mills lo. 471 

Colemans Station lo. 273 

Cole" br. 260 

Colesborough.. lo. 558 

Coles Mills lo. 641 

Coleaville p. o. 181 

Cnlesvillo t. 181 

CoUaberg. h. 606, 569 

CoUaburgh p. o. 506 

CoUamer p. o. 4S2 

College Point p.v. 546 

Collierville p.o. 534 

Collins p. 0. 292 

Collins t. 289 

Collins Center p.v. 289 

Collins Landing lo. 360 

CoUinsville p. v. 380 

Col. Bills cr. 623 

Colosse p.v. 522 

Colton p. V. 526 

Colton t. 526 

Columbia co. 101, 103, 241 

Columbia p- o. 342 

Columbia t. 342 

Columbia Center v. 342 

Columbia Springs 345 

Columbia Village v. 579 

Columbiaville lo. 248 

Columbus p. 0, 225 

Columbus t. 225 

Columbus Center v. 225 

Columbusville lo. 549 

Comae V. 636 

Comack p- o. 636 

Comfort h. 606, 608 

"Ajmmonaville v. 385 



PAGE 

Comstocks Landing... p. 0. IS" 

Comus mt. 541 

Concord t. 289 

Conesus cr. 20, 381 

Couesus la. 20, 381 

Coneauf^ p.o. 383 

Conesus t. 383 

Conesus Center p. v. 383 

Conesville p.o. 604 

Conesville t. 604 

Coney isle 372 

Couhocton r. 21, 23, 

386, 619, 622, 625 

Conklin lo. 182 

Conklin t. 181 

Conklin Center p.v. 182 

Conklings br. 483 

Conklingville v. 589 

Conklingville Falls lo. 684 

Connecticut r. 631, 633 

Counery p. 303 

Connetquot r. 636 

Connewango cr. 23, 

186, 189, 208, 210, 211, 214 

Connewango p. o. 189 

Connewango t. 189 

Conquest p. o. 201 

Conquest t. 201 

Conquest Center v. 201 

Conscience Bay 633 

Constable t. 310 

Constable v. 310 

ConstableviUe p. v. 380 

Constantia t. 521 

Constantia Center p. o. 521 

Constitution isle 540, 542 

Continental Village. v. 542 

Cooksburgh p. o. 165 

Cooks Corners p. v. 393 

Cooleys Point lo. 616 

Coomer p. o. 454 

Coonsville lo. 497 

Coopers Falls lo, 676 

Coopers Plains p. v. 625 

Cooperstown p.v. 536 i 

CoopersviUe v. 237, 386 

Copake la. 241, 245 

Copake p. o. 245 

Copake t. 244 

Copake Flats v. 245 

Copake Iron Works. ..p. o. 245 

Copake Station v. 246 

Copeland h. 164 

Copeland p. 681 

Copenhagen p. v. 376 

Copperas p- 305 

Coram p. o. 634 

Corbeau cr. 237 

Corbetsville p. o. 182 

Corfu p.o. 327 

Corinth p. o. 218 

Corinth t. 218 

Corlaers Hook lo. 419 

Corning p. v. 624 

Corning t. 624 

Cortland CO. 250 

Cortland Village p. v. 262 

CortlandvUle t. 252 

Cortlandt t. 698 

Cortright br. 204 

Cornwall p. o. 505 

Cornwall t. 505 

Cornwall Landing v. 505 

Cornwallville p. v. 332 

Corrys br. 696 

Coshaqua cr. 381, 385 

Cossayuna cr. 683 

Cossayuna la. 679 

Cossayuna mts. 677 

Cot h. 642 

Cottage p. o. 189 

Coulter br. 259 

County Line p. o. 466, 516 

Cove Neck lo. 550 

Coventry p. v. 226 

Coventry t. 225 

Coventryville p.v. 226 

Covert p. o. 615 

Covert t. 615 

Coveville lo. 691 

Covils p. 643 

Covington p. o. 713 

Covington t. 713 

Covington Center v. 713 

Cowaselon cr. 388, 394 

Cowaselon p. o. 392 

Cow Bay 650 



PAGE 

Cow Neck lo. 649 

Cowilliga cr. 407, 413 

Cowlesville p. v. 712 

Ccxcomb b. 510 

Coxsackie cr. 332 

Coxsackie p. v. 332 

Coxsackie t. 332 

Coxsackie Landing lo. 332 

Coxsackie Station lo. 249 

Crab isle 239 

Crabbs Kil 697 

Craigsville p.v. 604 

Grains Corners lo. 349 

Cranberry cr. 23. 314, 318 

Cranberry la. 22, 376, 572, 

676 

Cranberry .p. 395, 805, 643 

Cranberry Creek p. o. 318 

Cranberry Island lo. 510 

Crandalls p. 262 

Crandalls Corners lo. 681 

Crane cr. 200 

Crane, mt. 19, 610, 616 

Cranes Neck lo. 633 

Cranes Village lo. 590 

Cranesville p. v. 412 

Crarys Mills p. o. 675 

Crawford t. 606 

Crawford Settlement v. 611 

Crescent p. v. 689 

Cripplebnsh KiL cr. 600 

Crittenden p. o. 282 

Crocker cr. 182 

Crofts Corners v. 543 

Croghan p. 0. 376 

Croghan t. 376 

Cromlin cr. 504 

Crompond lo. 708 

Cronks Corners p. o. 379 

Crooked cr. 326 

Crooked la. 20, 22, 658, 019, 

627, 717, 719, 720 
Crooked Lake Outlet....cr. 717 

Cropseyville p. o. 564 

Crosby cr. 626 

Crosbyville p. v. 623 

Cross la. 201, 474, 482 

Cross p. 701 

Cross r. 698, 705 

Cross River p.v. 701 

Croton cr. 261 

Croton la. 642, 702, 706 

Croton p. V. 261 

Croton r. 267, 273. 696, 698, 

701, 703, 706, 708 

Croton V. 699 

Croton Falls p.v. 704, 706 

Croton Landing p.o. 699 

Croton Point v. 699 

Grouse Store p.o. 277 

Grown Point 121 

Crown Point p.v. 301 

Grown Point. t. 300 

Crow cr. 712 

Crow Nest mt. 19, 506 

Crugers lo. 699 

Crnm cr. 416 

Crum Elbow...cr. 267, 270, 272 

Gruni Elbow. p.o. 274 

Crumhorn la. 534 

Crumhorn mt. 634 

Cruso p.o. 617 

Crusoe cr. 693 

Crusoe la. 693 

Cryders or. 168, 174 

Crystal la. 702, 703 

Cuba p.v. 173 

Cuba t. 173 

Cuba Summit lo. 173 

Cuddebackville p.v. 506 

Cumberland Bay 239 

Cumberland Head. lo. 239 

Curriers Corners lo. 714 

Currytown v. 416 

Curtis Station lo. 623 

Cutchogue p.v. 640 

Cuyler p. v. 265 

Cuyler t. 256 

Cuylerville p. v. 384 

Cypress h. 549 

Cypress Avenue lo. 548 

Cypress Hills h. 649 

Cj-press Hills lo. 373 

Cypress Hills Cemetery .lo. 649 

Da-de-nos-ca-ra cr. 575 

DaUa p. 303 



Dale p. 0. 714 

Danby p. v. 656 

Danby t. 656 

Dannemora p.v. 238 

Dannemora t. 237 

Dansville p. v. 385 

DansviUe.... t. 624 

Danube p. o. 343 

Danube t. 342 

Darien p. o. 326 

Darien t. 326 

Darien Center p.v. 326 

Darien City !..lo. 32S 

Dashville v. 662 

Davenport p. v. 260 

Davenport t. 260 

Davenport Center p. v. 260 

Davenport Corners v. 642 

Davenports Neck lo. 703 

Davids isle 703 

Davis cr. 688, 602 

Davis p. 647 

Daws Cornerslo 326,686 

Day p.o. 588 

Day t. 588 

Dayansville v. 378 

Dayton p.v. 275 

Dayton t. 275 

Dead cr. 682 

Dead la. 684 

Dead ^yater Iron Works 

p.o. 304 

Deans Corners p.o. 591 

Deansville p.v. 466 

Decatur p. v. 533 

Decatur t. 532 

Decker '. h. 510 

Deep Clove Kil cr. 334 

Deepi Kil cr. 566 

Deep Spring 484 

Deer cr. 168, 173,627,688, 

692 

Deer h. 605 

Deer L 339 

Deer r. 307, 308, 309, 310, 

376, 376, 377, 572, 675, 678 

Deer Kiver p.v. 376 

Deerfleld p. o. 463 

Deerfleld t. 463 

Deerfleld Corners v, 463 

Deering Harbor 637 

Deer Park p.v. 636 

Deerpark t. 506 

Defiance mt. 295, 304, 677 

De Forest Corners lo. 543 

Defriestville p. v. 557 

De Kalb p. v. 676 

De Kalb t. 676 

DeLancey p.o. 390 

Delanti v. 216 

Delaware Co. 101, 267 

Delaware cr. 283, 290 

Delaware r. 21, 23. 178, 267, 

259, 260, 263, 265, 641 

Delaware Bridge .p.o. 648 

Delhi p. V. 261 

Delhi t. 260 

Delphi p. V. 486 

Delta p. V. 465 

Deming h. 382 

Denman Hill mt. 647 

Denmark p. v. 376 

Denmark t. 376 

Denning p. o. 662 

Denning - t. 662 

Dennis h. 319 

Denison p.o. 344 

Denisons Corners lo. 344 

Denton v. 511 

Depauville p. v. 357 

De Peyster p. 0. 576 

De Peyster t. 576 

De Peyster Corners v. 576 

Deposit p. V. 183, 265 

DeRuyter p.v. 390 

De Ruyter t. 390 

Devereaux v. 343 

De Witt p.o. 482 

DeWitt t. 481 

Dewittsville lo. 662 

De Wittville p.v. 211 

Dexter P- v- 356 

Dexterville lo. 212 

Diameter Rock. mt. 677 

Diamond Hill v. 348 

Diamond Rock h. 656 

Diana p.o. 376 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAGI 

Diana t. 376 

Diana Center p. o. 376 

DickersonviUe p. o. 454 

Dickinson _ p. o. 310 

Dickinson t. 310 

Dickinaon Center p.o. 310 

Dickinson Station lo. 265 

Dike cr. 168 

Dionondabowft Falls 680 

Discovery mt. 296, 302 

Ditch cr. 605 

Dil mt. 295 

DL\ ..t. 611 

Dix Hills p.o. 636 

Di.\ Peak mt. 19,304 

Doawesbnrgh lo. 543 

Dobbs Ferry p. v. 700 

Dodges cr. 168,173,186 

Dominies Hook lo. 419 

Doolittle cr. 661 

Doraville p. o. 183 

Dormansville p.o. 163 

Dorrs Cornera lo. 686 

Dosoris lo. 561 

Dotys Corners p.o. 625 

Dover p. o. 271 

Dover t. 270 

Dover Plains v. 271 

Downs br. 260 

Downsville p. v. 260 

Dresden t. 680 

Dresserville p. v. 204 

Drew h. 541 

Drews p. 541 

Drowned Lands lo. 501 

Dninimonds br. 590 

Drv br. 252, 663 

Dry Brook lo. 663 

Dry Brook Settlement..,lo. 263 

Dryden la. 666 

Drvden p. T. 656 

Dryden t. 656 

Dry Dock p.o. 687 

Dry Falls 203 

Dry Run cr. 623 

Duane p.o. 310 

Dnane t. 310 

Duanesburgh p. v. 596 

Duanesbui'gh t. 596 

Dublin T. 615 

Duck p. 201 

Duck Cedar p. 507 

Dudlev cr. 182 

Dug Way p.o. 520 

Dampling h. 398 

Dunbarton v. 479 

Dundee p. v. 721 

Dunderbergh mt. 569 

Dunhams Baain 7. 685 

Dunkirk p. v. 214, t. 217 

Dunning Street v. 590 

Dunnsville p. o. 164 

Durham p. t. 332 

Durham t. 332 

Durhamville. p. v. 392,479 

Durkeetown lo. 682 

Dutch p. 647 

Dutchess. en. 101, 103, 110, 267 

Dutch Fiictory lo. 569 

Dutch Hills lo. 649 

Dutch Hollow br. 204 

Dutch Hollow v. 610 

Dutch Settlement lo. 664 

Dwaars Kil 606,587, 667 

Dwaars Kill p.o. 667 

Dyers Neck lo. 633 

DyersTille v. 256 

Dyke cr. 169, 171 

Dykemans p.o. 543 

Dykemana Station. lo. 543 

Eagle la. 713 

Eagle p. 0. 713 

Eagle t. 713 

Eagle Bridge p. v. 556 

F.agle Harbor p. v. 614 

Eagle Slills p.o. 554 

Eagle Tillage lo. 484 

Eagle Tillage p. v. 713 

Eagleville v. 165 

Earlville p. v. 230, 391 

East br. 636 

East cr. 660, 683 

Eiist r. 367, 544,548,649 

Eaat Albany lo. 555 

East Amherst p. o. 283 

EaatAshford « p.o. 188 



PAGE 

Eaiit Ashland lo. 331 

East Aurora p. v. 283 

Ea.st Bainbridge lo. 225 

East Hank lo. 260 

East Bay 631, 691 

East Beekmantown....p. o. 236 

East Bergen p. o. 325 

East Berkshire p. o. 650 

East Bern p.v, 162 

East Bethany p.v. 325 

Eaat Bloomfield p. v. 496 

East Bloomfleld t. 496 

East Branch cr. 451 

East Branch p.v. 262 

East Branch Potic cr. 334 

East Brook br. 265 

East Brunswick lo. 654 

Ea«t Camp v. 245 

East Caiiada...cr. 340, 346, 407, 
416, 468 

Eaat Candor p.o. 651 

Eaiit Carlton p.o. 514 

East Chatham p.v. 244 

East Chester p. v. 699 

East Chester t. 699 

East Chester v. 605 

East China p.o. 713 

East aarkson.. p. v. 399 

East Constable p.o. 310 

East Coy cr. 713,714,716 

East Coy p.o. 715 

East Creek p.v. 346 

EastDe Kalb p.o. 676 

East Dickinson p.o. 310 

East Durham p.v. 322 

East Eden p.o. 290 

East Elba p.o. 326 

East Evans p.v. 290 

East Farmiugton p. o. 496 

East Fish la. 317 

EastFishkill p.v. 271 

East Fishkill t. 271 

East Florence p. o. 463 

East Gaines p.o. 513 

East Gainesville p.v. 713 

East Galway p. o. 588 

East Genoa p. o. 202 

East Germ.an p.o. 226 

East Glcnville p.o. 597 

East Grafton p.v. 555 

East Greenbush p.o. 555 

East Greene .p. v. 226 

East Greenville lo. 333 

East Greenwich p. v. 683 

East Groveland p.o. 384 

East Guilford p.v. 227 

East Hamburgh p.v. 289 

East Hamburgh t. 289 

East Hamilton p.o. 392 

East Hampton p.v. 635 

East Hampton t. G'-H 

East Hebron v. 684 

East Henrietta v. 399 

East Hill p. 0. 386 

Eaat Homer p. v. 253 

East Ilounstield p.o. 358 

East Java p.o. 714 

East Jewett p. o. 334 

East Kil 333 

East Lansing p.o. 658 

East Loon p.o. 191 

East Line p.o. 587 

East Macdoncngli p. v. 227 

East Maine p.o. 182 

East Marion p. v. 640 

Eaat Melrose lo. 702 

East Moriches p.v. 634 

East Morrisanla lo. 702 

East Mount Ternon v. 699 

East Nassau p.v. 557 

East New York p.v. 373 

East Norwich p.o. 651 

Easton p. V. 681 

Easton' t. 680 

Easton Corners v. 681 

East Orangeville lo. 714 

East Otto p.o. 189 

East Otto t. 1S9 

East Painted Post p.o. 624 

East Palmyra. p.v. 693 

East Pembroke p.v. 327 

East Pentleld p.o. 401 

East Pharsalia. p.v. 229 

East Pierrepont p. v. 581 

East Pike p.v. 715 

Eajit Pitcairn p.o. 581 



PAGE 

East Poestenkill .p. o. 658 

Eaat Porter p.o. 456 

East Randolph p. v. 195 

East Red cr. 688, 692 

East Rodman p. o. 361 

East Rush v. 406 

East Rushford. p.v. 176 

East Salem p.o. 686 

East Sauquoit v. 466 

East Schodack.. p.v. 559 

East Schuyler p.v. 348 

East Scott p.o. 254 

East Shelby. p.o. 516 

East Smithville v. 230 

East Springfield p.v. 538 

East Springwater p.o. 386 

East Stockholm v. 582 

East Stony cr. 338, 676 

East Township lo. 164 

East Tioupsburgh p.o. 628 

East Tarick p. o. 618 

East Tenice p.o. 206 

EastTictor- lo. 499 

East Tirgil p.v. 255 

East Warsaw p.o. 716 

East Williamson v. 694 

East Wilson p.o. 457 

East Windham p.o. 335 

East Winfleld v. 349 

East Worcester p.v. 538 

Eaton p. V. 391 

Eaton t. 390 

Eaton Reservoir p. 393 

Eatons Corners lo. 696 

Eatons Necks lo. 636 

Eatouville p.o. 345 

Eckford la. 22 

Eddytown p.v. 721 

Eddyville p. o. 193 

EddyvUle v. 664 

Eden p. V. 290 

Eden t. 290 

Edenton p. o. 576 

Eden Talley p.v. 290 

Edenville p. v. 510 

Edgecomb Pond p. 673 

Edinburgh p.o. 588 

Edinburgh t. 588 

Edmestou p.o. 533 

Edmeston t. 533 

Edmeston Center v. 533 

Edwards p. v. 576 

Edwards t. 676 

Edwardsville p.o. 580 

Efoor la. 588 

Egbertsville v. 567 

Eggertsville p. o. 283 

Egypt br. 491, 498 

Egypt lo. 495 

Egypt p.v. 401 

Eighteen Mile cr. 279, 290, 

463, 456 

Eight Mile cr. 165, 166, 526 

Elba- p. o. 328 

Elba t. 326 

Elbridge p.v. 482 

Elbridge t. 482 

Eleven Mila*r. 279, 282, 293.326 

Elgin P.O. 192 

Elizabethtown p. v. 301 

Elizabethtown t. 301 

Elizabethtown v. 297 

Elizaville p. o. 248 

Elk cr. 261 

Elks Lick cr. 621 

Ellenburgh p.v. 238 

Ellenburgh t. 238 

Ellenburgh Center p. v. 238 

Ellenburgh Depot...lo. 235, 238 

EUenville p.v. 6S8 

Ellery p. o. 212 

Ellery t. 212 

Ellery Center p.v. 212 

Ellicott p.o. 290 

Ellicott t. 212 

Ellicottville p. v. 189 

Ellicottville t. 189 

Ellington p. v. 212 

Ellington t. 212 

Elliottsrtlle lo. 565 

Ellisbnrgh p. o. 357 

Ellisburgh t. 367 

Ellis cr. 592, 650 

Ellis isle 41.S, 419 

Ellis. V. 357 

Ellmorea Comers v. 662 

Elm cr. 578 



PAOB 

Elma p. T. 290 

Elma „ t. 290 

Elmira p. v. 221 

Elmira t. 221, 649 

Elmores Corners v. 662 

Elm Talley p.o. 171 

Elpia lo. 499 

Elsinore lo. 239 

Elton p. V. 190 

Eltona lo. 702 

Emersons Comers lo. 693 

Eminence p.v. 608 

Emmons mt. 19, 336 

Empeyville v. 463 

Enfleld p. v. 656 

Enfield t. 656 

Enfield Center p.v. 656 

Enfleld Falls lo. 668 

Engellville p. o. 607 

English r. 232, 238 

Enory HUl h. 715 

Ephratah p.v. 317 

Ephratah t. 317 

Erie Co. 101, 279 

Erie la. 20, 22, 122, 208, 

215, 279, 284 

Erieville p. v. 393 

Erieville Reservoir p. 393 

Erin p.o. 222 

Erin t. 222 

Erwin t. 625 

Erwin Center lo. 627 

Esopus cr. 660,663 

Esopus p.o. 662 

Esopus t. 662 

Essex CO. 110, 295 

Essex p.v. 301 

Essex t. 301 

Esperance p.v. 496, 605 

Eaperance t. 604 

Etna p.v. 666 

Euclid p.v. 481 

Eureka lo. 471 

Evans p.v. 290 

Evana t. i.'90 

Evans Mills p.v. 3.59 

Evas Kil 407, 411 

Eve mt. 510 

Exeter p.o. 533 

Exeter. t. 633 

Exeter Center v. 533 

Fabius p. V. 483 

Fabius t. 482 

Factory br. 250,263, 254 

Factory Tillage v. 590 

Factorj'ville lo. 597 

Factoryville p. v. 650 

Factoryville v. 565 

Fairfield p.v. 343 

Fairfield t. 34.3 

Fair Haven lo. 514 

Fair Haven p.v. 204 

Fairmount p.o. 481 

Fairport p. v. 401 

Fairview p. o. 190 

Fairville p. v. 690 

Falconer p.v. 214 

Falkirk lo. 292 

Fall br. 204. 376. 381, 496 

Fall cr. 253, 267, 332. 383. 

461, 491, 497, 654, 655, 65S 

Fall Kil 272,274 

Falls h. 346 

Fallsburgh t. 644 

Farmer p. o. 616 

Farmers Hill I. o. 27S 

Farmers Mills p. T. 541 

Farmers Tillage l.o. 550 

FarmersWlle p.v. 190 

Farmersville t. 190 

Farmersvillo v. 616 

Fanningdalo. p.o. 550 

Farmington. p.o. 496 

Farmington t. 496 

Faruham p.o. 283 

Far Rockaway. r 547 

Fayette p.o. 615, 618 

Fayette t. 615 

Fayetteville p.v. 484 

Featberstona la. 596 

Federal Hollow lo. 720 

Federal Store p.o. 273 

Felta Mills p.v. 361 

Fenner p. o. 391 

Fenner... t. 391 

Feutoavillo p.o. 211 



728 



INDEX or GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAGE 

Fergusons Corners p. o. 719 

Fergusonville p. v. 260, 262 

Feuribush !o. 164 

Feuri-Spruyt Kil 1C3 

Fields Settlement lo. 362 

Fillmore p. v. 174 

Finchville lo. 608 

Fine p. o. 677 

Fine t. 676 

Fiiidleys la. 214 

Findiuys Lake p. v. 214 

Fire isle 633 

Fire Island isle 633 

i''iro Place p. v. 634 

First cr. 688 

Fi8h...cr. 22, 349, 375, 4.51, 4.56, 
458, 461, 465, 491, 496, 626, 
627, 629, 691. 

Fi,ih 1ft. 190 

Fish Creek Landing v. 470 

Fishers p. o. 439 

Fishers Island isle 639 

Fishliill cr. 267, 271 

FishkiU mt. 271 

FishkiU p. y. 272 

Fishkill t. 271 

Fishkill Furnaca lo. 271 

Fishkill Landing p.y. 271 

Fishkill Plains p.y. 271 

Fitchs Point y. 686 

Five Corners p. v. 202 

Fiye Mile cr.l86, 622 

Five Mile Meadow lo. 453 

Five Mile Kun p. o. 188 

Five Streams br. 226 

Flanders p. v. 638 

Fliit cr. 407, 416 

Flat Brook p. v. 243 

Flat Creek p. o. 416 

Flatbush p. V. 372 

Flatbu.sh t. 372 

Flatlands p. o. 372 

Flittlands t. 372 

Flax cr. 636 

Flax Pond Bay 633 

Fleetvfood lo. 699 

Fleming p. T. 201 

Fleming. t. 201 

Flint cr. 491, 498. 719 

Flint V. 665 

Flint Creek p.o. 498 

Florence p. y. 463 

Florence t. 463 

Florence Hill lo. 463 

Florida p. y. .610 

Florida t. 413 

Flower Hill lo. 550 

Floyd p. o. 464 

Floyd t. 463 

Floyd Corners v. 464 

Floyd Koad lo. 4t>5 

Flushing cr. 646, 648 

Flushing p. v. 546 

Flushing t. 646 

Flushing Bay 644, 646 

Fluvanna p. y. 212 

Fly br. 223 

Fly cr. 166 

Fly Creek p. v. 636 

Fly Meadow cr. 223, 230 

Fly Mountain p.o. 664 

Fog^ingtown lo. 543 

Folaomdale p.o. 712 

Fonda ,...p. y. 415 

Poudas cr. 314, 316 

Fondas h. 655 

Fondas Bush v. 316 

Foots Corners lo. 383 

Fordham p.y. 707 

Fords cr. 168, 176 

Pordaborough v. 414 

Foreatburgh p.o. 645 

Forest City p.o. 668 

Forest-of-I^ean cr. 607 

Forest Port p. v. 462, 466 

Fortwtville p. V. 213 

Forge Hollow v. 465 

Forked la. 22, 337 

Fort h. 642 

Fort p. 635 

Port Ann mts. 681 

Port Ann p. v. 681 

Fort Ann t. 681 

Fort Brewerton v. 522 

Fort Clinton lo. 570 

Fort Covington p. v. 311 

Fort Covington t 311 



PAQE 

Fort Edward p. t. 682 

Fort F.dward t. 681 

Fort Edward Center.. .p.o. 682 

Fort Hamilton p. v. 373 

Fort Herkimer v. 344 

Fort Hill lo. 327 

Fort Hill Cemetery 200 

Fort Hunter p.o. 413 

Fort Jackson v. 678 

Fort Miller p.y. 682 

Fort Montgomery p. v. 505 

Fort Neck lo. 661 

Fort Niagara lo. 456 

Fort Plain p. v. 414 

Fort Pond ba. 634 

Fort SL'huyler. lo. 706 

Forts Ferry lo. 587 

Fortsville p.y. 690 

Fort Tompkins 419 

Fort Washington lo. 419 

Fosterdale p. o. 644 

Fosters Meadow lo. 647 

Fostertown cr. 609 

Fostertown lo. 509 

Fostcrville p. v. 200 

Foundry br. 542 

Four Corners lo. 278 

Four Mile cr. 186, 395. 451. 

616, 628 

Four Mile Creek p.o. 288 

Fowler p. o. 677 

Fowler t. 577 

Fowlerville v. 387 

Fox cr.l66, 318, 416 

Fox isle 366 

Fo.xoD Kil 162 

Fox's cr. 600, 608 

Fox IsLand lo. 510 

FrnnUfort p. v. 344 

Frankfort t. 344 

Frankfort Hill p. o. 344 

Franklin co. 101, 307 

Franklin p. v. 261 

Franklin t. 261, 311 

Franklin v. 464 

Franklin Falls p. v. 311 

Franklinton p. v. 603 

Franklinville lo. 640 

Franklinville p. v. 190 

Fr.inklinville t. 190 

Franklinville v. 637 

Franks Corners lo. 255 

Fredonia p. v. 214 

Freedom p.o. 190 

Freedom t. 190 

Freedom Plains p.y. 272 

Freehold p. v. 333 

Freemont p. o. 645 

Freemont t. 645 

Frecport p. v. 547 

Freerville v. 662 

Freetown t. 252 

Freetown Corners p. v. 252 

Frceville lo. 666 

Freleighs Point lo. 616 

Fremont t. 626 

Fremout Center lo. 625 

Freemont Center p. v. 645 

French, .cr. 23, 208, 215, 351, 367 

French h. 708 

French mt. 670, 675 

French Creek p. o. 312 

French Creek t. 312 

Frenchmans cr. 591 

Frenchnians isle 481, 521 

French Mills lo. 164 

French Mountain p.o. 675 

Fresh Kils cr. 663, 666 

Fresh Meadows lo. 546 

Fresh Pond p.o. 637 

Frewsburgh p. y. 211 

Freysbush p. o. 414 

Friends la. 674 

Friends p.o. 214 

Friends Cemetery lo. 371 

Friendship p. v. 173 

Friendship t. 173 

Frontier p.o. 237 

Frost Hill lo. 499 

Fullnms Basin lo. 401 

Fullerville lo. 677 

FullervillelronWork9..p.o. 577 

Fulmer cr. 344 

Fulton CO. 314 

Fulton p. V. 628 

Fulton t. 605 

Fultonham p. v. 605 



PAOE 

Fulton Lakes (3, 4, 6) 22 

Fulton Lakes (6, 7. 8) 22 

Fulton Lakes 339 

Fultonville p. V. 413 

Furmanville lo. 571 

Furnace br. 696 

Furnace cr. 340^ 461 

Furnace Hollow cr. 681 

Furnace Village v. 692, 696 

Gaines p. y. 514 

Gaines t. 614 

Oaines Basin lo. 514 

Gainesville cr. 713 

Gainesville p. o. 713 

Gainesville t. 713 

Gainesville Center. lo. 713 

Gainesville Creek v. 713 

Qiilen t. 691 

G.iles p. 0. 647 

GalesTille p. v. 683 

GaleviUe Mills p.o, 067 

Gallatin t. 245 

Gallatinville ....« p. v. 246 

Gallop isle 678 

Gallows h. 699 

Gallupyille p. v. 608 

Galway p. y. 688 

Galway t. 588 



Gansevoort p. v. 

Garbuttsville v. 

Gardiner t. 

Gardners isle 631, 634, 

Gardners p. 

Gariiners Bay 

Gardners Corners y. 

Gardners Island lo. 

Gardnertown v. 

Gardnerville p. y. 

Gardnersville v. 

Garlick Falls p. o. 

Garnerville v. 

Qaroga ... cr. 314, 317, 407, 

Garoga la. 

Gjiroga. p. v. 

Garrattavillo p. v. 

Garrisons p. o. 

Gasport p. y. 

Gates p. 0. 

Gates t. 

Gates Center v. 

Gay Head» p. o. 

Gcddes p. y. 

Geddes t. 

Genegantslet. cr. 223, 227, 

Genegantslet la. 

Genegantslet p. v. 

Genesee co. 101, 

Genesee cr. 

Genesee r. 20, 22, 122, 

170,171.174,381,383, 
386.395,399,402.710, 
713. 

Genesee t. 

Genesee Falls t. 

Genesee Val. R. R. Junc.lo. 

Geneseo p. v. 

Geneseo t. 

Geneva p. y. 

Genoa p. y. 

Genoa t. 

George la. 

23, 296, 304, 670. 673. 

Georgetown p. v. 

Georgetown t. 

Georgica p. 

German p. o. 

German t. 

German Flats t. 

Germantown p. v. 

Germantown t. 

Gerry p. o. 

Gerry t. 

Getzville p. o. 

Ghent p. v. 

Ghent t. 

Giant of the Valley.. ..mt. 

Gibson t. 

Gibsonville p. y. 

Gidneys cr. 

Giers br. 

Gilberts la. 

Gilberts Mills p. o. 

Gilbertsville y. 627, 

Gilboa p. v. 

Gil boa t. 



691 
406 
662 
638 
678 
631 
378 
610 
609 
607 
511 
236 
570 
416 
317 
317 
635 
542 
456 
399 
399 
399 
333 
483 
483 
230 
227 
226 
820 
174 
168, 
385. 
712, 

173 
713 
405 
383 
383 
498 
202 
202 
21, 
680 
391 
391 
635 
226 
226 
344 
246 
245 
211 
213 
283 
246 
245 
301 
624 
384 
609 
261 
535 
527 
532 
605 
606 



PAOH 

Oilderland p.o. 164 

Gilead la 541 

Gilgo Inlet.- cr. 644 

Gill cr. 451 

Gilman p. o. 337 

Gilman t. 337 

Glasco p. V. 666 

Glass la. 558 

Glass House cr. 588 

Glass House v. 558 

Glen p. o. 413 

Glen t. 413 

Glen Aubrey lo. 183 

Glen Castle p. o. 181 

Glencoe Mills p. y. 248 

Glencoye p. y. 550 

Glene-irie v. 667 

Gleneida la. 540 

Glenham p.y. 272 

Glen Haven p.o. 204 

Glenmark Falls v. 693 

Glen Mary lo. 652 

Glenmore p. v. 461 

Glensdale p. o. 378 

Glens Fiills lo. 674 

Glens Falls p. v. 675 

Olenville lo. 705 

Glenville p. v. 697 

Glenville t. 597 

Glen Wild p.o. 647 

Olenwood p. y. 289 

Glovers^ille p. v. 317 

Glowegee cr. 684, 690 

Goat isle 450, 703 

Goffs Mills p. o. 628 

Golden Hill cr. 451, 466 

Golden Root h. 541 

Goldens Bridge p.o. 701 

Goldsmiths cr. 219, 221 

Goodground p.o. 638 

Goodhue cr. 621 

Goodhue la. 621 

Goodwin mt. 303 

Goo.se cr. 213 

Goose h. 541 

Goose isle 541 

Goose la. 339 

Goose Pond mt. 505 

Goose Neck isle 579 

Gooseville lo. 483 

Gorham p. v. 496 

Gorham t. 496 

Goshen p. v. 506 

Goshen t. 506 

Gouverneur p. y, 577 

Gouyerneur t. 577 

Governors isle 41S. 419 

Gowanda p. v. 194 

Gowanus v. 367 

QowanusBay .■i65, 367 

Grafton p. v. 655 

Grafton t. 666 

Grahamsvilli' p. y. 647 

Grammercy Park lo. 425 

Granby t. 621 

Granby Center p. o. 621 

Grand isle 279, 449 

Grand Island p.o. 290 

Grand Island t. 290 

Grand Sachem mt. 271 

Granger p. o. 174 

Granger t. 174 

Grangerville p. o. 691 

Graniteyille v. 566 

Grants br. 2.59 

Granville p. v. 682 

Granyille t. 682 

Grass y. 672, 675, 579, 681 

Grasse r. 21 

Grassy Point lo. 570 

Grassy Swamp br. 506 

Gravesend p. v. 372 

Gravesend t. 372 

Gravesend Bay ... 365, 373 

Gravesrille p. v. 348 

Gray Court cr. 505 

Grays Corners lo. 589 

Graysville p. v. 3-17 

Great br. 223. 227 

Oreat isle 705 

Great p. 635 

Great Bend p. v. 367 

Great Black br. 236 

Great Chazy..r. 232, 236, 236. 682 

Great Gull isle 639 

Great Hog Neck 639 

Great KUs 56» 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



729 



PAGE 

Oreal Long Pond mt. 701 

Oreat Neck. lo. 649, 6Jb 

Great Pefonic Bay 631,637 

Great Sixlus "■ 688 

Great Sodus Bay...68S, 691,693 

Oreal South Bay 631, 636 

r.re.u Sucker ". 5i8 

Great Swamp l"- "*^ 

,ir,at Valley cr. 189, 190 

(iiMi Valley P-o. 190 

,,,™t Valley t. WO 

cir.at Valley Station v. 190 

Greece 

Greece 

Greece Center 

Orcen 

/SrAMn isle 673 

Sr^Sv r:.. ..:...ia. m. m 

Green r. 243, 246 

Greenborough p- o. o'-ib. 

Greenburgh t- '99 



..p. V. 399 

t. 399 

lo. 399 

....h. 510 



Greenbusli 
Greenbush. 

Greene 

Greene 

Greene 

Greenfield.. 
Greenfield., 



P^GE 

..p. 681 

.cr. 6.11 

691 

, 412 

. 645 

. 331 

, 674 

, 674 

, 677 

, 333 

. 2C3 

, 266 

...'...li. 647 

....p. 0. 689 



....lo. 
..p. V. 



...p.o. 
t. 



. 377 
.^76 



,n.v. 655 

t. 665 

CO. 329 

p.T. 226 

t. 226 

.10. 372 

p.T. 668 

Greenfield t- 589 

Greenfield Center p. v. 689 

Green UaTen P-T- 270 

Green Island p.T. 166 

Green Locks t. 666 

Green Point p. o. 367 

Oreenport P- '■ 639 

Greeoport '■ 24? 

Green RiTer P- v. 246 

Greens Corners lo. 466 

Greens Corners v. 174 

Greenville lo. 700 

OreenTiUe P- J- 332 

Greenville t. 33-, 50* 

Greenville '• 607 

Greenville Center v. 33J 

Greenwich '<>■ 419 

Greenwich P-o- 683 

Greenwich t "So 

Greenwich Point lo. 547 

Greenwood i"-- 510 

Greenwood P- v- 62o 

Greenwood ■■'• 6-o 

Greenwood Cemetery ...lo. 3Jl 

Greenwood Works p. v. 607 

Gregorys !*'■ 

Greig P" 

Greig ^ ,„ 

Oreig^ille ''■■7; ™ 

Grenadier isle 356 

Gridley •^■'•Eo 

Griffins Corners p. v. Zbi 

GrilBns Corners v. 64Z 

Griffins Mills P- »■ 283 

Griffiths Corners lo. Via 

Griffiths Mills lo. 496 

Grindstone cr. 497 

Grindstone >sl« 3o7 

Orippy Hill mt- 162 

Griswolds Mills p. v. 681 

Jrocsbeck lo- 163 

Grooms Corners p. o. 687 

GrosvemorsCorncr,s..p.o. 604 

Groton P-V- 657 

Oroton '■ 657 

Groton City P- »• 657 

Grove P- <>• }',* 

Grove ;'• }'_* 

Grove Center lo. Ii4 

Groveland -P- <>• 384 

Groveland- t. 383 

Groveland Center p. o. 384 

GrOTeland Corners v. 384 

OroTes ". 616 

Qnilderland t- JJ* 

Ouilderland Center p. t. 164 

Guilford t- 227 

Guilford Center p. v. 227 

Guilford Pond cr. 227 

Oulii-ksville lo. 027 

Oulph Summit p. o. IW 

Guy Park 1<>- 412 

Gypsum P- "• ^O? 

naannUroi8..cr.l56, 163,166, 3.34 
Uackensack r. 668, 669, 670 

Hadlcv '■ 589 

llndlcy Falls 6'-» 



Hadlock 

Hagadorns 

Ilagadorns Hollow.... 

Ilagauians Mills 

llHgans 

Hagel Kil 

Hague 

Hague 

Hailesborougb 

Halcott 

Halcottsville p. o. 

Hales Uddy P- 

Half Moou 

Half Moon 

Half Mi)on t- 589 

Halfway br. 181. 183 

Halfway cr. 681 

Half Way House lo. 687 

Hall h- 507 

Halletts Cove 644 

Halletts Point lo. 669 

Halls Corners lo. 690, 615, 

700, 714 

Halls Corners.. p.o. 498 

Halls Port P- '• 176 

Halls Station lo. 455 

IWlaville P- "■ 414 

Hal.«cy Valley p.o. 650,663 

HalBcyville lo. 668 

Hamburgh p.o. 291 

Hamburgh *• 291 

Hamburgh-on-tho-Lake 

p.o. 291 

Hamden p. v. 261 

Hamden '• 261 

Hamilton co. 33b 

Hamilton p. v. 391 

Hamilton *• 391 

Hamilton Square lo. 423 

Hamiltonville v. 164 

Hamlin mt. 302 

Hamlet P- °- 216 

Hammerton lo. -74 

Hammond p. v. 577 

Hammond *• 677 

Hammonds Corners v. 220, 301 

Hammondsport v. 628 

Hampton p. o. 683 

Hampton '• "83 

Hampton ■^- 471 

Hamptonburgh lo. 60i 

Hamptonburgh t. 607 

Hampton Corners v. 683 

Hancock P- v. 2b-2 

Hancock '• 261 

Handsome br- 261 

Handsome Eddy br. 2'23 

Hanfords Landing p.T. 399 

Hankins Station lo. 646 

Hannibal P- t. 6'22 

Hannibal '• "i 

Hannibal Center. 

Hanover 

Hanover '■ 213 

HanoTer ■'• 465 

HanoTer Center lo. 213 

Hans -or- 591 

Hardenbergh '• 663 

Harford P- "■ 252 

Harford t. 252 

Harkness L 303 

Harlem P-O. 419 

Harlem r. 23, 418, W 

Harlemville P- ». 246 

Harmony 

Harmony 

Harmonyville, 

Harpers 

Harpersfield . 
Harpersfield.. 
Harpersville.. 

Harrietstown •*• 

Harrington " 

Harris 

Harrisburgh 



P^OE 

Hart Lot P<>. 482 

Harts '''"I^i 



lo. 7110 

'.. lo. 484 
.....t. 625 



Harts Corners. 

Harts Village 

Hartsville 

Hartsville 

Hartsville Center T. b'-J 

Hartwick P-'- 533 

Hartwick t- 533 

Hartwick Seminary. ..p- v. 53.t 

Hartwood lo. 640 

Hitrvard P- V. 2b_ 



Harvard . 

Hasenclever. 

Hasha 

Haskel Flat 

Haskel 

HaskinviUe 

Hastings 

Hastings 

Hastings 

Hastings Center 
Hastings upon 



..p.' 

..mts. 

h. 



PAflK 

Highland t. M6 

Highland Mills p. v. 608 

Ilialilands mts. 19, 540 

High Market p.o. 377 

High Market t. 377 

High Peak mt. 19, 329, 333 

High Point h. 497 

Hillsborough p. o. 463 

Hillsdale P- f- 248 

Hillsdale «• 248 



340 
569 

p. o. 191 

..cr. 186,194 

p.o. 625 

p.T. 622 

t. 6-22 

V. 700 

p. V. 622 

Hudson 

p.o. 700 

h. 49- 

la. 390 



p. o. 471 

....T. 7-2» 
p. T. 51-^ 



. 627 
. 191 



Hatch 

Hatchs 

Havana . 

Haver Island 1™ 

Haverstraw P- o. 669 

Haverstraw t. 669 

Haviland P-o. 642 

Hawkins cr. 645 

Hawkins Creek po. 646 

HawkinsviUe p. v. 46-2 

Hawks cr. 261 

Hawleyton p. o. 180 

Hav Island Inlet 544 

Ha'ynerviUe P-O. 558 

Haysburgh lo. 246 

Hazard P- S"! 

Hazens ^- 541 



Hillside 

Himrods Corners... 

Hindsburgh 

HinmansviUe 

Hinsdale , 

Hinsdale t. 191 

Hitchcocks Corners v. 270 

Hoag P- 274 

Hoags Corners p. v. 6oi 

Hobart P-,''- 265 

lloboken City lo- 429 

Hodge P- 64. 

Hoffmans Ferry P-o. 697 

17 I Hog ■!>- 272 



Hogais 



610 Hogansburgh.. 



p. 646 

..p. V. 309 

SorSack'.!". i. 507, 642 

Hog Hollow cr. 491, 496 

Holland P- »• 291 

Holland '- 291 

Holland Patent p. v. 4bi 

Holley P-,''- 516 

HoUins Hook lo. 614 

Hollow •". 340 

....V. 466 
...hr. 621 
228, 6-27 
p. T. 253 



HolmanCity... 
Holmes Pond.. 
HolmesTille.... 
Homer 



Homer 
Homowack, 



262 
p.T. 646.668 



..p.o. 



Hebron • , Mi , 

Hebron '. 684 

Hecia Works p. v. 471 

Hector P- °- 611 

Hector *• 611 

Hector Falls lo. 611 

Hcdden or. 668 

HeddingviUe lo. 543 

Hedgesvillo v. 6-29 

Helderbergh mts. 19, 156, 

156, 332, 695 

Helena P- T. 675 

Hell Gate 644, 648 

Ilellibaik mts. 19, 600 

Hemb.ck cr. 381 

Hemlock h. 607, 541 

Hemlock la. 20, 381 

Hemlock Lake p. v. 384 

Hemlock Outlet cr. 491, 498 

Hempstead p. v. 647 

Hempstead Bay 644, 547 

p. V. 6'22 I Hempstead Harbor 544, 649 

lo 213 ' Hempste;ui Hook...cr. 367, 368 

' Hculiawk isle 705 

Henrietta p. o. 399 

Henrietta t. 399 

Henderson .bay 358 

Henderson la. 22, 303 

Heuderson -mt. 303 

Henderson P- v. 358 

Henderson t. 358 

Henderson Harbor lo. 358 

Hetidy cr. 218, 221 

Herkimer co. 101, 103, 340 



684 Honcoye...cr. 20, 170, 172, 381, 



p.o. 213 

....t. 213 
....T. 627 
..br. 225 

t. 262 

p. V. 262 

p. T. ISl 

311 

650 

p. 303 

p.o. 377 



Harrisburgh t. 377 

Harris Hill P-o- 289 

Harrison P- »■ 701 

Harrison -'■ 700 

Harrisons cr- 5.J-4 

Harrisville ». 376 

Hartfleld P- »- 211 

Hartford '^'l lH 

Hartford t. 68.1 

Hartland P- o. 453 

Ilartland ■■'- 463 

Hartland Comers lo- 453 



Herkimer 

Herkimer 

Horniitago 

Hermitage 

llermoii 

Hernion 

Hess Itoad 

HcssviUe 

Hensooville 

Heuvelton 

Hi.wletta Point 

Hiliernia 

Hickory Corners, 



,..p. V. 345 

t. 345 

...p.v. 716 

T. MO 

...p.T. 678 

t. 678 

...p. o. 454 

lo. 414 

...p. V. 335 
...p. V. 680 

lo. 6.50 

...p. o. -270 
..p. 0. 454 



Hickory Grove lo. 701 

Hicksville p. o. 650 

HigginsviUe P- v- 470 

High isle '64 

High Bridge v. 484 

High Bridgeville lo. 702 

High Falls 10.376,876,664, 



High Falls.. 
High Mills.. 



670 
p. o. 664, 666 



384, 395, 404 

Honeoye la. 20, 495 

Honeoye P- ^- 498 

Honeoye Corners lo. IT. 

Honeoye Falls p.v. 400 

Honeoye Inlet cr. 495, 497 

Honeoye Outlet cr. 491. 498 

Honesville v. 606 

Hook P- 636 

Hooper P-o- 184 

Hoopers Valley p- o- 661 

Hoosick P- o- 566 

Hoosick.-r- 21, 662, 655, 857, 
668, 686 

Hoosick t- 666 

Hoosick Corners -v. 666 

Hoosick Falls p.v. 666 

Hope mt. 271 

Hope ^- **'* 

Hope Center -p.o. 338 

Hopedale lo. 848 

Hope Falls p.o. 33S 

Hope Kidge mt. 402 

Hopewell lo. 271, 506 

Hopewell P-o. 497 

Hopewell t. 496 

Hopewell Center. p. v. 496 

Hopkinton p. v. 678 

Hopkinton t. 678 

Hoppogue lo. 637 

Iloricon P- V. 674 

Horicon t. 674 

Hornby P- »• 628 

Hornby ■'• 626 

Hornby Forks v. 626 

Ilornellsville p-T. 626 

Hornellsville t. 626 

Horse cr. 172 

Horsebnne Ledge 344 

Horseheads p.v- 2-22 

Horseheads t. 222 

Horsepond -mt. 669 

Horse Pound hr. 641 

Horse Shoe p. 643 

Horse Shoe Falls .460, '10 

Hortons Point lo. 639 

Hotchkiss cr. 196 

Hot Ground lo. 243 

Houghton Creek p. o. 172 

Hounsfiold < 868 

Houses cr. 378 

Houaeville P- » S79 

Howard P- v. 926 

Howard t. I'2a 

Howards Bush lo- IH 

; 697 Howells Depuv. p-V- SIO 



.30 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Hcwes Cuve 

Howlaiids 

Howlet Hill 

Hubbards Kun... 

Hubbardsville.... 

Hudson r. 21, 

274,276,296, 
652. 568, 509. 
589. 590, 591, 
670. 674, 676, 

Hudson City 

Hughsouville 

Buguenot 



PAGE 

lo. 604 

isle 201 

p. o. 485 

cr. 220 

p. V. 392 

23, 155. 267, 
329, 540, 542, 
570, 5S4, 588, 
693, 662, 665, 
700. 

246 

p. V. 272 

, D.v. 506 



Hulberton p. v. 515 

Hulls h. 510 

Hulls Corners .v. 522 

Hume p.o. 174 

Hume -t. 174 

Humphrey p.o. 191 

Humphrey t. 191 

Humphrey Center lo. 191 

Humphreysville p.o. 244 

Hunger Kil cr. 164 

Hungry bay 351 

Hunna la. 277 

Hunt cr. 253 

Hunt la. 218 

Hunter .p. v. 333 

Hunter t. 333 

Hunters isle 704 

Hunters Land p. v. 606 

Hunters Point .v. 549 

Huuterstown lo. 245 

Huntington .la. 644 

Huntington p. t. 636 

Huntington t. 635 

Huntington Bay 636 

Huntington Harbor.... .ba. 636 

Hunts Corners lo. 253, 384 

Hunts Hullow p. V. 386 

Huntsvitle lo. 588 

Hurlbutville p. o. 462 

Hurley p. v. 633 

Hurley t. 663 

Huron p. o. 691 

Huron t. 691 

Hussey h. 662 

Hutthinsons cr. 696, 

699, 704, 705 

Hyatts Corners v. 616 

Hyde Park lo. 550 

Hyde Park p. v. 272 

Hyde Park t. 272 

Hydes Brook br. 265 

Hydeville lo. 690 

HyDdsville p. v. 607 

Ida mt. 660 

Ilion p. V. 344 

Independence cr. 375 

Independence mt. 532 

Independence p.o. 174 

Independence t. 174 

Indian br. 542 

Indian h. 541 

Indian la. 273, 339, 376 

Indian p. 273 

Indian r. 23, 351, 

352, 359, 360, 361, 362. 

375. 376, 572, 582, 682 

Indian Castle lo. 343 

Indian Corners lo. 343 

Indian Fit-Id p. 643 

Indian Fields p. o. 163 

Indian Lake t. 338 

Indian River p. o, 376 

Inghams Mills v. 346 

Ingrabam p. 309 

Ingraham p. o. 237 

Inveraess p. o. 387 

Ionia lo. 490 

Ira t. 202 

Ira Center p. v. 202 

Ireland lo. 646 

Ireland Corners p. o. 166 

Irelandville v. 612 

Irish .cr. 413 

Irish Hill mt. 162 

Irondale v. 301 

Irondequoit cr. 395, 491 

Iroiidequoit p. v. 400 

Irondcquoit t. 400 

Irondequoit Bay 395, 405 

Irving p. V. 213 

Irvington p. v. 700 

lacliua cr. 186,190, 191, 192 



PAGE 

iBchua p. T. 191 

Ischua t. 191 

Islip p. V. 636 

Islip t. 636 

Italy t. 719 

Italy Hill p. v. 719 

Italy Hollow p. o. 719 

Ithaca .p. V. 657 

Itbaca t. 657 

Jackson p. o. 684 

Jackson t. 684 

Jacksonburgh v. 346 

Jackson Center v. 684 

Jackson Corners p. v. 245 

Jackson Summit p. o. 318 

Jacksons Corners lo. 514 

Jacksous Corners p. v. 272 

Jacksonville lo. 332, 699 

Jacksonville p. v. 658 

Jacksonville v. 484, 534 

Jacks Reefs p.o. 482 

Jamaica t. 547 

Jamaica Bay 365, 644, 548 

Jamaica Heights lo. 548 

Jamesburgh p. v. 667 

Jamesport p.o. 637 

Jamesport v. 637 

Jamestown p. T. 212 

Jamesville v. 482, 589 

Janet la. 338 

Jan Tusent cr. 332 

Jan Wemps cr. 597 

Jasper p. o. 626 

Jasper t. 626 

Jasper Five Cornors v. 626 

Jasper Four Corners v. 626 

Java t. 714 

Java p. 0. 714 

Java Center. p. o. 714 

Java Village p. v. 714 

Jay mt. 300, 302 

Jay p. V. 302 

Jay t. 302 

Jeddo p. T. 515 

Jefferson co. 101, 103, 315 

Jefferson t. 605, p. v. 332 

Jefteraon Valley p. o. 70S 

Jefferaouville p. v. 644 

Jenkins p. 647 

Jenkinstown lo. 633 

Jenksville p. o. 651 

Jenny la. 588 

Jericho p. o. 551 

Jersey City lo. 429 

Jerseyfield la. 339 

Jerusalem lo. 345 

Jerusalem t. 719 

Jerusalem South p. v. 547 

Jessup r. 339 

Jessup Falls 674 

Jessups Corners lo. 690 

Jessups Landing v. 588 

Jewett p. V. 333 

Jewett t. 333 

Jewett Center p.o. 333 

Joe Gee h. 511 

John Browns Tract lo. 379 

John Debackers cr. 331, 332 

Johnsburg lo. 457 

Johnsburgh p. v. 675 

Johusburgh t. 674 

Jotmsonburg p. v. 714, 715 

Johnsons..cr. 453, 456, 512, 616 

Johnsons Creek. p. v. 453 

Johnsonville p. v. 658 

Johnstown p. v. 317 

Johnstown t. 317 

Johnstown v. 248 

Johnsville p. v. 271 

Jones la. 339 

Jones Beach lo. 544 

Jonesville p. v. 587 

Jordan p. v. 482 

Jordanville p. v. 349 

Joy p. V. 694 

Jubilee Springi 284 

Juhelville v. 360 

Junction lo. 482 

Junction p. v. 659 

Junius p. o. 615 

Junius t. 615 

Kaaters Ki!.. 329, 331, 332. 666 

Kahseway cr. 245 

Kanona p. v. 622 

Karr Valley cr. 168, 170 



PAGE 

Kasoag .p.T. 528 

Katonah p. v. 698 

Kattel cr. 181 

KatteWille lo. 181 

Kau-a-da-rauk cr. 416 

Kayaderos8eras.cr.411,590, 591 

KayaderosseraB....mt. 295, 300, 

304. 584, 588, 589, 691, 670 

Kayaderoeserae r. 584 

Kecks Center .p.o. 317 

Keefers Corners p.o. 163 

Keene ,...p. t. 302 

Keene t. 302 

Keeney Settlement lo. 255 

Keeseville. „.p. v. 235, 300 

Kelloggs Mills. lo. 487 

Kelloggsville p. v, 204 

Kelloggsville !o. 701 

Kellys Corners lo. 615 

Kelsey br. 223 

Kendall p. v. 515 

Kendall t. 615 

Kendall Mills p.o. 405,515 

Kensico p. t. 703 

Kent br. 223 

Kent cr. 351, 356 

Kent p.o. 541 

Kent t. 541 

Kenwood t. 163 

KenyonviUe lo. 514 

Kerhonkson p. v. 668 

Keshong cr. 491, 498, 719 

Ketchabonec lo. 638 

Ketchanitown lo. 506 

Ketchums Corners p. o. 593 

Ketchumville p. v. 651 

Kettle Bottom mt. 675 

Keyaers Kil 600 

Kiantone cr. 214 

Kiantone p. t. 214 

Kiantone t. 214 

Kidders Ferry p.o. 616 

Kidney cr. 680 

Killawog p.o. 182 

Killbuck p.o. 190 

Kil Van Kull cr. 566 

Kinderhoi.k...cr. 241. 244. 247. 
248. 552, 554, 557, 559, 560 

Kinderhook la. 241, 247 

Kinderhook p. t. 247 

Kinderhook t. 247 

Kings CO. 366 

Kings Bay 237 

Kingsborongh. p.T. 317 

Kingsbridge p. o. 708 

Kingsbury p. v. 686 

Kingsbury t. 684 

Kings Falls !o. 376 

Kings Ferry p. o. 202 

Kings Garden lo. 419 

Kings Settlement p. o. 228 

Kingston p. v. 663 

Kingston t. 663 

Kingstreet lo. 705 

Kinneys Corners lo. 720 

KiuneysFourComers.p. 0. 522 

Kirby p. 702 

Kirk p. 541 

Kirkland _ p.o. 464 

Kirkland t. 464 

Kirkville p. v. 484 

Kirkwood p. v. 182, t. 185 

Kishewana la. 643 

Klskatora cr. 332 

Kiskatom p.o. 332 

Kisko r. 696 

Kleina Kil 247 

Knapp p. 647 

Knapps Station lo. 582 

Knight cr. 168 

Knights cr. 203 

Knowersville p.o. 164 

Knowlesville p. v. 615 

Knox p. 0. 164 

Knox t. 164 

Knox Corners p. v. 462 

Knoxville v. 164, 393, 624 

Koola Kil 556 

Kortright p.o. 262 

Kortright t. 262 

Kortright Center lo. 262 

Kottle Kil 666 

Koxing Kil cr. 666 

Kripplehuf^h p. v. 664 

Kyserike p.o. 666 

Kysorville p,T. 386 



,. PAOB 

Labrador cr. 250 

Labrador p. 255, 483 

Lackawack cr. 641, 647 

Lackawack p. v. 668 

Ladews Corners lo. 667 

La Fargeville p. v. 360 

La Fayette p. v. 483 

La Fayette t. 483 

La Fayetteville p. v. 273 

La Grange p. v. 713 

La Grange t. 272 

La Grangeville p. v. 272 

Lairdsville p. v. 471 

Lake h. 211 

Lake p. o. 683 

Lake Hill p.o. 668 

Lakeland p.T. 638 

Lake Pleasant p.o. 338 

Lake Pleasant t. 338 

Lakeport p.o. 394 

Lake Kidge p.o. 658 

Lake Road p.o. 456 

Lakeville lo. 550, 683 

Labeville p. v. 384 

Lambs Corners lo. 167 

Lamsons p.o. 484 

Lancaster p. v. 291 

Lancaster t. 291 

LandimauB cr. 267, 276 

Landons la. 260 

Langdons Corners lo. 685 

Langford or. 222 

Langford p.o. 292 

Langtons Comers Jo. 326 

Lansing t. 658 

Lansingburgh .p. v. 656 

Lausingburgh t. 556 

Lansing Kil 458,462,470 

Lansingville p. t. 658 

Lansingville t. 261 

Lapeer p.o. 253 

Lapeer t. 253 

Laphams Mills t. 23S 

Laona p. t. 215 

La Salle p.o. 455 

Lashers cr. 416 

Lassellsville p. v. 317 

Lattingtown lo. 651, 665 

Laurel h. 549 

Laurens p.T. 534 

Laurens t. 534 

Lawrence br. 312, 527 

Lawrence t. 578 

Lawrenceville lo. 649 

Lawrenceville p. t. 578 

Lawrenceville t. 666 

Laws la. 190 

Lawsons la. 163 

Lawyers h. 505 

LawyersTille p.T. 604 

Lazy h. 604 

Leatherville t. 416 

Lebanon cr. 248 

Lebanon p. 646 

Lebanon p. t. 392 

Lebanon Springs .t. 248 

Ledj-ard p. o. 202 

Ledyard t. 202 

Legiers la. 376 

Lemon Creek p.o. 567 

Lenox p. o. 392 

Lenox t. 392 

Lenox Furnace lo, 392 

Lee p. T. 465 

Lee t. 465 

Lee Center p.T. 465 

Leeds p. t. 332 

Leedsville p.o. 270 

Leesville p. t. 607 

Leicester t. 384 

Leon p. T. 191 

Leon t. 191 

Leonardsville p. v. 390, 537 

Le Ray p. t. 359 

Le Ray t. 359 

Le Roy p. v. 326 

Le Roy t. 326 

Levana p.T. 302 

Levant p. o. 212 

Lewis CO. 374 

Lewis cr. 331 

Lewis p. T. 302 

Lewis t. 302. 377 

Lewisboro p. o. 7ul 

Lewisboro t. 701 

Lewisbnrgh lo. G64 

LewistoD p. T. 453 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



....... t. 334 

....p. o. 377 

t. 377 

V. 377 

....p. V. 045 

t. 645 

y. 624 

p.v. B46 

mt. 645 

....p. 0. 063 

V. 668 

.p. 648 
. V. 384 
..t. 384 
,l:i. 192 



P 



Lowiston 

lA-xingUrn 

Lt'xin^ton 

LeydL'U 

Le.vdeu 

Lej-den iliil.— 

Liberty 

Liberty 

Liberty 

Liberty Falls.. 

LibeityviUe.... 

Libertyville..., 

LibeityviUe... 

LUlio 

Lima 

Lima 

Lime 

Xime Lalie lo- 19^ 

Limericlt P-o- 36b 

Limestone cr. S90, 4,4, 4^ 

Limestone P- ■>■ 188 

Linclilaeu P- '■ ^^' 

LincltiaeD ^- ^"^ 

Linden P-,»- 326 

Linden Hills lo- 649 

Lindenwald lo- 24i 

Lindley 

Lindleytown.... 

Line Kil 

LiuUthgo 

Liun 

Lisbon 

Lisbon t- »'; 

LishasKil po- J^b 

Lisle P- '• «■; 

T Jgjg t. JOi 

Lispeiiards Meadows lo. 419 

Litchlield P- »• Sf? 

Litchfield t. 34o 

Lithgow P-o- 278 

Little *^1** *^* 

Little'.! la- 612, 619, 684 

Little p. 273, 399, 506 607, 

609, 645 



PAOE 

..t^M I Little Valley cr. 186, 192 

V. 334 I Little Valley '■ '■'- 

Littleville ^ 

Little Ubil« 

Little York 

Little York 

Little York 



19; 
...V. 382 
..cr. liS6 
,..la. 254 
p. V. 253 
....T. 677 



731 



367 



}=S^^!!-:;^:o:|? '^^^':"::-^^_^ 



LutlierauTille P- 

Luierno mts. 252, 295, 670 

p. v. 675 



LiTermores Comers. 

Liverpool 

LiTingftton. 
Livini;8lon. 
Livingston .... 



,..lo. 226 
p.v. 487 

br. 683 

101, 103, 381 
la. '"" 



t. 626 

.....p.v. 626 

cr. 600 

lo. 24S 

p. 0. 483 

..lo. 578 



, 248 
. 247 
, 603 
. 384 
. 384 
. 384 
. 384 



Livingston P- o- 

Livingston *■ 

Litingstonville P-V. 

Livonia P-o- 

Livonia '■ 

Livonia Center v. 

Livonia Station P-v, 

Liovd P-o- 5?* 

Lloyd « 

Lloyds 

Lloyds Harbor.. 

Lloyds Neck.... 

Loch Sheldrake 

Lock Berlin 



Luzerne 

Luzerne 

Lyme 

Lyndon 

Lyndon ville... 
Lyons 

Lyons 

Lyonsdale 

Lyons Falls.. 

Lyons Falls... 

Lysander 

Lysander 

Lyttles 



.t. 676 

t. 359 

t. 192 

...p.v. 516 
...p.T. 691 
.... ...t. 691 

...p. 0. 377 

lo. 379 

....p.o. 380 

....p.o. 484 

,.......t. 483 

p. 685 



Manor Kil 
Mauorkill .... 
Manorville .. 

Mansfield 

Mansfield 

Maiiursing 



..600, 604 

p.o. 604 

p. o. 634 

p.o. 277 

t. 192 

..isle 705 



Maple Grovo p. o. 480, 635 



Mapleton. 

Mapleton.. 

Marathon . 

Mar.ithon.. 

Marathon.. 

Marl'letown 

Marbletown 



Jo. 107, 412 

p.o. 455 

.J.v. 253 

t. 253 

V. 546 

lo. 690 

.p. o. 664 



Locke 

Locke 

Lockport 

Lockport 

Locust 

Locust Glen 

Locust Grove 

Locust Tree 

Locust Valley.... 

52S;:;:::;:=::;.:....:-t-6i6 

Lodi Center. P- o- 616 

Lodi Falls lo- 61b 

Lodi Landing lo- 61b 

LogVUlage v. 684 

Long ^- 607 

Lon? la. 22, 466, 572, 684 



664 
h. 272 

l.a. 636 

lo. 660, 651 

p.v. 6H 

....p.v. 691 
....p. o. 203 

:...t. 202 

p. v. 454 

;...t. 454 

isle 703 

p.o. 274 

, lo. 649 

p.o. 450 

, p. 0. 551 

p. V. 616 



Little 

Little Alder ;Cr- 3,7 

Little Bay l"' ?ir 

Little Black br. iib 

Little Black or. 347 

Little Britain P- o. 510 

Little BrockonStraw...cr. AIS, 

Little Buffalo cr. 279 

Little Bush Kil ■."" 259 

Little Captains i»le ,05 

Little Cattaraugus -Cr- 208 

Little ChautauqUB..cr. 211, 216 

Little Cbazy r- ^^ 

Little Chocouut -cr. 179 

Little Connewango..cr. 189, 194 

Little Delaware r. 2.59, 261 

Little Falls lo- 264 

Little Falls P-T-?!S 

Little Falls "-t- 345 

Little Geneece cr. 168, 17Z 

Little Genesee P-V. 173 

Little Gull "810 639 

Little Hog Neck ..lo- 639 

Little Hoteick r. 682, 564 

Little Lakes -V. 349 

Little Long -",■■■•■;'"„■ S 

Little Neck lo. 633, 636 

Little Neck Bay.....544, 546, 549 
Little Paughcaugnaugh- 

silk •.-,■,- "-1°? 

Little Peconic Bay 631 

Little Pond P- 642 

Little Red "- 688 

Little Rest P- v- ^8 

Litile Sable '•JSP'S 

Little Salmon cr. 202, m, 

395, 62J 

''""«^"»°'^- '-^^k 

Little Sandy cr. 446, 627 

Little Sandy p. 617, 5-, 

Little Schoharie cr. B"U 

Little Shawaugunk......^r. 608 

Little Sniike cr. 1,9,182 

Little Sodus cr. 206, 206 

Little S.idus Bay ..•- 205 

Little Sprite cr. 3U, 318 

Little Stony "• ="' 

Little Sucker .cr. S78 

Little Touawanda..cr. 324, 714 

Little Trout r. 309, 310 

LitUe Utica v. 484 



r.' 463 Loni p. 276, 395 605 607, 



641, 645, 646 

Long Beach lo. 544 

Long Beach Point lo. 701 

Long Eddy po-/?.* 

Longlsland.101,121,3.^,^, 

Lone Island Sound... 644, 648, 
549. 633, 636, 637, 704, 706 

Long Lake t- 338 

Long Neck P-O. 666 

Long Pond cr. 395 

Long Pond mt. 302 

Longs Comers lo- •'f' 

Lookout mt- 663 

Loon la. 619,674 



Mabbettsville P- o. 277 

McConnelsville 10- 462 

McConnelsville p-V. 470 

McDuffee Town lo. 618 

McEwens Comers lo. 317 

McGraiwille P- v. 262 

McGrawville v. Ii5 

McUenry Valley ...cr. 168, 1,0 

Mclntyre Jnt. 19, 296, 303 

McUan P-f- 66, 

McMartin mt. 19, 296, 303 

McNalls Corners lo. 456 

McNutt Run cr. 6-3 

Macannon h- =ij' 

Macdonough P- v. --^ 

M-icdonoogh t- 2." 

Mac^don P' T' ^o9 

M.-icedon '• "9^ 

Macedon Center pv. 692 

Machias P- T- }lf, 

Machias t- 1^^ 

Mackies Comers v. 605 

Macomb -P- «- 679 

Macomb ••-'- 6,9 

Mad -tir- 230 

Mad ■■■^■*f 

Madison co. 101, 388 

Madison P- V. 39. 

Madison '- 39-- 

Madison Reservoir P- 39i 

Madison Square Jo. 42-3 

Madrid P-o- 5,9 

Madrid «■ 679 

Magnolia P-.O- 211 



Marbletown *- 664 

Marcellus '• *84 

MarceUus Falls P- v. «5 

Marcy mt. 19, 295, 296 

Marcy P- o- -165 

Marcy -l-'.- ^o? 

Marengo 

Margarettville. 



p. v. 691 
...p. T. 263 

.p. 696 

...p. v. 696 
...p. T. 435 
....p. V. 292 
...:...t. 292 

V. 666 

....p. V. 692 

t. 692 

isle 703 



Magriganies.. 



:.Ja. 708 



MiiarnesB r. 696,698,703^ 

,06 
Mahopac •»- 6« 



..p.o. 238 
...p.o. 628 

br. 261 

p. 261,647 
,...p.o. 262 
....p.o. 401 
,...p.T. 369 



Looueyville 

Loon Lake..* 

lA>rd9 

Lords 

Lordsville 

Lovetta Comers... 

Lorraine . 

Lorr.aine t- ??^ 

Lotville P-o. 318 

LoudonvUle lo. 166 

Louisville P-O. 6,9 

Louisville t- 67 J 

LouisvUle V. 536 

Louisville Landing.....p.o. 5,9 

Lowell P- ■'• £1 

Lower Black Rock 2S4 

Lower Chateaugay la. 309 

Lower Cincinnatns lo. 250 

Lower Cross Roads lo. 702 

Lower Ebenezer....- V. 293 

Lower Falls v. 304 

Lower Genesee Falls 402 

Lower Saranac la. 22, 311 

Lower Smith Clove lo. 608 

Low Hampton....- p.o. 083 

Lowvillo or. 3^5 

Lowville P-!-ii| 

LowvUle *- 3,8 

L.« -P-M^ 

Luce •>- 263 

Ludingtonvilla. P-o. 6-11 

Ludlow cr- 2-23 

Ludlowville P- v. 668 

Lumberland p.T. 645 

Lumberland t- 64o 

Liimbervillo P- o. 263 

Luna i3la450 



Mahopac 

Maine 

Maine 

Maiden 

Maiden Bridge.. 
Maliue 

Mallory 

Malloryville 

MiUone. 

Malone 

Malone 

Malta 

Malta 

Malta Ridge 

Maltaville 



p. V. 541 
...p. T. 182 

t. 182 

...p. v. 668 
...p. v. M4 

lo. 623 

p. 643 

Jo. 656 

....p. T. 312 

t. 311 

V. 307 

,...p. 0. 590 

t. 590 

lo. 690 

....p. 0. 590 



Mamakating P-o- 646 

Mamakating --t- 646 

Mamaroneck cr. 505, ,01 

Mamaroneck p. v- 701 

Mamaroneck r. 511,696,707 

Mamaroneck t. 701 

Mamaroneck Bay 701 

Manchester lo- 274 

Manchester t- «97 

Manchester --v- 464 

Manchester Bridge..p. 0.272, 274 

Mandana P-v. 487 

Manhasset P- v- 560 

Manhasset Bay -644, 549 

Manhasset Neck lo- 560 

Manhattan isle 418, 437 

Manhattan S.iuare lo. 423 

Manhattanville p.o. 419 

Manhoim «- 346 

Manheim Center po. 34b 



Maria 

Mariaville 

Slarietta 

Marilla 

Marilla 

Mariners Harbor.. 

Marion 

Marion 

Marketts 

Marlborough mt. 665 

Marlborough -p. V- 665 

Marlborough -t- 664 

Marrowback yli- 383 

Marsh cr. 614 

Marshall P- o. 465 

Marshall *- «65 

M.ar8hfleld p.o. 292, 667 

Marsh Pond P- 673 

Miirshvillo lo. 412,5,8 

Martindale Corners lo. 686 

Martindale Depot p.o. 244 

Martins cr. 377, 378 

Martinsburgh -P- v. 378 

Martinsville p- o. 456 

Martville P- o. 205 

Marvin P- o. 213 

Marv n>«- 302 

Maryland p- v. 634 

Maryland t- 634 

Marvsville -V. 642 

Masbnville p. T. 263 

Masouville -t- 263 

Maspeth P- 0- 640 

Massena P-v. 679 

Massena t. 679 

Massena Center p-v. 580 

Massena Springs v. 580 

Masten P- 6*6 

Mastic lo- 634 

Mastic r. 634 

Mathewson P- 227 

Matinicock lo. 551 

Mattasbuck Ji- 245 

Matteawan mts. 267, 601 

Matteawan P- v. 271 

Mattituck P-v. 640 

Mawav r- 671 

Ma.yfleld cr. 314 

Ma'yfleld P- v. 318 

Mayfield .t. 318 



Manlius 

Manlius 

Manlius Center.. 
Manlius Station.. 
Manns 



..p. v. 

...p.v. 



Maynard .br- 269 

Mayville P-t- 2" 

Meads cr. 609, 611, 623 

Meadville lo. 691 

Meanagh cr. 699 

Mechanic lo. 278 

Meclianicsville lo. 327, 671 

MechanicBville p. T. 693 

Mechanic Town v. 610 

Mockk-nburgh 4). v. 611 

Mccox Bay 631 

Medford lo. 634 

Medina P.v. 615 

Medusa p. T. 165 

Mcllenville P- T. 244 

Melville •▼• 636 

Melvina '°- =49 

Memlon p. v. «« 

Mendon -*• 46* 

Mendon Center p. t. 400 

Mentz ■-»- 2ra 

MerchantvUlo -lo. 621 



732 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAGE 

Meredith p.o. 263 

Mert^dith t. 263 

Meredith Square v. 263 

Meridian p. v. 201 

Merino Point mt. 246 

Merrel(^vUIe lo. 392 

Merrick p. o. 547 

Meriill cr. 253 

Merrillsville p. o. 311 

Merritt Island lo. 510 

Meesena Springs 26 

Mesaengerville p. o. 255 

Messina Spring 482 

Metauques p. 646 

Mettowee r. 682 

Mexico p. V. 522 

Mexiw t. 522 

Michaels Brook br. 541 

Michigan cr. 623, 627 

Middle - br. 262 

Middle isle 705 

Middlel-urgh p. v. 606 

Mid.lU-biirgh t. 606 

Mid.liebury t. 714 

Middle tbenezer v. 293 

Middle Falls 710 

Middlefield p. o. 534 

Middh-field t. 534 

Middlefield Center p. v. 534 

Middle Genesee Falls 402 

Middle Granville p. v. 682 

Middle Grove p.o. 589 

Middle Hope p. v. 509 

Middle Island p.o. 634 

Middleport lo. 392 

Middleport p. v. 456 

Middlesex p. o. 720 

MidtWsex t. 720 

Middlesex Center v. 720 

Middletown hr. 223 

Middletown...lo. 549,571, 700 

Middletown p. v. 510 

Middletown t. 263 

Middletown .v. 689 

Middle Village lo. 549 

Middleville p. v. 343 

Midroadville v. 636 

Midway p. o. 334 

Milan p. o. 273 

Milan t. 272 

Milan .v. 203 

Milanville lo. 273 

Milburn lo. 547 

Milfoid p.o. 534 

Miltord t. 634 

Milford Center. v. 534 

Military p. 236, 238 

Mill br. 203, 223, 296. 6(i3. 

685. 715 

Mill cr. 186, 211, 263, 375, 

636, 554, 616, 675 

Mill p. 316, 647 

Mill Branch v. 283 

Mill Brook... p. v. 674 

Millbnrn lo. 182 

Millens Bay„ p. o. 356 

Millers br. 204 

Millers Corners lo. 557 

Millers Place p. o. 633 

Miilerton lo. 273 

Mill Grove p. v. 282 

Mill Grove v. 194 

Mill Neck cr. 644 

Millport p. V. 222 

Millsburgh v. 511 

Mills Corners lo. 326 

Mills Comers p. o. 317 

Mills MiUs p. o. 174 

Tllilltown p. v. 543 

Mill Valley v. 606 

Millville lo. 554 

Millville p. T. 516 

Milo t. 720 

Mila Center p. v. 720 

Milton lo. 705 

Milton p. V. 665 

Milton t. 590 

Milton Center lo. 590 

Mina p.o. 214 

Miiia t. 214 

Mina Corners v. 214 

Minas Fall cr. 568 

Minaville p. v. 413 

Mine Kil 600, 605 

Mine Kil Falls. p. o. 605 

Mineola p. v. 550 

.Miutrs cr. 669 



PAGE 

Minerva p. o. 302 

Minerva t. 302 

Minetto or. 526 

Minetto p. v. 526 

Minden p. o. 414 

Mindt-n t. 414 

Mindenville p. v. 414 

Minieceongo cr. 56S 

Minisiiik p. o. 507 

Minieink t. 507 

Misery mt. 703 

Mitchflls p. 044 

Mitchellville p. v. 629 

Mixville v. 174 

Modcna p. v. 665 

Modern Times.. v. 637 

Moffatts Store p. v. 248 

Moffatville v. 359 

Mogadore lo. 327 

Mohawk p. V. 344 

Mohawk r. 21. 23. 165, 165, 

340.343,344,345,407.458. 

462, 463, 465, 466, 584. 689, 

593, 595. 

Mohawk t. 415 

Mohawk ville lo. 597 

Muhegan la. 708 

Moira p. o. 312 

Moira t. 312 

Moira C^^rners v. 312 

Molly, Mount h. 277 

MongJiup la. 647 

Mongaup p. o. 646 

Mongaup r. 506, C41. 647 

Mongaup Valley p. v. 643 

Monhagan cr. 510 

Monroe co. 101. 103, 395 

Monroe p. v. 507 

Monroe t. 507 

Monroe Works p. o. 508 

Munst-y p. o. 571 

Mousey Depot. lo. 671 

Mont;igue p. o. 378 

MontHLiue t. 378 

Mont^tuk Point lo. 635 

Montirey lo. 277 

Monter^-y v. 611 

Montezuma p. v. 203 

Montezuma t. 203 

Montezuma Marshes 197 

Montgomery...co. 101, 103, 4U7 

Mont^:omcry p. 646 

Monfgnmery p. v. 508 

Montgomery t. 608 

Monticello p. v. 647 

Montic.llo v. 537 

Montrose lo. 550 

Montrose Point lo. 699 

Montville lo. 570 

MontvUle v. 203 

Moodna p.o. 510 

Mooers p. v. 238 

Moners t. 23S 

Mooers Forks p. o. 238 

Moon la. 576 

Moordeners cr. 554 

Moordeners Kil 559 

Moore mt. 303 

Moose cr. 304 

Moose p. 303 

Moose r. 375 

Moravia p. v. 203 

Moravia t. 203 

Moreau t. 590 

Moreau Station p. o. 590 

Morehouse t. 3.38 

Morehouseville p.o. 339 

Moreland p.o. 611 

Moresville p. o. 264 

Morganville p. v. 328 

Moriah p. V. 303 

Moriah t. 302 

Moriches p. t. 634 

Moriugvilie p. o. 700 

Morley p. v. 575 

Morris p. o. 535 

Morris t. 535 

Morrjsania p. v. 701 

Morrisania. '. t. 701 

Morrisonville p. v. 240 

Morristown p. v. 580 

Morristown t. 5^0 

Morrisville p. v. 390 

Morseville p. o. 605 

Moreston p. v. 647 

MortODK Cornera p. v. 2v''9 

MortoDville .^ .p.o. 510 



PAGE 

Moscow .p. V. 384 

MoFes Kil 679 

MosherviUe p. o. 689 

Mosquito Cove ba. 560 

Mosquito Neck lo. 550 

Moss Street v. 685 

Mother cr. 416 

Mntt Haven p. v. 701 

Motts Corners p. t. 655 

Motts Point lo. 649 

Mottville p. V. 487 

Mountain br. 259 

Mountain Brook lo. 260 

Mountain Ridge mt. 395 

Mount Airv lo. 699 

Mount Basha 501, 507 

Mount Hope t,, p. v. 608 

Mount Hope Cemetery..lo. 404 

Mount Kisko p. o. 702 

Mount Kisko. -..p. v. 698 

Mount Misery lo. 633 

Mount Morris p. v. 385 

Mount Morris t. 385 

Mount Morris Square ...lo. 423 
MountOlivet Cemetery. -lo. 549 

Mount Pleasant p. v. 589 

Mount Pleasant t. 702 

Mount Rascal h. 505 

Mount Riga p. 273 

Mount Ross lo. 274 

Mount Sinai p. v. 633 

Mount Tipton p. v. 227 

Jluuut \'<Tnon p. v. 699 

Mount Vision p.o. 534 

Mount \VashingtoD....p. o. 628 

Mourning Kil 587,588 

Moxons mt. 674 

Muckle h. 277 

Mud cr. 21. 223, 451. 456. 

487, 491, 496, 622, 691, 692 

Mud la. 190, 210, 349. 483. 

588. 612. 619 
Mud p. 201,236, 273. 304. 

645, 647 

Muddy br. 542 

Muddy p. 543 

Mu-ldy Kil 667 

Mudge cr. 691 

Mud Lick cr. 222 

Muitzes Kil 559 

Muitses Kill V. 6.59 

Mumford p. v. 406 

Muncey h. 255 

Munnsville p. v. 393 

Murder cr. 279,292,326, 

327, 712 

Murderers Kil 501 

Murray p. o. 515 

Murray t. 515 

Murray Depot lo. 515 

Muscoot cr. 696 

Muscoot ., r. 706 

Musquito h. 604 

Mutton ville v. 495 

Myers Corners lo. 272 

Myersville lo. 276 



Nanticoke 


....cr. 179, 


182, 651, 662 


Nanticoke 


t. 1>'2 


Nanlicoke Springs.. 


..p. 0. 182 


Nannct 


..p. T. 6(59 


Napanock 


. p. V. 668 


Napeague Hai'bor.... 


G34 


Naples 


..p. V. 497 




t. 497 


Napoli 


..p. T. 193 


Napoli 


t. 193 




....cr. fi24 


Narrowsburgh 


..p. V. 6+8 


Nashville 


..p. V. 213 


Nassau 


..p. V. 557 




t. 557 


Natural Hridge 


..p. V. 363 


NauDiburg 


..p. o. 376 


Navarino 


..p. ». 485 


Near Kockaway 


....lo. 647 


Neat^hwanta 


la. 621 


Nehtaways Cave. 


....lo. 606 




....cr. 622 


NelBon 


..p. 0. 393 


Nelson 


t. 393 


Nelson Flats 


v.'393 


Nelson Hill 


h. 701 


Nelsotiville 


V. 542 


Neperhan 


...cr. 700 


Neperhan 


..p. o. 702 



?Aori 

Neperhan r. 696, 702, 707 

Nevereink p. o. 647 

Neversink .r. 21,501. 506. 

641, 647 

Neversink t. 646 

Neversink Flata v. 647 

New Albion p. v. 193 

New Albion t 193 

Newark p. v. 690 

Newnrk t. 651 

Newark Bay 663 

Newark A'ailey p. v. f5l 

New Astoria lo. 6W 

New Baltimore p. v, 334 

New Baltimore t. 334 

Now Beacon mt. 26" 

New Berlin p. v. 22f 

New Berlin t. 227 

New Berlin Center p. o. 22S 

New Boston lo. 692 

New Boston p. o. 379 

New Bremen p.o. 378 

New Bremen t. 378 

New Bridge lo. 547 

New Brighton p. v. 566 

New Britain p. o. 248 

New Brooklyn lo. 367 

Newburgh lo. 713 

Newburgb p. v. 509 

Newburgh t. 508 

New Castle p.o. 702 

New Castle t. 702 

New Centerville p.o. 520 

New City v. 166, 569 

Newcomb la. 22 

Newcomb t. 303 

New Concord v. 244 

New Dorp p. o. 667 

New Ebenezer lo. 293 

Newfane p.o. 454 

Newfaue t. 464 

Newfield p. T. 658 

Newfield t. 658 

New Forge lo 249 

New Graefenberg p. o. 344 

New Hackensack. p. v. 27? 

New Hamburgh p. v. 274 

New Hampton p. v. 611 

New Hartford p. v. 468 

New Hartford t. 466 

New Haven p. v. 623 

New Haven t. 523 

New Hope v, 204 

New Hudson p. o. 175 

New Hudson Corners v. 175 

New Huiley p. o. 665, 667 

New Inlet 644 

New Kingston .p.o. 263 

Newkirks .Mills p. t. 317 

New Lebanon p. o. 248 

New Lebanon t. 248 

New Lebanon Ccnter..p. v. 248 

New Lebanon Ppring.« 26 

New Lei anon Springs-.p.o. 248 

New Lisbon p, o. 635 

New Lisbon t. 535 

New Lisbon Center lo. 535 

New London p. v. 470 

New Lots t. 373 

New Milford p. v. 510 

New Ohio p. o. 181 

New Oregon p. o. 292 

New Paltz p. v. 666 

New Paltz t. 665 

New Paltz Landing ...p. v. £64 

Newport p. V. 347 

Newpnrt t. 347 

New Road p. o. 265 

New Rochelle p. v. 702 

New Rochelle t. 702 

New Russia p. v. 301 

New .''alem p. v. If4 

New Salem v. 4i'6 

New Scotland p. v. If4 

New Scotland t. 164 

New Springville , p. o. 666 

Newstead t. 292 

New Suffolk V. 640 

New Sweden p. v. 236 

Newton ville..... p. o. 166 

Newtown cr. 219, 221, 

222, 365, 367, 548, 549 

Newtown lo. 589 

Newtown - p. v. 649 

^'e^^'town t. 548 

New Utrecht p. v. 373 

New Utrecht t. 373 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



733 



PAGE 1 

New Vernon v. 6US 

Now Village p. 0. 634 

Newyille p. v. 343 

NewviUe T. 629 

New Windsor t. 609 

New Windsor v. 509 

New Woodstock -p. v. 450 

New York Co. 418 

Ndw York Bay 367, 

437, 663, 566 

New York City t. 418 

New York Harbor 563 

New York Mills p. o. 465 

New Y'ork Mills v. 471 

New Y"ork Upper Mills.., v. 465 

Niagara co. 101, 449 

Niagara r. 20, 22, 122, 

279, 284, 449, 453, 465 

Niagara t. 454 

Niagara Citv T. 455 

Niasiira Fal'ls 450 

Niagara Falls p. v. 455 

Nichols p. 0. 661 

Nichols t. 661 

NicholviUe p. v. 578 

Niggar p. 571 

Nile p. T. 173 

Niles p. o. 204 

Niles t. 204 

Nine h. 537 

Nine Corners lo. 204 

Nine Mile cr. 458. 463, 465, 

474. 4S0, 4S3, 485, 522, 628 

Nineveh p. o. 181 

Nipi)le Top mt. 19, 296, 304 

Niskayuna lo. 597 

Niskayuna t. 597 

Nissequague lo. 638 

Ni3se<iuague r. G37 

NisseQuague Harbor ba. 637 

Nissequague Neck 637 

Niverville p. v. 247 

Nobles Corners v. 675 

Nol.lesvillc V. 635 

Norfolk p. T. 580 

Norfolk t. 6811 

Normans Kil 156, 

163. 164, 695, 696, 597 

NormanskiU p. o. 163 

Norrisville v. 240 

Nortli...,...p. 273, 620, 647, 701 

North .4dains p. o. 355 

North Albany lo. 166 

North Almond p. o. 170 

Northampton p. v. 318 

Northampton t. 318 

North ArL'yle p. o. 679 

North Bangor p. o. 308 

North B.arton p. o. 660 

North n.<iy p. V. 470 

North Bergen p. o. 325 

North Blenheim p. o. 603 

North Bloomfield p. v. 600 

North Boston p. v. 283 

North Branch p. v. 644 

North Bridgewater.....p. v. 463 

North Broadalbio p. o. 317 

North Brookfleld ......p. v. 390 

North Brother isle 54-8 

North Bntralo p.o. 2S4 

North BurKe p.o. 309 

North Cambridge p. o. 680 

North Cameron'. p. o. 623 

North Castle p. v. 703 

North Caatle t 703 

North Chatham p. v. 244 

North Chemung p.o. 221 

North Chili p.T. 398 

North Clarence p.o. 289 

North Clarksun p. o. 405 

North Cohocton _.p. v. 624 

North Collins t. 292 

North Colli.ia v. 292 

North Copake p.o. 245 

North Creek p. v. 675 

North Cuba v. 173 

North Dansville t. 385 

Northeast p. o. 273 

Northeast t. 273 

Northeast Center p. v. 273 

North Ea-ston p.o. 681 

Northe.i8t Station p. o. 273 

North Elba p.o. 303 

N.irthKlba t. 303 

North Evans p. v. 290 

Northfleld t. 5tj6 

North Franklin p.o. 261 



PACK 

North Gage p. o. 463 

North Galway p.o. 589 

North Granville p. v. 682 

North Greece p. v. .399 

North Greenbush t. 557 

North Greenfield p.o. 689 

North Greenwich p. v. 683 

North Hamden p.o. 261 

North Harperstield p. o. 2G2 

North Hartford v. 684 

North Haverstraw p. v. 570 

North Hebron p. v. 684 

North Hector p. o. 611 

North Uenipstead p.o. .550 

North Hempstead t. 649 

North Hill h. 211 

North lloosick p. v. 556 

North Hudson p. v. 804 

North Hudson. t. 304 

North Huron p. v. 691 

North Islip v. 637 

North Java p. v. 714 

North Kortright p. v. 262 

North Lansing p. o. 658 

North Lawrence p. v. 578 

North Lincklaen p. o. 227 

North Manlina p.o. 546 

North Nassau .p. v. 657 

North Norwich p. v. 228 

North Norwich t. 228 

North Parma p. o. 400 

North Pembroke p.o. 327 

North Pharsalia _.p.o. 229 

North Pitcher p. v. 229 

North Pittstown v. 658 

Northpoit Bay 6.36 

Northport Harbor 636 

Northport p. v. 636 

North Potsdam p.o. 582 

North Reading p.o. 612 

North Kidge p. o. 453 

North Ridgeway p. o. 515 

North Rome Jo. 466 

North Hush p. v. 406 

North Russell p.o. 5S2 

North Salem p. v. 704 

North .«aleni t. 703 

North .Sandy cr. 355, 357 

North Sanford p. o. 183 

North Scrilia p.o. 628 

North Sheldon p. o. 715 

North ^^bole p.o. 566 

North Sparta p.o. 386 

North Sti ph.ntown...p. c. 660 

North .-^t.iling p.o. 205 

Noith .■^tcickholm p. o. ,582 

N(-rthniiiberlaiid p. o. 591 

Nortliumberland t. 691 

North Uibana p. v. 628 

North Valley lo. 176 

Northville p. v. 318 

Northville v. 202, 637 

North West Bay 673 

North West Bay hr. 674 

Northwest Harbor ba. 634 

North We.stern p. v. 470 

North White Creek ...p. v. 680 

North Wilna p. o. 363 

North Wilson ,p. o. 457 

Norton Hill p. v. 332 

Nortons Mills p.o. 496 

Norway p. v. 347 

Norway t. 347 

Norwich lo. 551 

Norwich p. V. 228 

Norwich t. 228 

Nowadaga cr. 340 

Nunda p. v. 385 

Nunda t. 386 

Nunda Station p. v. 385 

Nvack p. V. 670 

Nyack Hills h. 568 

Nyack Turnpike p. o. 669 

Oak cr. 533, 536 

Oak Isle 6:i6 

Oak jnt. 688 

Oakfinld lo. 327 

Oalitield p. 0. 327 

Oaklield t. 327 

Oak Hill h. 668 

Oak Hill p.T. 245, 332 

Oak T«land Beach 6.'i6 

Oakland p. v. 386 

Oakland v. 645 

Oak Orchard cr. 20. 22, 320, 

324, 326, 612, 616 



PAOE 

Oak Orchard p. v. 515 

Oak Orchard Acid Spg3...1o. 324 

Oak Orchard Harbor lo. 514 

Oak Point p. v. 577 

Oak Ridge lo. 413 

Oaks Corners p.o. 498 

Oaksville p. V. 536 

Oatka er. 20,320, 328,396, 

40.% -10, 713, 714, 716 

Obernlmrgh v. 645 

Oblong p. 273 

Oblong p. 0. 273 

Odessa p. V. 610 

Ogden .p.o. 400 

Ogden t. 400 

Ogden Center ".....v. 400 

Ogdcns isle 579 

Ogdensburgh p. v. 580 

Ohio p. o. 347 

Ohio t. 347 

Ohio City v. 347 

Ohioville lo. 666 

Oil cr. 168. 173, 191 

OU Spring 173, 186 

Okkanuui cr. 179 

Olean cr. 191, 193 

Olean p.T. 193 

Olean t. 193 

Olcott p. V. 464 

Old Attlebury lo. 277 

Old AquelH^gue -v. 637 

Old Beacon mt. 19, 267, 2^1 

Old Castle Jo. 499 

Old Dam Fall cr. 606 

Old Field Point lo. 633 

Old Mans Harbor 633 

Old Morrisania lo. 702 

Old Orchard ^hoal lo. 260 

Old Place lo. 666 

Old Schaghticoke lo. 659 

Olive p. v.'666 

Olive t. 665 

Olive Bridge p. 0. 665 

Olive City v. 666 

Olmsteadvillc p. v. 302 

Olympus .mt. 560 

Omar p. o. 360 

Omar .v. 216 

Oneida co. 101, 103, 110. 468 

Oneida cr. 3S8. 458, 469, 470 

Oneida la. 20, 22, 388, 468. 

470, 474, 481, 617 

Oneida p. v. 392 

Oneida r. 474, 481, 617 

Oneida Castle p. v. 4li9 

Oneida Lake p. o. 392 

Oneida Outlet cr. 22 

Oneida Valley .p.T. 392 

Oneonta .p. v. 535 

Oneonta t. 636 

Oneonta Plains v. 535 

One Pino h. 610 

Oniskethau lo. 164 

Ontario co. 101. 103, 491 

Ontario la. 20, 22, 122, 197, 

204, 396, 617, 626, 688 

Ontaiio .p. v. 692 

Ontario t. 692 

Ontario Center v. 692 

Onondaga co. 101, 10.3,473 

Onondaga cr. 483. 485,489 

Onondaga ...la. 20,22,474,487 

Onondaga p.o. 485 

Onondaga t. 485 

Onondaga Castle .p.o. 485 

Onondaga Hill v. 485 

Onondaga Outlet cr. 474 

Onondaga Reservation 478 

Onondaga Salt Springs ... 473, 
479 

Onondaga Valley .p. v. 4S5 

Onoville p. o. 195 

Oppenheiin p. T. 318 

Oppenheim t. 318 

Oquaga cr. 179, 183. 

Oqua.-a Hill mt. 184 

Oramel p. v. 172 

Oran p. t. 486 

Orange co. 101, 103, 110,501 

Orango la. .509 

I l>range p.o. 611 

Omn^e t. 611 

Orange Lake Ontlet cr. 509 

Orange Mills lo. 671 

Oriingeport p. v. 456 

Orangetown t. 570 

OrangeTille p. o. 714 



PAGE 

Orangeville t. 714 

Oraiigeville Center .t. 714 

Orebed p. 681 

Oregon p. o. 218 

Oregon v. 643. 699 

Orient lo. 639 

Orient p. v. 640 

Orienta lo. 701 

Orient Harbor. C40 

Oriakany cr. 393, 392, 468, 

462, 464. 466, 471 

Oriskany p. v. 471 

Oriskany F.alla p. v. 462 

Orleans CO. 103,612 

Orleans p. v. 498 

Orieans t. 369 

Orleans FonrCorner3..p. 0. 360 

Orville v. 447 

Orwell p. o. 623 

Orwell t. 623 

Orwell Corners t. 623 

Osborne cr. 616 

Osborne Hollow p.o. 181 

Osborns Bridge -p. o. 318 

Oscawana isle 699 

Osceola p. o. 379 

Osceola t. 378 

Ossian p. 0. 386 

Ossian t. 386 

Ossiau Center v. 386 

Ossining t. 704 

Oswago cr. 173 

Oswaya cr. 173,186, 194 

Oswegatchie r. 21, 23, 375, 

376, 672, S76, 677, 680 

Oswegatchie t. 580 

Oswego CO. 617 

Oswego r. 20, 22, 122, 474, 

483, 617, 521, 523, 627, 628 

Oswego t. 526 

Oswego City t. 623 

Os\vc.go Falls p. v. 521 

Oswego Falls 621,524 

Oswego Village p. o. 277 

Otego cr. 630,533,634, 535 

Otego .....p. v. f!'* 

Otego .-.t. 636 

Otisco a. 474,486 

Otisco p. T. 4S6 

Otisco t. 486 

Otisco Inlet .cr. 474, 699 

OtisTille p. v. 608 

Otsdawa cr. 536 

Otsdawa p. v. 536 

Otsego .CO. 101, 103, 630 

Otsego la. 21, 22, 630 

Otsego t. 636 

Otsego Lake p. o. 536 

Olselic cr. 228, 229, 338 

Otselic p. V. 223 

Otselic r. 178, 183, 223, 250, 

251, 265 

Otselic t. 228 

Otsquaga cr. 348, 407, 414 

Otsquene cr. 414 

Otter br. 252 

Otter cr. 201, 376, 601, 514 

Otter la. 201, 466 

Otter Kil 504, 500 

Otterkill T. 60T 

Otterville p.o. 607 

Otto p. o. 194 

Otto t. 193 

Otto Corners v. 189 

Ouaquaga p.o. 181 

Ouleout .cr. 267, 201, 264 

Onleout p. v. 263 

Ontlet cr. 687 

OTerackers Comers lo. 720 

Overlook ,mt. 668 

Ovid p.T. 616 

Oviil t 616 

Ovid Center v. 618 

Ovid Landing lo. 616 

Owaaco...la. 20. 22, 197, 204, 206 

Owaaco p. v. 204 

Owasco t. 204 

Owasco lnlet...cr. 202, 206, 657 

Owasco Lake p. o. 202 

Owasco Outlet cr. 199,203 

Owego cr. 253. t65 

Oweco h. 250, 252, 2^5 

Owe.'o cr. 649, 650, 651, 662 

Owego p. V. 6.52 

Owego t. 649, 661 

Owens p. 643 

Owl Kil 679, 680 



734 



INDEX TO GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAGE 

Owl Pond 692 

Owls Ilead mt. 309 

Ox cr. 621 

Ox Bow p. V. 366 

Oxford p. T. 229 

Oxford t. 228 

Oxford Depot p. 0. 505 

Oyster p. 635 

Oyster Bay 54-t 

Oyster Bay p. v. 550 

Oyster Bay t. 550 

Oyster Haibor 544 

Padgets br. 223,377 

Pages br. 223 

Pages Corners lo. 589 

Pages Corners p. v. 349 

Paiues cr. 202 

Paines Hollow p. o. 344, 346 

Paint cr. 595 

Painted Post p.Y. 625 

Painter la. 620 

Palatine p. o. 416 

Palatine t. 416 

Palatine Bridge p. v. 416 

Palatine Church. lo. 416 

Palensville p. v. 332 

Palermo p. v. 526 

Palirmo t. 626 

Palisades p. o. 570 

PaImertowll...mt. 295,684,688, 
689, 677, 681 

Palmyra p. v. 692 

Palmyra t. 692 

Paltz Point mt. 665 

Pamelia t. 360 

PameliaFourCorners..p. V. 360 

Pamelia Village v. 360 

Panama p. v. 213 

Panther cr. 605 

Panther Hill mt. 646 

Panther Kil 600 

Paradox la. 304 

Paris P.O. 466 

Paris t. 466 

Parish p. o. 626 

Parish t. 526 

Paris Hill t. 466 

Parishville p. v. 581 

Parishville t. 681 

Parishville v. 626 

Parishville Center lo. 581 

Parksville p. v. 645 

Parker cr. 533 

Parkers p. 201 

Parma p.o. 400 

Parma. t. 400 

Parma Center p.T. 400 

Parma Corners v. 400 

Partridge Island lo. 262 

Pascasck cr. 570 

Patchin p.o. 283 

Patchin Hollow v. 603 

Patchins Mills lo. 628 

Patchogue bay 633, 634 

Patchogue p. v. 634 

Patroon cr. 155 

PattAwassa la. 657 

Patterson .p. v. 542 

Patterson t. 541 

Pattens Mills p. v. 685 

Panghcaughnaugh8ink..cr. 606 

Paul cr. 688 

Pavilion p. v. 327 

Pavilion t. 327 

Pavilion Center p. v. 327 

Pawling p. V. 273 

P.iwling t. 273 

Peach p. 543, 703 

Peach Orchard v. 611 

Pearl cr. 713 

Pearl Creek p. v. 713 

Peasleville v. 238 

Peiit h. 505 

Pecks or. 261 

Pecksville lo 271 

Peconic J. 23,631,637 

Peddlers h. 604 

Peeks cr. 261 

Peekskill Bay 699 

Peekskill cr. 696 

Peekskill p.T. 699 

Peekskill Hollow br. 698 

Peekskill Hollow cr. 641 

Peekskill Hollow lo. 640 

Peekskill Hollow mts. ^1 

Pekiu p. V. 453 



PAGE 

Pelham p.o. 705 

Pelham t. 704 

Pelham Neck 704 

Pelham Priory v 705 

PelharaviUc !o. 704 

Peltons p. 643 

Peltonville p.o. 627 

Pembroke p. o. 327 

Pembroke t. 327 

Penataquit p. v. 636 

Pendleton p.o. 455 

Pendleton t. 465 

Pendleton Center p.o. 465 

Penfleld p. v. 401 

Penfleld t. 401 

Penfleld Center v. 401 

Pennelville p. v. 627 

Peiin Yan p. v. 720 

Penny Bridge lo. 549 

Peoria lo. 164 

Peoria p. v. 713 

Peoria v. 162 

Pepacton p. o. 260 

Pepacton. r. 21, 257 

Perch la. 352 

Perch r. 361, 356 

Perch River p. o. 356 

Perigo Hill h. 658 

Perinton t. 401 

Perkinsville v. 628 

Perry p. 644 

Perrv .....p. v. 715 

Perry t. 716 

Perry Center p. v. 715 

Perry City p. v. 611 

Perrysbnrgh p. v. 194 

Perrysburgh t. 194 

Perr'ys Mills p.o. 237 

Perryville p.v. 391, 394 

Persia t. 194 

Peru lo. 482 

Peru p.T. 238 

Peru t. 2.38 

Peru Landing lo. 2.38 

Peruville p. v. 657 

Peterboro p. v. 393 

Petersburgh lo. 606 

Peter6burgh...mt. 652. 555, 677 

Petersburjih p. v. 657 

Petersburgh t. 657 

Petersbargh Four Corners 

p. V. 568 

Peters Kil 666 

Petersville. v. 703 

Peth T. 190 

Petre isle 541 

Pharaoh la. 304 

Pharaoh mt. 19, 295, 304 

Pharsalia p. t. 229 

Pharsalia t. 229 

Phelps p. T. 498 

Phelps t. 497 

Philadelphia. p.T. 360 

Philadelphia t. 360 

Philips cr. 168, 170 

Pbilipsburgh lo. 510 

Philips Creek p.T. 175 

Phillipsport p.o. 646 

Philipstown t. 542 

Philipeville p.T. 170 

Philmont p. v. 244 

Phtenicia p.o. 667 

Phoenix p. v. 627 

Pickleville t. 339 

Pierce cr. 195 

Piermont- p.T. 570 

Pierrepont p.o. 581 

Pierrepont t. 581 

Pierrepont Manor p.T. 3.57 

Piffard p.o. 387 

Piffaidinia v. 387 

Pike br. 680 

Pike cr. 290, 309 

Pike p. 644 

Pike p. v. 715 

Pike t. 716 

Pike Five Corners lo. 715 

Pike Pond p.v. 644 

Pillar Point p.o. 356 

Pinckney p. o. 379 

Pinckney t. 379 

Pine h. 606, 507, 642, 569 

Pine isle 705 

Pine la. 317 

Pino p. 541 

Pines Bridge p. o. 708 

Pine Bush lo. 392 



PAGE 

Pine Bush p.v. 606 

Pine GroTe p.o. 612 

Pine Hill lo. 326 

Pine Hill p.T. 667 

Pine Island 610, 542 

Pine Kil 546 

Pin Orchard....mt. 19, 329, 333 

Pine Plains p.T. 274 

Pine Plains t. 273 

Pine Pond br. 641 

Pine Valley p.o. 222 

Pineville v. 201, 520 

Pine Woods p.o. 391 

Pinnacle mt. 677 

Pipe cr. 649, 662 

Piscawen cr. 561 

Piseco lo. 337 

Pisgah h. 541 

Pisgah mt. 19. 269 

Pitcuirn p. o. 581 

Pitcairn t. 681 

Pitcher p.v. 229 

Pitcher t. 229 

Pitcher Springs p. o. 229 

Pitch Off mt. 302 

Pittsfleld p. 0. 636 

Pittafield t. 536 

Pittsford p. V. 401 

Pittaford t. 401 

Pittstown .p. o. 558 

Pittstown t. 5.5S 

Pittstown Corners t. 558 

Pittstown Station t. 658 

Placid la. 303 

Plainfleld t. 537 

Plainfleld Center t. 537 

Plainsville .t. 497 

Plainville p.T. 484 

Plank Road .p.o. 481 

Plasterville lo. 228 

Platners cr. 261 

Plato p.o. 189 

Platte Kil 263, 331, 416, 

660 

Pkttekill p. T. 665 

Plattekill t. 665 

Platter Kil 600,605 

Plattsburgh .p.T. 239 

Plattsbnrgh t. 239 

Pleasant br. 22.3, 230 

Pleasant cr. 351, 359 

Pleasant la. 22. 338, 3f.2. 679 

Pleasant p. 643, 647 

Pleasant Brook p. o. 637 

Pleasant Plains p.o. 270 

Pleasant Ridge p. o. 277 

Pleasant Valley..lo. 215,471, 640 

Pleasant Tallev p. t. 274 

Pleasant Valley t. 274 

Pleasantville p. v. 7u2 

Plessis p. V. 355 

Plumb br. 696 

Plum br. 706 

Plum cr. 170 

Plum Beach lo. 660 

Plum Gut 639 

Plum isle 639 

Plymouth h. 277 

Plymouth p. v. 229 

Plymouth t. 229 

Pocantico r. 696, 702 

Pochuck cr. 510 

Podunk br. 681 

Poesten Kil 654, 568, 560 

Poestenkill p. t. 658 

Poestenkill t. 658 

Point-au-Fer lo. 237 

Point-au-Roche 236 

Point Orleans lo. 360 

Point Peninsula p.o. 3.59 

Point Rock br. 462 

Poke-a-Moonshine mt. 300 

Poland p. T. 348 

Polnnd t. 214 

Poland Center p. o. 214 

Pole Hill h. 673 

Polkville p.v. 4S4, 611 

Pomfret t. 214 

Pompey h. 19 

Pompey.- p. o. 486 

Pompey t. 486 

Pompey Center p.o. 486 

Pompey Hill p.T. 486 

Ponchuck mt. 510 

Pond h. 610, 641 

Pond Eddy p.o. 646 

Poney lloilow p. o. 658 



PAGE 

PonK>ko8e -.h. 654 

Pontiac .p.T. 290 

Poolville p. T. 391 

Popes Mills p.o. 579 

Poplar Ridge t. 206 

Poplopens p. 507 

Port Bay 688, 691, 696 

Portage t. 386 

Portage Falls 710 

Portage Station .-. lo. 386 

Portageville p.v. 713 

Port Benjamin v. 668 

Port Byron p. v. 203 

Port Chester .p. v. 705 

Port Douglas lo. 300 

Port Crane t. 183 

Port Deposit lo. 616 

Porter t. 465 

Porters Corners p.v. 689 

Port Ewen p.T. 662 

Port Glasgow p.o. 691 

Port Henry p. t. 303 

Port Jackson _.lo. 238 

Port Jackson p.T. 413 

Port Jackson t. 666 

Port Jefferson bay 633 

Port Jefferson p.T. 633 

Port JerTis p. t. 606 

Port Kendall lo. 300 

Port Kent p. t. 300 

Portland p. o. 215 

Portland t. 215 

Portlandville f,o. 635 

Port Leyden .p.v. 377 

Port Morris v 702 

Port Nixon v. 668 

Port Ontario p.v. 627 

Port Richmond p.v. 666 

Portville p. V. 194 

Portville t. 194 

Port Washington p. o. 550 

PortWoodhull lo. 466 

Post cr. 219, 220, 624 

Post Creek p.o. 221 

Posts cr. 332 

Posts Corners v. 686 

Potick cr. 331, 332 

Potick h. 331 

Potick HUls h. 329 

Potsdam p.T. 581 

Potter .jj.o. 720 

Potter t. 720 

Potter Center t. 720 

Potter Hill p. o. 566 

Potters h. 566 

Potters Hollow p. o. 165 

Pottersville .p.T. 674 

Potsdam Junction lo. 582 

Potuck cr. 501 

Poughkeepsie t. 274 

Poughkeepsie City 274 

Poughkeepsie Rural Ceme- 
tery. lo. 276 

Poughquag p.T. 270 

Poultney r. 683 

Poundridge p. v. 705 

Pouudridge t. 705 

Powells Cove 544,546 

Prairie la. 317 

Pray h. 637 

Prattsburgh p v. 627 

Prattsburgh [. 627 

Pratts Falls 486 

Pratts Hollow p. v. 391 

Prattsville p.v. 334 

Prattsville t. 334 

Preble t. 254 

Preble Corners p.v. 254 

Prendergast cr. 208 

Preston p. 303 

Preston p. o. 2;J0 

Preston t. 229 

Preston Corners v. 230 

Preston Hollow p. v. 165 

Primes Bay 515, 563, 567 

Princetown p. o. 597 

Princetown t. 597 

Prickly Ash h. 507 

Pro8pect...h. 246, 276. 369. 414. 
541, 673 

Prospect lo. 327, 34,8 

Prospect mt. 264, 702 

Prospect p. V. 46.S 

Prospect Hill lo. 705 

Prospect Hill v. 704 

Prospect Point lo. 649 

Prospect Station lo. 468 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAGE I 

Protection p- o. 292 

ProTidence p- o. 691 

Providence t. 591 

Psauticoke Swamp 557 

Pugsley8 Depot p. o. 655 

Pulnslii P- V. 527 

Pullcnev P-o 627 

I'ultuui-y t. 627 

Piiltoueyville p. v 694 

Pulvi-is Cornorn p.o. 274 

Piilvcrs St;iliou lo. 245 

Pumi.kin Jlill lo. 326 

Puinpliiu llnuk cr. 6S6 

Pumpkic Hook lo. 686 

Punch Kil 656, 600 

Punsit cr. 241 

Purchase lo. 703 

Purdy cr. 625 

Purdy Creek p.o. 625 

Purdys Station p.o. 704 

Purvis p. o. 647 

Putnam co. 101, 540 

Putnam cr. 296, 300 

Putnam mt. 681 

Putnam p.o. 685 

Putnam t. 685 



Red Hook 

Ked Houee 

fted KU 

Red Jacket 

Red Mills 

Red Uidgo 

Red Rock 

Redwood 

Reeds Coiners. 
Reeds Coiners 

Reeseville 

Keidsville 

RemBen ... 



P.^GE 

410 

cr. 186, 188 

263, 264 

p.o. 284 

p. V. 641 

h. 604 

lo. 243 

p. V, 355 

lo. 386 

p. V. 496 

V. 697 

...p. V. 162 
...p. V. 466 



Remsen t. 466 

Rensselaer CO. 101, 103, 552 

Rensselaer Falls p. v. 575 

Rensselaerville p. v. 165 

Rensselaerville t. 165 

Rensselaerwyck Manor..... 155 



Putnam Corners .v. 685 

l^utnams cr. 301 

Putnam Valley t. 542 

Quacken Kil 654, 665 

Quackenkill p.o. 555 

Quaker hr. 642 

Quaker cr. 506, 610 

Quaker Hill lo. 273 

Quaker Springs 691 

Quaker Springs p. T. 691 

Quaker Street -p. V. 696 

Quality Hill v. 392 

Quarryville p. v. 667 

Quassaic cr. 609 

Queechy lo. 243 

Queens Co. 103, 544 

Queens p. o. 548 

Queensbury lo. 245 

Queensbury p. v. 675 

Queensbury t. 675 

Quincy '■ 215 

Qttogue p. 0. 638 

Racket la. 22,337 

Kacket r. 21,23,307, 

309, 338, 572, 576, 580, 681 

Racket River p. V. 580 

Kacketville v. 582 

Ragged la. 309 

Kahway r. 666 

Kail Bridge cr. 695 

Kainer h. 604 

Ramapo mts. 568 

Ramapo r. 601, 668, 671 

Ramapo t. 671 

Ramapo v. 671 

Ramapo Works p. o. 571 

Rams Head 238 

Randalls isle 418, 419 

Randolph p. v. 196 

Randolph t. 194 

Randolph Center p. o. 1S4 

Ransoma cr. 282, 288 

Ransomville p. v. 466 

Rapids p. o. 454 

Rathbono t. 627 

Rathboneville p. v. 627 

Rattle h. 541 

Rattlesnake h. 454 

Rattlesnake isle 279 

R.aven Hill h. 296 

Raven Hill mt. 301 

...p. V. 549 
...p. o. 192 
...p. 0. 656 
...p. V. 668 
..p.o. 580 



Reserve 

Reservoir 

Reservoir Square.... 

Rexford Flats 

ReynaloB Basin 

Reynolds Corners... 

Reyuoldsville 

Rhinebeck 

Rhinebeck 

Rhinebeck Kil 

Rhinebeck Station. 

Rhoda.... 

Ithoderic. 

Rice 

Rice 

Rich 



,p. o. 293 

la. 191 

lo. 423 

..p. V. 687 
..p. V. 456 

lo. 590 

...p. v. 611 
...p. V. 277 

t. 276 

276 

...p. V. 277 
p. 241, 245 

mt. 264 

cr. 526 

V. 191 

la. 



P.\op. 

Rockland v. .570 

Rockland Lake p. v. 669 

Rockland Mount 19 

Rocky Point lo. 633 

Rock Stream cr. 721 

Rock Stream p. v. 721 

Rock Stream r. 721 

Rockville lo. 610 

Rockville p. o. 171 

Rockville V. 607 

Rockville Center p. v. 547 

Rockwood p. ". 3" 

Rocky h. 507, 510 

Rocky Hill lo. 646 

Rocky Poiut lo. 633 

Rodman p. v. 301 

Rodman t. 361 

Roeliff Jansens Kil... 241, 233, 
244, 245, 247, 248, 267, 272 

Rogers cr. 683 

Ronersville v. 625 

Roll Way Bluff. 

Rome 

Rome 

Romulus 

Romulus 

Romulus 

Romulus Center.... 



Sagcville.. 



735 

PAGB 
..p. V. 338 



Richburgh p. v. 176 

Richfleld p. o. 537 

Richfield t. 637 



h. 346 

p. T. 466 

t. 406 

p. V. 016 

.....p.v. 618 

.: t. 616 

_ .0. 616 

Rondout...cr. 23, 660, 662, 604, 
606, 668 



..isle 549 


.p. V. 


685 


....t. 


685 


....T. 


215 


.p.o. 


704 


.p.o. 


5110 



Rondout 

Ronkonkoma 

Root 

Root 

Rose br. 264 

Rose h. 707 

Rose P- o. 603 

t. 693 



..p.v. 603 

la. 631 

..p.o. 416 
t. 416 



Ravenswood 

Rawson 

Rawson Hollow.... 

Raymcrtown 

Raymoudville 

Rayville v. 244 

Reading p. o. 612 

Reading t. 612 

Reading Center p.v. 612 

Reads Corners lo. 399 

Red cr. 206 

Red Creek p. v. 695 

Red Falls p. T. 334 

Redlield p. o. 526 

Redlii-ld t. 626 

Kedford p. v. 340 

Redhook p. V. 276 

Bedhook t. 276 



Richfield Springs 26 Roseboom.. 

Richfield Springs p. v. 637 Roseboom.. 

Ricbl'urd p.v. 652 Rose Hill... 

Hicbford t. 652 Rosendale.. 

Richland t. 627 Rosendale.. 

Richland Station lo. 527 Rose Valley.. 

Richmond CO. 663 Roslyn... 

Richmond p. v. 666 Rossie.. 

Richmond t. 498 

Richmond Mills p. o. 498 

Richmond Valley p. o. 567 

RichmondviUe p. v. 606 

Richmondville .t. 606 

Rich's Corners lo. 614 

Richville lo. 327 

Richville p. v. 576 

Ridge p. 303 

Riders Mills v. 244 

RidL'e p.v. 3S5 

Ridgebiirv p. V. 611 

Ridse Mills V. 466 

Ridjeway .p. v. 615 

Ridgeway t. 615 

Rieds br. 261 

Riga p.o. 401 

Riga t. 401 

Riga Center v. 401 

Rikers isle 548 

Rikers Hollow p. o. 627 

RipliV h. 473 

Riplev P- o- 215 

Ripley t. 215 

Ri.'insville p. o. 627 

Riverhead p. V. 637, 638 

Riverhead t. 637 

River Road lo. 385 

River Road Forks p. o. 385 

Riveidale v. 708 

Roanoke p. T. 328 

Roaring br. 375, 660 

Roberts Corners..., p. o. 358 

Robertsonville p. o. 64.5 

Robins isle 631 

Robinsons p. 241, 245 

Robins Reef. 419 

Rochdale lo. 274 

Rochester t. 666 

Rochester City 402 

Rockaway p. o. 647 

Rockaway Beach.. ..lo. 544, 547 

Rock City lo. 173 

Rock City p. V. 273 

Rock City Mills. p. v. 590 

Rockdale p. v. 227 

Rock House h. 569 

Rockland CO. 101, 568 

R..cUland la. 669 

Rockland P.O. 647 

Rockland t. 647 



...p. V. 63' 

t. 537 

....p.o. 615 
...p. V. 666 

t. 666 

V. 693 

...p. V. 650 
....p.T. 682 



Rossie t. 582 

RossTille p. V. 567 

Rotterdam lo. 697 

Rotterdam t. 697 

Rough mts. 501, 610 

Rough and Ready p. v. 025 

Rouud h. 604, 605, 641 

Round In. 3.38 

Round mt. 541, 669 

Round p. 223, 273, 303, 309, 

399, 507, W5, 646 

Round Top h. 331 

Round Top mt. 19, 329, 333 

Rouses Point p.v. 237 

Roxbury p. v. 2M 

Roxbury t. 264 

Rovalton p. V. 456 



■ .10.638 

Sag°lIarbor p.v. 638 

St. Andrews p.o. 508 

St. Armand t. 304 

St. Armands Bay 236 

St. Helena p.v. 712 

St. James p. o. 637 

St. Jamesville v. 637 

St. Johns Park lo. 423 

St. Johnsville p.v. 416 

St. Johnsville t. 416 

St. Lawrence. .CO. 101, 103, 572 

Saint Lawrence p. o. 356 

St. Lawrence r. 20, 22, 23, 

672, 679 

St. Marys la. 707 

St. Marys P- VOl 

St, Regis la. 311 

St. Regi8....r. 23, 307, 309, 310, 
572, 576, 678, 581 

St. Regis V. 309 

St. Ronans Well... 

Salem 

Salem 

Salem 

Salem Center 

Salina 

Salina t. 487 

Salisbury p. o. 348 

Salisbury t. 348 

Salisbury Center p. v. 348 

Salisburv Corners v. 348 

Salisbury MiUs p.v. 504 

Salmon.....cr. 22, 395, 405, 526, 

664, 65S. 6S8, 694 

Salmon...r. 21, 22. 23. 122.232, 

307, 311, 812, 375, 517, 620, 

627. 

Salmon River p.o. 520 

Salmon River v. 239 

Salmon River Falls 523 

Salpeu p. 543 

Salt Point cr. 270 

Salt Point p.v. 274 

Salt Spriiigville p.o. 532 

Sammonsville p. v. 317 

Sam-po-wans br. 636 

Sampson -p. 236 

Samsouviile p. v. 665 

Sand la. 558, 588 

Sand p. 646, 647 

Sandanona mt. 19, 290, 303 

Sand Dank p.v. 520 

Sandhurgh cr. 060, 668 

Sander Kil 666 

Sandlbrd la. 22 

Sandfordville v. 682 

Sanford p. 303 

Sanford t. 183, p. v. 183 

Sanfords Corners p. v. 359 

Sand Lake p.v. 558 

Sand Lake t. 658 



Rov'aiton:::::;.".!;:;;; t. 456 sand pond br. 261 

„_Aj, « 07!t Snnflfl Cr. 2hl 



Ru'dds p. '-"3 

Run cr. 334 



Rural Hill 


p.o. 358 


Rush 


cr. 175, 291 


Rush 


p.o. 405 


Rush 


t. 404 


Rushford 


p.T. 175 


Rushford 


t. 175 


Rushville 


p.T. 720 


Russell 


_ P.O. 582 



Sands cr. 261 

Sands Point lo. 649, 660 

Sandstone cr. 627 

Sandusky p. t. 190 

Sandy.....cr. 122, 351, 369, 361, 
306, 612, 514 



Russell t. 582 

Russia p. V. 348 

Russia t. 347 

Russia V. 240 

Rutland p.o. 361 

Rutland t. 361 

Rutland Center v. 361 

Rntledge v. 189 

Rye p. 701.703 

Rye p.v. 705 

Rje t.705 

Ryebeach lo. 705 

Sabbath Day Point lo. 674 

Sackets p. M7 

Sackets Harbor p.v. .3.58 

Sacandaga...r. 21, 23, 314, 33S, 
684, 588, 580 

Sacanilaga Vlaie lo. 316 

Saddle mt. 677 

Sagamore la- 641 

Sage cr. 622 



Sandy Creek.... 
Sandy Creek.... 

Sandy Hill 

Sandy Hill 

Sandy Hook.... 
Sangerfleld 



p.o. 627 

t. 627 

cr. 538 

p.v. 685 

419 

p. 0. 467 



Sangerfleld t. 467 

Sangerfleld Center v. 467 

Saranac la- 309 

Saranac - P. 239 

Saranac p. v. 240 

Siu-anac..,...r. 21. 232, 236, 239, 
240, 303, 304, 307, 3H 

Samnac Falls 239 

Saranac Lake p.o. 303,311 

Saratoga co. 101, 5S4 

Saratoga la. 584, 590, 691 

Saratoga t. 591 

Saratoga Springs p.v. 592 

Sardinia p. v. 292 

Sardinia t. 292 

Saiioaville lo. 702 

Saugerties p. v. 666 

Saug,-rtie9 t. 666 

Sau.iuoit...cr. 458, 465, 466. 471 

Savannah p. v. 693 

Savannah t. 093 



73C 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAOE 

Savannah v. 693 

Savil p. o. 609 

Pavona p. v. 622 

Saw Kil 267, 276, 663 

fawMill hr. 706 

Sawmill Kun cr. 188 

Saw Jlill Station lo. 283 

Sawyers cr. 455, 456 

Sayville p. v. 636 

Scajafiuady cr. 284 

ScarsUale p. o. 705 

Scarsdale t. 705 

Scarsrtale Station lo. 705 

Schaghticoke p. o. 559 

Sclingbtifoke t. 558 

Scliagliticoke Hill v. 569 

Schagliticoke Point T. 559 

Schenectady City 698 

Schenectady co. 409, 595 

Scheuevas er. 530, 

633, 634, 53S 

Schcncvus p. v. 534 

Sohodack t. 659 

Schuditck Center p. o. 559 

Schodack Depot p. v. 559 

Schodack Landing p. v. 659 

Schoharie. co. 101, 104, 600 

Schoharie cr. 329, 333, 334, 

407, 596, 696, 600, 603, 
605, 606 

Schoharie _ mt. 595 

Schoharie p. t. 606 

Schoharie t. 606 

Schroeppel t. 527 

.Schioon ."...la. 304, 674 

Scbroon mt. 295, 

301, 302, 304. 
305, 336 

Schroon r. 296, 

304, 673, 674, 676 

Schroon t. 304 

Scliroon Lake p. v. 304 

Schroon lliver p. o. 304 

Schultzvillc p. o. 270 

Schunemunk mts. 501, 507 

Schuvler co. 609 

Schuyler isle 300 

Schuyler la. 22, 530 

Schnyler t. 348 

Schuyler Falls p. v. 340 

Schuyler Falls. t. 340 

Schuylers Lake p. v. 533 

Schuylerville p. v. 591 

SchuylerviUe v. 706 

Scio .p. V. 175 

Scio t. 175 

Sciota p. T. 237 

Scipio p. o. 204 

Scipio t. 204 

Scipio Center v. 204 

Scipioville p. V. 204 

Sconondoa p. v. 470 

Scotch Bush p. o. 413 

Scotch Town p. v. 510 

Scotia p. V. 697 

Scott p. o. 254 

Scott t. 254 

Scott Center t. 264 

Scott Corners lo. 254 

Scotts cr. 626 

Scottsburgh p. v. 386 

Seotts Corners lo. 616 

Scotts Corners v. 191 

Scottsville p. V. 405 

Scriba cr. 521 

Scriba P.O. 528 

Scriba t. 628 

Scriba Corners v. 528 

Scrub cr. 165 

Scum la. 190 

Scatters isle 334 

Scuttle Hole '...lo. 638 

Hea Land cr. 696 

Seamans Point lo. 701 

Seiirsburgh p. o. 611 

Searsville p. v. 506 

Seatnck lo. 634 

Second cr. 688 

Bcely cr. 219, 222 

Seely Creek p. o. 222 

Segnines Point lo. 567 

S Idon p. o. 634 

Selkirk V. 627 

Selkirks Cave Jo. 604 

Sempronius p. o. 204 

Senipronius t. 204 

Seneca co. 613 



PACE 

Seneca la. 20, 22. 498, 

609, 613, 616, 717, 720, 721 

Seneca r. 21, 22, 

197,201,474,481.482, 
483, 490, 613, 617, 618 

Seneca t. 498 

Seneca Castle p. o. 498 

Seneca Falls p. v. 617 

Seneca Falls t. 617 

Seneca Hill p. v. 628 

Seneca River p. o. 201 

Sennett p. v. 204 

Sennett t. 204 

Sepasco la. 276 

Setauket p. v. 633 

Setanket B.ay 633 

Seventh Pond p. 674 

Seward mt. 19, 296, 307 

Seward p. o. 607 

Seward t. 607 

Seward Valley v. 607 

Seymour p. o. 173 

Shaker Settlement lo. 166 

Shandaken p. v. 607 

Shandaken t. 667 

Shannons Corners lo. 721 

Sharon p. o. 607 

Sharon t. 607 

Sharon Center p. v. 607 

Sharon Hill v. 607 

Sharon Springs 26 

Sharon Springs p. v. 607 

Sharon Station p. o. 270 

Shavertown p. o. 2.59 

Shaw br. 259, 655 

Shaw p. 277, 647 

Shawangunk cr. 646 

Shawangunk mts. 19, 

601, 606, 507, 646, 660 

Shawangunk p. v. 667 

Shawangunk r. 501, 

606, 607, 667 

Shawangunk t. 667 

Shawangunk Kil 641. 663 

Shawler br. 226 

Shawler cr. 223 

Shawnee p. v. 4.^7 

Sheds Corners p. o. 390 

Sheeps Head Bay 366, 372 

Shelby p. o. 516 

Shelby t. 616 

Shelby Basin p. o. 516 

Shelby Center v. 616 

Sheldon p. o. 716 

Sheldon I. 715 

Sheldrake cr. 616, 701, 705 

Sheldrake p. o. 616 

Sheldrake Point T. 616 

Shelter isle 631 

Shelter Island p. o. 6.37 

Shelter Island. t. 637 

Shenandoah Corners.. .p. o. 271 

Shepard p. 571 

Shepherd h. 292 

Sherburne p. v. 230 

Sherburne t. 230 

Sheridan p. v. 216 

Sheridan t. 215 

Sheridan Center p. v. 215 

Sherman cr. 693 

Sherman p. v. 215 

Sherman t. 215 

Shermans Hollow p. o. 720 

Shermans Mills p. o. 658 

Sherwood p. v. 204 

Shirley p. v. 292 

Shin Creek p. o. 647 

Shingle br. 506 

Shingle cr. 331 

Shingle Creek p. o. 582 

Shinnecock h. 638 

Shinnecock v. 638 

Shinnecock Bay 631 

Shohan p. v. 161 

Shongo p. o. 176 

Shookville lo. 273 

Shooters isle 663 

Short Tract p. o. 174 

Shortsville p. v. 497 

Shoemakers Corners !o. 171 

Shrub Oak p. o. 708 

Shues la. 668 

Shults mt. 270 

Shultzville p. o. 270 

Shumla lo. 215 

Shushan p. v. 685 

Shutters Corners p. o. 6U8 



I PAGE 

Sihleyville lo. 400 

Sidney p. v. 264 

Sidney t. 264 

Sidney Center p. v. 264 

Sidney Plains p. v. 264 

Siloam p. o. 393 

Silver cr. 208, 213 

Silver la. 270, 677, 710 

Silver Creek. p. v. 213 

Simewog h. 540 

Sincleiirville v. 211 

Sing Sing cr. 219, 220 

Sing Sing p. V. 704 

Six Mile cr. 451, 

621, 654 

Sixteen Falls cr. 616 

Six Town cr. 168. 172 

Skanandoa cr. 462,469 

Skaneateles cr. 254 

Skaneateles la. 20, 22, 197, 

204, 250, 474, 487 

Skaneateles p. v. 487 

Skaneateles t. 487 

Skaneateles Outlet cr. 474, 

482, 699 

Skinners cr. 357, 359 

Skinnervillo lo. 582 

Slader cr. 172 

Slate Bottom cr. 288 

Slate Hill _ p.T. 511 

Slate Hills h. 3S0 

Slateville p. o. 684 

Slaterville p.T. 655 

Slatterleys cr. 504 

Slaughters p. 507 

Slaughters Landing lo. 669 

Sleepy Hollow lo. 702 

Sleightshnrg v. 662 

Sliters Corners v. 558 

Sloansville p. v. 605 

Sloatsbnrgh p. v. 571 

Slush p. 236 

Sly p. 681 

Smallv h. 541 

Smitbfleld t. 393 

Smith Mills p. v. 213 

Smiths p. 533 

Smiths B.asin p. o. 686 

Smithsboro p. v. 653 

Smiths Corners lo. 348, 716 

Smiths Corners v. 507 

Smiths Landing lo. 378 

Smiths Mills v. 622 

Smiths Valley lo. 392 

Sniithton lo. 603 

Smithtown lo. 689 

Smithtown p. v. 637 

Smithtown t. 637 

Smithtown Branch p. o. 637 

SmithvillB lo. 324 

Smithville p.T. 356, 358 

Smitliville t. 230 

Smithville Flats p. v. 230 

Smokes cr. 293 

Smoky Hollow p. v. 244 

Snook Kil 590 

Smyrna p. v. 230 

Smyrna t. 230 

Snake cr. 182, 526 

Snake h. 606, 609,657, 658, 

670 

Snyder p. 241, 245 

Sociality lo. 189 

Sodns p. V. 122, 694 

Sodus t. 693 

Sodus Center p.T. 694 

Sodus Point p.T. 694 

Solitude lo. 263 

Solon p. 264 

Solon « p. V. 254 

Solon t. 254 

Somers p.T. 422 

Soniers t. 705 

Somerset p. T. 456 

Somerset t. 456 

Somerville p.T. 582 

Sonora p.T. 622 

Solsville p. V. 392 

South Melrose lo. 702 

Sour Spring lo. 325 

South h. 482, 620, 634, 701 

South Addison p. v. 621 

South Alabama p. o. 324 

South Albion p. o. 520 

South Amenia p. v. 270 

Southampton p. v. 638 

Southampton t. 638 



PAGE 

South Argyle p. o. 679 

South Avon p. o. 382 

South Ballston p. o. 587 

South Bangor p. o. 308 

South Barre p. o. 514 

South Bay 392,481,633, 

6S0 

South Bay v. 681 

South Bend Mills lo. 244 

South Berlin p. v. 5."i4 

South Bern 11:2 

South Bethlehem lo. 163 

South Bird cr. 222 

South Bolivar p. o. 172 

South Bombay lo. 309 

South Bradford p. v. 622 

South Branch cr. 194 

South Bristol p. o. 499 

South Bristol t. 499 

South Brookfield p. o. 390 

South Brooklyn 3i;7 

South Brother isle 64S 

South Butler p. V. 690 

South Byron p. v. 325 

South Cairo p. o. 331 

South Candor v. 651 

South Canton lo. 575 

Southeast Center v. 543 

South Chili lo. 398 

South Colson P.O. 676 

South Columbia p. o. 342 

South Corinth p. t. 5.S8 

South Cortland p. v. 252 

South Danhy p. o. 656 

South Da.i3ville p. o. 625 

South Dickinson p. o. 310 

South Dover p. v. 271 

South Durham p. o. 332 

South Edmeston p. v. .5.33 

South Edwards p. v. 676 

Southeast t. 543 

South Easton p. v. 681 

.«onth Erin p. o. 222 

Southfield lo. 608. 666 

Southfleld mts. 607 

Southfield t. 566 

South Galway p. o. 589 

South Glens Falls p. v. 690 

South Grauby p. o. 821 

South Granville p.T. 682 

South Oilboa p. v. 605 

South Greece p. v. 399 

South Hamilton p. o. 392 

South Hammond. v. 577 

South Hannibal p. o. 622 

South Harford t. 262 

South Harrisbnrg p. o. 377 

South Hartford p. o. 684 

South Hartwick p. t. 633 

South Haven p. v. 634 

South Hill p, 0. 626 

South Howard p.o. 628 

South Huron v. 691 

South Kortright p.o. 262 

South Lansing p.o. 668 

South Lima p. v. 3S4 

South Livonia p.T. 384 

South Middle Branch. ..cr. 186, 

189 

South New Berlin p. t. 228 

Southold p. V. 639 

Southold t. 639 

South Onondaga .p. v. 486 

South Otselic p. v. 228 

South Oxford p.o. 229 

South Oyster Bay 644, 647, 

660 

South Pekin p.o. 463 

South Pitcher p.o. 229 

South Plattsburgh p.o. 239 

South Plymouth p.o. 22!) 

Southport p. T. 222 

Southport t. 222 

South Richland p.o. 627 

South Rondnut t. 662 

South Rovalton p.o. 466 

South Rutland p. o. 361 

South Salem p. v. 701 

South Sandy cr. 3,67 

South Sand Lake p. o. 558 

South Schodack p.o. 659 

Soutliside p. o. 51)7 

South .Sodus p.T. 694 

South Stej)lientown....p. o. 560 

South Stockton p.o. 216 

South Thurston p.o. 627 

South Trenton .p.y. 4^i7 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



737 



PAOE 
ioQth Tronpsburgh...p. v. 628 

Smith Valley p. v. 637 

Eolith Talley t. 195 

SouthvillG p. o. 682 

South Wales p. v. 293 

South Warsaw p. o. 716 

South Waterloo v. 615, 618 

South Weaterlo p.o. 1C7 

Southwest Oswego p. o. 626 

South Williamsburgh...lo. 649 

South Willslioro..- p. o. 652 

South Wilson p.o. 457 

South Worcester. p. t. 638 

South Yonkere p.o. 708 

8pafford p. t. 487 

Spafford , t. 487 

Spaflford IIoUow p. 0. 487 

Spar Kil 668 

Sparta lo. 704 

Sparta p. o. 386 

Sparta t. 386 

Sparrow Bush p.o. 606 

Speigletown v. 657 

Spencer p. T. 652 

Spencer t. 649 

Spencer t. 652 

Speedsville p. v. 655 

Speucerport p. v. 400 

Spencerville lo. 166 

Spencers Corners lo. 273 

Spencers Settlement lo. 471 

Spencertown p. v. 343 

Speonk p. y. 638 

Split Rock 295 

Split Bock cr. 1S6 

Split Kock lo. 485 

Spooners Corners p. o. 537 

Spragues Cornei-s lo. 356 

Sprain r. 707 

Spralters Basin p.o. 416 

Spring br. 260, 627 

Spring cr. 326 

Springs p. o. 635 

Spring Brook p.y. 290 

Springfield cr. 367, 368 

Springfield lo. 648 

Springfield p. o. 638 

Spiingfipld t. 537 

Splingfieid Center. p. y, 537 

Sl>ring Hill lo. 646 

Spring Mills p. y. 174 

Springport t. 205 

Spriugtown lo. 665 

Spring Valley. p.y. 571,10. 704 

SpriDgville lo. 546 

Springyille p. y. 289 

Springwater p. y. 386 

Springwater t. 386 

Sprout cr. 267, 271, 272 

Sprout Brook p.o. 412 

Sprout Creek p.o. 272 

Spruce _.. cr. 348 

Spruceville lo. 263 

Spuyten Duyyil cr. 418, 707 

Spuyten Duyvil p.y. 708 

Squaw isle 279 

Stillson Hollow y. 184 

Staatsburgh p. o. 272 

Staoeys Basin lo. 470 

Stafford p.y. 328 

Stafford t. 327 

Stamford p. y. 262, 265 

Stamford t. 264 

Stamford Mill r. 696, 705 

Stanford t. 277 

Stanfordyille p.y. 277 

Stanleys Comers p. o. 498 

Stanwix p.y. 466 

Stapleton p. y. 566 

Stark t. 348 

Starkey p. y. 721 

Starkey t. 721 

Starkey Corners lo. 721 

Sta-Ryille p.y. 348 

Sl-irrs Hill h. 467 

State Bridge lo. 256 

State Bridge p. y. 470 

State Dam lo. 690 

State Line lo. 216 

Staten Island 663, 664 

Stiten Island Sound 663 

State Road p.o. 222 

Stoamburgh lo. 611 

Stedman p. o. 213 

Steels cr. 261 

Steena Kil 689 

Stephens cr. 623 



PAGE 

Stephens Mills p. o. 625 

Stepheusville lo. 163 

Stephentown .....p. V. 660 

Stepbentown ". t. 559 

Stephentown Flats y. 560 

Sterling cr. 340 

Sterling mts. 601, 610 

Sterling p. 610 

Sterling p. o. 206 

Sterling t. 206 

Steilingburgh lo. 356 

Sterlingbush. p. y. 376 

Sterling Center. y. 206 

Sterling Valley y. 206 

Sterlingville p. y. 360 

Sterling Works lo. 510 

Steuben Co. 101, 619 

Steuben cr. 467 

Steuben p. o. 467 

Steuben t. 467 

Steuben Corners.- -v. 467 

Stevens br. 495 

Steyeusburgh _ y. 644 

Steyensville p.o. 645 

Stillwater cr. 214 

Stillwater p.y. 593 

Stillwater t. 592 

Stink la. 317 

Stissing mt. 273 

Stissing p. 273 

Stissiugville lo. 277 

Stetsonville lo. 635 

Stittsville p.y. 466, 468 

Stockbridge. p. o. 393 

Stockbridge t. 393 

Stockliolm p. 0. 882 

Stockholm t. 682 

Stockliolm Depot p.o. 582 

Stockport p.y. 248 

Stockport t. 248 

Stockport Springs 26 

Sttx'kport Station p.o. 262 

Stockton p. 0. 216 

Stockton t. 216 

Stocktons cr. 622, 627 

Stockwell Settlement... ..y. 467 

Stokes - p. o. 465 

Stony br. 669, 600, 637 

Stony cr. 314, 361. 355, 358, 

376, 687, 683 

Stone Arabi.1 p. y. 416 

Stone Bridge cr. 674 

Stone Bridge lo. 604 

Stone Church.-- '.lo. 271 

Stone Church.- p.o. 326 

Stone Mills p.o. 360 

Stone Ridge h. 416 

Stone Ridge.— mt. 664 

Stone Ridge p.y. 654 

Stony Brook. p.y. 633 

Stony Brook Harbor. 637 

Stony Creek p. 309 

Stony Creek t. 675 

Stony Hills h. 706 

Stony Point lo. 237, 669 

Stormyille p. y. 271 

Stottsyille y. 248 

Stowclls Corners .p.o. 358 

Stows Square lo. 378 

Straights Corners p.o. 653 

Strattons Falls p.o. 264 

Strawberry isle 279 

Stickers Bay - lo. 419 

Strykersville.- p.y. 716 

Strykersville y. 604 

Stuyvesant p. o. 248 

Stuyyesant t. 248 

Stuyvesant Falls p.y. 248 

Stuyyesant Landing v. 248 

Stuyvesant Square lo. 423 

Success p. 644 

Success p. o. 639 

Suflerns p. y. 671 

Suffolk CO. 631 

Suffolk Station p. o. 637 

Sugar cr. 168, 3S6 

Sugar r. 375, 377 

SuL'ar Hill p.o. 6U 

Sugar Loaf. mt. 505, 642 

Sugar lAiaf. p.y. 505 

Sugar Town cr. 191 

Sugar Town p. o. 191 

Sullivan CO. 641 

Sullivan p. o. 394 

Sullivan t. 393 

Sullivanville p. y. 222 

Summer Ilill la. 205 



47 



PAGE 

Summer Hill p.y. 206 

Summer Ilill t. 205 

Summit la. 637, 600, 679 

Summit p. y. 607 

Summit t. 607 

Summityille y. 646 

Sunken Meadow isle 419 

Sunk Lot lo. 642 

Superior » la. 643 

Suspension Bridge p.o. 465 

Susquehanna r. 21,23,178, 

223, 225, 257, 630, 638, 649, 

661. 652. 

Sntherlands p. 606 

Swains p. 262 

Swainsville. p. o. 174 

Swamp r. 267.270, 273 

Sworto Kil 687, 662, 664 

Swartz cr. 658 

Swartoutville lo. 272 

Sweden p. o. 405 

Sweden t. 405 

Sweden Center. v. 406 

Sweets la. 376 

Swezvs Landing.. Jo. 633 

Switz Kil cr. 162 

Syosset ...p. 0. 550 

Syrocuse City 488 

Taberg p. y. 461 

Taghkanick cr. 249 

Taghkanick mt. 241, 248, 

267, 273, 652, 556, 557, 677, 

686. 

Taghkanick p.o. 249 

Taghkanick t. 249 

Talcotts Corners v. 202 

Talcotville y. 377 

Tamorack Swamp 679 

Tannersville p.o. 333 

Tappan Bay 704 

Tappantown .p.y. .570 

Taijpan Zee 700 

Tarrytown p.y. 700,702 

Taughanick cr. 654, 668 

Taughauick Falls (i58 

Taylor Jnt. 19 

Taylor t. 254 

Taylors p. 236 

Taylorville p.y. 264, 500 

Tekabaranea Falls 632 

Telards h. 707 

Temple h. 383 

Ten Mile cr. 165, 622, 641, 

665, 666 
Ten Milc.r. 267, 270, 273, 647 

Tennis la. 260 

Texas p. y. 622 

Texas Valley p.o. 253 

The Battery .lo. 423 

The Borough lo. 669 

The Branch y. 637 

The City p.y. 270 

The Corner p.o. 667 

The Cove .lo. 372 

The Frontiers .lo. 237 

TheQIcn p.o. 675 

Thetinlf 238 

The nighland3...mtE. 601, 540, 
642 

The Hook .lo. 679 

The Narrows 663 

The Noses h. 19, 416 

The I'ark lo. 423 

Theresa p. y. 361 

Theresa t. 361 

The Square p. o. 204 

The Union lo. 236 

The Vlaio lo. 393 

The Vly 680 

The Wells Jo. 271 

Thiella Comer y. 670 

Third *r. 688 

Thomas .cr. 688 

Thomasville Jo. 310 

Thompson t. 647 

Thompsons br. 636 

Thompsons la. 162 

Thompsons p. 273, 510 

Thompsons Station p. o. 637 

TIionipHouvillo lo. 191 

ThoinpHonville .p. y. Gil 

Thorn Hill p.o. 486 

Thorntons Corners lo. 616 

Thornville lo. 273 

Thousand Islands 577 

Three Mile Buy p. v. 369 



Three Mile Harbor ba. 634 

Three Falls lo. 676 

Three River Point p.y. 481 

Three Sisters isles 450 

ThroggsNeck lo. 706 

Throop t. 206 

Throopsville .p.y. 206 

Thurston » • p. o. 627 

Thurston .t. 627 

Thunder Hill mt. 647 

Tibbits br. 696, 707 

Tibbetts Point 122 

Ticonderoga p. y. 304 

Ticonderoga t. 304 

Tiger Ji. 607 

Tildens y. 248 

Tin br. 608 

Tioga CO. 101, 649 

Tioga....j:. 21, 23. 619, 626, 626 

Tioga p. y. 663 

Tioga t. 652 

Tiouglinioga cr. 253 

Tioughuioga....r. 178, 182, 250, 
388, 489 

Tip Top Summit lo. 169 

Ti Street y. 304 

Titicns r. 696, 703 

Titusville lo. 272. p.o. 312 

Tivoli p.y. 276 

Tiyoli Hollow lo. 166 

ToddsyiUe p.o. 636 

Toddsvllle p. v. 63.H 

Tom mt. 273 

Tomhannock cr. 654, 669 

Tonihannock p.y. 658 

Tom Jones mt. 507 

Tompkins co. 6.^4 

Tompkins — .t. 265 

Tompkins Corners lo. 543 

Tompkins Cove lo. 669 

Tompkins C.oye y. 570 

Tompkins Square lo. 4'IS 

Tompkiusville p.y. 566 

Toms Rocks h. 604 

Tonawauda cr. 20, 22, 279, 

282, 288, 320, 324, 460,466, 
456, 712, 714, 710. 

Tonawanda isle 279,449 

Tonawanda p. y. 293, 467 

Tonawanda.... t. 293 

Tonawanda Falls 324 

Tonawauda Indian Reser- 
vation 324 

Tonawanda Swamp... 320, 460, 
613 

Tonetta .la. 643 

Tongue mt 296,673 

Toppin jut. 19, 250, 254 

Torn mt. 607 

Toriey t. 721 

Tottenville v. 567 

Towlesville p. v. 626 

Town br. 264 

Town CliSf. h. 533 

Towners p. o. 542 

Towners StatioiL lo. 542 

Town House Corners. ...lo. 166 

Town Line p. o. 2'.i2 

Townly .cr. 658 

Townsend .p. y. 611 

Townsend Hill Ji. 289 

TownsendviUe p.y. 616 

Townsville lo. 605 

Tracy Creek p. v. 184 

Trammel cr. 240 

Transit lo. 326 

Transit Bridge .p. o. 171 

Transparent la. 349 

Tree isle 636 

Trembleau Point 296, 300 

Tremoot lo. 707 

Trcmpers Kil 259 

Trempers Kill .p.o. 259 

Trenton p. v. 4t57 

Trenton t 4«T 

Trenton Falls 347 

Trenton Falls p.y. 467 

Triangle p. y. 183 

Triangle .t. 183 

Tribes h. 411 

Tribes HUl. p. y. 412, 415 

Troups ...cr. 628 

Troiipsburgh ..p.o. 628 

Troupsburgh t. 628 

Troupsbui-gh Center y. 628 

Trout.br. 203, 252, 264. 499, 674 
Trout .cr. 1^6, 250, 685 



738 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



PAGE 

Trout Ja. 678, 673 

Trout p. 645. 681 

Trout J. 309, 310 

Trout Creek .p. o. 265 

Trout River p. o. 310 

Troy City 660 

Truniansbnrg cr. 615 

TriimanHlmrgU p. v. 658 

Trumausburg Landing 

p. o. 616 
Trumbulls Corners ...p. v. 658 

Truxton h. 250, 254, 255 

Truxton p.T. 255 

Truxton — .t. 25S 

Tsatsawassa.— cr. 557, 558 

Tsatsawaesa -Ja. 557 

Tubby Hook -lo. 419 

Tuck.-ihoe Ji. 707 

Tuckfthoe .p.o. 699,708 

Tug .h. 374 

Tug mt. 189 

TuUy.. la. 22 

Tully p. V. 489 

Tully t. 489 

Tully Valley p. v. 4«9 

Tuna p.o. 188 

Tuuegawant cr. 186, 188 

Tuuessassa cr. 186, 194 

Tuppers la. 22, 678 

Turin p. v. 379 

Turin t. 379 

Turk it. 401 

Turkey h. 704 

Turkey mt. 541 

Turkey Mountain lo. 708 

Turkey Street lo. 469 

Turners .p. v. 507 

Turtle Bay .lo. 419 

Tuscarora cr. 621, 629 

Tuacarora _-.p. v. 385 

Tusten .t. 647 

Tuthill p. o. 663 

Tuthilltown T. 663 

Twelve Corners Jo. 204 

Twelve Mile.. cr. 461, 622 

Twenty Mile.. cr. 208, 216 

Two .p. 607 

Tylervjlle v. 361 

Tyre — p. o. 617 

Tyre t. 617 

Tyre City .v. 617 

Tyrone p.T. 612 

Tyrone t. 612 

Ulster CO. 101, 660 

Ulsterville p. o. 667 

Ulysses t. 668 

Unadilla p. v. 538 

Unadilla r. 21, 23, 223, 

226, 227, 228, 388, 458, 
630, 632, 636, 636, 538 

Unadilla t. 638 

Uuadilla Center p.T. 53S 

Unadilla Forks p.T. 637 

Union p. T. 184 

Union t. 183,405 

Union Center p.T. 184 

Union Church p. o. 164 

Union Corners lo. 245. 

327, 383 

Union Corners p. t. 386 

Union Palls p. o. 236 

Union Mills .p.o. 317 

Union Park lo. 423 

Union Place lo. 546 

Unionport lo. 706 

Union Settlement p. o. 628 

Union Society p.o. 336 

Union Springs p. t. 205 

Union Square p.o. 622 

Union Vale t. 277 

Union Valley p.T. 254 

Union Village v. 683 

Unionville lo. 164, 372, 648 

UnionviUe p.T. 507 

Unionville v. 400, 667, 702 

Uuitaria p. o. 181 

Upper la. 047 

Upper Aquebogue p. o. 637 

Upper Chateaugay la. 233 

Upper Cross Roads lo. 702 

Upper Elienezer v. 290 

Upper Falls t. 304 

Upper Hollow lo. 163 

Upper Genesee Falls 402 

tpper Green River lo. 243 



PAGE 

Upper Lisle p. v. 183 

Upper New Ronhelle v. 703 

Upper Redhook p. v. 270 

Upper Saranac la. 22 

Uptons p. 277 

Urbana p. o. 628 

Urbana t. 628 

Utica City 468 

Utsyanthia la. 257, 600, 605 

VaUs Mills p. T. 318 

Valatie _ p. t. 247 

Valatie Kil 657, 659 

Valcour isle 239 

Valcour p. o. 238 

Valentines h. 707 

Valley cr. 367, 368 

Valley Falls p. o. 568 

Valley Stream lo. 647 

Valonia SpiingF p.o. 181 

Van Aikens Mills T. 667 

Van Buren p.o. 490 

Van Biircn t. 490 

Van Buren Center p. t. 490 

Van Campens cr. 168, 170 

Van Cleese isle 703 

Vandemark cr. 168 

Van Etten t. 222 

Van Ettenvillc p. t. 222 

Van Hornesville p. v. 34S 

Van Leuvens Corners. ..lo. 167 

Van Schaicks isle 166 

Vansville T. 204 

Varick p. o. 618 

Varick t. 617 

Varna p. v. 656 

Varysburgh p. t. 715 

Vauerans Corners t. 686 

Venice p. t. 206 

Venice t. 206 

Venice Center p.o. 206 

Verbank p.T. 277 

Verdrieteges Hook h. 668 

Verf Kil 697 

Verona p. T. 470 

Verona t. 470 

Verona Depot p. o. 470 

Verona Mills p. T. 470 

Verplanck p. o. 699 

Verplancks Point lo. 569 

Verplancks Point T. 699 

Vermillion p. T. 626 

Vermont p. o. 213 

VermontTille p. v. 311 

Vernal lo. 712 

Vernon p. v. 469 

Vernon t. 469 

Vernon Center p. T. 469 

Vernon Valley. p. v. 636 

Vernooy cr. 666 

Versailles p. v. 194 

Vesper p. T. 489 

A^estal p. V. 184 

Ve8t.al t. 184 

Vestal Center p. T. 184 

Veteran p. o. 267 

Veteran t. 222 

Victor p. V. 499 

Victor t. 499 

Victory p. v. 206 

Victory t. 206 

Victory Mills p. v. 591 

Vienna p. T. 470 

Vienna t. 470 

VierdeeKil 659 

Villenova p. o. 216 

VillenoTa t. 216 

Vinegar h. 542 

Virgil cr. 255 

Virgil p. T. 255 

Virgil t. 265 

Vista p. 0. 701 

Visschera Ferry p.o. 687 

VlamansKil 163 

Vlamans br. 164 

Vlokie Kil 659 

Vly cr. 680 

Voak p. 0. 720 

Volney p. o. 628 

Volney t. 628 

Volney Corners v. 628 

Volusia p. 0. 216 

Voorheesville t. 413 

Waccaback la. 701 

WaddingtoD. p. t. 679 



PAGE 

Wndhams Mills p. T. 305 

Wading r. 637 

VTading River p. v. 6.37 

Wainscott lo. 0.''5 

Waits Corners lo. 216 

Wakefield lo. 706 

Walden p. T. 608 

Waldonville p. o. 608 

Wales p.T. 293 

Wales t. 293 

Wales Center p.T. 293 

Walesville p. o. 471 

Wallabout lo. 367 

Wallabout Bay 365, 367 

Wallace p.o. 622 

Wall Kil 601. 

606, 608, 660, 662, 665 

Walkill t. 610 

Walloomsac r. 655 

Walloomsac t. 556 

Walmore p. t. 457 

Walnut cr. 208, 210, 213 

Walnut b. 641 

Walnut Hill mt. 19, 645 

Walton p. T. 206 

Walton t. 265 

Walworth p. t. 694 

Walworth t. 694 

Wampus p. 702, 703 

Wampocack cr. 679 

Wampmissic lo. 634 

WampsTille p. t. 392 

Wappingcrs cr. 23,267, 

271, 272, 274 

Wappingers Falls p. t. 272 

Ward t. 176 

Wal-dboro p. o. 674 

Wards isle 418, 419, 648 

Wardville lo. 326 

Wardwell p. o. 368 

Warners Station t. 490 

Warnerville p.T. 606 

Warren co. 670 

Warren p. o. 349 

Warren t. 349 

Warren t. 569 

Warrensbush lo. 409 

Warsaw p. T. 716 

Warsaw t. 716 

Warwick mts. 601, 510 

Warwick p. v. 610 

Warwick t. 610 

Washington CO. 101, 104, 677 

Washington p. 646 

Washington p. o. 278 

Washington ..t. 277 

Washington Heiglitfl...p. o. 419 
Washington Uolluw.-.p. v. 274. 

278 

Wa.?bington Mills p.T. 465 

Washington Park lo. 369 

Washington Squ:ire....Jo. 423. 

647 

Washingtonville lo. 701 

WashingtonTille v. 604, 

627, 699 

Wassalc p. t. 270 

Wassaic cr. 269 

Waterburgh.™ t. 668 

Waterford p. T. 593 

Waterford t. 693 

Waterloo p. T. 618 

Waterloo t. 618 

Waterloo Mills p. o. 607 

Watermelon h. 541 

Watermill lo. 638 

Waterport. p. o. 514 

Watertown p. t. 362 

Wateitown t. 362 

Watertown Center lo. 362 

Waterv.alo p.T. 486 

Water Valley p.T. 291 

WaterTille p.T. 467 

Watervliet t. 165 

WaterTlietCenter..p.o. 166,597 

Watkins p.T. 611 

Watson p. 0. 379 

Watson t. 379 

Watsonville. T. 605 

Watts h. 641 

Waverly lo. 634 

Waverly p. T. 650 

Waverly T. 194, 699 

Wawarsing p. v. 608 

Wawarsing t. 667 

Wawayanda. cr. 501 

Wawayauda t. 511 



PAGH . 

W.ayland Depot .p.o. 628 

Wayne Four Corners. ..p.o. 629 

Wayland t. 62S 

Wayland v. 628 

Wayne co. 101,104, 688 

Wayne p. v. 629 

Wayne t. 629 

Wayne Center t. 693 

Weaver Hollow lo. 245 

Weayers la. 349 

Webbs Mills p. o. 222 

Webster int. 559 

Webster p. T. 4('5 

Webster t. 405 

Weedsport p. t. 201 

Wegatchie. p.o. 582 

Wellington mt. 637 

Wells isle 365. 359 

Wells p. 645 

Wells p.o. 339 

Well? t. ,339 

Wellsburgh p.T. 222 

Wells Corners p.o. 511 

Wellsrville p.T. 176 

Wellsville t. 175 

Weltonville p. o. 651 

Wende lo. 282 

Werners la. 162 

Wethersfleld p. o. 716 

West br. 265,270,536 

West mt. 669 

West r. 720 

West Addison p.o. 627 

West Albanv lo. 166 

West Amboy. p.T. 620 

West Almond p.T. 176 

West Almond t. 176 

West Bainbridge p.o. 225 

West Bangor p.T. 308 

West B.arre p.o. 614 

West Bergen .p.o. 325 

West Berlin p.o. 564 

West Bethany Mills ...p.o. 325 

West Bloomfi'eld p.T. 499 

West Bloomfleld t. 499 

West Branch p.T. 465 

West Brighton p.T. 398 

West Brook p.o. 265 

West Brookville p.o. 646 

West BurUngton p.o. 532 

Westbury lo. 5.50 

Westbury p.T. 206, 690 

West Bush p.o. 317 

West Butler p.o. 690 

West Cameron p.T. 623 

West Camp p.T. 667 

West Canada cr, 340, 343, 

347, 463, 466 

West Camden p.T. 463 

West Carlton p.o. 614 

West Carthage. T. 357 

West Cayuta p.o. 610 

West Charlton p.T. 687 

WestChazT p.T. 237 

Westchester co. 101,696 

Westchester p. T. 706 

Westchester- r. 706 

Westchester t. 706 

Westchester T. 606 

WestClarkson T. 899 

West Clarksville p.o. 173 

West ColesTille p.o. 181 

West Constable p.o. 312 

West ConesTille p.o. 604 

West Danby p.o. 656 

West DaTenport p. T. 260 

West Day p.o. 688 

West Darton t. 189 

West Dresden .p.T. 721 

West Dn-den .p.T. 658 

West Eaton p.T. 391 

WestEdmeston p.T. 633 

Westerlo t. 166 

Westerlo p. o. 167 

Western t. 470 

WesternTille p.T. 470 

West Exeter p. v. 533 

West Falls p.T. 283 

West Farmington p.o. 496 

West Farms p.T. 706 ■ 

We.»t Farms t. 706 

West Favette p.o. 615 

Westfteld p. v. 216 

Westfleld t. 667, 216 

Westfield Flats v. 647 

We.st Fish la. 317 

West Flushing lo. 649 



INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



739 



TAOE 

Westf.ird. p. v. 538 

Westfori t. 638 

West Fort Ann p. o. 6R1 

West Fowler. p. o. 577 

West Fulton p. v. 605 

West GiiineB p. o. 514 

WestGalway p. v. 688 

West Gates lo. 399 

West Ghent p. y. 245 

We8tOilbo.i P.O. 606 

West Glens Falls v. 675 

West Greece p. v. 399 

West Greenfield p.o. 689 

West Greenwood p. o. 625 

WestGroton p. y. 657 

West Hadley p.o. 689 

West Hebron p.y. 684 

West Henrietta. p.y. 399 

West Hills p.o. 636 

West Hoosick p.o. 656 

West Hurley p.y. 663 

West Jasper p.o. 626 

West Junius p.o. 615 

West Kend.il p.o. 515 

West Kil 334, 600, 607 

West Kill p.y. 3.34 

West Laurens p.y. 534 

West Lexington p.o. 333 

West Leyden p.y. 377 

WestLowville p.o. 378 

West Martinsburgb....p. y. 378 

West Meredith p. o. 263 

West Middlebury y. 263 

West Milton p.y. 590 

West Monroe p.o. 528 

West Monroe t. 528 

Westmoreland p.o. 471 

Westmoreland t. 471 

West Moriches lo. 634 

West Morrisania. lo. 702 

West Mount Vernon y. 699 

West Nassau y. 657 

West Newark p.o. 661 

West Neck Harbor ba. 637 

West New Rochclle y. 703 

West NUes lo. 204 

Weston p.y. 612 

WestOneonta p.y. 636 

West Onondaga p.o. 485 

West Perry lo. 716 

West Plattsburgh p. o. 239 

West Point p.o. 505 

Westport p.y. 305 

Westport t. 305 

West Potsdam p.o. 6S2 

West Proyidence p.o. 591 

West Red cr. 688,692 

West Eicbford p.o. 662 

West Richmondyille...p. o. 606 

West Rome. lo. 466 

West Rush p.y. 405 

West Sand Lake p.y. 668 

West Sauquoit y. 466 

We.st Schuyler p.y. 348 

West Seneca. p. o. 293 

West Seneca t. 293 

West Seneca Center.. ..p.o. 293 

West Shandaken p.o. 663 

West Shelby. p.o. 616 

West Somera p.o. 706 

West Somerset p.o. 456 

WestSouthold p.o. friO 

West Sparta. t. 3S6 



PAGE 

West Stephontown p.o. 560 

West Stockholm p. o. 6R2 

West Stony Creek cr. 675 

West Suffolk p.o. 637 

West Sweden y. 405 

West Taghkanick p.y. 249 

West Theresa p.o. .361 

West Town p.T. 607 

West Township p.o. 164 

West Troupsburgh p.o. 62S 

West Trout br. 260 

West Troy p.y. 165 

West Turin t. 379 

West Union p.o. 629 

West Vienna p.y. 470 

West View. p.y. 386 

Westyille p.y. 638 

Westyille t. 312 

Westyille y. 312 

West Walworth. p.o. 694 

West Webster p.y. 405 

West Windsor p. o. 349 

West Winfleld. p.y. 349 

Wcstwood p.o. 283 

West Yorkshire.- p. y. 195 

Wethersfleld .t. 716 

Wethersfield Springs. -p. y. 716 

Wlialeys p. 273 

Whallonsburgh p.y. 301 

Wharton cr. 630, 632, 633 

Wbeatfleld t. 456 

Wheatljind p.o. 406 

Wheatland t. 405 

Wheatland Center y. 406 

Wheatville p.y. 334 

Wheeler cr. 201 

Wheeler p. o. 629 

Wheeler t. 629 

Wheeler Center y. 629 

Wheeler Corners lo. 522 

Whetstone cr. 375,378 

Whetstone Quit lo. 378 

TThito cr.l68, 

347, 381, 655, 686 

White la. 466 

White p. 541 

White r. 643 

White Clay Kil 276 

White Creek p. o. 686 

White Creek t. 686 

White Face .mt. 19. 296, 306 

Whitehall p. y. 686 

Whitehall t. 688 

Whitehall Landing 419 

White Lake p.o. 643 

White Plains p. v. 707 

White Plains t. 707 

Whiteport y. 666 

Whitesburgh p. o. 348 

Whitesborough v. 471 

Whites Corners p. y. 291 

Whiteside br. 679 

Whiteside Corners p. o. 589 

Whitestone p.y. 546 

White Store p. o. 228 

Whitestown p.o. 471 

^^•hitestown t. 471 

White Sulphur Spring. 693 

Whitesyille p. y. 174 

WhitesTllle y. 361 

Whitings p. 241,243 

Whitlockyille lo. 698 

Whitney h. 659 



PAOE 
Whitneys Crossing... ..p. o. 172 

Whituevs Landing lo. 616 

Whitneys Point p.y. 183 

Whitney Valley.....cr. 16S, 169 

Whortleberry Jale 70, 703 

WiccopeePaas lo. 271 

Wickhams p. 510 

Wickopee p. 643 

Wigwam cr. 168, 170 

Wilbur p. y. 664 

Wildehause Kil 164 

Wilkins Point lo. 646 

Willards mt. 677 

Willett p. o. 266 

Willett t. 266 

Williams Bridge p.o. 707 

Williamsliurgh p. o. 367 

Williamsburgh y. 165 

Williamson p. y. 694 

Williivmson t. 694 

Williamstown p.y. 528 

Williamstown t. 528 

Williamsyille lo. 714 

Williiimsyille p. y. 282 

Willing t. 176 

Willink p. y. 283 

Willow br. 166 

Willow isle 334 

Willow Tree lo. 648 

Willow Vale y. 465 

Willsborough p. o. 305 

Willsborough t. 805 

Willsborough Falls y. 306 

Willseyyille .p. y. 651 

Willwemack cr. 647 

Wilmington p.y. 306 

Wilmington t. 306 

Wilmurt t. 349 

Wilna p. 0. 363 

Wilna t. 362 

Wilson p. y. 457 

Wilson t. 457 

Wilson Creek p. o. 650 

Wilton lo. 702 

Wilton p.y. 593 

Wilton t. 693 

Wiuantsyille lo. 549 

Windfall cr. 173, 183 

Windham t. 334 

Windham Center p. y. 335 

Windsor p. y. 184 

Windsor t. 184 

Wine cr. 628 

Winfield cr. 624 

Winsfield lo. 649 

Winfield p. o. 349 

Winfleld t. 349 

Wing Station p. o. 271 

Winspear p. o. 292 

Wirt p. o. 176 

Wirt t. 176 

Wiscoy cr. 710, 174, 

713, 714, 715, 716 

Wiscoy p. o. 174 

Wolcott .....cr. 6SS, 690 

Wolcott p. y. 695 

Wolcott t. 694 

Wolf .cr. 166, 168, 712 

Wolf p. 647 

Wolf Run cr. 623 

Wood cr. 21, 23, 

458, 466, 470, B78, 686 



PAS! 

Woodbury p. o. 651 

Woodbury Cloyo y. 508 

Woodcock h. 504 

Woodhaven y. 648 

Woodhull la. 349 

Woodhull p. o. 629 

Woodhull t. 629 

Woodland p.o 667 

Woodrow y. 667 

Wood Settlement lo. 363 

Woodstock lo. 702 

Woodstock p.y. 668 

Woodstock t. 668 

Woodiille lo. 387 

Woodville p.y. 357 

Woodsyille lo. 607 

Woodwards Hollow.. ..p. o. 289 

Woodworth la. 316 

Worcester p. y. 538 

Worcester t. 638 

Wortel Kil 271 

Worth t. 363 

Worthyille p. o. 363 

Wright t. 608 

Wrights cr. 186 

Wrights Corners p.o. 454 

Wrightsyille !o. 237 

Wurtzboro p. y. 646 

Wyomanock cr. 248 

Wyoming co. 101, 710 

Wyoming p.y. 714 

Wynants Kil 657, 568, 560 

WynantskilL p.y. 557 

Wyncoop br. 641 

Wynkoop cr. 219, 

220, 221, 222 

Yankee p. 646 

Yaphank p.y. 634 

Yates CO. 717 

Yates p. o. 516 

Yates t. 616 

Yates Center. y. 518 

Yatesyille lo. 416 

Yatosyille p. o. 720 

Yellow la. 679 

Yonkers p. y. 708 

Yonkers t. 707 

York p. 645 

York p. 0. 387 

York t. 387 

York Center y. 387 

York Corners lo. 588 

Y'orkshire p. o. 195 

Yorkshire t. 195 

Yorkshire v. 182 

Y'orkshire Center p. y. 196 

Yorkshire Comers .y. 195 

Yorkshire Creek. cr. 182 

Yorktown p. o. 708 

Yorktown t. 708 

Yorkville lo. 419 

Yorkville _ y, 471 

Young Hickory p. o. 628 

Youngs la. 349 

Youngs Cave lo. 604 

Youngstcwn p. y. 466 

YoungsyiUe .p. y. 644 

Zantzee Kil 697 

Zeregors Point lo. 706 

Zintmerman.- .er. 318, 416 

Zoar y. 881 



ADDITIONAL NAMES. 



Ambler Settlement lo. 228 

Baldwins Corners -lo. 614 

Boscobel - .p.o. 699 

CortlandviUe y. 699 

Faiimouut y. 707 



Integrity lo. 706 

Kreischerville p. y. 567 

Moharsic la. 708 

Montour t. 612 

Oak Orchard Harbor lo. 516 



Sand Hill y. b!» 

Pkaneateles Inlet cr. 260 

Taylors ll.illow h. 289 

Thirty UeiT Bidge h. 707 

Wadiiington t. 679, 68S 



STECEOTTPED BY L. JOBV&Oy k CO. 



A.. S. BARl^ES <fe BURR, 

51 AND 53 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK, 

PUBLISHERS OF THE 

NATIONAL SEEIES OP STANDARD SCHOOL BOOKS. 



Thk National School Series i8 prepared by the beat educators in the country, and designed with special 
referenoe to the thorough Education of the Youth of our land. Great care has been taken to exclude sectional 
or sectarian matter, so that the series is regarded as truly the National School Series. The favor which these 
bool^a have received from all parts of the United States warrants the Publishers m calling upon their friends to 
examine each of the worlis comprising this series, (provided they have not already done BO,) with a view of 
mailing them their Standard Text-Books. The following is a part of the series : — 

The National Series of Arithmetics and Mathematics. By Professor Charles Daties, LL.D., formerly 
of the United States Military Academy, and now of Columbia College. (The standard of New Tork, Baltimore, 
New Orleans, Buffalo, Rochester, Milwaukee, and other large cities.) The higher course of Mathematics are 
used in most of the Colleges and Academies throughout the Union. 

The National Series of Geographies. By James Monteith and Fbancis MoNally. (The standard of New 
Orleans, New York, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Newark, Brooklyn, and other cities.) 

The National Series of School Histories. By Emma Willard and James Monteith. (Daniel Webster said 
of Mrs. Willard's History of the United States, " I keep it near me as a valuable book of reference, accurate in 
facts and dates." It was also highly recommended by Henry Clay, and many other of our most illustrious 
Statesmen and Educators.) 

The National Series of School Headers and Spellers. By Richard G. Parker and James M. Watson. 
Recommended, wherever they are known, as the most beautiful and the most practical Readers and Spellers ever 
published. 

The National Series of English Grammar, Illuslrated with Diagrams. By S. W. Clark. Clark's method 
of teaching this hitherto dry subject makes it one of the most interesting studies in the language. 



For Begin- 



and 



by 



High School literature. By Monmonier A Mc Jilton, 

of Bnltimore. 
Brookfield's First Book in Composition 

ner?. 40c. 
W. W. Smith's Orthographical Books. 4 Nos. 
Northend's Little Orator, National Orator, 

Entertaining Dialogues. Prices, 30c., 

and 75e. 
Eame's Elements of Criticism, with Additions 

BoTD. SI no. 

Day's Art of Rhetoric. 75c. 

Boyd's Elements of Logic. 75c. 

Darby's (of Alabama) Botany of the Southern States. 

$1 50. 
Brooks' (of Baltimore) Greek and Latin Classics. 

S Volumes. 
Wiley & Hubbard's North Carolina Readers. S Nos. 
Parker's School Compendium of Natural Philosophy. 

$1 Oil. 
Porter's Principles of Chemistry. $1 00. 
Norton & Porter's First Book of Science. $1 00. 



50c. 
for 



Brooks' (of Baltimore) School Teacher's Register. 
Brooks' " Manual of Devotion 

Schools. 38c. 
Uclntyre's (of Baltimore High School) Astronomy 

and Globes. 75c. 
Page's Elements of Geology. 75c. 
Chambers' Elements of Zoology. $1 00. 
Smith & Martin's System of Book-keeping ana 

Blanks. 75c. each. 
Bartlett's (of West Point) College Course of Phi- 
losophy. 
Church's (of West Point) Calculus and Analytical 

Geometry. 
Courtenay's (of Virginia) Elements of Calculus. 

$2 50 per copy. 
Hackley's (of Columbia College) Trigonometry. $2 Ofl_ 
W. G. Peck's (of Columbia College) Elements of 

Mechanics. $1 50. 
Hanna's Bible History for Schools. $1 00. 
Beers' Complete System of Penmanship. 9 Nos. at 

10c. each. 
Dwight's Modern Philology. $1 75. 



Boyd's English Poets. 5 Volumes. 

And many other valuable works, among which might be mentioned 

THE SCHOOL, TEACHER'S I.IBRARY, In Ten Tolumes 

Designed to aid the Teacher in his professional duties. 



Please send to A. S. Barnes i. Bcrr, New Tork, for their Descriptive Cataloque of all their publications, 
whioh shall be sent free of postage. 

7« 



# 



a a 









I OS 

o - 

II Bl 
s:!Bh 



= 
.. si cot" 

n^, ^ « H 3 

■^6 2 *» 






u 

|a 
':"s 

'I 





FORT EDAYARD INSTITUTE. 

AT FORT EDWARD, WASHINGTON CO., N. Y., ON THE RAILROAD. 

REV- JOSEI^DEi E- TLXlSTGr, .J^.l^.^ I^IilllsrCIF-A-L. 

This Institution was opened December. 1854, since which time the Regents' Annual lleports show it to havo been the 
BEST SUSTAINED BOAKDIN^G SEMIWARY IN THE STATE. 

Nearly every county in the State, and two-thirds of tho States of the Union, have beea its patrons. Tho following are soni* 
of the proundfl of its claim to the popular favor : — 

ltd substantial brick buildings, well guarded against fire, and which, by the central position of its common Dining II.ili, 
Chapel, and an ample suit of clitss rooms, accessible respectively to the two separate depai-tmeuts by distinct entraucjis, are most 
admirably adapted to tho safe and successful co-education of ladies and gentlemen, tho two departments being at all hours al>- 
Bolutuly under the coutrol of the Faculty. Also its noble Library and Apparatus. 

ITS LIBERAL PROVISION" FOR THE ABLEST INSTRUCTION 

In each branch and department of study; three profesgors and teachers bi^ng devoted exclusively to the common EucJinh 
6tudips. two each to the Mathematics and Classics, one respectively to Commercial Instruction, to Natural Science, to Modem 
Langua^e'^, and to Painting, while no less than four have in charge the department of Music. Rare fucilities are thus atlordvd 
to prep;ire for tfaching ; while desirable situations are procured for young ladies who graduate in the prescribed Course of Studivn. 

It is a part of the well established system of this Christian Institute, to conserve and promote the health, manners, and morals 
of it5 pupils. The Principal wishes it'diatinctly understood that he becomes personally responsible to parents for tho moral and 
social well being of their daughters while in attendance at this Institute. 

It provides gwd, spacious rooms, plainly but suitably furnished ; aud wholesome and sufficient Board, of a quality and vaiiely 

satisfactory to its patrons. „„„ 

ITS REMARKABLY MODERATE RATES. 

Tn many families the difference in the cost of maintaining a son or daughter at home or at this Instifiitp. would be pea'cr-ly 
appreciable. One hundred and three dollars per year, pays for Board, furnished room, fuel, washing and tuition in common Kn;i- 
lish. Extra branches at corresponding rates. A student may enter for a single term, or at any time in tho term aud pay for the 
residue only. 

There are three terms of fourteen weeks each. "Winter Terra opens December Ist, 1869; Spring Term opens March 23d, 18t'0 ; 
Fall Term opens August 16th, 1860. For circulars, or fcr rooms, apply to the Principal. 

Turn to the chapter in the Gazetteer descriptive of Fort Kdward, also to chapter of statistics of Academies, and notii* tho 
Wa.'-hington Co. Seminary. 

TESTIMONIALS OF EXAMINING COMMITTEES. 



Rev. Wm. Scott, of Montreal, Secretary. 185.^. The Committee 
found tho bnildings, in their c<mstruction and specific arrange- 
mi-ntu, better adapted to their purpose than any other ever 
visited by them. 

Kev. S. Wasubitrn. of Troy, Secretary. November, l^.Sfi. We 
were highly gratifii-dwitli thcg(K)d order and decorum apparent 
in every department of the Institute. 

Kev. M. Bates, of .^chenect-ady. g.'rrefary, March, 1W7. There 
i,. we think, no Institution. n<it wholly devoted to this object, 
where ctjual Hicilities are afforded for aciiuiring, at trifling ex- 
pense, a thorough business education. 

Prof..1oun Newman. A.M.,ofUnionCollege,Sec6etary. Nov. 18, 
1 857. Tho Committee have found the most sat isfactory pvidence 
in ita able Board of Instruction andOovernment. its skillful finan- 
cial management, as well as in the extent and st-'rlin^i character 
of its patronage, that the F\>rt. Kilwnrd Fnstitutf iBfirifjnal succf^xr 

Wliile the Institution is in all departments worthy of entire 
confidence, the Committee foel called npon to mention the de- 
partment of Mneic and that of Painting, as decidedly superior to 
anything we Jiave ever heard or secninany simiJar Institution. 

Ret. J. K. Cdesshan, of Schenectady, Secretary, July, 1857. 



The gastrcnnmic dtipartment, under the care of Mr. A. K. Haxtnn. 
the Steward, is finely managed. An abundant supply of well 
cooked food is provided. 

Kev. R. n. Robinson, Secretary, Saratoga Springs, Nov. 25. 
1858. The peculiar energj- of the I'rincipnl jiervades evmy 
department of instruction, embracing eighteen teachers, a 
number sufficient to permit a subdivision of claflses. m th.it 
none need ho neglected. Many students havo consi'crat<'d their 
ycmng hearts on tho altar of Christianity, and will go forth wltJi 
great jwuJT, rightly directed, to bless the church and the world. 

Prof. C. T. Lewis, A.M., Troy University, March, ISfjO. The 
practical drill was admirable. Attention hiid been given to Hio 
Itowers of ready and neat expression, but the basis lay in a cb-ar 
conipri-bension of facts and principles, forwhich good tanguapo 
was made an ornament, not a substitute. Perhaps no feahiro 
of tho exercises v/an more chunning tlian their entire fairDe»-H, 
which was at once transparent an<l unobtnisive. 

Rbv. B. Hawlet, A.m., Chairman, West Troy, June 23, ISffl. 
In the circle of our largo Aca^lemies, furnishing the highc-l 
advantages at the lowest charges, I know of no one sustninirm 
a better repuUtion than Foar Edward LwstnWE. 9 * 



MOUNT PLEASANT ACADEMY; 



A SELECT 



.A.T siisrc3-siisrc3-, 

WESTCHESTER COUNTY, NEW YORK. 



ASSOCIATE PRINCIPALS. 

C. F. MAURICE, A.M., MAJ. W. W. BENJAMIN, 

IfUtntclor in EthicSj Mental Philosophy, <£c. Instructor in Mathematics and Military Tactics. 

Z. M. PHELPS, A.M., 

Instructor in Ancient Languages. 

INSTRUCTORS. 
H. AYME, M.D., W. MULLER, 

InsirucUrr in French, Spanish, and Ihavjing. Instructor in German and Music. 

H. M. WALLACE, A.B., CHS. STOCKING, 

J-nstruct^ in Historical Studies and Elocution. Instructor in Gymnastics. 

R. W. MOORE, J. HTATT, 

JnstrucUyr in Elementary Studies. Lecturer in Chemistry and Philosophy. 



This institution, in its plan and arrangements, has regard to the physical as well as the moral and 
intellectual training of its members. 

THE COURSE OF INSTRUCTIOIT 
Is liberal and thorough, such as experience has proved to be most effectual for this purpose. By it, 
students ai-e prepared for any class in college, for the scientific schools, or for commercial life. The 

ANCIENT LANGUAGES 
are taught critically and with a view to sound scholarship and not to mere superficial acquaintance. The 

MATHEMATICAL COUESE 
is extensive. The preparation of pupils who have passed through it, and their success elsewhere, gives 
the best evidence of faithfulness and skill in this very essential department of instruction. Very many 
are the unsolicited testimonials received on this point. Special attention is given to the 

MODERN LANGUAGES : 
French, Spanish, and German form an important part of the course of study, and are taught as spoken 
languages by well qualified masters. The 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
also, in its elements, as well as in its higher departments, receives more than ordinary notice, and is 
not made subordinate to any other study. 

MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRAINING 
is carefully regarded, as in every well ordered household ; but no interference is attempted with the peculiar 
tenets of any faith. Seats are provided for the pupils in both the Episcopal and Presbyterian Churches. 

PHYSICAL. EOrCATIOlV. 

The complete arrangements made for this generally neglected object, and the success that has attended 
them, deserve to be specially noticed. Under their influence, we have seen the delicate and abnost puny 

744 



boy become the robust and enduring youth, able to sustain continued application and to perform in 
after life an amount of intellectual labor that only a sound and yigorous development could make possible. 
In connection with the 

GYMNASIUM AND THE RIDING SCHOOL 



MUilTAKY EXEKCISES, 

The infantry and artillery drills ; and, while these receive a minuteness of attention not often given to 
them, and are so used as to produce physically a permanent effect, they have no tendency to create a desire, 
as experience has shown, for a military life. The system, as here arranged, has been chosen for the great 
benefits that result from it. But, although a military school, the institution, it must be distinctly under- 
stood, is not for the training of those who are vicious or unmanageable under any other system. Should 
any of this class, by accident or misrepresentation, ever be received, they will, on the manifestation of 
such character, be at once returned to their parents. The feelings of the principals, not less than their 
intimate relations with their pupils, look to other associations and other results. Confidence, patience, 
and kindness on their part, truthfulness, honor, and generous sentiment on the pupil's, are the basis 
and the bond of union between them. No boy who is insensible to considerations of this kind is desired 
in the school, nor can he long remain connected with it. 

Pupils are received whenever a vacancy occurs ; but, as the number is limited and places are usually 
filled in advance, applications, to prevent disappointment, should be made as early as possible. 

Further information may be obtained from the gentlemen named as references, or by addressing the 
principals. 

KEFEEENCES. 



The Faculties of 'WilUams College, 

Harvard College, 

Yale College, 

Columbia College, 

Union College, 

N. Y. University, 

College of New Jersey, 

Military Academy, West Point, 
and also to the following gentlemen : — 

Hon. A. Bruyn Hasbrouck, LL.D., late President 
Rutgers College, New York City, 

Rev. R. W. Dickinson, D.D., New York City, 

Samuel Jaudon, Esq., New York City, 

S. C. Paxon, Esq., New York City, 

<Teorge Barrell, Esq., New York City, 

Willard Parker, M.D., New York City, 

B. R. Winthrop, Esq., New York City, 

Doct. E. E. Marcy, New York City, 

Rev. John Krebbs, D.D., New Y'ork City, 

Francis Skiddy, Esq., New York City, 

Henry Leverich, Esq., New Y'ork City, 

Charles Day, Esq., New York City, 

Cha."!. Rockwell, Esq., Now York City, 

Joseph Bonto, Esq., New York City, 

D. N. Barney, Esq., New York City, 

Rev. J. P. Thompson, D.D., New York City, 

McKilop A Wood, Com. Agency, New York City, 

John H. Brower, Esq., Brooklyn, L. I., 

U. K. Corning, Esq., Brooklyn, L. L, 

George S. Puffer, Esq., Brooklyn, L. I., 

John Schenck, Esq., Brooklyn, L. I., 

Rev. R. S. Storrs, D.D., Brooklyn, L. I., 

Doct. W. Swift, U.S.N., Brooklyn, L. I., 

Doct. McLellan, Brooklyn, L. I., 

Hon. Aaron Ward, Sing-Sing, 

Rev. Wilson Phraner, Sing-Sing, 

Thomas SmuU, Esq., Sing-Sing, 

Maj. E. Backus, U.S.A., Governors Island, 

Charles L. Schlater, Esq., Ogdensburgh, N. T., 

Capt. James Mcintosh, U.S.N., Sackets Harbor, 



746 



Hon. D. B. St. John, Albany, 
0. Bronson, M.D., Hudson, 
Marcus L. Ward, Esq., Newark, 
Cortlandt Parker, Esq., Newark, 
Prof. John S. Hart, LL.D., late Principal of High 
School, Philadelphia, Pa., 
^ Jacob Sharp, Esq., Philadelphia, Pa., 
Rodolphus Kent, Esq., Philadelphia, Pa., 
Prof. J. Henry, LL.D., Smithsonian Institution, Wash- 
ington. 

Brig. G. S. Churchill, U.S.A., Washington, 

Thomas Higham, Jr., Esq., Charleston, S. C, 

J. Izard Pringle, Esq., Georgetown, D. C, 

W. Blake, Esq., Combahee, S. C, 

George Gordon, Esq., Savannah, Ga., 

Henry Roser, Esq., Savannah, Ga., 

G. W. Ludlum, Esq., Rondout, 

Col. W. J. Hardee, U.S.A., West Point, 

G. T. Hodges, Esq., Rutland, VL, 

Col. Thomas Williams, Detroit, Mich., 

Wm. Neyle Habersham, Esq., Savannah, Ga., 

Francis SorroU, Esq., Savannah, Ga., 

J. Clay King, Esq., Waynesville, 

J. Emmanuel, Esq., Mobile, Ala., 

R. G. Mays, M.D., Orange Mills, F.A., 

Hon. Thomas Slidell, New Orleans, La., 

J. W. Zacharie, Esq., New Orleans, La., 

Mrs. Clifford Neff, Cincinnati, 0., 

R. A. Clay, Esq., Cincinnati, 0., 

H. Emerson, Esq., South Reading, Mass., 

Rev. A. Woods, D.D., Providence, K. I., 

P. Hall, Esq., Providence, R. I., 

Edward Pearce, Esq., Providence, R. I., 

Hon. W. C. Gibbs, Newport, R. L, 

Calvin Williams, Esq., Stonington, Conn., 

Giles F. Ward, Esq., Saybrook, Conn., ' 

Hon. P. D. Vroom, Trenton, N. J., 

Com. Thomas A. Conover, U.S.N., Princeton, N. J., 

Com. Lawrence Kearney, U.S.N., Perth Amboy, 

Kov. David Magie, D.D., Elizabcthtown. 




■'''il'^-liiWiiliiaiW' 




GARDEN FRONT, LrVINGSTON STREET. 

PACKER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, 

JBIiOOK:iL.-5riT HIEia-HTS, L_ I. 

This Institution claims to give to females all the advantages for thorough auj complete education 

that are enjoyed by the other sex in onr best appointed Colleges. 

It is liberally endowed, and is under the patronage of tlie State. 5S« 

Its location, in the city of Brooklyn, opposite New York, enables it to command all the educational 

resources of the metropolis ; while no country village is more quiet, beautiful, or healthy. 

THE COUKSE OF IWSTKTJCTION 
Is under the direction of A. Crittenden, A.M., who has devoted his whole life to female education. 
lie is assisted by twenty-four professors and teachers ; and the course of instruction embraces the modern 
languages, with Latin, the various branches of Literature, History, Mathematics, Chemistry, Natural, 
Moral, and Intellectual Philosophy, Music, Drawing, Painting, &o. &c. 

THE LABORATOKT 

Is a model of its kind, and furnished with every necessary article of apparatus. 

THE OBSERVATORY 

Ilaa an excellent achromatic telescope of six inches object glass. It is equatorially mounted, moved 
by clockwork, &c. 

THE CABINETS 

.\re amply provided with minerals, shells, &c. One or two articles of apparatus particularly arrest 
the attention of the observer, — one of Ross's Compound Microscopes, which magnifies 1800 diameters, 
also Barlow's large Planetarium, eleven feet in diameter. 

The accommodations for pupils from abroad are intended to afford all the comforts of home, and to 
secure for them social, intellectual, and moral culture. ' 




.^^j^^^S E^ 



CHICAGO MERCANTILE, COLLEGE 



DESIGN. 

The object of this chain 
of Colleges is to prepare 
' young men in an essential 
■,,; manner for the duties of a - ia,.M^,^f^.jii_iji_a,4jK^ 
j;! business Ufe, in giving them I ^Sf'^^^ ^ 
[,' a thorough know^ledge of 
y, the sciences ■which secure 

that end. "^ -— '^^^ 




BUFFALO MERCANTILE COLLEGE 



BRYANT, STRATTON & CO.'S 




FHiLAOUFUIA CQUEGE 



NEW YORK CITY MERCANTILE COLLEOE. 



MERCANTILE COLLEGES. 




EUNDMi^mEe^'-'-' 



TERMS. 

A scholarship, which can 
be purchased at any of these 
points for $40, entitles the 
holder to a Life Membership 
in either or all of the above 
Colleges. 

No Institutions of the kind 
in the country are so thorough 
in all departments. 




MERCANTILE 



Address BRYANT, STRATTON & CO., at either of the above points, for circular and 
eatalogme containing ftill particulars. 



ft 1 

5a 



/ / "v 



I 



S ? 



p. • 



o 
o 
o 
*t 

M 
m 
O 



CO 

M 

W 

l> 

!^ 

a 

>^ 

o 
O 

t< 

Q 

H 
M 

izi 
►3 

M 

cl 




749 




Iiength of building, 137 feet. 
"Width of do. 77 feet. 



Play grounds, 25 acres. 
Gynmasium covers 1,900 feet. 



The building and grounds cost $75,000. 

POUGHKEEPSIE COLLEGIATE SCHOOL. 

A BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS OP ALL AGES. 

This school was eBtablished in 1836. From that time to this there has been but one change in the principalehip, — which occorred 
after the death of the late principal, Charles Bartlett. It has always enjoyed a liberal patronage, drawn from all sections. 
During the past year pupils have been in attendance from twelve States. 

The etudentB prepare their lessons in one large room, where one of the Principals presides. 

Are each taught by a native teacher. 

The principals and their families, the teachers and pupils, all reside in one building and eat at the same table. The pupils are 
not allowed to leave the premises without permission. Tlie building is lighted with gas, and heated with hot air furnaces. No 
expense has been spared to attain thorough veutilation. The pupils" rooms are furnished with a carpet, clothes-press, single beds, 
wash-stand with bowl and pitcher to each pupil. 

In short, no effort has been omitted to make this in every respect 
A FIBST CLASS SCHOOL. 
The annual expense ia two hundred and fifty dollars. Spanish and German, Music and Drawing, are the only extras. 



We refer to the following gentlemen, most of whom have 

Rev. S. H. Weston, Hudson St., New York, 

Hon. Gulian C. Verplan 'k. New York, 

Hon. James Emott, Poughkeepsie, 

Isaac Roosevelt, M.D., Poughkeepsie, 

Prof. Charles Murray Nairne, Columbia College, N. Y., 

Prof John Foster, Union College, Schenectady, 

Prof. Wm. U. Crosby, Poughkeepsie, 

O. R. Willis, Freehold, N. J., 

Prof. John Haywood, Weaterville, Ohio, 

Rev. H. G. Ludlow, Oswego, 

Rev. A. D. Traver, Poughkeepsie, 

Rev. S. Buel, Poughkeepsie, 

J. H. Oriscom, M.D., New York, 

F. S. Macias, 46 Beaver St., New York, 



been patrons of the school:— 

David F. Hoadly, Office Panama R. R., Wall St., New York, 

Hon. John Thompson. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 

Solomon Jenner, 75 Henry St., N. Y., 

David D. Otis, Watertown, N. Y., 

Thomas R. Smiley, Hamilton, Ohio, 

R. C. Crocheron, 1 Park Place, New York, 

Col. G. T. M. Davis. 47 Exchange Place, New York, 

Hon. E. S. Doughty, Somerville, N. J., 

Capt. James L. Day, Norwich, Conn., 

Joseph A. Eddy, St. Louis, Mo., 

H. H. Hathorn, Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 

Seth Richards, Bentonsport. Iowa, 

J. M. Sims, M.D., N«w York. 



Those who may desire further information are invited to Tieit the school or to address the Principals. 

C. B. WARRING. A.M., ) T,,.i„„,„„,„ 
OTIS BISBEE. A.M., 'jPruidpala 



This Inatitutioii was opened for the aJmissinn of students September 9, 1858, and the collegiate department ia now fully 
organized, with the following; members of the Faculty of Arts: 

KEY. .JOHN McCLINTOCK, D.U., L^.D., JAMES STRONG, S.T.D., 

Presiil'iit, and Professor of Moral Science. Vice-Presidentf and Professor of Biblical Literature. 

MARVIN 11. VINCENT, A.M., OGDEN N. ROOD, A.M., 

Professor of the Latin Language and Literature. Professor of Cheinistrii. 

CilAKLTON T. LEWIS, A.M., ALEXANDER MAC WUORTEK, A.M., 

Pi-ofcssor of Pure Mathematics. Professor &f Philosovh v. 

HENRY n. HADLEY, A.M., 
Professor of the Jndo-European Lawjuages and Literature, 
THE COLLEGE GROUNDS 
Coinpi-ise a plat of thirty-sLx acres, of rare beauty and healthfuhutii^i of position; and the building is one of the most imposing 
and well arranged of the kind in the country, affording accommodations for about one- hundred and fifty students, includiug 
chap'^i, recitation-rooms, dormitories, boarding hall, and protVssord' apartments. 

THE PLAN OF INSTRUCTION 
Embraces the most approved features of the American CulU-iie eynttm, w ith all the essential advantagoa of the English and 
Geimau Uuivereities, giving an opportunity for the most tliorough and geneiul literary culture. 
THE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT PROPER 
Will be inaugurated by appropriate courses of lectures on the hi-h-T hrauclies of ticience, art, and literature, as soon as there 
ahall be grnduates prepared to enter upon it. The desiizn of the founders nf the institution is to make it a sound Christian (but 
not sectarian) school of the highest class, both in scholarship and practical etEciency. The course of study includes 

A SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT, 

Which differs from the classical chiefly in the omission of Latin and Greek, and in occupying only three yoara. 

ANNUAL EXPENSES. 



Tuition Fee (for those not on scholarships) $;jo OU 

Room Rent 16 00 

Warming and use of public rooms. t 5 00 

Repairs 4 00 

Use of Library 2 00 



Janitor's services' $2 00 

Printing i 00 

Good Board, per week, is provided in the college hall 

at 2 00 

Washing, per dozen 50 



PRESENT PRICES OF SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Free tuition for one student for forty years $100 00 t Two students pi-rpetually $500 00 

Two students fifty years 300 DO Three stuiients perpetually 1,000 00 

Ouo student perpetually 300 00 | Or five tnr fit ty years 1,OUO 00 

TERMS AND VACATIONS. 

There are two terms and two vacations In the college year. The first, or short term, begins with the Thursday on or about the 
8th of September, and continues fourteen weeks, followed by a vacation of three weeks. The second or long term, begins with 
the Thursday, on or about the 5th of January, and continues till Commencement, on the third Thursday ot June. 

For circul:irs and full information, address the President or Vice-President, as above. Letters on the business of the Trustees, 
should be addressed to Rev. Z. Phillips, Financial Agent, Troy, N. Y. 

WALNUT HILL SCHOOL, GENEVA, K Y. 

Rev. Dr. Reed's Boarding School 
for Boys is pleasantly situated near 
the village of Geneva. The numbe* 
Is limited to seventy. Boys are pre- 
pared for college, or any department 
of life that requires 

THOEOUGH EDUCATION. 

The course of study is full, includ- 
ing 

Ancient and Modem Languages 

SCIENCE, 

LITERATURE, 

AND THE FINE ARTS 

Terms for full English Mathemati- 
cal and Classical course, $250 per 
annum. For the Arts the charge ia 
extra. Circulars will be seutto those 
wishing information, on applying to 
THOMAS C. REKD, 
Rector and Proprietor. 




ROCHESTER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, 

N. W. BENEDICT and L. R. SATTERLEE, Principals. 
COHNEK OF ATWATER AND OREGON STS., ROCHESTER. MONROE COUNTY, N.Y. 



To thoae desirous of being well 
prepared to enter 

COLLEGE. 

Or to take a high position in 
profeasional or commercial life, 

THIS INSTITUTION 

affords a complete course of eyato* 
matic study, based upon the most 
thorough discipline of the intel- 
lectual and moral powers. 

The euperority of its Classical 
instruction Is widely known. 

ITS MATHEMATICAL AND 
OTHER DEPARTMENTS 
Are equally eflBcient, beuig each 
conducted byaproft-ssionalleacher 
0*" the hiehest order. 




The Female Department, 

In charge of an experienced 
and highly accomplished precopt- 
rt^ss, oflers superior advantages to 
young ladiee, to whom 

DIPLOMAS 

Are awarded on th<> completion 
of the prescribed course of study. 

Btudenta from Abroad 
Are provided with the beet ao« 
commodations in a boarding de- 
partment. undiT the supervision 
of the lYincipals. 

Cirrulars contJiinin<; more par 
ticular information may be oh* 
ta^jied by application to the prin- 
cipals, Kuohester, Monroe county, 
N.Y. 



YOUNG LADIES' INSTITUTE, 

AT TEMPLE GROVE, SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y. 

Open forty week?, from the second 
Monday in September of t-ach year. 
Every department supplied with expe- 
rienced teachers. Music taught; singly 
and in claeses.by competent profeseorn, 
on a new and highly appruvcd plan, by 
means of which a 

. MUSICAL EDUCATION 

Of the highest grade can be reached 
at leas expense than at any other place 
in the State. 

The French, German, and Spanish 
Languages receive special attention. 
Every department is under the special 
and peraoDal superviyiim of the Prin- 
cipal. Number of pupils limited to one 
hundred. 

TEEMS. 

From one hundred and sixty to two 
hundred dollars, tur board and English 
tuition. Music from forty to fifty dol- 
lars per annum. Access to the cele- 
brated Congress Spring daily, free of charge. This privilege alone is oftea worth the price of a year's residence at the school. 
Catalogues sent to any address, on application to the Principal. 




HIGHLAND ACADEMY, 

NEWBURGH, ORANGE Co., N. Y. 



IDEFJ^I^TIs^EnSTTS. 



CLASSICAL STUDIES, 
MODERN LANGUAGES, 
DRAWING and PAINTING, 



ENGLISH BRANCHES, 

VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC, 

PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 



The school year, of f:)rty-two weeks, commences the second Tuesday of September In each year. Accomplished instractorp 
employed in the various departments. 

WM. \. REID. 
Principal and Proprietor. 

Hon. John Slosson. Judge of Superior Court, N. T. City, 



For particulars apply to 



Rev. John Brown, D.T>., Newburgh, 

Kev. John Forsjth, D.D., Newburgh, 

Hon. Nathaniel Jones, Newburgh, 

Hon. Jno. W. Brown, Justice Supreme Court, Newburgh, 



AVm. E. Warren, Esq., Deputy Controller of the City of New 
York. 
"William Fullerton, Esq., 61 Wall St., New York City. 



iFH 2 9 1350 



.0^ 



*^. 












aV 






aV ^ o •- <. <, ■<?, 






%^ ..... - • 



'^-\^'' 

.^•i •'i^- 

.>'*■ % 









^^^ .^ 



%^^ ^^ 



t -i 



-b % ,, , 















: .x^^ 






•c< 



, ^° .-0 






























0°'*' 



iN' 





•x^^' 


'\ 


'^;/,- 
>^' 


. ' 


--'%:■- 

^--0^ 


■''*.. 




..- .^^ 












.^.'i <^, 



•^>>. 



c;^"--*A 



* .A 



■^^r) ' . . * / 



.■■\- 






11 -v- - 











.# 






c> 



» s ^ -O 



A^' 



'I •-/ 















'-'*■. 



;'. z 









■"<> A 






.'-L-, 



c- / 



* ■■ ^^' '' <.*-'■ 



XV. c' 



U 






>" .0^ 






...^^ 



./• "^ 









"^.^^^ 



* .A 






V' 



,0' 






>"■':> 









-.:?^^, 









0-' 

,0^ ' 



*■>, 



' %<^' 






./. 









<3 V -^ » 



^:\ ^V^ 






4^'%.. 



S% 









xO 


■'^, ^ , ^'^V^ 


-..<>> .5^^ ,, 


„ ^^.. '■*.,. -^ /\,.,% 


,V^-* 


^ \' . ^ r~, ", <: 




%,,**■ 




/ X 












.0^ 









.- .x^^' 






.v'^^-\. 



.■•is* 



•c 



o > 






^^' 



■ 0' 



■^ \ ^ 












%,^' 

.^-i '^/v. 



..\'<' 



.x^ 



■''./■ 






x« V 



V'O^ 









:V 



^^. 



.0^ 



■*. 



A-* 









,.<^^ 


•/■ 






s\-^' 






' t'^ 



-J 



xV. 









.-*• 



t..,v 



t» \ A' ■ 






■>bv^^ ^- 




a"* 


^-^...^^ 


.x'^^'^. 


v^^ 



^•-0^ 
s-'^^" 



V ' » i ''':^ 



^ -A 



.X^^ 



o 



jA - N, ' .>' ^ i '^ * jA 

> -^0 O > = 



.,-1°. 



,0^ 






^-^-s^ 

/:..:' 



"c. 






,A' •■■'a. , 






aV^;. 






'' ''' Ti ^" .o^" "-3, ''i . 



^0^ 












VV 



.\^' 



■.\\^; 



-* .*^- 






x^^ 



.•i> 



.■Si> 



•>b>" 









.N^^'%. 



A* 






\\^- 



»-^>^ 






% 



